Metals technology / metallurgy Books

Book SynopsisAt one time, most towns of any size had somewhere a small foundry that would undertake small casting jobs, often more out of interest and good neighbourliness than for commercial gain. Regrettably, those days are no more and the model engineer in many areas must either adapt commercially available castings or send away to a specialist foundry that will undertake small jobs, often at some expense and with some delay. The alternative is to make your own patterns and castings, which is in fact much easier than you may think. The Backyard Foundry covers basic principles, materials and techniques, pattern making, moulding boxes, cores and core-boxes, electric, gas and coke furnaces, and includes step-by-step procedures with examples of locomotive cylinders and wheels. Sources of specialised materials and even the design of an outdoor furnace suitable for small-scale commercial work are given. Each stage and subject is covered in detail so that even the inexperienced can undertake casting with confidence. Although the book is written primarily for the model engineer, anyone wishing to make mouldings or castings will profit from its pages.Table of ContentsPatterns. Plate Patterns. Cores, Core Boxes and Core Making. Casting Locomotive Cylinders. Wheels. Metal, the Furnace and Melting. Solid Fuel Furnace. Suppliers of Foundry Materials.

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Book SynopsisIn Sheet Metal Shaping, award-winning automotive restorer demystifies the art of sheet metal shaping for enthusiasts of all skill levels.Trade Review“Of all the skills required for old car projects, manipulating metal is the one most closely regarded as a black art, one not easily conveyed in print…Ed Barr appears to possess that rare combination of highly defined skills along with the acumen to present them in a manner that absolute beginners can understand and use.” * Hemmings Motor News *Table of ContentsIntroduction 4 Chapter 1 The Peasant’s Toolkit 6 Chapter 2 Building Your Own English Wheel 14 Chapter 3 Building a Power Hammer from a Kit 26 Chapter 4 Introduction to Shape and Form 40 Chapter 5 The Low Crown Panel 46 Chapter 6 The High Crown Panel 54 Chapter 7 The Reverse Curve Panel 62 Chapter 8 Scratch-Built Fender 70 Chapter 9 Patch Panelpalooza 74 Chapter 10 Shiny Trim Repair 96 Chapter 11 The Nayslayer Model T Speedster 104 Chapter 12 Re-creating an Indy Race Car 122 Chapter 13 Building an Aluminum Motorcycle Fairing 140 Chapter 14 Building a Pair of Early Cadillac Fenders 148 Chapter 15 Building a ’34 Plymouth Fender 166 Chapter 16 Pourable Foam Buck 192 Chapter 17 Louvered Hoods 202 Chapter 18 MGB “Zagato” 220 Resources 236 Index 237 About the Author 240

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Book Synopsis''Great characters, fine writing, totally engrossing'' STEPHEN KING It might have been the end of days. Instead it was the beginning of something shockingly new.They called the comet Cain, after the astronomer who discovered it. It passed 500,000 miles from Earth. We were spared planetary destruction and granted a light show like no other.But, one year later, Earth span into the debris field left by the comet and a meteor storm struck. Roads, buildings and even a small town were annihilated.The meteors impacted heavily around the dying mining town of Northfall, Minnesota. It was the night of a mysterious double murder, the deed overshadowed by the discovery that the burning remains of the rock contained an unknown substance more precious than gold: the Ninth Metal. And with that discovery, everything changed.Benjamin Percy is an award-winning novelist, celebrated comic books writer and author of the WolTrade ReviewPraise for THE NINTH METAL * : *When Benjamin Percy publishes a novel, I have got to read that novel. THE NINTH METAL continues his streak of thrilling, incisive genre bending goodness. It's a sci-fi novel, a crime novel and a super-hero novel, too. Audacious and intelligent and exactly what I was dying to read * Victor LaValle, author of The Changeling *Ben Percy will serve you the impossible-and by the end of every chapter, you will believe it and feel it as truth. Whether you choose to think of him as the Elmore Leonard of rural Minnesota or the Stephen King of Science Fiction, Percy-with his extraordinary and unrelenting eye-dishes up humanity like some kind of otherworldly blue plate special, at once deeply familiar and wildly new * Margaret Stohl, No. 1 New York Times Bestselling Author *Take one part dystopia, one part sci-fi, two parts apocalypse, then ride them roughshod through a bleak and bloody western, and it still wouldn't get close to what Ben Percy does here, which is blow open the core of humanity's dark heart * Marlon James, Booker Prize winning author of Black Leopard, Red Wolf *The plot is dynamic, featuring multiple viewpoints as well as corporate malfeasance, spooky cults, and family drama. This sounds complicated, and it is, but all of these moving parts work together due to strong characterization, especially the cheery rookie police officer Stacie Toal. The action is vivid without being too graphic, contributing to an overall cinematic feel. While the novel comes to a satisfying conclusion, this is the first book in an anticipated trilogy * Booklist *Debris from a comet drops a fabulously valuable new metal . . . turning it into a bloody, brawling boomtown. Great characters, fine writing, totally engrossing * Stephen King *Wildly entertaining * Publishers Weekly *A propulsive thriller that drops plenty of hints about a bigger picture to be discovered. Fast-paced and gripping, this will make you eager for the next in the Comet Cycle * Sci-Fi Bulletin *Percy's novel is a clever amalgamation of speculative fiction and family drama, of supercharged characters and regular folk, encompassing various viewpoints in a highly cinematic narrative. * Star Tribune *There's mystery and intrigue and a heavy dose of the Midwest in this book, which bills itself as a modern gold rush * Science Friday *The engine of the novel, first of a trilogy, has a lot of moving parts but Percy keeps them all meshing nicely together with sinewy prose and strong characterisation * Financial Times *It's a fast-paced book, full of gritty drama, surprising revelations that don't stray too far into incredulity, complex character dynamics and multiple layers of plot. It was great fun to read and had a real meteoric impact * ParSec *Reads like Stephen King, mixed with Lee Child with a dash of Marvel's Jessica Jones. I couldn't put it down * Concatenation *There's mystery and intrigue and a heavy dose of the Midwest in this book, which bills itself as a modern gold rush * Science Friday *

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Book SynopsisMetals are central to human civilization. Used in everything from technology to human bodily processes, we are constantly discovering new metal deposits in the earth, and refining our knowledge and understanding of these precious commodities.In this book, Pelikan discusses the importance of the classic 'seven metals' for humankind and nature, in the light of spiritual science. He adopts a phenomenological, Goethean approach, as developed by Rudolf Steiner, and considers the metals' various effects, including their therapeutic effects.Table of Contents1. The Metallic Condition on Earth2. Cosmic Aspects of the Metallic Nature3. Lead4. Tin5. Iron6. Gold7. Copper8. Quicksilver9. Silver10. Zinc11. Aluminum12. Nickel and Cobalt—Siblings of Iron13. Antimony14. The Nature of Sulphur

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Book Synopsis''Totally engrossing'' - STEPHEN KING on The Ninth Metal THE FINAL BOOK IN PERCY''S CRITICALLY CLAIMED COMET CYCLE SERIES!The comet, Cain, came from beyond our solar system, its debris containing elements unknown. Now, in the isolated region of Fairbanks, Alaska, the skies shift and stretch as an interstellar dust cloud seeds the atmosphere. When a plane shudders its way through pulpy, swirling, bruise-shaped clouds, lit with sudden cracks of lightning, the sky opens and the aircraft vanishes...but only for a minute.When the flight lands, everyone on board and in the community will be changed forever. Chuck Bridges, a local DJ and conspiracy theorist, was on board and later reported dead to his family, but not before proclaiming that something inside the clouds was speaking to him. Now his son, Theo, must chase down answers to the mystery his father unlocked. He''ll find himself at odds with Sophie Chen, an agent with a shaTrade ReviewPercy offers intriguing theoretical physics, a penetrating analysis of human greed, and deeply sympathetic characters. This standout combination of science and psychology is sure to wow SF fans. * Publishers Weekly (starred review) *An excellent continuation of the Comet Cycle * SciFi Bulletin *

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Book SynopsisThe Egyptian Museum of the University of Leipzig has the largest university collection of ancient Egyptian artefacts in Germany. It includes important objects from the excavations of the most prolific excavator among the museum’s curators, Georg Steindorff, at the sites of Abusir, Aniba, and Giza, complemented by objects from Abydos, Thebes, and Kerma. The catalogue represents the results of an interdisciplinary project by Egyptologist and archaeologist Martin Odler, archaeometalurgist Jiří Kmošek and other participating researchers. A selection of 86 artefacts was analysed using a range of archaeometallurgical methods (X-ray fluorescence; metallography; neutron activation analysis; lead isotope analysis), providing a diachronic sample of Bronze Age Egyptian copper alloy metalwork from Dynasty 1 to Dynasty 19. Besides currently popular focus on the ore provenance, the selection of the applied methods aimed also at the description of practical physical properties of the objects. The question of differences between full-size functional artefacts and models is addressed, as is the problem of 'imports' and their ethnic interpretation. The analyses brought many unexpected results to light, the most surprising being a bowl (ÄMUL 2162) made of arsenical copper high in nickel, which has parallels in Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age Anatolia, and was featured in an article in the Journal of Archaeological Science in 2018. The corpus presented here involves the largest analysed metalwork assemblage from the Nubian C-Group and the Egyptian New Kingdom, and it addresses the issue of the use of local Nubian ore sources versus the sources of copper from Cyprus and elsewhere.Table of ContentsForeword ; 1. Introduction ; 2. History of the collection ; 3. Egyptological framework of the study ; 4. Methodology of the analytical study ; 5. Dynasty-1 Abusir ; 6. Dynasty-2 Abydos ; 7. Old Kingdom Giza ; 8. First Intermediate Period and Middle Kingdom artefacts ; 9. C-Group Aniba ; 10 Kerma culture ; 11. Second Intermediate Period and New Kingdom Aniba ; 12. Other New Kingdom provenanced artefacts ; 13. Unprovenanced artefacts ; 14. Archaeometallurgical summary (JK) ; 15. Archaeological and historical summary (MO) ; 16. Concluding remarks ; 17. Bibliography

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Book SynopsisLearn to weld, step by step, with this beginner’s guide.Welding for Beginners, adapted from Stephen Blake Christena’s Learn to Weld, has culled the absolute basics that are required to build a successful welding hobby and illustrated them in these pages. Both practical and inspiring, this book teaches you the basic equipment you will need, setting up your work area, techniques for beginners with project ideas for practicing your skills, dos and don’ts, and welding safety. If you are inexperienced and want to start out strong—whether working in a home workshop, school workshop, blacksmith shop, or auto shop—this is the perfect reference. The projects illustrate the basic foundation techniques that every welder needs to know, while also helping you tackle problems and fix mistakes as well as shortcuts and level ups. Photographs and illustrations teach welding and clear, c

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Book SynopsisKathleen Ehrhardt's research addresses the early technological responses of the Late Protohistoric Illinois Indians, to European-introduced metal objects. In revealing actual Native practice, from material selection and procurement to ultimate discard, the author challenges technocentric explanations for Native material and cultural change.Trade ReviewThis is an impressive work, a benchmark study that has important implications for the way archaeologists look at the interaction between Natives and Europeans. - Marvin T. Smith, coauthor of Coosa: The Rise and Fall of a Southeastern Mississippian Chiefdom

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"Mineral Processing Technology will continue to be a key reference book for mineral engineering professionals and a recommended textbook for mineral processing students." --Mark S. Klima, Mineral Processing and Geo-Environmental Engineering, Pennsylvania State UniversityTable of Contents1. Introduction 2. Ore Handling 3. Metallurgical Accounting, Control and Simulation 4. Particle Size Analysis 5. Comminution 6. Crushers 7. Grinding Mills 8. Industrial Screening 9. Classification 10. Gravity Concentration 11. Dense Medium Separation (DMS) 12. Froth Flotation 13. Magnetic Separation 14. Ore Sorting 15. Dewatering 16. Tailings Disposal 17. Modelling and Characterisation

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Book SynopsisCeramography provides detailed instructions on how to saw, mount, grind, polish, etch, examine, interpret and measure ceramic microstructures. This new book includes an atlas of ceramic microstructures, quantitative microstructural example problems with solutions, properties and data tables specific to ceramic microstructures, more than 100 original photographs and illustrations, and numerous practical tips and tricks of the trade. An excellent reference guide for technicians in quality control and R&D, process engineers in ceramic manufacturing, and their counterparts in engineering firms, national laboratories, research institutes, and universities.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Ceramography in Materials Science. Crystallography. Laboratory Safety. Ceramographic Laboratory Design. Ceramic Fabrication. Ceramics Commercial Fabrication of Ceramics Laboratory Fabrication of Ceramics Sawing and Mounting. Sawing. Mounting. Edge Retention. Beveled Edge. Ceramographic Mounting Resins. Grinding and Polishing. Automatic Grinding. Automatic Polishing. Manual Grinding. Manual Polishing. Grinding and Polishing Accessories. Etching. Thermal Etching. Chemical Etching. Electrolytic Etching. Other Etching Methods. Overetched Ceramics. Petrographic Thin Section Preparation. Sawing. Mounting. Grinding. Optics and Microscopy. The Microscope. Köhler Illumination. Magnification and Resolution. Depth of Field. Differential Interference Contrast. Dark-Field Illumination. Oil Immersion. Stereomicroscopy. Crystal Optics. Petrography-Transmitted Light and Thin Sections. Replication and Field Ceramography. Sputter Coating. Scanning Electron Microscopy. Other Microscope Types. As-Fired Surface. Stereo Pairs. Acoustic Microscopy. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. Micrography. Atlas of Ceramic Microstructures. Alumina. Borides. Carbides. Composites. Metallized Ceramics. Nitrides. Oxides. Silicon Carbide. Spinel. Zirconia. Quantitative Ceramography. Stereology. Grain Size. Grain Shape. Porosity and Second-Phase Content. Microindentation Hardness. Toughness. Qualitative Ceramography. Morphology. Phase Determination. Preferred Orientation. Fractography. Artifacts. Image Analysis. Algorithm. Critical Aspects. Measurements. Digital Images. Appendix A: ASTM Procedures Applicable to Ceramography. Headings in the ASTM Subject Index. Appendix B: Ceramographic Equipment Manufacturers. Appendix C: Abrasive Size Equivalents.

