Atmospheric physics Books

Book SynopsisMeteorites are generally considered to be bizarre and exotic space junk that you only ever come across in museums. But the reality is very different. Meteorites are generally harmless, with the exception of a cow in Venezuela and a few dinosaurs. Well, quite a few dinosaurs in fact! They are arriving on Earth every day, everywhere, in the form of fine dust. The result is that meteorites can be collected from the rooftops of houses everywhere. It's not easy and you need to know what to look for. This book will help. Meteorites are the oldest rocks in our Solar System and contain grains that are even older. These space rocks provide science with the best available evidence concerning the origin and early evolution of the Solar System.This book introduces the reader to the fascinating and sometimes bizarre world of space rocks using a simple, clear layman-friendly style. It explains why they are so special and describes their main characteristics. The non-technical approach used

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. The Concordance Model of Cosmology 2. The Expanding Universe 3. The Fundamental Equations of Cosmology 4. The Origin of Species 5. The Inhomogeneous Universe: Matter & Radiation 6. The Inhomogeneous Universe: Gravity 7. Initial Conditions 8. Growth of Structure: Linear Theory 9. The Cosmic Microwave Background 10. The Polarized CMB 11. Probes of Structure: Tracers 12. Growth of Structure: Beyond Linear Theory 13. Probes of Structure: Lensing 14. Analysis and Inference

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Book SynopsisThe book describes and explains the Earth's magnetic field, its historical importance, and various ways in which geomagnetism is used, including the analysis of modern satellite-based investigations.Trade ReviewA well written and gentle introduction to geomagnetism. It will undoubtedly become the standard introductory text on the subject. * Wyn Williams, University of Edinburgh *Well written, accessible and up-to-date, and does a very good job in explaining complex processes in a simple way. * Phil Livermore, University of Leeds *A high-quality and comprehensive account of Earth's magnetism for intelligent non-experts, well written and scientifically sound. * Christopher Finlay, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby *Table of Contents1: What is magnetism? 1.1 The discovery of magnetism 1.2 The Earth as a magnet 1.3 The origin of magnetic fields 1.4 Electrical currents and magnetic fields 1.5 Magnetism at atomic level: the Bohr model of the atom 1.6 Spectral analysis and the Zeeman effect 1.7 Electromagnetism 1.8 Particle radiation 2: How the geomagnetic field is measured 2.1 Measurement of magnetic field direction 2.2 Measurement of magnetic field intensity 2.3 Vector magnetometers 2.4 Scalar magnetometers 2.5 Magnetic gradiometers 2.6 Terrestrial magnetic surveying 2.7 Magnetic observatories 2.8 Satellite mapping of the global magnetic field 2.9 The geomagnetic field at the Earth's surface 3: Sources of the Earth's magnetic field 3.1 The Earth's internal structure 3.2 Pressure and temperature in the Earth 3.3 Dipole and multipole fields 3.4 Internal and external sources of the magnetic field 3.5 Spherical harmonic analysis of the internal field 3.6 The international geomagnetic reference field 3.7 Spatial power spectrum of the internal field 3.8 The lithospheric magnetic field 4: The geomagnetic dynamo 4.1 The concept of a self-sustaining dynamo 4.2 Heat transport in the core 4.3 The Coriolis force due to the Earth's rotation 4.4 Magnetohydrodynamics and the frozen-flux concept 4.5 The dynamo model for the origin of the internal magnetic field 4.6 The magnetic influence of the inner core 4.7 The magnetic field at the core-mantle boundary 4.8 Archeomagnetic secular variation of paleointensity 4.9 The geomagnetic field in the early Earth 5: The magnetism of the Earth's Crust 5.1 Physical properties of the crust and mantle 5.2 Crystal rock types 5.3 Types of magnetism in minerals 5.4 Antiferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic minerals 5.5 Induced and remanent magnetizations 5.6 The thickness of the magnetized crustal layer 5.7 How a magnetic anomaly originates 5.8 Continental magnetic anomalies 5.9 The magnetization of the oceanic crust 5.10 The age of the ocean floor 6: The ancient geomagnetic field 6.1 The natural remanent magnetizations of rocks 6.2 The geocentric axial dipole hypothesis 6.3 Methods of paleomagnetism 6.4 Apparent polar wander and continental reconstructions 6.5 Geomagnetic polarity reversals 6.6 Magnetic polarity stratigraphy 6.7 Geomagnetic polarity in the Early Mesozoic and Paleozoic 6.8 The geomagnetic field in the Precambrian 7: The effects of solar activity on the geomagnetic field 7.1 The internal structure of the Sun 7.2 Energy transfer in the Sun 7.3 Sunspots and the solar cycle 7.4 The Sun's magnetic field 7.5 The solar wind 7.6 The interplanetary magnetic field 7.7 Coronal mass ejections and solar flares 8: The magnetosphere and ionosphere 8.1 The magnetosphere 8.2 The Van Allen radiation belts 8.3 The ionosphere 8.4 Electromagnetic induction in the crust and mantle 8.5 Magnetic storms and substorms 8.6 Space weather Free

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Book SynopsisWith significant advances in the field of atmospheric radiation and remote sensing in recent years, the need for an up-to-date treatment of radiation and cloud physics has become evident. This monograph addresses these advances, focusing on the physical principles and approximations required to develop specific subjects. In addition to its scientific value, the information presented here is essential for the development of better weather prediction models for medium- and long-range forecasting. It is also critical for achieving accurate retrieval of temperature and humidity profiles from satellite measurements, since new techniques for monitoring global biogeochemical changes rely on radiation theory and a precise knowledge of clouds and their role in radiative transfer.Trade Review'The author is an expert in the field of cloud-radiation interaction. His book presents basic material in a clear and interesting manner, mentioning very recent publications - essential in such a rapidly developing field. The author has also not been afraid to note areas where understanding is incomplete ... and the book is destined to become a classic reference in the subject.' Times Higher Education Supplement'This volume of substance is clearly written and would be useful for postgraduate courses.' M.J. Rycroft, Cranfield Institute of Technology, Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics'The material is topical but, despite its importance, few books cover the same area ... The author is an expert in the field fo cloud-radiation interaction. His book presents basic material in a clear and interesting manner ... the book is destined to become a classic reference in the subject.' Peter Jonas, Times Higher Educ Supplement, 16 April 1993 d'This book discusses the significant advances in the field of atmospheric radiation and remot sensing in the past 20 years.' Bulletin of the AMSTable of ContentsIntroduction; Theory and parameterization of thermal infrared radiative transfer; Theory and parameterization of solar radiation transfer; Theory, observation and modeling of cloud processes in the atmosphere; Radiative transfer in clouds; Atmospheres in radiative and thermal equilibrium; The role of radiation and cloud processes in atmospheric models; Appendices: Physical constants; Standard atmospheric profiles; Complex refractive indices of water and ice.

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Book SynopsisBoundary layer meteorology is the study of the physical processes that take place in the layer of air that is most influenced by the earth''s underlying surface. This text gives an uncomplicated view of the structure of the boundary layer, the instruments available for measuring its mean and turbulent properties, how best to make the measurements, and ways to process and analyse the data. The main applications of the book are in atmospheric modelling, wind engineering, air pollution, and agricultural meteorology. The authors have pioneered research on atmospheric turbulence and flow, and are noted for their contributions to the study of the boundary layer. This important work will interest atmospheric scientists, meteorologists, and students and faculty in these fields.Trade Review'Chandram Kaimal has an impressive background in measuring the structure of the atmospheric boundary layer ... John Finnigan also brings a wealth of experience in measuring atmospheric boundary-layer flow. This ia a practically oriented book designed with the experimentalist in mind. It is well written and gives a valuable overview of the structure of the ABL. I highly recommend it.' Dale Hess, Australian Meteorological Magazine 43:2 June 1994... this book provides a clear, broad overview of the subject, with an emphasis on empirical and experimental aspects. The analysis of ABL data is not trivial, and a comprehensive discussion of the topic is very valuable. The approach adopted by Kaimal and Finningan is very accessible and should act as a useful introduction to many topics within ABL research. Because of its breadth of practical descriptions and guidance for ABL researchers, this book is a valuable addition to the resources available to ABL scientists and research students. * Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestiral Physics *Table of Contents1. Flow over flat uniform terrain ; 2. Spectra and cospectra over flat uniform terrain ; 3. Flow over plant canopies ; 4. Flow over changing terrain ; 5. Flow over hills ; 6. Sensors and techniques for observing the boundary layer ; 7. Acquisition and processing of boundary layer data ; Index

