Metals technology / metallurgy Books

Book SynopsisComputer-aided design (CAD) technology is essential for modern design and manufacture in the workshop. With software more practical, affordable and accessible than ever, there has never been a better time to learn how to get the most out of CAD. Whether you are new to using CAD or ready to try more advanced software, this practical guide gives a thorough introduction to the technology and how to greatly enhance design and manufacture in the workshop. Topics covered include: techniques for designing and making artefacts in the workshop (not restricted to any specific CAD software package); guidance on software selection and general functionality; an overview of the conventions of technical drawing and, finally, case studies demonstrating the application of different CAD techniques for a range of projects.

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Book SynopsisLearn to weld, step by step, with this beginner’s guide.Welding for Beginners, adapted from Stephen Blake Christena’s Learn to Weld, has culled the absolute basics that are required to build a successful welding hobby and illustrated them in these pages. Both practical and inspiring, this book teaches you the basic equipment you will need, setting up your work area, techniques for beginners with project ideas for practicing your skills, dos and don’ts, and welding safety. If you are inexperienced and want to start out strong—whether working in a home workshop, school workshop, blacksmith shop, or auto shop—this is the perfect reference. The projects illustrate the basic foundation techniques that every welder needs to know, while also helping you tackle problems and fix mistakes as well as shortcuts and level ups. Photographs and illustrations teach welding and clear, c