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Book SynopsisDue to the structural flexibility, large surface area, tailorable pore size and functional tenability, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) can lead to materials with unique properties. This book covers the fundamental aspects of MOFs, their synthesis and modification, including their potential applications in different domains. The major focus is on applications including chemical, biosensors, catalysis, drug delivery, supercapacitors, energy storage, magnetics and their future perspectives.The volume: Covers all aspects related to metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), including characterization, modification, applications and associated challenges Illustrates designing and synthetic strategies for MOFs Describes MOFs for gas adsorption, separation and purification, and their role in heterogeneous catalysis Covers sensing of different types of noxious substances in the aqueous environment Includes concepts of molecular magnetism, tunable magnetic properties and future aspects This book is aimed at graduate students, and researchers in material science, coordination and industrial chemistry, chemical and environmental engineering and clean technologies.

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Book SynopsisOne of the only texts available to cover not only how failure occurs but also examine methods developed to expose the reasons for failure, Metal Failures has long been considered the most definitive and authoritative resources in metallurgical failure analysis.Table of ContentsPreface xv 1. Failure Analysis 1 I. Introduction 1 II. Examples of Case Studies Involving Structural Failures 6 III. Summary 25 References 25 Problems 26 2. Elements of Elastic Deformation 27 I. Introduction 27 II. Stress 27 III. Strain 32 IV. Elastic Constitutive Relationships 35 V. State of Stress Ahead of a Notch 44 VI. Summary 46 References 46 Appendix 2-1: Mohr Circle Equations for a Plane Problem 46 Appendix 2-2: Three-Dimensional Stress Analysis 49 Appendix 2-3: Stress Formulas Under Simple Loading Conditions 54 Problems 57 3. Elements of Plastic Deformation 59 I. Introduction 59 II. Theoretical Shear Strength 59 III. Dislocations 61 IV. Yield Criteria for Multiaxial Stress 68 V. State of Stress in the Plastic Zone Ahead of a Notch in Plane-Strain Deformation 70 VI. Summary 74 For Further Reading 75 Appendix 3-1: The von Mises Yield Criterion 75 Problems 76 4. Elements of Fracture Mechanics 80 I. Introduction 80 II. Griffith’s Analysis of the Critical Stress for Brittle Fracture 80 III. Alternative Derivation of the Griffith Equation 83 IV. Orowan-Irwin Modification of the Griffith Equation 84 V. Stress Intensity Factors 85 VI. The Three Loading Modes 88 VII. Determination of the Plastic Zone Size 88 VIII. Effect of Thickness on Fracture Toughness 89 IX. The R-Curve 91 X. Short Crack Limitation 92 XI. Case Studies 92 XII. The Plane-Strain Crack Arrest Fracture Toughness, K I a, of Ferritic Steels 95 XIII. Elastic-plastic Fracture Mechanics 96 XIV. Failure Assessment Diagrams 98 XV. Summary 101 References 101 Problems 102 5. Alloys and Coatings 105 I. Introduction 105 II. Alloying Elements 106 III. Periodic Table 107 IV. Phase Diagrams 108 V. Coatings 126 VI. Summary 130 References 130 Problems 130 6. Examination and Reporting Procedures 132 I. Introduction 132 II. Tools for Examinations in the Field 132 III. Preparation of Fracture Surfaces for Examination 133 IV. Visual Examination 133 V. Case Study: Failure of a Steering Column Component 134 VI. Optical Examination 135 VII. Case Study: Failure of a Helicopter Tail Rotor 136 VIII. The Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) 136 IX. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) 138 X. Replicas 142 XI. Spectrographic and Other Types of Chemical Analysis 143 XII. Case Study: Failure of a Zinc Die Casting 144 XIII. Specialized Analytical Techniques 145 XIV. Stress Measurement by X-Rays 146 XV. Case Study: Residual Stress in a Train Wheel 149 XVI. The Technical Report 150 XVII. Record Keeping and Testimony 151 XVIII. Summary 154 References 155 Problem 155 7. Brittle and Ductile Fractures 156 I. Introduction 156 II. Brittle Fracture 156 III. Some Examples of Brittle Fracture in Steel 159 IV. Ductile-Brittle Behavior of Steel 161 V. Case Study: The Nuclear Pressure Vessel Design Code 168 VI. Case Study: Examination of Samples from the Royal Mail Ship (RMS) Titanic 172 VII. Ductile Fracture 177 VIII. Ductile Tensile Failure, Necking 177 IX. Fractographic Features Associated with Ductile Rupture 183 X. Failure in Torsion 185 XI. Case Study: Failure of a Helicopter Bolt 185 XII. Summary 188 References 191 Problems 191 8. Thermal and Residual Stresses 196 I. Introduction 196 II. Thermal Stresses, Thermal Strain, and Thermal Shock 196 III. Residual Stresses Caused by Nonuniform Plastic Deformation 200 IV. Residual Stresses Due to Quenching 204 V. Residual Stress Toughening 207 VI. Residual Stresses Resulting from Carburizing, Nitriding, and Induction Hardening 207 VII. Residual Stresses Developed in Welding 209 VIII. Measurement of Residual Stresses 211 IX. Summary 211 References 211 Appendix 8-1: Case Study of a Fracture Due to Thermal Stress 212 Problems 213 9. Creep 216 I. Introduction 216 II. Background 216 III. Characteristics of Creep 217 IV. Creep Parameters 220 V. Creep Fracture Mechanisms 222 VI. Fracture Mechanism Maps 224 VII. Case Studies 225 VIII. Residual Life Assessment 230 IX. Stress Relaxation 232 X. Elastic Follow-up 233 XI. Summary 234 References 234 Problems 234 10. Fatigue 237 I. Introduction 237 II. Background 237 III. Design Considerations 240 IV. Mechanisms of Fatigue 246 V. Factors Affecting Fatigue Crack Initiation 254 VI. Factors Affecting Fatigue Crack Growth 257 VII. Analysis of the Rate of Fatigue Crack Propagation 261 VIII. Fatigue Failure Analysis 273 IX. Case Studies 276 X. Thermal-Mechanical Fatigue 285 XI. Cavitation 285 XII. Composite Materials 286 XIII. Summary 287 References 287 For Further Reading 290 Problems 290 11. Statistical Distributions 293 I. Introduction 293 II. Distribution Functions 293 III. The Normal Distribution 294 IV. Statistics of Fatigue; Statistical Distributions 296 V. The Weibull Distribution 298 VI. The Gumbel Distribution 302 VII. The Staircase Method 307 VIII. Summary 310 References 310 Appendix 11-1: Method of Linear Least Squares (C. F. Gauss, 1794) 311 Problems 314 12. Defects 316 I. Introduction 316 II. Weld Defects 316 III. Case Study: Welding Defect 321 IV. Casting Defects 328 V. Case Study: Corner Cracking during Continuous Casting 329 VI. Forming Defects 329 VII. Case Studies: Forging Defects 330 VIII. Case Study: Counterfeit Part 332 IX. The Use of the Wrong Alloys; Errors in Heat Treatment, etc. 333 X. Summary 334 References 334 Problems 334 13. Environmental Effects 336 I. Introduction 336 II. Definitions 336 III. Fundamentals of Corrosion Processes 337 IV. Environmentally Assisted Cracking Processes 342 V. Case Studies 348 VI. Cracking in Oil and Gas Pipelines 350 VII. Crack Arrestors and Pipeline Reinforcement 352 VIII. Plating Problems 353 IX. Case Studies 353 X. Pitting Corrosion of Household Copper Tubing 356 XI. Problems with Hydrogen at Elevated Temperatures 356 XII. Hot Corrosion (Sulfidation) 358 XIII. Summary 358 References 358 Problems 359 14. Flaw Detection 360 I. Introduction 360 II. Inspectability 360 III. Visual Examination (VE) 364 IV. Penetrant Testing (PT) 364 V. Case Study: Sioux City DC-10 Aircraft 367 VI. Case Study: MD-88 Engine Failure 374 VII. Magnetic Particle Testing (MT) 375 VIII. Case Study: Failure of an Aircraft Crankshaft 378 IX. Eddy Current Testing (ET) 382 X. Case Study: Aloha Airlines 384 XI. Ultrasonic Testing (UT) 384 XII. Case Study: B747 389 XIII. Radiographic Testing (RT) 389 XIV. Acoustic Emission Testing (AET) 391 XV. Cost of Inspections 393 XVI. Summary 393 References 394 Problems 394 15. Wear 396 I. Wear 396 II. The Coefficient of Friction 397 III. The Archard Equation 398 IV. An Example of Adhesive Wear 399 V. Fretting Fatigue 399 VI. Case Study: Friction and Wear; Bushing Failure 403 VII. Roller Bearings 404 VIII. Case Study: Failure of a Railroad Car Axle 410 IX. Gear Failures 410 X. Summary 414 References 414 Problems 415 Concluding Remarks 417 Solutions to Problems 419 Name Index 469 Subject Index 473

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TMS 2020 149th Annual Meeting & Exhibition | BookCurl

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Book SynopsisThis textbook offers a strong introduction to the fundamental concepts of materials science. It conveys the quintessence of this interdisciplinary field, distinguishing it from merely solid-state physics and solid-state chemistry, using metals as model systems to elucidate the relation between microstructure and materials properties.Mittemeijer's Fundamentals of Materials Science provides a consistent treatment of the subject matter with a special focus on the microstructure-property relationship. Richly illustrated and thoroughly referenced, it is the ideal adoption for an entire undergraduate, and even graduate, course of study in materials science and engineering. It delivers a solid background against which more specialized texts can be studied, covering the necessary breadth of key topics such as crystallography, structure defects, phase equilibria and transformations, diffusion and kinetics, and mechanical properties. The success of the first edition has led to this updated and extended second edition, featuring detailed discussion of electron microscopy, supermicroscopy and diffraction methods, an extended treatment of diffusion in solids, and a separate chapter on phase transformation kinetics.“In a lucid and masterly manner, the ways in which the microstructure can affect a host of basic phenomena in metals are described.... By consistently staying with the postulated topic of the microstructure - property relationship, this book occupies a singular position within the broad spectrum of comparable materials science literature .... it will also be of permanent value as a reference book for background refreshing, not least because of its unique annotated intermezzi; an ambitious, remarkable work.” G. Petzow in International Journal of Materials Research. “The biggest strength of the book is the discussion of the structure-property relationships, which the author has accomplished admirably.... In a nutshell, the book should not be looked at as a quick ‘cook book’ type text, but as a serious, critical treatise for some significant time to come.” G.S. Upadhyaya in Science of Sintering. “The role of lattice defects in deformation processes is clearly illustrated using excellent diagrams . Included are many footnotes, ‘Intermezzos’, ‘Epilogues’ and asides within the text from the author’s experience. This ..... soon becomes valued for the interesting insights into the subject and shows the human side of its history. Overall this book provides a refreshing treatment of this important subject and should prove a useful addition to the existing text books available to undergraduate and graduate students and researchers in the field of materials science.” M. Davies in Materials World. Trade Review“This is a quite comprehensive book with over 700 pages and excellent integration of figures, tables, and equations. … They provide great insights into the relationships between structure and properties that are fundamental to all materials scientists. … the book finds an excellent balance between theory and practical application. … Overall, Fundamentals of Materials Science: The Microstructure-Property Relationship Using Metals as Model Systems (Second Edition) by Eric J. Mittemeijer is an invaluable contribution to materials science.” (David P. Cann, Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 57, 2022)Table of ContentsPreface.- Dedication.- Foreword.- Chapter 1. Introduction.- Chapter 2. Electronic Structure of the Atom; the Periodic Table.- Chapter 3. Chemical Bonding in Solids;with Excursions to Material Properties.- Chapter 4. Crystallography.- Chapter 5. The Crystal Imperfection; Structure Defects.- Chapter 6. Analysis of the Microstructure; Analysis of Structural Imperfection: Light and Electron Microscopical and (X-ray) Diffraction Methods.- Chapter 7. Phase Equilibria.- Chapter 8. Diffusion.- Chapter 9. Phase Transformations: Introduction and Typology.- Chapter 10. Phase Transformations: Kinetics.- Chapter 11. Recovery, Recrystallization and Grain Growth.- Chapter 12. Mechanical Strength of Materials.- Index.

