Mechanical engineering and materials Books

Book SynopsisWritten by leading experts in the field and featuring fully integrated colour throughout, Isogeometric Analysis provides a groundbreaking solution for the integration of CAD and FEA technologies.Trade Review"This is the most beautiful scientific book that I have ever seen. (I am excluding popular science books from this statement; this book matches some of them in its beauty.) The authors, editors and publishers should be congratulated for giving so much attention not just to the content but also to the way the book looks. It is extremely inviting to read." (Iacm Expressions, 1 October 2010)Table of ContentsPreface 1 From CAD and FEA to Isogeometric Analysis: An Historical Perspective 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The evolution of FEA basis functions 1.3 The evolution of CAD representations 1.4 Things you need to get used to in order to understand NURBS-based isogeometric analysis Notes 2 NURBS as a Pre-analysis Tool: Geometric Design and Mesh Generation 2.1 B-splines 2.2 Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines 2.3 Multiple patches 2.4 Generating a NURBS mesh: a tutorial 2.5 Notation Appendix 2.A: Data for the bent pipe Notes 3 NURBS as a Basis for Analysis: Linear Problems 3.1 The isoparametric concept 3.2 Boundary value problems 3.3 Numerical methods 3.4 Boundary conditions 3.5 Multiple patches revisited 3.6 Comparing isogeometric analysis with classical finite element analysis Appendix 3.A: Shape function routine Appendix 3.B: Error estimates Notes 4 Linear Elasticity 4.1 Formulating the equations of elastostatics 4.2 Infinite plate with circular hole under constant in-plane tension 4.3 Thin-walled structures modeled as solids Appendix 4.A: Geometrical data for the hemispherical shell Appendix 4.B: Geometrical data for a cylindrical pipe Appendix 4.C: Element assembly routine Notes 5 Vibrations and Wave Propagation 5.1 Longitudinal vibrations of an elastic rod 5.2 Rotation-free analysis of the transverse vibrations of a Bernoulli–Euler beam 5.3 Transverse vibrations of an elastic membrane 5.4 Rotation-free analysis of the transverse vibrations of a Poisson–Kirchhoff plate 5.5 Vibrations of a clamped thin circular plate using three-dimensional solid elements 5.6 The NASA aluminum testbed cylinder 5.7 Wave propagation Appendix 5.A: Kolmogorov n-widths Notes 6 Time-Dependent Problems 6.1 Elastodynamics 6.2 Semi-discrete methods 6.3 Space–time finite elements 7 Nonlinear Isogeometric Analysis 7.1 The Newton–Raphson method 7.2 Isogeometric analysis of nonlinear differential equations 7.3 Nonlinear time integration: The generalized-α method Note 8 Nearly Incompressible Solids 8.1 B formulation for linear elasticity using NURBS 8.2 F formulation for nonlinear elasticity Notes 9 Fluids 9.1 Dispersion analysis 9.2 The variational multiscale (VMS) method 9.3 Advection–diffusion equation 9.4 Turbulence Notes 10 Fluid–Structure Interaction and Fluids on Moving Domains 10.1 The arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) formulation 10.2 Inflation of a balloon 10.3 Flow in a patient-specific abdominal aorta with aneurysm 10.4 Rotating components Appendix 10.A: A geometrical template for arterial blood flow modeling 11 Higher-order Partial Differential Equations 11.1 The Cahn–Hilliard equation 11.2 Numerical results 11.3 The continuous/discontinuous Galerkin (CDG) method Note 12 Some Additional Geometry 12.1 The polar form of polynomials 12.2 The polar form of B-splines Note 13 State-of-the-Art and Future Directions 13.1 State-of-the-art 13.2 Future directions Appendix A: Connectivity Arrays A.1 The INC Array A.2 The IEN array A.3 The ID array A.3.1 The scalar case A.3.2 The vector case A.4 The LM array Note References Index

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Book SynopsisA complete introduction tocar-to-X communications networking Automotive Inter-networking will introduce a range of new network and system technologies for vehicle safety, entertainment and comfort systems currently being researched and developed.Table of ContentsPreface xi List of Abbreviations xiii 1 Automotive Internetworking: The Evolution Towards Connected and Cooperative Vehicles 1 1.1 Evolution of In-Vehicle Electronics 1 1.2 Motivation for Connected Vehicles 4 1.3 Terminology 7 1.4 Stakeholders 10 1.5 Outline of this Book 10 References 12 2 Application Classifications and Requirements 13 2.1 Classification of Applications and their Implications 14 2.1.1 Driving-Related Applications 15 2.1.2 Vehicle-Related Applications 19 2.1.3 Passenger-Related Applications 22 2.2 Requirements and Overall System Properties 25 2.3 Overview on Suitable Communication Technologies 28 2.3.1 Communication Technologies 28 2.3.2 Suitability for AutoNet Applications 31 2.4 Summary 34 References 34 3 System Architecture 37 3.1 Domain View of AutoNets 37 3.2 ISO/OSI Reference Model View 40 3.3 Profiling 42 3.4 Standardised Architectures 43 3.4.1 Architecture of the C2C Communication Consortium (C2C-CC) 44 3.4.2 ISO TC204 CALM Architecture 45 3.4.3 ETSI TC ITS Architecture: EN 302 655 47 3.4.4 IEEE WAVE Architecture Featuring IEEE802.11p and IEEE1609.x Standards 49 3.5 Subsystem Architectures 50 3.5.1 Vehicle Architecture 51 3.5.2 Roadside Architecture 55 3.5.3 Infrastructure Architecture 56 3.5.4 Mobile Device Architecture 61 3.6 Summary 62 References 63 4 Applications: Functionality and Protocols 65 4.1 Foresighted Safety Case Study: Environmental Notifications 67 4.1.1 Data Collection and Individual Situation Analysis 68 4.1.2 Cooperative Situation Analysis 71 4.1.3 Distributed Knowledge Management 73 4.1.4 Individual Relevance and Interface to the Driver 75 4.1.5 Data Security and Privacy 77 4.1.6 Reliable Estimation of the Current Driving Condition 78 4.1.7 Communication and Information Dissemination 79 4.1.8 Standardisation Issues 80 4.2 Active Safety Case Study: Cooperative Collision Avoidance and Intersection Assistance 81 4.2.1 Data Collection 82 4.2.2 Situation Analysis and Application Logic 83 4.2.3 Knowledge Management 88 4.2.4 Communication 90 4.2.5 Security and Privacy 93 4.2.6 Driver Interaction 95 4.3 Green Driving Case Study: Traffic Lights Assistance 98 4.3.1 Green Light Optimal Speed Advisory 99 4.3.2 Example: TRAVOLUTION 107 4.4 Business and Convenience Case Study: Insurance and Financial Services 107 4.4.1 Accident Management Services 108 4.4.2 Examples for Insurance and Financial Services (IFS) 116 References 118 5 Application Support 121 5.1 Application Support in the AutoNet Generic Reference Protocol Stack 121 5.2 Communication Aspects in the Application Support 123 5.2.1 CAM: Cooperative Awareness Messages 123 5.2.2 DENM: Decentralised Environmental Notification Messages 125 5.3 AutoNet Facilities 125 5.3.1 Application Plane 126 5.3.2 Information Plane 128 5.3.3 Communication Plane 130 5.4 Implementation Issues for the Application Support Layer 131 5.5 Summary 133 References 133 6 Transport Layer 135 6.1 Transport Layer Integration in the AutoNet Generic Reference Protocol Stack 135 6.1.1 AutoNet Transport 137 6.1.2 TCP, UDP 138 6.2 TCP in AutoNets 139 6.2.1 Congestion Control in TCP 140 6.2.2 Impact of AutoNets 141 6.2.3 Enhancements of TCP and Technical Requirements for AutoNet Scenarios 143 6.2.4 The MOCCA Transport Protocol 144 6.2.5 Evaluation Results 148 6.3 Summary 151 References 152 7 Networking 155 7.1 Networking Principles in the AutoNet Generic Reference Protocol Stack 155 7.1.1 Network Layer Functionality in AutoNets 155 7.1.2 Network Protocol Data Units 158 7.2 AutoNet Ad-Hoc Networking 160 7.2.1 AutoNet Ad-Hoc Network Characteristics 160 7.2.2 AutoNet Ad-Hoc Network Addressing and Routing 165 7.2.3 Beaconing 176 7.2.4 Network Utility Maximisation in AutoNets 177 7.3 AutoNet Cellular Networking 187 7.3.1 Communication Architecture for AutoNet Cellular Networking 189 7.3.2 Deployment Strategies 190 7.3.3 Interactions and Cross-Layer Optimisations 192 7.4 IPv6 and Mobility Extensions 192 7.4.1 IPv6 193 7.4.2 Mobility Extensions 194 7.4.3 Deployment Issues 197 References 200 8 Physical Communication Technologies 205 8.1 Wireless Networks in the AutoNet Generic Reference Protocol Stack 206 8.2 Automotive WLAN and DSRC 208 8.2.1 Spectrum Policies 209 8.2.2 IEEE 802.11p 213 8.2.3 ETSI G5A 221 8.3 Utility-Centric Medium Access in IEEE 802.11p 221 8.3.1 Data Differentiation 221 8.3.2 Inter-Vehicle Contention 222 8.3.3 Cross-Layer Issues 223 8.3.4 Evaluation of Utility-Centric Medium Access 225 8.4 Technology Comparison 230 8.5 Conclusion 231 References 231 9 Security and Privacy 233 9.1 Stakes, Assets, Threats and Attacks 235 9.1.1 Stakeholders and Assets 235 9.1.2 Threats and Attacks 236 9.2 Challenges and Requirements 238 9.3 AutoNet Security Architecture and Management 241 9.4 Security Services 244 9.4.1 Cryptographic Mechanisms 244 9.4.2 Digital Signatures 246 9.5 Certification 247 9.5.1 Trust 247 9.5.2 Trusted Third Platforms: Certificate Authorities 249 9.5.3 Certificate Generation and Distribution 250 9.5.4 Certificate Revocation 253 9.6 Securing Vehicles 253 9.7 Secure Communication 254 9.7.1 Secure Messaging 254 9.7.2 Secure Routing and Forwarding 255 9.7.3 Secure Group Communication 255 9.7.4 Plausibility Checks 255 9.8 Privacy 256 9.8.1 Secret Information 256 9.9 Conclusion 258 References 259 10 System Management 261 10.1 System Management in the AutoNet Generic Reference Protocol Stack 261 10.2 Functional Management Building Blocks 263 10.3 Selected Management Issues of an AutoNet Station 264 10.3.1 Cost/Benefit Management 264 10.3.2 Congestion Control 265 10.3.3 Mobility Management 265 10.3.4 TCP Management 268 10.4 Implementation Issues of the Management Layer 270 10.5 Summary 271 References 271 11 Research Methodologies 273 11.1 Early Activities to Investigate AutoNets 274 11.1.1 Activities at the University of Duisburg 274 11.1.2 Activities at the Ohio State University 275 11.2 Methodologies 277 11.2.1 Model Domains for AutoNets 278 11.2.2 Dependency Examples 280 11.3 Simulation Methodology 282 11.3.1 Communication Network Simulation 284 11.3.2 Traffic Simulation 287 11.3.3 Implementation Issues 290 11.4 Field Operational Testing Methodology 298 11.4.1 Applications and Requirements 300 11.4.2 System Architecture 302 11.4.3 Trials 304 11.4.4 Analysis 306 11.5 Summary 307 References 307 12 Markets 309 12.1 Current Market Developments 310 12.1.1 Technological Push 311 12.1.2 Economic Pull 311 12.1.3 Stakeholder Analysis 312 12.2 Challenges 327 12.2.1 Harmonisation and Standardisation 328 12.2.2 Life Cycle 330 12.2.3 Costs and Revenues in an Emerging Business Ecosystem 330 12.2.4 Customer Acceptance 331 12.3 Driving the Emergence of a Coherent Business Ecosystem 333 12.3.1 Strategies for the Development of a Modular Business Ecosystem 333 12.3.2 Early Examples of Telematic Business Ecosystems 339 12.4 Summary 342 References 342 13 Impact and Future Projections 345 A Appendix 351 A.1 Standardisation Bodies for AutoNets 351 A.1.1 ETSI 351 A.1.2 CEN 352 A.1.3 ISO 353 A.1.4 IETF 354 A.1.5 IEEE 354 A.1.6 Car2Car Communication Consortium 354 A.2 Research Projects on AutoNets 355 A.2.1 Early Activities 355 A.2.2 The eSafety Initiative 358 A.2.3 COMeSafety 360 A.2.4 COOPERS 361 A.2.5 CVIS 361 A.2.6 SAFESPOT 363 A.2.7 SeVeCom 363 A.2.8 GeoNet 363 A.2.9 FRAME, E-FRAME 364 A.2.10 VII and IntelliDrive 364 A.2.11 Travolution 365 A.2.12 Aktiv 365 A.2.13 PRE-DRIVE C2X 366 A.2.14 simTD 367 References 368 Index 369

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Book SynopsisThis volume provides a comprehensive treatment of modern computational mechanics work in particle and continuum dynamics. The coverage encompasses classical Newtonian, Lagrangian, and Hamiltonian mechanics, as well as new and alternate contemporary approaches and their equivalences to address various problems in engineering sciences and physics.Table of ContentsPREFACE xv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxi ABOUT THE AUTHORS xxiii 1 INTRODUCTION 11.1 Overview 11.2 Applications 13 2 MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES 152.1 Sets and Functions 152.2 Vector Spaces 182.3 Matrix Algebra 242.4 Vector Differential Calculus 282.5 Vector Integral Calculus 322.6 Mean Value Theorem 332.7 Function Spaces 342.8 Tensor Analysis 38 PART I N-BODY DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS 3 CLASSICAL MECHANICS 573.1 Newtonian Mechanics 573.2 Lagrangian Mechanics 603.3 Hamiltonian Mechanics 91 4 PRINCIPLE OF VIRTUAL WORK 1084.1 Virtual Work in N-Body Dynamical Systems 1084.2 Vector Formalism: Newtonian Mechanics in N-Body Dynamical Systems 1144.3 Scalar Formalisms: Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Mechanics in N-Body Dynamical Systems 116 5 HAMILTON’S PRINCIPLE AND HAMILTON’S LAW OF VARYING ACTION 1215.1 Introduction 1215.2 Variation of the Principal Function 1225.3 Calculus of Variations 1255.4 Hamilton’s Principle 1295.5 Hamilton’s Law of Varying Action 133 6 PRINCIPLE OF BALANCE OF MECHANICAL ENERGY 1416.1 Introduction 1426.2 Principle of Balance of Mechanical Energy 1426.3 Total Energy Representations and Framework in the Differential Calculus Setting 1446.4 Appendix: Total Energy Representations and Framework in the Variational Calculus Setting 156 7 EQUIVALENCE OF EQUATIONS 1637.1 Equivalence in the Lagrangian Form of D’Alembert’s Principle/Principle of Virtual Work 1637.2 Equivalence in Hamilton’s Principle or Hamilton’s Law of Varying Action 1657.3 Equivalence in the Principle of Balance of Mechanical Energy 1667.4 Equivalence Relations Between Governing Equations 1677.5 Conservation Laws 1717.6 Noether’s Theorem 171 PART II CONTINUOUS-BODY DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS 8 CONTINUUM MECHANICS 1758.1 Displacements, Strains and Stresses 1758.2 General Principles 1978.3 Constitutive Equations in Elasticity 2068.4 Virtual Work and Variational Principles 2208.5 Direct Variational Methods for Two-Point Boundary-Value Problems 237 9 PRINCIPLE OF VIRTUAL WORK: FINITE ELEMENTS AND SOLID/STRUCTURAL MECHANICS 2679.1 Introduction 2679.2 Finite Element Library 3019.3 Nonlinear Finite Element Formulations 3439.4 Scalar Formalisms: Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Mechanics and Finite Element Formulations in Continuous-Body Dynamical Systems 350 10 HAMILTON'S PRINCIPLE AND HAMILTON'S LAW OF VARYING ACTION: FINITE ELEMENTS AND SOLID/STRUCTURAL MECHANICS 36410.1 Introduction 36410.2 Hamilton’s Principle and Hamilton’s Law of Varying Action in Elastodynamics 36510.3 Lagrangian Mechanics Framework and Finite Element Formulations 37010.4 Hamiltonian Mechanics Framework and Finite Element Formulations 400 11 PRINCIPLE OF BALANCE OF MECHANICAL ENERGY: FINITE ELEMENTS AND SOLID/STRUCTURAL MECHANICS 42611.1 Introduction 42711.2 Total Energy Representations and Framework in the Differential Calculus Setting and Finite Element Formulations 42911.3 Lagrangian Mechanics Framework in the Differential Calculus Setting and Finite Element Formulations 44911.4 Hamiltonian Mechanics Framework in the Differential Calculus Setting and Finite Element Formulations 45411.5 Appendix: Total Energy Representations and Framework in the Variational Calculus Setting and Finite Element Formulations 458 12 EQUIVALENCE OF EQUATIONS 47512.1 Equivalence in the Principle of Virtual Work in Dynamics 47512.2 Equivalence in Hamilton’s Principle or Hamilton’s Law of Varying Action 47812.3 Equivalence in the Principle of Balance of Mechanical Energy 48212.4 Equivalence of Strong and Weak Forms for Initial Boundary-Value Problems 48312.5 Equivalence of the Semi-Discrete Finite Element Equations of Motion 48712.6 Equivalence of Finite Element Formulations 48812.7 Conservation Laws 490 PART III THE TIME DIMENSION 13 TIME DISCRETIZATION OF EQUATIONS OF MOTION: OVERVIEW AND CONVENTIONAL PRACTICES 49513.1 Introduction 49513.2 Single-Step Methods for First-Order Ordinary Differential Equations 50013.3 Linear Multistep Methods 50513.4 Second-Order Systems and Single Step and/or Equivalent LMS Methods: Brief Overview of Classical Methods from Historical Perspectives and Chronological Developments 50713.5 Symplectic-Momentum Conservation and Variational Time Integrators 52713.6 Energy-Momentum Conservation and Time Integration Algorithms 536 14 TIME DISCRETIZATION OF EQUATIONS OF MOTION: RECENT ADVANCES 55314.1 Introduction 55314.2 Time Discretization and the Total Energy Framework: Linear Dynamic Algorithms and Designs - Generalized Single Step Single Solve [GSSSS] Unified Framework Encompassing LMS Methods 55514.3 Time Discretization and the Total Energy Framework: Nonlinear Dynamics Algorithms and Designs - Generalized Single Step Single Solve [GSSSS] Framework Encompassing LMS Methods 57814.4 Time Discretization and Total Energy Framework: N-Body Systems 63214.5 Time Discretization and Total Energy Framework: Nonconservative/Conservative Mechanical Systems with Holonomic-Scleronomic Constraints 64914.5.1 General Formulations 650Exercises 662 REFERENCES 669 INDEX 681

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Book SynopsisFundamentals of the Finite Element Method for Heat and Mass Transfer, Second Edition is a comprehensively updated new edition and is a unique book on the application of the finite element method to heat and mass transfer. Addresses fundamentals, applications and computer implementation Educational computer codes are freely available to download, modify and use Includes a large number of worked examples and exercises Fills the gap between learning and researchTable of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition xii Series Editor’s Preface xiv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Importance of Heat and Mass Transfer 1 1.2 Heat Transfer Modes 2 1.3 The Laws of Heat Transfer 3 1.4 Mathematical Formulation of Some Heat Transfer Problems 5 1.4.1 Heat Transfer from a Plate Exposed to Solar Heat Flux 5 1.4.2 Incandescent Lamp 7 1.4.3 Systems with a Relative Motion and Internal Heat Generation 8 1.5 Heat Conduction Equation 10 1.6 Mass Transfer 13 1.7 Boundary and Initial Conditions 13 1.8 Solution Methodology 15 1.9 Summary 15 1.10 Exercises 16 References 17 2 Some Basic Discrete Systems 19 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Steady-state Problems 20 2.2.1 Heat Flow in a Composite Slab 20 2.2.2 Fluid Flow Network 23 2.2.3 Heat Transfer in Heat Sinks 26 2.3 Transient Heat Transfer Problem 28 2.4 Summary 31 2.5 Exercises 31 References 36 3 The Finite Element Method 39 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Elements and Shape Functions 42 3.2.1 One-dimensional Linear Element 43 3.2.2 One-dimensional Quadratic Element 46 3.2.3 Two-dimensional Linear Triangular Element 49 3.2.4 Area Coordinates 53 3.2.5 Quadratic Triangular Element 55 3.2.6 Two-dimensional Quadrilateral Elements 58 3.2.7 Isoparametric Elements 63 3.2.8 Three-dimensional Elements 72 3.3 Formulation (Element Characteristics) 76 3.3.1 Ritz Method (Heat Balance Integral Method – Goodman’s Method) 78 3.3.2 Rayleigh–Ritz Method (Variational Method) 79 3.3.3 The Method of Weighted Residuals 82 3.3.4 Galerkin Finite ElementMethod 86 3.4 Formulation for the Heat Conduction Equation 89 3.4.1 Variational Approach 90 3.4.2 The GalerkinMethod 93 3.5 Requirements for Interpolation Functions 94 3.6 Summary 100 3.7 Exercises 100 References 102 4 Steady-State Heat Conduction in One-dimension 105 4.1 Introduction 105 4.2 PlaneWalls 105 4.2.1 Homogeneous Wall 105 4.2.2 CompositeWall 107 4.2.3 Finite Element Discretization 108 4.2.4 Wall with Varying Cross-sectional Area 110 4.2.5 Plane Wall with a Heat Source: Solution by Linear Elements 112 4.2.6 Plane Wall with Heat Source: Solution by Quadratic Elements 115 4.2.7 Plane Wall with a Heat Source: Solution by Modified Quadratic Equations (Static Condensation) 117 4.3 Radial Heat Conduction in a Cylinder Wall 118 4.4 Solid Cylinder with Heat Source 120 4.5 Conduction – Convection Systems 123 4.6 Summary 126 4.7 Exercises 127 References 129 5 Steady-state Heat Conduction in Multi-dimensions 131 5.1 Introduction 131 5.2 Two-dimensional Plane Problems 132 5.2.1 Triangular Elements 132 5.3 Rectangular Elements 142 5.4 Plate with Variable Thickness 145 5.5 Three-dimensional Problems 146 5.6 Axisymmetric Problems 148 5.6.1 Galerkin Method for Linear Triangular Axisymmetric Elements 150 5.7 Summary 153 5.8 Exercises 153 References 155 6 Transient Heat Conduction Analysis 157 6.1 Introduction 157 6.2 Lumped Heat Capacity System 157 6.3 Numerical Solution 159 6.3.1 Transient Governing Equations and Boundary and Initial Conditions 159 6.3.2 The GalerkinMethod 160 6.4 One-dimensional Transient State Problem 162 6.4.1 Time Discretization-Finite Difference Method (FDM) 163 6.4.2 Time Discretization-Finite ElementMethod (FEM) 168 6.5 Stability 169 6.6 Multi-dimensional Transient Heat Conduction 169 6.7 Summary 171 6.8 Exercises 171 References 173 7 Laminar Convection Heat Transfer 175 7.1 Introduction 175 7.1.1 Types of Fluid Motion Assisted Heat Transport 176 7.2 Navier-Stokes Equations 177 7.2.1 Conservation of Mass or Continuity Equation 177 7.2.2 Conservation ofMomentum 179 7.2.3 Energy Equation 183 7.3 Nondimensional Form of the Governing Equations 184 7.4 The Transient Convection-Diffusion Problem 188 7.4.1 Finite Element Solution to the Convection-Diffusion Equation 189 7.4.2 A Simple Characteristic Galerkin Method for Convection-Diffusion Equation 191 7.4.3 Extension to Multi-dimensions 197 7.5 Stability Conditions 202 7.6 Characteristic Based Split (CBS) Scheme 202 7.6.1 Spatial Discretization 208 7.6.2 Time-step Calculation 211 7.6.3 Boundary and Initial Conditions 211 7.6.4 Steady and Transient Solution Methods 213 7.7 Artificial Compressibility Scheme 214 7.8 Nusselt Number, Drag and Stream Function 215 7.8.1 Nusselt Number 215 7.8.2 Drag Calculation 216 7.8.3 Stream Function 217 7.9 Mesh Convergence 218 7.10 Laminar Isothermal Flow 219 7.11 Laminar Nonisothermal Flow 231 7.11.1 Forced Convection Heat Transfer 232 7.11.2 Buoyancy-driven Convection Heat Transfer 238 7.11.3 Mixed Convection Heat Transfer 240 7.12 Extension to Axisymmetric Problems 243 7.13 Summary 246 7.14 Exercises 247 References 249 8 Turbulent Flow and Heat Transfer 253 8.1 Introduction 253 8.1.1 Time Averaging 254 8.1.2 Relationship between 𝜅, 𝜖, 𝜈T and 𝛼T 256 8.2 Treatment of Turbulent Flows 257 8.2.1 Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) 257 8.2.2 One-equation Models 258 8.2.3 Two-equation Models 259 8.2.4 Nondimensional Form of the Governing Equations 260 8.3 Solution Procedure 262 8.4 Forced Convective Flow and Heat Transfer 263 8.5 Buoyancy-driven Flow 272 8.6 Other Methods for Turbulence 275 8.6.1 Large Eddy Simulation (LES) 275 8.7 Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) and Monotonically Integrated LES (MILES)278 8.8 Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) 278 8.9 Summary 279 References 279 9 Heat Exchangers 281 9.1 Introduction 281 9.2 LMTD and Effectiveness-NTU Methods 283 9.2.1 LMTD Method 283 9.2.2 Effectiveness – NTU Method 285 9.3 Computational Approaches 286 9.3.1 System Analysis 286 9.3.2 Finite Element Solution to Differential Equations 289 9.4 Analysis of Heat Exchanger Passages . 289 9.5 Challenges 297 9.6 Summary 299 References 299 10 Mass Transfer 301 10.1 Introduction 301 10.2 Conservation of Species 302 10.2.1 Nondimensional Form 304 10.2.2 Buoyancy-driven Mass Transfer 305 10.2.3 Double-diffusive Natural Convection 306 10.3 Numerical Solution 307 10.4 TurbulentMass Transport 317 10.5 Summary 319 References 319 11 Convection Heat and Mass Transfer in Porous Media 321 11.1 Introduction 321 11.2 Generalized Porous Medium Flow Approach 324 11.2.1 Nondimensional Scales 327 11.2.2 Limiting Cases 329 11.3 Discretization Procedure 329 11.3.1 Temporal Discretization 330 11.3.2 Spatial Discretization 331 11.3.3 Semi- and Quasi-Implicit Forms 332 11.4 Nonisothermal Flows 333 11.5 PorousMedium-Fluid Interface 342 11.6 Double-diffusive Convection 347 11.7 Summary 349 References 349 12 Solidification 353 12.1 Introduction 353 12.2 Solidification via Heat Conduction 354 12.2.1 The Governing Equations 354 12.2.2 Enthalpy Formulation 354 12.3 Convection During Solidification 356 12.3.1 Governing Equations and Discretization 358 12.4 Summary 363 References 364 13 Heat and Mass Transfer in Fuel Cells 365 13.1 Introduction 365 13.1.1 Fuel Cell Types 367 13.2 Mathematical Model 368 13.2.1 Anodic and Cathodic Compartments 371 13.2.2 Electrolyte Compartment 373 13.3 Numerical Solution Algorithms 373 13.3.1 Finite ElementModeling of SOFC 374 13.4 Summary 378 References 378 14 An Introduction to Mesh Generation and Adaptive Finite Element Methods 379 14.1 Introduction 379 14.2 Mesh Generation 380 14.2.1 Advancing Front Technique (AFT) 381 14.2.2 Delaunay Triangulation 382 14.2.3 Mesh Cosmetics 387 14.3 Boundary Grid Generation 390 14.3.1 Boundary Grid for a Planar Domain 390 14.3.2 NURBS Patches 391 14.4 Adaptive Refinement Methods 392 14.5 Simple Error Estimation and Mesh Refinement 393 14.5.1 Heat Conduction 394 14.6 Interpolation Error Based Refinement 397 14.6.1 Anisotropic Adaptive Procedure 398 14.6.2 Choice of Variables and Adaptivity 399 14.7 Summary 401 References 402 15 Implementation of Computer Code 405 15.1 Introduction 405 15.2 Preprocessing 406 15.2.1 Mesh Generation 406 15.2.2 Linear Triangular Element Data 408 15.2.3 Element Area Calculation 409 15.2.4 Shape Functions and Their Derivatives 410 15.2.5 Boundary Normal Calculation 411 15.2.6 MassMatrix and Mass Lumping 412 15.2.7 Implicit Pressure or Heat Conduction Matrix 414 15.3 Main Unit 416 15.3.1 Time-step Calculation 416 15.3.2 Element Loop and Assembly 419 15.3.3 Updating Solution 420 15.3.4 Boundary Conditions 421 15.3.5 Monitoring Steady State 422 15.4 Postprocessing 423 15.4.1 Interpolation of Data 424 15.5 Summary 424 References 424 A Gaussian Elimination 425 Reference 426 B Green’s Lemma 427 C Integration Formulae 429 C.1 Linear Triangles 429 C.2 Linear Tetrahedron 429 D Finite Element Assembly Procedure 431 E Simplified Form of the Navier–Stokes Equations 435 F Calculating Nodal Values of Second Derivatives 437 Index 439