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Book SynopsisWelding Metallurgy and Weldability of Stainless Steels, the first book in over twenty years to address welding metallurgy and weldability issues associated with stainless steel, offers the most up-to-date and comprehensive treatment of these topics currently available. The authors emphasize fundamental metallurgical principles governing microstructure evolution and property development of stainless steels, including martensistic, ferric, austenitic, duplex, and precipitation hardening grades. They present a logical and well-organized look at the history, evolution, and primary uses of each stainless steel, including detailed descriptions of the associated weldability issues.Trade Review"…offers a solid and detailed coverage of welding with stainless steels." (E-STREAMS, August 2006) "…an exciting metallurgy book…that is difficult to put down…the authors have performed an excellent piece of work in developing this book." (Materials and Manufacturing Processes, February 2006) "...a delight to read...has a wealth of information and written in a concise, informative manner…" (MRS Bulletin, January 2006) "...an authoritative resource for both students and professionals that serves as a handy reference...essential." (CHOICE, December 2005) "…information is not something that can be easily found in most metallurgical reference books…extremely useful for the selection or application of stainless steels." (Journal of Metals Online, July 21, 2005) "...an up-to-date textbook that will surely become a respected volume for years to come." (Welding Journal, September 2005)Table of Contents PREFACE xv 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Definition of a Stainless Steel 2 1.2 History of Stainless Steel 2 1.3 Types of Stainless Steel and Their Application 4 1.4 Corrosion Resistance 5 1.5 Production of Stainless Steel 6 References 7 2 PHASE DIAGRAMS 8 2.1 Iron–Chromium System 9 2.2 Iron–Chromium–Carbon System 10 2.3 Iron–Chromium–Nickel System 12 2.4 Phase Diagrams for Specific Alloy Systems 15 References 18 3 ALLOYING ELEMENTS AND CONSTITUTION DIAGRAMS 19 3.1 Alloying Elements in Stainless Steels 19 3.1.1 Chromium 20 3.1.2 Nickel 20 3.1.3 Manganese 21 3.1.4 Silicon 21 3.1.5 Molybdenum 22 3.1.6 Carbide-Forming Elements 22 3.1.7 Precipitation-Hardening Elements 23 3.1.8 Interstitial Elements: Carbon and Nitrogen 23 3.1.9 Other Elements 24 3.2 Ferrite-Promoting Versus Austenite-Promoting Elements 24 3.3 Constitution Diagrams 25 3.3.1 Austenitic–Ferritic Alloy Systems: Early Diagrams and Equivalency Relationships 25 3.3.2 Schaeffler Diagram 29 3.3.3 DeLong Diagram 33 3.3.4 Other Diagrams 34 3.3.5 WRC-1988 and WRC-1992 Diagrams 40 3.4 Austenitic–Martensitic Alloy Systems 43 3.5 Ferritic–Martensitic Alloy Systems 46 3.6 Neural Network Ferrite Prediction 50 References 52 4 MARTENSITIC STAINLESS STEELS 56 4.1 Standard Alloys and Consumables 57 4.2 Physical and Mechanical Metallurgy 59 4.3 Welding Metallurgy 63 4.3.1 Fusion Zone 63 4.3.2 Heat-Affected Zone 67 4.3.3 Phase Transformations 70 4.3.4 Postweld Heat Treatment 71 4.3.5 Preheat, Interpass, and Postweld Heat Treatment Guidelines 74 4.4 Mechanical Properties of Weldments 77 4.5 Weldability 77 4.5.1 Solidification and Liquation Cracking 78 4.5.2 Reheat Cracking 78 4.5.3 Hydrogen-Induced Cracking 79 4.6 Supermartensitic Stainless Steels 80 4.7 Case Study: Calculation of MS Temperatures of Martensitic Stainless Steels 84 References 86 5 FERRITIC STAINLESS STEELS 87 5.1 Standard Alloys and Consumables 88 5.2 Physical and Mechanical Metallurgy 92 5.2.1 Effect of Alloying Additions on Microstructure 95 5.2.2 Effect of Martensite 95 5.2.3 Embrittlement Phenomena 96 5.2.3.1 475°C Embrittlement 97 5.2.3.2 Sigma and Chi Phase Embrittlement 97 5.2.3.3 High-Temperature Embrittlement 98 5.2.3.4 Notch Sensitivity 103 5.2.4 Mechanical Properties 104 5.3 Welding Metallurgy 104 5.3.1 Fusion Zone 104 5.3.1.1 Solidification and Transformation Sequence 104 5.3.1.2 Precipitation Behavior 109 5.3.1.3 Microstructure Prediction 111 5.3.2 Heat-Affected Zone 112 5.3.3 Solid-State Welds 113 5.4 Mechanical Properties of Weldments 114 5.4.1 Low-Chromium Alloys 114 5.4.2 Medium-Chromium Alloys 116 5.4.3 High-Chromium Alloys 119 5.5 Weldability 123 5.5.1 Weld Solidification Cracking 123 5.5.2 High-Temperature Embrittlement 124 5.5.3 Hydrogen-Induced Cracking 126 5.6 Corrosion Resistance 126 5.7 Postweld Heat Treatment 130 5.8 Filler Metal Selection 132 5.9 Case Study: HAZ Cracking in Type 436 During Cold Deformation 132 5.10 Case Study: Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking in the HAZ of Type 430 135 References 137 6 AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS 141 6.1 Standard Alloys and Consumables 143 6.2 Physical and Mechanical Metallurgy 147 6.2.1 Mechanical Properties 149 6.3 Welding Metallurgy 151 6.3.1 Fusion Zone Microstructure Evolution 153 6.3.1.1 Type A: Fully Austenitic Solidification 154 6.3.1.2 Type AF Solidification 155 6.3.1.3 Type FA Solidification 155 6.3.1.4 Type F Solidification 158 6.3.2 Interfaces in Single-Phase Austenitic Weld Metal 162 6.3.2.1 Solidification Subgrain Boundaries 162 6.3.2.2 Solidification Grain Boundaries 163 6.3.2.3 Migrated Grain Boundaries 163 6.3.3 Heat-Affected Zone 164 6.3.3.1 Grain Growth 165 6.3.3.2 Ferrite Formation 165 6.3.3.3 Precipitation 165 6.3.3.4 Grain Boundary Liquation 166 6.3.4 Preheat and Interpass Temperature and Postweld Heat Treatment 166 6.3.4.1 Intermediate-Temperature Embrittlement 167 6.4 Mechanical Properties of Weldments 168 6.5 Weldability 173 6.5.1 Weld Solidification Cracking 173 6.5.1.1 Beneficial Effects of Primary Ferrite Solidification 175 6.5.1.2 Use of Predictive Diagrams 177 6.5.1.3 Effect of Impurity Elements 179 6.5.1.4 Ferrite Measurement 181 6.5.1.5 Effect of Rapid Solidification 182 6.5.1.6 Solidification Cracking Fracture Morphology 186 6.5.1.7 Preventing Weld Solidification Cracking 189 6.5.2 HAZ Liquation Cracking 189 6.5.3 Weld Metal Liquation Cracking 190 6.5.4 Ductility-Dip Cracking 194 6.5.5 Reheat Cracking 196 6.5.6 Copper Contamination Cracking 199 6.5.7 Zinc Contamination Cracking 200 6.5.8 Helium-Induced Cracking 200 6.6 Corrosion Resistance 200 6.6.1 Intergranular Corrosion 201 6.6.1.1 Preventing Sensitization 204 6.6.1.2 Knifeline Attack 205 6.6.1.3 Low-Temperature Sensitization 205 6.6.2 Stress Corrosion Cracking 206 6.6.3 Pitting and Crevice Corrosion 208 6.6.4 Microbiologically Induced Corrosion 208 6.6.5 Selective Ferrite Attack 209 6.7 Specialty Alloys 211 6.7.1 Heat-Resistant Alloys 211 6.7.2 High-Nitrogen Alloys 214 6.8 Case Study: Selecting the Right Filler Metal 220 6.9 Case Study: What’s Wrong with My Swimming Pool? 223 6.10 Case Study: Cracking in the Heat-Affected Zone 224 References 225 7 DUPLEX STAINLESS STEELS 230 7.1 Standard Alloys and Consumables 231 7.2 Physical Metallurgy 234 7.2.1 Austenite–Ferrite Phase Balance 234 7.2.2 Precipitation Reactions 237 7.3 Mechanical Properties 237 7.4 Welding Metallurgy 238 7.4.1 Solidification Behavior 238 7.4.2 Role of Nitrogen 240 7.4.3 Secondary Austenite 244 7.4.4 Heat-Affected Zone 246 7.5 Controlling the Ferrite–Austenite Balance 250 7.5.1 Heat Input 251 7.5.2 Cooling Rate Effects 251 7.5.3 Ferrite Prediction and Measurement 253 7.6 Weldability 254 7.6.1 Weld Solidification Cracking 254 7.6.2 Hydrogen-Induced Cracking 254 7.6.3 Intermediate-Temperature Enbrittlement 255 7.6.3.1 Alpha-Prime Embrittlement 256 7.6.3.2 Sigma Phase Embrittlement 256 7.7 Weld Mechanical Properties 259 7.8 Corrosion Resistance 261 7.8.1 Stress Corrosion Cracking 261 7.8.2 Pitting Corrosion 261 References 262 8 PRECIPITATION-HARDENING STAINLESS STEELS 264 8.1 Standard Alloys and Consumables 265 8.2 Physical and Mechanical Metallurgy 267 8.2.1 Martensitic Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steels 269 8.2.2 Semi-Austenitic Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steels 274 8.2.3 Austenitic Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steels 276 8.3 Welding Metallurgy 277 8.3.1 Microstructure Evolution 278 8.3.2 Postweld Heat Treatment 278 8.4 Mechanical Properties of Weldments 279 8.5 Weldability 280 8.6 Corrosion Resistance 285 References 285 9 DISSIMILAR WELDING OF STAINLESS STEELS 287 9.1 Applications of Dissimilar Welds 287 9.2 Carbon or Low-Alloy Steel to Austenitic Stainless Steel 288 9.2.1 Determining Weld Metal Constitution 288 9.2.2 Fusion Boundary Transition Region 291 9.2.3 Nature of Type II Boundaries 294 9.3 Weldability 296 9.3.1 Solidification Cracking 296 9.3.2 Clad Disbonding 298 9.3.3 Creep Failure in the HAZ of Carbon or Low-Alloy Steel 299 9.4 Other Dissimilar Combinations 301 9.4.1 Nominally Austenitic Alloys Whose Melted Zone Is Expected to Include Some Ferrite or to Solidify asPrimary Ferrite 301 9.4.2 Nominally Austenitic Alloys Whose Melted Zone Is Expected to Contain Some Ferrite, Welded to FullyAustenitic Stainless Steel 301 9.4.3 Austenitic Stainless Steel Joined to Duplex Stainless Steel 302 9.4.4 Austenitic Stainless Steel Joined to Ferritic Stainless Steel 302 9.4.5 Austenitic Stainless Steel Joined to Martensitic Stainless Steel 302 9.4.6 Martensitic Stainless Steel Joined to Ferritic Stainless Steel 302 9.4.7 Stainless Steel Filler Metal for Difficult-to-Weld Steels 303 9.4.8 Copper-Base Alloys Joined to Stainless Steels 305 9.4.9 Nickel-Base Alloys Joined to Stainless Steels 306 References 307 10 WELDABILITY TESTING 309 10.1 Introduction 309 10.1.1 Weldability Test Approaches 310 10.1.2 Weldability Test Techniques 310 10.2 Varestraint Test 311 10.2.1 Technique for Quantifying Weld Solidification Cracking 312 10.2.2 Technique for Quantifying HAZ Liquation Cracking 316 10.3 Hot Ductility Test 319 10.4 Fissure Bend Test 323 10.5 Strain-to-Fracture Test 328 10.6 Other Weldability Tests 329 References 329 APPENDIX 1 NOMINAL COMPOSITIONS OF STAINLESS STEELS 331 APPENDIX 2 ETCHING TECHNIQUES FOR STAINLESS STEEL WELDS 343 AUTHOR INDEX 347 SUBJECT INDEX 353