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Book SynopsisThe most up-to-date coverage of welding metallurgy aspects and weldability issues associated with Ni-base alloys Welding Metallurgy and Weldability of Nickel-Base Alloys describes the fundamental metallurgical principles that control the microstructure and properties of welded Ni-base alloys. It serves as a practical how-to guide that enables engineers to select the proper alloys, filler metals, heat treatments, and welding conditions to ensure that failures are avoided during fabrication and service. Chapter coverage includes: Alloying additions, phase diagrams, and phase stability Solid-solution strengthened Ni-base alloys Precipitation strengthened Ni-base alloys Oxide dispersion strengthened alloys and nickel aluminides Repair welding of Ni-base alloys Dissimilar welding Weldability testing High-chromium alloys used in nuclear power applications With its excellent balance between thTable of ContentsPreface xiii 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Ni-base Alloy Classification 2 1.1.1 Commercially Pure Nickel Alloys 2 1.1.2 Solid-Solution Strengthened Alloys 3 1.1.3 Precipitation-Strengthened Alloys 4 1.1.4 Other Specialty Alloys 5 1.2 History of Nickel and Ni-base Alloys 5 1.3 Corrosion Resistance 11 1.4 Nickel Alloy Production 12 References 14 2. Alloying Additions, Phase Diagrams, and Phase Stability 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 General Influence of Alloying Additions 16 2.3 Phase Diagrams for Solid-Solution Alloys 20 2.3.1 The Ni-Cu System 20 2.3.2 The Ni-Cr System 21 2.3.3 Ni-Mo System 22 2.3.4 The Ni-Fe-Cr System 22 2.3.5 Ni-Cr-Mo System 24 2.4 Phase Diagrams for Precipitation Hardened Alloys—„¶′ƒnFormers 26 2.5 Phase Diagrams for Precipitation-Hardened Alloys—„¶″ƒnFormers 30 2.6 Calculated Phase Stability Diagrams 33 2.7 PHACOMP Phase Stability Calculations 40 References 43 3. Solid-Solution Strengthened Ni-base Alloys 47 3.1 Standard Alloys and Consumables 47 3.2 Physical Metallurgy and Mechanical Properties 51 3.3 Welding Metallurgy 57 3.3.1 Microstructural Evolution in the Fusion Zone 57 3.3.2 Heat Affected Zone 81 3.3.3 Postweld Heat Treatment 82 3.4 Mechanical Properties of Weldments 91 3.4.1 Hydrogen Effects 91 3.4.2 Postweld Heat Treatment 93 3.5 Weldability 100 3.5.1 Fusion Zone Solidification Cracking 100 3.5.2 HAZ Liquation Cracking 118 3.5.3 Avoiding Solidification and Liquation Cracking 123 3.5.4 Ductility-Dip Cracking 128 3.6 Corrosion Resistance 143 3.7 Case Studies 149 3.7.1 Pitting Corrosion in MONEL® Welds 149 References 150 4. Precipitation-Strengthened Ni-base Alloys 157 4.1 Standard Alloys and Consumables 158 4.2 Physical Metallurgy and Mechanical Properties 161 4.3 Welding Metallurgy 173 4.3.1 Microstructural Evolution in the Fusion Zone 173 4.3.2 Heat-Affected Zone 201 4.3.3 Postweld Heat Treatment 204 4.4 Mechanical Properties of Weldments 206 4.5 Weldability 207 4.5.1 Solidification Cracking 208 4.5.2 HAZ Liquation Cracking 223 4.5.3 Strain-Age Cracking 235 References 248 5. Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Alloys and Nickel Aluminides 255 5.1 Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Alloys 255 5.1.1 Physical and Mechanical Metallurgy 255 5.1.2 Welding Metallurgy 259 5.1.3 Summary of the Weldability of ODS Alloys 268 5.2 Nickel Aluminide Alloys 268 5.2.1 Physical and Mechanical Metallurgy 268 5.2.2 Weldability of the Ni-Aluminides 272 5.2.3 Summary of the Weldability of Nickel Aluminide Alloys 276 References 278 6. Repair Welding of Ni-base Alloys 281 6.1 Solid-Solution Strengthened Alloys 281 6.2 Precipitation-Strengthened Alloys 283 6.2.1 Alloy 718 284 6.2.2 Waspaloy 295 6.3 Single Crystal Superalloys 298 6.3.1 Control of Single Crystal Weld Repairs 302 6.3.2 Solidification Cracking 314 6.3.3 Optimizing Processing Parameters 317 References 324 7. Dissimilar Welding 327 7.1 Application of Dissimilar Welds 327 7.2 Influence of Process Parameters on Fusion Zone Composition 328 7.3 Carbon, Low Alloy and Stainless Steels 331 7.3.1 Determining Weld Metal Constitution 332 7.3.2 Fusion Boundary Transition Region 334 7.3.3 Weldability 342 7.4 Postweld Heat Treatment Cracking in Stainless Steels Welded with Ni-base Filler Metals 347 7.5 Super Austenitic Stainless Steels 349 7.6 Dissimilar Welds in Ni-base Alloys—Effect on Corrosion Resistance 357 7.7 9%Ni Steels 357 7.7.1 Physical Metallurgy of 9%Ni Steels 357 7.7.2 Hot Cracking of Ni-base Deposits 361 7.8 Super Duplex Stainless Steels 363 7.9 Case Studies 364 7.9.1 Postweld Heat Treatment Cracking of Thick Section Welds in Alloy 800H Made withENiCrFe-2 Filler Metal 364 7.9.2 Alloy 925 Welded with ERNiCrMo-15 (INCO-WELD 725NDUR) for Manufacturing Vacuum Insulated Oil Patch Tubing 367 7.9.3 Corrosion-Fatigue of Alloy 625 Weld Overlays 369 7.9.4 Overlay of “Safe-End” Welds using High-Cr, Ni-base Filler Metals 373 References 376 8. Weldability Testing 379 8.1 Introduction 379 8.1.1 Weldability Testing Approaches 380 8.1.2 Types of Weldability Test Techniques 380 8.2 The Varestraint Test 381 8.2.1 Technique for Quantifying Weld Solidification Cracking 383 8.2.2 Technique for Quantifying HAZ Liquation Cracking 386 8.3 Modified Cast Pin Tear Test 388 8.4 The Sigmajig Test 392 8.5 The Hot Ductility Test 394 8.6 The Strain-to-Fracture Test 399 8.7 Other Weldability Tests 401 References 402 Appendix A Composition of Wrought and Cast Nickel-Base Alloys 403 Appendix B Composition of Nickel and Nickel Alloy Consumables 409 Appendix C Corrosion Acceptance Testing Methods 415 Appendix D Etching Techniques for Ni-base Alloys and Welds 419 Author Index 423 Subject Index 431

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Book SynopsisSince the first edition of this book was published in 1995, the use of aluminum as a building material has increased by 23-percent. This revised edition meets the need for a book that presents accurate specifications and up-to-date design guidelines that clarify the Aluminum Association's 2000 Specifications for Aluminum Structures.Table of ContentsPreface to the 1st Edition. Preface to the 2nd Edition. PART I: INTRODUCTION. What's in this Book? What is Aluminum? Working with Aluminum. PART II: STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF ALUMINUM. Material Properties for Design. Explanation of the Aluminum Specificaton. Orientation to the Aluminum Specificaton. PART III: DESIGN CHECKS FOR STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS. Structural Members. Connections. Special Topics. PART IV: DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS. Structural Systems Built with Aluminum. PART V: LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN. Load and Resistance Factor Design. Appendix A: Pre-1954 Wrought Alloy Designations. Appendix B: Section Properties of Common Aluminum Shapes. Appendix C: Minimum Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Alloys. Appendix D: Allowable Stresses for Elements of Common Aluminum Shapes. Appendix E: LRFD Design Stresses for Elements of Common Aluminum Shapes. Appendix F: Column Buckling Allowable Stresses. Appendix G: Summary of the Aluminum Specification Design Provisions for Columns and Beams. Cross Reference to the Aluminum Specification. Appendix I: LRFD Design Stresses for Various Alloys. Appendix J: Other Aluminum Structural Design Specifications. Appendix K: Buckling Constants. Appendix L: Metric Conversions. Appendix M: Statistics. Appendix N: Technical Organizations. Glossary. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisUsing a totally new approach, this groundbreaking book establishesthe logical connections between metallurgy, materials modeling, andnumerical applications. In recognition of the fact that classicalmethods are inadequate when time effects are present, or whencertain types of multiaxial loads are applied, the new, physicallybased state variable method has evolved to meet these needs.Inelastic Deformation of Metals is the first comprehensivepresentation of this new technology in book form. It developsphysically based, numerically efficient, and accurate methods forpredicting the inelastic response of metals under a variety ofloading and environmental conditions. More specifically, Inelastic Deformation of Metals: * Demonstrates how to use the metallurgical information to developmaterial models for structural simulations and low cyclic fatiguepredictions. It presents the key features of classical and statevariable modeling, describes the different types of models andtheir attTable of ContentsRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN MATERIAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES. Physical Basis of Inelasticity. Tensile, Compressive, and Cyclic Characteristics of Metals. Creep of Metals. MULTIAXIAL PLASTICITY AND CREEP. Principles of Mechanics. Yield Surface Plasticity and Classical Creep Modeling. STATE-VARIABLE APPROACH. Foundation of State-Variable Modeling. Multiaxial and Thermomechanical Modeling. Single-Crystal Superalloys. Finite-Element Methods. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisAlthough sintering is an essential process in the manufacture of ceramics and certain metals, as well as several other industrial operations, until now, no single book has treated both the background theory and the practical application of this complex and often delicate procedure.Table of ContentsSintering Measurement Techniques. Solid-State Sintering Fundamentals. Microstructure and Processing Relations in Solid-StateSintering. Solid-State Sintering of Mixed Powders. Liquid-Phase Sintering. Pressure-Assisted Sintering. Novel Sintering Techniques. Sintering Atmospheres. Sintering Practice. Future Directions. Appendix. Index.

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Book SynopsisUp-to-date coverage of vanadium research--in two accessible,self-contained volumes Vanadium in the Environment brings togetherthe contributions of leading experts on the chemical andtoxicological aspects of vanadium exposure and its effects onaquatic and terrestrial environments, human health, and wildlife.This initial volume focuses on chemistry and biochemistry, whilePart Two concentrates on health effects and toxicology in livingorganisms. Topics in this first volume include: * History, occurrence, and uses of vanadium * Vanadium in the atmosphere * Chemistry of relevance to vanadium in the environment * Water quality criteria for vanadium * Spectroscopic methods for the characterization of vanadiumcomplexes * Bioaccumulation and transfer of vanadium in marineorganisms * Structure, function, and models of biogenic vanadiumcompounds * Catalytic effects of vanadium on phosphoryl transferenzymes * Bioactivity of vanadium compounds on cells in cultureTable of ContentsHistory, Occurrence, and Uses of Vanadium (J. Nriagu). Emission of Vanadium into the Atmosphere (J. Nriagu & N.Pirrone). Vanadium in the Atmosphere (Y. Mamane & N. Pirrone). Chemistry of Relevance to Vanadium in the Environment (D. Crans, etal.). High Vanadium Content in Mt. Fuji Groundwater and Its Relevance to the Ancient Biosphere (T.Hamada). Water Quality Criteria for Vanadium with Reference to ImpactStudies on Freshwater Teleost Nuria dendricus (Hamilton) (S.Abbasi). Spectroscopic Methods for the Characterization of VanadiumComplexes (G. Micera & D. Sanna). Bioaccumulation and Transfer of Vanadium in Marine Organisms (P.Miramand & S. Fowler). Characterization of Vanadium in the Fan Worm Pseudopotamillaoccelata (T. Ishii). Selective Accumulation of Vanadium by Ascidians from Sea Water (H.Michibata & K. Kanamori). Structure, Function, and Models of Biogenic Vanadium Compounds (D.Rehder & S. Jantzen). Vanadium in Enzymes (R. Wever & W. Hemrika). Catalytic Effects of Vanadium on Phosphoryl Transfer Enzymes (G.Mendz). Energy Transduction Mechanisms as Affected by Vanadium(V) Species:Ca?2+-Pumping in Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (M. Aureliano & V.Madeira). Bioactivity of Vanadium Compounds on Cells in Culture (S.Etcheverry & A. Cortizo). Index.

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Book SynopsisHigh Integrity Die Cast Processes covers the basic concepts for all die casting processes including molten metal, vacuum-die casting, squeeze casting, semi-solid metal working, and high-pressure casting. This process is competitive with traditional casting methods in rapidly growing markets for lightweight structural components.Trade Review"...gives an insight into the concepts behind advanced die casting technologies..." (Metal Bulletin Monthly, December 2002)Table of ContentsPreface. Figures and Tables. INTRODUCTION. 1 Introduction to High Integrity Die Casting Processes. 2 Molten Metal Flow in High Integrity Die Casting Processes. HIGH INTEGRITY DIE CASTING PROCESSES. 3 Vacuum Die Casting. Case Studies: Vacuum Die Casting. 4 Squeeze Casting. Case Studies: Squeeze Casting. 5 Semi-Solid Metalworking. Case Studies: Aluminum Semi-Solid Metalworking. Case Studies: Magnesium Semi-Solid Metalworking. 6 Thermal Balancing and Powder Die Lubricant Processes. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR HIGH INTEGRITY DIE CASTINGS. 7 Design for Manufacturability of High Integrity Die Castings. 8 Component Integration Using High Integrity Die Casting Processes. 9 Value Added Simulations of High Integrity Die Casting Processes. CONTROLLING QUALITY IN HIGH INTEGRITY DIE CASTING PROCESSES. 10 Applying Statistical Process Control to High Integrity Die Casting Processes. 11 Defects in High Pressure Casting Processes. VISIONS OF THE FUTURE. 12 Future Developments in High Integrity Die Casting. STUDY QUESTIONS. Appendix A: Common Nomenclature Related to High Integrity Die Casting Processes. Appendix B: Recommended Reading. B.1 Books. B.2 Papers. B.3 Periodicals. Appendix C: Material Properties of Aluminum. Appendix D: Die Cast Magnesium Material Properties. Index.

