Discrete mathematics Books

Book SynopsisThe theory of dynamical systems, or mappings, plays an important role in various disciplines of modern physics, including celestial mechanics and fluid mechanics. This comprehensive introduction to the general study of mappings has particular emphasis on their applications to the dynamics of the solar system. The book forms a bridge between continuous systems, which are suited to analytical developments and to discrete systems, which are suitable for numerical exploration. Featuring chapters based on lectures delivered at the School on Discrete Dynamical Systems (Aussois, France, February 1996) the book contains three parts - Numerical Tools and Modelling, Analytical Methods, and Examples of Application. It provides a single source of information that, until now, has been available only in widely dispersed journal articles.Table of Contents1. Part I: Modelling Mappings: An Aim and a Tool for the Study of Dynamical Systems 2. Spectra of Stretching Numbers and Helicity Angles 3. Diffusion and Transient Spectra in a 4-Dimensional Symplectic Mapping 4. Distribution of Periodic Orbits in 2-D Dynamical Systems 5. Symplectic Integrators 6. The Use of Mappings for Stability Problems in Beam Dynamics 7. Part II: Rigorous and Numerical Determination of Rotational Invariant Curves for the Standard Map 8. Interpolation of Discrete Hamiltonian Systems 9. Standard and Anomalous Diffusion in Dynamical Systems 10. Part III: Symplectic Maps and Their Use in Celestial Mechanics 11. Perturbation Theory for Volume Preserving Maps: Application to the Magnetic Field Lines in Plasma Physics

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Book SynopsisExam board: AQALevel: A levelSubject: MathsFirst teaching: September 2017First exams: Summer 2019Provide full support for the AQA Discrete content of the new specification with worked examples, stimulating activities and assessment support to help develop understanding, reasoning and problem solving. - Help prepare students for assessment with skills-building activities and fully worked examples and solutions tailored to the changed criteria.- Build understanding through carefully worded expositions that set out the basics and the detail of each topic, with call-outs to add clarity.- Test knowledge and develop understanding, reasoning and problem solving with banded Exercise questions that increase in difficulty (answers provided in the back of the book and online). - Gain a full understanding of the logical steps that are used in creating each individual algorithm - Encourages students to track their progress using learning outcomes and Key Points listed at the end of each chapter.

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Book SynopsisLogicism, as put forward by Bertrand Russell, was predicated on a belief that all of mathematics can be deduced from a very small number of fundamental logical principles. In Logicism Renewed, the author revisits this concept in light of advances in mathematical logic and the need for languages that can be understood by both humans and computers that require distinguishing between the intension and extension of predicates. Using Intensional Type Theory (ITT) the author provides a unified foundation for mathematics and computer science, yielding a much simpler foundation for recursion theory and the semantics of computer programs than that currently provided by category theory.

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Book SynopsisBiggs'' Discrete Mathematics has been a best-selling textbook since the first and revised editions were published in 1986 and 1990, respectively. This second edition has been developed in response to undergraduate course changes and changes in students'' needs. New to this edition are chapters on statements and proof, logical framework, and natural numbers and the integers, in addition to updated chapters from the previous edition. The new chapters are presented at a level suitable for mathematics and computer science students seeking a first approach to this broad and highly relevant topic. Each chapter contains newly developed tailored exercises, and miscellaneous exercises are presented throughout, providing the student with over 1000 individual tailored exercises. This edition is accompanied by a website www.oup.com/mathematics/discretemath containing hints and solutions to all exercises presented in the text, providing an invaluable resource for students and lecturers alike. The bTrade ReviewThis is a new edition of a successful textbook ... this revision is particularly welcome ... The text is written in a fluent but rigorous style and should appeal to sixthformers and undergraduates who are alienated by more formal presentations. There are plenty of approachable exercises, ranging from easy riders to establish technique to more challenging problems which introduce new ideas, and a bonus is that all the answers are available on a companion web-site. I can thoroughly recommend this text. * The Mathematical Gazette *A well known definition says that a textbook is a book such that everybody thinks he can write a better one. Biggs' Discrete Mathematics is an exception - not only for its wide range of topics and its clear organization but notably for its excellent style of explanation. * EMS *... the ideal choice for introductory courses to discrete mathematicians. * Zentralblatt MATH *Table of ContentsTHE LANGUAGE OF MATHEMATICS; TECHNIQUES; ALGORITHMS AND GRAPHS; ALGEBRAIC METHODS

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Book SynopsisHow many possible sudoku puzzles are there? In the lottery, what is the chance that two winning balls have consecutive numbers? Who invented Pascal''s triangle? (it was not Pascal)Combinatorics, the branch of mathematics concerned with selecting, arranging, and listing or counting collections of objects, works to answer all these questions. Dating back some 3000 years, and initially consisting mainly of the study of permutations and combinations, its scope has broadened to include topics such as graph theory, partitions of numbers, block designs, design of codes, and latin squares. In this Very Short Introduction Robin Wilson gives an overview of the field and its applications in mathematics and computer theory, considering problems from the shortest routes covering certain stops to the minimum number of colours needed to colour a map with different colours for neighbouring countries.ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.Trade ReviewClear and beautifully written ... this book is much more than a simple introduction ... [Its] great strength is that while examining a number of important concepts in detail, the author does so ... without using complicated abstract formulae. * Mathematics Today *Table of Contents1: What is combinatorics? 2: Four types of problem 3: Permutations and combinations 4: A combinatorial zoo 5: Tilings and polyhedra 6: Graphs 7: Square arrays 8: Designs and geometry 9: Partitions Further Reading Index

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Basic Mathematics teaches you all the maths you need for everyday situations. If you are terrified by maths, this is the book for you.Do you shy away from using numbers? Basic Mathematics can help. An easy-to-follow guide, it will ensure you gain the confidence you need to tackle maths and overcome your fears. It offers simple explanations of all the key areas, including decimals, percentages, measurements and graphs, and applies them to everyday situations, games and puzzles to help you understand mathematics quickly and enjoyably.Everything you need is here in this one book. Each chapter includes clear explanations, worked examples and test questions. At the end of the book there are challenges and games to give you new and interesting ways to practise your new skills.