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Book SynopsisThe most up-to-date coverage of welding metallurgy aspects and weldability issues associated with Ni-base alloys Welding Metallurgy and Weldability of Nickel-Base Alloys describes the fundamental metallurgical principles that control the microstructure and properties of welded Ni-base alloys. It serves as a practical how-to guide that enables engineers to select the proper alloys, filler metals, heat treatments, and welding conditions to ensure that failures are avoided during fabrication and service. Chapter coverage includes: Alloying additions, phase diagrams, and phase stability Solid-solution strengthened Ni-base alloys Precipitation strengthened Ni-base alloys Oxide dispersion strengthened alloys and nickel aluminides Repair welding of Ni-base alloys Dissimilar welding Weldability testing High-chromium alloys used in nuclear power applications With its excellent balance between thTable of ContentsPreface xiii 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Ni-base Alloy Classification 2 1.1.1 Commercially Pure Nickel Alloys 2 1.1.2 Solid-Solution Strengthened Alloys 3 1.1.3 Precipitation-Strengthened Alloys 4 1.1.4 Other Specialty Alloys 5 1.2 History of Nickel and Ni-base Alloys 5 1.3 Corrosion Resistance 11 1.4 Nickel Alloy Production 12 References 14 2. Alloying Additions, Phase Diagrams, and Phase Stability 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 General Influence of Alloying Additions 16 2.3 Phase Diagrams for Solid-Solution Alloys 20 2.3.1 The Ni-Cu System 20 2.3.2 The Ni-Cr System 21 2.3.3 Ni-Mo System 22 2.3.4 The Ni-Fe-Cr System 22 2.3.5 Ni-Cr-Mo System 24 2.4 Phase Diagrams for Precipitation Hardened Alloys—„¶′ƒnFormers 26 2.5 Phase Diagrams for Precipitation-Hardened Alloys—„¶″ƒnFormers 30 2.6 Calculated Phase Stability Diagrams 33 2.7 PHACOMP Phase Stability Calculations 40 References 43 3. Solid-Solution Strengthened Ni-base Alloys 47 3.1 Standard Alloys and Consumables 47 3.2 Physical Metallurgy and Mechanical Properties 51 3.3 Welding Metallurgy 57 3.3.1 Microstructural Evolution in the Fusion Zone 57 3.3.2 Heat Affected Zone 81 3.3.3 Postweld Heat Treatment 82 3.4 Mechanical Properties of Weldments 91 3.4.1 Hydrogen Effects 91 3.4.2 Postweld Heat Treatment 93 3.5 Weldability 100 3.5.1 Fusion Zone Solidification Cracking 100 3.5.2 HAZ Liquation Cracking 118 3.5.3 Avoiding Solidification and Liquation Cracking 123 3.5.4 Ductility-Dip Cracking 128 3.6 Corrosion Resistance 143 3.7 Case Studies 149 3.7.1 Pitting Corrosion in MONEL® Welds 149 References 150 4. Precipitation-Strengthened Ni-base Alloys 157 4.1 Standard Alloys and Consumables 158 4.2 Physical Metallurgy and Mechanical Properties 161 4.3 Welding Metallurgy 173 4.3.1 Microstructural Evolution in the Fusion Zone 173 4.3.2 Heat-Affected Zone 201 4.3.3 Postweld Heat Treatment 204 4.4 Mechanical Properties of Weldments 206 4.5 Weldability 207 4.5.1 Solidification Cracking 208 4.5.2 HAZ Liquation Cracking 223 4.5.3 Strain-Age Cracking 235 References 248 5. Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Alloys and Nickel Aluminides 255 5.1 Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Alloys 255 5.1.1 Physical and Mechanical Metallurgy 255 5.1.2 Welding Metallurgy 259 5.1.3 Summary of the Weldability of ODS Alloys 268 5.2 Nickel Aluminide Alloys 268 5.2.1 Physical and Mechanical Metallurgy 268 5.2.2 Weldability of the Ni-Aluminides 272 5.2.3 Summary of the Weldability of Nickel Aluminide Alloys 276 References 278 6. Repair Welding of Ni-base Alloys 281 6.1 Solid-Solution Strengthened Alloys 281 6.2 Precipitation-Strengthened Alloys 283 6.2.1 Alloy 718 284 6.2.2 Waspaloy 295 6.3 Single Crystal Superalloys 298 6.3.1 Control of Single Crystal Weld Repairs 302 6.3.2 Solidification Cracking 314 6.3.3 Optimizing Processing Parameters 317 References 324 7. Dissimilar Welding 327 7.1 Application of Dissimilar Welds 327 7.2 Influence of Process Parameters on Fusion Zone Composition 328 7.3 Carbon, Low Alloy and Stainless Steels 331 7.3.1 Determining Weld Metal Constitution 332 7.3.2 Fusion Boundary Transition Region 334 7.3.3 Weldability 342 7.4 Postweld Heat Treatment Cracking in Stainless Steels Welded with Ni-base Filler Metals 347 7.5 Super Austenitic Stainless Steels 349 7.6 Dissimilar Welds in Ni-base Alloys—Effect on Corrosion Resistance 357 7.7 9%Ni Steels 357 7.7.1 Physical Metallurgy of 9%Ni Steels 357 7.7.2 Hot Cracking of Ni-base Deposits 361 7.8 Super Duplex Stainless Steels 363 7.9 Case Studies 364 7.9.1 Postweld Heat Treatment Cracking of Thick Section Welds in Alloy 800H Made withENiCrFe-2 Filler Metal 364 7.9.2 Alloy 925 Welded with ERNiCrMo-15 (INCO-WELD 725NDUR) for Manufacturing Vacuum Insulated Oil Patch Tubing 367 7.9.3 Corrosion-Fatigue of Alloy 625 Weld Overlays 369 7.9.4 Overlay of “Safe-End” Welds using High-Cr, Ni-base Filler Metals 373 References 376 8. Weldability Testing 379 8.1 Introduction 379 8.1.1 Weldability Testing Approaches 380 8.1.2 Types of Weldability Test Techniques 380 8.2 The Varestraint Test 381 8.2.1 Technique for Quantifying Weld Solidification Cracking 383 8.2.2 Technique for Quantifying HAZ Liquation Cracking 386 8.3 Modified Cast Pin Tear Test 388 8.4 The Sigmajig Test 392 8.5 The Hot Ductility Test 394 8.6 The Strain-to-Fracture Test 399 8.7 Other Weldability Tests 401 References 402 Appendix A Composition of Wrought and Cast Nickel-Base Alloys 403 Appendix B Composition of Nickel and Nickel Alloy Consumables 409 Appendix C Corrosion Acceptance Testing Methods 415 Appendix D Etching Techniques for Ni-base Alloys and Welds 419 Author Index 423 Subject Index 431