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Book Synopsis* A handy one stop reference resource for important research accomplishments in the area of rubber nanocomposites. * Covers the various aspects of preparation, characterization, morphology, properties and applications of rubber nanocomposites.Table of ContentsList of Contributors. Preface. Editor Biographies. 1 Nanocomposites: State of the Art, New Challenges and Opportunities (Ranimol Stephen and Sabu Thomas). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Various Nanofillers. 1.3 Rubber Nanocomposites. 1.4 Future Outlook, Challenges and Opportunities. References. 2 Manufacturing Techniques of Rubber Nanocomposites (Jun Ma, Li-Qun Zhang and Li Geng). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Melt Compounding. 2.3 Solution Blending. 2.4 Latex Compounding. 2.5 Summary. Acknowledgments. References. 3 Reinforcement of Silicone Rubbers by Sol-Gel In Situ Generated Filler Particles (Liliane Bokobza and Amadou Lamine Diop). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Synthetic Aspects. 3.3 Properties of the Hybrid Materials. 3.4 Conclusions. References. 4 Interface Modification and Characterization (Jun Ma, Li-Qun Zhang and Jiabin Dai). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Rubber Nanocomposites Without Interface Modification. 4.3 Interface Modification by Nonreactive Routes. 4.4 Interface Modification by Reactive Routes. 4.5 Characterization of Interface Modification. 4.6 Conclusion. List of Abbreviations. Acknowledgments. References. 5 Natural Rubber Green Nanocomposites (Alain Dufresne) 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Preparation of Polysaccharide Nanocrystals. 5.3 Processing of Polysaccharide Nanocrystal-Reinforced Rubber Nanocomposites. 5.4 Morphological Investigation. 5.5 Swelling Behavior. 5.6 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis. 5.7 Tensile Tests. 5.8 Successive Tensile Tests. 5.9 Barrier Properties. 5.10 Conclusions. References. 6 Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Rubber Composites (R. Verdejo, M.A. Lopez-Manchado, L. Valentini and J.M. Kenny). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes. 6.3 Elastomeric Nanocomposites. 6.4 Outlook. References. 7 Rubber/Clay Nanocomposites: Preparation, Properties and Applications (K.G. Gatos and J. Karger-Kocsis). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Clays and Their Organophilic Modification. 7.3 Preparation of Rubber/Clay Nanocomposites. 7.4 Properties of Rubber/Clay Nanocomposites. 7.5 Applications. 7.6 Outlook. Acknowledgments. References. 8 Cellulosic Fibril–Rubber Nanocomposites (Maya Jacob John and Sabu Thomas). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Cellulose. 8.3 Cellulosic Nanoreinforcements. 8.4 Studies on Cellulosic/Latex Nanocomposites. 8.5 Conclusions. References. 9 Nanofillers In Rubber–Rubber Blends (Rosamma Alex). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Types of Nanofillers. 9.3 Role of Nanofillers in Reinforcement. 9.4 Methods to Enhance Polymer–Filler Interaction and Reinforcement. 9.5 Role of Nanofiller as Compatibilizer. 9.6 Structure Compatibility Concept of NR-Based Latex Blends. 9.7 Solubility Parameter and Mixing of Latices. 9.8 Preparation of Nanocomposites. 9.9 Rubber Blend Nanocomposites Based on Skim NR Latex and Fresh NR Latex: Preparation, Characterization and Mechanical Properties. 9.10 Advantages of Nanocomposites and Application of Rubber Nanocomposites. References. 10 Thermoplastic Polyurethane Nanocomposites (S.K. Smart, G.A. Edwards and D.J. Martin). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Market. 10.3 TPU Chemistry, Morphology and Properties. 10.4 TPU Nanocomposites. 10.5 Layered Silicate/TPU Nanocomposites. 10.6 Carbon Nanotube/TPU Nanocomposites. 10.7 Future Perspectives. References. 11 Microscope Evaluation of the Morphology of Rubber Nanocomposites (Hiroaki Miyagawa). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Optical Microscopy. 11.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy. 11.4 Transmission Electron Microscopy. 11.5 Scanning Probe Microscopy. 11.6 Summary. References. 12 Mechanical Properties of Rubber Nanocomposites: How, Why . . . and Then? (L. Chazeau, C. Gauthier and J.M. Chenal). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Typical Mechanical Behavior of Rubber Nanocomposites. 12.3 How to Explain Reinforcement in Rubber Nanocomposite? 12.4 Modeling Attempts. 12.5 General Conclusions. References. 13 Nonlinear Viscoelastic Behavior of Rubbery Bionanocomposites (Alireza S. Sarvestani and Esmaiel Jabbari). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Rubbery Bionanocomposites. 13.3 Nonlinear Viscoelasticity of Hydrogel Nanocomposites. 13.4 Conclusions. Acknowledgments. References. 14 Rheological Behavior of Rubber Nanocomposites (Philippe Cassagnau and Claire Barres). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Linear Viscoelasticity. 14.3 Payne Effect. 14.4 Flow Properties of Rubber Nanocomposites. 14.5 Conclusions. References. 15 Electron Spin Resonance in Studying Nanocomposite Rubber Materials (S. Valic). 15.1 An Approach to the Study of Polymer Systems. 15.2 ESR – Spin Probe Study of Nanocomposite Rubber Materials. 15.3 Summary. References. 16 Studies on Solid-State NMR and Surface Energetics of Silicas for Improving Filler–Elastomer Interactions in Nanocomposites (Soo-Jin Park and Byung-Joo Kim). 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Surface Modification of Silicas. 16.3 Solid-State NMR Analyses of Silicas. 16.4 Surface Energetics of Silicas. 16.5 Other Surface Analyses of Modified Silicas. 16.6 Mechanical Interfacial Properties of the Compounds. 16.7 Conclusions. References. 17 Wide-Angle X-ray Diffraction and Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Studies of Rubber Nanocomposites (Valerio Causin). 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 WAXD: An Overview. 17.3 SAXS: An Overview. 17.4 Lamellar Fillers. 17.5 Nonlamellar Fillers. 17.6 Characterization of the Matrix in Polymer-Based Nanocomposites. References. 18 Barrier Properties of Rubber Nanocomposites (Changwoon Nah and M. Abdul Kader). 18.1 Introduction. 18.2 Theoretical Consideration. 18.3 Experimental Studies. 18.4 Applications. 18.5 Conclusions. Acknowledgments. References. 19 Rubber/Graphite Nanocomposites (Guohua Chen and Weifeng Zhao). 19.1 Introduction and Background. 19.2 Graphite and its Nanostructure. 19.3 Rubber/Graphite Nanocomposites. 19.4 Future Outlook. Acknowledgments. References. 20 Aging and Degradation Behavior of Rubber Nanocomposites (Suneel Kumar Srivastava and Himadri Acharya). 20.1 Introduction. 20.2 Types of Fillers Used in Rubber Nanocomposites. 20.3 Aging of Rubber Nanocomposites. 20.4 Degradation of Rubber Nanocomposites. 20.5 Summary. References. 21 Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy (PALS) and Nanoindentation (NI) (Dariusz M. Bielinski and Ludomir Slusarski). 21.1 Introduction. 21.2 Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy. 21.3 Nanoindentation 621 22 Thermoelasticity and Stress Relaxation Behavior of Synthetic Rubber/ Organoclay Nanocomposites (K.M. Sukhyy, E.G. Privalko, V.P. Privalko and M.V. Burmistr). 22.1 Introduction. 22.2 Experimental. 22.3 Polychloroprene/Organoclay Nanocomposites. 22.4 Styrene-co-Butadiene Rubber/Organoclay Nanocomposites. 23 Theoretical Modeling and Simulation of Rubber Nanocomposites (Jan Kalfus and Josef Jancar). 23.1 Introduction. 23.2 Brief Theory of Conformation Statistics and Chain Dynamics. 23.3 Basic Aspects of Rubber Elasticity. 23.4 Mechanisms of Nanocomposite Reinforcement. 23.5 Chains at Rubber–Filler Interfaces. 23.6 Structural Peculiarities of Rubbery Nanocomposites. 23.7 Concluding Remarks. Acknowledgments. References. 24 Application of Rubber Nanocomposites (Miroslawa El Fray and Lloyd A. Goettler). 24.1 Introduction. 24.2 Rubber Nanocomposites in Tire Engineering Applications. 24.3 Rubber Nanocomposite Membranes. 24.4 Applications of Rubber Nanocomposites in Sporting Goods. 24.5 Advanced Nanocomposites for Airspace Applications. 24.6 Nanorubbers in Medicine and Healthcare. 24.7 Conclusions. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisComputational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is now an essential and effective tool used in the design of all types of turbomachine, and this topic constitutes the main theme of this book. With over 50 years of experience in the field of aerodynamics, Professor Naixing Chen has developed a wide range of numerical methods covering almost the entire spectrum of turbomachinery applications. Moreover, he has also made significant contributions to practical experiments and real-life designs. The book focuses on rigorous mathematical derivation of the equations governing flow and detailed descriptions of the numerical methods used to solve the equations. Numerous applications of the methods to different types of turbomachine are given and, in many cases, the numerical results are compared to experimental measurements. These comparisons illustrate the strengths and weaknesses of the methods a useful guide for readers. Lessons for the design of improved blading are also indicated after many applicaTrade Review"Numerous b&w illustrations are included. The audience for the book includes senior undergraduate and graduate students in mechanics, energy and power, and aerospace engineering, as well as design and research engineers and scientists." (SciTech Book News, December 2010) Table of ContentsForeword xv Preface xvii Acknowledgments xix Nomenclature xxi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction to the Study of the Aerothermodynamics of Turbomachinery 1 1.2 Brief Description of the Development of the Numerical Study of the Aerothermodynamics of Turbomachinery 2 1.3 Summary 6 2 Governing Equations Expressed in Non-Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinates to Calculate 3D Viscous Fluid Flow in Turbomachinery 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Aerothermodynamics Governing Equations (Navier–Stokes Equations) of Turbomachinery 10 2.3 Viscous and Heat Transfer Terms of Equations 11 2.4 Examples of Simplification of Viscous and Heat Transfer Terms 15 2.5 Tensor Form of Governing Equations 20 2.6 Integral Form of Governing Equations 21 2.7 A Collection of the Basic Relationships for Non-Orthogonal Coordinates 22 2.8 Summary 24 3 Introduction to Boundary Layer Theory 25 3.1 Introduction 25 3.2 General Concepts of the Boundary Layer 25 3.3 Summary 35 4 Numerical Solutions of Boundary Layer Differential Equations 37 4.1 Introduction 37 4.2 Boundary Layer Equations Expressed in Partial Differential Form 37 4.3 Numerical Solution of the Boundary Layer Differential Equations for a Cascade on the Stream Surface of Revolution 41 4.4 Calculation Results and Validations 45 4.5 Application to Analysis of the Performance of Turbomachinery Blade Cascades 49 4.6 Summary 57 5 Approximate Calculations Using Integral Boundary Layer Equations 59 5.1 Introduction 59 5.2 Integral Boundary Layer Equations 59 5.3 Generalized Method for Approximate Calculation of the Boundary Layer Momentum Thickness 64 5.4 Laminar Boundary Layer Momentum Integral Equation 66 5.5 Transitional Boundary Layer Momentum Integral Equation 68 5.6 Turbulent Boundary Layer Momentum Integral Equation 70 5.7 Calculation of a Compressible Boundary Layer 81 5.8 Summary 84 6 Application of Boundary Layer Techniques to Turbomachinery 87 6.1 Introduction 87 6.2 Flow Rate Coefficient and Loss Coefficient of Two-Dimensional Blade Cascades 87 6.3 Studies on the Velocity Distributions Along Blade Surfaces and Correlation Analysis of the Aerodynamic Characteristics of Plane Blade Cascades 92 6.4 Summary 101 7 Stream Function Methods for Two- and Three-Dimensional Flow Computations in Turbomachinery 103 7.1 Introduction 103 7.2 Three-Dimensional Flow Solution Methods with Two Kinds of Stream Surfaces 104 7.3 Two- Stream Function Method for Three-Dimensional Flow Solution 106 7.4 Stream Function Methods for Two-Dimensional Viscous Fluid Flow Computations 118 7.5 Stream Function Method for Numerical Solution of Transonic Blade Cascade Flow on the Stream Surface of Revolution 127 7.6 Finite Analytic Numerical Solution Method (FASM) for Solving the Stream Function Equation of Blade Cascade Flow 131 7.7 Summary 140 8 Pressure Correction Method for Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Flow Computations in Turbomachinery 145 8.1 Introduction 145 8.2 Governing Equations of Three-Dimensional Turbulent Flow and the Pressure Correction Solution Method 146 8.3 Two-Dimensional Turbulent Flow Calculation Examples 157 8.4 Three-Dimensional Turbulent Flow Calculation Examples 169 8.5 Summary 198 9 Time-Marching Method for Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Flow Computations in Turbomachinery 199 9.1 Introduction 199 9.2 Governing Equations of Three-Dimensional Viscous Flow in Turbomachinery 201 9.3 Solution Method Based on Multi-Stage Runge-Kutta Time-Marching Scheme 205 9.4 Two-Dimensional Turbulent Flow Examples Calculated by the Multi-Stage Runge–Kutta Time-Marching Method 216 9.5 Three-Dimensional Flow Examples Calculated by the Multi-Stage Runge–Kutta Time-Marching Method 226 9.6 Summary 249 10 Numerical Study on the Aerodynamic Design of Circumferentialand Axial-Leaned and Bowed Turbine Blades 251 10.1 Introduction 251 10.2 Circumferential Blade-Bowing Study 252 10.3 Axial Blade-Bowing Study 266 10.4 Circumferential Blade-Bowing Study of Turbine Nozzle Blade Row with Low Span-Diameter Ratio 277 10.5 Summary 286 11 Numerical Study on Three-Dimensional Flow Aerodynamics and Secondary Vortex Motions in Turbomachinery 287 11.1 Introduction 287 11.2 Post-Processing Algorithms 288 11.3 Axial Turbine Secondary Vortices 289 11.4 Some Features of Straight-Leaned Blade Aerodynamics of a Turbine Nozzle with Low Span-Diameter Ratio 310 11.5 Numerical Study on the Three-Dimensional Flow Pattern and Vortex Motions in a Centrifugal Compressor Impeller 317 11.6 Summary 326 12 Two-Dimensional Aerodynamic Inverse Problem Solution Study in Turbomachinery 329 12.1 Introduction 329 12.2 Stream Function Method 331 12.3 A Hybrid Problem Solution Method Using the Stream Function Equation with Prescribed Target Velocity for the Blade Cascades of Revolution 336 12.4 Stream-Function-Coordinate Method (SFC) for the Blade Cascades on the Surface of Revolution 343 12.5 Stream-Function-Coordinate Method (SFC) with Target Circulation for the Blade Cascades on the Surface of Revolution 350 12.6 Two-Dimensional Inverse Method Using a Direct Solver with Residual Correction Technique 353 12.7 Summary 359 13 Three-Dimensional Aerodynamic Inverse Problem Solution Study in Turbomachinery 361 13.1 Introduction 361 13.2 Two-Stream-Function-Coordinate-Equation Inverse Method 362 13.3 Three-Dimensional Potential Function Hybrid Solution Method 364 13.4 Summary 372 14 Aerodynamic Design Optimization of Compressor and Turbine Blades 375 14.1 Introduction 375 14.2 Parameterization Method 377 14.3 Response Surface Method (RSM) for Blade Optimization 387 14.4 A Study on the Effect of Maximum Camber Location for a Transonic Fan Rotor Blading by GPAM 395 14.5 Optimization of a Low Aspect Ratio Turbine by GPAM and a Study of the Effects of Geometry on the Aerodynamics Performance 401 14.6 Blade Parameterization and Aerodynamic Design Optimization for a 3D Transonic Compressor Rotor 412 14.7 Summary 426 References 429 Index 441