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Book SynopsisThe Nature of Complex Networks provides a systematic introduction to the statistical mechanics of complex networks and the different theoretical achievements in the field that are now finding strands in common.The book presents a wide range of networks and the processes taking place on them, including recently developed directions, methods, and techniques. It assumes a statistical mechanics view of random networks based on the concept of statistical ensembles but also features the approaches and methods of modern random graph theory and their overlaps with statistical physics.This book will appeal to graduate students and researchers in the fields of statistical physics, complex systems, graph theory, applied mathematics, and theoretical epidemiology.Trade ReviewThe current volume by Dorogovtsev and Mendes takes quite a broad view of complex networks to include the analysis of finite and infinite graphs, directed and undirected graphs, multigraphs, hypergraphs, and even simplicial complexes, as networks scale according to increasing N or in some other fashion. The writing style is that of physics and especially statistical mechanics with frequent connections made to physical concepts such as Bose-Einstein condensation...The current volume can especially serve as a useful reference on complex networks from a physics perspective. * Lenwood S. Heath, MathSciNet *Table of ContentsPreface 1: First insight 2: Graphs 3: Classical random graphs 4: Equilibrium networks 5: Evolving networks 6: Connected components 7: Epidemics and spreading phenomena 8: Networks of networks 9: Spectra and communities 10: Walks and search 11: Temporal networks 12: Cooperative systems on networks 13: Inference and reconstruction 14: What's next? Further Reading Appendices A-G References

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Book SynopsisThis concise and self-contained introduction builds up the spectral theory of graphs from scratch, including linear algebra and the theory of polynomials. Covering several types of graphs, it provides the mathematical foundation needed to understand and apply spectral insight to real-world communications systems and complex networks.Table of ContentsSymbols; 1. Introduction; Part I. Spectra of Graphs: 2. Algebraic graph theory; 3. Eigenvalues of the adjacency matrix; 4. Eigenvalues of the Laplacian Q; 5. Effective resistance matrix; 6. Spectra of special types of graphs; 7. Density function of the eigenvalues; 8. Spectra of complex networks; Part II. Eigensystem: 9. Topics in linear algebra; 10. Eigensystem of a matrix; Part III. Polynomials: 11. Polynomials with real coefficients; 12. Orthogonal polynomials; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisPrimal heuristics guarantee that feasible, high-quality solutions are provided at an early stage of the solving process, and thus are essential to the success of mixed-integer programming (MIP). By helping prove optimality faster, they allow MIP technology to extend to a wide variety of applications in discrete optimization. This first comprehensive guide to the development and use of primal heuristics within MIP technology and solvers is ideal for computational mathematics graduate students and industry practitioners. Through a unified viewpoint, it gives a unique perspective on how state-of-the-art results are integrated within the branch-and-bound approach at the core of the MIP technology. It accomplishes this by highlighting all the required knowledge needed to push the heuristic side of MIP solvers to their limit and pointing out what is left to do to improve them, thus presenting heuristic approaches for MIP as part of the MIP solving process.

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Book SynopsisA PRACTICAL GUIDE TO OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS WITH DISCRETE OR INTEGER VARIABLES, REVISED AND UPDATED The revised second edition of Integer Programming explains in clear and simple terms how to construct custom-made algorithms or use existing commercial software to obtain optimal or near-optimal solutions for a variety of real-world problems. The second edition also includes information on the remarkable progress in the development of mixed integer programming solvers in the 22 years since the first edition of the book appeared. The updated text includes information on the most recent developments in the field such as the much improved preprocessing/presolving and the many new ideas for primal heuristics included in the solvers. The result has been a speed-up of several orders of magnitude. The other major change reflected in the text is the widespread use of decomposition algorithms, in particular column generation (branch-(cut)-and-price) and Benders' decompositiTable of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition xii Preface to the First Edition xiii Abbreviations and Notation xvii About the Companion Website xix 1 Formulations 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 What Is an Integer Program? 3 1.3 Formulating IPs and BIPs 5 1.4 The Combinatorial Explosion 8 1.5 Mixed Integer Formulations 9 1.6 Alternative Formulations 12 1.7 Good and Ideal Formulations 15 1.8 Notes 18 1.9 Exercises 19 2 Optimality, Relaxation, and Bounds 25 2.1 Optimality and Relaxation 25 2.2 Linear Programming Relaxations 27 2.3 Combinatorial Relaxations 28 2.4 Lagrangian Relaxation 29 2.5 Duality 30 2.6 Linear Programming and Polyhedra 32 2.7 Primal Bounds: Greedy and Local Search 34 2.8 Notes 38 2.9 Exercises 38 3 Well-Solved Problems 43 3.1 Properties of Easy Problems 43 3.2 IPs with Totally Unimodular Matrices 44 3.3 Minimum Cost Network Flows 46 3.4 Special Minimum Cost Flows 48 3.4.1 Shortest Path 48 3.4.2 Maximum s − t Flow 49 3.5 Optimal Trees 50 3.6 Submodularity and Matroids 54 3.7 Two Harder Network Flow Problems 57 3.8 Notes 59 3.9 Exercises 60 4 Matchings and Assignments 63 4.1 Augmenting Paths and Optimality 63 4.2 Bipartite Maximum Cardinality Matching 65 4.3 The Assignment Problem 67 4.4 Matchings in Nonbipartite Graphs 73 4.5 Notes 74 4.6 Exercises 75 5 Dynamic Programming 79 5.1 Some Motivation: Shortest Paths 79 5.2 Uncapacitated Lot-Sizing 80 5.3 An Optimal Subtree of a Tree 83 5.4 Knapsack Problems 84 5.4.1 0–1 Knapsack Problems 85 5.4.2 Integer Knapsack Problems 86 5.5 The Cutting Stock Problem 89 5.6 Notes 91 5.7 Exercises 92 6 Complexity and Problem Reductions 95 6.1 Complexity 95 6.2 Decision Problems, and Classes NP and P 96 6.3 Polynomial Reduction and the Class NPC 98 6.4 Consequences of P =NP orP ≠NP 103 6.5 Optimization and Separation 104 6.6 The Complexity of Extended Formulations 105 6.7 Worst-Case Analysis of Heuristics 106 6.8 Notes 109 6.9 Exercises 110 7 Branch and Bound 113 7.1 Divide and Conquer 113 7.2 Implicit Enumeration 114 7.3 Branch and Bound: an Example 116 7.4 LP-Based Branch and Bound 120 7.5 Using a Branch-and-Bound/Cut System 123 7.6 Preprocessing or Presolve 129 7.7 Notes 134 7.8 Exercises 135 8 Cutting Plane Algorithms 139 8.1 Introduction 139 8.2 Some Simple Valid Inequalities 140 8.3 Valid Inequalities 143 8.4 A Priori Addition of Constraints 147 8.5 Automatic Reformulation or Cutting Plane Algorithms 149 8.6 Gomory’s Fractional Cutting Plane Algorithm 150 8.7 Mixed Integer Cuts 153 8.7.1 The Basic Mixed Integer Inequality 153 8.7.2 The Mixed Integer Rounding (MIR) Inequality 155 8.7.3 The Gomory Mixed Integer Cut 155 8.7.4 Split Cuts 156 8.8 Disjunctive Inequalities and Lift-and-Project 158 8.9 Notes 161 8.10 Exercises 162 9 Strong Valid Inequalities 167 9.1 Introduction 167 9.2 Strong Inequalities 168 9.3 0–1 Knapsack Inequalities 175 9.3.1 Cover Inequalities 175 9.3.2 Strengthening Cover Inequalities 176 9.3.3 Separation for Cover Inequalities 178 9.4 Mixed 0–1 Inequalities 179 9.4.1 Flow Cover Inequalities 179 9.4.2 Separation for Flow Cover Inequalities 181 9.5 The Optimal Subtour Problem 183 9.5.1 Separation for Generalized Subtour Constraints 183 9.6 Branch-and-Cut 186 9.7 Notes 189 9.8 Exercises 190 10 Lagrangian Duality 195 10.1 Lagrangian Relaxation 195 10.2 The Strength of the Lagrangian Dual 200 10.3 Solving the Lagrangian Dual 202 10.4 Lagrangian Heuristics 205 10.5 Choosing a Lagrangian Dual 207 10.6 Notes 209 10.7 Exercises 210 11 Column (and Row) Generation Algorithms 213 11.1 Introduction 213 11.2 The Dantzig–Wolfe Reformulation of an IP 215 11.3 Solving the LP Master Problem: Column Generation 216 11.4 Solving the Master Problem: Branch-and-Price 219 11.5 Problem Variants 222 11.5.1 Handling Multiple Subproblems 222 11.5.2 Partitioning/Packing Problems with Additional Variables 223 11.5.3 Partitioning/Packing Problems with Identical Subsets 224 11.6 Computational Issues 225 11.7 Branch-Cut-and-Price: An Example 226 11.7.1 A Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem 226 11.7.2 Solving the Subproblems 229 11.7.3 The Load Formulation 230 11.8 Notes 231 11.9 Exercises 232 12 Benders’ Algorithm 235 12.1 Introduction 235 12.2 Benders’ Reformulation 236 12.3 Benders’ with Multiple Subproblems 240 12.4 Solving the Linear Programming Subproblems 242 12.5 Integer Subproblems: Basic Algorithms 244 12.5.1 Branching in the (x, 𝜂, y)-Space 244 12.5.2 Branching in (x, 𝜂)-Space and “No-Good” Cuts 246 12.6 Notes 247 12.7 Exercises 248 13 Primal Heuristics 251 13.1 Introduction 251 13.2 Greedy and Local Search Revisited 252 13.3 Improved Local Search Heuristics 255 13.3.1 Tabu Search 255 13.3.2 Simulated Annealing 256 13.3.3 Genetic Algorithms 257 13.4 Heuristics Inside MIP Solvers 259 13.4.1 Construction Heuristics 259 13.4.2 Improvement Heuristics 261 13.5 User-Defined MIP heuristics 262 13.6 Notes 265 13.7 Exercises 266 14 From Theory to Solutions 269 14.1 Introduction 269 14.2 Software for Solving Integer Programs 269 14.3 How Do We Find an Improved Formulation? 272 14.4 Multi-item Single Machine Lot-Sizing 277 14.5 A Multiplexer Assignment Problem 282 14.6 Integer Programming and Machine Learning 285 14.7 Notes 287 14.8 Exercises 287 References 291 Index 311