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Book SynopsisWelding Metallurgy and Weldability of Stainless Steels, the first book in over twenty years to address welding metallurgy and weldability issues associated with stainless steel, offers the most up-to-date and comprehensive treatment of these topics currently available. The authors emphasize fundamental metallurgical principles governing microstructure evolution and property development of stainless steels, including martensistic, ferric, austenitic, duplex, and precipitation hardening grades. They present a logical and well-organized look at the history, evolution, and primary uses of each stainless steel, including detailed descriptions of the associated weldability issues.Trade Review"…offers a solid and detailed coverage of welding with stainless steels." (E-STREAMS, August 2006) "…an exciting metallurgy book…that is difficult to put down…the authors have performed an excellent piece of work in developing this book." (Materials and Manufacturing Processes, February 2006) "...a delight to read...has a wealth of information and written in a concise, informative manner…" (MRS Bulletin, January 2006) "...an authoritative resource for both students and professionals that serves as a handy reference...essential." (CHOICE, December 2005) "…information is not something that can be easily found in most metallurgical reference books…extremely useful for the selection or application of stainless steels." (Journal of Metals Online, July 21, 2005) "...an up-to-date textbook that will surely become a respected volume for years to come." (Welding Journal, September 2005)Table of Contents PREFACE xv 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Definition of a Stainless Steel 2 1.2 History of Stainless Steel 2 1.3 Types of Stainless Steel and Their Application 4 1.4 Corrosion Resistance 5 1.5 Production of Stainless Steel 6 References 7 2 PHASE DIAGRAMS 8 2.1 Iron–Chromium System 9 2.2 Iron–Chromium–Carbon System 10 2.3 Iron–Chromium–Nickel System 12 2.4 Phase Diagrams for Specific Alloy Systems 15 References 18 3 ALLOYING ELEMENTS AND CONSTITUTION DIAGRAMS 19 3.1 Alloying Elements in Stainless Steels 19 3.1.1 Chromium 20 3.1.2 Nickel 20 3.1.3 Manganese 21 3.1.4 Silicon 21 3.1.5 Molybdenum 22 3.1.6 Carbide-Forming Elements 22 3.1.7 Precipitation-Hardening Elements 23 3.1.8 Interstitial Elements: Carbon and Nitrogen 23 3.1.9 Other Elements 24 3.2 Ferrite-Promoting Versus Austenite-Promoting Elements 24 3.3 Constitution Diagrams 25 3.3.1 Austenitic–Ferritic Alloy Systems: Early Diagrams and Equivalency Relationships 25 3.3.2 Schaeffler Diagram 29 3.3.3 DeLong Diagram 33 3.3.4 Other Diagrams 34 3.3.5 WRC-1988 and WRC-1992 Diagrams 40 3.4 Austenitic–Martensitic Alloy Systems 43 3.5 Ferritic–Martensitic Alloy Systems 46 3.6 Neural Network Ferrite Prediction 50 References 52 4 MARTENSITIC STAINLESS STEELS 56 4.1 Standard Alloys and Consumables 57 4.2 Physical and Mechanical Metallurgy 59 4.3 Welding Metallurgy 63 4.3.1 Fusion Zone 63 4.3.2 Heat-Affected Zone 67 4.3.3 Phase Transformations 70 4.3.4 Postweld Heat Treatment 71 4.3.5 Preheat, Interpass, and Postweld Heat Treatment Guidelines 74 4.4 Mechanical Properties of Weldments 77 4.5 Weldability 77 4.5.1 Solidification and Liquation Cracking 78 4.5.2 Reheat Cracking 78 4.5.3 Hydrogen-Induced Cracking 79 4.6 Supermartensitic Stainless Steels 80 4.7 Case Study: Calculation of MS Temperatures of Martensitic Stainless Steels 84 References 86 5 FERRITIC STAINLESS STEELS 87 5.1 Standard Alloys and Consumables 88 5.2 Physical and Mechanical Metallurgy 92 5.2.1 Effect of Alloying Additions on Microstructure 95 5.2.2 Effect of Martensite 95 5.2.3 Embrittlement Phenomena 96 5.2.3.1 475°C Embrittlement 97 5.2.3.2 Sigma and Chi Phase Embrittlement 97 5.2.3.3 High-Temperature Embrittlement 98 5.2.3.4 Notch Sensitivity 103 5.2.4 Mechanical Properties 104 5.3 Welding Metallurgy 104 5.3.1 Fusion Zone 104 5.3.1.1 Solidification and Transformation Sequence 104 5.3.1.2 Precipitation Behavior 109 5.3.1.3 Microstructure Prediction 111 5.3.2 Heat-Affected Zone 112 5.3.3 Solid-State Welds 113 5.4 Mechanical Properties of Weldments 114 5.4.1 Low-Chromium Alloys 114 5.4.2 Medium-Chromium Alloys 116 5.4.3 High-Chromium Alloys 119 5.5 Weldability 123 5.5.1 Weld Solidification Cracking 123 5.5.2 High-Temperature Embrittlement 124 5.5.3 Hydrogen-Induced Cracking 126 5.6 Corrosion Resistance 126 5.7 Postweld Heat Treatment 130 5.8 Filler Metal Selection 132 5.9 Case Study: HAZ Cracking in Type 436 During Cold Deformation 132 5.10 Case Study: Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking in the HAZ of Type 430 135 References 137 6 AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS 141 6.1 Standard Alloys and Consumables 143 6.2 Physical and Mechanical Metallurgy 147 6.2.1 Mechanical Properties 149 6.3 Welding Metallurgy 151 6.3.1 Fusion Zone Microstructure Evolution 153 6.3.1.1 Type A: Fully Austenitic Solidification 154 6.3.1.2 Type AF Solidification 155 6.3.1.3 Type FA Solidification 155 6.3.1.4 Type F Solidification 158 6.3.2 Interfaces in Single-Phase Austenitic Weld Metal 162 6.3.2.1 Solidification Subgrain Boundaries 162 6.3.2.2 Solidification Grain Boundaries 163 6.3.2.3 Migrated Grain Boundaries 163 6.3.3 Heat-Affected Zone 164 6.3.3.1 Grain Growth 165 6.3.3.2 Ferrite Formation 165 6.3.3.3 Precipitation 165 6.3.3.4 Grain Boundary Liquation 166 6.3.4 Preheat and Interpass Temperature and Postweld Heat Treatment 166 6.3.4.1 Intermediate-Temperature Embrittlement 167 6.4 Mechanical Properties of Weldments 168 6.5 Weldability 173 6.5.1 Weld Solidification Cracking 173 6.5.1.1 Beneficial Effects of Primary Ferrite Solidification 175 6.5.1.2 Use of Predictive Diagrams 177 6.5.1.3 Effect of Impurity Elements 179 6.5.1.4 Ferrite Measurement 181 6.5.1.5 Effect of Rapid Solidification 182 6.5.1.6 Solidification Cracking Fracture Morphology 186 6.5.1.7 Preventing Weld Solidification Cracking 189 6.5.2 HAZ Liquation Cracking 189 6.5.3 Weld Metal Liquation Cracking 190 6.5.4 Ductility-Dip Cracking 194 6.5.5 Reheat Cracking 196 6.5.6 Copper Contamination Cracking 199 6.5.7 Zinc Contamination Cracking 200 6.5.8 Helium-Induced Cracking 200 6.6 Corrosion Resistance 200 6.6.1 Intergranular Corrosion 201 6.6.1.1 Preventing Sensitization 204 6.6.1.2 Knifeline Attack 205 6.6.1.3 Low-Temperature Sensitization 205 6.6.2 Stress Corrosion Cracking 206 6.6.3 Pitting and Crevice Corrosion 208 6.6.4 Microbiologically Induced Corrosion 208 6.6.5 Selective Ferrite Attack 209 6.7 Specialty Alloys 211 6.7.1 Heat-Resistant Alloys 211 6.7.2 High-Nitrogen Alloys 214 6.8 Case Study: Selecting the Right Filler Metal 220 6.9 Case Study: What’s Wrong with My Swimming Pool? 223 6.10 Case Study: Cracking in the Heat-Affected Zone 224 References 225 7 DUPLEX STAINLESS STEELS 230 7.1 Standard Alloys and Consumables 231 7.2 Physical Metallurgy 234 7.2.1 Austenite–Ferrite Phase Balance 234 7.2.2 Precipitation Reactions 237 7.3 Mechanical Properties 237 7.4 Welding Metallurgy 238 7.4.1 Solidification Behavior 238 7.4.2 Role of Nitrogen 240 7.4.3 Secondary Austenite 244 7.4.4 Heat-Affected Zone 246 7.5 Controlling the Ferrite–Austenite Balance 250 7.5.1 Heat Input 251 7.5.2 Cooling Rate Effects 251 7.5.3 Ferrite Prediction and Measurement 253 7.6 Weldability 254 7.6.1 Weld Solidification Cracking 254 7.6.2 Hydrogen-Induced Cracking 254 7.6.3 Intermediate-Temperature Enbrittlement 255 7.6.3.1 Alpha-Prime Embrittlement 256 7.6.3.2 Sigma Phase Embrittlement 256 7.7 Weld Mechanical Properties 259 7.8 Corrosion Resistance 261 7.8.1 Stress Corrosion Cracking 261 7.8.2 Pitting Corrosion 261 References 262 8 PRECIPITATION-HARDENING STAINLESS STEELS 264 8.1 Standard Alloys and Consumables 265 8.2 Physical and Mechanical Metallurgy 267 8.2.1 Martensitic Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steels 269 8.2.2 Semi-Austenitic Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steels 274 8.2.3 Austenitic Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steels 276 8.3 Welding Metallurgy 277 8.3.1 Microstructure Evolution 278 8.3.2 Postweld Heat Treatment 278 8.4 Mechanical Properties of Weldments 279 8.5 Weldability 280 8.6 Corrosion Resistance 285 References 285 9 DISSIMILAR WELDING OF STAINLESS STEELS 287 9.1 Applications of Dissimilar Welds 287 9.2 Carbon or Low-Alloy Steel to Austenitic Stainless Steel 288 9.2.1 Determining Weld Metal Constitution 288 9.2.2 Fusion Boundary Transition Region 291 9.2.3 Nature of Type II Boundaries 294 9.3 Weldability 296 9.3.1 Solidification Cracking 296 9.3.2 Clad Disbonding 298 9.3.3 Creep Failure in the HAZ of Carbon or Low-Alloy Steel 299 9.4 Other Dissimilar Combinations 301 9.4.1 Nominally Austenitic Alloys Whose Melted Zone Is Expected to Include Some Ferrite or to Solidify asPrimary Ferrite 301 9.4.2 Nominally Austenitic Alloys Whose Melted Zone Is Expected to Contain Some Ferrite, Welded to FullyAustenitic Stainless Steel 301 9.4.3 Austenitic Stainless Steel Joined to Duplex Stainless Steel 302 9.4.4 Austenitic Stainless Steel Joined to Ferritic Stainless Steel 302 9.4.5 Austenitic Stainless Steel Joined to Martensitic Stainless Steel 302 9.4.6 Martensitic Stainless Steel Joined to Ferritic Stainless Steel 302 9.4.7 Stainless Steel Filler Metal for Difficult-to-Weld Steels 303 9.4.8 Copper-Base Alloys Joined to Stainless Steels 305 9.4.9 Nickel-Base Alloys Joined to Stainless Steels 306 References 307 10 WELDABILITY TESTING 309 10.1 Introduction 309 10.1.1 Weldability Test Approaches 310 10.1.2 Weldability Test Techniques 310 10.2 Varestraint Test 311 10.2.1 Technique for Quantifying Weld Solidification Cracking 312 10.2.2 Technique for Quantifying HAZ Liquation Cracking 316 10.3 Hot Ductility Test 319 10.4 Fissure Bend Test 323 10.5 Strain-to-Fracture Test 328 10.6 Other Weldability Tests 329 References 329 APPENDIX 1 NOMINAL COMPOSITIONS OF STAINLESS STEELS 331 APPENDIX 2 ETCHING TECHNIQUES FOR STAINLESS STEEL WELDS 343 AUTHOR INDEX 347 SUBJECT INDEX 353

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Book SynopsisDue to a dramatic increase in the interest and understanding of boiler-tube failure analysis, this edition has been updated and expanded. New features include material on fluid dynamics, heat transfer and stress calculations; remaining life assessment of boilers being used beyond their original design expectations; mechanical engineering aspects of boiler design; more information on fatigue, creep, thermal stress for carbon as well as stainless steels; suggestions to prevent future failures.Table of ContentsDesign Considerations. Metallurgical Principles: Ferritic Steels. Stainless Steels. Failures Caused by Gas-Metal Reactions. Corrosion-Caused Failures. Weld Failures. Failure Prevention. Appendix. Index.

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Book SynopsisDescribing the different soldering methods in use today, this guide presents both their theory and practical applications. It covers the topics of cleaning, statistical quality control, through-hole and joining. The author relates all theory to practical, on-site situations.Table of ContentsSoldering. Surface Mount Technology. Solder Defects. Cleaning. Statistical Quality Control. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides the means of mastering the use of reactions in a range of solvents (aqueous, non-aqueous, molecular organic and inorganic, ionized molten salts). It indicates how to optimize these processes and continues by discussing the possibilities of large scale exploitation of these techniques (up to industrial processes), notably in the field of extractive metallurgy. In addition, detailed characteristics of electrochemical phenomena are presented.Table of ContentsCONTROLLED USE OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN SOLUTION--SELECTIVE BY APPLICATION MEANS OF AUXILLIARY REACTIONS. Quantitative Expression of the Effects of Complexation. Solubilisation and Insolubilisation-- Separation by Selective Dissolution or Precipitation. Oxidations and Reductions. Phase Transfer Reactions and Separations by Selective Extraction. REACTION MEDIA OTHER THAN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS. Molecular Solvents--Effects of the Solvent on the Reactivity of Solutes. Reactions in Molten Salts. Appendices. Theoretical Problems. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis volume by Michael Schutze, a world leader in this area of research, is the first volume to be published in the series. The formation of oxide layers is one of the most important areas of corrosion science and the author brings together for the first time in an English language text, work which has, until now, remained scattered.Table of ContentsBasic Requirements for the Protective Action of Oxide Scales. Development of Oxide Scales in High Temperature Technology. Mechanical Stresses in Oxide Scales and Their Causes. Deformation Behaviour and Deformation Mechanisms in Oxides. Damage to the Oxide Scale Resulting from Mechanical Stresses. Healing of Oxide Scale Damage. Depletion by Oxidation and Crack Healing of Alloying Elements WhichForm Protective Scales. Oxide Scale Damage Diagrams. Concluding Remarks. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisAlthough biomaterials have become a mature field of science with a wide range of applications, this is the first book of its kind to bring together all the metals and alloys with biomedical relevance, providing a reference for selecting a material for a new implant or modification.Table of ContentsSelection of Materials (H. Breme & J. Helsen). Metals and Implants (H. Breme, et al.). Shape Memory Alloys (J. Humbeeck, et al.). Degradation (in vitro-in vivo Corrosion) (D. Scharnweber). Surfaces, Surface Modification and Tailoring (H. Breme). Special Thin Organic Coatings (H. Worch). Adhesion of Polymers (W. Possart). Adhesion to Ceramics (H. Breme, et al.). Biological Response and Biocompatibility (H. Hildebrand & J.-C. Hornez). Tissue-Implant Interaction (R. Thull). Cells and Metals (D. Jones). X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (J. Pireaux & J. Riga). Atomic Force Microscopy (U. Hartmann). Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy as a Surface Analytical Technique for Biomaterials (J. Hubrecht). Retrieval Analysis (P. Laffargue, et al.). Index.