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Book SynopsisEarth, like the other inner planets, receives virtually all of its energy from space in the form of solar electromagnetic radiation. The Earth''s total heat content does not vary significantly with time, indicating a close overall balance between absorbed solar radiation and the diffuse stream of low-temperature, thermal radiation emitted by the plant. This book, a reprint of the second edition of Goody''s classic work, is concerned with the interaction of solar electromagnetic energy with planetary atmospheres, the subsequent redistribution of this energy, and its ultimate return to space as terrestrial thermal radiation.Trade ReviewI have always regarded the original first edition of this book by Richard Goody as being the definitive reference text on atmospheric radiative transfer. This new edition provides a welcome update to the original 1964 text which, after 33 years, benefits from the inclusion of more recent developments both in the remote-sensing field and in measurements of atmospheric constituents ... this new edition is much more than just a cosmetic updating of the old edition. The structure of the book has been modified to include new topics and many of the figures are new. This makes its purchase clearly justifiable not only for those who do not have the original edition, but also for those who do. For anyone with more than a superficial interest in atmospheric radiation, this book is mandatory reading, to gain an insight into the physical processes involved. * R.W. Sauders, Royal Meteorological Society *This is the book I actually used the most in my career to understand what I was trying to do with infrared instruments to study the atmospheres of the Earth and planets from spacecraft ... 'Goody' is still the Bible * Astronomy Now *Table of ContentsIntroduction ; 1. Theory of Radiative Transfer ; 2. Vibration-Rotation Spectra of Gaseous Molecules ; 3. Band Models ; 4. Absorption by Atmospheric Gases ; 5. Radiation Calculations in a Clear Atmosphere ; 6. Extinction by Molecules and Droplets ; 7. Radiative Transfer in a Scattering Atmosphere ; 8. Atmospheres in Radiative Equilibrium ; 9. Evolution of a Thermal Disturbance ; Appendix 1: Physical constants ; Appendix 2: Spectroscopic units ; Appendix 3: A model atmosphere ; Appendix 4: Properties of water vapor ; Appendix 5: The Planck function ; Appendix 6: The exponential integrals ; Appendix 7: The Ladenburg and Reiche function ; Appendix 8: The Elsasser function ; Appendix 9: The physical state of the sun

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Book SynopsisWeather has always affected human life. Understanding how weather events form and predicting what kind of weather is coming can help enormously to manage weather-risk and will become even more important as we shift towards strongly weather-dependent energy sources. Some big steps forward in numerical weather prediction have been made in the past 40 years, thanks to advances in four key areas: the way we observe the Earth, the scientific understanding of the phenomena, advances in high-performance computing (that have allowed the use of increasingly complex models), and improved modelling techniques. Today we are capable of predicting extreme events such as hurricanes and extra-tropical windstorms very accurately up to 7 to 10 days ahead. We can predict the most likely path and intensity of storms before they hit a community, estimate the confidence level of the forecast, and can give very valuable indications of their probable impact. Larger-scale phenomena that affect entire countriesTable of ContentsPreface 1 Weather And Climate 1.1 What Is The Key Difference Between Weather And Climate? 1.2 Do Weather And Climate Vary Spatially And Temporally? 1.3 Is There A Clear Separation Between Weather And Climate? 1.4 Is Weather Affected By All (Small-And-Fast And Large-And-Slow) Phenomena? 1.5 Which Coordinate System Is Used To Study Atmospheric And Oceanic Motions? 1.6 What Are The Key Weather Variables? 1.7 Why Does Weather Change? 1.8 How Are Motions In The Atmosphere Generated? 1.9 Key Points Discussed In Chapter One 'Weather And Climate' 2 The Earth System 2.1 What Does 'Earth System' Mean In Numerical Weather Prediction? 2.2 What Is An Accurate And Skilful Forecast? 2.3 What Are The Key Building Blocks Of An Earth System Model? 2.4 What Are The Key Processes Simulated By An Earth System Model? 2.5 How Is Heat Transported And Exchanged In The Earth System? 2.6 Where Does The Energy That Drives The Earth Climate Come From? 2.7 What Are The Key Similarities And Differences Of The Atmosphere And The Ocean? 2.8 Key Points Discussed In Chapter Two 'The Earth-System' 3 Observing The Earth System 3.1 Why Do We Need Observations? 3.2 What Are The Key Observation Types? 3.3 Are Observations Affected By Errors? 3.4 How Do Observation Information And Errors Propagate? 3.5 Did Covid Affect Weather Forecast Quality? 3.6 How Do We Observe The State Of The Atmosphere Using Satellites? 3.7 Do We Have Enough Observations To Determine The State Of The Earth-System? 3.8 Is It Important To Observe The Whole Atmosphere? 3.9 Key Points Discussed In Chapter Three 'Observing The Earth System' 4 Modelling The Earth System 4.1 From Where Should We Start To Model The Earth System? 4.2 What Are The State Variables Of A System? 4.3 How Many Variables Define The State Of The Whole Earth System? 4.4 What Is An Equation? 4.5 What Are Analytical And Numerical Solutions Of An Equation? 4.6 How Do We Deduce The Equations Used To Predict The Weather And The Climate? 4.7 What Is An Example Of A Set Of Equations That Can Predict The Weather? 4.8 How Do We Solve The Primitive Equations? 4.9 What Is The Difference Between A Prognostic And A Diagnostic Equation? 4.10 Can We Use Simple Models To Understand The Behaviour Of Complex Systems? 4.11 Key Points Discussed In Chapter Four 'Modelling The Earth System' 5 Numerical Weather Prediction 5.1 How Do We Solve Numerically The Primitive Equations? 5.2 What Are The Key Steps Involved In Operational Weather Prediction? 5.3 How Do We Determine The Initial Conditions? 5.4 What Is Data Assimilation? 5.5 Do We Need A Super-Computer For Numerical Weather Prediction? 5.6 Do We Need An Earth-System Model To Predict The Weather? 5.7 What Are The Key Differences Between A Global And A Limited-Area Model? 5.8 How Can We Assess Whether A Model Is Realistic And Accurate? 5.9 How Much Data Is Involved In Weather Prediction? 5.10 Key Points Discussed In Chapter Five 'Numerical Weather Prediction' 6 Chaos And Weather Prediction 6.1 What Is A Chaotic System? 6.2 What Is The Lorenz' 3-Dimensional Model? 6.3 What Is The 'Butterfly Effect'? 6.4 What Are The Sources Of Forecast Error? 6.5 How Can We Reduce Initial Condition Uncertainties? 6.6 How Can We Reduce Model Uncertainties? 6.7 How Do We Measure Forecast Errors? 6.8 What Is An Ensemble? 6.9 Are Ensemble Forecasts More Valuable Than Single Ones? 6.10 Key Points Discussed In Chapter Six 'Chaos And Weather Prediction' 7 Dealing With Uncertainties And Probabilistic Forecasting 7.1 How Do We Build An 'Accurate And Reliable' Ensemble? 7.2 What Is A Probabilistic Forecast? 7.3 How Can We Communicate Forecast Uncertainty? 7.4 How Can We Take Decisions Using Probabilistic Forecasts? 7.5 What Is A Scenario Forecast? 7.6 What Is A Cluster Analysis? 7.7 How Do We Measure The Accuracy And Reliability Of A Probabilistic Forecast? 7.8 What Are Reforecasts And Reanalyses? 7.9 Why Are Reanalyses And Reforecasts Useful? 7.10 Key Points Discussed In Chapter Seven 'Dealing With Uncertainties And Probabilistic Forecasting' 8 The Forecast Skill Horizon 8.1 Are Weather Forecasts More Accurate And Reliable Today Than In The Past? 8.2 How Did We Succeed To Improve The Accuracy And Reliability Of Weather Forecasts? 8.3 Can We Visualize In A Single Diagram Our Prediction Capabilities? 8.4 Why Does The Forecast Skill Depend On The Phenomena We Are Trying To Predict? 8.5 Are Extreme Events More Difficult To Predict Than The 'Normal' Weather? 8.6 What Is The Minimum Spatial Scale That A Model Can Simulate Realistically? 8.7 What Is The Minimum Spatial Scale Properly Resolved In Data Assimilation? 8.8 How Can We Further Extend Predictability? 8.9 Key Points Discussed In Chapter Eight 'The Forecast Skill Horizon' 9 Climate Change And Numerical Weather Prediction 9.1 Why Should We Talk About Climate Change In This Book? 9.2 What Is The Greenhouse Effect? 9.3 What Is The State Of The Climate? 9.4 How Much Greenhouse Gases Do We Emit In The Atmosphere? 9.5 Is There A Link Between Greenhouse Gas Emissions And Average Global Warming? 9.6 Are We Responsible For Climate Change? 9.7 What Are The Key Sources Of Uncertainty Affecting Climate Predictions? 9.8 What Do We Mean With 'Initial Value' And 'Boundary Condition' Problems? 9.9 Has Climate Change Impacted Weather Prediction? 9.10 Has Numerical Weather Prediction Helped Understanding Climate Change? 9.11 Which Aspects Of The Future Climate Can We Predict? 9.12 Key Points Discussed In Chapter Nine 'Climate Change And Numerical Weather Prediction' 10 A Look Into The Future 10.1 What Are The Focus Areas Of Research In Numerical Weather Prediction? 10.2 What Is An Earth Digital Twin? 10.3 Will We Be Able To Continue To Improve The Quality Of Weather Forecasts? 10.4 Will We Ever Be Able To Issue A 'Perfect' Forecast? 10.5 In 2050, Will We Be Able To Predict The Local Weather Of The Next Season? 10.6 Can Artificial Intelligence Lead To Improve Predictions? 10.7 What Is An 'Environmental Prediction Model'? 10.8 Is Weather Prediction Evolving Into Environmental Prediction? 10.9 As Global Models Keep Increasing Resolution, Will We Still Use Limited-Area Model? 10.10 Would A Future Operational Suite Look Very Different From Today's One? 10.11 Key Points Discussed In Section 10 'A Look Into The Future' Essential Glossary Further Reading Useful Links The Author