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Book SynopsisIn Applied Gas Dynamics, Professor Ethirajan Rathakrishnan introduces the high-tech science of gas dynamics, from a definition of the subject to the three essential processes of this science, namely, the isentropic process, shock and expansion process, and Fanno and Rayleigh flows.Trade Review"He begins this single-authored text with basic facts: definitions, supersonic flow, speed of flow, temperature rise, Mach angle, thermodynamics of fluid flow, and so on. Subsequent chapters address steady one-dimensional flow, normal shock waves, oblique shock and expansion waves, compressible flow equations, similarity rule, and two-dimensional compressible flows, among other topics, ending with chapters on ramjet, and jets. Each chapter concludes with a summary and exercise problems." (SciTech Book News, December 2010) Table of ContentsPreface. About the Author. 1 Basic Facts. 1.1 Definition of Gas Dynamics. 1.2 Introduction. 1.3 Compressibility. 1.4 Supersonic Flow – What is it? 1.5 Speed of Sound. 1.6 Temperature Rise. 1.7 Mach Angle. 1.8 Thermodynamics of Fluid Flow. 1.9 First Law of Thermodynamics (Energy Equation). 1.10 The Second Law of Thermodynamics (Entropy Equation). 1.11 Thermal and Calorical Properties. 1.12 The Perfect Gas. 1.13 Wave Propagation. 1.14 Velocity of Sound. 1.15 Subsonic and Supersonic Flows. 1.16 Similarity Parameters. 1.17 Continuum Hypothesis. 1.18 Compressible Flow Regimes. 1.19 Summary. Exercise Problems. 2 Steady One-Dimensional Flow. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Fundamental Equations. 2.3 Discharge from a Reservoir. 2.4 Streamtube Area–Velocity Relation. 2.5 de Laval Nozzle. 2.6 Supersonic Flow Generation. 2.7 Performance of Actual Nozzles. 2.8 Diffusers. 2.9 Dynamic Head Measurement in Compressible Flow. 2.10 Pressure Coefficient. 2.11 Summary. Exercise Problems. 3 Normal Shock Waves. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Equations of Motion for a Normal Shock Wave. 3.3 The Normal Shock Relations for a Perfect Gas. 3.4 Change of Stagnation or Total Pressure Across a Shock. 3.5 Hugoniot Equation. 3.6 The Propagating Shock Wave. 3.7 Reflected Shock Wave. 3.8 Centered Expansion Wave. 3.9 Shock Tube. 3.10 Summary. Exercise Problems. 4 Oblique Shock and ExpansionWaves. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Oblique Shock Relations. 4.3 Relation between β and θ. 4.4 Shock Polar. 4.5 Supersonic Flow Over a Wedge. 4.6 Weak Oblique Shocks. 4.7 Supersonic Compression. 4.8 Supersonic Expansion by Turning. 4.9 The Prandtl–Meyer Expansion. 4.10 Simple and Nonsimple Regions. 4.11 Reflection and Intersection of Shocks and Expansion Waves. 4.12 Detached Shocks. 4.13 Mach Reflection. 4.14 Shock-Expansion Theory. 4.15 Thin Aerofoil Theory. 4.15.1 Application of Thin Aerofoil Theory. 4.16 Summary. Exercise Problems. 5 Compressible Flow Equations. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Crocco's Theorem. 5.3 General Potential Equation for Three-Dimensional Flow. 5.4 Linearization of the Potential Equation. 5.5 Potential Equation for Bodies of Revolution. 5.6 Boundary Conditions. 5.7 Pressure Coefficient. 5.8 Summary. Exercise Problems. 6 Similarity Rule. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Two-Dimensional Flow: The Prandtl-Glauert Rule for Subsonic Flow. 6.3 Prandtl–Glauert Rule for Supersonic Flow: Versions I and II. 6.4 The von Karman Rule for Transonic Flow. 6.5 Hypersonic Similarity. 6.6 Three-Dimensional Flow: Gothert’s Rule. 6.7 Summary. Exercise Problems. 7 Two-Dimensional Compressible Flows. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 General Linear Solution for Supersonic Flow. 7.3 Flow Over a Wave-Shaped Wall. 7.4 Summary. Exercise Problems. 8 Flow with Friction and Heat Transfer. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Flow in Constant Area Duct with Friction. 8.4 Flow with Heating or Cooling in Ducts. 8.5 Summary. Exercise Problems. 9 Method of Characteristics. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 The Concepts of Characteristic. 9.3 The Compatibility Relation. 9.4 The Numerical Computational Method. 9.5 Theorems for Two-Dimensional Flow. 9.6 Numerical Computation with Weak Finite Waves. 9.7 Design of Supersonic Nozzle. 9.8 Summary. 10 Measurements in Compressible Flow. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Pressure Measurements. 10.3 Temperature Measurements. 10.4 Velocity and Direction. 10.5 Density Problems. 10.6 Compressible Flow Visualization. 10.7 Interferometer. 10.8 Schlieren System. 10.9 Shadowgraph. 10.10 Wind Tunnels. 10.11 Hypersonic Tunnels. 10.12 Instrumentation and Calibration of Wind Tunnels. 10.13 Calibration and Use of Hypersonic Tunnels. 10.14 Flow Visualization. 10.15 Summary. Exercise Problems. 11 Ramjet. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 The Ideal Ramjet. 11.3 Aerodynamic Losses. 11.4 Aerothermodynamics of Engine Components. 11.5 Flow Through Inlets. 11.6 Performance of Actual Intakes. 11.7 Shock–Boundary Layer Interaction. 11.8 Oblique Shock Wave Incident on Flat Plate. 11.9 Normal Shocks in Ducts. 11.10 External Supersonic Compression. 11.11 Two-Shock Intakes. 11.12 Multi-Shock Intakes. 11.13 Isentropic Compression. 11.14 Limits of External Compression. 11.15 External Shock Attachment. 11.16 Internal Shock Attachment. 11.17 Pressure Loss. 11.18 Supersonic Combustion. 11.19 Summary. 12 Jets. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Mathematical Treatment of Jet Profiles. 12.3 Theory of Turbulent Jets. 12.4 Experimental Methods for Studying Jets and the Techniques Used for Analysis. 12.5 Expansion Levels of Jets. 12.6 Control of Jets. 12.7 Summary. Appendix. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe combined finite discrete element method is a relatively new computational tool aimed at problems involving static and / or dynamic behaviour of systems involving a large number of solid deformable bodies. Such problems include fragmentation using explosives (e.g rock blasting), impacts, demolition (collapsing buildings), blast loads, digging and loading processes, and powder technology. The combined finite-discrete element method - a natural extension of both discrete and finite element methods - allows researchers to model problems involving the deformability of either one solid body, a large number of bodies, or a solid body which fragments (e.g. in rock blasting applications a more or less intact rock mass is transformed into a pile of solid rock fragments of different sizes, which interact with each other). The topic is gaining in importance, and is at the forefront of some of the current efforts in computational modeling of the failure of solids. * Accompanying souTrade Review"...This book will be beneficial to all those who need to learn more about the combined finite-discrete element method..." ( DEW Journal, Vol.14, No.1, November 2004)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. 1 Introduction. 1.1 General Formulation of Continuum Problems. 1.2 General Formulation of Discontinuum Problems. 1.3 A Typical Problem of Computational Mechanics of Discontinua. 1.4 Combined Continua-Discontinua Problems. 1.5 Transition from Continua to Discontinua. 1.6 The Combined Finite-Discrete Element Method. 1.7 Algorithmic and Computational Challenge of the Combined Finite-Discrete Element Method. 2 Processing of Contact Interaction in the Combined Finite Discrete Element Method. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 The Penalty Function Method. 2.3 Potential Contact Force in 2D. 2.4 Discretisation of Contact Force in 2D. 2.5 Implementation Details for Discretised Contact Force in 2D. 2.6 Potential Contact Force in 3D. 2.6.1 Evaluation of contact force. 2.6.2 Computational aspects. 2.6.3 Physical interpretation of the penalty parameter. 2.6.4 Contact damping. 2.7 Alternative Implementation of the Potential Contact Force. 3 Contact Detection. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Direct Checking Contact Detection Algorithm. 3.2.1 Circular bounding box. 3.2.2 Square bounding object. 3.2.3 Complex bounding box. 3.3 Formulation of Contact Detection Problem for Bodies of Similar Size in 2D. 3.4 Binary Tree Based Contact Detection Algorithm for Discrete Elements of Similar Size. 3.5 Direct Mapping Algorithm for Discrete Elements of Similar Size. 3.6 Screening Contact Detection Algorithm for Discrete Elements of Similar Size. 3.7 Sorting Contact Detection Algorithm for Discrete Elements of a Similar Size. 3.8 Munjiza-NBS Contact Detection Algorithm in 2D. 3.8.1 Space decomposition. 3.8.2 Mapping of discrete elements onto cells. 3.8.3 Mapping of discrete elements onto rows and columns of cells. 3.8.4 Representation of mapping. 3.9 Selection of Contact Detection Algorithm. 3.10 Generalisation of Contact Detection Algorithms to 3D Space. 3.10.1 Direct checking contact detection algorithm. 3.10.2 Binary tree search. 3.10.3 Screening contact detection algorithm. 3.10.4 Direct mapping contact detection algorithm. 3.11 Generalisation of Munjiza-NBS Contact Detection Algorithm to Multidimensional Space. 3.12 Shape and Size Generalisation–Williams C-GRID Algorithm. 4 Deformability of Discrete Elements. 4.1 Deformation. 4.2 Deformation Gradient. 4.2.1 Frames of reference. 4.2.2 Transformation matrices. 4.3 Homogeneous Deformation. 4.4 Strain. 4.5 Stress. 4.5.1 Cauchy stress tensor. 4.5.2 First Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor. 4.5.3 Second Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor. 4.6 Constitutive Law. 4.7 Constant Strain Triangle Finite Element. 4.8 Constant Strain Tetrahedron Finite Element. 4.9 Numerical Demonstration of Finite Rotation Elasticity in the Combined Finite-Discrete Element Method. 5 Temporal Discretisation. 5.1 The Central Difference Time Integration Scheme. 5.1.1 Stability of the central difference time integration scheme. 5.2 Dynamics of Irregular Discrete Elements Subject to Finite Rotations in 3D. 5.2.1 Frames of reference. 5.2.2 Kinematics of the discrete element in general motion. 5.2.3 Spatial orientation of the discrete element. 5.2.4 Transformation matrices. 5.2.5 The inertia of the discrete element. 5.2.6 Governing equation of motion. 5.2.7 Change in spatial orientation during a single time step. 5.6.8 Change in angular momentum due to external loads. 5.6.9 Change in angular velocity during a single time step. 5.6.10 Munjiza direct time integration scheme. 5.3 Alternative Explicit Time Integration Schemes. 5.3.1 The Central Difference time integration scheme (CD). 5.3.2 Gear’s predictor-corrector time integration schemes (PC-3, PC-4, and PC-5). 5.3.3 CHIN integration scheme. 5.3.4 OMF30 time integration scheme. 5.3.5 OMF32 time integration scheme. 5.3.6 Forest & Ruth time integration scheme. 5.4 The Combined Finite-Discrete Element Simulation of the State of Rest. 6 Sensitivity to Initial Conditions in Combined Finite-Discrete Element Simulations. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Combined Finite-Discrete Element Systems. 7 Transition from Continua to Discontinua. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Strain Softening Based Smeared Fracture Model. 7.3 Discrete Crack Model. 7.4 A Need for More Robust Fracture Solutions. 8 Fluid Coupling in the Combined Finite-Discrete Element Method. 8.1 Introduction. 8.1.1 CFD with solid coupling. 8.1.2 Combined finite-discrete element method with CFD coupling. 8.2 Expansion of the Detonation Gas. 8.2.1 Equation of state. 8.2.2 Rigid chamber. 8.2.3 Isentropic adiabatic expansion of detonation gas. 8.2.4 Detonation gas expansion in a partially filled non-rigid chamber. 8.3 Gas Flow Through Fracturing Solid. 8.3.1 Constant area duct. 8.4 Coupled Combined Finite-Discrete Element Simulation of Explosive Induced Fracture and Fragmentation. 8.4.1 Scaling of coupled combined finite-discrete element problems. 8.5 Other Applications. 9 Computational Aspects of Combined Finite-Discrete Element Simulations. 9.1 Large Scale Combined Finite-Discrete Element Simulations. 9.1.1 Minimising RAM requirements. 9.1.2 Minimising CPU requirements. 9.1.3 Minimising storage requirements. 9.1.4 Minimising risk. 9.1.5 Maximising transparency. 9.2 Very Large Scale Combined Finite-Discrete Element Simulations. 9.3 Grand Challenge Combined Finite-Discrete Element Simulations. 9.4 Why the C Programming Language? 9.5 Alternative Hardware Architectures. 9.5.1 Parallel computing. 9.5.2 Distributed computing. 9.5.3 Grid computing. 10 Implementation of some of the Core Combined Finite-Discrete Element Algorithms. 10.1 Portability, Speed, Transparency and Reusability. 10.1.1 Use of new data types. 10.1.2 Use of MACROS. 10.2 Dynamic Memory Allocation. 10.3 Data Compression. 10.4 Potential Contact Force in 3D. 10.4.1 Interaction between two tetrahedrons. 10.5 Sorting Contact Detection Algorithm. 10.6 NBS Contact Detection Algorithm in 3D. 10.7 Deformability with Finite Rotations in 3D. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisMaintenance and continuous health monitoring of air, land and sea structures is one of the most important concerns in a wide range of industries including transportation and civil engineering. Effective maintenance minimises not only the cost of ownership of structures but also improves safety and the perception of safety.Trade Review"...very relevant and timely...strongly recommend this multidisciplinary book...an integrated volume of real value..." (Measurement and Control, Vol 37(5), June 2004)Table of ContentsList of Contributors. Preface. 1. Introduction (G. Bartelds, J.H. Heida, J. McFeat and C. Boller). 1.1 Health and Usage Monitoring in Aircraft Structures – Why and How? 1.2 Smart Solution in Aircraft Monitoring. 1.3 End-User Requirements. 1.3.1 Damage Detection. 1.3.2 Load History Monitoring. 1.4 Assessment of Monitoring Technologies. 1.5 Background of Technology Qualification Process. 1.6 Technology Qualification. 1.6.1 Philosophy. 1.6.2 Performance and Operating Requirements. 1.6.3 Qualification Evidence – Requirements and Provision. 1.6.4 Risks. 1.7 Flight Vehicle Certification. 1.8 Summary. References. 2. Aircraft Structural Health and Usage Monitoring (C. Boller and W.J. Staszewski). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Aircraft Structural Damage. 2.3 Ageing Aircraft Problem. 2.4 LifeCycle Cost of Aerospace Structures. 2.4.1 Background. 2.4.2 Example. 2.5 Aircraft Structural Design. 2.5.1 Background. 2.5.2 Aircraft Design Process. 2.6 Damage Monitoring Systems in Aircraft. 2.6.1 Loads Monitoring. 2.6.2 Fatigue Monitoring. 2.6.3 Load Models. 2.6.4 Disadvantages of Current Loads Monitoring Systems. 2.6.5 Damage Monitoring and Inspections. 2.7 Non-Destructive Testing. 2.7.1 Visual Inspection. 2.7.2 Ultrasonic Inspection. 2.7.3 Eddy Current. 2.7.4 Acoustic Emission. 2.7.5 Radiography, Thermography and Shearography. 2.7.6 Summary. 2.8 Structural Health Monitoring. 2.8.1 Vibration and Modal Analysis. 2.8.2 Impact Damage Detection. 2.9 Emerging Monitoring Techniques and Sensor Technologies. 2.9.1 Smart Structures and Materials. 2.9.2 Damage Detection Techniques. 2.9.3 Sensor Technologies. 2.9.4 Intelligent Signal Processing. 2.10 Conclusions. References. 3. Operational Load Monitoring Using Optical Fibre Sensors (P. Foote, M. Breidne, K. Levin, P. Papadopolous, I. Read, M. Signorazzi, L.K. Nilsson, R. Stubbe and A. Claesson). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Fibre Optics. 3.2.1 Optical Fibres. 3.2.2 Optical Fibre Sensors. 3.2.3 Fibre Bragg Grating Sensors. 3.3 Sensor Target Specifications. 3.4 Reliability of Fibre Bragg Grating Sensors. 3.4.1 Fibre Strength Degradation. 3.4.2 Grating Decay. 3.4.3 Summary. 3.5 Fibre Coating Technology. 3.5.1 Polyimide Chemistry and Processing. 3.5.2 Polyimide Adhesion to Silica. 3.5.3 Silane Adhesion Promoters. 3.5.4 Experimental Example. 3.5.5 Summary. 3.6 Example of Surface Mounted Operational Load Monitoring Sensor System. 3.6.1 Sensors. 3.6.2 Optical Signal Processor. 3.6.3 Optical Interconnections. 3.7 Optical Fibre Strain Rosette. 3.8 Example of Embedded Optical Impact Detection System. 3.9 Summary. References. 4. Damage Detection Using Stress and Ultrasonic Waves (W.J. Staszewski, C. Boller, S. Grondel, C. Biemans, E. O’Brien, C. Delebarre and G.R. Tomlinson). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Acoustic Emission. 4.2.1 Background. 4.2.2 Transducers. 4.2.3 Signal Processing. 4.2.4 Testing and Calibration. 4.3 Ultrasonics. 4.3.1 Background. 4.3.2 Inspection Modes. 4.3.3 Transducers. 4.3.4 Display Modes. 4.4 Acousto-Ultrasonics. 4.5 Guided Wave Ultrasonics. 4.5.1 Background. 4.5.2 Guided Waves. 4.5.3 Lamb Waves. 4.5.4 Monitoring Strategy. 4.6 Piezoelectric Transducers. 4.6.1 Piezoelectricity and Piezoelectric Materials. 4.6.2 Constitutive Equations. 4.6.3 Properties. 4.7 Passive Damage Detection Examples. 4.7.1 Crack Monitoring Using Acoustic Emission. 4.7.2 Impact Damage Detection in Composite Materials. 4.8 Active Damage Detection Examples. 4.8.1 Crack Monitoring in Metallic Structures Using Broadband Acousto-Ultrasonics. 4.8.2 Impact Damage Detection in Composite Structures Using Lamb Waves. 4.9 Summary. References. 5. Signal Processing for Damage Detection (W.J. Staszewski and K. Worden). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Data Pre-Processing. 5.2.1 Signal Smoothing. 5.2.2 Signal Smoothing Filters. 5.3 Signal Features for Damage Identification. 5.3.1 Feature Extraction. 5.3.2 Feature Selection. 5.4 Time–Domain Analysis. 5.5 Spectral Analysis. 5.6 Instantaneous Phase and Frequency. 5.7 Time–Frequency Analysis. 5.8 Wavelet Analysis. 5.8.1 Continuous Wavelet Transform. 5.8.2 Discrete Wavelet Transform. 5.9 Dimensionality Reduction Using Linear and Nonlinear Transformation. 5.9.1 Principal Component Analysis. 5.9.2 Sammon Mapping. 5.10 Data Compression Using Wavelets. 5.11 Wavelet-Based Denoising. 5.12 Pattern Recognition for Damage Identification. 5.13 Artificial Neural Networks. 5.13.1 Parallel Processing Paradigm. 5.13.2 The Artificial Neuron. 5.13.3 Multi-Layer Networks. 5.13.4 Multi-Layer Perceptron Neural Networks and Others. 5.13.5 Applications. 5.14 Impact Detection in Structures Using Pattern Recognition. 5.14.1 Detection of Impact Positions. 5.14.2 Detection of Impact Energy. 5.15 Data Fusion. 5.16 Optimised Sensor Distributions. 5.16.1 Informativeness of Sensors. 5.16.2 Optimal Sensor Location. 5.17 Sensor Validation. 5.18 Conclusions. References. 6. Structural Health Monitoring Evaluation Tests (P.A. Lloyd, R. Pressland, J. McFeat, I. Read, P. Foote, J.P. Dupuis, E. O’Brien, L. Reithler, S. Grondel, C. Delebarre, K. Levin, C. Boller, C. Biemans and W.J. Staszewski). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Large-Scale Metallic Evaluator. 6.2.1 Lamb Wave Results from Riveted Metallic Specimens. 6.2.2 Acoustic Emission Results from a Full-Scale Fatigue Test. 6.3 Large-Scale Composite Evaluator. 6.3.1 Test Article. 6.3.2 Sensor and Specimen Integration. 6.3.3 Impact Tests. 6.3.4 Damage Detection Results – Distributed Optical Fibre Sensors. 6.3.5 Damage Detection Results – Bragg Grating Sensors. 6.3.6 Lamb Wave Damage Detection System. 6.4 Flight Tests. 6.4.1 Flying Test-Bed. 6.4.2 Acoustic Emission Optical Damage Detection System. 6.4.3 Bragg Grating Optical Load Measurement System. 6.4.4 Fibre Optic Load Measurement Rosette System. 6.5 Summary. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis second edition includes new material for: partially saturated porous media; reactive porous media; and macroscopic electrical effects. It contains a single theoretical framework to the subject to explain the interdisciplinary nature of the subject.Trade Review“…provides a unified approach to the fundamental concepts of continuum poromechanics…” (CAB Abstracts)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. 1. Deformation and Kinematics. Mass Balance. 1.1 The Porous Medium and the Continuum Approach. 1.1.1 Connected and Occluded Porosity. The Matrix. 1.1.2 Skeleton and Fluid Particles. Continuity Hypothesis. 1.2 The Skeleton Deformation. 1.2.1 Deformation Gradient and Transport Formulae. 1.2.2 Eulerian and Lagrangian Porosities. Void Ratio. 1.2.3 Strain Tensor. 1.2.4 Infinitesimal Transformation and the Linearized Strain Tensor. 1.3 Kinematics. 1.3.1 Particle Derivative. 1.3.2 Strain Rates. 1.4 Mass Balance. 1.4.1 Equation of Continuity. 1.4.2 The Relative Flow Vector of a Fluid Mass. Filtration Vector. Fluid Mass Content. 1.5 Advanced Analysis. 1.5.1 Particle Derivative with a Surface of Discontinuity. 1.5.2 Mass Balance with a Surface of Discontinuity. The Rankine–Hugoniot Jump Condition. 1.5.3 Mass Balance and the Double Porosity Network. 2. Momentum Balance. Stress Tensor. 2.1 Momentum Balance. 2.1.1 The Hypothesis of Local Forces. 2.1.2 The Momentum Balance. 2.1.3 The Dynamic Theorem. 2.2 The Stress Tensor. 2.2.1 Action–Reaction Law. 2.2.2 The Tetrahedron Lemma and the Cauchy Stress Tensor. 2.3 Equation ofMotion. 2.3.1 The Local Dynamic Resultant Theorem. 2.3.2 The Dynamic Moment Theorem and the Symmetry of the Stress Tensor. 2.3.3 Partial Stress Tensor. 2.4 Kinetic Energy Theorem. 2.4.1 StrainWork Rates. 2.4.2 Piola–Kirchhoff Stress Tensor. 2.4.3 Kinetic Energy Theorem. 2.5 Advanced Analysis. 2.5.1 The Stress Partition Theorem. 2.5.2 Momentum Balance and the Double Porosity Network. 2.5.3 The Tortuosity Effect. 3. Thermodynamics. 3.1 Thermostatics of Homogeneous Fluids. 3.1.1 Energy Conservation and Entropy Balance. 3.1.2 Fluid State Equations. Gibbs Potential. 3.2 Thermodynamics of Porous Continua. 3.2.1 Postulate of Local State. 3.2.2 The First Law. 3.2.3 The Second Law. 3.3 Conduction Laws. 3.3.1 Darcy’s Law. 3.3.2 Fourier’s Law. 3.4 Constitutive Equations of the Skeleton. 3.4.1 State Equations of the Skeleton. 3.4.2 Complementary Evolution Laws. 3.5 Recapitulating the Laws. 3.6 Advanced Analysis. 3.6.1 Fluid Particle Head. Bernoulli Theorem. 3.6.2 Thermodynamics and the Double Porosity Network. 3.6.3 Chemically Active Porous Continua. 4. Thermoporoelasticity. 4.1 Non-linear Thermoporoelastic Skeleton. 4.1.1 Infinitesimal Transformation and State Equations. 4.1.2 Tangent Thermoporoelastic Properties. 4.1.3 The Incompressible Matrix and the Effective Stress. 4.2 Linear Thermoporoelastic Skeleton. 4.2.1 Linear Thermoporoelasticity. 4.2.2 Isotropic Linear Thermoporoelasticity. 4.2.3 Relations Between Skeleton and Matrix Properties. 4.2.4 Anisotropic Poroelasticity. 4.3 Thermoporoelastic Porous Material. 4.3.1 Constitutive Equations of the Saturating Fluid. 4.3.2 Constitutive Equations of the Porous Material. 4.4 Advanced Analysis. 4.4.1 Non-linear Isotropic Poroelasticity. 4.4.2 Brittle Fracture of Fluid-infiltrated Materials. 4.4.3 From Poroelasticity to the Swelling of Colloidal Mixtures. 4.4.4 From Poroelasticity to Chemoelasticity and Ageing Materials. 5. Problems of Poroelasticity. 5.1 Linearized Poroelasticity Problems. 5.1.1 The Hypothesis of Small Perturbations. 5.1.2 Field Equations and Boundary Conditions. 5.1.3 The Diffusion Equation. 5.2 Solved Problems of Poroelasticity. 5.2.1 Injection of a Fluid. 5.2.2 Consolidation of a Soil Layer. 5.2.3 Drilling of a Borehole. 5.3 Thermoporoelasticity Problems. 5.3.1 Field Equations. 5.3.2 Half-space Subjected to a Change in Temperature. 5.4 Advanced Analysis. 5.4.1 Uniqueness of Solution. 5.4.2 The Beltrami–Michell Equations. 5.4.3 Mandel’s Problem. 5.4.4 Non-linear Sedimentation. 6. Unsaturated Thermoporoelasticity. 6.1 Mass andMomentum Balance. 6.1.1 Partial Porosities and Degree of Saturation. 6.1.2 Mass andMomentum Balance. 6.1.3 Mass and Momentum Balance with Phase Change. 6.2 Thermodynamics. 6.2.1 Energy and Entropy Balance for the Porous Material. 6.2.2 Skeleton State Equations. Averaged Fluid Pressure and Capillary Pressure. 6.2.3 Thermodynamics of Porous Media with Phase Change. 6.3 Capillary Pressure Curve. 6.3.1 Energy Approach to the Capillary Pressure Curve. 6.3.2 Capillary Pressure, Natural Imbibition and Isotherm of Sorption. 6.4 Unsaturated Thermoporoelastic Constitutive Equations. 6.4.1 Energy Separation and the Equivalent Pore Pressure Concept. 6.4.2 Equivalent Pore Pressure and Averaged Fluid Pressure. 6.4.3 Equivalent Pore Pressure and Thermoporoelastic Constitutive Equations. 6.4.4 Equivalent Pore Pressure, Wetting and Free Swelling of Materials. 6.5 Heat and Mass Conduction. 6.5.1 Fourier’s Law, Thermal Equation and Phase Change. 6.5.2 Darcy’s Law. 6.5.3 Fick’s Law. 6.6 Advanced Analysis. 6.6.1 The Stress Partition Theorem in the Unsaturated Case. 6.6.2 Capillary Hysteresis. Porosimetry. 6.6.3 Capillary Pressure Curve, Deformation and Equivalent Pore Pressure. 6.6.4 Isothermal Drying of Weakly Permeable Materials. 7. Penetration Fronts. 7.1 Dissolution Fronts. 7.1.1 Mass Balance and Fick’s Law for the Solute. 7.1.2 Instantaneous Dissolution and the Formation of a Penetration Front. 7.1.3 Stefan-like Problem. 7.2 Solute Penetration with Non-linear Binding. 7.2.1 The Binding Process and the Formation of a Penetration Front. 7.2.2 The Time Lag and the Diffusion Test. 7.3 Ionic Migration with Non-linear Binding. 7.3.1 Ionic Migration in the Advection Approximation. 7.3.2 The Travelling Wave Solution. 7.3.3 The Time Lag and the Migration Test. 7.4 Advanced Analysis. 7.4.1 Stefan-like Problem with Non-instantaneous Dissolution. 7.4.2 Imbibition Front. 7.4.3 Surfaces of Discontinuity and Wave Propagation. 8. Poroplasticity. 8.1 Poroplastic Behaviour. 8.1.1 Plastic Strain and Plastic Porosity. 8.1.2 Poroplastic State Equations for the Skeleton. 8.1.3 Poroplastic State Equations for the Porous Material. 8.1.4 Domain of Poroelasticity and the Loading Function Ideal and Hardening Poroplastic Material. 8.2 Ideal Poroplasticity. 8.2.1 The Flow Rule and the Plastic Work. 8.2.2 Principle of Maximal Plastic Work and the Flow Rule. Standard and Non-standard Materials. 8.3 Hardening Poroplasticity. 8.3.1 Hardening Variables and Trapped Energy. 8.3.2 Flow Rule for the Hardening Material. Hardening Modulus. 8.4 Usual Models of Poroplasticity. 8.4.1 Poroplastic Effective Stress. 8.4.2 Isotropic and Kinematic Hardening. 8.4.3 The Usual Cohesive–Frictional Poroplastic Model. 8.4.4 The Cam–Clay Model. 8.5 Advanced Analysis. 8.5.1 Uniqueness of Solution. 8.5.2 Limit Analysis. 8.5.3 Thermal and Chemical Hardening. 8.5.4 Localization of Deformation. 9. Poroviscoelasticity. 9.1 Poroviscoelastic Behaviour. 9.1.1 Viscous Strain and Viscous Porosity. 9.1.2 Poroviscoelastic State Equations for the Skeleton. 9.1.3 Complementary Evolution Laws. 9.2 Functional Approach to Linear Poroviscoelasticity. 9.2.1 Creep Test. Instantaneous and Relaxed Properties. The Trapped Energy. 9.2.2 Creep and Relaxation Functions. 9.2.3 Poroviscoelastic Properties and Constituent Properties. 9.3 Primary and Secondary Consolidation. 9.4 Advanced Analysis. 9.4.1 Poroviscoplasticity. 9.4.2 Functional Approach to the Thermodynamics of Poroviscoelasticity. A. Differential Operators. A.1 Orthonormal Cartesian Coordinates. A.2 Cylindrical Coordinates. A.3 Spherical Coordinates. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisNanotechnology is a vital area of research and development addressing the control, modification and fabrication of materials, structures and devices with nanometre precision and the synthesis of such structures into systems of micro and macroscopic dimensions.Trade Review"…a refreshing work, a very readable introduction to nanotechnology…" (CHOICE, February 2006 ) “ …the book reads well (and) abounds with instructive diagrams …” (Chemistry World, July 2005)Table of ContentsList of contributors. Preface. Chapter authors. 1 Generic methodologies for nanotechnology: classification and fabrication. 1.1 Introduction and classification. 1.2 Summary of the electronic properties of atoms and solids. 1.3 Effects of the nanometre length scale. 1.4 Fabrication methods. 1.5 Preparation, safety and storage issues. Bibliography. 2 Generic methodologies for nanotechnology: characterization. 2.1 General classification of characterization methods. 2.2 Microscopy techniques. 2.3 Electron microscopy. 2.4 Field ion microscopy. 2.5 Scanning probe techniques. 2.6 Diffraction techniques. 2.7 Spectroscopy techniques. 2.8 Surface analysis and depth profiling. 2.9 Summary of techniques for property measurement. Bibliography. 3 Inorganic semiconductor nanostructures. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Overview of relevant semiconductor physics. 3.3 Quantum confinement in semiconductor nanostructures. 3.4 The electronic density of states. 3.5 Fabrication techniques. 3.6 Physical processes in semiconductor nanostructures. 3.7 The characterisation of semiconductor nanostructures. 3.8 Applications of semiconductor nanostructures. 3.9 Summary and outlook. Bibliography. 4 Nanomagnetic materials and devices. 4.1 Magnetism. 4.2 Nanomagnetic materials. 4.3 Magnetoresistance. 4.4 Probing nanomagnetic materials. 4.5 Nanomagnetism in technology. 4.6 The challenges facing nanomagnetism. Bibliography. 5 Processing and properties of inorganic nanomaterials. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 The thermodynamics and kinetics of phase transformations. 5.3 Synthesis methods. 5.4 Structure. 5.5 Microstructural stability. 5.6 Powder consolidation. 5.7 Mechanical properties. 5.8 Ferromagnetic properties. 5.9 Catalytic properties. 5.10 Present and potential applications for nanomaterials. Bibliography. 6 Electronic and electro-optic molecular materials and devices. 6.1 Concepts and materials. 6.2 Applications and devices. 6.3 Carbon nanotubes. Appendix: Reference table of organic semiconductors. Bibliography. 7 Self-assembling nanostructured molecular materials and devices. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Building blocks. 7.3 Principles of self-assembly. 7.4 Self-assembly methods to prepare and pattern nanoparticles. 7.5 Templated nanostructures. 7.6 Liquid crystal mesophases. 7.7 Summary and outlook. Bibliography. 8 Macromolecules at interfaces and structured organic films. 8.1 Macromolecules at interfaces. 8.2 The principles of interface science. 8.3 The analysis of wet interfaces. 8.4 Modifying interfaces. 8.5 Making thin organic films. 8.6 Surface effects on phase separation. 8.7 Nanopatterning surfaces by self-assembly. 8.8 Practical nanoscale devices exploiting macromolecules at interfaces. Bibliography. 9 Bionanotechnology. 9.1 New tools for investigating biological systems. 9.2 Biomimetic nanotechnology. 9.3 Conclusions. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe rapid growth of miniaturisation to meet the demand for increasingly smart devices is driving global investment in a wide range of industries such as IT, electronics, energy, biotechnology and materials science. Nanotechnology: Global Strategies, Industry Trends and Applications, written by experts from Asia, Europe and the USA, gives a comprehensive and important global perspective on nanotechnology. The book is divided into 3 parts: National Nanotechnology Initiatives in Asia, Europe and the USAexplores the current status of nanotechnology in China, Korea, Europe and the USA. Investing in Nanotechnology provides practical information about the opportunities and risks involved in nanotechnology and predictions for future growth. Frontiers of Nanotechnology discusses future applications of the technology and the real-world issues surrounding these. Outlining developing trends, emerging opportunities,Trade Review"…a valuable…reference." (IEEE Circuits & Devices Magazine, September/October 2006)Table of ContentsList of Contributors. Foreword (Hiroyuki Yoshikawa). Introduction: Movements in Nanotechnology (Jurgen Schulte). Part One: National Nanotechnology Initiatives in Asia, Europe and the US. 1. Scientific Development and Industrial Application of Nanotechnology in China (Hongchen Gu and Jurgen Schulte). 2. Current Status of Nanotechnology in Korea and Research into Carbon Nanotubes (Jo-Won Lee and Wonbong Choi). 3. Nanotechnology in Europe (Ottilia Saxl). 4. The Vision and Strategy of the US National Nanotechnology Initiative (M. C. Roco). Part Two: Investing in Nanotechnolgy. 5. Growth through Nanotechnology Opportunities and Risks (Jurgen Schulte). 6. Need for a New Type of Venture Capital (Po Chi Wu). Part Three: Frontiers of Nanotechnology. 7. Frontier Nanotechnology for the Next Generation (Tsuneo Nakahara and Takahiro Imai). 8. Next-Generation Applications for Polymeric Nanofibres (Teik-Cheng Lim and Seeram Ramakrishna). 9. Nanotechnology Applications in Textiles (David Soane, David Offord and William Ware). 10. Measurement Standards for Nanometrology (Isao Kojima and Tetsuya Baba). Index.

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Book SynopsisReliability & Risk: A Bayesian Perspective addresses the need for a sound introduction to the mathematical and statistical aspects of reliability analysis from a Bayesian perspective. It features many real examples, taken from the author's vast experience, and lots of applications from reliability engineering.Trade Review"The book is written by an expert in reliability analysis and it is a very valuable source of information for mathematical models for reliability problems ... An extensive bibliography concludes the book." (Stat Papers, 2011) "As the author mentions in his preface, the book can be read in several different ways, as a text for a graduate level course on reliability or as a source book for “information and open problems." This book has been a joy to read for this reviewer." (International Statistical Review, August 2008) "Singpurwalla seems to be at his best in probabilistic modeling of reality. He has written what must be one of the first books reliability written from a subjective, Bayesian point of view." (International Statistical Review, August 2008) "The material of this book will be most profitable for practitioners and researchers in reliability and survivability, who will greatly appreciate it as a source of information and open problems." (Mathematical Reviews, 2008h) "This is a very interesting, provocative, and worthwhile book." (Biometrics, June 2008) "What I liked most about this book, however, is the way it blends interesting technical material with foundational discussion about the nature of uncertainty." (Biometrics, June 2008) "The investigation of the theoretical models under consideration in the book is first class…" (Law, Probability and Risk Advance Access, September 2007) "I feel that I have learned an effective plotting technique from these plots…" (Technometrics, February 2008) "…a cornucopia of probability models and inference methods for different problems…[that] serve as a rich taxonomy that statisticians can use to fit models…works as both an educational tool and as a reference." (MAA Reviews, March 6, 2007)Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgements xv 1 Introduction and Overview 1 1.1 Preamble: What do ‘Reliability’, ‘Risk’ and ‘Robustness’ Mean? 1 1.2 Objectives and Prospective Readership 3 1.3 Reliability, Risk and Survival: State-of-the-Art 3 1.4 Risk Management: A Motivation for Risk Analysis 4 1.5 Books on Reliability, Risk and Survival Analysis 6 1.6 Overview of the Book 7 2 The Quantification of Uncertainty 9 2.1 Uncertain Quantities and Uncertain Events: Their Definition and Codification 9 2.2 Probability: A Satisfactory Way to Quantify Uncertainty 10 2.2.1 The Rules of Probability 11 2.2.2 Justifying the Rules of Probability 12 2.3 Overview of the Different Interpretations of Probability 13 2.3.1 A Brief History of Probability 14 2.3.2 The Different Kinds of Probability 16 2.4 Extending the Rules of Probability: Law of Total Probability and Bayes’ Law 19 2.4.1 Marginalization 20 2.4.2 The Law of Total Probability 20 2.4.3 Bayes’ Law: The Incorporation of Evidence and the Likelihood 20 2.5 The Bayesian Paradigm: A Prescription for Reliability, Risk and Survival Analysis 22 2.6 Probability Models, Parameters, Inference and Prediction 23 2.6.1 The Genesis of Probability Models and Their Parameters 24 2.6.2 Statistical Inference and Probabilistic Prediction 26 2.7 Testing Hypotheses: Posterior Odds and Bayes Factors 27 2.7.1 Bayes Factors: Weight of Evidence and Change in Odds 28 2.7.2 Uses of the Bayes Factor 30 2.7.3 Alternatives to Bayes Factors 31 2.8 Utility as Probability and Maximization of Expected Utility 32 2.8.1 Utility as a Probability 32 2.8.2 Maximization of Expected Utility 33 2.8.3 Attitudes to Risk: The Utility of Money 33 2.9 Decision Trees and Influence Diagrams for Risk Analysis 34 2.9.1 The Decision Tree 34 2.9.2 The Influence Diagram 35 3 Exchangeability and Indifference 45 3.1 Introduction to Exchangeability: de Finetti’s Theorem 45 3.1.1 Motivation for the Judgment of Exchangeability 46 3.1.2 Relationship between Independence and Exchangeability 46 3.1.3 de Finetti’s Representation Theorem for Zero-one Exchangeable Sequences 48 3.1.4 Exchangeable Sequences and the Law of Large Numbers 49 3.2 de Finetti-style Theorems for Infinite Sequences of Non-binary Random Quantities 50 3.2.1 Sufficiency and Indifference in Zero-one Exchangeable Sequences 51 3.2.2 Invariance Conditions Leading to Mixtures of Other Distributions 51 3.3 Error Bounds on de Finetti-style Results for Finite Sequences of Random Quantities 55 3.3.1 Bounds for Finitely Extendable Zero-one Random Quantities 55 3.3.2 Bounds for Finitely Extendable Non-binary Random Quantities 56 4 Stochastic Models of Failure 59 4.1 Introduction 59 4.2 Preliminaries: Univariate, Multivariate and Multi-indexed Distribution Functions 59 4.3 The Predictive Failure Rate Function of a Univariate Probability Distribution 62 4.3.1 The Case of Discontinuity 65 4.4 Interpretation and Uses of the Failure Rate Function – the Model Failure Rate 66 4.4.1 The True Failure Rate: Does it Exist? 69 4.4.2 Decreasing Failure Rates, Reliability Growth, Burn-in and the Bathtub Curve 69 4.4.3 The Retrospective (or Reversed) Failure Rate 74 4.5 Multivariate Analogues of the Failure Rate Function 76 4.5.1 The Hazard Gradient 76 4.5.2 The Multivariate Failure Rate Function 77 4.5.3 The Conditional Failure Rate Functions 78 4.6 The Hazard Potential of Items and Individuals 79 4.6.1 Hazard Potentials and Dependent Lifelengths 81 4.6.2 The Hazard Gradient and Conditional Hazard Potentials 83 4.7 Probability Models for Interdependent Lifelengths 85 4.7.1 Preliminaries: Bivariate Distributions 85 4.7.2 The Bivariate Exponential Distributions of Gumbel 89 4.7.3 Freund’s Bivariate Exponential Distribution 91 4.7.4 The Bivariate Exponential of Marshall and Olkin 93 4.7.5 The Bivariate Pareto as a Failure Model 107 4.7.6 A Bivariate Exponential Induced by a Shot-noise Process 110 4.7.7 A Bivariate Exponential Induced by a Bivariate Pareto’s Copula 115 4.7.8 Other Specialized Bivariate Distributions 115 4.8 Causality and Models for Cascading Failures 117 4.8.1 Probabilistic Causality and Causal Failures 117 4.8.2 Cascading and Models of Cascading Failures 118 4.9 Failure Distributions with Multiple Scales 120 4.9.1 Model Development 120 4.9.2 A Failure Model Indexed by Two Scales 123 5 Parametric Failure Data Analysis 125 5.1 Introduction and Perspective 125 5.2 Assessing Predictive Distributions in the Absence of Data 127 5.2.1 The Exponential as a Chance Distribution 127 5.2.2 The Weibull (and Gamma) as a Chance Distribution 128 5.2.3 The Bernoulli as a Chance Distribution 129 5.2.4 The Poisson as a Chance Distribution 133 5.2.5 The Generalized Gamma as a Chance Distribution 135 5.2.6 The Inverse Gaussian as a Chance Distribution 136 5.3 Prior Distributions in Chance Distributions 136 5.3.1 Eliciting Prior Distributions via Expert Testimonies 137 5.3.2 Using Objective (or Default) Priors 141 5.4 Predictive Distributions Incorporating Failure Data 144 5.4.1 Design Strategies for Industrial Life-testing 145 5.4.2 Stopping Rules: Non-informative and Informative 147 5.4.3 The Total Time on Test 149 5.4.4 Exponential Life-testing Procedures 150 5.4.5 Weibull Life-testing Procedures 155 5.4.6 Life-testing Under the Generalized Gamma and the Inverse Gaussian 156 5.4.7 Bernoulli Life-testing Procedures 157 5.4.8 Life-testing and Inference Under the BVE 159 5.5 Information from Life-tests: Learning from Data 161 5.5.1 Preliminaries: Entropy and Information 161 5.5.2 Learning for Inference from Life-test Data: Testing for Confidence 164 5.5.3 Life-testing for Decision Making: Acceptance Sampling 166 5.6 Optimal Testing: Design of Life-testing Experiments 170 5.7 Adversarial Life-testing and Acceptance Sampling 173 5.8 Accelerated Life-testing and Dose–response Experiments 175 5.8.1 Formulating Accelerated Life-testing Problems 175 5.8.2 The Kalman Filter Model for Prediction and Smoothing 177 5.8.3 Inference from Accelerated Tests Using the Kalman Filter 179 5.8.4 Designing Accelerated Life-testing Experiments 183 6 Composite Reliability: Signatures 187 6.1 Introduction: Hierarchical Models 187 6.2 ‘Composite Reliability’: Partial Exchangeability 188 6.2.1 Simulating Exchangeable and Partially Exchangeable Sequences 189 6.2.2 The Composite Reliability of Ultra-reliable Units 190 6.2.3 Assessing Reliability and Composite Reliability 192 6.3 Signature Analysis and Signatures as Covariates 193 6.3.1 Assessing the Power Spectrum via a Regression Model 195 6.3.2 Bayesian Assessment of the Power Spectrum 195 6.3.3 A Hierarchical Bayes Assessment of the Power Spectrum 198 6.3.4 The Spectrum as a Covariate Using an Accelerated Life Model 200 6.3.5 Closing Remarks on Signatures and Covariates 202 7 Survival in Dynamic Environments 205 7.1 Introduction: Why Stochastic Hazard Functions? 205 7.2 Hazard Rate Processes 206 7.2.1 Hazard Rates as Shot-noise Processes 207 7.2.2 Hazard Rates as Lévy Processes 208 7.2.3 Hazard Rates as Functions of Diffusion Processes 210 7.3 Cumulative Hazard Processes 211 7.3.1 The Cumulative Hazard as a Compound Poisson Process 213 7.3.2 The Cumulative Hazard as an Increasing Lévy Process 213 7.3.3 Cumulative Hazard as Geometric Brownian Motion 214 7.3.4 The Cumulative Hazard as a Markov Additive Process 215 7.4 Competing Risks and Competing Risk Processes 218 7.4.1 Deterministic Competing Risks 219 7.4.2 Stochastic Competing Risks and Competing Risk Processes 220 7.5 Degradation and Aging Processes 222 7.5.1 A Probabilistic Framework for Degradation Modeling 223 7.5.2 Specifying Degradation Processes 223 8 Point Processes for Event Histories 227 8.1 Introduction: What is Event History? 227 8.1.1 Parameterizing the Intensity Function 229 8.2 Other Point Processes in Reliability and Life-testing 229 8.2.1 Multiple Failure Modes and Competing Risks 229 8.2.2 Items Experiencing Degradation and Deterioration 231 8.2.3 Units Experiencing Maintenance and Repair 231 8.2.4 Life-testing Under Censorship and Withdrawals 233 8.3 Multiplicative Intensity and Multivariate Point Processes 234 8.3.1 Multivariate Counting and Intensity Processes 234 8.4 Dynamic Processes and Statistical Models: Martingales 236 8.4.1 Decomposition of Continuous Time Processes 238 8.4.2 Stochastic Integrals and a Martingale Central Limit Theorem 239 8.5 Point Processes with Multiplicative Intensities 240 9 Non-parametric Bayes Methods in Reliability 243 9.1 The What and Why of Non-parametric Bayes 243 9.2 The Dirichlet Distribution and its Variants 244 9.2.1 The Ordered Dirichlet Distribution 246 9.2.2 The Generalized Dirichlet – Concept of Neutrality 246 9.3 A Non-parametric Bayes Approach to Bioassay 247 9.3.1 A Prior for Potency 248 9.3.2 The Posterior Potency 249 9.4 Prior Distributions on the Hazard Function 250 9.4.1 Independent Beta Priors on Piecewise Constant Hazards 250 9.4.2 The Extended Gamma Process as a Prior 251 9.5 Prior Distributions for the Cumulative Hazard Function 253 9.5.1 Neutral to the Right Probabilities and Gamma Process Priors 253 9.5.2 Beta Process Priors for the Cumulative Hazard 255 9.6 Priors for the Cumulative Distribution Function 259 9.6.1 The Dirichlet Process Prior 260 9.6.2 Neutral to the Right-prior Processes 264 10 Survivability of Co-operative, Competing and Vague Systems 269 10.1 Introduction: Notion of Systems and their Components 269 10.1.1 Overview of the Chapter 269 10.2 Coherent Systems and their Qualitative Properties 270 10.2.1 The Reliability of Coherent Systems 274 10.3 The Survivability of Coherent Systems 281 10.3.1 Performance Processes and their Driving Processes 282 10.3.2 System Survivability Under Hierarchical Independence 283 10.3.3 System Survivability Under Interdependence 284 10.3.4 Prior Distributions on the Unit Hypercube 286 10.4 Machine Learning Methods in Survivability Assessment 291 10.4.1 An Overview of the Neural Net Methodology 292 10.4.2 A Two-phased Neural Net for System Survivability 293 10.5 Reliability Allocation: Optimal System Design 294 10.5.1 The Decision Theoretic Formulation 294 10.5.2 Reliability Apportionment for Series Systems 296 10.5.3 Reliability Apportionment for Parallel Redundant Systems 297 10.5.4 Apportioning Node Reliabilities in Networks 298 10.5.5 Apportioning Reliability Under Interdependence 298 10.6 The Utility of Reliability: Optimum System Selection 299 10.6.1 Decision-making for System Selection 300 10.6.2 The Utility of Reliability 301 10.7 Multi-state and Vague Stochastic Systems 303 10.7.1 Vagueness or Imprecision 304 10.7.2 Many-valued Logic: A Synopsis 305 10.7.3 Consistency Profiles and Probabilities of Vague Sets 305 10.7.4 Reliability of Components in Vague Binary States 307 10.7.5 Reliability of Systems in Vague Binary States 307 10.7.6 Concluding Comments on Vague Stochastic Systems 308 11 Reliability and Survival in Econometrics and Finance 309 11.1 Introduction and Overview 309 11.2 Relating Metrics of Reliability to those of Income Inequality 310 11.2.1 Some Metrics of Reliability and Survival 310 11.2.2 Metrics of Income Inequality 311 11.2.3 Relating the Metrics 313 11.2.4 The Entropy of Income Shares 315 11.2.5 Lorenz Curve Analysis of Failure Data 315 11.3 Invoking Reliability Theory in Financial Risk Assessment 317 11.3.1 Asset Pricing of Risk-free Bonds: An Overview 317 11.3.2 Re-interpreting the Exponentiation Formula 319 11.3.3 A Characterization of Present Value Functions 320 11.3.4 Present Value Functions Under Stochastic Interest Rates 325 11.4 Inferential Issues in Asset Pricing 328 11.4.1 Formulating the Inferential Problem 329 11.4.2 A Strategy for Pooling Present Value Functions 329 11.4.3 Illustrative Example: Pooling Present Value Functions 331 11.5 Concluding Comments 332 Appendix A Markov Chain Monté Carlo Simulation 335 A.1 The Gibbs Sampling Algorithm 335 Appendix B Fourier Series Models and the Power Spectrum 339 B.1 Preliminaries: Trigonometric Functions 339 B.2 Orthogonality of Trigonometric Functions 340 B.3 The Fourier Representation of a Finite Sequence of Numbers 341 B.4 Fourier Series Models for Time Series Data 342 B.4.1 The Spectrum and the Periodgram of f(t) 343 Appendix C Network Survivability and Borel’s Paradox 345 C.1 Preamble 345 C.2 Re-assessing Testimonies of Experts Who have Vanished 345 C.3 The Paradox in Two Dimensions 346 C.4 The Paradox in Network Survivability Assessment 347 Bibliography 349 Index 365