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Book SynopsisSuitable for practising civil and structural engineers in consulting firms, government agencies, research institutes, universities and colleges, this title guides and trains readers towards achieving expertise in the use of major and emerging construction materials.Table of ContentsIncludes case studies, common problems and practical advice Suggested further reading and websites at the end of each chapter Sustainability, durability and recycling assessed throughout

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Book SynopsisThe Physical Principles of Magnetism... is such a classic -- a comprehensive introduction to all aspects of magnetism... The corrected reissue is a welcome addition to this much--needed archival series. Dr. Morrish presents an excellent introduction to the physics and mathematics of magnetism without oversimplification...Table of Contents1. The Magnetic Field. 1. Historical. 2. The Magnetic field Vector H. 3. The Magnetization Vector M. 4. Magnetic Induction, the Vector B. 5. The Demagnetization Factor D. 6. Energy of Interaction. 7. Magnetic Effects of Currents. The Magnetic Shell. Faraday's Law. 8. Maxwell's and Lorentz's Equations. 9. The Magnetic Circuit. 10. Dipole in a Uniform Field. 2. Diamagnetic and Paramagnetic Susceptibilities. 1. Introduction. 2. Review of Quantum Mechanical and Other Results. Diamagnetism. 3. The Langevin Formula for Diamagnetic Susceptibility. 4. Susceptibility of Atoms and Ions. 5. Susceptibility of Molecules. Paramagnetism. 6. Curie's Law. 7. Theoretical Derivations of Curie's Law. 8. Quantum Mechanical Treatment. 9. Susceptibility of Quasi-free Ions: the Rare Earths. 10. The Effect of the Crystalline Field. 11. The Iron Group Salts. 12. Covalent Binding and the 3d, 4d, 5d, and 5f-6d Transition Groups. 13. Saturation in Paramagnetic Substances. 14. Paramagnetic Molecules. 15. Paramagnetic Susceptibility of the Nucleus. 3. Thermal, Relaxation, and Resonance Phenomena in Paramagnetic Materials. 1. Introduction. Thermal Phenomena. 2. Summary of Thermodynamic Relationships. 3. The Magnetocaloric Effect: The Production and Measurement of Low Temperatures. Paramagnetic Relaxation. 4. The Susceptibility in an Alternating Magnetic Field. 5. Spin-Lattice Relaxation. 6. Spin-spin Relaxation. Paramagnetic Resonance. 7. Conditions for Paramagnetic Resonance. 8. Line Widths: the Effect of Damping. 9. Fine and Hyperfine Structure: the Spin-Hamiltonian. 10. The Spectra of the Transition Group Ions. The 3d group ions. Covalent binding and the 3d, Ad, 5d, and 5f-6d groups. 4/rare earth ions in salts. Transition ions in various host lattices. 11. The Spectra of Paramagnetic Molecules and Other Systems. Paramagnetic gases. Free radicals. Donors and acceptors in semiconductors. Traps, F-centers, etc. Defects from radiation damage. 12. The Three-Level Maser and Laser. 4. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. 1. Introduction. 2. Line Shapes and Widths. 3. Resonance in Nonmetallic Solids. 4. The Influence of Nuclear Motion on Line Widths and Relaxations. 5. The Chemical Shift: Fine Structure. 6. Transient Effects: the Spin-Echo Method. 7. Negative Temperatures. 8. Quadrupole Effects and Resonance. 9. Nuclear Orientation. 10. Double Resonance. 11. Beam Methods. 5. The Magnetic Properties of an Electron Gas. 1. Statistical and Thermodynamic Functions for an Electron Gas. 2. The Spin Paramagnetism of the Electron Gas. 3. The Diamagnetism of the Electron Gas. 4. Comparison of Susceptibility Theory with Experiment. 5. The De Haas-Van Alphen Effect. 6. Galvanomagnetic, Thermomagnetic, and Magnetoacoustic Effects. 7. Electron Spin Resonance in Metals. 8. Cyclotron Resonance. 9. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in Metals. 10. Some Magnetic Properties of Superconductors. 6. Ferromagnetism. 1. Introduction. 2. The Classical Molecular Field Theory and Comparison with Experiment. The spontaneous magnetization region. The paramagnetic region. Thermal effects. 3. The Exchange Interaction. 4. The Series Expansion Method. 5. The Bethe-Peierls-Weiss Method. 6. Spin Waves. 7. Band Model Theories of Ferromagnetism. 8. Ferromagnetic Metals and Alloys. 9. Crystalline Anisotropy. 10. Magnetoelastic Effects. 7. The Magnetization of Ferromagnetic Materials. 1. Introduction. 2. Single-Domain Particles. Critical size. Hysteresis loops. Incoherent rotations. Some experimental results. Other effects. 3. Superparamagnetic Particles. 4. Permanent Magnet Materials. 5. Domain Walls. 6. Domain Structure. 7. The Analysis of the Magnetization Curves of Bulk Material. Domain wall movements. Coercive force. Initial permeability. Picture frame specimens. The approach to saturation. Remanence. Nucleation of domains: whiskers. Barkhausen effect. Preisach-type models. External stresses. Minor hysteresis loops. 8. Thermal Effects Associated with the Hysteresis Loop. 9. Soft Magnetic Materials. 10. Time Effects. 11. Thin Films. 8. Antiferromagnetism. 1. Introduction. 2. Neutron Diffraction Studies. 3. Molecular Field Theory of Antiferromagnetism. Behavior above the Neel temperature. The Neel temperature. Susceptibility below the Neel temperature. Sublattice arrangements. The paramagnetic-antiferromagnetic transition in the presence of an applied magnetic field. Thermal effects. 4. Some Experimental Results for Antiferromagnetic Compounds. 5. The Indirect Exchange Interaction. 6. More Advanced Theories of Antiferromagnetism. The series expansion method. The Bethe-Peierls-Weiss method. Spin waves. 7. Crystalline Anisotropy: Spin Flopping. 8. Metals and Alloys. 9. Canted Spin Arrangements. 10. Domains in Antiferromagnetic Materials. 11. Interfacial Exchange Anisotropy. 9. Ferrimagnetism. 1. Introduction. 2. The Molecular Field Theory of Ferrimagnetism. Paramagnetic region. The ferrimagnetic Neel temperature. Spontaneous magnetization. Extension to include additional molecular fields. Triangular and other spin arrangements. Three sublattice systems. Ferromagnetic interaction between sublattices. 3. Spinels. 4. Garnets. 5. Other Ferrimagnetic Materials. 6. Some Quantum Mechanical Results. 7. Soft Ferrimagnetic Materials. 8. Some Topics in Geophysics. 10. Resonance in Strongly Coupled Dipole Systems. 1. Introduction. 2. Magnetomechanical Effects. 3. Ferromagnetic Resonance. 4. Energy Formulation of the Equations of Motion. 5. Resonance in Ferromagnetic Metals and Alloys. 6. Ferromagnetic Resonance of Poor Conductors. 7. Magnetostatic Modes. 8. Relaxation Processes. Relaxation via spin waves in insulators. Relaxation via spin waves in conductors. Fast relaxation via paramagnetic ions. Slow relaxation via electron redistribution. 9. Nonlinear Effects. 10. Spin-Wave Spectra of Thin Films. 11. Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Gyromagnetic Media. 12. Resonance in Unsaturated Samples. 13. Ferrimagnetic Resonance. 14. Antiferromagnetic Resonance. 15. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in Ordered Magnetic Materials. 16. The Mossbauer Effect. Appendix I. Systems of Units. Appendix II. Demagnetization Factors for Ellipsoids of Revolution. Appendix III. Periodic Table of the Elements. Appendix IV. Numerical Values for Some Important Physical Constants. Author Index. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisThe standard reference book on the mechanical characteristics and testing of metals, plastics, ceramics, and composites. Key Features: Describes the basics of mechanical behavior with in-depth coverage on testing methods for metals, plastics, ceramics and composites. Articles describe the purpose, equipment, fixturing, data evaluation, and typical applications for standard and emerging mechanical tests. Comparative mechanical properties and the mechanical characteristics of metals, plastics, and ceramics are included throughout for general reference. Updated references to ISO, ASTM, DIN, EN, JIS and other standards are also included throughout for metals, plastics, ceramics, and composites. Contents Include: Introduction to the Mechanical Behavior of Metals and Nonmetallic Materials Mechanical Testing of Polymers and Ceramics Mechanical Properties and Testing for Design Mechanical Testing for Metalworking processes Testing Machines and Strain Sensors Accreditation of Mechanical-Table of ContentsIntroduction to the Mechanical Behavior of Metals and Nonmetallic Materials; Mechanical Testing of Polymers and Ceramics; Mechanical Properties and Testing for Design; Mechanical Testing for Metalworking processes; Testing Machines and Strain Sensors; Accreditation of Mechanical-Testing Laboratories; Tension, Compression, Bend, and Shear Testing; Hardness Testing; Friction, Wear, and Surface Testing; Creep and Stress-Relaxtion Testing; High-Strain-Rate Testing; Impact-Toughness Testing and Fracture Mechanics; Fatigue Testing; Component Testing; Property-Comparison Tables; Glossary of Terms; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis one-stop reference is a tremendous value time saver for engineers, designers and researchers. Emerging technologies, including aluminium metal matrix composites, are combined with all the essential aluminum information from the multi-volume ASM Handbook series.

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Book SynopsisContents include: Introduction to Stainless Steels; Corrosion Behaviour; Fabrication and Finishing; Metallography, Microstructures and Phase Diagrams; and Properties of Stainless Steels. An index is also included.

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Book SynopsisCompiles more than 300 tables listing typical average properties of a wide range of aluminum alloys. The individual test results were compiled, plotted in various ways, and analyzed.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisOffering a source of information on metallographic techniques and their application to the study of metals, ceramics and polymers, this work has a collection of micrographs and macrographs.

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Book SynopsisThis book is a comprehensive guide to the selection and applications of copper and copper alloys, which constitute one of the largest and most diverse families of engineering materials. The handbook includes all of the essential information contained in the 20-volume ASM Handbook series, as well as important reference information and data from a wide variety of ASM publications and industry sources.

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Book SynopsisNitriding and ferritic nitrocarburizing offer unique advantages compared to other surface hardening heat treatments. This book provides a comprehensive guide to understanding these processes, selecting the appropriate process and process parameters, controlling the process, evaluating results, and troubleshooting.