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Introduction to Neutrosophic Probability 2. Introduction to Neutrosophic Statistics 3. Applications Applications of Neutrosophic Statistics to Medicine Applications of Neutrosophic Statistics to Cognitive Data Applications of Neutrosophic Statistics to Bioinformatics

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Book SynopsisEmphasizing the creative nature of mathematics, this conversational textbook guides students through the process of discovering a proof as they transition to advanced mathematics. Using several strategies, students will develop the thinking skills needed to tackle mathematics when there is no clear algorithm or recipe to follow.Trade Review'Every student in the sciences should be exposed to the basic language of modern mathematics, and standard courses such as calculus or linear algebra do not play this role. The ideal textbook for such a course should not attempt to be encyclopedic and should not assume special prerequisites. It should cover a carefully chosen selection of topics efficiently, engagingly, thoroughly, without being overbearing. Fuchs' text fits this description admirably. The level is right, the math is rock solid, the writing is very pleasant. The book talks to the reader, without ever sounding patronizing. A vast selection of problems, many including solutions, will be splendidly helpful both in a classroom setting and for self-study.' Paolo Aluffi, Florida State University'This well-written text strikes a good balance between conciseness and clarity. Students are led from looking more deeply into familiar topics, such as the quadratic formula, to an understanding of the nature, structure, and methods of proof. The examples and problems are a strong point. I look forward to teaching from it.' Eric Gottlieb, Rhodes College'Fuchs' text is an excellent addition to the 'transitions to proof' literature. I will use it when I next teach such a course. Except for the excellent 'Additional Topics' sections, the content is standard, but the spiraling presentation and helpful narrative around proofs are what truly elevate this text. Fuchs has made every attempt to connect the structure and rigor of mathematics with the intuition of the student. For example, the notion of function arises in three different chapters, with two increasingly rigorous 'provisional definitions,' before a complete definition is given within a wider discussion of relations. I anticipate this approach resonating with students. Fuchs' Chapter 3, which introduces logic and proof strategies, is the most usable presentation of the material I have seen or used. The practice of mathematics and mathematical thinking is communicated well, while opportunities for confusion and obfuscation via a blizzard of symbols are minimized.' Ryan Grady, Montana State University'This book is a must-have resource for an undergraduate mathematics student or interested reader to learn the fundamental topics in how to prove things. The text is thorough and of top quality, yet it is conversational and easy to absorb. Maybe the most important quality, it offers advice about how to approach problems, making it perfect for an introduction to proofs class.' Andrew McEachern, York University, Canada'This is a great choice of textbook for any course introducing undergraduates to mathematical proofs. What makes this book stand out are the early chapters, as well as the 'Additional Topics,' both with accompanying exercises. The book begins by gently introducing proof-based thinking by posing well-motivated prompts and exercises concerning familiar arithmetic of real numbers and the integers. It then introduces fields as a playground to practice working with axioms and drawing (sometimes surprising) conclusions from them. The book proceeds with introducing formal logic, mathematical induction, set theory, and relations on sets. The book's design nicely enables framing classes around a choice sampling among the abundant exercises. The book's 'Additional Topics' can serve to engage those students with a brimming imagination and who are already familiar with basic notions of proofs.' David Ayala, Montana State University'Fuchs' Introduction to Proofs and Proof Strategies is an excellent textbook choice for an undergraduate proof-writing course. The author takes a friendly and conversational approach, giving many worked examples throughout each section. Furthermore, each section is replete with exercises for the reader, along with fully worked solutions at chapter's end. This is exactly the 'get your hands dirty' approach students and readers will benefit greatly from!' Frank Patane, Samford University'The book Introduction to Proofs and Proof Strategies by Shay Fuchs takes the problem-solving approach to the forefront by accompanying the reader in the construction and deconstruction of proofs through numerous examples and challenging exercises. The fundamental principles of mathematics are introduced in a creative and innovative way, making learning an enjoyable journey.' Roberto Bruni, Università di Pisa'This textbook is easy to read and designed to enhance students' problem-solving skills in their first year of university. The book really stands out due to the variety and quality of exercises at the end of each chapter. The latter chapters dive into more advanced topics for interested students.' Marina Tvalavadze, University of Toronto MississaugaTable of ContentsContents; Preface; Part I. Core Material; 1. Numbers, Quadratics and Inequalities; 2. Sets, Functions and the Field Axioms; 3. Informal Logic and Proof Strategies; 4. Mathematical Induction; 5. Bijections and Cardinality; 6. Integers and Divisibility; 7. Relations; Part II. Additional Topics; 8. Elementary Combinatorics; 9. Preview of Real Analysis – Limits and Continuity; 10. Complex Numbers; 11. Preview of Linear Algebra; Notes; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisRichard Stanley's two-volume basic introduction to enumerative combinatorics has become the standard guide to the topic for students and experts alike. This updated edition provides the only comprehensive high-level treatment of enumerative combinatorics, including the theory of symmetric functions, with over 150 new exercises and solutions.Trade Review'This is one of the great books; readable, deep and full of gems. It brings algebraic combinatorics to life. I teach out of it and feel that if I can get my students to 'touch Stanley' I have given them a gift for life.' Persi Diaconis, Stanford University'It is wonderful to celebrate the completion of the second edition of Richard Stanley's Enumerative Combinatorics, one of the finest mathematical works of all time. He has added nearly 200 exercises, together with their answers, to what was already a uniquely masterful summary of a vast and beautiful theory. When paired with the second edition of Volume 1, his two classic volumes will surely be a timeless treasure for generations to come.' Donald E. Knuth, Stanford University'An updated classic with a mesmerizing array of interconnected examples. Through Stanley's masterful exposition, the current and future generations of mathematicians will learn the inherent beauty and pleasures of enumeration.' June Huh, Princeton University'I have used Richard Stanley's books on Enumerative Combinatorics numerous times for the combinatorics classes I have taught. This new edition contains many new exercises, which will no doubt be extremely useful for the next generation of combinatorialists.' Anne Schilling, University of