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Book SynopsisOffers basic and advanced methods for using the finite element method for three dimensional, industrial problems. This book covers cyclic symmetry, rigid body motion, and nonlinear multiple point constraints.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Nomenclature xv 1 Displacements, Strain, Stress and Energy 1 1.1 The Reference State 1 1.2 The Spatial State 4 1.3 Strain Measures 9 1.4 Principal Strains 13 1.5 Velocity 19 1.6 Objective Tensors 22 1.7 Balance Laws 25 1.7.1 Conservation of mass 25 1.7.2 Conservation of momentum 25 1.7.3 Conservation of angular momentum 26 1.7.4 Conservation of energy 26 1.7.5 Entropy inequality 27 1.7.6 Closure 28 1.8 Localization of the Balance Laws 28 1.8.1 Conservation of mass 28 1.8.2 Conservation of momentum 29 1.8.3 Conservation of angular momentum 31 1.8.4 Conservation of energy 31 1.8.5 Entropy inequality 31 1.9 The Stress Tensor 31 1.10 The Balance Laws in Material Coordinates 34 1.10.1 Conservation of mass 35 1.10.2 Conservation of momentum 35 1.10.3 Conservation of angular momentum 37 1.10.4 Conservation of energy 37 1.10.5 Entropy inequality 37 1.11 The Weak Form of the Balance of Momentum 38 1.11.1 Formulation of the boundary conditions (material coordinates) 38 1.11.2 Deriving the weak form from the strong form (material coordinates) 39 1.11.3 Deriving the strong form from the weak form (material coordinates) 41 1.11.4 The weak form in spatial coordinates 41 1.12 The Weak Form of the Energy Balance 42 1.13 Constitutive Equations 43 1.13.1 Summary of the balance equations 43 1.13.2 Development of the constitutive theory 44 1.14 Elastic Materials 47 1.14.1 General form 47 1.14.2 Linear elastic materials 49 1.14.3 Isotropic linear elastic materials 52 1.14.4 Linearizing the strains 54 1.14.5 Isotropic elastic materials 58 1.15 Fluids 59 2 Linear Mechanical Applications 63 2.1 General Equations 63 2.2 The Shape Functions 67 2.2.1 The 8-node brick element 68 2.2.2 The 20-node brick element 69 2.2.3 The 4-node tetrahedral element 71 2.2.4 The 10-node tetrahedral element 72 2.2.5 The 6-node wedge element 73 2.2.6 The 15-node wedge element 73 2.3 Numerical Integration 75 2.3.1 Hexahedral elements 76 2.3.2 Tetrahedral elements 78 2.3.3 Wedge elements 78 2.3.4 Integration over a surface in three-dimensional space 81 2.4 Extrapolation of Integration Point Values to the Nodes 82 2.4.1 The 8-node hexahedral element 83 2.4.2 The 20-node hexahedral element 84 2.4.3 The tetrahedral elements 86 2.4.4 The wedge elements 86 2.5 Problematic Element Behavior 86 2.5.1 Shear locking 87 2.5.2 Volumetric locking 87 2.5.3 Hourglassing 90 2.6 Linear Constraints 91 2.6.1 Inclusion in the global system of equations 91 2.6.2 Forces induced by linear constraints 96 2.7 Transformations 97 2.8 Loading 103 2.8.1 Centrifugal loading 103 2.8.2 Temperature loading 104 2.9 Modal Analysis 106 2.9.1 Frequency calculation 106 2.9.2 Linear dynamic analysis 108 2.9.3 Buckling 112 2.10 Cyclic Symmetry 114 2.11 Dynamics: The α-Method 120 2.11.1 Implicit formulation 120 2.11.2 Extension to nonlinear applications 123 2.11.3 Consistency and accuracy of the implicit formulation 126 2.11.4 Stability of the implicit scheme 130 2.11.5 Explicit formulation 136 2.11.6 The consistent mass matrix 138 2.11.7 Lumped mass matrix 140 2.11.8 Spherical shell subject to a suddenly applied uniform pressure 141 3 Geometric Nonlinear Effects 143 3.1 General Equations 143 3.2 Application to a Snapping-through Plate 148 3.3 Solution-dependent Loading 150 3.3.1 Centrifugal forces 150 3.3.2 Traction forces 151 3.3.3 Example: a beam subject to hydrostatic pressure 154 3.4 Nonlinear Multiple Point Constraints 154 3.5 Rigid Body Motion 155 3.5.1 Large rotations 155 3.5.2 Rigid body formulation 159 3.5.3 Beam and shell elements 162 3.6 Mean Rotation 167 3.7 Kinematic Constraints 171 3.7.1 Points on a straight line 171 3.7.2 Points in a plane 173 3.8 Incompressibility Constraint 174 4 Hyperelastic Materials 177 4.1 Polyconvexity of the Stored-energy Function 177 4.1.1 Physical requirements 177 4.1.2 Convexity 180 4.1.3 Polyconvexity 184 4.1.4 Suitable stored-energy functions 189 4.2 Isotropic Hyperelastic Materials 190 4.2.1 Polynomial form 191 4.2.2 Arruda–Boyce form 193 4.2.3 The Ogden form 194 4.2.4 Elastomeric foam behavior 195 4.3 Nonhomogeneous Shear Experiment 196 4.4 Derivatives of Invariants and Principal Stretches 199 4.4.1 Derivatives of the invariants 199 4.4.2 Derivatives of the principal stretches 200 4.4.3 Expressions for the stress and stiffness for three equal eigenvalues 206 4.5 Tangent Stiffness Matrix at Zero Deformation 209 4.5.1 Polynomial form 210 4.5.2 Arruda–Boyce form 211 4.5.3 Ogden form 211 4.5.4 Elastomeric foam behavior 211 4.5.5 Closure 212 4.6 Inflation of a Balloon 212 4.7 Anisotropic Hyperelasticity 216 4.7.1 Transversely isotropic materials 217 4.7.2 Fiber-reinforced material 219 5 Infinitesimal Strain Plasticity 225 5.1 Introduction 225 5.2 The General Framework of Plasticity 225 5.2.1 Theoretical derivation 225 5.2.2 Numerical implementation 232 5.3 Three-dimensional Single Surface Viscoplasticity 235 5.3.1 Theoretical derivation 235 5.3.2 Numerical procedure 239 5.3.3 Determination of the consistent elastoplastic tangent matrix 242 5.4 Three-dimensional Multisurface Viscoplasticity: the Cailletaud Single Crystal Model 244 5.4.1 Theoretical considerations 244 5.4.2 Numerical aspects 248 5.4.3 Stress update algorithm 249 5.4.4 Determination of the consistent elastoplastic tangent matrix 259 5.4.5 Tensile test on an anisotropic material 260 5.5 Anisotropic Elasticity with a von Mises–type Yield Surface 262 5.5.1 Basic equations 262 5.5.2 Numerical procedure 263 5.5.3 Special case: isotropic elasticity 270 6 Finite Strain Elastoplasticity 273 6.1 Multiplicative Decomposition of the Deformation Gradient 273 6.2 Deriving the Flow Rule 275 6.2.1 Arguments of the free-energy function and yield condition 275 6.2.2 Principle of maximum plastic dissipation 276 6.2.3 Uncoupled volumetric/deviatoric response 278 6.3 Isotropic Hyperelasticity with a von Mises–type Yield Surface 279 6.3.1 Uncoupled isotropic hyperelastic model 279 6.3.2 Yield surface and derivation of the flow rule 280 6.4 Extensions 284 6.4.1 Kinematic hardening 284 6.4.2 Viscoplastic behavior 285 6.5 Summary of the Equations 287 6.6 Stress Update Algorithm 287 6.6.1 Derivation 287 6.6.2 Summary 291 6.6.3 Expansion of a thick-walled cylinder 293 6.7 Derivation of Consistent Elastoplastic Moduli 294 6.7.1 The volumetric stress 295 6.7.2 Trial stress 295 6.7.3 Plastic correction 296 6.8 Isochoric Plastic Deformation 300 6.9 Burst Calculation of a Compressor 302 7 Heat Transfer 305 7.1 Introduction 305 7.2 The Governing Equations 305 7.3 Weak Form of the Energy Equation 307 7.4 Finite Element Procedure 309 7.5 Time Discretization and Linearization of the Governing Equation 310 7.6 Forced Fluid Convection 312 7.7 Cavity Radiation 317 7.7.1 Governing equations 317 7.7.2 Numerical aspects 324 References 329 Index 335

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Book SynopsisOffers a comprehensive review of the many aspects and intricacies of sensors used in the spacecraft industry. This work covers sensor development from concept, design, and cost, to building, testing, interfacing, integrating, and on orbit operation. It also includes the Matlab codes that are used to create the example plots.Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction. 2. Sensors and Signals. 3. Noise and Filtering in Spacecraft Sensors. 4. Infrared Sensors. 5. Passive Microwave Sensors. 6. Spacebased Radar Sensors. 7. GPS. Index.

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Book SynopsisModelling and analysis of dynamical systems is a widespread practice as it is important for engineers to know how a given physical or engineering system will behave under specific circumstances.Table of ContentsPreface. I: OBTAINING DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS FOR PHYSICAL SYSTEMS. 1. Introduction to System Elements. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Chapter summary. 2. Obtaining Differential Equations for Mechanical Systems by the Newtonian Method. 2.1 The Configuration Space. 2.2 Constraints. 2.3 Differential Equations from Newtons Laws. 2.4 Practical Difficulties with the Newtonian Formalism. 2.5 Chapter Summary. 3. Differential Equations of Electrical Circuits from Kirchoff’s Laws. 3.1 Kirchoff’s Laws about Current and Voltage. 3.2 The Mesh Current and Node Voltage Methods. 3.3 Using Graph Theory to Obtain the Minimal Set of Equations. 3.4 Chapter Summary. 4. The Lagrangian Formalism. 4.1 Elements of the Lagrangian Approach. 4.2 Obtaining Dynamical Equations by Lagrangian Method. 4.3 The Principle of Least Action. 4.4 Lagrangian Method Applied to Electrical Circuits. 4.5 Systems with External Forces or Electromotive Forces. 4.6 Systems with Resistance or Friction. 4.7 Accounting for Current Sources. 4.8 Modeling Mutual Inductances. 4.9 A General Methodology for Electrical Networks. 4.10 Modeling Coulomb Friction. 4.11 Chapter Summary. 5. Obtaining First-Order Equations. 5.1 First-Order Equations from the Lagrangian Method. 5.2 The Hamiltonian Formalism. 5.3 Chapter Summary. 6. Unified Modelling of Systems Through the Language of Bond Graphs. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 The Basic Concept. 6.3 One-port Elements. 6.4 The Junctions. 6.5 Junctions in Mechanical Systems. 6.6 Numbering of Bonds. 6.7 Reference Power Directions. 6.8 Two-port Elements. 6.9 The Concept of Causality. 6.10 Differential Causality. 6.11 Obtaining Differential Equations from Bond Graphs. 6.12 Alternative Methods of Creating System Bond Graphs. 6.13 Algebraic Loops. 6.14 Fields. 6.15 Activation. 6.16 Equations for Systems with Differential Causality. 6.17 Bond Graph Software. 6.18 Chapter Summary. II: SOLVING DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND UNDERSTANDING DYNAMICS. 7. Numerical Solution of Differential Equations. 7.1 The Basic Method, and the Techniques of Approximation. 7.2 Methods to Balance Accuracy and Computation Time. 7.3 Chapter Summary. 8. Dynamics in the State Space. 8.1 The State Space. 8.2 Vector Field. 8.3 Local Linearization Around Equilibrium Points. 8.4 Chapter Summary. 9. Solutions for a System of First-Order Linear Differential Equations. 9.1 Solution of a First-Order Linear Differential Equation. 9.2 Solution of a System of Two First-Order Linear Differential Equations. 9.3 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors. 9.4 Using Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors for Solving Differential Equations 9.5 Solution of a Single Second Order Differential Equation. 9.6 Systems with Higher Dimensions. 9.7 Chapter Summary. 10. Linear Systems with External Input. 10.1 Constant external input. 10.2 When the forcing function is a square wave. 10.3 Sinusoidal forcing function. 10.4 Other forms of excitation function. 10.5 Chapter Summary. 11. Dynamics of Nonlinear Systems. 11.1 All systems of practical interest are nonlinear. 11.2 Vector Fields for Nonlinear Systems. 11.3 Attractors in nonlinear systems. 11.4 Different types of periodic orbits in a nonlinear system. 11.5 Chaos. 11.6 Quasiperiodicity. 11.7 Stability of limit cycles. 11.8 Chapter Summary. 12. Discrete-time Dynamical Systems. 12.1 The Poincar´e Section. 12.2 Obtaining a discrete-time model. 12.3 Dynamics of Discrete-Time Systems. 12.4 One-dimensional maps. 12.5 Bifurcations. 12.6 Saddle-node bifurcation. 12.7 Period-doubling bifurcation. 12.8 Periodic windows. 12.9 Two-dimensional maps. 12.10 Bifurcations in 2-D discrete-time systems. 12.11 Global dynamics of discrete-time systems. 12.12 Chapter Summary. Index.

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Book SynopsisModelling and analysis of dynamical systems is a widespread practice as it is important for engineers to know how a given physical or engineering system will behave under specific circumstances.Table of ContentsPreface. 1 Introduction to System Elements. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Chapter summary. 2 The Newtonian Method. 2.1 The Configuration Space. 2.2 Constraints. 2.3 Differential Equations from Newtons Laws. 2.4 Practical Difficulties with the Newtonian Formalism. 2.5 Chapter Summary. 3 Differential Equations by Kirchoff’s Laws. 3.1 Kirchoff’s Laws about Current and Voltage. 3.2 The Mesh Current and Node Voltage Methods. 3.3 Using Graph Theory to Obtain the Minimal Set of Equations. 3.4 Chapter Summary. 4 The Lagrangian Formalism. 4.1 Elements of the Lagrangian Approach. 4.2 Obtaining Dynamical Equations by Lagrangian Method. 4.3 The Principle of Least Action. 4.4 Lagrangian Method Applied to Electrical Circuits. 4.5 Systems with External Forces or Electromotive Forces. 4.6 Systems with Resistance or Friction. 4.7 Accounting for Current Sources. 4.8 Modeling Mutual Inductances. 4.9 A General Methodology for Electrical Networks. 4.10 Modeling Coulomb Friction. 4.11 Chapter Summary. 5 Obtaining First Order Equations. 5.1 First Order Equations from the Lagrangian Method. 5.2 The Hamiltonian Formalism. 5.3 Chapter Summary. 6 The Language of Bond Graphs. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 The Basic Concept. 6.3 One-port Elements. 6.4 The Junctions. 6.5 Junctions in Mechanical Systems. 6.6 Numbering of Bonds. 6.7 Reference Power Directions. 6.8 Two-port Elements. 6.9 The Concept of Causality. 6.10 Differential Causality. 6.11 Obtaining Differential Equations from Bond Graphs. 6.12 Alternative Methods of Creating System Bond Graphs. 6.13 Algebraic Loops. 6.14 Fields. 6.15 Activation. 6.16 Equations for Systems with Differential Causality. 6.17 Bond Graph Software. 6.18 Chapter Summary. 7 Numerical Solution of Differential Equations. 7.1 The Basic Method, and the Techniques of Approximation. 7.2 Methods to Balance Accuracy and Computation Time. 7.3 Chapter Summary. 8 Dynamics in the State Space. 8.1 The State Space. 8.2 Vector Field. 8.3 Local Linearization Around Equilibrium Points. 8.4 Chapter Summary. 9 Linear Differential Equations. 9.1 Solution of a First-Order Linear Differential Equation. 9.2 Solution of a System of Two First-Order Linear Differential Equations. 9.3 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors. 9.4 Using Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors for Solving Differential Equations 9.5 Solution of a Single Second Order Differential Equation. 9.6 Systems with Higher Dimensions. 9.7 Chapter Summary. 10 Linear systems with external input. 10.1 Constant external input. 10.2 When the forcing function is a square wave. 10.3 Sinusoidal forcing function. 10.4 Other forms of excitation function. 10.5 Chapter Summary. 11 Dynamics of Nonlinear Systems. 11.1 All systems of practical interest are nonlinear. 11.2 Vector Fields for Nonlinear Systems. 11.3 Attractors in nonlinear systems. 11.4 Different types of periodic orbits in a nonlinear system. 11.5 Chaos. 11.6 Quasiperiodicity. 11.7 Stability of limit cycles. 11.8 Chapter Summary. 12 Discrete-time Dynamical Systems. 12.1 The Poincar´e Section. 12.2 Obtaining a discrete-time model. 12.3 Dynamics of Discrete-Time Systems. 12.4 One-dimensional maps. 12.5 Bifurcations. 12.6 Saddle-node bifurcation. 12.7 Period-doubling bifurcation. 12.8 Periodic windows. 12.9 Two-dimensional maps. 12.10 Bifurcations in 2-D discrete-time systems. 12.11 Global dynamics of discrete-time systems. 12.12 Chapter Summary.