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Book Synopsis'At just past 300 pages, a lot of ground is covered, and this in-depth manual could well become your go-to resource." - Hemmings Motor News

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses the chemistry of the second and third row d-block metals, assuming a knowledge of the chemistry of the first row metals. Chapter 1 looks at the metals and summarizes occurrence, physical properties and uses. Chapter 2 considers periodic trends in properties. Chapter 3 considers aqueous solution chemistry, species present (with comparisons of the first row metal ions) and redox properties. Chapter 4 surveys structure: the range of coordination numbers shown by second and third row metals is often a topic for discussion in University courses. Chapter 5 looks at electronic spectra and magnetic properties, making comparisons with the first row the main objective of the chapter. Detailed mathematical treatments are not given. Chapter 6 considers metal-metal bonding, and the classes of compound that contain triple and quadruple bonds; the role of bridging ligands is introduced. Chapter 7 looks at selected clusters with a pi donar ligands (e.g. metal halo species) in which metal-metal bonding is important. Chapter 8 introduces the area of polyoxometallates, closing with a short discussion of the wide range of applications. The book contains many references to encourage wider reading by the student; in addition to textbooks of relevance, the author has included many recent literature citations, and a section called Metals in Action which gives citations which show the heavier metals at work in, for example, catalytic converters and molecular wires.Trade ReviewThis slender book is aimed at undergraduate students who have just been introduced to the inorganic and coordination chemistry of the second and third row d-block metals. It is carefully structured, clearly written, well illustrated, and provides up-to-date references from current literature...providing a much-needed introduction to the underlying chemistry of the heavier d-block metals, while touching a wide range of topics. It should be of great benefit to all with an interest in the heavier d-block metals./Alvin A. Holder/Chemistry in Britain July.provides a good introduction to the descriptive chemistry./Andrea Sella/Oxford Chemistry Primers No 73.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a cohesive overview of innovations, advances in processing and characterization, and applications for high entropy alloys (HEAs) in performance-critical and non-performance-critical sectors. It covers manufacturing and processing, advanced characterization and analysis techniques, and evaluation of mechanical and physical properties. With chapters authored by a team of internationally renowned experts, the volume includes discussions on high entropy thermoelectric materials, corrosion and thermal behavior of HEAs, improving fracture resistance, fatigue properties and high tensile strength of HEAs, HEA films, and more. This work will be of interest to academics, scientists, engineers, technologists, and entrepreneurs working in the field of materials and metals development for advanced applications.Features Addresses a broad spectrum of HEAs and related aspects, including manufacturing, processing, characterization, and properties <Table of ContentsHigh Entropy Alloys: An Overview on Current Developments. SECTION A: Innovations. 1.Interstitial Alloy Structuring of High Entropy Alloys. 2. Processing Challenges and Properties of Lightweight High Entropy Alloys. 3. High Entropy Alloys in Bulk Form: Processing Challenges and Possible Remedies. SECTION B: Advances. 4. Effect of Carbon Addition on the Microstructure and Properties of CoCrFeMnNi High Entropy Alloys. 5. Effect of Processing Route and Silicon Addition to High Entropy Alloy CoCrCuFeNiSix High Entropy Alloys. 6. The Corrosion and Thermal Behavior of AlCr1.5CuNi2FeCox High Entropy Alloys. 7. Examining, Analyzing, Interpreting, and Understanding the Fracture Resistance of High Entropy Alloys. 8. Thermodynamics of High Entropy Alloys. 9. Electrodeposition of High Entropy Alloy Coatings: Microstructure and Corrosion Properties. 10. Understanding Disordered Multicomponent Solid Solutions or High Entropy Alloys Using X-Ray Diffraction. 11. Microstructure and Cracking Noise in High Entropy Alloys. SECTION C: Applications. 12. Benefits of the Selection and Use of High Entropy Alloys for High-Temperature Thermoelectric Applications. 13. Fatigue Behavior of High Entropy Alloys: A Review. 14. Functional Properties of High Entropy Alloys. 15. High Entropy Alloys: Challenges in Commercialization and the Road Ahead. 16. Fracture and Fatigue Behavior of High Entropy Alloys: A Comprehensive Review. 17. Welding of High Entropy Alloys—Techniques, Advantages, and Applications: A Review. 18. High Entropy Alloys: A Potentially Viable Magnetic Material. 19. High Entropy Alloy Fibers Having High Tensile Strength and Ductility. 20. A Useful Review on High Entropy Films.