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Trade ReviewFredric Taylor's Elementary Climate Physics is an easy-to-read and useful introduction for undergraduate and graduate students who are intersted in this increasingly important area of physics. * David J. Lary, Physics Today *Table of Contents1. The Climate System ; 2. Solar Radiation and the Energy Budget of the Earth ; 3. Atmosphere and Climate ; 4. Clouds and Aerosols ; 5. Ocean and Climate ; 6. Radiative Transfer ; 7. Earth's Energy Budget: The Greenhouse Effect ; 8. The Ozone Layer ; 9. Climate Observations by Remote Sensing ; 10. Climate Sensitivity and Change ; 11. Climate Models and Predictions ; 12. Climate on other Planets ; 13. Epilogue

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Book SynopsisThe atmosphere is the thin, diffuse fluid that envelops the Earth''s surface. Despite its apparent fragility, the existence of this fluid is vital for human and other life on Earth.In this Very Short Introduction Paul Palmer describes the physical and chemical characteristics of different layers in the atmosphere, and shows how the interactions where the atmosphere is in contact with land, ocean, and ice affect its observed physical and chemical properties. He also looks at how movement in the atmosphere, driven by heat from the sun, transports heat from lower latitudes to higher latitudes, and is a fundamental feature of the general circulation in the atmosphere. Finally, Palmer presents an overview of the types of measurements used to understand different parts of the atmosphere, and identifies the future challenges for atmospheric scientists.ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.Trade ReviewPaul Palmer, a world-renowned atmospheric scientist, takes you through a tour of the origin and properties of the atmosphere, the processes controlling weather and climate, and the basic issues underlying air pollution and climate change. The easy conversational style, engaging pedagogical approach, and witty asides make this book a true pleasure to read and highly accessible. * Daniel Jacob, Harvard University *Table of Contents1: What is special about Earth's atmosphere? 2: Atmospheric physics 3: Atmospheric motion 4: Atmospheric composition 5: Atmospheric measurements 6: Our future atmosphere Further Reading Index

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Book SynopsisA number of extreme weather events have struck the Northern Hemisphere in recent years, from scorching heatwaves to desperately cold winters, and from floods and storms to droughts and wildfires. These events have fuelled intense discussions in scientific conferences, government agencies, cafes, and on street corners around the world. Why are these events happening? Is this the emerging signal of climate change, and should we expect more of this? Media reports vary widely, but one mysterious agent has risen to prominence in many cases: the jet stream.The story begins on a windswept beach in Barbados, from where we follow the ascent of a weather balloon that will travel along the jet stream all around the world. From this viewpoint we observe the effect of the jet in influencing human life around the hemisphere, and witness startling changes emerging. What is the jet stream and how well do we understand it? How does it affect our weather and is it changing? These are the main questions tackled in this book. We learn about how our view of the wind has developed from Aristotle''s early theories up to today''s understanding. We see that the jet is intimately connected with dramatic contrasts between climate zones and has played a key historical role in determining patterns of trade. We learn about the basic physics underlying the jet and how this knowledge is incorporated into computer models which predict both tomorrow''s weather and the climate of future decades. And finally, we discuss how climate change is expected to affect the jet, and introduce the vital scientific debate over whether these changes have contributed to recent extreme weather events.Trade ReviewWoollings suggests that the extreme weather events that have afflicted the northern hemisphere in recent years are connected to the behaviour of the jet stream. He outlines what we know about the jet stream and how it is affecting the planet's climate. * Survival: Global Politics and Strategy *[A] thoroughly original, highly imaginative book ... The book is approachable to an intelligent lay audience. It is judiciously and delightfully illustrated and told as an engaging narrative... * Richard Lofthouse, QUAD *[An] approachable exploration of the jet stream ... The reader is rewarded with plenty of juicy little facts ... a good and surprisingly enjoyable trip around a weather phenomenon. * Brian Clegg, Popular Science *As a professional meteorologist I particularly enjoyed this whirlwind tour through my chosen science in a book that brings seemingly disparate theories together to give a global understanding of the weather ... the book strikes the right balance between facts, figures and diagrams with personal stories about key players in the world of meteorology. I would highly recommend it to both professional meteorologists and those who have an interest in the weather and climate. * Katie Brown, Weather *This book is ideal for lay folk with basic school-level science who have an interest the weather and wish to learn a little more. It would also be a valuable summer holiday read for school leavers anticipating embarking on a meteorology or climate change related course. * Jonathan Cowie, The Science Fact & Science Fiction Concatenation *Tim Woollings is a great story-teller ... I was delighted to find this book a real page-turner! Each topic is treated with a judicious blend of vigor and rigor ... I think this book would be an excellent introduction to the global atmospheric circulation for anyone with a basic background in classical mechanics who is prepared to spend some time grappling with the concepts. But it would also be a good, rapid read for someone who wants a quick overview. * Professor David Andrews *This is an amazing book. In less than 200 slim pages it gives a very readable account of weather and climate ... The reader is given both an interesting historical background and an up-to-date account of many important issues, including climate change. * Sir Brian Hoskins, Imperial College London and University of Reading *This educative, scientifically sound and well-narrated story has the power to inspire further research and reading. A must read for atmospheric scientists and for anyone who enjoys studying our natural environment. * Panos Athanasiadis, CMCC, Bologna *Tim Woollings' book is a grand travelogue of weather, history, and geography, all connected to the winds that circle our globe and the people who have tried to understand them. Anyone who has watched a weather forecast and has wondered why the air does what it does will find this book fascinating. The science is up-to-date and accurate; Woollings doesn't settle for ordinary close-enough-but-wrong explanations but instead explains how weather and climate systems really work. You'll be amazed and awestruck at everything that happens to produce that puff of wind against your cheek. * John Nielsen-Gammon, Texas A&M University *Table of Contents1: Launch 2: Trades 3: Spin 4: Contrasts 5: Waves 6: Storm 7: Tracks 8: Experiments 9: Nino 10: Mountains 11: Gulf 12: Split 13: Drivers 14: Exit 15: Future 16: Changes 17: Confession

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Book SynopsisBy the late nineteenth century, engineers and experimental scientists generally knew how radio waves behaved, and by 1901 scientists were able to manipulate them to transmit messages across long distances. This title documents this monumental discovery and the advances in radio ionospheric propagation research that occurred in its aftermath.Trade Review"Chen-Pang Yeang's book is the major contribution to our knowledge of how physical theory and electrical experimentation worked together to explain the movement of radio waves beyond the horizon." (A. David Wunsch, University of Massachusetts Lowell)"

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Book SynopsisEngineers and experimental scientists generally knew how radio waves behaved, what no one could understand, however, was why radio waves followed the curvature of the Earth. The author documents this discovery and the advances in radio ionospheric propagation research that occurred in its aftermath.