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Book SynopsisThe Symposium on Nanostructured Materials and Systems was held during the 8th Pacific Rim Conference on Ceramic and Glass Technology (PACRIM 8) from May 31-June 5, 2009 in Vancouver, Canada. This symposium aimed to review the progress in the state-of-the-art of nanoscience and nanotechnology including synthesis, processing, modeling, applications and assessment of toxicological potential of nanomatter. More than 55 contributions (invited talks, oral presentations, and posters), were presented by participants, from all over the world, representing universities, research institutions, and industry which made this symposium an attractive forum for interdisciplinary presentations and discussions and to elaborate their functional diversity. This issue contains 16 peer-reviewed papers (invited and contributed) incorporating the latest developments related to synthesis, processing and manufacturing technologies of nanoscaled materials and systems including one-dimensional nanostruTrade Review Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. Hydrogen Permeable Membranes from Palladium Coated Anodic Alumina (Ian Brown, Jeremy Wu, Melanie Nelson, Mark Bowden, and Tim Kemmitt). Softening of Rare Earth Orthophosphates by Transformation Plasticity: Possible Applications to Fiber-Matrix Interphases in Ceramic Composites (R. S. Hay, G. Fair, E. E. Boakye, P. Mogilevsky, T. A. Parthasarathy, and J. Davis). Solvothermal Synthesis of Gadolinium Hydroxide and Oxide Powders and Their Potential for Biomedical Applications (Eva Hemmer, Yvonne Kohl, Sanjay Mathur, Hagen Thielecke, and Kohei Soga). CVD Grown Semiconductor Nanowires: Synthesis, Properties and Challenges (J. Pan, H. Shen, and S. Mathur). Nanowires as Building Blocks of New Devices: Present State and Prospects (F. Hernandez-Ramirez, J. D. Prades, R. Jimenez-Diaz, S. Barth, A. Cirera, A. Romano-Rodriguez, S. Mathur, and J. R. Morante). Preparation of TiO2-Nanoparticles-Thin Films by Electrophoresis Deposition Method (Kazuatsu Ito, Yuuki Sato, Motonari Adachi, and Shinzo Yoshikado). Effect of Nano-Silica on Acid Resistance Properties of Enamel and Its Connection to Energy Saving (Majid Jafari and Javad Sarraf). Immobilization of Myoglobin with Regenerated Silk Fibroin/MWCNTs on Screen-Printed Electrode: Direct Electrochemistry and Electrocatalysis of H2O2 (Lei Zhang, Lei Shi, Wei Song, and Yi-Tao Long). Liquid Phase Patterning and Morphology Control of Metal Oxides (Yoshitake Masuda). Role of Nano-Structured Domain Derived from Organically Modified Silicate in Electrocatalysis (P. C. Pandey, D. S. Chauhan, and V. Singh). Individual Metal Oxide Nanowires in Chemical Sensing: Breakthroughs, Challenges and Prospects (J. D. Prades, R. Jimenez-Diaz, F. Hernandez-Ramirez, A. Cirera, A. Romano-Rodriguez, S. Mathur, and J. R. Morante). Preparation and Their Mechanical Properties of Al2O3/Ti Composite Materials (Enrique Rocha-Rangel, Elizabeth Refugio-García, José G. Miranda-Hernández, Eduardo Térres-Rojas, and Sebastián Díaz de la Torre). Biphasic Nano-Materials and Applications in Life Sciences: 1D Al/Al2O3 Nanostructures for Improved Neuron Cell Culturing (M. Veith, O. C. Aktas, J. Lee, M. M. Miró, C. K. Akkan). Bioactive Glass-Ceramic/Mesoporous Silica Composite Scaffolds for Bone Grafting and Drug Release (Enrica Verné, Francesco Baino, Marta Miola, Giorgia Novajra, Renato Mortera, Barbara Onida, Chiara Vitale-Brovarone). Comparison of Oxide and Nitride Thin Films—Electrochemical Impedance Measurements and Materials Properties (Y. Liu, C. Qu, R.E. Miller, D.D. Edwards, J.H. Fan, P .Li, E. Pierce, A. Geleil, G. Wynick, and X. W. Wang). Synthesis of PbTe Nanowires with Enhanced Seebeck Coefficient (Wenwen Zhou, Hao Cheng, Aidong Li, Huey Hoon Hng, Jan Ma, and Qingyu Yan). Author Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book supplies the long awaited revision of the bestseller on heat conduction, replacing some of the coverage of numerical methods with content on micro- and nano-scale heat transfer. Extensive problems, cases, and examples have been thoroughly updated, and a solutions manual is available.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Preface to Second Edition xvii 1 Heat Conduction Fundamentals 1 1-1 The Heat Flux 2 1-2 Thermal Conductivity 4 1-3 Differential Equation of Heat Conduction 6 1-4 Fourier’s Law and the Heat Equation in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinate Systems 14 1-5 General Boundary Conditions and Initial Condition for the Heat Equation 16 1-6 Nondimensional Analysis of the Heat Conduction Equation 25 1-7 Heat Conduction Equation for Anisotropic Medium 27 1-8 Lumped and Partially Lumped Formulation 29 References 36 Problems 37 2 Orthogonal Functions, Boundary Value Problems, and the Fourier Series 40 2-1 Orthogonal Functions 40 2-2 Boundary Value Problems 41 2-3 The Fourier Series 60 2-4 Computation of Eigenvalues 63 2-5 Fourier Integrals 67 References 73 Problems 73 3 Separation of Variables in the Rectangular Coordinate System 75 3-1 Basic Concepts in the Separation of Variables Method 75 3-2 Generalization to Multidimensional Problems 85 3-3 Solution of Multidimensional Homogenous Problems 86 3-4 Multidimensional Nonhomogeneous Problems: Method of Superposition 98 3-5 Product Solution 112 3-6 Capstone Problem 116 References 123 Problems 124 4 Separation of Variables in the Cylindrical Coordinate System 128 4-1 Separation of Heat Conduction Equation in the Cylindrical Coordinate System 128 4-2 Solution of Steady-State Problems 131 4-3 Solution of Transient Problems 151 4-4 Capstone Problem 167 References 179 Problems 179 5 Separation of Variables in the Spherical Coordinate System 183 5-1 Separation of Heat Conduction Equation in the Spherical Coordinate System 183 5-2 Solution of Steady-State Problems 188 5-3 Solution of Transient Problems 194 5-4 Capstone Problem 221 References 233 Problems 233 Notes 235 6 Solution of the Heat Equation for Semi-Infinite and Infinite Domains 236 6-1 One-Dimensional Homogeneous Problems in a Semi-Infinite Medium for the Cartesian Coordinate System 236 6-2 Multidimensional Homogeneous Problems in a Semi-Infinite Medium for the Cartesian Coordinate System 247 6-3 One-Dimensional Homogeneous Problems in An Infinite Medium for the Cartesian Coordinate System 255 6-4 One-Dimensional homogeneous Problems in a Semi-Infinite Medium for the Cylindrical Coordinate System 260 6-5 Two-Dimensional Homogeneous Problems in a Semi-Infinite Medium for the Cylindrical Coordinate System 265 6-6 One-Dimensional Homogeneous Problems in a Semi-Infinite Medium for the Spherical Coordinate System 268 References 271 Problems 271 7 Use of Duhamel’s Theorem 273 7-1 Development of Duhamel’s Theorem for Continuous Time-Dependent Boundary Conditions 273 7-2 Treatment of Discontinuities 276 7-3 General Statement of Duhamel’s Theorem 278 7-4 Applications of Duhamel’s Theorem 281 7-5 Applications of Duhamel’s Theorem for Internal Energy Generation 294 References 296 Problems 297 8 Use of Green’s Function for Solution of Heat Conduction Problems 300 8-1 Green’s Function Approach for Solving Nonhomogeneous Transient Heat Conduction 300 8-2 Determination of Green’s Functions 306 8-3 Representation of Point, Line, and Surface Heat Sources with Delta Functions 312 8-4 Applications of Green’s Function in the Rectangular Coordinate System 317 8-5 Applications of Green’s Function in the Cylindrical Coordinate System 329 8-6 Applications of Green’s Function in the Spherical Coordinate System 335 8-7 Products of Green’s Functions 344 References 349 Problems 349 9 Use of the Laplace Transform 355 9-1 Definition of Laplace Transformation 356 9-2 Properties of Laplace Transform 357 9-3 Inversion of Laplace Transform Using the Inversion Tables 365 9-4 Application of the Laplace Transform in the Solution of Time-Dependent Heat Conduction Problems 372 9-5 Approximations for Small Times 382 References 390 Problems 390 10 One-Dimensional Composite Medium 393 10-1 Mathematical Formulation of One-Dimensional Transient Heat Conduction in a Composite Medium 393 10-2 Transformation of Nonhomogeneous Boundary Conditions into Homogeneous Ones 395 10-3 Orthogonal Expansion Technique for Solving M-Layer Homogeneous Problems 401 10-4 Determination of Eigenfunctions and Eigenvalues 407 10-5 Applications of Orthogonal Expansion Technique 410 10-6 Green’s Function Approach for Solving Nonhomogeneous Problems 418 10-7 Use of Laplace Transform for Solving Semi-Infinite and Infinite Medium Problems 424 References 429 Problems 430 11 Moving Heat Source Problems 433 11-1 Mathematical Modeling of Moving Heat Source Problems 434 11-2 One-Dimensional Quasi-Stationary Plane Heat Source Problem 439 11-3 Two-Dimensional Quasi-Stationary Line Heat Source Problem 443 11-4 Two-Dimensional Quasi-Stationary Ring Heat Source Problem 445 References 449 Problems 450 12 Phase-Change Problems 452 12-1 Mathematical Formulation of Phase-Change Problems 454 12-2 Exact Solution of Phase-Change Problems 461 12-3 Integral Method of Solution of Phase-Change Problems 474 12-4 Variable Time Step Method for Solving Phase-Change Problems: A Numerical Solution 478 12-5 Enthalpy Method for Solution of Phase-Change Problems: A Numerical Solution 484 References 490 Problems 493 Note 495 13 Approximate Analytic Methods 496 13-1 Integral Method: Basic Concepts 496 13-2 Integral Method: Application to Linear Transient Heat Conduction in a Semi-Infinite Medium 498 13-3 Integral Method: Application to Nonlinear Transient Heat Conduction 508 13-4 Integral Method: Application to a Finite Region 512 13-5 Approximate Analytic Methods of Residuals 516 13-6 The Galerkin Method 521 13-7 Partial Integration 533 13-8 Application to Transient Problems 538 References 542 Problems 544 14 Integral Transform Technique 547 14-1 Use of Integral Transform in the Solution of Heat Conduction Problems 548 14-2 Applications in the Rectangular Coordinate System 556 14-3 Applications in the Cylindrical Coordinate System 572 14-4 Applications in the Spherical Coordinate System 589 14-5 Applications in the Solution of Steady-state problems 599 References 602 Problems 603 Notes 607 15 Heat Conduction in Anisotropic Solids 614 15-1 Heat Flux for Anisotropic Solids 615 15-2 Heat Conduction Equation for Anisotropic Solids 617 15-3 Boundary Conditions 618 15-4 Thermal Resistivity Coefficients 620 15-5 Determination of Principal Conductivities and Principal Axes 621 15-6 Conductivity Matrix for Crystal Systems 623 15-7 Transformation of Heat Conduction Equation for Orthotropic Medium 624 15-8 Some Special Cases 625 15-9 Heat Conduction in an Orthotropic Medium 628 15-10 Multidimensional Heat Conduction in an Anisotropic Medium 637 References 645 Problems 647 Notes 649 16 Introduction to Microscale Heat Conduction 651 16-1 Microstructure and Relevant Length Scales 652 16-2 Physics of Energy Carriers 656 16-3 Energy Storage and Transport 661 16-4 Limitations of Fourier’s Law and the First Regime of Microscale Heat Transfer 667 16-5 Solutions and Approximations for the First Regime of Microscale Heat Transfer 672 16-6 Second and Third Regimes of Microscale Heat Transfer 676 16-7 Summary Remarks 676 References 676 Appendixes 679 Appendix I Physical Properties 681 Table I-1 Physical Properties of Metals 681 Table I-2 Physical Properties of Nonmetals 683 Table I-3 Physical Properties of Insulating Materials 684 Appendix II Roots of Transcendental Equations 685 Appendix III Error Functions 688 Appendix IV Bessel Functions 691 Table IV-1 Numerical Values of Bessel Functions 696 Table IV-2 First 10 Roots of Jn(z) = 0, n = 0,1,2,3,4,5 704 Table IV-3 First Six Roots of βJ1(β) − cJ0(β) = 0 705 Table IV-4 First Five Roots of J0(β)Y0(cβ) − Y0(β)J0(cβ) = 0 706 Appendix V Numerical Values of Legendre Polynomials of the First Kind 707 Appendix VI Properties of Delta Functions 710 Index 713

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Book SynopsisContributions from three Focused Sessions that were part of the 34th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites (ICACC), in Daytona Beach, FL, January 24-29, 2010 are presented in this volume. The broad range of topics is captured by the Focused Session titles, which are listed as follows: FS1 - Geopolymers and other Inorganic Polymers; FS3 - Computational Design, Modeling Simulation and Characterization of Ceramics and Composites; and FS4 - Nanolaminated Ternary Carbides and Nitrides (MAX Phases). The session on Geopolymers and other Inorganic Polymers continues to attract growing attention from international researchers (USA, Australia, France, Germany, Italy, Czech Republic, and Viet Nam) and it is encouraging to see the variety of established and new applications being found for these novel and potentially useful materials. The session organizer gratefully acknowledges the support of the US Table of ContentsPreface ix Introduction xi GEOPOLYMERS AND OTHER INORGANIC POLYMERS Geomaterial Foam to Reinforce Wood 3 E. Prud'homme, P. Michaud, C. Peyratout, A. Smith, S. Rossignol, E. Joussein, and N. Sauvât Effect of Curing Conditions on the Porosity Characteristics of Metakaolin-Fly Ash Geopolymers 11 Tammy L. Metroke, Michael V. Henley, and Michael I. Hammons New Insights on Geopolymerisation using Molybdate, Raman, and Infrared Spectroscopy 17 C. H. Rüscher, E. Mielcarek, J. Wongpa, F. Jirasit, and W. Lutz Transformation of Polysialate Matrixes from Al-Rich and Si-Rich Metakaolins: Polycondensation and Physico-Chemical Properties 35 Elie Kamseu and Cristina Leonelli Effect of High Tensile Strength Polypropylene Chopped Fiber Reinforcements on the Mechanical Properties of Sodium Based Geopolymer Composites 47 Daniel R. Lowry and Waltraud M. Kriven Properties of Basalt Fiber Reinforced Geopolymer Composites 51 E. Rill, D. R. Lowry, and W. M. Kriven Novel Applications of Metal-Geopolymers 69 Oleg Bortnovsky, Petr Bezucha, Petr Sazama, Jiri Dëdecek, Zdena Tvarùzkovâ, and Zdenék Sobalik Making Foamed Concretes from Fly Ash Based on Geopolymer Method 83 Nhi Tuan Pham and Hoang Huy Le Preparation of Electrically Conductive Materials Based on Geopolymers with Graphite 91 Z. Cerny, I. Jakubec, P. Bezdicka, L. Sulc, J. Machacek, J. Bludskâ, and P. Roubicek Effect of Synthesis Parameters and Post-Cure Temperature on the Mechanical Properties of Geopolymers Containing Slag 101 Tammy L. Metroke, Brian Evans, Jeff Eichler, Michael I. Hammons, and Michael V. Henley COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN, MODELING, SIMULATION AND CHARACTERIZATION Electronic Structure and Band-Gaps of Eu-Doped LaSi3N5 Ternary Nitrides 109 L. Benco, Z. Lences, and P. Sajgalik First Principle Molecular Dynamic Simulations of Oxygen Plasma Etching of Organosilicate Low Dielectric Materials 119 Jincheng Du and Mrunal Chaudhari Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulation of Cation Diffusion in Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia 127 Brian Good Dynamic Neutron Diffraction Study of Thermal Stability and Self-Recovery in Aluminium Titanate 139 I. M. Low and Z. Oo NANOLAMINATED TERNARY CARBIDES AND NITRIDES Titanium and Aluminium Based Compounds as a Precursor for SHSofTi2AIN 153 L. Chlubny, J. Lis, and M. M. Bucko Investigations on the Oxidation Behavior of Max-Phase Based Ti2AIC Coatings on 7-TiAI 161 Maik Fröhlich Study of High-Temperature Thermal Stability of Max Phases in Vacuum 171 I. M. Low, W. K. Pang, S. J. Kennedy, and R. I. Smith Detection of Amorphous Silica in Oxidized Maxthal Ti3SiC2 at 500-1000°C 181 W. K. Pang, I. M. Low, J. V. Hanna, and J. P. Palmquist Author Index 191

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Book SynopsisSkillfully introducing the basic concepts of nanomaterials and devices fabricated from these nanomaterials, Introduction to Semiconductor Nanomaterials and Devices applies traditional physics concepts to explain new phenomena encountered in cutting-edge research fields, such as plasmon-photon interaction, in nanotechnology and nanoscience.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Fundamental Constants xvii 1 Growth of Bulk, Thin Films, and Nanomaterials 1 1.1 Introduction, 1 1.2 Growth of Bulk Semiconductors, 5 1.2.1 Liquid-Encapsulated Czochralski (LEC) Method, 5 1.2.2 Horizontal Bridgman Method, 11 1.2.3 Float-Zone Growth Method, 14 1.2.4 Lely Growth Method, 16 1.3 Growth of Semiconductor Thin Films, 18 1.3.1 Liquid-Phase Epitaxy Method, 19 1.3.2 Vapor-Phase Epitaxy Method, 20 1.3.3 Hydride Vapor-Phase Epitaxial Growth of Thick GaN Layers, 22 1.3.4 Pulsed Laser Deposition Technique, 25 1.3.5 Molecular Beam Epitaxy Growth Technique, 27 1.4 Fabrication and Growth of Semiconductor Nanomaterials, 46 1.4.1 Nucleation, 47 1.4.2 Fabrications of Quantum Dots, 55 1.4.3 Epitaxial Growth of Self-Assembly Quantum Dots, 56 1.5 Colloidal Growth of Nanocrystals, 61 1.6 Summary, 63 Problems, 64 Bibliography, 67 2 Application of Quantum Mechanics to Nanomaterial Structures 68 2.1 Introduction, 68 2.2 The de Broglie Relation, 71 2.3 Wave Functions and Schr¨odinger Equation, 72 2.4 Dirac Notation, 74 2.4.1 Action of a Linear Operator on a Bra, 77 2.4.2 Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions of an Operator, 78 2.4.3 The Dirac δ-Function, 78 2.4.4 Fourier Series and Fourier Transform in Quantum Mechanics, 81 2.5 Variational Method, 82 2.6 Stationary States of a Particle in a Potential Step, 83 2.7 Potential Barrier with a Finite Height, 88 2.8 Potential Well with an Infinite Depth, 92 2.9 Finite Depth Potential Well, 94 2.10 Unbound Motion of a Particle (E > V0) in a Potential Well With a Finite Depth, 98 2.11 Triangular Potential Well, 100 2.12 Delta Function Potentials, 103 2.13 Transmission in Finite Double Barrier Potential Wells, 108 2.14 Envelope Function Approximation, 112 2.15 Periodic Potential, 117 2.15.1 Bloch’s Theorem, 119 2.15.2 The Kronig–Penney Model, 119 2.15.3 One-Electron Approximation in a Periodic Dirac δ-Function, 123 2.15.4 Superlattices, 126 2.16 Effective Mass, 130 2.17 Summary, 131 Problems, 132 Bibliography, 134 3 Density of States in Semiconductor Materials 135 3.1 Introduction, 135 3.2 Distribution Functions, 138 3.3 Maxwell–Boltzmann Statistic, 139 3.4 Fermi–Dirac Statistics, 142 3.5 Bose–Einstein Statistics, 145 3.6 Density of States, 146 3.7 Density of States of Quantum Wells, Wires, and Dots, 152 3.7.1 Quantum Wells, 152 3.7.2 Quantum Wires, 155 3.7.3 Quantum Dots, 158 3.8 Density of States of Other Systems, 159 3.8.1 Superlattices, 160 3.8.2 Density of States of Bulk Electrons in the Presence of a Magnetic Field, 161 3.8.3 Density of States in the Presence of an Electric Field, 163 3.9 Summary, 168 Problems, 168 Bibliography, 170 4 Optical Properties 171 4.1 Fundamentals, 172 4.2 Lorentz and Drude Models, 176 4.3 The Optical Absorption Coefficient of the Interband Transition in Direct Band Gap Semiconductors, 179 4.4 The Optical Absorption Coefficient of the Interband Transition in Indirect Band Gap Semiconductors, 185 4.5 The Optical Absorption Coefficient of the Interband Transition in Quantum Wells, 186 4.6 The Optical Absorption Coefficient of the Interband Transition in Type II Superlattices, 189 4.7 The Optical Absorption Coefficient of the Intersubband Transition in Multiple Quantum Wells, 191 4.8 The Optical Absorption Coefficient of the Intersubband Transition in GaN/AlGaN Multiple Quantum Wells, 196 4.9 Electronic Transitions in Multiple Quantum Dots, 197 4.10 Selection Rules, 201 4.10.1 Electron–Photon Coupling of Intersubband Transitions in Multiple Quantum Wells, 201 4.10.2 Intersubband Transition in Multiple Quantum Wells, 202 4.10.3 Interband Transition, 202 4.11 Excitons, 204 4.11.1 Excitons in Bulk Semiconductors, 205 4.11.2 Excitons in Quantum Wells, 211 4.11.3 Excitons in Quantum Dots, 213 4.12 Cyclotron Resonance, 214 4.13 Photoluminescence, 220 4.14 Basic Concepts of Photoconductivity, 225 4.15 Summary, 229 Problems, 230 Bibliography, 232 5 Electrical and Transport Properties 233 5.1 Introduction, 233 5.2 The Hall Effect, 237 5.3 Quantum Hall and Shubnikov-de Haas Effects, 241 5.3.1 Shubnikov-de Haas Effect, 243 5.3.2 Quantum Hall Effect, 246 5.4 Charge Carrier Transport in Bulk Semiconductors, 249 5.4.1 Drift Current Density, 249 5.4.2 Diffusion Current Density, 254 5.4.3 Generation and Recombination, 257 5.4.4 Continuity Equation, 259 5.5 Boltzmann Transport Equation, 264 5.6 Derivation of Transport Coefficients Using the Boltzmann Transport Equation, 268 5.6.1 Electrical Conductivity and Mobility in n-type Semiconductors, 270 5.6.2 Hall Coefficient, RH, 273 5.7 Scattering Mechanisms in Bulk Semiconductors, 274 5.7.1 Scattering from an Ionized Impurity, 276 5.7.2 Scattering from a Neutral Impurity, 277 5.7.3 Scattering from Acoustic Phonons: Deformation Potential, 277 5.7.4 Scattering from Acoustic Phonons: Piezoelectric Potential, 278 5.7.5 Optical Phonon Scattering: Polar and Nonpolar, 278 5.7.6 Scattering from Short-Range Potentials, 279 5.7.7 Scattering from Dipoles, 281 5.8 Scattering in a Two-Dimensional Electron Gas, 281 5.8.1 Scattering by Remote Ionized Impurities, 283 5.8.2 Scattering by Interface Roughness, 285 5.8.3 Electron–Electron Scattering, 286 5.9 Coherence and Mesoscopic Systems, 287 5.10 Summary, 293 Problems, 294 Bibliography, 297 6 Electronic Devices 298 6.1 Introduction, 298 6.2 Schottky Diode, 301 6.3 Metal–Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (MESFETs), 305 6.4 Junction Field-Effect Transistor (JFET), 314 6.5 Heterojunction Field-Effect Transistors (HFETs), 318 6.6 GaN/AlGaN Heterojunction Field-Effect Transistors (HFETs), 322 6.7 Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors (HBTs), 325 6.8 Tunneling Electron Transistors, 328 6.9 The p–n Junction Tunneling Diode, 329 6.10 Resonant Tunneling Diodes, 334 6.11 Coulomb Blockade, 338 6.12 Single-Electron Transistor, 340 6.13 Summary, 353 Problems, 354 Bibliography, 357 7 Optoelectronic Devices 359 7.1 Introduction, 359 7.2 Infrared Quantum Detectors, 361 7.2.1 Figures of Merit, 361 7.2.2 Noise in Photodetectors, 366 7.2.3 Multiple Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors (QWIPs), 369 7.2.4 Infrared Photodetectors Based on Multiple Quantum Dots, 380 7.3 Light-Emitting Diodes, 387 7.4 Semiconductor Lasers, 392 7.4.1 Basic Principles, 392 7.4.2 Semiconductor Heterojunction Lasers, 399 7.4.3 Quantum Well Edge-Emitting Lasers, 403 7.4.4 Vertical Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers, 406 7.4.5 Quantum Cascade Lasers, 409 7.4.6 Quantum Dots Lasers, 412 7.5 Summary, 416 Problems, 418 Bibliography, 419 Appendix A Derivation of Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 420 Appendix B Perturbation 424 Bibliography, 428 Appendix C Angular Momentum 429 Appendix D Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) Approximation 431 Bibliography, 436 Appendix E Parabolic Potential Well 437 Bibliography, 441 Appendix F Transmission Coefficient in Superlattices 442 Appendix G Lattice Vibrations and Phonons 445 Bibliography, 455 Appendix H Tunneling Through Potential Barriers 456 Bibliography, 461 Index 463

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Book SynopsisDuring the past decades, understanding of the science and technology powering electronic materials has played a major role in satisfying social needs by developing electronic devices for automotive, telecommunications, military, and medical applications. This volume contains a collection of selected papers from the international symposia on Advanced Dielectric Materials and Electronic Devices and Ferroelectrics and Multiferroics presented during the Material Science and Technology conference held in Pittsburgh in October 2009. It is a one-stop resource for academics on the most important issues in advances in electroceramic materials.Trade Review"Advances in Electroceramic Materials II: Ceramic Transactions, Volume 221" During the past decades, understanding of the science and technology powering electronic materials has played a major role in satisfying social needs by developing electronic devices for automotive, telecommunications, military, and medical applications." (World News, 8 February 2011) Table of ContentsPreface. Design, Synthesis and Properties. Barium Titanate Stannate Functionally Graded Materials: Choosing of the Ti/Sn Concentration Gradient and the Influence of the Gradient on Electrical Properties (S. Markovic and D. Uskokovic). Barium Titanate and Cobalt Ferrite Nano-Particles Decorated SiCN/MWCNT Nanotubes: Synthesis and Microstructural Characterization (Vishwas Bedekar, Gurpreet Singh, Roop Mahajan, and Shashank Priya). Synthesis, Structural and Electrical Properties of the Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3–K0.5Bi0.5TiO3 Ceramic System (Jakob König, Mojca Otonicar, Sreco D. Skapin, and Danilo Suvorov). Improvement of Electric Properties of (K,Na)NbO3 and (K,Na)(Nb, Ta)O3 Based Lead-Free Piezoelectrics (Kochi Kukuta, Yoshiki Watanabe, Shun Kondo, Takeshi Asano, Jun Sakai, and Makoto Suzuki). Structural and Electrical Characterization of Lead-Free (1-x)(Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3-xBaTiO3 Piezoelectric Ceramics (Deepam Maurya, Cheol-Woo Ahn, and Shashank Priya). Temperature Dependences of Piezoelectric Properties of Textured (Bi1/2K1/2)TiO3–BaTiO3 Lead-Free Piezoelectric Ceramics (Hahime Nagata, Masahiro Menoto, Yuji Hiruma, and Tadashi Takenaka). Structure and Dielectric Properties of Tellurium Oxide-Based Materials (N. Berkaïne, J. Cornette, D. Hamani, P. Thomas, O. Masson, A. Mirgorodsky, J. Colas, J.R. Ducière, T. Merle-Méjean, J.-C. Champarnaud-Mesjard, M. Smirnov, V. Couderc, T. Cardinal, and E. Fargin). Dielectric Anisotropy of Ferroelectric Single Crystals in Microwave C-Band by Cavity Vectorial Perturbation Method (Robert McIntosh, Amar Bhalla, and Ruyan Guo). Characterization and Microstructure Evolution in Er-Doped BaTiO3 Ceramics (V. Mitic, V.B. Pavolovic, V. Paunovic, Lj. Kocic, and Lj. Zivkovic.). Improvement of the Dielectric Properties of Tunable (Ba,Sr)TiO3–MgO Composites by Decreasing Heterogeneous Diffusion (Romaine Costs, Michel Paté, and Jean-Pierre Ganne). High Thermal Conductivity A/N Materials (Isabel K. Lloyd). Metal-Encapsulation of Ferromagnetic Nanoparticles (Su-Chul Yang, Cheol-Woo Ahn, Chee-Sung Park, Yaodong Yang, Dwight Viehland, and Shashank Priya). Applications and Devices. Optical and Electrical Single Crystals for UV/VUV Applications (K. Shimamura, E.G. Villora, and N. Ichinose). Microanalyses for Piezoresistive Effect on Actual and Modeled Interfaces of RuO2-Glass Thick Film Resistors (M. Totokawa and T. Tani). Lead-Free Piezoelectric Materials for Sensors, Capacitors, and Actuators (Cheol-Woo Ahn, Deepam Maurya, Alex O. Aning, and Shashank Priya). Processing Issues in Pulse DC Sputtering of Vanadium Oxide This Films for Uncooled Infrared Detectors (S.S.N. Bharadwaja, C. Venkatasubramanyam, N. Fieldhouse, B. Gauntt, Myung Yoon Lee, S. Ashok, E.C. Dickey, T.N. Jackson, and M. Horn). Semiconducting Metal Oxides as Oxygen Sensor (Wei Wu, David W. Greene, and Irving J. Oppenheim). Introduction of Embossed Diaphragm in an Integrated Optical and Electronic Sensor (Ivan Padron, Anthony T. Fiory, and Nuggehalli M. Ravindra). Optical Line Width in Quantum Dots and Nanodevices (Karel Kral and Miroslav Mensik). DuPontTM Green TapeTM 9K7 Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic (LTCC) Low Loss Dielectric System for High Frequency Microwave Applications (K. M. Nair, M. F. McCombs, K. E. Souders, J. M. Parisi, K. H. Hang, D. M. Nair, and S. C. Beers). Polyvinvylidene Fluoride (PVDF) Piezoelectric for Intravascular Monitoring of Blood Pressure and Arterial Blood Flow Rate (Juan P. Tamez, Hsiao-Yuan Wang, Amar Bhalla, and Ruyan Guo). Indirect Template Method of Magnetic Field Assisted Assembly (Rene D. Rivero, Ivan Padron, Michael R. Booty, Anthony T. Fiory, and N.M. Ravindra). Recent Developments in Thermoelectric Metrology at NIST (W. Wong-Ng, J. Martin, E. L. Thomas, M. Otani, N. Lowhorn, M. Green, G. Liu, Y.G. Yan, J. Hattick-Simpers, and T. Tran). Author Index.