California, Davis'Richard Stanley's Enumerative Combinatorics, in two volumes, is an essential reference for researchers and graduate students in the field of enumeration. Volume 2, newly revised, includes comprehensive coverage of composition and inversion of generating functions, exponential and algebraic generating functions, and symmetric functions. The treatment of symmetric functions is especially noteworthy for its thoroughness and accessibility. Engaging problems and solutions, and detailed historical notes, add to the value of this book. It provides an excellent introduction to the subject for beginners while also offering advanced researchers new insights and perspectives.' Ira Gessel, Brandeis UniversityTable of ContentsPreface to Second Edition; Preface; 5. Trees and the Composition of Generating Functions; 6. Algebraic Generating Functions; 7. Symmetric Functions; Appendices: References; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis graduate level textbook covers classical and modern developments in graph theory and additive combinatorics, presenting arguments as a cohesive whole. Students will appreciate the chapter summaries, many figures and exercises, as well as the complementary set of lecture videos freely available through MIT OpenCourseWare.Trade Review'Yufei Zhao does great mathematics and has an uncanny ability to explain the deepest results with clear understandable prose. For anyone interested in the seminal ideas (and their interrelationships) of recent decades - pseudorandomness, graphons, graph regularity, to name a few - this is the book to read and savor.' Joel Spencer, New York University'This impeccable book should quickly become a classic text in discrete maths. A huge selection of topics is treated elegantly, with beautiful illustrations, and in just the `right' amount of detail to arouse the interest of the reader and leave them well placed to find out more. In particular, the second half of the book is a superb introduction to additive combinatorics, which I will happily recommend to any student in this area.' Ben Green, Oxford University'This charming text gives an accessible introduction to the connected topics of extremal graph theory and modern additive combinatorics. The focus is very strongly on presenting intuition and restricting attention to the simplest possible instances of methods or classes of results, rather than aiming for maximal generality or the strongest statements; instead, references are given for further reading, or for the proofs of important theorems that are only stated here. Being highly suitable for advanced undergraduates or beginning graduate students, it fills a niche that is currently not occupied by other texts in these highly active areas of current mathematical research.' Terry Tao, University of California, Los Angeles'A valuable and readable unified treatment of a fast-moving area of combinatorics from one of the world's experts - sure to become a standard resource.' Jordan Ellenberg, University of Wisconsin-Madison'Yufei Zhao's book is a wonderful book about graph theory, additive combinatorics, and their surprising connections, involving a major theme of modern mathematics: the interplay between structure and randomness. In both areas, the book can take the curious reader, whether an advanced undergraduate or a professional mathematician, on a joyous journey from the very basics to state-of-the-art research. Yufei Zhao himself is a major player in modern research in both these areas and his presentation is a tour de force.' Gil Kalai, Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Reichman University'This is a beautiful treatment of extremal graph theory and additive combinatorics, focusing on the fruitful interplay between the two. The book covers the classical results as well as recent developments in this active area. It is a fascinating manuscript that would appeal to students and researchers with an interest in discrete mathematics, theoretical computer number theory, and related areas.' Noga Alon, Princeton University'This is a wonderful, well-written account of additive combinatorics from the graph theoretic perspective. Zhao skillfully ties in this approach to the usual statements and gives a thorough development of the subject. This book is indispensable for any serious researcher in this area. Beginners will find a thorough account of the subject with plenty of motivation. The more experienced reader will appreciate the authors' insights and elegant development of some difficult ideas.' Andrew Granville, University of MontréalTable of ContentsPreface; Notation and Conventions; Appetizer: triangles and equations; 1. Forbidding a subgraph; 2. Graph regularity method; 3. Pseudorandom graphs; 4. Graph limits; 5. Graph homomorphism inequalities; 6. Forbidding 3-term arithmetic progressions; 7. Structure of set addition; 8. Sum-product problem; 9. Progressions in sparse pseudorandom sets; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis authoritative biography of Kurt Goedel relates the life of this most important logician of our time to the development of the field. Goedel's seminal achievements that changed the perception and foundations of mathematics are explained in the context of his life from the turn of the century Austria to the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton.Trade ReviewDawson's book remains a starting point for our view into the life and work of the man who gave the world incompleteness. -- The Review of Modern Logic, March 2007Table of Contents1. Der Herr Warum (1920-1924) 2. Intellectual Maturation (1924-29) 3. Excursus: A Capsule History of the Development of Logic to 1928 4. Moment of Impact (1929-31) 5. Dozent in absentia (1932-37) 6. “Jetzt, Mengenlehre” (1937-39) 7. Homecoming and Hegira (1939-40) 8. Years of Transition (1940-46) 9. Philosophy and Cosmology (1946-51) 10. Recognition and Reclusion (1951-61) 11. New Light on the Continuum Problem (1961-68) 12. Withdrawal (1969-78) 13. Aftermath 14. Reflections on Gödel’s Life and Legacy

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Book SynopsisGenerating functions, one of the most important tools in enumerative combinatorics, are a bridge between discrete mathematics and continuous analysis. Generating functions have numerous applications in mathematics, especially in - Combinatorics - Probability Theory - Statistics - Theory of Markov Chains - Number Theory One of the most important and relevant recent applications of combinatorics lies in the development of Internet search engines whose incredible capabilities dazzle even the mathematically trained user.Trade Review" ""Wilf's writing is clear and friendly; his exorcises are instructive and plentiful... This book is valuable reading for even the best of specialists..."" -E. Rodney Canfield, The Mathematical Intelligencer , March 1993 ""This is a first rate, carefully planned and executed book written by a 'black belt gereratingfunctionologist.' I'll be using it the next time I teach..."" -George Andrews, SIAM News, October 1994 ""Wilf's book is very well-written and easy to read by any serious mathematics student. Scientists in other disciplines often encounter the need to study sequences that naturally arise in their own discipline. The book is well-suited fo them, too."" -Short Book Reviews, January 2006"Table of ContentsIntroductory Ideas and Examples. Series. Cards, Decks and Hands: The Exponential Formula. Applications of Generating Functions. Analytic and Asymptotic Models. Appendix: Using Maple and Mathematica Solutions. References.