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface 1. Introduction 2. Energy balance and transport 3. Tropical convection and planetary-scale circulation 4. The Madden-Julian Oscillation 5. Summer monsoons 6. Subtropical climate: Trade winds and low clouds 7. Equatorial Oceanography 8. Coupled feedbacks and tropical climatology 9. El Niño, the Southern Oscillation, and the global influence 10. Tropical Atlantic Variability 11. Indian Ocean variability 12. Extratropical variability and the influence on the tropics 13. Global warming: Thermodynamic effects 14. Regional climate change Epilogue

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Book SynopsisThe Atmosphere and Ocean is a fully revised and updated student friendly physical introduction to the atmosphere and ocean. Now in its Third Edition, the book continues to provide students with an accessible description of the atmosphere and ocean with emphasis on their physical properties and inter-dependence.Trade Review“This book is commendable for attempting such an approach to educate a new generation of scientists armed with a unifying view of the ocean and atmosphere. It is a unique book for those who seek knowledge of not only ocean or atmosphere but also their commonality, distinction, and interaction.” (Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 1 November 2012) "I highly recommend the comprehensive and readily understandable book The Atmosphere and Ocean: A Physical Introduction, 3rd Edition by Neil C. Wells, to any advanced undergraduate students in meteorology, climatology, oceanography, and earth sciences. The book is valuable as well as to any business leaders and public policy makers seeking an approachable book on the topic of the interdependency between the ocean and atmosphere. This book is an excellent and accessible textbook on the topic and should be given priority for anyone interested in learning and understanding the principles of the interrelationship between the planet's atmosphere and its ocean." (Blog Business World, 26 February 2012) Table of ContentsSeries Foreword ix Preface to the Third Edition xi 1 The Earth within the Solar System 1 1.1 The Sun and its constancy 1 1.2 Orbital variations in solar radiation 4 1.3 Radiative equilibrium temperature 8 1.4 Thermal inertia of the atmosphere 10 1.5 Albedo 14 1.6 The topography of the Earth’s surface 18 2 Composition and Physical Properties of the Ocean and Atmosphere 25 2.1 Evolution of the atmosphere and ocean 25 2.2 Present-day composition of sea water 29 2.3 Introduction to gases and liquids 31 2.4 Hydrostatic equilibrium 39 2.5 Adiabatic changes and potential temperature 41 2.6 Vertical stability of the ocean and atmosphere 46 3 Radiation, Temperature and Stability 53 3.1 Vertical variation of atmospheric constituents 53 3.2 The attenuation of solar radiation 58 3.3 Absorption of planetary radiation 65 3.4 Vertical temperature profile and its relation to radiation 67 3.5 The absorption of solar radiation in the ocean 75 3.6 Diurnal and seasonal temperature cycles in the ocean 78 4 Water in the Atmosphere 83 4.1 Introduction 83 4.2 The moist atmosphere 84 4.3 Measurement and observation of water vapour 86 4.4 Stability in a moist atmosphere 88 4.5 Processes of precipitation and evaporation: The formation of clouds 94 4.6 Macroscopic processes in cloud formation 106 5 Global Budgets of Heat, Water and Salt 111 5.1 The measurement of heat budgets at the surface 111 5.2 Observations of surface heat fluxes and budgets 117 5.3 The measurement of the water budget 126 5.4 Observations of the water budget 127 5.5 The salt budget of the ocean 131 5.6 Temperature and salinity relationships in the ocean 134 5.7 Tracers in the ocean 141 6 Observations of Winds and Currents 147 6.1 Measurement of winds and currents 147 6.2 Scales of motion in the atmosphere and ocean 159 6.3 Time averaged circulation 164 6.4 Time-dependent motion 175 7 The Influence of the Earth’s Rotation on Fluid Motion 181 7.1 An introduction to the Earth’s rotation 181 7.2 Inertial motion 184 7.3 Pressure gradients and geostrophic motion 187 7.4 Vorticity and circulation 197 7.5 The atmosphere and ocean boundary layers 206 7.6 Equatorial winds and currents 210 8 Waves and Tides 219 8.1 The spectrum of surface waves 219 8.2 Wind waves and swell 223 8.3 Long waves 230 8.4 Internal waves 234 8.5 Ocean tides 237 8.6 Storm surges 244 8.7 Atmospheric waves and tides 249 9 Energy Transfer in the Ocean-Atmosphere System 253 9.1 Modes of energy in the ocean–atmosphere system 253 9.2 The kinetic energy of the atmosphere and ocean 259 9.3 Mechanisms of kinetic energy transfer 262 9.4 General circulation of the atmosphere 271 9.5 General circulation of the ocean 277 10 Mathematical Modelling of the Ocean and Atmosphere 283 10.1 Introduction 283 10.2 Scientific modelling: A simple model of the surface layer of the ocean 284 10.3 A dynamical model of the ocean surface layer 288 10.4 Numerical solutions of mathematical models 291 10.5 Numerical solutions for momentum on a rotating Earth 293 10.6 Atmospheric and climate general circulation models 295 10.7 Global ocean models 301 10.8 Observations of the ocean and atmosphere 305 11 Atmosphere-Ocean Interaction 315 11.1 Air-sea interaction: An introduction 315 11.2 Seasonal anomalies of the ocean-land-atmosphere system 322 11.3 Interannual fluctuations in the ocean-atmosphere system 326 11.4 Decadal variations in the ocean-atmosphere system 332 12 Climate Change 337 12.1 Past climate observations 337 12.2 Mechanisms of climate change 341 12.3 Current climate change 346 12.4 Understanding recent climate change 350 12.5 Predicting future climate 351 Problems 353 Glossary 369 General Reading 377 Further Reading and References 379 Figure Sources 385 Appendices A Standard International (SI) Units 391 B SI Unit Prefixes 391 Index 393

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Book SynopsisThe IUPAC Series on Analytical and Physical Chemistry of Environmental Systems provides the scientific community with a critical evaluation of the state of the art on physicochemical structures and reactions in environmental systems, as well as on the analytical techniques required to study and monitor these systems.Table of ContentsAtmospheric Aerosol Size Distribution (R. Jaenicke). Atmospheric Aerosol Sampling (D. Mark). Inorganic Composition of Atmospheric Aerosols (M. Claes, et al.). Speciation Techniques for Fine Atmospheric Aerosols (R. Tanner). Structural Heterogeneity within Airborne Particles (J. Injuk, et al.). Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Tropospheric Aerosols (A. Wexler & S. Potukuchi). Dioxins, Dibenzofurans and PCBs in Atmospheric Aerosols (S. Harrad). Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Atmospheric Particles (D. Smith & R. Harrison). Carbonaceous Combustion Aerosols (H. Cachier). Primary Biological Aerosol Particles: Their Significance, Sources, Sampling Methods and Size Distribution in the Atmosphere (S. Mathias-Maser). Formation of Aerosol Particles from Biogenic Precursors (C. Hewitt & B. Davison). Source Inventories for Atmospheric Trace Metals (J. Pacyna). Dry Deposition of Particles (M. Zufall & C. Davidson). Wet Processes Affecting Atmospheric Aerosols (S. Jennings). Condensed Water Aerosols (J. Heintzenberg). Influence of Atmospheric Aerosols upon the Global Radiation Balance (H. Horvath). Index.