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Book SynopsisContributions from the 34th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites (ICACC), held in Daytona Beach, FL, January 24-29, 2010, are presented in this volume.Table of ContentsPreface vii Graphene Encapsulated Gold Nanoparticles and Their Characterization 1Junchi Wu and Nitin Chopra A Surfactant-Assisted Solid-State Synthesis of BaTi03 from BaC03 and Ti02 9Yu-Lun Chang, and Hsing-I Hsiang Morphological Stability of Gold Nanoparticles on Titania Nanoparticles 23M. Nahar and D. Kovar Synthesis of Nanostructured Mesoporous Ordered Silica Supported Fe203 Nanoparticles for Water Purification 31Sawsan A. Mahmoud and Heba M. Gobara Patterning by Focused Ion Beam Assisted Anodization 47J. Zhao, K. Lu, B. Chen, and Z. Tian Agricultural-Waste Nano-Particle Synthesis Templates for Hydrogen Storage 57William L Bradbury and Eugene A. Olevsky Synthesis, Structural and Mechanical Characterization of Artificial Nanocomposites 69Yong Sun, Zaiwang Huang, and Xiaodong Li Properties of Freeze-Casted Composites of Silica and Kaoiinite 79J. Walz and K. Lu Controlled Processing of Bulk Assembling of Nanoparticles of Titania 87M. Jitianu, J. K. Ko, S. Miller, C. Rohn, and Ft. A. Haber Phase Transition and Consolidation of Colloidal Nanoparticles 101Yoshihiro Hirata, Naoki Matsunaga, and Soichiro Sameshima Thin Film Nanocomposites for Thermoelectric Applications 113Otto J. Gregory, Ximing Chen, Matin Amani, Brian Monteiro, and Andrew Carracia Indium Tin Oxide Nanosized Transparent Conductive Thin Films Obtained by Sputtering from Large Size Planar and Rotary Targets 125E. Medvedovski, C.J. Szepesi, O. Yankov, and P. Lippens Engineered Oxide Nanofilms Prepared from Solutions at Relatively Low Temperatures 147Arvid Pasto, Michael Pozvonkov, Morgan Spears, Evan Hyde, and Mark Deininger Experimental Study of Structural Zone Model for Composite Thin Films in Magnetic Recording Media Application 161Hua Yuan and David E. Laughlin Process Optimization of Ion Plating Nickel-Copper-Silver Thin Film Deposition 169Mike Danyluk Author Index 187

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Book SynopsisDesigning Engineers First Editionis written in short modules, where each module is built around a specific learning outcome and is cross-referenced to the other modules that should be read as pre-requisites, and could be read in tandem with or following that module. The book begins with a brief orientation to the design process, followed by coverage of the design process in a series of short modules. The rest of the book contains a set of modules organized in several major categories: Communication & Critical Thinking, Teamwork & Project Management, and Design for Specific Factors (e.g. environmental, human factors, intellectual property). A resource section provides brief reference material on economics, failure and risk, probability and statistics, principles & problem solving, and estimation.Table of ContentsPreface v Part 1 How Engineers Design 0 Introduction 1 Design Process Overview 5 Project Phases 10 Communicating throughout the Process 14 What Engineers Design 18 How Engineering Projects Are Initiated 22 Navigating the Engineering Design Process 27 Engineering School Projects 32 Part 2 Design Process 34 Requirements Introduction to Requirements 35 Functions 43 Objectives 50 Constraints 56 Documenting the Context 61 Describing Stakeholders 69 Describing Users, Operators, and Clients 76 Characteristics of Good Requirements 83 Summary: Putting It All Together 92 Functional Basis 96 Multi-use Design Tools Black Box Method 101 Decomposition 104 Information Gathering 108 Benchmarking 115 Pairwise Comparison 122 Idea Generation Introduction to Idea Generation 125 Brainstorming 128 Creativity Methods 134 Morphological Charts, Analogy, and TRIZ 140 Decision-making Design Evaluation and Selection 144 Selecting a Design Solutiona 150 Decision Methods for Teams 160 Iterating Stages in Iteration: Generate, Select, Reflect 163 Suggested Iteration Process 167 Reflection Considerations for Iteration 173 Investigating Ideas Using Metrics 177 Investigating Ideas through Models and Prototypes 180 Feasibility Checking 185 Routine Design 189 Post-Conceptual Design Intermediate Design 194 Final Design 202 Post-Final Design Engineering 213 Part 3 Implementing a Project 218 Working in Teams Introduction to Teamwork 219 Organizing 225 Tools for Organizing 230 Producing 237 Managing Teams 240 Management Strategies 247 Sample Team Documents 253 Project Management Introduction to Project Management 261 Project Management Concepts 267 Creating a Project Plan 273 Estimating Cost and Time 279 Project Cycle (see www.wiley.com/college/mccahan) Monitoring a Project (see www.wiley.com/college/mccahan) Project Analysis (see www.wiley.com/college/mccahan) Advanced Tools and Methods (see www.wiley.com/college/mccahan) Personal Management (see www.wiley.com/college/mccahan) MS Project Instructions 284 Client Interaction Client Meetings (see www.wiley.com/college/mccahan) Asking Questions and Listening (see www.wiley.com/college/mccahan) Critical Thinking Basic Concepts 293 Critical Thinking in Design Documents 300 Making and Supporting Statements Effectively 306 Skeptical Thinking 313 Communication Engineering Communication 318 Organizing Communication 323 Putting Together an Engineering Report (see www.wiley.com/college/mccahan) Diagrammatic Elements 330 Using Pictures and Photographs 339 Influencers of Communication 344 Organizing Presentations 349 Effective Slides 354 Part 4 Design for X 360 Durability Design for Durability 361 The Environment Design for the Environment: Introduction 365 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 369 LCA Goal Definition and Scoping 375 LCA Inventory Analysis 382 LCA Impact and Improvement 388 Sustainability 396 Flexibility Design for Flexibility: Introduction 401 Managing Flexibility 408 Human Factors Design for Human Factors: Introduction 413 Task Analysis 420 Use Case Method 426 Concept of Operations 433 Intellectual Property Design for Intellectual Property: Introduction 438 Principles of Patentability 444 Intellectual Property in the Design Process 449 Frisbee Patents 454 Manufacture Design for Manufacture: Introduction 460 Manufacturing Process Choices 468 Safety Design for Safety: Introduction 475 Identifying Hazards 481 Safety in the Design Process 486 Workplace Safety 495 Testing & Maintenance Design for Testing and Maintenance (see www.wiley.com/college/mccahan) Part 5 Resources 498 Principles and Problem Solving Problem Spectrum: Open, Constrained, and Closed (see www.wiley.com/college/mccahan) Solving Closed Problems (see www.wiley.com/college/mccahan) Writing up a Problem Solution (see www.wiley.com/college/mccahan) Significant Figures (see www.wiley.com/college/mccahan) Conservation of Mass and Energy (see www.wiley.com/college/mccahan) Estimation Introduction to Estimation 499 Estimation Techniques 504 Estimating Cost and Labor 515 Estimation Confidence 518 Probability & Statistics Introduction to Probability and Statistics (see www.wiley.com/college/mccahan) Discrete Distributions (see www.wiley.com/college/mccahan) Continuous Distributions (see www.wiley.com/college/mccahan) Fitting a Line (see www.wiley.com/college/mccahan) Uses (see www.wiley.com/college/mccahan) Economics Introduction to Economics 523 Time and Money Calculations 528 Project Decisions 532 Types of Costs and Revenues 540 Payback 546 Failure & Risk Introduction to Failure and Risk 550 Handling Risk 555 Why Things Fail 563 Part 6 Case Studies 570 Aerial Photography 571 The Razor Sole Skate (see www.wiley.com/college/mccahan) A Video Titler for Sewer Inspection (see www.wiley.com/college/mccahan) The Steam Whistle Brewery (see www.wiley.com/college/mccahan) Selling Flowers (see www.wiley.com/college/mccahan) Sample Design Briefs (see www.wiley.com/college/mccahan) Historic Design Failures (see www.wiley.com/college/mccahan) Glossary 577 Index 601

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Book SynopsisThis book is a practical handbook for engineers and maintenance staff responsible for the upkeep of power generating stations that use salient pole electric machines. The contents include real-world examples such as large vertical hydro generators, as well as related problems and solutions.Trade ReviewHydro generators have been an essential part of the world’s electrical supply for over 100 years and have a power output up to about 1,000 MW. To our knowledge, this is the first book that is specifically focused on how to operate, test, and maintain such machines. This book has a similar format to the well-regarded book Handbook of Large Turbo Generator Operation and Maintenance, written by two of the authors of the hydro generator book (Kerszenbaum and Klempner). This book will be of interest to readers of this magazine because there is a significant focus on the electrical insulation used in hydro generator rotor and stator windings. The main authors are Mottershead and Bomben, who have extensive experience in hydro generator design and operation, respectively. These authors are well known from published papers and their work on IEEE standards working groups. Bomben is currently the chair of the Board of Governors for the IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference. Handbook of Large Hydro Generators: Operation and Maintenance is a practical handbook for engineers and maintenance staff responsible for the upkeep of large salient-pole hydro generators and pumped-storage generators. It first presents the physics and design of large vertical salient-pole generators. The book then offers readers real-world experience, problem description, and solutions, while teaching them about the design, modernization, inspections, maintenance, and operation of salient-pole machines. One of the best aspects are the explanations of what to look for when doing inspections of the rotor and stators. The book also covers generator protection and auxiliary systems inspection. The final two chapters are dedicated to maintenance and testing, and maintenance philosophies, upgrades, and uprates. Perhaps in a future version of this book they will discuss how to repair hydro generators in more detail. The handbook includes over 420 full color photos and 180 illustrations, forms, and tables to complement the topics covered in the chapters. Every hydro generating plant in the world should have a copy of this book.- John Shea, IEEE DEIS Magazine Book ReviewsTable of ContentsPreface xi About the Authors xv Acknowledgments xvii Chapter 1 Principles of Operation of Synchronous Machines 1 1.1 Introduction to Basic Notions on Electric Power 1 1.2 Electrical–Mechanical Equivalence 6 1.3 Alternating Current (AC) 6 1.4 Three-Phase Circuits 13 1.5 Basic Principles of Machine Operation 14 1.6 The Synchronous Machine 18 1.7 Synchronous Machine: Basic Operation 23 Chapter 2 Generator Design and Construction 35 2.1 Stator Core 36 2.2 Stator Frame 50 2.3 Electromagnetics 54 2.4 Core-End Heating 62 2.5 Flux and Armature Reaction 62 2.6 Stator Core and Frame Forces 64 2.7 Stator Windings 65 2.8 Stator Winding Wedges 79 2.9 Endwinding Support Systems 85 2.10 Stator Winding Configurations 86 2.11 Stator Terminal Connections 88 2.12 Rotor Rim 91 2.13 Rotor Spider/Drum 103 2.14 Rotor Pole Body 106 2.15 Rotor Winding and Insulation 110 2.16 Amortisseur Winding 116 2.17 Slip/Collector Rings and Brush Gear 119 2.18 Cooling Air 122 2.19 Rotor Fans/Blower 124 2.20 Rotor Inertia, Torque, and Torsional Stress 125 2.21 Thrust and Guide Bearings 128 Chapter 3 Generator Auxiliary Systems 157 3.1 Oil Systems 157 3.2 Stator Surface Air Cooling System 161 3.3 Bearing Cooling Coils and Water Supply 165 3.4 Stator Winding Direct Cooling Water System 167 3.5 Excitation Systems 171 3.6 Excitation System Performance Characteristics 174 Chapter 4 Operation and Control 177 4.1 Basic Operating Parameters 177 4.2 Operating Modes 188 4.3 Machine Curves 190 4.4 Special Operating Conditions 200 4.5 Basic Operation Concepts 208 4.6 System Considerations 225 4.7 Grid-Induced Torsional Vibrations 235 4.8 Excitation and Voltage Regulation 237 Chapter 5 Monitoring and Diagnostics 241 5.1 Generator Monitoring Philosophies 242 5.2 Simple Monitoring with Static High-Level Alarm Limits 243 5.3 Dynamic Monitoring with Load Varying Alarm Limits 244 5.4 Artificial Intelligence (AI) Diagnostic Systems 247 5.5 Monitored Parameters 250 5.6 Radio Frequency Monitoring 273 5.7 Capacitive Coupling 274 5.8 Stator Slot Coupler 276 5.9 Rotor 278 5.10 Excitation System 286 Chapter 6 Generator Protection 291 6.1 Basic Protection Philosophy 291 6.2 IEEE Device Number 295 6.3 Brief Description of Protective Functions 296 6.4 Tripping and Alarming Methods 307 Chapter 7 Inspection Practices and Methodology 311 7.1 Site Preparation 311 7.2 Experience and Training 314 7.3 Inspection Frequency 317 7.4 Generator Accessibility 318 7.5 Inspection Tools 319 7.6 Inspection Forms 321 Chapter 8 Stator Inspection 337 8.1 Stator Frame Soleplates 338 8.2 Stator Frame: General 349 8.3 Stator Core Air Ducts 354 8.4 Stator Core Laminations 356 8.5 Stator Core Clamping System 378 8.6 Stator Coils/Bars 389 8.7 Flow Restriction in Water Cooled Stator Windings 396 8.8 Stator Wedging System 398 8.9 Stator Endwinding 405 8.10 Main and Neutral End Leads, Cables, VTs, CTs, and Insulators 411 Chapter 9 Rotor Inspection 417 9.1 Rotor Spider with Shrunk Laminated Rims 419 9.2 Rotor Rim 430 9.3 Rotor Poles 436 9.4 Rotor Brakes 458 Chapter 10 Auxilliaries Inspection 465 10.1 Excitation: Field Breaker 465 10.2 Excitation: Static Exciter Components 470 10.3 Brushless Exciter 470 10.4 Static Exciter Transformer 472 10.5 Excitation: Rotating Exciters 473 10.6 Excitation: Sliprings, Commutator, and Brushes 481 10.7 Surface Air Coolers 499 10.8 Fire Protection 502 10.9 General Items 504 10.10 Thrust and Guide Bearing 507 10.11 Miscellaneous Auxiliaries 510 Chapter 11 Maintenance and Testing 513 11.1 Stator Core Mechanical 513 11.2 Stator Core Electrical Tests 518 11.3 Stator Winding Mechanical Tests 531 11.4 Stator Winding Electrical Tests 534 11.5 Rotor Mechanical Testing 568 11.6 Rotor Electrical Testing 583 11.7 Bearings 590 11.8 Heat-Run Testing 590 Chapter 12 Maintenance Philosophies, Upgrades, and Uprates 595 12.1 General Maintenance Philosophies 595 12.2 Operational and Maintenance History 597 12.3 Maintenance Intervals/Frequency 598 12.4 Planned Outages 599 12.5 Rehabilitation, Uprating/Upgrading and Life Extension 601 12.6 Excitation System Upgrades 611 12.7 Workforce 627 12.8 Spare Parts 628 12.9 Effect of Uprating on Generator Life 629 12.10 Required Information, Tests and Inspection Prior to Uprating/Upgrading 631 12.11 Maintenance Schedule After Uprating 632 Index 633

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Book SynopsisSmart structures that contain embedded piezoelectric patches are loaded by both mechanical and electrical fields. Traditional plate and shell theories were developed to analyze structures subject to mechanical loads. However, these often fail when tasked with the evaluation of both electrical and mechanical fields and loads. In recent years more advanced models have been developed that overcome these limitations. Plates and Shells for Smart Structures offers a complete guide and reference to smart structures under both mechanical and electrical loads, starting with the basic principles and working right up to the most advanced models. It provides an overview of classical plate and shell theories for piezoelectric elasticity and demonstrates their limitations in static and dynamic analysis with a number of example problems. This book also provides both analytical and finite element solutions, thus enabling the reader to compare strong and weak solutions to the problems. <Trade Review“The book is well written and would make an excellent textbook.” (Zentralblatt MATH, 1 December 2012)Table of ContentsAbout the Authors ix Preface xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Direct and inverse piezoelectric effects 2 1.2 Some known applications of smart structures 3 References 6 2 Basics of piezoelectricity and related principles 9 2.1 Piezoelectric materials 9 2.2 Constitutive equations for piezoelectric problems 14 2.3 Geometrical relations for piezoelectric problems 18 2.4 Principle of virtual displacements 20 2.4.1 PVD for the pure mechanical case 23 2.5 Reissner mixed variational theorem 23 2.5.1 RMVT(u, , σn) 24 2.5.2 RMVT(u, , Dn) 26 2.5.3 RMVT(u, , σn, Dn) 28 References 30 3 Classical plate/shell theories 33 3.1 Plate/shell theories 33 3.1.1 Three-dimensional problems 34 3.1.2 Two-dimensional approaches 34 3.2 Complicating effects of layered structures 37 3.2.1 In-plane anisotropy 38 3.2.2 Transverse anisotropy, zigzag effects, and interlaminar continuity 38 3.3 Classical theories 41 3.3.1 Classical lamination theory 41 3.3.2 First-order shear deformation theory 42 3.3.3 Vlasov–Reddy theory 45 3.4 Classical plate theories extended to smart structures 45 3.4.1 CLT plate theory extended to smart structures 45 3.4.2 FSDT plate theory extended to smart structures 56 3.5 Classical shell theories extended to smart structures 58 3.5.1 CLT and FSDT shell theories extended to smart structures 59 References 60 4 Finite element applications 63 4.1 Preliminaries 63 4.2 Finite element discretization 64 4.3 FSDT finite element plate theory extended to smart structures 68 References 87 5 Numerical evaluation of classical theories and their limitations 89 5.1 Static analysis of piezoelectric plates 90 5.2 Static analysis of piezoelectric shells 92 5.3 Vibration analysis of piezoelectric plates 98 5.4 Vibration analysis of piezoelectric shells 101 References 104 6 Refined and advanced theories for plates 105 6.1 Unified formulation: refined models 105 6.1.1 ESL theories 106 6.1.2 Murakami zigzag function 108 6.1.3 LW theories 110 6.1.4 Refined models for the electromechanical case 113 6.2 Unified formulation: advanced mixed models 113 6.2.1 Transverse shear/normal stress modeling 113 6.2.2 Advanced mixed models for the electromechanical case 115 6.3 PVD(u, ) for the electromechanical plate case 117 6.4 RMVT(u, , σn) for the electromechanical plate case 122 6.5 RMVT(u, , Dn) for the electromechanical plate case 130 6.6 RMVT(u, , σn, Dn) for the electromechanical plate case 137 6.7 Assembly procedure for fundamental nuclei 148 6.8 Acronyms for refined and advanced models 150 6.9 Pure mechanical problems as particular cases, PVD(u) and RMVT(u, σn) 151 6.10 Classical plate theories as particular cases of unified formulation 153 References 154 7 Refined and advanced theories for shells 157 7.1 Unified formulation: refined models 157 7.1.1 ESL theories 158 7.1.2 Murakami zigzag function 160 7.1.3 LW theories 162 7.1.4 Refined models for the electromechanical case 165 7.2 Unified formulation: advanced mixed models 165 7.2.1 Transverse shear/normal stress modeling 166 7.2.2 Advanced mixed models for the electromechanical case 168 7.3 PVD(u, ) for the electromechanical shell case 169 7.4 RMVT(u, , σn) for the electromechanical shell case 175 7.5 RMVT(u, , Dn) for the electromechanical shell case 181 7.6 RMVT(u, , σn, Dn) for the electromechanical shell case 188 7.7 Assembly procedure for fundamental nuclei 197 7.8 Acronyms for refined and advanced models 200 7.9 Pure mechanical problems as particular cases, PVD(u) and RMVT(u, σn) 200 7.10 Classical shell theories as particular cases of unified formulation 202 7.11 Geometry of shells 202 7.11.1 First quadratic form 204 7.11.2 Second quadratic form 204 7.11.3 Strain–displacement equations 205 7.12 Plate models as particular cases of shell models 208 References 210 8 Refined and advanced finite elements for plates 213 8.1 Unified formulation: refined models 213 8.1.1 ESL theories 215 8.1.2 Murakami zigzag function 217 8.1.3 LW theories 219 8.1.4 Refined models for the electromechanical case 222 8.2 Unified formulation: advanced mixed models 222 8.2.1 Transverse shear/normal stress modeling 223 8.2.2 Advanced mixed models for the electromechanical case 225 8.3 PVD(u,) for the electromechanical plate case 226 8.4 RMVT(u,, σn) for the electromechanical plate case 231 8.5 RMVT(u,,Dn) for the electromechanical plate case 238 8.6 RMVT(u,, σn,Dn) for the electromechanical plate case 244 8.7 FE assembly procedure and concluding remarks 252 References 252 9 Numerical evaluation and assessment of classical and advanced theories using MUL2 software 255 9.1 The MUL2 software for plates and shells: analytical closed-form solutions 256 9.1.1 Classical plate/shell theories as particular cases in the MUL2 software 264 9.2 The MUL2 software for plates: FE solutions 269 9.3 Analytical closed-form solution for the electromechanical analysis of plates 276 9.4 Analytical closed-form solution for the electromechanical analysis of shells 283 9.5 FE solution for electromechanical analysis of beams 290 9.6 FE solution for electromechanical analysis of plates 296 References 302 Index 303

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Book SynopsisThis textbook introduces readers to the modern light microscope. It can either be used alone or in conjunction with a practical course. The book begins with an account of how the light microscope works, and how to set up the instrument for optimum performance.Table of ContentsAbout the Author ix Acknowledgements xi Look-Up Guide to Feature Boxes by Theme xii Glossary and Definitions xiv Notes xxiv Introduction xxvii 1 Our Eyes and the Microscope 1 2 Light 29 3 Basic Microscope Optics 55 4 Microscope Anatomy and Design 75 5 Ergonomics 91 6 Optical Aberrations of the Microscope 101 7 The Microscope Objective 127 8 Condensers and Eyepieces 161 9 Illumination in the Microscope 177 10 Diffraction and Image Formation in Microscopy 211 11 Contrast Generation and Enhancement 243 12 Reflected-Light Microscopy 289 13 Polarised-Light Microscopy: Part 1 – Theory 317 14 Polarised-Light Microscopy: Part 2 – Applied 347 15 Fluorescence Microscopy 383 16 Fluorophores and Fluorescent Proteins 405 17 Optical Sectioning and Confocal Microscopy 425 18 Operating the Confocal Microscope 447 19 Light-Sheet Microscopy 483 20 Bleed-Through and Spectral Unmixing 507 21 Deconvolution 523 22 Multi-Photon Microscopy 543 23 Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy 561 24 FRAP and FRET 569 25 Colocalisation 587 26 Super-Resolution Fluorescence Microscopy 613 27 Choosing a Microscope Platform and Core Imaging Facilities 637 28 Biological Specimen Preparation 663 29 Materials Specimen Preparation 687 30 Recording the Image: Part 1 – Theory 707 31 Recording the Image: Part 2 – Applied 733 Appendices 1 Buying, and Tendering for, a Light Microscope 769 2 Troubleshooting Poor Image Quality 773 3 The Michel-Lévy Interference Colour Chart 775 4 Cleaning and Maintenance of the Light Microscope 779 5 Selected Suppliers 783 6 Historical Background 787 7 Timeline of Key Events 791 Index 799

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Book SynopsisModelling and Managing Airport Performance provides an integrated view of state-of-the-art research on measuring and improving the performance of airport systems with consideration of both airside and landside operations. The considered facets of performance include capacity, delays, economic costs, noise, emissions and safety.Trade Review“Modelling and Managing Airport Performance provides an integrated view of state-of-the-art research on measuring and improving the performance of airport systems with consideration of both airside and landside operations.” (Expofairs, 1 July 2014)Table of ContentsList of Contributors xv Series Editor’s Preface xix Acknowledgements xxi List of Abbreviations xxiii Introduction xxvii 1 Modeling Airport Landside Performance 1Anderson Ribeiro Correia and S. C. Wirasinghe 1.1 Motivation for Level of Service Modeling 1 1.2 Relationship between Measures of Capacity and Level of Service 2 1.3 Airport Landside Components 3 1.3.1 Emplaning Curbside 3 1.3.2 Check-in Counter 5 1.3.3 Security Screening 7 1.3.4 Departure Lounge 8 1.3.5 Baggage Claim 10 1.4 Methodology for Deriving Quantitative Standards for Individual Components 13 1.4.1 Introduction 13 1.4.2 The Method of Successive Categories 13 1.5 Degree of Importance of Landside Components and Attributes 21 1.5.1 Introduction 21 1.5.2 Selection of Components and Attributes 21 1.5.3 The AHP – Analytical Hierarchy Process 22 1.5.4 Descriptive Analysis of Passenger Responses 22 1.5.5 Degrees of Importance of Components and Their Attributes 23 1.6 Conclusions 25 References 25 2 Decision Support Systems for Integrated Airport Performance Assessment and Capacity Management 27Konstantinos G. Zografos, Giovanni Andreatta, Michel J.A. van Eenige and Michael A. Madas 2.1 Introduction and Objectives 27 2.2 SPADE DSS Description 29 2.2.1 Basic Modelling Concepts 29 2.2.2 High-Level Structure 30 2.2.3 Suite of Use Cases 33 2.3 SPADE DSS Applications 37 2.3.1 SPADE DSS Application for Strategic Decision Making 37 2.3.2 SPADE DSS Application for Operational/Tactical Decision Making 50 2.4 Conclusions 62 Acknowledgements 64 Notes 64 References 64 3 Measuring Air Traffic Management (ATM) Delays Related to Airports: A Comparison between the US and Europe 67John Gulding, David A. Knorr, Marc Rose, Philippe Enaud and P. Holger Hegendoerfer 3.1 Introduction 67 3.2 Operations at the Main 34 US and European Airports 68 3.3 Value of Delay as a Performance Measure 70 3.3.1 On-Time/Punctuality Measures 72 3.3.2 Evolution of Scheduled Block Times 74 3.3.3 Delays by Phase of Flight 74 3.4 ATM-Related Operational Performance at US and European Airports 76 3.4.1 Managing En-Route and Arrival Constraints at the Departure Gate 80 3.4.2 Managing Arrival Constraints within the Last 100 NM 80 3.4.3 Managing Departure Runway Constraints – A Look at Taxi-Out Delay 85 3.5 Summary and Conclusion 91 Notes 91 References 92 4 Forecasting Airport Delays 95David K. Chin, Alius J. Meilus, Daniel Murphy, and Prabhakar Thyagarajan 4.1 Introduction 95 4.2 Historical Example – JFK Summer 2007 95 4.3 Delay Forecasting Methodology 97 4.3.1 Projected Demand 97 4.3.2 Annual Service Volume Delay Model 99 4.3.3 NAS-Wide Delay Model 101 4.3.4 Results 110 4.4 Conclusion 116 References 116 5 Airport Operational Performance and Its Impact on Airline Cost 119Mark Hansen and Bo Zou 5.1 Introduction 119 5.2 Quantifying Operational Performance 121 5.2.1 Arrival Delay Against Schedule and Schedule Buffer 121 5.2.2 Alternative Metrics 122 5.3 Estimating the Cost Impact of Imperfect Operational Performance 123 5.3.1 Cost Factor Approach 123 5.3.2 Aggregate Cost Approach 136 5.4 Further Issues 139 5.4.1 Cancellations 139 5.4.2 Optimal Level of Operational Performance and System Response 140 5.5 Conclusions 141 Notes 141 References 141 6 New Methodologies for Airport Environmental Impact Analysis 145Mark Hansen, Megan S. Ryerson, and Richard F. Marchi 6.1 Introduction 145 6.2 Pollutant Overview 146 6.2.1 Noise 146 6.2.2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions 150 6.2.3 Water Runoff 153 6.2.4 Criteria Air Pollutants 155 6.3 The Future of Airport Environmental Impact Analysis 161 6.3.1 Environmental Impact Models 162 6.3.2 Environmental Impact Policy Models 164 6.4 Conclusion 166 Acknowledgements 167 References 167 7 Airport Safety Performance 171Alfred Roelen and Henk A.P. Blom 7.1 Introduction 171 7.2 Accident Rates in Commercial Aviation 172 7.2.1 From Accident Statistics to Accident Rates 172 7.2.2 CICTT categories 175 7.2.3 Take-off, Landing and Ground Operation versus Other Categories 175 7.3 Analysis of Take-off, Landing and Ground Operation Accidents 177 7.3.1 Runway Excursions 177 7.3.2 Take-off and Landing Categories other than Runway Excursion 179 7.3.3 Ground Operation Categories 181 7.3.4 Summary of Take-off, Landing and Ground Operation Analysis 184 7.4 Analysis of Other CICTT Categories 186 7.4.1 Occurrence Rate per Category Grouping 186 7.4.2 Airborne Grouping Categories 188 7.4.3 Categories in the Weather Group 191 7.4.4 Categories in the Aircraft Group 191 7.4.5 Categories in the Miscellaneous Group 194 7.4.6 Categories in the Non-Aircraft Group 194 7.4.7 Summary of the Findings for the Other CICTT Categories 194 7.5 Safety Driving Mechanisms 197 7.5.1 Technological Developments 197 7.5.2 Regulation 199 7.5.3 Competition, Reputation and Balancing Objectives 200 7.5.4 Professionalism and Safety Culture 201 7.6 Safety Initiatives 202 7.6.1 Initiatives of the Flight Safety Foundation 202 7.6.2 Commercial Aviation Safety Team (CAST) 203 7.6.3 European Action Plan for the Prevention of Runway Incursions 204 7.6.4 FAA/Eurocontrol Action Plan 15 on Safety Research and Development 204 7.6.5 Impact of Safety Initiatives on Safety Improvements 205 7.7 Conclusion 206 Acknowledgements 207 Notes 208 References 208 8 Scheduled Delay as an Indicator for Airport Scheduling Performance 211Dennis Klingebiel, Daniel Kösters and Johannes Reichmuth 8.1 Introduction 211 8.2 Background 212 8.2.1 Airport Coordination 212 8.2.2 Performance Indicator: Scheduled Delays 214 8.2.3 Slot Utilization and Scheduled Delays 215 8.3 Definition of a Model to Predict Scheduled Delays 219 8.4 Validation of the Model Approach 221 8.5 Application of the Model Approach 225 8.5.1 Analyzing the Impact of Different Demand Profiles on the Scheduling Performance 225 8.5.2 Analyzing the Impact of Declared Capacity Values on the Scheduling Performance 228 8.6 Conclusion 231 References 231 9 Implementation of Airport Demand Management Strategies: A European Perspective 233Michael A. Madas and Konstantinos G. Zografos 9.1 Introduction 233 9.2 Current Practice 235 9.3 Review of Existing Policy Proposals 237 9.4 Is a New Regime Really Necessary? 239 9.4.1 Mismatch but also Misuse 240 9.4.2 Poor Allocation Efficiency 240 9.4.3 Declared Capacity Considerations 241 9.4.4 Barriers to New Entrants 241 9.4.5 Potential Impacts 242 9.4.6 Pricing Effectiveness of Existing System 243 9.5 From Theory into Policy Practice 244 9.6 Improvement Complements to Existing Policy Practice: Directions for Future Research 252 9.7 Conclusions 255 Notes 256 References 256 10 Design and Justification for Market-Based Approaches to Airport Congestion Management: The US Experience 259Michael O. Ball, Mark Hansen, Prem Swaroop and Bo Zou 10.1 Introduction 259 10.2 Background 260 10.2.1 Airport Operations and Slot Controls 260 10.2.2 Recent Public Policy Initiatives in the US 263 10.3 The Fundamental Question: Economic Justification for Slot Controls 264 10.4 Other Implications of Slot Controls 270 10.5 Design Issues for Slot Controls 273 10.5.1 Getting the Slot Level Right 273 10.5.2 Small Community Access 273 10.5.3 Where Does the Money Go? 274 10.5.4 Federal versus Local Control 274 10.5.5 Who Can Own Slots? 275 10.5.6 International Bilateral Agreements 275 10.5.7 Infrastructure Investment Incentives 275 10.6 Conclusions 275 References 276 Index