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Book SynopsisMany believe mathematics is only about calculations, formulas, numbers, and strange letters. But mathematics is much more than just crunching numbers or manipulating symbols. Mathematics is about discovering patterns, uncovering hidden structures, finding counterexamples, and thinking logically. Mathematics is a way of thinking. It is an activity that is both highly creative and challenging. This book offers an introduction to mathematical reasoning for beginning university or college students, providing a solid foundation for further study in mathematics, computer science, and related disciplines. Written in a manner that directly conveys the sense of excitement and discovery at the heart of doing science, its 25 short and visually appealing chapters cover the basics of set theory, logic, proof methods, combinatorics, graph theory, and much more. In the book you will, among other things, find answers to: What is a proof? What is a counterexample? What does it mean to say that something follows logically from a set of premises? What does it mean to abstract over something? How can knowledge and information be represented and used in calculations? What is the connection between Morse code and Fibonacci numbers? Why could it take billions of years to solve Hanoi's Tower? Logical Methods is especially appropriate for students encountering such concepts for the very first time. Designed to ease the transition to a university or college level study of mathematics or computer science, it also provides an accessible and fascinating gateway to logical thinking for students of all disciplines.Trade Review"The definitions are followed by examples to help explain their meaning, along with counterexamples ... . Therefore, very little basic knowledge is required for this introduction to logical methods ... which is written in an accessible style ... . contained in the book are several hundred small figures; arrow, Venn, and Hasse diagrams; and simplifies visual representations ... . The author has also elected to use color to draw the reader's attention ... ." “From personal teaching experience, knowledge of these mathematical areas is necessary for disparate fields of CS and informatics. These foundations are needed for many fields, from database theory to various domains of information systems applications. The book’s presentation of topics and incentives for problem-solving, along with its exercises, is very useful for university-level instructors and students. The compact chapters contain clear explanations, diagrams, and brief descriptions of interesting facts.” (Bálint Molnár, Computing Reviews, July 27, 2021)Table of ContentsPreface.- 0 The Art of Thinking Abstractly and Mathematically.- 1 Basic Set Theory.- 2 Propositional Logic.- 3 Semantics from Propositional Logic.- 4 Concepts in Propositional Logic.- 5 Proofs, Conjectures, and Counterexamples.- 6 Relations.- 7 Functions.- 8 A Little More Set Theory.- 9 Closures and Inductively Defined Sets.- 10 Recursively Defined Functions.- 11 Mathematical Induction.- 12 Structural Induction.- 13 First-Order Languages.- 14 Representation of Quantified Statements.- 15 Interpretation in Models.- 16 Reasoning About Models.- 17 Abstraction with Equivalences and Partitions.- 18 Combinatorics.- 19 A Little More Combinatorics.- 20 A Bit of Abstract Algebra.- 21 Graph Theory.- 22 Walks in Graphs.- 23 Formal Languages and Grammars.- 24 Natural Deduction.- The Road Ahead.- Index. Symbols.

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Book SynopsisDiscrete Mathematics with Ducks, Second Edition is a gentle introduction for students who find the proofs and abstractions of mathematics challenging. At the same time, it provides stimulating material that instructors can use for more advanced students. The first edition was widely well received, with its whimsical writing style and numerous exercises and materials that engaged students at all levels. The new, expanded edition continues to facilitate effective and active learning. It is designed to help students learn about discrete mathematics through problem-based activities. These are created to inspire students to understand mathematics by actively practicing and doing, which helps students better retain what they've learned. As such, each chapter contains a mixture of discovery-based activities, projects, expository text, in-class exercises, and homework problems. The author's lively and friendly writing style is apTable of ContentsPreface for Instructors and Other TeachersPreface for Students and Other LearnersTheme: The Basics1 Counting and Proofs2 Sets and Logic3 Graphics and Functions4 Induction5 Algorithms with CiphersTheme I Supplement6 Binomial Coefficients and Pascal’s Triangle7 Balls and Boxes and PIE: Counting Techniques8 Recurrences9 Cutting Up Food: Counting and GeometryIII Theme: Graph Theory10 Trees11 Euler’s Formula and Applications12 Graph Traversals13 Graph ColoringTheme III Supplement: Problems on the Theme of Graph TheoryIV Other Material14 Probability and Expectation15 Fun with Cardinality16 Number Theory17 Computational ComplexityA Solutions to Check Yourself ProblemsB Solutions to Bonus Check-Yourself ProblemsC The Greek Alphabet and Some Uses for Some LettersD List of SymbolsBibliographyIndex

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Book SynopsisProblems.- Arithmetic Functions.- Primes in Arithmetic Progressions.- The Prime Number Theorem.- The Method of Contour Integration.- Functional Equations.- Hadamard Products.- Explicit Formulas.- The Selberg Class.- Sieve Methods.- p-adic Methods.- Equidistribution.- Solutions.- Arithmetic Functions.- Primes in Arithmetic Progressions.- The Prime Number Theorem.- The Method of Contour Integration.- Functional Equations.- Hadamard Products.- Explicit Formulas.- The Selberg Class.- Sieve Methods.- p-adic Methods.- Equidistribution.Trade ReviewM.R. MurtyProblems in Analytic Number Theory"The reviewer strongly approves of the problem-based approach to learning, and recommends this book to any student of analytic number theory."—MATHEMATICAL REVIEWSFrom the reviews of the second edition:“This expanded and corrected second edition of this useful and interesting book has a new chapter on the topic of equidistribution. … this monograph gives important results and techniques for specific topics, together with many exercises. … I do enjoy this book … and I imagine when I take the graduate course in the subject that it will be of a greater benefit, which is why I offered such a high rating.” (Philosophy, Religion and Science Book Reviews, bookinspections.wordpress.com, July, 2013)"The second edition of the book has eleven chapters … . the book can be used both as a problem book (as its title shows) and also as a textbook (as the series in which the book is published shows). … is ideal as a text for a first course in analytic number theory, either at the senior undergraduate or the graduate level. … I believe that this book will be very useful for students, researchers and professors. It is well written … ." (Mehdi Hassani, MathDL, April, 2008)Table of ContentsProblems.- Arithmetic Functions.- Primes in Arithmetic Progressions.- The Prime Number Theorem.- The Method of Contour Integration.- Functional Equations.- Hadamard Products.- Explicit Formulas.- The Selberg Class.- Sieve Methods.- p-adic Methods.- Equidistribution.- Solutions.- Arithmetic Functions.- Primes in Arithmetic Progressions.- The Prime Number Theorem.- The Method of Contour Integration.- Functional Equations.- Hadamard Products.- Explicit Formulas.- The Selberg Class.- Sieve Methods.- p-adic Methods.- Equidistribution.