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Book SynopsisThis book describes the weldability aspects of many structural materials used in a wide variety of engineering structures, including steels, stainless steels, Ni-base alloys, and Al-base alloys. The basic mechanisms of weldability are described and methods to improve weldability are described.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Author Biography xvi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Fabrication-Related Defects 5 1.2 Service-Related Defects 6 1.3 Defect Prevention and Control 7 References 8 2 Welding Metallurgy Principles 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Regions of a Fusion Weld 10 2.3 Fusion Zone 13 2.3.1 Solidification of Metals 15 2.3.1.1 Solidification Parameters 15 2.3.1.2 Solidification Nucleation 17 2.3.1.3 Solidification Modes 19 2.3.1.4 Interface Stability 22 2.3.2 Macroscopic Aspects of Weld Solidification 24 2.3.2.1 Effect of Travel Speed and Temperature Gradient 27 2.3.3 Microscopic Aspects of Weld Solidification 30 2.3.3.1 Solidification Subgrain Boundaries (SSGB) 32 2.3.3.2 Solidification Grain Boundaries (SGB) 33 2.3.3.3 Migrated Grain Boundaries (MGB) 34 2.3.4 Solute Redistribution 34 2.3.4.1 Macroscopic Solidification 35 2.3.4.2 Microscopic Solidification 37 2.3.5 Examples of Fusion Zone Microstructures 40 2.3.6 Transition Zone (TZ) 43 2.4 Unmixed Zone (UMZ) 45 2.5 Partially Melted Zone (PMZ) 48 2.5.1 Penetration Mechanism 50 2.5.2 Segregation Mechanism 53 2.5.2.1 Gibbsian Segregation 56 2.5.2.2 Grain Boundary Sweeping 56 2.5.2.3 Pipeline Diffusion 57 2.5.2.4 Grain Boundary Wetting 58 2.5.3 Examples of PMZ formation 58 2.6 Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) 60 2.6.1 Recrystallization and Grain Growth 61 2.6.2 Allotropic Phase Transformations 63 2.6.3 Precipitation Reactions 66 2.6.4 Examples of HAZ Microstructure 69 2.7 Solid-State Welding 70 2.7.1 Friction Stir Welding 72 2.7.2 Diffusion Welding 76 2.7.3 Explosion Welding 77 2.7.4 Ultrasonic Welding 79 References 81 3 Hot Cracking 84 3.1 Introduction 84 3.2 Weld Solidification Cracking 85 3.2.1 Theories of Weld Solidification Cracking 85 3.2.1.1 Shrinkage-Brittleness Theory 86 3.2.1.2 Strain Theory 87 3.2.1.3 Generalized Theory 88 3.2.1.4 Modified Generalized Theory 89 3.2.1.5 Technological Strength Theory 90 3.2.1.6 Commentary on Solidification Cracking Theories 91 3.2.2 Predictions of Elemental Effects 94 3.2.3 The BTR and Solidification Cracking Temperature Range 97 3.2.4 Factors that Influence Weld Solidification Cracking 102 3.2.4.1 Composition Control 102 3.2.4.2 Grain Boundary Liquid Films 109 3.2.4.3 Effect of Restraint 110 3.2.5 Identifying Weld Solidification Cracking 112 3.2.6 Preventing Weld Solidification Cracking 116 3.3 Liquation Cracking 119 3.3.1 HAZ Liquation Cracking 119 3.3.2 weld metal Liquation Cracking 122 3.3.3 Variables that Influence Susceptibility to Liquation Cracking 123 3.3.3.1 Composition 123 3.3.3.2 Grain Size 124 3.3.3.3 Base Metal Heat Treatment 125 3.3.3.4 Weld Heat Input and Filler Metal Selection 125 3.3.4 Identifying HAZ and weld metal Liquation Cracks 126 3.3.5 Preventing Liquation Cracking 127 References 128 4 Solid-State Cracking 130 4.1 Introduction 130 4.2 Ductility-dip Cracking 130 4.2.1 Proposed Mechanisms 133 4.2.2 Summary of Factors That Influence DDC 139 4.2.3 Quantifying Ductility-Dip Cracking 143 4.2.4 Identifying Ductility-Dip Cracks 145 4.2.5 Preventing DDC 147 4.3 Reheat Cracking 149 4.3.1 Reheat Cracking in Low-Alloy Steels 150 4.3.2 Reheat Cracking in Stainless Steels 155 4.3.3 Underclad Cracking 158 4.3.4 Relaxation Cracking 160 4.3.5 Identifying Reheat Cracking 161 4.3.6 Quantifying Reheat Cracking Susceptibility 163 4.3.7 Preventing Reheat Cracking 166 4.4 Strain-age Cracking 168 4.4.1 Mechanism for Strain-age Cracking 171 4.4.2 Factors That Influence SAC Susceptibility 178 4.4.2.1 Composition 178 4.4.2.2 Grain Size 179 4.4.2.3 Residual Stress and Restraint 179 4.4.2.4 Welding Procedure 180 4.4.2.5 Effect of PWHT 181 4.4.3 Quantifying Susceptibility to Strain-age Cracking 182 4.4.4 Identifying Strain-age Cracking 189 4.4.5 Preventing Strain-age Cracking 189 4.5 Lamellar Cracking 190 4.5.1 Mechanism of Lamellar Cracking 191 4.5.2 Quantifying Lamellar Cracking 195 4.5.3 Identifying Lamellar Cracking 197 4.5.4 Preventing Lamellar Cracking 198 4.6 Copper Contamination Cracking 201 4.6.1 Mechanism for Copper Contamination Cracking 201 4.6.2 Quantifying Copper Contamination Cracking 203 4.6.3 Identifying Copper Contamination Cracking 205 4.6.4 Preventing Copper Contamination Cracking 205 References 207 5 Hydrogen-Induced Cracking 213 5.1 Introduction 213 5.2 Hydrogen Embrittlement Theories 214 5.2.1 Planar Pressure Theory 216 5.2.2 Surface Adsorption Theory 217 5.2.3 Decohesion Theory 217 5.2.4 Hydrogen-Enhanced Localized Plasticity Theory 218 5.2.5 Beachem’s Stress Intensity Model 219 5.3 Factors That Influence HIC 221 5.3.1 Hydrogen in Welds 221 5.3.2 Effect of Microstructure 224 5.3.3 Restraint 228 5.3.4 Temperature 230 5.4 Quantifying Susceptibility to HIC 230 5.4.1 Jominy End Quench Method 231 5.4.2 Controlled Thermal Severity Test 234 5.4.3 The Y-Groove (Tekken) Test 235 5.4.4 Gapped Bead-on-Plate Test 236 5.4.5 The Implant Test 237 5.4.6 Tensile Restraint Cracking Test 243 5.4.7 Augmented Strain Cracking Test 244 5.5 Identifying HIC 245 5.6 Preventing HIC 247 5.6.1 CE Method 251 5.6.2 AWS Method 254 References 259 6 Corrosion 263 6.1 Introduction 263 6.2 Forms of Corrosion 264 6.2.1 General Corrosion 264 6.2.2 Galvanic Corrosion 265 6.2.3 Crevice Corrosion 267 6.2.4 Selective Leaching 268 6.2.5 Erosion Corrosion 268 6.2.6 Pitting 268 6.2.7 Intergranular Corrosion 271 6.2.7.1 Preventing Sensitization 275 6.2.7.2 Knifeline Attack 276 6.2.7.3 Low-Temperature Sensitization 276 6.2.8 Stress Corrosion Cracking 277 6.2.9 Microbiologically Induced Corrosion 280 6.3 Corrosion Testing 282 6.3.1 Atmospheric Corrosion Tests 282 6.3.2 Immersion Tests 282 6.3.3 Electrochemical Tests 284 References 286 7 Fracture and Fatigue 288 7.1 Introduction 288 7.2 Fracture 290 7.3 Quantifying Fracture Toughness 293 7.4 Fatigue 297 7.5 Quantifying Fatigue Behavior 305 7.6 Identifying Fatigue Cracking 306 7.6.1 Beach Marks 307 7.6.2 River Lines 307 7.6.3 Fatigue Striations 307 7.7 Avoiding Fatigue Failures 309 References 310 8 Failure Analysis 311 8.1 Introduction 311 8.2 Fractography 312 8.2.1 History of Fractography 312 8.2.2 The SEM 313 8.2.3 Fracture Modes 315 8.2.4 Fractography of Weld Failures 320 8.2.4.1 Solidification Cracking 320 8.2.4.2 Liquation Cracking 323 8.2.4.3 Ductility-Dip Cracking 326 8.2.4.4 Reheat Cracking 326 8.2.4.5 Strain-Age Cracking 331 8.2.4.6 Hydrogen-Induced Cracking 332 8.3 An Engineer’s Guide to Failure Analysis 333 8.3.1 Site Visit 334 8.3.2 Collect Background Information 335 8.3.3 Sample Removal and Testing Protocol 336 8.3.4 Sample Removal, Cleaning, and Storage 336 8.3.5 Chemical Analysis 336 8.3.6 Macroscopic Analysis 337 8.3.7 Selection of Samples for Microscopic Analysis 338 8.3.8 Selection of Analytical Techniques 338 8.3.9 Mechanical Testing 339 8.3.10 Simulative Testing 339 8.3.11 Nondestructive Evaluation Techniques 340 8.3.12 Structural Integrity Assessment 340 8.3.13 Consultation with Experts 340 8.3.14 Final Reporting 340 8.3.15 Expert Testimony in Support of Litigation 341 References 342 9 Weldability Testing 343 9.1 Introduction 343 9.2 Types of Weldability Test Techniques 344 9.3 The Varestraint Test 345 9.3.1 Technique for Quantifying Weld Solidification Cracking 346 9.3.2 Technique for Quantifying HAZ Liquation Cracking 350 9.4 The Cast Pin Tear Test 354 9.5 The Hot Ductility Test 357 9.6 The Strain-to-Fracture Test 362 9.7 Reheat Cracking Test 363 9.8 Implant Test for HAZ Hydrogen-Induced Cracking 366 9.9 Gapped Bead-on-Plate Test for Weld Metal HIC 367 9.10 O ther Weldability Tests 370 References 371 Appendix A 372 Appendix B 374 Appendix C 383 Appendix D 388 Index 396