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Book SynopsisBehaviour of Steel Structures in Seismic Areas is a comprehensive overview of recent developments in the field of seismic resistant steel structures. It comprises a collection of papers presented at the fifth International Specialty Conference STESSA 2006, held in Yokohama, Japan, in August 2006. The latest progress in both theoretical and experimental research on the behaviour of steel structures in seismic areas is presented under the followings themes:Performance- Based Design of Structures; Seismic, Wind and Exceptional Load; Material Behaviour; Member Behaviour; Connection Behaviour; Global Behaviour; Analytical and Experimental Methods; Mixed and Composite Structures; Passive and Active Control; Strengthening and Repairing; Codification; Design, Fabrication and Practice. The intention of the book is to transfer the findings of scientists and experts involved in research, codification and application to the practical level, giving a complete framework of the most recen

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Book SynopsisSince the first edition of this book was published in 1995, the use of aluminum as a building material has increased by 23-percent. This revised edition meets the need for a book that presents accurate specifications and up-to-date design guidelines that clarify the Aluminum Association's 2000 Specifications for Aluminum Structures.Table of ContentsPreface to the 1st Edition. Preface to the 2nd Edition. PART I: INTRODUCTION. What's in this Book? What is Aluminum? Working with Aluminum. PART II: STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF ALUMINUM. Material Properties for Design. Explanation of the Aluminum Specificaton. Orientation to the Aluminum Specificaton. PART III: DESIGN CHECKS FOR STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS. Structural Members. Connections. Special Topics. PART IV: DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS. Structural Systems Built with Aluminum. PART V: LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN. Load and Resistance Factor Design. Appendix A: Pre-1954 Wrought Alloy Designations. Appendix B: Section Properties of Common Aluminum Shapes. Appendix C: Minimum Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Alloys. Appendix D: Allowable Stresses for Elements of Common Aluminum Shapes. Appendix E: LRFD Design Stresses for Elements of Common Aluminum Shapes. Appendix F: Column Buckling Allowable Stresses. Appendix G: Summary of the Aluminum Specification Design Provisions for Columns and Beams. Cross Reference to the Aluminum Specification. Appendix I: LRFD Design Stresses for Various Alloys. Appendix J: Other Aluminum Structural Design Specifications. Appendix K: Buckling Constants. Appendix L: Metric Conversions. Appendix M: Statistics. Appendix N: Technical Organizations. Glossary. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisUsing a totally new approach, this groundbreaking book establishesthe logical connections between metallurgy, materials modeling, andnumerical applications. In recognition of the fact that classicalmethods are inadequate when time effects are present, or whencertain types of multiaxial loads are applied, the new, physicallybased state variable method has evolved to meet these needs.Inelastic Deformation of Metals is the first comprehensivepresentation of this new technology in book form. It developsphysically based, numerically efficient, and accurate methods forpredicting the inelastic response of metals under a variety ofloading and environmental conditions. More specifically, Inelastic Deformation of Metals: * Demonstrates how to use the metallurgical information to developmaterial models for structural simulations and low cyclic fatiguepredictions. It presents the key features of classical and statevariable modeling, describes the different types of models andtheir attTable of ContentsRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN MATERIAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES. Physical Basis of Inelasticity. Tensile, Compressive, and Cyclic Characteristics of Metals. Creep of Metals. MULTIAXIAL PLASTICITY AND CREEP. Principles of Mechanics. Yield Surface Plasticity and Classical Creep Modeling. STATE-VARIABLE APPROACH. Foundation of State-Variable Modeling. Multiaxial and Thermomechanical Modeling. Single-Crystal Superalloys. Finite-Element Methods. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe historic breakthroughs in the science of metallurgy over thelast quarter century have produced an array of new metallicbuilding materials. Architects and designers now have a far broaderpalette of metals to choose from than at any other time in history,and metal is fast becoming the star building material featured insome of today''s most exciting new building projects. A book whose time has come, Archi-tectural Metals is the firstcomprehensive guide to the metals and metallic finishes currentlyavailable for use in architecture. Learn from a fourth-generationexpert in the field who has, over the past fifteen years, consultedon some of the world''s most prestigious building projects.Architectural Metals demystifies metals for architects, artisans,and design professionals providing them with a logical frameworkfor the selection and use of the correct material for the job athand. Encyclopedic in scope, Architectural Metals is an extremelyuser-friendly working resourceTable of ContentsAluminum. Copper. The Major Copper Alloys--Brasses, Bronzes, and Nickel Silver. Iron, Steel, and the Stainless Steels. Lead and Zinc. Monel and Titanium. Metallic Coatings on Metals. Paint Coatings on Metal. Appendices. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisAlthough sintering is an essential process in the manufacture of ceramics and certain metals, as well as several other industrial operations, until now, no single book has treated both the background theory and the practical application of this complex and often delicate procedure.Table of ContentsSintering Measurement Techniques. Solid-State Sintering Fundamentals. Microstructure and Processing Relations in Solid-StateSintering. Solid-State Sintering of Mixed Powders. Liquid-Phase Sintering. Pressure-Assisted Sintering. Novel Sintering Techniques. Sintering Atmospheres. Sintering Practice. Future Directions. Appendix. Index.