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Book SynopsisCryptography, in particular public-key cryptography, has emerged in the last 20 years as an important discipline that is not only the subject of an enormous amount of research, but provides the foundation for information security in many applications. Standards are emerging to meet the demands for cryptographic protection in most areas of data communications. Public-key cryptographic techniques are now in widespread use, especially in the financial services industry, in the public sector, and by individuals for their personal privacy, such as in electronic mail. This Handbook will serve as a valuable reference for the novice as well as for the expert who needs a wider scope of coverage within the area of cryptography. It is a necessary and timely guide for professionals who practice the art of cryptography. The Handbook of Applied Cryptography provides a treatment that is multifunctional:It serves as an introduction to the more practical aspects of both conventionalTrade Review"…very well suited for the reader who wants an encyclopedic description of the state of the art of applied modern cryptography."-Mathematical Reviews, Issue 99g "[This book] is an incredible achievement. … [T]he handbook is complete. If I want to check what problems there were with a proposed system, determine how the variations on a particular algorithm developed, see what research preceded and followed an idea, I go to the Handbook. The Handbook has accurate, clear, and correct information. It is wonderful. … If I were limited to only one cryptography text on my shelves, it would be the Handbook of Applied Cryptography." - Bulletin of the AMS Table of ContentsForeword by Ronald L. Rivest Overview of Cryptography Introduction Information security and cryptography Background on functions Functions(1-1, one-way, trapdoor one-way) Permutations Involutions Basic terminology and concepts Symmetric-key encryption Overview of block ciphers and stream ciphers Substitution ciphers and transposition ciphers Composition of ciphers Stream ciphers The key space Digital signatures Authentication and identification Identification Data origin authentication Public-key cryptography Public-key encryption The necessity of authentication in public-key systems Digital signatures from reversible public-key encryption Symmetric-key versus public-key cryptography Hash functions Protocols and mechanisms Key establishment, management, and certification Key management through symmetric-key techniques Key management through public-key techniques Trusted third parties and public-key certificates Pseudorandom numbers and sequences Classes of attacks and security models Attacks on encryption schemes Attacks on protocols Models for evaluating security Perspective for computational security Notes and further references Mathematical Background Probability theory Basic definitions Conditional probability Random variables Binomial distribution Birthday attacks Random mappings Information theory Entropy Mutual information Complexity theory Basic definitions Asymptotic notation Complexity classes Randomized algorithms Number theory The integers Algorithms in Z The integers modulo n Algorithms in Zn The Legendre and Jacobi symbols Blum integers Abstract algebra Groups Rings Fields Polynomial rings Vector spaces Finite fields Basic properties The Euclidean algorithm for polynomials Arithmetic of polynomials N

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Book SynopsisIntended for first- or second-year graduate students in mathematics, as well as researchers working in algebraic geometry or combinatorics, this text introduces techniques that are essential in several areas of modern mathematics. With numerous exercises and examples, it covers the core notions and applications of equivariant cohomology.Trade Review'This book is a much-needed introduction to a powerful and central tool in algebraic geometry and related subjects. The authors are masters of clarity and rigor. The important theorems and examples are thoroughly explained, and illuminated with well-chosen exercises. This book is an essential companion for anyone wanting to understand group actions in algebraic geometry.' Ravi Vakil, Stanford University'Equivariant Cohomology is a tool from algebraic topology that becomes available when groups act on spaces. In Algebraic geometry, the groups are algebraic groups, including tori, and typical spaces are toric varieties and homogeneous varieties such as Grassmannians and flag varieties. This book introduces and studies equivariant cohomology (actually equivariant Chow groups) from the perspective of algebraic geometry, beginning with the artful replacement of Borel's classifying spaces by Totaro's finite-dimensional approximations. After developing the main properties of equivariant Chow groups, including localization and GKM theory, the authors investigate equivariant Chow groups of toric varieties and flag varieties, and the equivariant classes of Schubert varieties. Reflecting the interests of the authors, special attention is paid to Schubert calculus and the links between degeneracy loci and equivariant cohomology. The text also serves as an introduction to flag varieties, their Schubert varieties, and the calculus of Schubert classes in equivariant cohomology.' Frank Sottile, Texas A&M University'Equivariant Cohomology in Algebraic Geometry by David Anderson and William Fulton offers a comprehensive, accessible exploration of the development, standard examples, and recent contributions in this fascinating field. The authors have successfully struck a balance between rigor and approachability, making it an excellent resource for young researchers in the field. The book's real strength lies in its application to toric varieties and Schubert varieties across various settings, including Grassmannians, flag varieties, degeneracy loci, and extensions to other classical types and Kac–Moody groups. The authors' treatment of Bott-Samelson desingularizations of Schubert varieties is particularly noteworthy, displaying elegance and coherence within the context of the book's material. With over 450 pages of content, Equivariant Cohomology in Algebraic Geometry offers a comprehensive resource for researchers and scholars. It is poised to become a standard reference in the field, leaving a lasting impact on the flourishing area of research for years to come.' Sara Billey, University of WashingtonTable of Contents1. Preview; 2. Defining equivariant cohomology; 3. Basic properties; 4. Grassmannians and flag varieties; 5. Localization I; 6. Conics; 7. Localization II; 8. Toric varieties; 9. Schubert calculus on Grassmannians; 10. Flag varieties and Schubert polynomials; 11. Degeneracy loci; 12. Infinite-dimensional flag varieties; 13. Symplectic flag varieties; 14. Symplectic Schubert polynomials; 15. Homogeneous varieties; 16. The algebra of divided difference operators; 17. Equivariant homology; 18. Bott–_Samelson varieties and Schubert varieties; 19. Structure constants; A. Algebraic topology; B. Specialization in equivariant Borel–_Moore homology; C. Pfaffians and Q-polynomials; D. Conventions for Schubert varieties; E. Characteristic classes and equivariant cohomology; References; Notation index; Subject index.

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Book SynopsisThis book is the very first one in the English language entirely dedicated to the Lambert W function, its generalizations, and its applications. One goal is to promote future research on the topic. The book contains all the information one needs when trying to find a result. The most important formulas and results are framed. The Lambert W function is a multi-valued inverse function with plenty of applications in areas like molecular physics, relativity theory, fuel consumption models, plasma physics, analysis of epidemics, bacterial growth models, delay differential equations, fluid mechanics, game theory, statistics, study of magnetic materials, and so on.The first part of the book gives a full treatise of the W function from theoretical point of view.The second part presents generalizations of this function which have been introduced by the need of applications where the classical W function is insufficient.The third part presents a large number of app