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Book SynopsisAtmospheric Pollution: History, Science, and Regulation provides a comprehensive introduction to the history and science of major air pollution issues. The book begins with an introduction to the basic atmospheric chemistry and the history of discovery of chemicals in the atmosphere, and then moves on to a discussion of the evolution of the earth's atmosphere, and the structure and composition of the present-day atmosphere. It then provides a comprehensive and accessible discussion of the five major atmospheric pollution topics: urban outdoor air pollution, indoor air pollution, acid deposition, stratospheric ozone reduction, and global climate change. The book contains numerous student examples and problems, over 200 color illustrations, and will form an ideal introductory textbook for a wide range of undergraduate and graduate courses on atmospheric pollution. It will also form a valuable reference text for researchers, and an introduction to the subject for general audiences.Trade Review' … useful to students of environmental science and others with its up-to-date material, easy style, problems and examples and outstanding illustrations. … it is packed with enough quantitative and qualitative information to form the basis of a lecture course, or to act as a primer for general reader interested in the whole issue of air pollution. I do not think that there is a better book for engaging interest in the science of air pollution and I, for one, will certainly be recommending it to my second-year students.' Chemistry in Britain'… a very readable book, which fulfils its major intent as a good introductory textbook on atmospheric pollution for undergraduate students.' Dimitris Melas, E. G. S. Newsletter'… for anyone with an interest in the evolution and causes of air pollution.' The Times Higher Education Supplement'I will be very surprised if this does not become one of the standard texts in this field, especially for environmental science courses at undergraduate and postgraduate level, as well as a general reference and sourcebook for anybody interested in the history of airborne pollutants and their study, pollution meteorologists and atmospheric chemists.' P. J. A. Burt, Weather'This material provided new insight into how trace gases were first discovered and how the atmosphere evolved.' Matt Fraser, Rice University'It is an ideal introductory textbook on atmospheric pollution for undergraduate and graduate students taking courses in atmospheric chemistry and physics, meteorology, environment law and politics, and city planning and regulation. it also is a valuable reference text for researchers and an introduction to the subject for general audiences. the book is international in its scope, contains numerous examples and problems, and 200 colour illustrations, thus making it very reader-friendly.' International Journal of Environmental Studies'… warmly recommended …'. Meteorologische Zeitschrift'As a textbook I would highly recommend this work …'. Open University Geological Society JournalTable of ContentsPreface; 1. Basics and history of discovery of atmospheric chemicals; 2. The Sun, the Earth, and the evolution of the Earth's atmosphere; 3. Structure and composition of the present-day atmosphere; 4. Urban air pollution; 5. Aerosol particles in smog and the global environment; 6. Effects of meteorology on air pollution; 7. Effects of pollution on visibility, UV radiation, and atmosphere optics; 8. International regulation of urban smog since the 1940s; 9. Indoor air pollution; 10. Acid deposition; 11. Global stratospheric ozone reduction; 12. The greenhouse effect and global warming; Conversions and constants; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book describes in detail the two-way interaction between wind and ocean waves. It will interest ocean wave modellers, physicists and applied mathematicians, and engineers interested in shipping and coastal protection.Trade ReviewReview of the hardback: '… the book succeeds in providing simple descriptions of not-so-simple processes, and practical applications that will be useful to wave modellers, meteorologists and oceanographers who work with air-sea interactions.' EOSTable of ContentsPreface; 1. Introduction; 2. The energy balance of deep-water oceans; 3. On the generation of ocean waves by wind; 4. Non-linear wave-wave interactions and wave-dissipation; 5. Wave forecasting and wind-wave interaction; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisClimate Systems Modeling presents an interdisciplinary and comprehensive study of the dynamics of the whole global system. As a comprehensive text it will appeal to students and researchers concerned with any aspect of climatology and the study of related topics in the broad earth and environmental sciences.Trade ReviewReview of the hardback: ' … well written … comprehensive and informative text … ought to be available in the libraries of universities offering these courses.' Chemistry in BritainReview of the hardback: ' … many new ideas and original figures … I foresee a very large success …' Atmospheric ResearchReview of the hardbacj: 'This is one of the most significant texts on climate modelling … every research student with an interest in climate should have a copy of this book.' EndeavourReview of the hardback: 'This book is excellent value for money and can be strongly recommended for all scientific libraries.' Polar ResearchTable of ContentsPart I. Introduction: 1. Introduction to climate modeling; 2. Human components of the climate system; Part II. The Science: Subsystems and Processes: 3. The atmosphere; 4. The ocean circulation; 5. Land surface; 6. Terrestrial ecosystems; 7. Atmospheric chemistry; 8. Marine biogeochemistry; Part III. Modeling and Parameterization: 9. Climate system simulation: basic numerical and computational concepts; 10. Atmospheric general circulation modeling; 11. Ocean general circulation modeling; 12. Sea ice models; 13. Land, ice and climate; 14. Biophysical models of land surface processes; 15. Chemistry transport methods; 16. Biogeochemical ocean models; Part IV. Couplings and Interactions: 17. Global coupled models: atmosphere, ocean, sea ice; 18. Tropical Pacific ENSO models: ENSO as a mode of the coupled system; Part V. Sensitivity Experiments and Applications: 19. Climate variability simulated in GCMs; 20. Climate-model responses to increased CO2 and other greenhouse gases; 21. Modeling large climatic changes of the past; 22. Changes in land use; Part VI. Future Prospects: 23. Climate system modeling prospects.

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Book SynopsisThe ionized material that constitutes plasma permeates almost all of the universe beyond the planets and their atmospheres and satellites. This book describes the linear theory of many different waves and instabilities that may propagate in a collisionless plasma. Electrostatic and electromagnetic fluctuations, and a variety of instability sources are considered. Applications of the theory are discussed with respect to spacecraft observations in the solar wind, terrestrial magnetosheath, magnetosphere and magnetotail and at the bow shock and magnetopause. Tables at the end of most chapters summarize wave and instability nomenclature and properties, and problems for the reader to solve are interspersed throughout the text. Together these make this book of great value to both the student and research worker in space physics.Table of Contents1. Introduction; 2. Electrostatic waves in uniform plasmas; 3. Electrostatic component/component instabilities in uniform plasmas; 4. Electrostatic drift instabilities in inhomogeneous plasmas; 5. Electromagnetic fluctuations in uniform plasmas; 6. Electromagnetic waves in uniform plasmas; 7. Electromagnetic temperature anisotropy instabilities in uniform plasmas; 8. Electromagnetic component/component instabilities in uniform plasmas.

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive introduction for advanced undergraduate and graduate students. This text covers basic theory, and develops it to illustrate some of the specialised topics in current physics, applied mathematics, astrophysics and engineering. It includes exercises throughout, and will also appeal to research physicists, nuclear and electrical engineers.Trade Review'The book provides a comprehensive and refreshing view of plasmas concentrating on the physical interpretation of plasma phenomena.' CERN Courier'This book is so well-structured and excellently written that it is a joy to read. It is highly recommended and it should become a classic just like its predecessor.' Journal of Plasma Physics'This is a mature and coherent text.' American Journal of Physics'Advanced undergraduate and graduate students of physics, applied mathematics, astronomy and engineering will find a clear but rigorous explanation of the fundamental properties of plasmas with minimal mathematical formality. This book will also appeal to research physicists, nuclear and electrical engineers.' Zentralblatt MATHTable of ContentsPreface; 1. Introduction; 2. Particle orbit theory; 3. Macroscopic equations; 4. Ideal magnetohydrodynamics; 5. Resistive magnetohydrodynamics; 6. Waves in unbounded homogeneous plasmas; 7. Collisionless kinetic theory; 8. Collisional kinetic theory; 9. Plasma radiation; 10. Non-linear plasma physics; 11. Aspects of inhomogeneous plasmas; 12. The classical theory of plasmas; Appendices; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisThe atmosphere is critical to climate change. It can amplify shifts in the climate system, and also mitigate them. This primer offers a short, reader-friendly introduction to these atmospheric processes and how they work. It looks at how our climate system receives energy from the sun and sheds it by emitting infrared radiation back into space.Trade Review"Readers ready for a book-length treatment of [the role of clouds in climate] may find the right level of detail in Atmosphere, Clouds, and Climate, a new book by Dr. Randall."--Justin Gillis, NYTimes.com's Green blog "In four chapters and a mere 139 pages, Randall provides readers with an impressively thorough conceptual understanding of the atmosphere's central role in climate... His passion consistently shines through."--Spencer Hill, Science "This book, part of the Princeton Primers in Climate series, is a very lucid and enjoyable introduction to weather and climate. Randall provides basic technical details, usually in the appendixes, but he devotes considerable effort to making the nine-chapter text accessible to a wide audience by including intuitive explanations for the concepts presented... Suitable for academic students and interested professionals who wish to have a basic understanding of the atmosphere."--Choice "[T]his primer does exactly what it sets out to do--provide a concise but rigorous introduction to a complex subject that affects us all on all scales."--John Brittan, Leading EdgeTable of ContentsPreface vii Chapter 1: Basics 1 Chapter 2: Radiative Energy Flows 27 Chapter 3: How Turbulence and Cumulus Clouds Carry Energy Upward 55 Appendix to Chapter 3: More about Eddy Fluxes 96 Chapter 4: How Energy Travels from the Tropics to the Poles 103 Appendix to Chapter 4: Conservation of Momentum on a Rotating Sphere 134 Chapter 5: Feedbacks 140 Chapter 6: The Water Planet 160 Chapter 7: Predictability of Weather and Climate 183 Chapter 8: Air, Sea, Land 206 Chapter 9: Frontiers 227 Notes 233 Glossary 239 Suggestions for Further Reading 247 Bibliography 253 Index 261

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Book SynopsisIn Atmospheric Things Derek P. McCormack explores how atmospheres are imagined, understood, and experienced through experiments with a deceptively simple object: the balloon. Since the invention of balloon flight in the late eighteenth century, balloons have drawn crowds at fairs and expositions, inspired the visions of artists and writers, and driven technological development from meteorology to military surveillance. By foregrounding the distinctive properties of the balloon, McCormack reveals its remarkable capacity to disclose the affective and meteorological dimensions of atmospheres. Drawing together different senses of the object, the elements, and experience, McCormack uses the balloon to show how practices and technologies of envelopment allow atmospheres to be generated, made meaningful, and modified. He traces the alluring entanglement of envelopment in artistic, political, and technological projects, from the 2009 Pixar movie Up and Andy Warhol’s 19Trade Review"Derek P. McCormack offers a unique perspective on the relationship between object and atmosphere ... This title brings a fresh lens to topics as diverse as sensory perceptions, the concept of allure, and understandings of volume. . . . Recommended. Graduate students and researchers." -- C. Leachman * Choice *"Atmospheric Things offers a bold new intervention in the study of media infrastructures with incredible lucidity. . . . This book will be instrumental to media scholars interested in new ways of thinking about the intersecting lines of infrastructure, affect, meteorology, envelopment, and even trauma and objecthood, where both human and nonhuman agencies from bodies to balloons are theorized in terms of the atmospheric. By inviting scholars to consider that the allure of atmospheres rests in its resistance to full perception and sense, and that the free-floating dirigibility of balloons offers productive ways to imagine and experience atmospheres, McCormack lays the groundwork for future work in atmospheric infrastructures and opens room for the enchanting, generative possibilities of simply letting go." -- Miguel Penabella * Synoptique *"A thoughtful, challenging and very perceptively written work. . . . This book is very much about finding new and experimental ways, using the atmospheric thing of the balloon, to make explicit the atmosphere as a political, ethical and aesthetic commons." -- Marijn Nieuwenhuis * Social & Cultural Geography *Table of ContentsAcknowledgments xi Introduction 1 1. Envelopment 17 2. Sensing 35 3. Allure 55 4. Release 79 5. Volume 101 6. Sounding 121 7. Tensions 145 8. Hail 171 9. Elements 195 Notes 219 Bibliography 259 Index 279