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive and dedicated guide to automotive production lines, The Automotive Body Manufacturing Systems and Processes addresses automotive body processes from the stamping operations through the final assembly activities.Table of ContentsPreface. Foreword. Acknowledgments. List of abbreviations. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Anatomy of a Vehicle, Vehicle Functionality and Components. 1.2 Vehicle Manufacturing: An Overview. 1.3 Conclusion. Exercises. 2 Stamping and Metal Forming Processes. 2.1 Formability Science of Automotive Sheet Panels: An Overview. 2.2 Automotive Materials. 2.3 Automotive Stamping Presses and Dies. 2.4 Tailor Welded Blanks and their Stamping. 2.5 Advances in Metal Forming. 2.6 Stampings Dimensional Approval Process. 2.7 Stamping Process Costing. Exercises. 3 Automotive Joining. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Fusion Welding Operations. 3.3 Robotic Fusion-Welding Operations. 3.4 Adhesive Bonding. 3.5 Welding and Dimensional Conformance. 3.6 Advances in Automotive Welding. 3.7 The Automotive Joining Costing. Exercises. 4 Automotive Painting. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Immersion Coating Processes. 4.3 Paint Curing Processes, and Balancing. 4.4 Under-Body Sealant, PVC and Wax Applications. 4.5 Painting Spray Booths Operations. 4.6 Material Handling Systems Inside the Painting Area. 4.7 Painting Robotics. 4.8 Paint Quality Measurements. Exercises. 5 Final Assembly. 5.1 Basics of Final Assembly Operations. 5.2 Ergonomics of the Final Assembly Area. 5.3 Mechanical Fastening and Bolting. Exercises. 6 Ecology of Automotive Manufacturing. 6.1 Introduction of Automotive Manufacturing Ecology. 6.2 Energy Consumption and Accounting. 6.3 The Automotive Materials' Ecological Impact. 6.4 The Painting Process Ecology. 6.5 Ecology of the Automobile. 7 Static Aspects of the Automotive Manufacturing Processes. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Layout Strategies. 7.3 Process-Oriented Layout. 7.4 Cell-Based Layout Design. 7.5 Product-Based Layout. 7.6 Lean Manufacturing Tools for Layout Design and Optimization. 7.7 Locational Strategies. Exercises. 8 Operational Aspects of the Automotive Manufacturing Processes. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Aggregate Production Planning. 8.3 Master Production Scheduling (MPS). 8.4 Material Requirement Planning (MRP). 8.5 Production Line Control and Management Style. 8.6 Selection and Management of Suppliers. 8.7 An Overview of the Automotive Quality Tools. Exercises. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisWhen using numerical simulation to make a decision, how can its reliability be determined? What are the common pitfalls and mistakes when assessing the trustworthiness of computed information, and how can they be avoided? Whenever numerical simulation is employed in connection with engineering decision-making, there is an implied expectation of reliability: one cannot base decisions on computed information without believing that information is reliable enough to support those decisions. Using mathematical models to show the reliability of computer-generated information is an essential part of any modelling effort. Giving users of finite element analysis (FEA) software an introduction to verification and validation procedures, this book thoroughly covers the fundamentals of assuring reliability in numerical simulation. The renowned authors systematically guide readers through the basic theory and algorithmic structure of the finite element method, using helpful exampleTrade Review“I highly recommend this as a textbook for an undergraduate engineering course on FE analysis. Moreover, I recommend this book to every engineer who practices FE computation, since this is a well-written and unique source for studying the extremely important issue of reliability of FE analysis in practice.” (IACM Expressions, 1 September 2012)Table of ContentsAbout the Authors. Series Preface. Preface. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Numerical simulation. 1.2 Why is numerical accuracy important? 1.3 Chapter summary. 2 An outline of the finite element method. 2.1 Mathematical models in one dimension. 2.2 Approximate solution. 2.3 Generalized formulation in one dimension. 2.4 Finite element approximations. 2.5 FEM in one dimension. 2.6 Properties of the generalized formulation. 2.7 Error estimation based on extrapolation. 2.8 Extraction methods. 2.9 Laboratory exercises. 2.10 Chapter summary. 3 Formulation of mathematical models. 3.1 Notation. 3.2 Heat conduction. 3.3 The scalar elliptic boundary value problem. 3.4 Linear elasticity. 3.5 Incompressible elastic materials. 3.6 Stokes' flow. 3.7 The hierarchic view of mathematical models. 3.8 Chapter summary. 4 Generalized formulations. 4.1 The scalar elliptic problem. 4.2 The principle of virtual work. 4.3 Elastostatic problems. 4.4 Elastodynamic models. 4.5 Incompressible materials. 4.6 Chapter summary. 5 Finite element spaces. 5.1 Standard elements in two dimensions. 5.2 Standard polynomial spaces. 5.3 Shape functions. 5.4 Mapping functions in two dimensions. 5.5 Elements in three dimensions. 5.6 Integration and differentiation. 5.7 Stiffness matrices and load vectors. 5.8 Chapter summary. 6 Regularity and rates of convergence. 6.1 Regularity. 6.2 Classification. 6.3 The neighborhood of singular points. 6.4 Rates of convergence. 6.5 Chapter summary. 7 Computation and verification of data. 7.1 Computation of the solution and its first derivatives. 7.2 Nodal forces. 7.3 Verification of computed data. 7.4 Flux and stress intensity factors. 7.5 Chapter summary. 8 What should be computed and why? 8.1 Basic assumptions. 8.2 Conceptualization: drivers of damage accumulation. 8.3 Classical models of metal fatigue. 8.4 Linear elastic fracture mechanics. 8.5 On the existence of a critical distance. 8.6 Driving forces for damage accumulation. 8.7 Cycle counting. 8.8 Validation. 8.9 Chapter summary. 9 Beams, plates and shells. 9.1 Beams. 9.2 Plates. 9.3 Shells. 9.4 The Oak Ridge experiments. 9.5 Chapter summary. 10 Nonlinear models. 10.1 Heat conduction. 10.2 Solid mechanics. 10.3 Chapter summary. A Definitions. A.1 Norms and seminorms. A.2 Normed linear spaces. A.3 Linear functionals. A.4 Bilinear forms. A.5 Convergence. A.6 Legendre polynomials. A.7 Analytic functions. A.8 The Schwarz inequality for integrals. B Numerical quadrature. B.1 Gaussian quadrature. B.2 Gauss–Lobatto quadrature. C Properties of the stress tensor. C.1 The traction vector. C.2 Principal stresses. C.3 Transformation of vectors. C.4 Transformation of stresses. D Computation of stress intensity factors. D.1 The contour integral method. D.2 The energy release rate. E Saint-Venant's principle. E.1 Green's function for the Laplace equation. E.2 Model problem. F Solutions for selected exercises. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisHilbert Transform Applications in Mechanical Vibration addresses recent advances in theory and applications of the Hilbert transform to vibration engineering, enabling laboratory dynamic tests to be performed more rapidly and accurately.Table of ContentsList of Figures. List of Tables. Preface. 1 INTRODUCTION. 1.1 Brief History of the Hilbert Transform. 1.2 Hilbert Transform in Vibration Analysis. 1.3 Organization of the Book. PART I. HILBERT TRANSFORM AND ANALYTIC SIGNAL. 2 ANALYTIC SIGNAL REPRESENTATION. 2.1 Local Versus Global Estimations. 2.2 The Hilbert Transform Notation. 2.3 Main Properties of the Hilbert Transform. 2.4 The Hilbert Transform of Multiplication. 2.5 Analytic Signal Representation. 2.6 Polar Notation. 2.7 Angular Position and Speed. 2.8 Signal Waveform and Envelope. 2.9 Instantaneous Phase. 2.10 Instantaneous Frequency. 2.11 Envelope vs. Instantaneous Frequency Plot. 2.12 Distribution Functions of the Instantaneous Characteristics. 2.13 Signal Bandwidth. 2.14 Instantaneous Frequency Distribution and Negative Values. 2.15 Conclusions. 3 SIGNAL DEMODULATION. 3.1 Envelope and Instantaneous Frequency Extraction. 3.2 Hilbert Transform and Synchronous Detection. 3.3 Digital Hilbert Transformers. 3.4 Instantaneous Characteristics Distortions. 3.5 Conclusions. Part II. HILBERT TRANSFORM AND VIBRATION SIGNALS. 4 TYPICAL EXAMPLES AND DESCRIPTION OF VIBRATION DATA. 4.1 Random Signal. 4.2 Decay Vibration Waveform. 4.3 Slow Linear Sweeping Frequency Signal. 4.4 Harmonic Frequency Modulation. 4.5 Harmonic Amplitude Modulation. 4.6 Product of Two Harmonics. 4.7 Single Harmonic with DC Offset. 4.8 Composition of Two Harmonics. 4.9 Derivative and Integral of the Analytic Signal. 4.10 Signal Level. 4.11 Frequency Contents. 4.12 Narrowband and Wideband Signal. 4.13 Conclusions. 5 ACTUAL SIGNAL CONTENTS. 5.1 Monocomponent Signal. 5.2 Multicomponent Signal. 5.3 Types of multicomponent signals. 5.4 Averaging Envelope and Instantaneous Frequency. 5.5 Smoothing and Approximation of the Instantaneous Frequency. 5.6 Congruent Envelope. 5.7 Congruent Instantaneous Frequency. 5.8 Conclusions. 6 LOCAL AND GLOBAL VIBRATION DECOMPOSITIONS. 6.1 Empirical Mode Decomposition. 6.2 Analytical Basics of the EMD. 6.3 Global Hilbert Vibration Decomposition. 6.4 Instantaneous Frequency of the Largest Energy Component. 6.5 Envelope of the Largest Energy Component. 6.6 Subtraction of the Synchronous Largest Component. 6.7 Hilbert Vibration Decomposition Scheme. 6.8 Examples of Hilbert Vibration Decomposition. 6.9 Comparison of the Hilbert Transform Decomposition Methods. 6.10 Common Properties of the Hilbert Transform Decompositions. 6.11 The Differences between the Hilbert Transform Decompositions. 6.12 Amplitude-Frequency Resolution of HT Decompositions. 6.13 Limiting Number of Valued Oscillating Components. 6.14 Decompositions of Typical Non-stationary Vibration Signals. 6.15 Main Results and Recommendations. 6.16 Conclusions. 7 SIGNAL ANALYSIS PRACTICE EXPERIENCE AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION. 7.1 Structural Health Monitoring. 7.2 Standing and Traveling Wave Separation. 7.3 Echo Signal Estimation. 7.4 Synchronization Description. 7.5 Fatigue Estimation. 7.6 Multichannel Vibration Generation. 7.7 Conclusions. Part III. HILBERT TRANSFORM AND VIBRATION SYSTEMS 8 VIBRATION SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS. 8.1 Kramers-Kronig Relations. 8.2 Detection of Nonlinearities in Frequency Domain. 8.3 Typical Nonlinear Elasticity Characteristics. 8.4 Phase Plane Representation of Elastic Nonlinearities in Vibration Systems. 8.5 Complex Plane Representation. 8.6 Approximate Primary Solution of a Conservative Nonlinear System. 8.7 Hilbert Transform and Hysteretic Damping. 8.8 Nonlinear Damping Characteristics in SDOF Vibration System. 8.9 Typical Nonlinear Damping in Vibration System. 8.10 Velocity-Dependent Nonlinear Damping. 8.11 Velocity-Independent Damping. 8.12 Combination of Different Damping Elements. 8.13 Conclusions. 9 IDENTIFICATION OF THE PRIMARY SOLUTION. 9.1 Theoretical Bases of the Hilbert Transform System Identification. 9.2 Free Vibration Modal Characteristics. 9.3 Forced Vibration Modal Characteristics. 9.4 BackBone (Skeleton Curve). 9.5 Damping Curve. 9.6 Frequency Response. 9.7 Force Static Characteristics. 9.8 Conclusions. 10 THE FREEVIB and FORCEVIB METHODS. 10.1 FREEVIB Identification Examples. 10.2 FORCEVIB Identification Examples. 10.3 System Identification with Biharmonic Excitation. 10.4 Identification of Nonlinear Time-Varying System. 10.5 Experimental Identification of Nonlinear Vibration System. 10.6 Conclusions. 11 CONSIDERING HIGH ORDER SUPERHARMONICS. IDENTIFICATION OF ASYMMETRIC AND MDOF SYSTEMS. 11.1 Description of the Precise Method Scheme. 11.2 Identification of the Instantaneous Modal Parameters. 11.3 Congruent Modal Parameters. 11.4 Congruent Nonlinear Elastic and Damping Forces. 11.5 Examples of Precise Free Vibration Identification. 11.6 Forced Vibration Identification Considering High-Order Superharmonics. 11.7 Identification of Asymmetric Nonlinear System. 11.8 Experimental Identification of a Crack. 11.9 Identification of MDOF Vibration System. 11.10 Identification of Weakly Nonlinear Coupled Oscillators. 11.11 Conclusions. 12 SYSTEM ANALYSIS PRACTICE EXPERIENCE AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION. 12.1 Non-parametric Identification of Nonlinear Mechanical Vibration Systems. 12.2 Parametric Identification of Nonlinear Mechanical Vibrating Systems. 12.3 Structural Health Monitoring and Damage Detection. 12.4 Conclusions. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThere is increasing interest in the potential of UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) and MAV (Micro Air Vehicle) technology and their wide ranging applications including defence missions, reconnaissance and surveillance, border patrol, disaster zone assessment and atmospheric research. High investment levels from the military sector globally is driving research and development and increasing the viability of autonomous platforms as replacements for the remotely piloted vehicles more commonly in use. UAV/UAS pose a number of new challenges, with the autonomy and in particular collision avoidance, detect and avoid, or sense and avoid, as the most challenging one, involving both regulatory and technical issues. Sense and Avoid in UAS: Research and Applications covers the problem of detect, sense and avoid in UAS (Unmanned Aircraft Systems) in depth and combines the theoretical and application results by leading academics and researchers from industry and academia. Trade Review“This book is a good introductory book for anyone interested in unmanned aerial systems and presents in a very comprehensive manner the challenges associated with the basic task of sense and avoid.” (The Aeronautical Journal, 1 January 2014) Table of ContentsPreface xv About the Editor xix About the Contributors xxi Part I Introduction 1 Introduction 3 George Limnaios, Nikos Tsourveloudis and Kimon P. Valavanis 1.1 UAV versus UAS 3 1.2 Historical Perspective on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles 5 1.3 UAV Classification 9 1.4 UAV Applications 14 1.5 UAS Market Overview 17 1.6 UAS Future Challenges 20 1.7 Fault Tolerance for UAS 26 References 31 2 Performance Tradeoffs and the Development of Standards 35 Andrew Zeitlin 2.1 Scope of Sense and Avoid 35 2.2 System Configurations 36 2.3 S&A Services and Sub-functions 38 2.4 Sensor Capabilities 39 2.4.1 Airborne Sensing 39 2.4.2 Ground-Based Sensing 41 2.4.3 Sensor Parameters 41 2.5 Tracking and Trajectory Prediction 42 2.6 Threat Declaration and Resolution Decisions 43 2.6.1 Collision Avoidance 43 2.6.2 Self-separation 45 2.6.3 Human Decision versus Algorithm 45 2.7 Sense and Avoid Timeline 46 2.8 Safety Assessment 48 2.9 Modeling and Simulation 49 2.10 Human Factors 50 2.11 Standards Process 51 2.11.1 Description 51 2.11.2 Operational and Functional Requirements 52 2.11.3 Architecture 52 2.11.4 Safety, Performance, and Interoperability Assessments 52 2.11.5 Performance Requirements 52 2.11.6 Validation 53 2.12 Conclusion 54 References 54 3 Integration of SAA Capabilities into a UAS Distributed Architecture for Civil Applications 55 Pablo Royo, Eduard Santamaria, Juan Manuel Lema, Enric Pastor and Cristina Barrado 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 System Overview 57 3.2.1 Distributed System Architecture 58 3.3 USAL Concept and Structure 59 3.4 Flight and Mission Services 61 3.4.1 Air Segment 61 3.4.2 Ground Segment 65 3.5 Awareness Category at USAL Architecture 68 3.5.1 Preflight Operational Procedures: Flight Dispatcher 70 3.5.2 USAL SAA on Airfield Operations 72 3.5.3 Awareness Category during UAS Mission 75 3.6 Conclusions 82 Acknowledgments 82 References 82 Part II Regulatory Issues and Human Factors 4 Regulations and Requirements 87 Xavier Prats, Jorge Ramirez, Luis Delgado and Pablo Royo 4.1 Background Information 88 4.1.1 Flight Rules 90 4.1.2 Airspace Classes 91 4.1.3 Types of UAS and their Missions 93 4.1.4 Safety Levels 96 4.2 Existing Regulations and Standards 97 4.2.1 Current Certification Mechanisms for UAS 99 4.2.2 Standardization Bodies and Safety Agencies 102 4.3 Sense and Avoid Requirements 103 4.3.1 General Sense Requirements 103 4.3.2 General Avoidance Requirements 106 4.3.3 Possible SAA Requirements as a Function of the Airspace Class 108 4.3.4 Possible SAA Requirements as a Function of the Flight Altitude and Visibility Conditions 109 4.3.5 Possible SAA Requirements as a Function of the Type of Communications Relay 110 4.3.6 Possible SAA Requirements as a Function of the Automation Level of the UAS 111 4.4 Human Factors and Situational Awareness Considerations 112 4.5 Conclusions 113 Acknowledgments 114 References 115 5 Human Factors in UAV 119 Marie Cahillane, Chris Baber and Caroline Morin 5.1 Introduction 119 5.2 Teleoperation of UAVs 122 5.3 Control of Multiple Unmanned Vehicles 123 5.4 Task-Switching 124 5.5 Multimodal Interaction with Unmanned Vehicles 127 5.6 Adaptive Automation 128 5.7 Automation and Multitasking 129 5.8 Individual Differences 131 5.8.1 Attentional Control and Automation 131 5.8.2 Spatial Ability 134 5.8.3 Sense of Direction 135 5.8.4 Video Games Experience 135 5.9 Conclusions 136 References 137 Part III SAA Methodologies 6 Sense and Avoid Concepts: Vehicle-Based SAA Systems (Vehicle-to-Vehicle) 145 Stepan Kopriva, David Sislak and Michal Pechoucek 6.1 Introduction 145 6.2 Conflict Detection and Resolution Principles 146 6.2.1 Sensing 146 6.2.2 Trajectory Prediction 147 6.2.3 Conflict Detection 148 6.2.4 Conflict Resolution 149 6.2.5 Evasion Maneuvers 150 6.3 Categorization of Conflict Detection and Resolution Approaches 150 6.3.1 Taxonomy 150 6.3.2 Rule-Based Methods 151 6.3.3 Game Theory Methods 152 6.3.4 Field Methods 153 6.3.5 Geometric Methods 154 6.3.6 Numerical Optimization Approaches 156 6.3.7 Combined Methods 158 6.3.8 Multi-agent Methods 160 6.3.9 Other Methods 163 Acknowledgments 166 References 166 7 UAS Conflict Detection and Resolution Using Differential Geometry Concepts 175 Hyo-Sang Shin, Antonios Tsourdos and Brian White 7.1 Introduction 175 7.2 Differential Geometry Kinematics 177 7.3 Conflict Detection 178 7.3.1 Collision Kinematics 178 7.3.2 Collision Detection 180 7.4 Conflict Resolution: Approach I 182 7.4.1 Collision Kinematics 183 7.4.2 Resolution Guidance 186 7.4.3 Analysis and Extension 188 7.5 Conflict Resolution: Approach II 191 7.5.1 Resolution Kinematics and Analysis 192 7.5.2 Resolution Guidance 193 7.6 CD&R Simulation 195 7.6.1 Simulation Results: Approach I 195 7.6.2 Simulation Results: Approach II 199 7.7 Conclusions 200 References 203 8 Aircraft Separation Management Using Common Information Network SAA 205 Richard Baumeister and Graham Spence 8.1 Introduction 205 8.2 CIN Sense and Avoid Requirements 208 8.3 Automated Separation Management on a CIN 212 8.3.1 Elements of Automated Aircraft Separation 212 8.3.2 Grid-Based Separation Automation 214 8.3.3 Genetic-Based Separation Automation 214 8.3.4 Emerging Systems-Based Separation Automation 216 8.4 Smart Skies Implementation 217 8.4.1 Smart Skies Background 217 8.4.2 Flight Test Assets 217 8.4.3 Communication Architecture 219 8.4.4 Messaging System 221 8.4.5 Automated Separation Implementation 223 8.4.6 Smart Skies Implementation Summary 223 8.5 Example SAA on a CIN – Flight Test Results 224 8.6 Summary and Future Developments 229 Acknowledgments 231 References 231 Part IV SAA Applications 9 AgentFly: Scalable, High-Fidelity Framework for Simulation, Planning and Collision Avoidance of Multiple UAVs 235 David Sislak, Premysl Volf, Stepan Kopriva and Michal Pechoucek 9.1 Agent-Based Architecture 236 9.1.1 UAV Agents 237 9.1.2 Environment Simulation Agents 237 9.1.3 Visio Agents 238 9.2 Airplane Control Concept 238 9.3 Flight Trajectory Planner 241 9.4 Collision Avoidance 245 9.4.1 Multi-layer Collision Avoidance Architecture 246 9.4.2 Cooperative Collision Avoidance 247 9.4.3 Non-cooperative Collision Avoidance 250 9.5 Team Coordination 252 9.6 Scalable Simulation 256 9.7 Deployment to Fixed-Wing UAV 260 Acknowledgments 263 References 263 10 See and Avoid Using Onboard Computer Vision 265 John Lai, Jason J. Ford, Luis Mejias, Peter O’Shea and Rod Walker 10.1 Introduction 265 10.1.1 Background 265 10.1.2 Outline of the SAA Problem 265 10.2 State-of-the-Art 266 10.3 Visual-EO Airborne Collision Detection 268 10.3.1 Image Capture 268 10.3.2 Camera Model 269 10.4 Image Stabilization 269 10.4.1 Image Jitter 269 10.4.2 Jitter Compensation Techniques 270 10.5 Detection and Tracking 272 10.5.1 Two-Stage Detection Approach 272 10.5.2 Target Tracking 278 10.6 Target Dynamics and Avoidance Control 278 10.6.1 Estimation of Target Bearing 278 10.6.2 Bearing-Based Avoidance Control 279 10.7 Hardware Technology and Platform Integration 281 10.7.1 Target/Intruder Platforms 281 10.7.2 Camera Platforms 282 10.7.3 Sensor Pod 286 10.7.4 Real-Time Image Processing 288 10.8 Flight Testing 289 10.8.1 Test Phase Results 290 10.9 Future Work 290 10.10 Conclusions 291 Acknowledgements 291 References 291 11 The Use of Low-Cost Mobile Radar Systems for Small UAS Sense and Avoid 295 Michael Wilson 11.1 Introduction 295 11.2 The UAS Operating Environment 297 11.2.1 Why Use a UAS? 297 11.2.2 Airspace and Radio Carriage 297 11.2.3 See-and-Avoid 297 11.2.4 Midair Collisions 298 11.2.5 Summary 299 11.3 Sense and Avoid and Collision Avoidance 300 11.3.1 A Layered Approach to Avoiding Collisions 300 11.3.2 SAA Technologies 300 11.3.3 The UA Operating Volume 303 11.3.4 Situation Awareness 304 11.3.5 Summary 304 11.4 Case Study: The Smart Skies Project 305 11.4.1 Introduction 305 11.4.2 Smart Skies Architecture 305 11.4.3 The Mobile Aircraft Tracking System 307 11.4.4 The Airborne Systems Laboratory 310 11.4.5 The Flamingo UAS 311 11.4.6 Automated Dynamic Airspace Controller 311 11.4.7 Summary 312 11.5 Case Study: Flight Test Results 312 11.5.1 Radar Characterisation Experiments 312 11.5.2 Sense and Avoid Experiments 319 11.5.3 Automated Sense and Avoid 324 11.5.4 Dynamic Sense and Avoid Experiments 326 11.5.5 Tracking a Variety of Aircraft 326 11.5.6 Weather Monitoring 331 11.5.7 The Future 332 11.6 Conclusion 333 Acknowledgements 333 References 334 Epilogue 337 Index 339

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Book Synopsisthe book does an excellent job of putting together several different classes of materials. Many common points emerge, and the book may facilitate the development of hybrids in which the qualities of the parents are enhanced. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.Trade Review"The present book confirms that the view is correct, even if applications are difficult to forecast. However, the book does an excellent job of putting together several different classes of materials. Many common points emerge, and the book may facilitate the development of hybrids in which the qualities of the "parents" are enhanced." (Angewandte Chemie, 2011)Table of ContentsInorganic Materials Series Preface. Preface. List of Contributors. 1 Metal-Based Quadratic Nonlinear Optical Materials (Olivier Maury and Hubert Le Bozec). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Basic Concepts of Second-Order Nonlinear Optics. 1.2.1 Introduction to Nonlinear Molecular Materials. 1.2.2 Molecular Engineering of Quadratic NLO Chromophores. 1.2.3 Experimental Measurements of Second-Order NLO Activities. 1.3 Dipolar Metal Complexes. 1.3.1 Metal Complexes as Donor Groups. 1.3.2 Metal Complexes as Acceptor Groups. 1.3.3 Bimetallic Push–Pull Complexes. 1.3.4 Metal Complexes as p-Conjugated Bridges. 1.4 Octupolar Metal Complexes. 1.4.1 Metal as Peripheral Donor (or Acceptor) Substituent. 1.4.2 Metal as Template. 1.4.3 Conformational Studies Using Second-Order NLO Activity Measurements. 1.5 Switching Optical Nonlinearities of Metal Complexes. 1.5.1 Redox Switching of Quadratic Nonlinearities. 1.5.2 Acid/Base Switching of Quadratic Nonlinearities. 1.5.3 Photoswitching of Quadratic Nonlinearities. 1.6 Towards the Design of Pre-Organised Materials. 1.6.1 Supramolecular Octupolar Self-Ordering Within Metallodendrimers. 1.6.2 Engineering of NLO-Active Crystals. 1.7 Conclusions. References. 2 Physical Properties of Metallomesogens (Koen Binnemans). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Overview of Mesophases. 2.3 Optical Properties. 2.3.1 Birefringence. 2.3.2 Light Absorption and Colour. 2.3.3 Luminescence. 2.3.4 Nonlinear Optical Properties. 2.4 Electrical Properties. 2.4.1 Electrical Conductivity. 2.4.2 Photoconductivity. 2.4.3 Electrochromism. 2.4.4 Ferroelectricity. 2.5 Magnetic Properties. 2.5.1 Magnetic Anisotropy and Alignment in External Magnetic Fields. 2.5.2 Spin-Crossover Phenomena. 2.5.3 Single Molecule Magnets. 2.6 Conclusions. References. 3 Molecular Magnetic Materials (Neil Robertson and Gordon T. Yee). 3.1 Introduction. 3.1.1 History of Measurements. 3.2 Basic Concepts. 3.2.1 Magnetisation and Susceptibility. 3.2.2 The Curie and Curie–Weiss Laws. 3.2.3 Other Measurements. 3.2.4 Orbital Angular Momentum. 3.3 The Van Vleck Equation. 3.3.1 Application of the Van Vleck Formula to an Isolated, Spin-Only Metal Complex. 3.3.2 Deviations from the Curie Law: Zero-Field Splitting. 3.3.3 Exchange Coupling. 3.4 Dimensionality of Magnetic Systems. 3.4.1 Lattice Dimensionality vs Single Ion Anisotropy. 3.4.2 Mean or Molecular Field Approximation in Any Dimension and Any Value of S. 3.4.3 One-Dimensional Systems. 3.4.4 Two-Dimensional Magnetic Materials. 3.4.5 Three-Dimensional Magnetic Materials. 3.5 Switchable and Hybrid Systems and Future Perspectives. 3.5.1 Bistable and Switchable Magnetic Materials. 3.5.2 Multifunctional Magnetic Materials. 3.6 Conclusions. References. 4 Molecular Inorganic Conductors and Superconductors (Lydie Valade and Hisashi Tanaka). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Families of Molecular Conductors and Superconductors. 4.2.1 From Molecules to Conductors and Superconductors. 4.2.2 Organic Metals and Superconductors. 4.2.3 Transition Metal Complex-Based Conducting Systems. 4.3 Systems Based on Metal Bis-Dithiolene Complexes. 4.3.1 Synthesis of Metal Bis-Dithiolene Complexes. 4.3.2 Synthesis of Conductors and Superconductors Based on Metal Bis-Dithiolene Complexes. 4.3.3 Superconductors Based on [M(dmit)2] Complexes. 4.3.4 Conductors Based on Neutral Metal Bis-Dithiolene Complexes. 4.4 Towards the Application of Molecular Inorganic Conductors and Superconductors. 4.4.1 Processing Methods. 4.4.2 Films and Nanowires of Molecular Inorganic Conductors. 4.5 Conclusions. Acknowledgements. References. 5 Molecular Nanomagnets (Richard E. P. Winpenny and Eric J. L. McInnes). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 A Very Brief Introduction to Magnetochemistry. 5.3 Techniques. 5.3.1 Magnetometry. 5.3.2 AC Magnetometry. 5.3.3 Micro-SQUIDs. 5.3.4 Specific Heat. 5.3.5 Torque Magnetometry. 5.3.6 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy. 5.3.7 Inelastic Neutron Scattering (INS). 5.3.8 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy. 5.4 Single Molecule Magnets. 5.4.1 Physics of Single Molecule Magnets. 5.4.2 Chemistry of Single Molecule Magnets. 5.5 Emerging Trends. 5.5.1 Monometallic SMMs. 5.5.2 Molecular Spintronics. 5.5.3 Quantum Information Processing. 5.5.4 Antiferromagnetic (AF) Rings and Chains. 5.5.5 Magnetocaloric Effect. 5.5.6 High Symmetry Polyhedra and Spin Frustration. 5.5.7 Single Chain Magnets. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisFunctional oxides have a wide variety of applications in the electronic industry. The discovery of new metal oxides with interesting and useful properties continues to drive much research in chemistry, physics, and materials science.Table of ContentsInorganic Materials Series Preface ix Preface xi List of Contributors xiii 1 Noncentrosymmetric Inorganic Oxide Materials: Synthetic Strategies and Characterisation Techniques 1 P. Shiv Halasyamani 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Strategies toward Synthesising Noncentrosymmetric Inorganic Materials 3 1.3 Electronic Distortions 4 1.3.1 Metal Oxyfluoride Systems 8 1.3.2 Salt-Inclusion Solids 9 1.3.3 Borates 11 1.3.4 Noncentrosymmetric Coordination Networks 12 1.4 Properties Associated with Noncentrosymmetric Materials 16 1.4.1 Second-Harmonic Generation 18 1.4.2 Piezoelectricity 21 1.4.3 Pyroelectricity 25 1.4.4 Ferroelectricity 27 1.5 Outlook – Multifunctional Materials 30 1.5.1 Perovskites 31 1.5.2 Hexagonal Manganites 32 1.5.3 Metal Halide and Oxy-Halide Systems 32 1.6 Concluding Thoughts 33 1.6.1 State of the Field 33 Acknowledgements 34 References 34 2 Geometrically Frustrated Magnetic Materials 41 John E. Greedan 2.1 Introduction 41 2.2 Geometric Frustration 42 2.2.1 Definition and Criteria: Subversion of the Third Law 42 2.2.2 Magnetism Short Course 43 2.2.3 Frustrated Lattices – The Big Four 46 2.2.4 Ground States of Frustrated Systems: Consequences of Macroscopic Degeneracy 46 2.3 Real Materials 52 2.3.1 The Triangular Planar (TP) Lattice 52 2.3.2 The Kagome´ Lattice 57 2.3.3 The Face-Centred Cubic Lattice 72 2.3.4 The Pyrochlores and Spinels 76 2.3.5 Other Frustrated Lattices 105 2.4 Concluding Remarks 108 References 109 3 Lithium Ion Conduction in Oxides 119 Edmund Cussen 3.1 Introduction 119 3.2 Sodium and Lithium b-Alumina 126 3.3 Akali Metal Sulfates and the Effect of Anion Disorder on Conductivity 132 3.4 LISICON and Related Phases 145 3.5 Lithium Conduction in NASICON-Related Phases 155 3.6 Doped Analogues of LiZr2(PO4)3 164 3.7 Lithium Conduction in the Perovskite Structure 175 3.7.1 The Structures of Li3xLa2/3xTiO3 181 3.7.2 Doping Studies of Lithium Perovskites 185 3.8 Lithium-Containing Garnets 187 References 197 4 Thermoelectric Oxides 203 Sylvie Hébert and Antoine Maignan 4.1 Introduction 203 4.2 How to Optimise Thermoelectric Generators (TEG) 204 4.2.1 Principle of a TEG 204 4.2.2 The Figure of Merit 207 4.2.3 Beyond the Classical Approach 210 4.3 Thermoelectric Oxides 213 4.3.1 Semiconducting Oxides and the Heikes Formula 215 4.3.2 NaxCoO2 and the Misfit Cobaltate Family 221 4.3.3 Degenerate Semiconductors 240 4.3.4 All-Oxide Modules 249 4.4 Conclusion 251 Acknowledgements 252 References 252 5 Transition Metal Oxides: Magnetoresistance and Half-Metallicity 257 Tapas Kumar Mandal and Martha Greenblatt 5.1 Introduction 257 5.2 Magnetoresistance: Concepts and Development 258 5.2.1 Phenomenon of Magnetoresistance: Metallic Multilayers and Anisotropic Magnetoresistance (AMR) 258 5.2.2 Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) Effect 259 5.2.3 Colossal Magnetoresistance (CMR) in Perovskite Oxomanganates 261 5.2.4 Tunnelling Magnetoresistance (TMR) and Magnetic Tunnel Junctions (MTJ) 263 5.2.5 Powder, Intrinsic and Extrinsic MR 263 5.3 Half-Metallicity 264 5.3.1 Half-Metallicity in Heusler Alloys 264 5.3.2 Half-Metallic Ferro/Ferrimagnets, Antiferromagnets 265 5.4 Oxides Exhibiting Half-Metallicity 266 5.4.1 CrO2 266 5.4.2 Fe3O4 and Other Spinel Oxides 268 5.4.3 Perovskite Oxomanganates 270 5.4.4 Double Perovskites 272 5.5 Magnetoresistance and Half-Metallicity of Double Perovskites 273 5.5.1 Double Perovskite Structure 273 5.5.2 Ordering and Anti-Site (AS) Disorder in Double Perovskites 276 5.5.3 Electronic Structure and Magnetic Properties of Double Perovskites 281 5.5.4 Magnetoresistance and Half-Metallicity in Double Perovskites 284 5.5.5 High Curie Temperature (TC) Double Perovskites and Room Temperature MR 285 5.6 Spintronics – The Emerging Magneto-Electronics 286 5.7 Summary 288 Acknowledgements 289 References 289 Index 295