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Book SynopsisHigh Integrity Die Cast Processes covers the basic concepts for all die casting processes including molten metal, vacuum-die casting, squeeze casting, semi-solid metal working, and high-pressure casting. This process is competitive with traditional casting methods in rapidly growing markets for lightweight structural components.Trade Review"...gives an insight into the concepts behind advanced die casting technologies..." (Metal Bulletin Monthly, December 2002)Table of ContentsPreface. Figures and Tables. INTRODUCTION. 1 Introduction to High Integrity Die Casting Processes. 2 Molten Metal Flow in High Integrity Die Casting Processes. HIGH INTEGRITY DIE CASTING PROCESSES. 3 Vacuum Die Casting. Case Studies: Vacuum Die Casting. 4 Squeeze Casting. Case Studies: Squeeze Casting. 5 Semi-Solid Metalworking. Case Studies: Aluminum Semi-Solid Metalworking. Case Studies: Magnesium Semi-Solid Metalworking. 6 Thermal Balancing and Powder Die Lubricant Processes. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR HIGH INTEGRITY DIE CASTINGS. 7 Design for Manufacturability of High Integrity Die Castings. 8 Component Integration Using High Integrity Die Casting Processes. 9 Value Added Simulations of High Integrity Die Casting Processes. CONTROLLING QUALITY IN HIGH INTEGRITY DIE CASTING PROCESSES. 10 Applying Statistical Process Control to High Integrity Die Casting Processes. 11 Defects in High Pressure Casting Processes. VISIONS OF THE FUTURE. 12 Future Developments in High Integrity Die Casting. STUDY QUESTIONS. Appendix A: Common Nomenclature Related to High Integrity Die Casting Processes. Appendix B: Recommended Reading. B.1 Books. B.2 Papers. B.3 Periodicals. Appendix C: Material Properties of Aluminum. Appendix D: Die Cast Magnesium Material Properties. Index.

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Book SynopsisStresses on metal such as weight loads, torque, or friction cause fatigue on the member under analysis. This can result in cracking and the ultimate failure of the member.Table of ContentsIntroduction and Historical Overview. Fatigue Design Methods. Macro/Micro Aspects of Fatigue of Metals. Fatigue Tests and Stress-Life (S-N) Approach. Cyclic Deformation and the Strain-Life (-N) Approach. Fundamentals of LEFM and Applications to Fatigue Crack Growth. Notches and Their Effects. Residual Stresses and Their Effects on Fatigue Resistance. Fatigue from Variable Amplitude Loading. Multiaxial Stresses. Environmental Effects. Fatigue of Weldments. Statistical Aspects of Fatigue. Appendix. Indexes.

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Book SynopsisDue to a dramatic increase in the interest and understanding of boiler-tube failure analysis, this edition has been updated and expanded. New features include material on fluid dynamics, heat transfer and stress calculations; remaining life assessment of boilers being used beyond their original design expectations; mechanical engineering aspects of boiler design; more information on fatigue, creep, thermal stress for carbon as well as stainless steels; suggestions to prevent future failures.Table of ContentsDesign Considerations. Metallurgical Principles: Ferritic Steels. Stainless Steels. Failures Caused by Gas-Metal Reactions. Corrosion-Caused Failures. Weld Failures. Failure Prevention. Appendix. Index.

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Book SynopsisDescribing the different soldering methods in use today, this guide presents both their theory and practical applications. It covers the topics of cleaning, statistical quality control, through-hole and joining. The author relates all theory to practical, on-site situations.Table of ContentsSoldering. Surface Mount Technology. Solder Defects. Cleaning. Statistical Quality Control. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides the means of mastering the use of reactions in a range of solvents (aqueous, non-aqueous, molecular organic and inorganic, ionized molten salts). It indicates how to optimize these processes and continues by discussing the possibilities of large scale exploitation of these techniques (up to industrial processes), notably in the field of extractive metallurgy. In addition, detailed characteristics of electrochemical phenomena are presented.Table of ContentsCONTROLLED USE OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN SOLUTION--SELECTIVE BY APPLICATION MEANS OF AUXILLIARY REACTIONS. Quantitative Expression of the Effects of Complexation. Solubilisation and Insolubilisation-- Separation by Selective Dissolution or Precipitation. Oxidations and Reductions. Phase Transfer Reactions and Separations by Selective Extraction. REACTION MEDIA OTHER THAN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS. Molecular Solvents--Effects of the Solvent on the Reactivity of Solutes. Reactions in Molten Salts. Appendices. Theoretical Problems. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis volume by Michael Schutze, a world leader in this area of research, is the first volume to be published in the series. The formation of oxide layers is one of the most important areas of corrosion science and the author brings together for the first time in an English language text, work which has, until now, remained scattered.Table of ContentsBasic Requirements for the Protective Action of Oxide Scales. Development of Oxide Scales in High Temperature Technology. Mechanical Stresses in Oxide Scales and Their Causes. Deformation Behaviour and Deformation Mechanisms in Oxides. Damage to the Oxide Scale Resulting from Mechanical Stresses. Healing of Oxide Scale Damage. Depletion by Oxidation and Crack Healing of Alloying Elements WhichForm Protective Scales. Oxide Scale Damage Diagrams. Concluding Remarks. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisAlthough biomaterials have become a mature field of science with a wide range of applications, this is the first book of its kind to bring together all the metals and alloys with biomedical relevance, providing a reference for selecting a material for a new implant or modification.Table of ContentsSelection of Materials (H. Breme & J. Helsen). Metals and Implants (H. Breme, et al.). Shape Memory Alloys (J. Humbeeck, et al.). Degradation (in vitro-in vivo Corrosion) (D. Scharnweber). Surfaces, Surface Modification and Tailoring (H. Breme). Special Thin Organic Coatings (H. Worch). Adhesion of Polymers (W. Possart). Adhesion to Ceramics (H. Breme, et al.). Biological Response and Biocompatibility (H. Hildebrand & J.-C. Hornez). Tissue-Implant Interaction (R. Thull). Cells and Metals (D. Jones). X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (J. Pireaux & J. Riga). Atomic Force Microscopy (U. Hartmann). Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy as a Surface Analytical Technique for Biomaterials (J. Hubrecht). Retrieval Analysis (P. Laffargue, et al.). Index.