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Book SynopsisDerek P. McCormack analyzes artistic, political, and technological uses of the balloon to show how its properties and capacities are central to understanding how we sense, perceive, and modify meteorological and affective atmospheres as well as the force of the atmosphere in modern life.Trade Review"Derek P. McCormack offers a unique perspective on the relationship between object and atmosphere ... This title brings a fresh lens to topics as diverse as sensory perceptions, the concept of allure, and understandings of volume. . . . Recommended. Graduate students and researchers." -- C. Leachman * Choice *"Atmospheric Things offers a bold new intervention in the study of media infrastructures with incredible lucidity. . . . This book will be instrumental to media scholars interested in new ways of thinking about the intersecting lines of infrastructure, affect, meteorology, envelopment, and even trauma and objecthood, where both human and nonhuman agencies from bodies to balloons are theorized in terms of the atmospheric. By inviting scholars to consider that the allure of atmospheres rests in its resistance to full perception and sense, and that the free-floating dirigibility of balloons offers productive ways to imagine and experience atmospheres, McCormack lays the groundwork for future work in atmospheric infrastructures and opens room for the enchanting, generative possibilities of simply letting go." -- Miguel Penabella * Synoptique *"A thoughtful, challenging and very perceptively written work. . . . This book is very much about finding new and experimental ways, using the atmospheric thing of the balloon, to make explicit the atmosphere as a political, ethical and aesthetic commons." -- Marijn Nieuwenhuis * Social & Cultural Geography *Table of ContentsAcknowledgments xi Introduction 1 1. Envelopment 17 2. Sensing 35 3. Allure 55 4. Release 79 5. Volume 101 6. Sounding 121 7. Tensions 145 8. Hail 171 9. Elements 195 Notes 219 Bibliography 259 Index 279

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a gentle introduction to general relativity, striking a balance between ease of use and precision. As a coursebook, it matches a one-semester undergraduate class perfectly, concentrating on subjects of relevance today. Numerate readers will learn to appreciate the power and beauty of Einstein's creation for themselves.Trade Review'The approach in the book is unique and especially valuable for the student first encountering General Relativity. It shows in detail the computational steps involved in gaining the main results.' Rainer Weiss, Massachusetts Institute of Technology'I think this is an excellent introduction to General Relativity and its important applications to cosmology and gravitational wave astrophysics for the serious student who has not experienced the necessary mathematical formalism before and who is willing to follow the text and attempt the many examples. It is an ideal lead in to many of the more sophisticated modern textbooks which are now available.' Prof. Sir James Hough, OBE FRS FRSETable of ContentsPreface; 1. The principle of equivalence; 2. Tensors; 3. Matter in space-time; 4. Geodesics; 5. Einstein's equations; 6. Schwarzschild's solution; 7. Cosmology; 8. Gravitational waves; 9. A guide to further reading; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook explores approximate solutions to general relativity and their consequences. It offers a unique presentation of Einstein's theory by developing powerful methods that can be applied to astrophysical systems. Beginning with a uniquely thorough treatment of Newtonian gravity, the book develops post-Newtonian and post-Minkowskian approximation methods to obtain weak-field solutions to the Einstein field equations. The book explores the motion of self-gravitating bodies, the physics of gravitational waves, and the impact of radiative losses on gravitating systems. It concludes with a brief overview of alternative theories of gravity. Ideal for graduate courses on general relativity and relativistic astrophysics, the book examines real-life applications, such as planetary motion around the Sun, the timing of binary pulsars, and gravitational waves emitted by binary black holes. Text boxes explore related topics and provide historical context, and over 100 exercises present chalTrade Review'This remarkable book gives a superb pedagogical treatment of topics that are crucial for modern astrophysics and gravitational-wave science, but (sadly) are generally omitted from textbooks on general relativity, or treated much too briefly. With enthusiasm, I recommend this book to all astrophysicists, gravitational physicists, and students of these subjects.' Kip S. Thorne, California Institute of Technology'This book is likely to become the bedside reading of all students and working scientists interested in Newtonian and Einsteinian gravity. Pedagogically written using fully modern notation, the book contains an extensive description of the post-Newtonian approximation, and is replete with useful results on gravitational waves and the motion of bodies under gravity.' Luc Blanchet, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris'I know of no other text that compares with this compendium of tricks for calculating observables in the large fraction of the universe that is not near an event horizon. Eric Poisson and Clifford Will, two world-renowned leaders in the field, have produced the ideal manual for anyone who wishes to do calculations relevant to current experiments or upcoming gravitational-wave observations. … The clear, unified presentation in Gravity is a must-read for anyone wishing to absorb the material efficiently. … a great textbook for a special-topics graduate course after the introductory relativity course, a crucial study aid for anyone learning about astrophysical relativity and gravitational waves, and a lifelong reference for career researchers.' Benjamin Owen, Physics TodayTable of ContentsPreface; 1. Foundations of Newtonian gravity; 2. Structure of self-gravitating bodies; 3. Newtonian orbital dynamics; 4. Minkowski spacetime; 5. Curved spacetime; 6. Post-Minkowskian theory: formulation; 7. Post-Minkowskian theory: implementation; 8. Post-Newtonian theory: fundamentals; 9. Post-Newtonian theory: system of isolated bodies; 10. Post-Newtonian celestial mechanics, astrometry and navigation; 11. Gravitational waves; 12. Radiative losses and radiation reaction; 13. Alternative theories of gravity; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisA comprehensible introduction to the most fascinating research in theoretical physics: advanced quantum gravity. This book focuses on the physical and conceptual aspects of the problem and includes the background material needed to enter this lively domain of research, making it ideal for researchers and graduate students.Table of ContentsPreface; Part I. Foundations: 1. Spacetime as a quantum object; 2. Physics without time; 3. Gravity; 4. Classical discretization; Part II. The 3D Theory: 5. 3D Euclidean theory; 6. Bubbles and cosmological constant; Part III. The Real World: 7. The real world: 4D Lorentzian theory; 8. Classical limit; 9. Matter; Part IV. Physical Applications: 10. Black holes; 11. Cosmology; 12. Scattering; 13. Final remarks; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis comprehensive student manual provides the perfect accompaniment to the leading textbook by Bernard Schutz, A First Course in General Relativity. Meticulously detailed solutions to almost half of Schutz's exercises and 125 brand new supplementary problems enable undergraduates, postgraduates and self-learners to master general relativity with confidence.Trade Review'Robert B. Scott has done a great service to students and instructors alike by compiling this superb Student's Manual to Bernard Schutz's A First Course in General Relativity, a classic introductory textbook on general relativity. Not only does Scott present exquisitely detailed solutions to Schutz's exercises, he also proposes a large number of his own problems to further test the student's understanding. The student will benefit greatly from this resource, and will be eased into the subject by Scott's excellent advice.' Eric Poisson, University of Guelph, Ontario'In attempting to master any subject, there is no substitute for working through problems, and this is especially true for developing an understanding of relativity. This collection of solutions to a range of selected problems from Schutz's classic textbook A First Course in General Relativity contains carefully worked model answers that should provide an invaluable resource to generations of students.' Michael Hobson, University of Cambridge'This Student's Manual, with its detailed calculations and very pedagogical explanations, is an extremely valuable tool for learning general relativity and acquiring a solid foundation in this field. I highly recommend it!' Eric Gourgoulhon, Université Paris Diderot'The textbook by Bernard Schutz, A First Course in General Relativity, is one of the best regarded on the subject, and Robert Scott's 'student's manual' is an extremely good aid… Scott provides clear and detailed explanations and algebra so that the student can navigate through these problems with confidence … It seems to me that Scott's very helpful volume - which includes a number of further problems set by himself - will prove indispensable to any student who makes use of Schutz, and it may well provide an incentive for students and course directors to base their studies on this text … It might be possible to use Scott's book, which also includes material on special relativity, as an adjunct to other books on relativity … it might be worthwhile for users of other textbooks to check its compatibility. … this is a book that all students of general relativity should be aware of.' Peter J. Bussey, Contemporary Physics'This is an excellent companion volume for anyone contemplating teaching a first course in General Relativity … this book is a perfect companion to a textbook …' Paranjape Manu, Physics in CanadaTable of ContentsPreface; 1. Special relativity; 2. Vector analysis in special relativity; 3. Tensor analysis in special relativity; 4. Perfect fluids in special relativity; 5. Preface to curvature; 6. Curved manifolds; 7. Physics in curved spacetime; 8. The Einstein field equations; 9. Gravitational radiation; 10. Spherical solutions for stars; 11. Schwarzschild geometry and black holes; 12. Cosmology; Appendix A. Acronyms and definitions; Appendix B. Useful results; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisClimate research over recent decades has shown that the interaction between the ocean and atmosphere drives the global climate system. This engaging and accessible textbook focuses on climate dynamics from the perspective of the upper ocean, and specifically on the interaction between the atmosphere and ocean. It describes the fundamental physics and dynamics governing the behavior of the ocean, and how it interacts with the atmosphere, giving rise to natural climate variability and influencing climate change. Including end-of-chapter questions and turn-key access to online, research-quality data sets, the book allows readers the chance to apply their knowledge and work with real data. Comprehensive information is also provided on the data sets used to produce the numerous illustrations, allowing students to dive deeper into the data themselves. Providing an accessible treatment of physical oceanography, it is perfect for intermediate-advanced students wishing to gain an interdisciplinTrade Review'… covers all the essential classic and modern topics of oceanic and atmospheric dynamics … using a lively style of writing enhanced with compelling graphics … will appeal to a wide range of advanced undergraduates in physical oceanography and climate sciences, as well as to cross-disciplinary Earth system scientists.' Arthur J. Miller, University of California, San Diego'… this advanced undergraduate text provides a focused view of the essential place of the ocean in the coupled climate system. With vivid prose and clear explications of mathematical necessities Karnauskas has created an exceptionally efficient means to understand the climate system … At this time of urgent interest in climate this book should find the wide audience it deserves.' Mark A. Cane, Columbia University'… an accessible and comprehensive overview of the processes in the ocean that are important for climate, for upper level undergraduates to graduate students in the ocean and atmospheric sciences … The connection of the material to observational data sets through the Dive into the Data boxes in each chapter introduces students to data-driven discovery in ocean sciences.' LuAnne Thompson, University of Washington'This is no ordinary textbook. It takes us on a journey in exploring and understanding the physics of our planet's two fluids (one ocean, one atmosphere) and how they talk to each other … I highly recommend this textbook, written by a new leader in the study of our planet.' Susan K. Avery, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution'… an important and timely text that focuses squarely on the role of the ocean in the climate system. It is cleverly organized to present the oceanography that will help the reader understand the role of the ocean in climate dynamics. It is written in an accessible form that make it valuable both as a textbook and a reference book.' Enrique Curchitser, Rutgers University'Physical Oceanography and Climate fills a gap in the scientific literature at a time when the societal issues surrounding climate variability and change are becoming ever more urgent. This engagingly written book, with its focus on fundamentals and hands-on learning exercises, is a great introduction to the ocean's role in climate and why it matters. It will serve as a valuable resource for students and research scientists interested in the processes that govern ocean-atmosphere interactions and their consequences for the climate system.' Michael J. McPhaden, University of WashingtonTable of Contents1. Introduction; 2. The heat budget; 3. The salt budget; 4. The momentum budget; 5. The atmospheric interface; 6. Response to wind forcing; 7. Coupled climate variability; 8. Response to buoyancy forcing; 9. Climate change and the ocean; Index.