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Book SynopsisA solid collection of interdisciplinary review articles on the latest developments in adhesion science and adhesives technology With the ever-increasing amount of research being published, it is a Herculean task to be fully conversant with the latest research developments in any field, and the arena of adhesion and adhesives is no exception. Thus, topical review articles provide an alternate and very efficient way to stay abreast of the state-of-the-art in many subjects representing the field of adhesion science and adhesives. Based on the success of the preceding volumes in this series Progress in Adhesion and Adhesives, the present volume comprises 13 review articles published in Volume 7 (2019) of Reviews of Adhesion and Adhesives.The subject of these reviews fall into the following general areas. 1. Adhesively bonded joints2. Adhesives (including bioadhesives) and their applications3. Nanocomposite polymer adhesives4. Polymer Table of ContentsPreface xv 1 Physico-Tribo-Mechanical and Adhesion Behaviour of Plasma Treated Steel and Its Alloys: A Critical Review 1Jitendra K. Katiyar and Vinay Kumar Patel 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Single Plasma Treatment for Improvement of Physico-Mechanical and Adhesion Properties 3 1.3 Double Plasma Treatment for Improvement of Physico-Mechanical and Adhesion Properties 14 1.4 Tribological Properties of Plasma Treated Steel and Its Grades 19 1.5 Conclusions 27 References 28 2 Debonding on Demand of Adhesively Bonded Joints: A Critical Review 33Mariana D. Banea 2.1 Introduction 33 2.2 Design of Structures with Debondable Adhesives 34 2.3 Methodologies for Adhesive Debonding on Demand 35 2.3.1 Debonding on Demand of Adhesively Bonded Joints Using Reversible/Reworkable Adhesive Systems 35 2.3.1.1 Reversible Adhesive Technologies Based on Diels-Alder Chemistry 36 2.3.1.2 Supramolecular Polymers 36 2.3.2 Electrically Induced Debonding of Adhesive Joints 37 2.3.3 Debonding on Demand of Adhesively Bonded Joints Using Reactive Fillers 38 2.3.3.1 Nanoparticles 38 2.3.3.2 Microparticles 40 2.4 Summary 44 Acknowledgements 45 References 45 3 Chitosan-Catechol Conjugates–A Novel Class of Bioadhesive Polymers: A Critical Review 51Loveleen Kaur and Inderbir Singh 3.1 Introduction 51 3.1.1 Polymers Used for Developing Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery Systems 52 3.1.2 Chitosan and Its Associated Problems 53 3.2 Preparation Methods for Chitosan-Catechol Conjugates 54 3.3 Characterization 55 3.3.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) 55 3.3.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) 56 3.3.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 57 3.3.4 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) 57 3.3.5 X-ray Diffraction (XRD) 57 3.4 Properties of Chitosan-Catechol Conjugates 57 3.4.1 Stability 57 3.4.2 Permeation 58 3.4.3 Mucoadhesion 58 3.4.4 Solubility 59 3.4.5 Antibacterial Property 59 3.4.6 Mechanical Strength 60 3.4.7 Biocompatibility 60 3.4.8 Bioink for 3D Printing 60 3.5 Applications of Chitosan-Catechol Conjugates 61 3.5.1 Nanoparticles 61 3.5.2 Hydrogels 62 3.5.3 Microspheres 62 3.5.4 Sponges 64 3.5.5 Films 64 3.6 Patent Updates 64 3.7 Summary and Future Aspects 64 Acknowledgement 65 Conflict of Interest 65 References 65 4 Adhesives in the Footwear Industry: A Critical Review 69Elena Orgilés-Calpena, Francisca Arán-Aís, Ana M. Torró-Palau and Miguel Angel Martínez Sánchez 4.1 Introduction 69 4.2 The Footwear Industry 70 4.2.1 Substrates and Adhesives 70 4.2.2 Surface Treatments 73 4.2.3 Adhesives Requirements 77 4.2.4 Bonding Stages in Footwear Manufacturing Process 78 4.2.5 Debonding Real Cases in Footwear 81 4.3 Sustainable Adhesives for the Footwear Industry 82 4.3.1 Water-Based Adhesives 82 4.3.2 Hot-Melt Adhesives 84 4.4 Future Trends in Footwer Adhesives 86 4.5 Summary 88 Acknowledgements 88 References 89 5 Nanocomposite Polymer Adhesives: A Critical Review 93S. Kenig, H. Dodiuk, G. Otorgust and S. Gomid 5.1 Introduction 93 5.2 Nanostructuring of Adhesives – Methodology 94 5.3 Nanoparticles Types – Basic Compositions and Properties 95 5.3.1 Nanoclays 95 5.3.2 Nanosilica (NS) 96 5.3.3 POSS – Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes 97 5.3.4 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 97 5.3.5 Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNPs) and Expanded Graphite (EG) 99 5.3.6 Inorganic Fullerenes (IFs) and Inorganic Nanotubes (INTs) of Tungsten Disulfide (WS2) 101 5.4 Adhesives Types – Basic Compositions and Properties 102 5.4.1 Epoxies 102 5.4.2 Polyurethanes (PUs) 102 5.4.3 Polyimides (PIs) 103 5.4.4 Silicones 103 5.4.5 Acrylics 104 5.5 Nanocomposite Adhesives–Composition–Properties Relationships, Reinforcement and Toughening Mechanisms 104 5.5.1 Introduction 104 5.5.2 Epoxy/Nanoclay Composite Adhesives 105 5.5.2.1 Bulk Properties 105 5.5.2.2 Adhesive Properties 107 5.5.3 Epoxy/Silica Nanocomposite Adhesives 108 5.5.3.1 Bulk Properties 108 5.5.3.2 Adhesive Properties 110 5.5.4 Epoxy/CNT Nanocomposite Adhesives 110 5.5.4.1 Bulk Properties 110 5.5.4.2 Adhesive Properties 113 5.5.5 Epoxy/POSS Nanocomposite Adhesives 115 5.5.5.1 Bulk Properties 115 5.5.5.2 Adhesive Properties 118 5.5.6 Epoxy/GNPs and EG Nanocomposite Adhesives 118 5.5.6.1 Bulk Properties 119 5.5.6.2 Adhesive Properties 122 5.5.7 Epoxy/WS2 Nanocomposite Adhesives 125 5.5.8 Polyurethane/POSS Nanocomposite Adhesives 126 5.5.8.1 Bulk Properties 126 5.5.8.2 Adhesive Properties 127 5.5.9 PU/WS2 Nanocomposite Adhesives 128 5.5.10 Polyimide/NCs Nanocomposite Adhesives 128 5.5.10.1 Bulk properties 128 5.5.10.2 Adhesive Properties 129 5.5.11 Polyimide/CNTs Nanocomposite Adhesives 129 5.5.11.1 Bulk Properties 129 5.5.11.2 Adhesive Properties 132 5.5.12 PU/NCs Nanocomposite Adhesives 132 5.5.13 Polyurethane/CNTs/GNPs Nanocomposite Adhesives 132 5.5.13.1 Bulk Properties 132 5.5.13.2 Adhesive Properties 133 5.5.14 PU/WS2 Nanocomposite Adhesives 134 5.5.15 Acrylic/Nanosilica Nanocomposite Adhesives 135 5.5.16 Acrylic/Titania and Alumina NPs Nanocomposite Adhesives 136 5.5.17 Acrylic/NCs Nanocomposite Adhesives 136 5.5.18 Acrylic/POSS Nanocomposite Adhesives 136 5.5.19 Silicone/WS2 Nanocomposite Adhesives 137 5.6 Fracture and Toughening Mechanisms 137 5.6.1 Fracture Surfaces 138 5.6.2 Toughening Micro and Nanomechanisms 138 5.7 Nanocomposite Adhesives – Applications, Challenges and Opportunities 143 5.7.1 Applications of Nanocomposite Adhesives 146 5.7.1.1 Electronics and Nanoelectronics 146 5.7.1.2 Aerospace 146 5.7.1.3 Biomedical 147 5.8 Summary 148 References 148 6 Adhesion Enhancement of Polymer Surfaces by Ion Beam Treatment: A Critical Review 169Endu Sekhar Srinadhu, Radhey Shyam, Jatinder Kumar, Dinesh P R Thanu, Mingrui Zhao and Manish Keswani 6.1 Introduction 169 6.1.1 Ion-Solid Interactions 170 6.1.2 Computer Simulations of Ion Beam – Solid Interactions 171 6.2 Ion Beam Treatment of Polymers 172 6.3 Analysis Techniques to Analyze Post Ion Beam Treated Target Surfaces 172 6.3.1 X-ray Diffraction 173 6.3.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy 173 6.3.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 174 6.3.4 Raman Spectroscopy 174 6.3.5 UV Spectroscopy 175 6.3.6 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 175 6.3.7 Wettability Measurements 176 6.3.8 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 177 6.4 Biomedical Applications 178 6.4.1 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) 178 6.4.2 Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) 180 6.4.3 Poly(L-lactide) (PLA), Poly(D, L-Lactide-coglycolide) (PDLG) and Poly(L-lactide-cocaprolactone) (PLC) Films 180 6.5 Microelectronics Applications 182 6.5.1 Bisphenol A polycarbonate (PC) 182 6.5.2 Aluminum Films on Bisphenol A Polycarbonate (PC) 184 6.5.3 Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) Films on Bisphenol A Polycarbonate (PC) 185 6.5.4 Polyimide Films 187 6.5.5 Cu/Polyimide Films 187 6.5.6 Multiple Ion Beam Treatment of Polymers 188 6.6 Summary 190 References 190 7 Non-Wettable Surfaces – From Natural to Artificial and Applications: A Critical Review 195Andrew Terhemen Tyowua, Msugh Targema and Emmanuel Etim Ubuo 7.1 Introduction 195 7.2 The Basic Wetting Models 198 7.3 Non-Wettable Surfaces 200 7.3.1 Non-Wettable Surfaces in Nature: Their Importance to Plants and Animals 200 7.3.2 Artificial Non-Wettable Surfaces 206 7.3.3 Preparation of Non-Wettable Surfaces 208 7.3.4 Properties of Non-Wettable Surfaces 214 7.4 Applications of Non-Wettable Surfaces and Challenges 217 7.4.1 Non-Wettable Surfaces for Water Collection and Transportation 217 7.4.2 Non-Wettable Surfaces as Self-Cleaning and Icephobic Surfaces 218 7.4.3 Non-Wettable Surfaces for Biomedical Applications 219 7.5 Summary and Future Prospects 220 Acknowledgements 220 References 221 8 Plasma Oxidation of Polyolefins - Course of O/C Ratio from Unmodified Bulk to Surface and Finally to CO2 in the Gas Phase: A Critical Review 233J. Friedrich, M. Jabłońska and G. Hidde 8.1 Introduction 234 8.2 Chemistry of Polyolefin Oxidation 235 8.2.1 Binding Energies of Covalent Bonds in Polyolefins 235 8.2.2 Thermal Oxidation and Auto-Oxidation on the Surface of Paraffins 236 8.2.3 Decarboxylation and Emission of CO2 237 8.2.4 Formation of Gaseous Low-Molecular Weight Products on Thermal or Photo-Oxidation in Analogy to Oxygen Plasma Treatment 238 8.3 Processes at Polyolefin Surfaces 239 8.3.1 Formation of Gaseous Low-Molecular Weight Products on Exposure to Oxygen Plasma 239 8.3.2 Introduction of Oxygen-Containing Groups at the Surface of Polyolefins on Exposure to Oxygen Plasma 240 8.3.3 Formation and Characterization of LMWOM 243 8.3.3.1 LMWOM Formation by Fragmentation and Oxidation of Macromolecules 243 8.3.3.2 LMWOM Formation by Re-Deposition of Fragments or Plasma Polymerization 245 8.4 Depth Profiles at the Surface of Polyolefins 246 8.4.1 Analytical Depth Profiles 246 8.4.2 Measured Oxidation Depth Profiles 247 8.4.2.1 Plasma Parameters Influencing the Depth Profile and Its Range 247 8.4.2.2 Angle-Resolved XPS. 247 8.4.2.3 Dynamic SIMS 247 8.4.2.4 Sputtering 248 8.4.2.5 Post-Plasma Oxidation 248 8.5 Modes of the Oxidation Process at Polyolefin Surfaces on Exposure to Oxygen Plasma 249 8.6 Summary and Conclusions 251 References 253 9 Procedures for the Characterization of Wettability and Surface Free Energy of Textiles - Use, Abuse, Misuse and Proper Use: A Critical Review 259Thomas Bahners and Jochen S. Gutmann 9.1 Introduction 260 9.2 Peculiarities of Textile Substrates 262 9.2.1 Geometric Hierarchy 262 9.2.2 Attempts to Model the Textile Geometry 266 9.3 Characterization of Fabrics – Drop Tests 270 9.3.1 Contact Angle Measurements 270 9.3.2 Characterization by Roll-Off Angle 272 9.3.3 Drop Penetration Tests 273 9.3.4 Characterization of Fabrics – Wicking or Rising Height Test 277 9.3.5 Fabric Characterization Based on The Wilhelmy Method 278 9.4 Contact Angle Measurement on Single Fibers 279 9.5 Methods for the Characterization of Fiber Bundles 280 9.5.1 The Washburn Approach – Wilhelmy Wicking Method 280 9.5.2 Inverse Gas Chromatography (IGC) 282 9.5.3 Using IGC as an Alternative Concept to Characterize Adhesion-Related Surface Modification 283 9.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks 284 References 288 10 Bioadhesive Nanoformulations—Concepts and Preclinical Studies: A Critical Review 295Monika Joshi, Ravi Shankar and Kamla Pathak 10.1 Introduction to Nanoformulations 295 10.2 Types of Nanoformulations 296 10.2.1 Liposomes 296 10.2.2 Ethosomes 297 10.2.3 Niosomes 297 10.2.4 Nanoparticles 298 10.2.4.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles 298 10.2.4.2 Lipid Nanoparticles 298 10.2.5 Polymeric Micelles (PMs) 298 10.2.6 Nanoemulsions 299 10.2.7 Dendrimers 299 10.3 Bioadhesion: Physiological and Pharmaceutical Aspects 299 10.4 Bioadhesive Polymers 300 10.4.1 Non-Specific Bioadhesive Polymers (Old Generation) 300 10.4.1.1 Cationic Polymers 300 10.4.1.2 Anionic Polymers 300 10.4.2 Specific Bioadhesive Polymers 301 10.4.2.1 Thiolated Polymers 301 10.4.2.2 Lectin-Based Polymers 301 10.5 Mechanism of Bioadhesion 302 10.6 Bioadhesive Nanoformulations and Their Supremacy Over Other Systems 302 10.6.1 Buccal/Sublingual Administration 303 10.6.2 Intranasal Bioadhesive Nanoformulations for Various Therapeutic Purposes 306 10.6.3 Ocular Administration 310 10.6.4 Oral Administration 313 10.6.5 Summary 318 References 319 11 Laser-Assisted Tailoring of Surface Wettability -Fundamentals and Applications: A Critical Review 331Alina Peethan, V. K. Unnikrishnan, Santhosh Chidangil and Sajan D. George 11.1 Introduction 332 11.1.1 Laser-Matter Interaction 332 11.1.2 Wettability and Laser-Assisted Tailoring of Surface Wettability 334 11.2 Nanosecond Laser Patterning 337 11.3 Picosecond Laser Patterning 341 11.4 Femtosecond Laser Patterning 344 11.5 Applications of laser textured surfaces 350 11.5.1 Biomedical applications 350 11.5.2 Water harvesting 351 11.5.3 Anti-Bacterial Activity 353 11.5.4 Spectroscopic Applications 353 11.5.5 Other Applications 354 11.6 Summary 357 Conflict of Interest 358 Acknowledgments 358 References 358 12 Improved Mathematical Models of Thermal Residual Stresses in Functionally Graded Adhesively Bonded Joints: A Critical Review 367M. Kemal Apalak and M. Didem Demirbas 12.1 Introduction 368 12.2 Mechanical and Physical Relations 374 12.3 Heat Transfer Model 377 12.4 Thermal Initial and Boundary Conditions 380 12.5 Elasticity Equations in Terms of Displacements 382 12.6 Finite-Difference Discretization 385 12.7 Implementation of Boundary Conditions 387 12.8 Results 389 12.9 Summary and Conclusions 408 Acknowledgement 409 References 410 13 Adhesion of Colloids and Bacteria to Porous Media: A Critical Review 417Runwei Li, Changfu Wei, Hefa Cheng and Gang Chen 13.1 Introduction 417 13.2 Adhesion Theory 418 13.2.1 Dupré Energy of Adhesion 418 13.2.2 Lifshitz-van der Waals Forces 421 13.2.3 Lewis Acid/Base Forces 422 13.2.4 Hydration Forces 424 13.2.5 Electrical Double Layer Forces 425 13.2.6 Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship (QSAR) Analysis 426 13.2.7 Capillary Forces 426 13.3 Adhesion of Colloids and Bacteria at Interfaces 428 13.3.1 Adhesion at the Liquid-Solid Interface 428 13.3.2 Adhesion at the Air-Water Interface 431 13.3.2.1 Water Structure and Hydrogen Bonding 431 13.3.2.2 Air-Water Interface Charges 434 13.3.2.3 Impact of Surfactants 435 13.3.2.4 Air-Water Interface in a Porous Medium 437 13.3.2.5 Force Balance at the Air-Water Interface 438 13.3.2.6 Impact of Air-Water Interface on Adhesion to Porous Media 439 13.4 Adhesion Theory Implementations 440 13.4.1 Water Saturation and Air-Water Interface in Porous Media 440 13.4.2 Liquid-Gas-Solid Three-Phase Interface and Particle Transport 441 13.4.3 Force Quantification 443 13.4.4 Atomic Force Microscopy Measurements 445 13.4.5 Linkage of Interactions and Transport 446 13.4.6 Surfactant Attachment at the Air-Water Interface 448 13.5 Summary 450 Acknowledgments 450 References 451