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Book SynopsisWhile knowledge of the origin of physical properties of many simple solids is comprehensive, this is not the case for low-dimensional solids. This field, however, has seen tremendous development in the last couple of years and the materials have a wide range of applications such as in display devices.Trade Review"Introducing topics such as novel layered superconductors, inorganic-DNA delivery systems and the chemistry and physics of inorganic nanotubes and nanosheets, Low-Dimensional Solids discusses some of the most exciting concepts in this developing field". (Centre Daily Times, 19 January 2011)Table of ContentsInorganic Materials Series Preface ix Preface xi List of Contributors xiii 1 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 1 Alan V. Chadwick and Shelly L.P. Savin 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Oxide Types; Point Defects and Electrical Conductivity 4 1.3 Preparation of Nanoionic Materials 10 1.4 Characterisation 1 1.4.1 Determination of Particle Size and Dispersion 13 1.4.2 Characterisation of Microstructure 16 1.4.3 Transport Measurements 20 1.5 Review of the Current Experimental Data and their Agreement with Theory 30 1.5.1 Microstructure 30 1.5.2 Transport 31 1.5.3 Mechanical Properties 42 1.5.4 Magnetic Properties 44 1.6 Applications 46 1.6.1 Gas Sensors 46 1.6.2 Batteries 50 1.6.3 Fuel Cells 54 1.6.4 Catalysis and Adsorption 55 1.6.5 Biomedical Applications of Magnetic Nanocrystalline Oxides 60 1.7 Overview and Prospects 62 References 65 2 Inorganic Nanotubes and Nanowires 77 C.N.R. Rao, S.R.C. Vivekchand and A. Govindaraj 2.1 Introduction 77 2.2 Inorganic Nanotubes 78 2.2.1 Synthesis 79 2.2.2 Functionalisation and Solubilisation 114 2.2.3 Properties and Applications 115 2.3 Nanowires 116 2.3.1 Synthesis 116 2.3.2 Self-Assembly and Functionalisation 127 2.3.3 Properties and Applications 130 2.4 Outlook 145 References 146 3 Biomedical Applications of Layered Double Hydroxides 163 Jin-Ho Choy, Jae-Min Oh and Dae-Hwan Park 3.1 Introduction 163 3.1.1 Layered Nanohybrids 163 3.1.2 Layered Nanomaterials 164 3.2 Nanomaterials for Biological Applications 167 3.2.1 Layered Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications 167 3.2.2 Cellular Uptake Pathway of Drug-Inorganic Nanohybrids 174 3.2.3 Targeting Effect of Drug-Inorganic Nanohybrids 178 3.3 Nanomaterials for DNA Molecular Code System 180 3.3.1 Genetic Molecular Code in DNA 180 3.3.2 Chemically and Biologically Stabilised DNA in Layered Nanoparticles 180 3.3.3 Invisible DNA Molecular Code System for Ubiquitous Application 183 3.4 Conclusion 184 References 184 4 Carbon Nanotubes and Related Structures 189 M. Ángeles Herranz, Juan Luis Delgado and Nazario Martín 4.1 Introduction 189 4.2 Endohedral Fullerenes 191 4.2.1 Endohedral Metallofullerenes 191 4.2.2 Surgery of Fullerenes 197 4.3 Carbon Nanotubes 200 4.3.1 Covalent Functionalisation 201 4.3.2 Noncovalent Functionalisation 205 4.3.3 Endohedral Functionalisation 208 4.4 Other Carbon Nanotube Forms 209 4.4.1 Cup-Stacked Carbon Nanotubes 209 4.4.2 Carbon Nanohorns 210 4.4.3 Carbon Nanobuds 211 4.4.4 Carbon Nanotori 212 4.5 Carbon Nano-Onions 213 4.6 Graphenes 216 4.7 Summary and Outlook 219 Acknowledgements 219 References 220 5 Magnesium Diboride MgB 2 : A Simple Compound with Important Physical Properties 229 Michael Pissas 5.1 Introduction 229 5.1.1 Electronic Structure of MgB 2 232 5.1.2 Substitutions in MgB 2 Superconductor 235 5.2 Preparation of Pure and Alloyed MgB 2 236 5.2.1 Preparation of Pure and Alloyed Polycrystalline MgB 2 236 5.2.2 Single Crystal Growth of Pristine and Alloyed MgB 2 245 5.3 Physical Properties of MgB 2 246 5.3.1 Boron Isotope Effect 246 5.3.2 Evidence for Two Energy Gaps in MgB 2 248 5.3.3 Dependence of the Superconducting Transition Temperature on Hydrostatic Pressure 249 5.3.4 Resistivity Measurements in MgB 2 250 5.4 Flux Line Properties in Single Crystals of MgB 2 , Mg 1 x Al x B 2 and Mgb 2 x c x 256 5.4.1 Type II Superconductors 256 5.4.2 Flux Line Properties of Pristine MgB 2 259 5.4.3 Aluminium Substituted Single Crystals 266 5.4.4 Carbon Substituted Single Crystals 271 5.4.5 Two-Band Superconductivity and Possible Implications on the Vortex Matter Phase Diagram 275 5.5 Conclusions 278 References 278 Index 287

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Book SynopsisThe special properties of inorganic materials can be used for a wide range of applications in electronics such as semiconductors, magnetic alloys, insulators, and optical and display materials.Table of ContentsInorganic Materials Series Preface. Preface. List of Contributors. 1 Polymer Electrolytes (Michel B. Armand, Peter G. Bruce, Maria Forsyth and Bruno Scrosati). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Nanocomposite Polymer Electrolytes. 1.3 Ionic Liquid Based Polymer Electrolytes. 1.4 Crystalline Polymer Electrolytes. References. 2 Advanced Inorganic Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (Stephen J. Skinner and Miguel A. Laguna-Bercero). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Next Generation SOFC Materials. 2.3 Materials Developments through Processing. 2.4 Proton Conducting Ceramic Fuel Cells. 2.5 Summary. References. 3 Solar Energy Materials (Elizabeth A. Gibson and Anders Hagfeldt). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Development of PV Technology. 3.3 Summary. Acknowledgements. References. 4 Hydrogen Adsorption on Metal Organic Framework Materials for Storage Applications (K. Mark Thomas and Wadysaw Wieczorek). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Hydrogen Adsorption Experimental Methods. 4.3 Activation of MOFs. 4.4 Hydrogen Adsorption on MOFs. 4.5 Conclusions. Acknowledgements. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis text specializes in the structure of materials, and focuses solely on the three different states of solid condensed matter - glasses, crystals, and liquid crystals - and developes a set of tools for describing all of them.Table of ContentsThe Structure of Materials: Overview. Noncrystalline State. Crystalline State. Liquid-Crystalline State. Imperfections in Ordered Media. Microstructure. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe book is the complete introduction and applications guide to this new technology. This book introduces the reader to features and gives an overview of geometric modeling techniques, discusses the conceptual development of features as modeling entities, illustrates the use of features for a variety of engineering design applications, and develops a set of broad functional requirements and addresses high level design issues.Table of ContentsBACKGROUND. Geometric Modeling. FUNDAMENTALS. Feature Concepts. Feature Creation Techniques. APPLICATION OF FEATURES. Features in Design. Features in Manufacturing. Feature Mapping and Data Exchange. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION. Design-by-Features Techniques. Feature Recognition Techniques. Implementation Tools. Feature-Based Process Planning. BEYOND FEATURES. Future CAD/CAM Technologies. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisConcentrating on open channel flow, this textbook enables students to grasp the fundamentals of fluid mechanics and their various applications. Physical rather than mathematical concepts are emphasized. The text has been revised to include new illustrations and the results of recent research.Table of ContentsFundamentals. Fluid Statics. Kinematics of Fluid Motion. Systems, Control Volumes, Conservation of Mass, and The ReynoldsTransport Theorem. Flow of an Incompressible Ideal Fluid. The Impulse-Momentum Principle. Flow of a Real Fluid. Similitude, Dimensional Analysis and Normalization of Equations ofMotion. Flow in Pipes. Flow in Open Channels. Lift and Drag--Incompressible Flow. Introduction to Fluid Machinery. Flow of Compressible Fluids. Fluid Measurements. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents new design techniques that permit an engineer to design devices with predictable results, and in doing so utilize very complex shapes instead of being limited to simple shapes. Includes coverage of the material properties of the devices.Table of ContentsLinear Transformations. Elements of the Linear Transformations. Singular Fins and Spines and Single Elements. Algorithms for Finned Array Assembly. Examples of Finned Array Analysis. Reciprocity and Node Analysis. A General Array Method. Convective Optimizations. Heat Transfer-Parallel Plate Heat Sinks. References. Appendices. Indexes.

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Book SynopsisOver the past decade the military (both US and foreign) has developed a wide range of tools, techniques, and technologies for integrating human factors into systems engineering. Many of these methodologies have been providing a number of cost and performance benefits that otherwise would not have been accomplished. This book deals with this topic.Trade Review"This handbook is worth the cost and effort to integrate into one's professional knowledge base and personal library. It will be fundamental, if not seminal, to our professional endeavors." (Ergonomics in Design, July-September 2004)Table of ContentsForeword xiii Preface xv Contributors xix Technical Advisors and Reviewers xxv Chapter 1. Introduction: Human Systems Integration 1 Harold R. Booher 1.1 Background 1 1.2 HSI Concept 4 1.3 Sociotechnical Systems Complexity 9 1.4 HSI Unique Aspects 11 1.5 Ten HSI Principles 12 1.6 HSI Principles Applied to Systems Acquisition 18 1.7 HSI Organizational Maturity 21 1.8 Discussion and Summary 23 1.9 Book Overview 27 Part 1 Organization, Management, and Culture 31 Chapter 2. Leadership That Achieves Human Systems Integration 33 Charles S. Harris Betty K. Hart Joyce Shields 2.1 Introduction: Beyond Reductionism 33 2.2 Importance of Culture 34 2.3 Leadership Matters 37 2.4 Transformational Change Model 39 2.5 Phase 1: Decide to Change 39 2.6 Phase 2: Guide Change 45 2.7 Phase 3: Support Change 49 2.8 Phase 4: Sustain Change 54 2.9 Overcoming Challenges to Change 58 2.10 Conclusion 59 Chapter 3. Human Systems Integration Roles in a Systems Acquisition Culture 63 Glen Hewitt Dino Piccione 3.1 Introduction 63 3.2 Common Cultural Influences 66 3.3 Historical Perspective of Culture 73 3.4 Changing Acquisition Culture 80 3.5 Trends for the Future of HSI 85 3.6 HSI Cultural Myths versus Realities 86 3.7 Roles and Responsibilities 90 3.8 Summary and Conclusions 90 Appendix: HSI Roles and Responsibilities 92 Chapter 4. Human Systems Integration and Systems Acquisition Interfaces 101 Edwin R. Smootz 4.1 Introduction 101 4.2 Systems Acquisition Processes 102 4.3 Presystems Acquisition 108 4.4 Systems Acquisition 112 4.5 Sustainment 117 4.6 Conclusion 117 Chapter 5. Human Systems Integration Education and Training 121 Brian M. Kleiner Harold R. Booher 5.1 Introduction 121 5.2 HSI Competencies Needed 122 5.3 Academic Education 126 5.4 Textbooks 140 5.5 HSI Training Courses 147 5.6 HSI Careers 149 5.7 HSI Professional Personnel Supply 157 5.8 Summary and Conclusions 160 Part II Systems Acquisition and Management Processes 165 Chapter 6. Human Systems Integration Requirements in Systems Acquisition 167 John A. Harrison Melanie J. Forster 6.1 Introduction 167 6.2 Human Systems Integration in Requirements 169 6.3 Human Systems Integration Requirements Issues 177 6.4 United Kingdom HFI Process 189 6.5 Summary and Conclusions 198 Chapter 7. Human Systems Integration and Acquisition: Contractor’s Perspective 201 Bruce E. Hamilton 7.1 Introduction 201 7.2 Stages of Procurement Activity 202 7.3 Principal Documentation Events of Acquisition 219 7.4 HSI Program Management Guidelines 225 7.5 Summary 230 Chapter 8. Human System Measurements and Trade-offs in System Design 233 Michael Barnes David Beevis 8.1 Introduction 233 8.2 Human System Measurement 233 8.3 General Measurement Model for HSI 238 8.4 Analytical and Modeling Techniques Early in Design Process 244 8.5 Human Performance Experimentation 246 8.6 Modeling and Simulation 248 8.7 Interactions among HSI Domains 253 8.8 Future Trends 258 8.9 Summary and Conclusion 259 Chapter 9. Simulation-Based Acquisition 265 Stephen R. Olson Andrew P. Sage 9.1 Introduction 265 9.2 Objectives for SBA 269 9.3 Simulation-Based Acquisition: Structure, Function, and Purpose 273 9.4 An SBA Approach to Human Systems Integration 277 9.5 SBA Quality Assurance Questions 287 9.6 Conclusion 290 Chapter 10. User-Centered Systems Engineering Framework 295 Lee Scott Ehrhart Andrew P. Sage 10.1 Introduction 295 10.2 Models for HSI 301 10.3 System Definition 302 10.4 System Requirements 305 10.5 System Conceptual and Architectural Design 338 10.6 Prototyping and Implementation 355 10.7 System Evaluation 360 10.8 Summary and Conclusions 365 Part III Methods, Tools and Technologies 375 Chapter 11. Manpower, Personnel, and Training Integration Methods and Tools 379 Susan Archer Donald Headley Laurel Allender 11.1 Introduction: Workforce Challenges 379 11.2 Manpower, Personnel and Training Domains 382 11.3 MPT Systems Integration Tools 399 11.4 Commercial Applications 419 11.5 Conclusion: Challenges for MPT Integration Technologies 424 Chapter 12. Integrating Training into the Design and Operation of Complex Systems 433 Lawrence J. Hettinger 12.1 Introduction 433 12.2 Traditional Training Model 436 12.3 HSI Training Model 439 12.4 Issues and Challenges 447 12.5 Conclusions and Recommendations 456 Chapter 13. Human Factors Engineering Methods and Tools 463 John Lockett Jeffrey Powers 13.1 Introduction 463 13.2 Human Factors Engineering Methods 464 13.3 HFE Tools and Technologies 474 13.4 Selecting Tools and Technologies 480 13.5 Planning for Analysis 482 13.6 Common Errors in Performing HFE 487 13.7 Benefits of Modeling for HFE 492 13.8 Summary 493 Chapter 14. System Safety Principles and Methods 497 Donald W. Swallom Robert M. Lindberg Tonya L. Smith-Jackson 14.1 Introduction 497 14.2 Risk Assessment Model 501 14.3 System Safety Methods and Techniques 507 14.4 System Safety Process 525 14.5 Conclusion 536 Chapter 15. Environmental Health Hazard Analysis and Assessment 541 Welford C. Roberts 15.1 Introduction 541 15.2 Health Hazard Categories 545 15.3 Tools and Techniques 561 15.4 Health Hazard Assessment Expertise 576 15.5 Health Hazard Analysis Process 579 15.6 Tools That Support the Overall Health Hazard Assessment Process 581 15.7 Summary 584 Chapter 16. Personnel Survivability Methodology 595 Richard N. Zigler Ronald A. Weiss 16.1 Introduction 595 16.2 Parameter Assessment List 597 16.3 Survivability Analysis Process 598 16.4 Personnel Survivability Components 600 16.5 Some ‘‘Less-than-Obvious’’ Examples 622 16.6 Casualty Assessment Tools 624 16.7 Summary and Conclusions 627 Chapter 17. Cost–Benefit Analysis for Human Systems Integration 631 William B. Rouse Kenneth R. Boff 17.1 Introduction 631 17.2 Cost–Benefit Frameworks 633 17.3 Cost–Benefit Methodology 641 17.4 Three Examples 645 17.5 Conclusions 655 Part IV Applications 659 Chapter 18. Human Systems Integration in Army Systems Acquisition 663 Harold R. Booher James Minninger 18.1 Background 663 18.2 HSI System Success Factors 664 18.3 HSI Factors: Examples from Army Systems 665 18.4 Case Studies of System Benefits 677 18.5 HSI Factors and Future Weapons Systems Acquisition 690 18.6 Summary and Conclusions 695 Chapter 19. Human Characteristics and Measures in Systems Design 699 Nita Lewis Miller J. Jeffrey Crowson, Jr. Jennifer McGovern Narkevicius 19.1 Introduction 699 19.2 Human Traits: Characteristics of Users 702 19.3 Human States: Operational and Environmental Variations 712 19.4 Human Systems Interfaces 724 19.5 Case Study 732 19.6 Summary and Conclusions 734 Chapter 20. Human-Centered Shipboard Systems and Operations 743 Glenn A. Osga 20.1 Background 743 20.2 Task-Centered Approach 746 20.3 Task Coverage Requirements 750 20.4 Human Support Task Requirements 755 20.5 Dynamic Task Requirements 762 20.6 Design by Task Requirements 771 20.7 Special Design Qualities 778 20.8 Benefits of Task-Centered Design 784 20.9 Summary and Conclusions 789 Chapter 21. Linking Human Performance Principles to Design of Information Systems 795 Linda G. Pierce Eduardo Salas 21.1 Background 795 21.2 Human Performance Issues 799 21.3 Human Performance Concepts and Principles 805 21.4 Guidelines and Tools for System Designers 811 21.5 Conclusion 821 Chapter 22. Human Systems Integration and Training for New Systems 829 John Klesch William Stembler 22.1 Introduction 829 22.2 HSI Training Technology Applications 832 22.3 Training Requirements and IMI 835 22.4 HSI Applied to Training Development Process 845 22.5 Summary and Conclusions 857 Chapter 23. Air Traffic Control and Human Factors Integration 861 Anne Mavor Christopher Wickens 23.1 Introduction 861 23.2 HFI in the Development of an Automated ATC System 864 23.3 Harmonization of Multiple Systems 870 23.4 National Airspace System: An Organizational HFI Example 871 23.5 Conclusion 873 Chapter 24. Human Systems Integration and New Product Development 877 William B. Rouse 24.1 Introduction 877 24.2 Private versus Public Development 879 24.3 Product Management Processes 884 24.4 Methods and Tools 888 24.5 Best Practices 895 24.6 Conclusions 900 Afterword 905 Appendix 923 Author Index 929 Subject Index 945

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Book SynopsisIntegrates the traditional approach to differential equations with the modern systems and control theoretic approach to dynamic systems, emphasizing theoretical principles and classic models in a wide variety of areas.Table of Contents1 Introduction 1.1 Dynamic Phenomena 1 1.2 Multivariable Systems 2 1.3 A Catalog of Examples 4 1.4 The Stages of Dynamic System Analysis 10 2 Difference And Differential Equations 2.1 Difference Equations 14 2.2 Existence and Uniqueness of Solutions 17 2.3 A First-Order Equation 19 2.4 Chain Letters and Amortization 21 2.5 The Cobweb Model 23 2.6 Linear Difference Equations 26 2.7 Linear Equations with Constant Coefficients 32 2.8 Differential Equations 38 2.9 Linear Differential Equations 40 2.10 Harmonic Motion and Beats 44 2.11 Problems 47 Notes and References 54 3 Linear Algebra Algebraic Properties 3.1 Fundamentals 56 3.2 Determinants 62 3.3 Inverses and the Fundamental Lemma 66 Geometric Properties 3.4 Vector Space 69 3.5 Transformations 73 3.6 Eigenvectors 77 3.7 Distinct Eigenvalues 80 3.8 Right and Left Eigenvectors 83 3.9 Multiple Eigenvalues 84 3.10 Problems 86 Notes and References 89 4 Linear State Equations 4.1 Systems Of First-Order Equations 90 4.2 Conversion to State Form 95 4.3 Dynamic Diagrams 97 4.4 Homogeneous Discrete-Time Systems 99 4.5 General Solution to Linear Discrete-Time Systems 108 4.6 Homogeneous Continuous-Time Systems 113 4.7 General Solution to Linear Continuous-Time Systems 118 4.8 Embedded Statics 121 4.9 Problems 124 Notes and References 130 5 Linear Systems With Constant Coefficients 5.1 Geometric Sequences and Exponentials 133 5.2 System Eigenvectors 135 5.3 Diagonalization of a System 136 5.4 Dynamics of Right and Left Eigenvectors 142 5.5 Example: A Simple Migration Model 144 5.6 Multiple Eigenvalues 148 5.7 Equilibrium Points 150 5.8 Example: Survival Theory in Culture 152 5.9 Stability 154 5.10 Oscillations 160 5.11 Dominant Modes 165 5.12 The Cohort Population Model 170 5.13 The Surprising Solution to the Natchez Problem 174 5.14 Problems 179 Notes and References 186 6 Positive Linear Systems 6.1 Introduction 188 6.2 Positive Matrices 190 6.3 Positive Discrete-Time Systems 195 6.4 Quality in a Hierarchy-The Peter Principle 199 6.5 Continuous-Time Positive Systems 204 6.6 Richardson's Theory of Arms Races 206 6.7 Comparative Statics for Positive Systems 211 6.8 Homans-Simon Model of Group Interaction 215 6.9 Problems 217 Notes and References 222 7 Markov Chains 7.1 Finite Markov Chains 225 7.2 Regular Markov Chains and Limiting Distributions 230 7.3 Classification of States 235 7.4 Transient State Analysis 239 7.5 Infinite Markov Chains 245 7.6 Problems 248 Notes and References 253 8 Concepts Of Control 8.1 Inputs, Outputs, and Interconnections 254 Transform Methods 8.2 z-Transforms 255 8.3 Transform Solution of Difference Equations 261 8.4 State Equations and Transforms 266 8.5 Laplace Transforms 272 State Space Methods 8.6 Controllability 276 8.7 Observability 285 8.8 Canonical Forms 289 8.9 Feedback 296 8.10 Observers 300 8.11 Problems 309 Notes and References 314 9 Analysis Of Nonlinear Systems 9.1 Introduction 316 9.2 Equilibrium Points 320 9.3 Stability 322 9.4 Linearization and Stability 324 9.5 Example: The Principle of Competitive Exclusion 328 9.6 Liapunov Functions 332 9.7 Examples 339 9.8 Invariant Sets 345 9.9 A Linear Liapunov Function for Positive Systems 347 9.10 An Integral Liapunov Function 349 9.11 A Quadratic Liapunov Function for Linear Systems 350 9.12 Combined Liapunov Functions 353 9.13 General Summarizing Functions 354 9.14 Problems 356 Notes and References 363 10 Some Important Dynamic Systems 10.1 Energy in Mechanics 365 10.2 Entropy in Thermodynamics 367 10.3 Interacting Populations 370 10.4 Epidemics 376 10.5 Stability of Competitive Economic Equilibria 378 10.6 Genetics 382 10.7 Problems 389 Notes and References 391 11 Optimal Control 11.1 The Basic Optimal Control Problem 394 11.2 Examples 401 11.3 Problems with Terminal Constraints 405 11.4 Free Terminal Time Problems 409 11.5 Linear Systems with Quadratic Cost 413 11.6 Discrete-Time Problems 416 11.7 Dynamic Programming 419 11.8 Stability and Optimal Control 425 11.9 Problems 427 Notes and References 435 References 436 Index 441

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Book SynopsisLavishly Illustrated, Comprehensive, Detailed, andReader-Friendly--This is the Ultimate Robot Book! From newlydiscovered designs of Leonardo da Vinci to the pioneeringnineteenth-century work of Nikola Tesla, and on to burgeoninganthropomorphic robots, anthrobots, that are dextrous,communicative, and autonomous, Robot Evolution covers the lengthand ever-widening breadth of this new robotics field. Acknowledgedrobotics expert Mark Rosheim offers at once a fascinating look atmore than 2,000 years of robot history, as well as a technicalguide to their development, design, and component parts. This bookexplores the evolution and increasing complexity of robot designsand points out the advantages and disadvantages of various designapproaches for robot arms, hands, wrists, and legs. By analyzingthe kinematics of robot components in comparison to human limbs,Robot Evolution also introduces a powerful new design tool tomeasure and evaluate past, present, and new designs. This bookfeatures: Table of ContentsRobots Past. Robot Arms. Wrists. Hands. Legs. Anthrobots. Epilogue. Glossary. References. Index. Figure Credits.

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Book SynopsisCovers basic principles and proactive and pragmatic quality function deployment (QFD) methods. Explains how to arrange groups in an industrial organization into design and development teams. Describes how to implement QFD to effectively produce quality products in a fashion that meets customers'' needs. This book includes aspects of modern planning techniques, technological forecasting methods and value engineering.Table of ContentsQuality Function Deployment. Constructing Basic QFD Matrices. Creative Expansion of the House of Quality and OtherMatrices. Variations on a Theme: Customer-Oriented Product Concepting. Linking QFD to Planning. Technological Forecasting Applied to QFD. Organizing and Launching a QFD Project. Quality Function Deployment: Behavioral and OrganizationalAspects. Voice of the Customer (VOC). Some Parting Comments. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis revised text emphasizes the principles of the physics of flight. The increased importance of automatic control (AFCS) is reflected in an expanded chapter on this subject that prepares students for work with stability augmentation, autopilots and guidance systems.Table of ContentsStatic Stability and Control 1. Static Stability and Control 2. General Equations of Unsteady Motion. The Stability Derivatives. Stability of Uncontrolled Motion. Response to Actuation of the Controls-Open Loop. Closed-Loop Control. Appendices. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book covers everything an engineer needs to know about manufacturing systems and processes.Table of ContentsThe Manufacturing System.Nature and Properties of Materials.Production of Ferrous Metals.Production of Nonferrous Metals.Foundry Processes.Contemporary Casting Processes.Basic Machine Tool Elements.Sawing, Broaching, Shaping, and Planing.Grinding and Abrasive Processes.Pressworking and Operations.Heat Treating.Plastic Materials and Processes.Electronic Fabrication.Nontraditional Processes and Powder Metallurgy.Thread and Gear Working.Operations Planning.Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing.Metrology and Testing.Quality Systems.Computer Numerical Control Systems.Process Automation.Operator-Machine Systems.Cost Estimating.Bibliography.Photo Credits.Index.

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Book SynopsisThese exciting books use full--color, and interesting, realistic illustrations to enhance reader comprehension. Also include a large number of worked examples that provide a good balance between initial, confidence building problems and more advanced level problems. Fundamental principles for solving problems are emphasized throughout.Table of ContentsGeneral Principles. Concurrent Force Systems. Statics of Particles. Rigid Bodies: Equivalent Force/Moment Systems. Distributed Forces: Centroids and Center of Gravity. Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies. Trusses, Frames, and Machines. Internal Forces in Structural Members. Friction. Second Moments of Area and Moments of Inertia. Method of Virtual Work. Appendix. Answers to Selected Problems. Index. Photo Credits.

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