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Book SynopsisDownscaling is a widely used technique for translating information from large-scale climate models to the spatial and temporal scales needed to assess local and regional climate impacts, vulnerability, risk and resilience. This book is a comprehensive guide to the downscaling techniques used for climate data. A general introduction of the science of climate modeling is followed by a discussion of techniques, models and methodologies used for producing downscaled projections, and the advantages, disadvantages and uncertainties of each. The book provides detailed information on dynamic and statistical downscaling techniques in non-technical language, as well as recommendations for selecting suitable downscaled datasets for different applications. The use of downscaled climate data in national and international assessments is also discussed using global examples. This is a practical guide for graduate students and researchers working on climate impacts and adaptation, as well as for policTable of Contents1. Impacts, adaptation, vulnerability and decision making; 2. Global climate models; 3. Assessing climate change impacts at the regional scale; 4. Dynamical downscaling; 5. Empirical-statistical downscaling; 6. Added value of downscaling; 7. Uncertainty in future projections, and approaches for representing uncertainty; 8. Guidance and recommendations for use of (downscaled) climate information; 9. The future of regional downscaling; Index.

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Book SynopsisAn engaging, comprehensive, richly illustrated advanced undergraduate and graduate level textbook about the atmospheric general circulation, written by leading researchers. This textbook relates fundamental theoretical principles to observations, and contains extensive exercises and online resources.Trade Review'Sure to become the standard textbook and reference for those interested in the atmospheric circulation. Written by a team that can only be described as world-leading, and especially strong on graphical and visual aspects, the book will be immensely valuable for students and experienced scientists alike.' Geoffrey Vallis, University of Exeter'Surpasses any textbook currently available on the large-scale fluid dynamics of our atmosphere. The balance between figures, equations, and qualitative discussion is superb. Insightful nuggets interspersed throughout will provide food for thought for advanced students and researchers at all levels.' Isaac Held, formerly Princeton University and GFDL/NOAA'This book is an enormously broad and detailed overview of the atmospheric circulation that combines perspectives gained over the sixty-year career of the first author with resources and ideas that are truly up-to-date, ranging from the exploitation of global reanalysis datasets to provide illustrations of important atmospheric characteristics and phenomena, to discussion of very recent events such as the Tonga eruption earlier this year. Those who study the atmospheric circulation or, more broadly, the climate system, will find much here to inform and stimulate them. A book of this scope would surely not have been completed without the evident unselfish cooperation between the four main authors and the team of individual co-authors on particular chapters – to the great benefit of future readers. The illustrations alone, both those based on observations and those based on specially designed model studies, will be an immensely valuable resource to those teaching courses on the atmosphere and the climate.' Peter Haynes, Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP), University of Cambridge'This majestic, once-in-a-generation treatise is a graduate multi-course treasure-trove. The authors lead off starkly with the latest observations and ideas (heuristics), then lucidly review the rigorous skeleton of quantitative physical constraints and budgets. From that solid base, Parts III-V parade appreciatively through distinctly updated treatments of now-'classical' mid-20th century topics of the zonal mean and its deviations, and of the stratosphere, using the power of 21st-century theory, models, data, and (not least) display. The Tropics including moist variability and internal waves, long under-emphasized or scattered in the literature, are featured at generous length and depth in the especially novel contributions of Part VI.' Brian Mapes, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science, University of Miami'This book started with Mike Wallace wanting to write a summary of what has been learnt about the atmospheric general circulation since the mid-20th century. With the help of the other authors, this has been achieved in a superb book, containing a wonderful collection of figures together with a clear, concise theoretical development. It should be on the desk of anyone interested in the subject, from a student taking a course to a researcher aiming to enhance understanding of how the atmosphere works or how climate may change in future.' Sir Brian Hoskins, Imperial College London'Written by a team of highly regarded experts, this up-to-date book covers a very wide range of topics in the atmospheric general circulation in a well-organized fashion. The thorough treatment of both concepts and the more advanced mathematics will make this an important resource for advanced students and experienced researchers alike.' David Straus, George Mason University'This textbook provides a modern and comprehensive overview of the physical processes involved in the general circulation of the atmosphere. Rigorous discussions are accompanied by very clear schematics that make it easy to grasp even the most complex phenomena. It's engaging and fun … a real joy to read!' Giuseppe Torri, University of Hawaii'For students with some background in atmospheric dynamics, this is a landmark new textbook that provides a fascinating exploration of numerous aspects of the general circulation of the atmosphere. Wallace and co-authors expand what can be expected in a book on the general circulation, including circulations on many timescales in the tropical and extratropical troposphere and middle atmosphere, in all cases building understanding of the observed flows and physical mechanisms.' Paul O'Gorman, Massachusetts Institute of Technology'This is a truly outstanding textbook that offers a comprehensive overview of the atmospheric circulation system and its variability on a wide range of spatial/temporal scales as well as various (thermo-) dynamical processes involved, including air-sea interaction in the Tropics, wave-mean interaction in midlatitudes and troposphere-stratosphere linkages in low and high latitudes. By praiseworthy efforts of the author team led by Mike Wallace, excellent balance is achieved between illustrating phenomena and theoretically interpretating the involved processes. Although most of the topics concern natural variability in the climate system, this book is undoubtedly beneficial for understanding the ongoing anthropogenic climate change.' Hisashi Nakamura, University of Tokyo'This comprehensive study of the atmospheric general circulation, from the tropics to the pole, the troposphere to the stratosphere, strikes the right balance between observation, physical intuition, and theory. The authors have succeeded in producing an excellent textbook that is up-to-date, flexibly organized, and useful for multiple different classes – undoubtedly the go-to resource for experts and students alike.' Tiffany Shaw, University of ChicagoTable of ContentsPart I. Background: 1. Observations and Models; 2. Heuristic models of the general circulation; Part II. Balance Requirements for the General Circulation; 3. The angular momentum balance; 4. Mass balance of atmospheric trace constituents; 5. The balance of total energy; 6. The mechanical energy cycle; Part III. Dynamics of the Zonal Mean Flow: 7. Dynamics of the zonal mean flow; 8. Wave-mean-flow interaction; Part IV. The Stratospheric General Circulation; 9. The global circulation of the stratosphere; 10. Wave-mean flow interaction in the tropical stratosphere; Part V. The Zonally Varying Extratropical Tropospheric Circulation; 11. The boreal winter zonally-varying climatology; 12. The high frequency extratropical transients; 13. Low-frequency extratropical transients; Part VI. The Tropical General Circulation; 14. The annual mean circulation of the tropics; 15. Deep convection; 16. The seasons in the tropics; 17. El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO); 18. Intraseasonal variability of the tropical general circulation; 19. Higher frequency tropical weather systems; 20. Warm core tropical vortices; 21. Diurnal and higher frequency variability of the global circulation; Appendix A. Space and time averaging operations; Appendix B. The zonal momentum balance; Appendix C. Methods of identifying teleconnection patterns; Appendix D. Scaling and application of the Weak Temperature Gradient Approximation; Appendix E. Math symbols and abbreviations; Appendix F. Extended figure captions; Appendix G. Exercise answers.