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsList of Figures xi List of Tables xv Foreword xvii Preface xix 1 Properties and Strength of Material 1 1.1 Introduction 1 2 Properties of Metals 3 2.1 Material Properties 3 2.1.1 Structure Insensitive Properties 4 2.1.2 Structure Sensitive Properties 4 2.1.3 Mechanical Properties 5 2.1.3.1 Modulus of Elasticity 5 2.1.3.2 Tensile Strength 6 2.1.3.3 Yield Strength 7 2.1.3.4 Fatigue Strength 7 2.1.3.5 Ductility 8 2.1.3.6 Elastic Limit 9 2.1.3.7 Impact Strength 10 2.1.3.8 Energy Absorption in Impact Testing 10 2.1.3.9 Transition Temperature for Energy Absorption 11 2.1.3.10 Transition Temperature for Lateral Expansion 11 2.1.3.11 Drop-Weight Tear Test (DWTT) 11 2.1.3.12 Fracture Toughness 11 2.1.4 Low Temperature Properties 14 2.1.4.1 Metal Strength at Low Temperature 16 2.1.5 Elevated Temperature Properties 16 2.1.6 Physical Properties 17 2.1.6.1 Thermal Conductivity 17 2.1.6.2 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 17 2.1.6.3 Melting Point 17 2.1.7 Electrical Conductivity 18 2.1.8 Corrosion Properties 18 3 Design: Load Conditions 19 3.1 Design of Welds 19 3.2 Design by Calculations 20 3.2.1 Different Types of Loading 21 3.2.2 Tension 23 3.2.3 Compression 24 3.2.4 Bending 25 3.2.5 Shear 28 3.2.6 Torsion 29 3.2.7 Flat Sections 31 3.2.8 Round Cross Sectionals 32 3.2.9 Transfer of Forces 33 4 Design of Welds and Weldments 35 4.1 Introduction 35 4.1.1 Structural Types that Affect Weld Design 38 4.2 Full Penetration Welds 38 4.3 Partial Penetration Welds 39 4.4 Groove Welds 39 4.4.1 Definitions of Terms Applicable to Groove Welds 39 4.4.1.1 Effective Length 40 4.4.1.2 Effective Size of CJP Groove Welds 40 4.4.1.3 Effective Weld Size (Flare Groove) 40 4.4.1.4 Effective Area of Groove Welds 40 4.5 Weld Grooves 42 4.5.1 Square Groove Welds 42 4.5.2 Single Bevel Groove Welds 43 4.5.3 Double Bevel Groove Weld 43 4.5.4 Single-V-Groove Weld 43 4.5.5 Double-V-Groove Welds 44 4.5.6 Single or Double-J-Groove Weld 44 4.5.7 Single or Double-U-Groove Weld 44 4.6 Fillet Welds 44 4.6.1 Definitions Applicable to Fillet Welds 45 4.6.1.1 Effective Length (Straight) 45 4.6.1.2 Effective Length (Curved) 45 4.6.1.3 Minimum Length 45 4.6.1.4 Intermittent Fillet Welds (Minimum Length) 45 4.6.1.5 Maximum Effective Length 45 4.6.1.6 Calculation of Effective Throat 45 4.6.1.7 Reinforcing Fillet Welds 46 4.6.1.8 Maximum Weld Size in Lap Joints 46 4.6.1.9 Effective Area of Fillet Welds 46 4.7 About Fillet Weld 46 4.7.1 Filet Weld Defined and Explained 47 4.7.1.1 Single Fillet Welds 52 4.7.1.2 Double Fillet Welds 52 4.7.1.3 Combined Groove and Fillet Welds 52 4.8 Weld Design and Loading 54 4.8.1 Common Conditions to Consider When Designing Welded Connections 55 4.8.2 Marking the Fabrication and Construction Drawings 55 4.8.3 Effective Areas 57 4.8.4 Effective Area of Groove Welds 57 4.9 Sizing Fillet Welds 59 4.9.1 Effective Length of Straight Fillet Welds 59 4.9.2 The Determination of Effective Throat of a Fillet Weld 59 4.9.2.1 Fillet Welds Joining Perpendicular Members 59 4.9.2.2 Fillet Weld in Acute Angle 60 4.9.2.3 Fillet Welds That Make Angle Between 60 o and 80 o 60 4.9.2.4 Fillet Welds That Make Acute Angle Between 60 o and 30 o 61 4.9.2.5 Reinforcing Fillet Welds 61 4.9.3 Fillet Welds - Minimum Size 61 4.9.4 Maximum Weld Size in Lap Joints 62 4.9.5 Skewed T-Joints 63 4.9.5.1 T–Joint Welds in Acute Angles Between 80° and 60° and in Obtuse Angles Greater Than 100° 63 4.9.5.2 T-Joint Welds in Angles Between 60° and 30° 63 4.9.5.3 T-Joint Welds in Angles Less than 30° 63 4.9.5.4 Effective Length of Skewed T-Joints 64 4.9.5.5 Effective Throat of Skewed T-Joints 64 4.9.5.6 Effective Area of Skewed T-Joints 64 4.10 Fillet Welds in Holes and Slots 64 4.10.1 Slot Ends 64 4.10.2 Effective Length of Fillet Welds in Holes or Slots 64 4.10.3 Effective Area of Fillet Welds in Holes or Slots 64 4.10.4 Diameter and Width Limitations 64 4.10.5 Slot Length and Shape 65 4.10.6 Effective Area of Plug and Slot Welds 65 4.11 Designing Calculations for Skewed Fillet Weld 65 4.12 Treating Weld as a Line 66 4.12.1 Calculation Approach 67 4.12.2 Finding the Size of the Weld 67 4.12.3 Calculated Stresses 73 4.12.4 Stress in Fillet Welds 73 4.12.5 Joint Configuration and Details 74 4.12.6 Compression Member Connections and Splices 75 4.12.7 Where There is an Issue of Through-Thickness Loading on the Base Plate 75 4.12.8 Determining the Capacity of Combinations of Welds 75 4.12.9 Corner and T-Joint Surface Contouring 75 4.12.10 Weld Access Holes 75 4.12.11 Welds with Rivets or Bolts 76 4.12.12 Joint Configuration and Details 76 4.12.12.1 Groove Welds - Transitions in Thicknesses and Widths 76 4.12.12.2 Partial Length CJP Groove Weld Prohibition 76 4.12.12.3 Flare Welds, Flare Groove and Intermittent PJP Groove Welds 76 4.12.12.4 Joint Configuration and Details 77 4.12.12.5 Termination of Fillet Welds 77 4.12.12.6 Fillet Welds in Holes and Slots 78 4.13 Design of Tubular Connections 80 4.13.1 Weld Joint Design 82 4.13.2 Uneven Distribution of Load 88 4.13.3 Collapse 91 4.13.4 Lamellar Tear and Lamination 91 4.13.5 Fatigue 92 4.14 Design for Cyclic Loading 93 4.14.1 Improving Fatigue Performance of Welds, and Evaluation of S-N Curves for Design 105 4.14.1.1 Typical Weld Flushing Plan 107 4.15 Aluminum 107 4.15.1 Aluminum Alloys and Their Characteristics 108 4.15.1.1 Aluminum Alloys Series 1xxx 108 4.15.1.2 Aluminum Alloy Series 2xxx 109 4.15.1.3 Aluminum Alloy Series 3xxx 109 4.15.1.4 Aluminum Alloy Series 4xxx 109 4.15.1.5 Aluminum Alloy Series 5xxx 109 4.15.1.6 Aluminum Alloy Series 6xxx 110 4.15.1.7 Aluminum Alloy Series 7xxx 110 4.15.2 The Aluminum Alloy Temper and Designation System 110 4.15.3 Wrought Alloy Designation System 111 4.15.4 Cast Alloy Designation 111 4.15.5 The Aluminum Temper Designation System 112 4.16 Welding Aluminum 114 4.16.1 Aluminum Welding Electrodes 115 4.16.2 Electrical Parameters 115 4.17 Design for Welding Aluminum 116 4.17.1 Effect of Welding on the Strength of Aluminum and its Alloys 117 4.17.2 Effect of Service Temperature 119 4.17.3 Type of Weld Joints for Aluminum Welding 120 4.17.3.1 Butt Joints 120 4.17.4 Lap Joint for Aluminum Welding 121 4.17.5 Use of T-Joints in Aluminum Welding 121 4.18 Distribution of Stress in Aluminum Weld Design 122 4.18.1 Shear Strength of Aluminum Fillet Welds 123 4.18.2 Fatigue Strength in Aluminum Welds 123 4.19 Heat and Distortion Control 124 4.19.1 Angular Distortion 125 4.19.2 Longitudinal Distortions 126 5 Introduction to Welding Processes 131 5.1 Introduction 131 5.2 Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) 134 5.3 Gas Tungsten Arc Welding 139 5.4 Gas Metal Arc Welding 142 5.5 Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW) 145 5.6 Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) 145 5.7 Electroslag Welding (ESW) 146 5.8 Plasma Arc Welding 146 5.9 Stud Welding 146 5.10 Oxyfuel Gas Welding 147 5.11 Hyperbaric Welding 152 5.12 Application of Welding Processes 153 6 Welding Symbols 155 6.1 Introduction 155 6.2 Common Weld Symbols and Their Meanings 156 6.2.1 The Basic Structure of Welding Symbol 156 6.2.2 Types of Welds and Their Symbols 157 6.3 Fillet Welds 158 6.3.1 The Length of the Fillet Weld 159 6.4 Groove Welds 160 6.4.1 Square Groove Welds 161 6.4.2 V-Groove Welds 161 6.5 Bevel Groove Welds 162 6.5.1 U-Groove Welds 163 6.5.2 J-Groove Welds 163 6.5.3 Flare-V Groove Welds 164 6.5.4 Flare Bevel Groove Weld 164 6.6 Plug and Slot Welds 166 7 Structural Design and Welding Specifications, and Other Useful Information 169 7.1 Introduction 169 7.2 Structural Welding Codes 169 7.3 Useful Engineering Information 174 Index 201

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Book SynopsisThe completely revised Second Edition of Metallurgy for the Non-Metallurgist provides a solid understanding of the basic principles and current practices of metallurgy.This major new edition is for anyone who uses, makes, buys or tests metal products. For both beginners and others seeking a basic refresher, the new Second Edition of the popular Metallurgy for the Non-Metallurgist gives an all-new modern view on the basic principles and practices of metallurgy. This new edition is extensively updated with broader coverage of topics, new and improved illustrations, and more explanation of basic concepts.Why are cast irons so suitable for casting? Do some nonferrous alloys respond to heat treatment like steels? Why is corrosion so pernicious? These are questions that can be answered in this updated reference with many new illustrations, examples, and descriptions of basic metallurgy.

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Book SynopsisCoverage on heat treating in the ASM Handbook series is being expanded into several volumes, and ASM Handbook, Volume 4A, Steel Heat Treating Fundamentals and Processes is the first of multiple volumes on heat treating. Volume 4A introduces the basics of steel heat treating and provides in-depth coverage of the many steel heat treating processes. Coverage includes: Physical metallurgy of steel heat treatment Fundamentals of steel hardness and hardenability Practical aspects of hardenability as a key criterion in the selection of steel Hardenability calculations and the use of hardenability data Fundamentals and practical aspects of steel quenching Expanded coverage on quenching processes Updates and expansion on annealing, tempering, austempering and martempering New articles on cleaning, subcritical annealing, austenitising, and quench partitioning of steel heat treatment Significant expansion on the fundamental and applied aspects of surface hardening by applied energy, carburising, carbonitriding, nitriding, and diffusion coatings Editors and authors have also added charts, examples, and practical reference data for application purposes.

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Book SynopsisThis ALL NEW ASM Handbook gives design, manufacturing, and material engineers a practical and comprehensive reference on the technologies and applications of induction heating and heat treatment. This book provides practitioners, students, engineers, and scientists the knowledge to more clearly understand and obtain solutions for typical induction heating problems that they encounter on an everyday basis.Continuing in the tradition of the ASM Handbook series, this Volume provides a unique combination of practical knowledge grasping ready-to-use diagrams, technical procedures, guidelines, and good practices with advanced theoretical knowledge emphasizing on specifics of induction processes compared to alternative technologies. An appreciable amount of material is devoted to practical aspects, including review of standard and customized induction equipment. Special attention is paid to describing quality assurance, process monitoring, maintenance and safety procedures, energy and environmental aspects, including control of magnetic field exposure and review of international standards and regulations.Written by internationally recognized experts, ASM Handbook Volume 4C covers the breadth and significance of induction heating and heat-treatment technologies and applications. Beginning with reviewing electrical, electromagnetic, heat transfer and material science fundamentals related to induction heating, along with coverage critical facets associated with this technology such as: Nonequilibrium nature of phase transformation and other metallurgical subtleties related to the specifics of induction hardening, tempering, stress relieving, heating prior to hot working and melting. Review of ASTM and SAE standards and guidelines in proper measuring of hardness case depth and heat affected zone. Pattern specification as well as issues and complications related to different hardness measuring techniques. Destructive and nondestructive testing. Selection of critical process parameters and inductor styles, heat pattern control, the use of magnetic flux concentrators, quench design subtleties as well as a review and explanation of common misconceptions and erroneous assumptions. Formation of residual and transient stresses and their impact on a performance of heat treated components. Temperature requirements for heating carbon steels, alloy steels, super alloys, titanium, aluminum and copper alloys and other materials prior to hot and warm working. Novel technological developments in heating billets, bars, tubes, rods and other metallic workpieces. Optimization procedures and strategies in obtaining optimal process control algorithms based on various technological criteria, real-life constrains and cost functions (e.g., maximizing throughput and temperature uniformity, energy effectiveness, minimizing required shop floor space and metal loss, etc.). Principles of multiobjective optimization of induction heating devices. Induction hardening of critical components, including gears, axle shafts, camshafts, crankshafts, and other components used in automotive and off-road machinery, aeronautic and aerospace engineering, farming, appliance, oil and gas industries. Failure analysis of induction heat treated components and comprehensive review of defects and abnormal characteristics. Good practices in designing and fabricating long-lasting induction coils and ways to avoid their premature failures. Special applications of electromagnetic induction, including melting glasses and oxides, optical fiber draw, nanoparticle heating and hyperthermia applications. Design principles and operation specifics of transistorized and thyristorized power supplies for induction heating needs. Modern computer modeling and specifics of simulation of induction thermal processes.

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Book SynopsisThe new 2016 edition of ASM Handbook, Volume 3: Alloy Phase Diagrams is a revision of the original 1992 edition. 40% of the volume has been updated and now includes 1083 binary systems, 1095 binary diagrams, 115 ternary systems, and 406 ternary diagrams. The revised volume provides a more complete explanation of phase diagrams and their significance with the addition of new material on solid solutions and phase transformations; thermodynamics; isomorphous, eutectic, peritectic, and monotectic alloy systems; solid-state transformations; and intermediate phases. Users of this volume will gain a better understanding of phase diagram construction and alloy system interactions while having a valuable resource to aid in their research and engineering pursuits.Since the 1992 edition of this volume was published, improvements in experimental techniques have increased the accuracy of results, filling the remaining gaps of existing systems. Increasingly sophisticated computer modeling methods determine phase equilibria that could not be determined experimentally in a practical manner — resulting in numerous revisions of previously accepted phase diagrams, and predicted phase diagrams for newly assessed systems.

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Book SynopsisThe 2015 edition of the volume on Powder Metallurgy focuses on conventional powder metallurgy and includes a new section on metal injection molding. The newly developed handbook format is aimed at simplifying the understanding of process and property relationships by treating each metal/alloy family in individual divisions.

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Book SynopsisThe Aluminum-Silicon Casting Alloys Atlas of Microstructures provides any engineer or researcher who works with aluminum castings with a practical and substantive tool for the visual analysis of the microscopic images of the microstructure of the aluminum casting alloys, as examined during routine laboratory procedures. The gallery of microstructure images presented in the Atlas has been selected and put in a systematic order with two main goals in mind Help the reader who has an image of an alloy microstructure identify the examined alloy in a gallery of standard casting Al-Si alloys Help the reader to identify the typical microstructure of an alloy based on its estimated cooling rate The Atlas was composed considering the cast part as a complex construction of crystallites, described in the context of particular technological conditions and initial chemical composition. Chapters I and II discuss the characteristics of the main phase constituents: ?-Al solid solution and silicon crystals (Ch. I), and intermetallic phases (Ch. II). Chapter III presents an atlas of the microstructures of Al-Si cast parts, designated according to standard PN EN 1706, taking into account its counterparts in ASTM-standards. Chapter IV presents the metallographic procedure of the visual identification of the alloy phase constituents.

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