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Book SynopsisThis second edition, first published in 1953 when the mathematical formulation of the theory of metals was substantially completed, provides a valuable survey for physicists and research metallurgists. It is a critical survey of the electronic properties of solids. A detailed index provides a useful aid to independent reading.Table of ContentsPreface; 1. Historical introduction; 2. The motion of an electron in a perfect crystal lattice; 3. Metallic structures; 4. The structure of alloys; 5. Semi-conductors; 6. The thermal and magnetic properties of metals; 7. Ferromagnetism; 8. The formal theory of conduction; 9. The mechanism of conductivity; 10. Application of the variation principle to conduction phenomena; Appendix: the Firmi-Dirac statistics; List of important symbols, units and physical constants; Index of subjects; Index of names.

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Book SynopsisSuitable for practising civil and structural engineers in consulting firms, government agencies, research institutes, universities and colleges, this title guides and trains readers towards achieving expertise in the use of major and emerging construction materials.Table of ContentsIncludes case studies, common problems and practical advice Suggested further reading and websites at the end of each chapter Sustainability, durability and recycling assessed throughout

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Book SynopsisSeveral generations have now passed since iron making and working was an important trade in the Black Country. It was started by itinerant bloomers, who moved their bloomeries around the district to make use of local supplies of ore, smelting it with charcoal made from forest wood. Water-powered bloomeries were eventually replaced by blast furnaces, which in turn were replaced by coke-fired smelting furnaces. Black Country ironmasters had their share of success and failure, profits and loss, wealth and bankruptcy. Such is the nature of the trade that supply and demand created periods of expansion and then through over production an inevitable slump. Political factors also had influence. Wars created increased demand for iron for ordnance. When the battles were over and the wars won or lost, the bigger losers were the ironmasters and their workforce. However matters changed through the mid-nineteenth century, during the reign of Queen Victoria, when innovation and invention reached new heights.

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Book SynopsisIn Sheet Metal Shaping, award-winning automotive restorer demystifies the art of sheet metal shaping for enthusiasts of all skill levels.Trade Review“Of all the skills required for old car projects, manipulating metal is the one most closely regarded as a black art, one not easily conveyed in print…Ed Barr appears to possess that rare combination of highly defined skills along with the acumen to present them in a manner that absolute beginners can understand and use.” * Hemmings Motor News *Table of ContentsIntroduction 4 Chapter 1 The Peasant’s Toolkit 6 Chapter 2 Building Your Own English Wheel 14 Chapter 3 Building a Power Hammer from a Kit 26 Chapter 4 Introduction to Shape and Form 40 Chapter 5 The Low Crown Panel 46 Chapter 6 The High Crown Panel 54 Chapter 7 The Reverse Curve Panel 62 Chapter 8 Scratch-Built Fender 70 Chapter 9 Patch Panelpalooza 74 Chapter 10 Shiny Trim Repair 96 Chapter 11 The Nayslayer Model T Speedster 104 Chapter 12 Re-creating an Indy Race Car 122 Chapter 13 Building an Aluminum Motorcycle Fairing 140 Chapter 14 Building a Pair of Early Cadillac Fenders 148 Chapter 15 Building a ’34 Plymouth Fender 166 Chapter 16 Pourable Foam Buck 192 Chapter 17 Louvered Hoods 202 Chapter 18 MGB “Zagato” 220 Resources 236 Index 237 About the Author 240