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Book SynopsisBasics of Ramsey Theory serves as a gentle introduction to Ramsey theory for students interested in becoming familiar with a dynamic segment of contemporary mathematics that combines ideas from number theory and combinatorics. The core of the of the book consists of discussions and proofs of the results now universally known as Ramsey's theorem, van der Waerden's theorem, Schur's theorem, Rado's theorem, the HalesJewett theorem, and the Happy End Problem of Erdos and Szekeres. The aim is to present these in a manner that will be challenging but enjoyable, and broadly accessible to anyone with a genuine interest in mathematics.Features Suitable for any undergraduate student who has successfully completed the standard calculus sequence of courses and a standard first (or second) year linear algebra course Filled with visual proofs of fundamental theorems Contains numerous exercises (with their solutions) acceTable of Contents1. Introduction: Pioneers and Trailblazers. 1.1. Complete Disorder is Impossible. 1.2 Paul Erdős. 1.3. Frank Plumpton Ramsey. 1.4 Ramsey Theory. 2. Ramsey’s Theorem. 2.1. The Pigeonhole Principle. 2.2. Acquaintances and Strangers. 2.3. Ramsey’s Theorem for Graphs. 2.4. Ramsey’s Theorem: Infinite Case. 2.5. Ramsey’s Theorem: General Case. 2.6. Exercises. 3. van der Waerden’s Theorem. 3.1. Bartel van der Waerden. 3.2. van der Waerden’s Theorem: 3–Term Arithmetic Progressions. 3.3. Proof of van der Waerden’s Theorem. 3.4. van der Waerden’s Theorem: How Far and Where? 3.5. van der Waerden’s Theorem: Some Related Questions. 3.6. Exercises. 4. Schur’s Theorem and Rado’s Theorem. 4.1 Issai Schur. 4.2. Schur’s Theorem. 4.3. Richard Rado. 4.4 Rado’s Theorem. 4.5. Exercises. 5. The Hales–Jewett Theorem. 5.1. Combinatorial Lines. 5.2. Generalized Tic–Tac–Toe Game. 5.3. The Hales–Jewett Theorem. 5.4. Exercises. 6. Happy End Problem. 6.1. The Happy End Problem: Triangles, Quadrilaterals, and Pentagons. 6.2. The Happy End Problem – General Case. 6.3. Erdős–Szekeres’ Upper and Lower Bounds. 6.4. Progress on the Conjecture OF Erdős and Szekeres. 6.5. Exercises. 7. Solutions.

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Book SynopsisGraphs & Digraphs, Seventh Edition masterfully employs student-friendly exposition, clear proofs, abundant examples, and numerous exercises to provide an essential understanding of the concepts, theorems, history, and applications of graph theory. This classic text, widely popular among students and instructors alike for decades, is thoroughly streamlined in this new, seventh edition, to present a text consistent with contemporary expectations.Changes and updates to this edition include: A rewrite of four chapters from the ground up Streamlining by over a third for efficient, comprehensive coverage of graph theory Flexible structure with foundational Chapters 16 and customizable topics in Chapters 711 Incorporation of the latest developments in fundamental graph theory Statements of recent groundbreaking discoveries, even if proofs are beyond scope Completely reorganized chapters on traversability, connectiviTable of Contents1 Graphs 1.1 Fundamentals 1.2 Isomorphism 1.3 Families of graphs 1.4 Operations on graphs 1.5 Degree sequences 1.6 Path and cycles 1.7 Connected graphs and distance 1.8 Trees and forests 1.9 Multigraphs and pseudographs 2 Digraphs 2.1 Fundamentals 2.2 Strongly connected digraphs 2.3 Tournaments 2.4 Score sequences 3 Traversability 3.1 Eulerian graphs and digraphs 3.2 Hamiltonian graphs 3.3 Hamiltonian digraphs 3.4 Highly hamiltonian graphs 3.5 Graph powers 4 Connectivity 4.1 Cut-vertices, bridges, and blocks 4.2 Vertex connectivity 4.3 Edge-connectivity 4.4 Menger's theorem 5 Planarity 5.1 Euler's formula 5.2 Characterizations of planarity 5.3 Hamiltonian planar graphs 5.4 The crossing number of a graph 6 Coloring 6.1 Vertex coloring 6.2 Edge coloring 6.3 Critical and perfect graphs 6.4 Maps and planar graphs 7 Flows 7.1 Networks 7.2 Max-flow min-cut theorem 7.3 Menger's theorems for digraphs 7.4 A connection to coloring 8 Factors and covers 8.1 Matchings and 1-factors 8.2 Independence and covers 8.3 Domination 8.4 Factorizations and decompositions 8.5 Labelings of graphs 9 Extremal graph theory 9.1 Avoiding a complete graph 9.2 Containing cycles and trees 9.3 Ramsey theory 9.4 Cages and Moore graphs 10 Embeddings 10.1 The genus of a graph 10.2 2-Cell embeddings of graphs 10.3 The maximum genus of a graph 10.4 The graph minor theorem 11 Graphs and algebra 11.1 Graphs and matrices 11.2 The automorphism group 11.3 Cayley color graphs 11.4 The reconstruction problem

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Book SynopsisIn applications of stochastic calculus, there are phenomena that cannot be analyzed through the classical Ità theory. It is necessary, therefore, to have a theory based on stochastic integration with respect to these situations.Theory of Stochastic Integrals aims to provide the answer to this problem by introducing readers to the study of some interpretations of stochastic integrals with respect to stochastic processes that are not necessarily semimartingales, such as Volterra Gaussian processes, or processes with bounded p-variation among which we can mention fractional Brownian motion and Riemann-Liouville fractional process.Features Self-contained treatment of the topic Suitable as a teaching or research tool for those interested in stochastic analysis and its applications Includes original results.

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Book SynopsisGraph Theory and Its Applications, Third Edition is the latest edition of the international, bestselling textbook for undergraduate courses in graph theory, yet it is expansive enough to be used for graduate courses as well. The textbook takes a comprehensive, accessible approach to graph theory, integrating careful exposition of classical developments with emerging methods, models, and practical needs. The authorsâ unparalleled treatment is an ideal text for a two-semester course and a variety of one-semester classes, from an introductory one-semester course to courses slanted toward classical graph theory, operations research, data structures and algorithms, or algebra and topology.Features of the Third Edition Expanded coverage on several topics (e.g., applications of graph coloring and tree-decompositions) Provides better coverage of algorithms and algebraic and topological graph theory than any otherTable of ContentsIntroduction to Graph Models Graphs and Digraphs. Common Families of Graphs. Graph Modeling Applications. Walks and Distance. Paths, Cycles, and Trees. Vertex and Edge Attributes. Structure and Representation Graph Isomorphism. Automorphism and Symmetry. Subgraphs. Some Graph Operations. Tests for Non-Isomorphism. Matrix Representation. More Graph Operations. Trees Characterizations and Properties of Trees. Rooted Trees, Ordered Trees, and Binary Trees. Binary-Tree Traversals. Binary-Search Trees. Huffman Trees and Optimal Prefix Codes. Priority Trees. Counting Labeled Trees. Counting Binary Trees. Spanning Trees Tree Growing. Depth-First and Breadth-First Search. Minimum Spanning Trees and Shortest Paths. Applications of Depth-First Search. Cycles, Edge-Cuts, and Spanning Trees. Graphs and Vector Spaces. Matroids and the Greedy Algorithm. Connectivity Vertex and Edge-Connectivity. Constructing Reliable Networks. Max-Min Duality and Menger’s Theorems. Block Decompositions. Optimal Graph Traversals Eulerian Trails and Tours. DeBruijn Sequences and Postman Problems. Hamiltonian Paths and Cycles. Gray Codes and Traveling Salesman Problems. Planarity and Kuratowski’s Theorem Planar Drawings and Some Basic Surfaces. Subdivision and Homeomorphism. Extending Planar Drawings. Kuratowski’s Theorem. Algebraic Tests for Planairty. Planarity Algorithm. Crossing Numbers and Thickness. Graph Colorings Vertex-Colorings. Map-Colorings. Edge-Colorings. Factorization. Special Digraph Models Directed Paths and Mutual Reachability. Digraphs as Models for Relations. Tournaments. Project Scheduling. Finding the Strong Components of a Digraph. Network Flows and Applications Flows and Cuts in Networks. Solving the Maximum-Flow Problem. Flows and Connectivity. Matchings, Transversals, and Vertex Covers. Graph Colorings and Symmetry Automorphisms of Simple Graphs. Equivalence Classes of Colorings. Appendix