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Book SynopsisThis unique text provides a thorough, yet accessible, grounding in the mathematics, statistics, and programming that students need to master for coursework and research in climate science, meteorology, and oceanography. Assuming only high school mathematics, it presents carefully selected concepts and techniques in linear algebra, statistics, computing, calculus and differential equations within the context of real climate science examples. Computational techniques are integrated to demonstrate how to visualize, analyze, and apply climate data, with R code featured in the book and both R and Python code available online. Exercises are provided at the end of each chapter with selected solutions available to students to aid self-study and further solutions provided online for instructors only. Additional online supplements to aid classroom teaching include datasets, images, and animations. Guidance is provided on how the book can support a variety of courses at different levels, making it a highly flexible text for undergraduate and graduate students, as well as researchers and professional climate scientists who need to refresh or modernize their quantitative skills.Trade Review'Climate Mathematics is an engaging work that provides students of climate science with the most essential mathematical and computational tools of the trade. This may well prove the most useful text they will encounter on the road to becoming climate scientists.' Kerry A. Emanuel, Massachusetts Institute of Technology'Combining traditional techniques with the judicious use of computer codes, Shen and Somerville show how mathematics is intimately connected with the science, and how it can be used to address climate problems occurring in the real world. The book is user-friendly for the beginner, but pays due attention to detail for the more advanced student. Taken with the extensive online resources, it brings a fresh new perspective to our curriculum that students and instructors will surely value.' Geoffrey Vallis, University of Exeter'This book provides a timely introduction to the mathematical approaches and statistical techniques that students will need to understand climate change and how to respond to its impacts. I especially like how it gets students into using the important programming capabilities of R and Python to do such analyses. Climate Mathematics is a wonderful resource - one I will use myself and recommend to all of our students.' Donald J. Wuebbles, University of Illinois, Urbana-ChampaignTable of Contents1. Dimensional analysis for climate science; 2. Basics of R programming; 3. Basic statistical methods for climate data analysis; 4. Climate data matrices and linear algebra; 5. Energy balance models for climate; 6. Calculus applications to climate science I: derivatives; 7. Calculus applications to climate science II: integrals; 8. Conservation laws in climate dynamics; 9. R graphics for climate science; 10. Advanced R analysis and plotting EOFs, trends, and global data; 11. R analysis of incomplete climate data; Appendix A. Dot product of two vectors; Appendix B. Cross product of two vectors; Appendix C. Spherical coordinates; Appendix D. Calculus concepts and methods; Appendix E. Sample solutions to the climate mathematics exercises.

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Book SynopsisCombining rigorous theory with practical application, this book provides a unified and detailed account of the fundamental equations governing atmospheric and oceanic fluid flow on which global, quantitative models of weather and climate prediction are founded. It lays the foundation for more accurate models by making fewer approximations and imposing dynamical and thermodynamical consistency, moving beyond the assumption that the Earth is perfectly spherical. A general set of equations is developed in a standard notation with clearly stated assumptions, limitations, and important properties. Some exact, non-linear solutions are developed to promote further understanding and for testing purposes. This book contains a thorough consideration of the fundamental equations for atmospheric and oceanic models, and is therefore invaluable to both theoreticians and numerical modellers. It also stands as an accessible source for reference purposes.Trade Review'Andrew Staniforth has produced a comprehensive and insightful book on the mathematical foundation of global atmosphere and oceanic modelling. For different geophysical fluid applications, he guides us masterfully from the first principles of fluid physics to their evolution equations. The book covers all the fundamental aspects of these equations including conservation laws and exact nonlinear solutions. This brilliant book is ideal for introducing graduate students to the subject matter as much as it is relevant for experts as a reference book.' Gilbert Brunet, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne'Well, this is an impressive book. It covers both the equations of motion and how those equations and their approximations can be used in models of the ocean and atmosphere. It is clearly written, careful and thorough, with a range and a depth that is unmatched elsewhere. It will be of immense value both to those interested in the fundamentals and those wishing to build models that have a sound foundation. It will be a standard for years to come.' Geoffrey K. Vallis, University of Exeter'This is the textbook I wish I'd had as a graduate student and course instructor! This is an incredibly comprehensive resource for students and researchers alike. I am confident the book will become the go to reference on atmospheric and oceanic modelling for the 2020s and beyond.' Andrew Weaver, University of Victoria'Global Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling is bound to become a classic in the literature of Geophysical Fluid Dynamics. Written by a multi-decade insider to the design of the numerical “dynamical cores” that are at the heart of the models employed for both weather prediction and climate change projection, the book provides a meticulously documented development of dynamically and thermodynamically self-consistent sets of equations that are employed to describe the evolution of these geophysical fluids. Highlights of the book include a careful development of the influence of the ellipsoidal shape of the planet which acts through the gravitational field on the evolution of these fluid domains.' W. Richard Peltier, University of Toronto'This text is a tremendous resource for anyone looking for a rigorous, thorough treatment of the fundamental equations needed for the development of dynamical cores of numerical models for weather and climate, especially for those interested and/or involved in model design and development. The treatment is detailed, general, and exact without ad-hoc approximations or simplifications. This includes a more truthful representation of variations in gravity due to the geometry of the system. Andrew Staniforth offers the reader unique insights from his experience of an entire career as a leading scholar in the field.' Thomas Birner, University of MunichTable of ContentsPreface. Notation and acronyms. Part I. Foundations: 1. Introduction; 2. Governing equations for motion of a dry atmosphere: Vector form; 3. Governing equations for motion of a cloudy atmosphere: Vector form; 4. Governing equations for motion of geophysical fluids: Vector form; 5. Orthogonal curvilinear coordinate systems; 6. Governing equations for motion of geophysical fluids: Curvilinear form; 7. Representation of gravity: Basic theory and spherical planets; 8. Representation of gravity: Further theory and spheroidal planets; 9. Thermodynamic potentials and thermodynamical consistency; 10. Moist thermodynamics; 11. Ocean thermodynamics; 12. Geopotential coordinates for modelling planetary atmospheres and oceans; 13. Vertical coordinates and boundary conditions; 14. Variational methods and Hamilton's principle of stationary action; 15. Conservation. Part II. Dynamically Consistent Equation Sets: 16. Deep and shallow equation sets in 3D; 17. Quasi-shallow equation sets in 3D; 18. Shallow water equation sets in 2D; 19. A barotropic potential vorticity (BPV) equation for flow over a spheroidal planet. Part III. Exact Steady and Unsteady Nonlinear Solutions: 20. Exact steady solutions of the global shallow water equations; 21. Exact 3D steady solutions of global equation sets; 22. Exact unsteady solutions of the barotropic potential vorticity equation over an ellipsoid; 23. Exact unsteady solutions in 3D over an ellipsoidal planet. Appendix. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisWritten for intermediate undergraduate students and independent learners with basic calculus, this Guide covers all of the core ideas of Special Relativity. It does so by using a modern, geometrical approach, which prepares the reader well for further study of General Relativity.Table of ContentsPreface. Table of Aims. 1. Introduction; 2. The axioms; 3. Length contraction and time dilation; 4. Spacetime and geometry; 5. The Lorentz transformation; 6. Vectors and kinematics; 7. Dynamics; A. An overview of general relativity; B. Relativity's contact with experimental fact; C. Maths revision; D. How to do calculations – a recipe. Bibliography. Index.

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