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Book SynopsisThe Physical Principles of Magnetism... is such a classic -- a comprehensive introduction to all aspects of magnetism... The corrected reissue is a welcome addition to this much--needed archival series. Dr. Morrish presents an excellent introduction to the physics and mathematics of magnetism without oversimplification...Table of Contents1. The Magnetic Field. 1. Historical. 2. The Magnetic field Vector H. 3. The Magnetization Vector M. 4. Magnetic Induction, the Vector B. 5. The Demagnetization Factor D. 6. Energy of Interaction. 7. Magnetic Effects of Currents. The Magnetic Shell. Faraday's Law. 8. Maxwell's and Lorentz's Equations. 9. The Magnetic Circuit. 10. Dipole in a Uniform Field. 2. Diamagnetic and Paramagnetic Susceptibilities. 1. Introduction. 2. Review of Quantum Mechanical and Other Results. Diamagnetism. 3. The Langevin Formula for Diamagnetic Susceptibility. 4. Susceptibility of Atoms and Ions. 5. Susceptibility of Molecules. Paramagnetism. 6. Curie's Law. 7. Theoretical Derivations of Curie's Law. 8. Quantum Mechanical Treatment. 9. Susceptibility of Quasi-free Ions: the Rare Earths. 10. The Effect of the Crystalline Field. 11. The Iron Group Salts. 12. Covalent Binding and the 3d, 4d, 5d, and 5f-6d Transition Groups. 13. Saturation in Paramagnetic Substances. 14. Paramagnetic Molecules. 15. Paramagnetic Susceptibility of the Nucleus. 3. Thermal, Relaxation, and Resonance Phenomena in Paramagnetic Materials. 1. Introduction. Thermal Phenomena. 2. Summary of Thermodynamic Relationships. 3. The Magnetocaloric Effect: The Production and Measurement of Low Temperatures. Paramagnetic Relaxation. 4. The Susceptibility in an Alternating Magnetic Field. 5. Spin-Lattice Relaxation. 6. Spin-spin Relaxation. Paramagnetic Resonance. 7. Conditions for Paramagnetic Resonance. 8. Line Widths: the Effect of Damping. 9. Fine and Hyperfine Structure: the Spin-Hamiltonian. 10. The Spectra of the Transition Group Ions. The 3d group ions. Covalent binding and the 3d, Ad, 5d, and 5f-6d groups. 4/rare earth ions in salts. Transition ions in various host lattices. 11. The Spectra of Paramagnetic Molecules and Other Systems. Paramagnetic gases. Free radicals. Donors and acceptors in semiconductors. Traps, F-centers, etc. Defects from radiation damage. 12. The Three-Level Maser and Laser. 4. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. 1. Introduction. 2. Line Shapes and Widths. 3. Resonance in Nonmetallic Solids. 4. The Influence of Nuclear Motion on Line Widths and Relaxations. 5. The Chemical Shift: Fine Structure. 6. Transient Effects: the Spin-Echo Method. 7. Negative Temperatures. 8. Quadrupole Effects and Resonance. 9. Nuclear Orientation. 10. Double Resonance. 11. Beam Methods. 5. The Magnetic Properties of an Electron Gas. 1. Statistical and Thermodynamic Functions for an Electron Gas. 2. The Spin Paramagnetism of the Electron Gas. 3. The Diamagnetism of the Electron Gas. 4. Comparison of Susceptibility Theory with Experiment. 5. The De Haas-Van Alphen Effect. 6. Galvanomagnetic, Thermomagnetic, and Magnetoacoustic Effects. 7. Electron Spin Resonance in Metals. 8. Cyclotron Resonance. 9. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in Metals. 10. Some Magnetic Properties of Superconductors. 6. Ferromagnetism. 1. Introduction. 2. The Classical Molecular Field Theory and Comparison with Experiment. The spontaneous magnetization region. The paramagnetic region. Thermal effects. 3. The Exchange Interaction. 4. The Series Expansion Method. 5. The Bethe-Peierls-Weiss Method. 6. Spin Waves. 7. Band Model Theories of Ferromagnetism. 8. Ferromagnetic Metals and Alloys. 9. Crystalline Anisotropy. 10. Magnetoelastic Effects. 7. The Magnetization of Ferromagnetic Materials. 1. Introduction. 2. Single-Domain Particles. Critical size. Hysteresis loops. Incoherent rotations. Some experimental results. Other effects. 3. Superparamagnetic Particles. 4. Permanent Magnet Materials. 5. Domain Walls. 6. Domain Structure. 7. The Analysis of the Magnetization Curves of Bulk Material. Domain wall movements. Coercive force. Initial permeability. Picture frame specimens. The approach to saturation. Remanence. Nucleation of domains: whiskers. Barkhausen effect. Preisach-type models. External stresses. Minor hysteresis loops. 8. Thermal Effects Associated with the Hysteresis Loop. 9. Soft Magnetic Materials. 10. Time Effects. 11. Thin Films. 8. Antiferromagnetism. 1. Introduction. 2. Neutron Diffraction Studies. 3. Molecular Field Theory of Antiferromagnetism. Behavior above the Neel temperature. The Neel temperature. Susceptibility below the Neel temperature. Sublattice arrangements. The paramagnetic-antiferromagnetic transition in the presence of an applied magnetic field. Thermal effects. 4. Some Experimental Results for Antiferromagnetic Compounds. 5. The Indirect Exchange Interaction. 6. More Advanced Theories of Antiferromagnetism. The series expansion method. The Bethe-Peierls-Weiss method. Spin waves. 7. Crystalline Anisotropy: Spin Flopping. 8. Metals and Alloys. 9. Canted Spin Arrangements. 10. Domains in Antiferromagnetic Materials. 11. Interfacial Exchange Anisotropy. 9. Ferrimagnetism. 1. Introduction. 2. The Molecular Field Theory of Ferrimagnetism. Paramagnetic region. The ferrimagnetic Neel temperature. Spontaneous magnetization. Extension to include additional molecular fields. Triangular and other spin arrangements. Three sublattice systems. Ferromagnetic interaction between sublattices. 3. Spinels. 4. Garnets. 5. Other Ferrimagnetic Materials. 6. Some Quantum Mechanical Results. 7. Soft Ferrimagnetic Materials. 8. Some Topics in Geophysics. 10. Resonance in Strongly Coupled Dipole Systems. 1. Introduction. 2. Magnetomechanical Effects. 3. Ferromagnetic Resonance. 4. Energy Formulation of the Equations of Motion. 5. Resonance in Ferromagnetic Metals and Alloys. 6. Ferromagnetic Resonance of Poor Conductors. 7. Magnetostatic Modes. 8. Relaxation Processes. Relaxation via spin waves in insulators. Relaxation via spin waves in conductors. Fast relaxation via paramagnetic ions. Slow relaxation via electron redistribution. 9. Nonlinear Effects. 10. Spin-Wave Spectra of Thin Films. 11. Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Gyromagnetic Media. 12. Resonance in Unsaturated Samples. 13. Ferrimagnetic Resonance. 14. Antiferromagnetic Resonance. 15. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in Ordered Magnetic Materials. 16. The Mossbauer Effect. Appendix I. Systems of Units. Appendix II. Demagnetization Factors for Ellipsoids of Revolution. Appendix III. Periodic Table of the Elements. Appendix IV. Numerical Values for Some Important Physical Constants. Author Index. Subject Index.

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