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Book SynopsisGraph algorithms is a well-established subject in mathematics and computer science. Beyond classical application fields, such as approximation, combinatorial optimization, graphics, and operations research, graph algorithms have recently attracted increased attention from computational molecular biology and computational chemistry. Centered around the fundamental issue of graph isomorphism, this text goes beyond classical graph problems of shortest paths, spanning trees, flows in networks, and matchings in bipartite graphs. Advanced algorithmic results and techniques of practical relevance are presented in a coherent and consolidated way. This book introduces graph algorithms on an intuitive basis followed by a detailed exposition in a literate programming style, with correctness proofs as well as worst-case analyses. Furthermore, full C++ implementations of all algorithms presented are given using the LEDA library of efficient data structures and algorithms.Table of Contents1. Introduction.- 2. Algorithmic Techniques.- 3. Tree Traversal.- 4. Tree Isomorphism.- 5. Graph Traversal.- 6. Clique, Independent Set, and Vertex Cover.- 7. Graph Isomorphism.

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Book SynopsisThis book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the First Workshop on Monte Carlo Search, MCS 2020, organized in conjunction with IJCAI 2020. The event was supposed to take place in Yokohama, Japan, in July 2020, but due to the Covid-19 pandemic was held virtually on January 7, 2021. The 9 full papers of the specialized project were carefully reviewed and selected from 15 submissions. The following topics are covered in the contributions: discrete mathematics in computer science, games, optimization, search algorithms, Monte Carlo methods, neural networks, reinforcement learning, machine learning.Table of ContentsThe αµ Search Algorithm for the Game of Bridge.- Stabilized Nested Rollout Policy Adaptation.- zoNNscan: A Boundary-Entropy Index for Zone Inspection of Neural Models.- Ordinal Monte Carlo Tree Search.- Monte Carlo Game Solver.- Generalized Nested Rollout Policy Adaptation.- Monte Carlo Inverse Folding.- Monte Carlo Graph Coloring.- Enhancing Playout Policy Adaptation for General Game Playing.

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Book SynopsisThis book constitutes the proceedings of the 30th International Symposium on Graph Drawing and Network Visualization, GD 2022, held in Tokyo, Japan, during September 13-16, 2022. The 25 full papers, 7 short papers, presented together with 2 invited talks, one report on graph drawing contest, and one obituary in these proceedings were carefully reviewed and selected from 70 submissions. The abstracts of 5 posters presented at the conference can be found in the back matter of the volume. The contributions were organized in topical sections as follows: properties of drawings of complete graphs; stress-based visualizations of graphs; planar and orthogonal drawings; drawings and properties of directed graphs; beyond planarity; dynamic graph visualization; linear layouts; and contact and visibility graph representations. Table of ContentsProperties of Drawings of Complete Graphs.- Stress-based Visualizations of Graphs.- Planar and Orthogonal Drawings.- Drawings and Properties of Directed Graphs.- Beyond Planarity.- Dynamic Graph Visualization.- Linear Layouts.- Contact and Visibility Graph Representations.

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Book SynopsisAdapted from a modular undergraduate course on computational mathematics, Concise Computer Mathematics delivers an easily accessible, self-contained introduction to the basic notions of mathematics necessary for a computer science degree. The text reflects the need to quickly introduce students from a variety of educational backgrounds to a number of essential mathematical concepts. The material is divided into four units: discrete mathematics (sets, relations, functions), logic (Boolean types, truth tables, proofs), linear algebra (vectors, matrices and graphics), and special topics (graph theory, number theory, basic elements of calculus). The chapters contain a brief theoretical presentation of the topic, followed by a selection of problems (which are direct applications of the theory) and additional supplementary problems (which may require a bit more work). Each chapter ends with answers or worked solutions for all of the problems.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews:“The book is ideally suited as an adjunct to a course in computer mathematics or as a refresher for someone with some background in computer mathematics. … The book fulfills its purpose of providing a distilled treatment of the mathematics most commonly used in computer science. It is of most value to computer science students who need a place to find a succinct treatment of the topics covered.” (Marlin Thomas, Computing Reviews, April, 2014)“Each of the chapters opens with a short summary followed by a set of essential problems and then a set of supplementary problems. … it would be very useful for someone that needs a quick and effective review that includes problems.” (Charles Ashbacher, MAA Reviews, January, 2014)Table of ContentsSets and NumbersRelations and DatabasesFunctionsBoolean Algebra, Logic and QuantifiersNormal Forms, Proof and ArgumentVectors and Complex NumbersMatrices and ApplicationsMatrix Transformations for Computer GraphicsElements of Graph TheoryElements of Number Theory and CryptographyElements of CalculusElementary Numerical Methods

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Book SynopsisIn this monograph, we develop the theory of one of the most fascinating topics in coding theory, namely, perfect codes and related structures. Perfect codes are considered to be the most beautiful structure in coding theory, at least from the mathematical side. These codes are the largest ones with their given parameters. The book develops the theory of these codes in various metrics — Hamming, Johnson, Lee, Grassmann, as well as in other spaces and metrics. It also covers other related structures such as diameter perfect codes, quasi-perfect codes, mixed codes, tilings, combinatorial designs, and more. The goal is to give the aspects of all these codes, to derive bounds on their sizes, and present various constructions for these codes.The intention is to offer a different perspective for the area of perfect codes. For example, in many chapters there is a section devoted to diameter perfect codes. In these codes, anticodes are used instead of balls and these anticodes are related to intersecting families, an area that is part of extremal combinatorics. This is one example that shows how we direct our exposition in this book to both researchers in coding theory and mathematicians interested in combinatorics and extremal combinatorics. New perspectives for MDS codes, different from the classic ones, which lead to new directions of research on these codes are another example of how this book may appeal to both researchers in coding theory and mathematicians.The book can also be used as a textbook, either on basic course in combinatorial coding theory, or as an advance course in combinatorial coding theory.

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Book SynopsisOne of the central highlights of this work is the exploration of the Yoneda lemma and its profound implications, during which intuitive explanations are provided, as well as detailed proofs, and specific examples. This book covers aspects of category theory often considered advanced in a clear and intuitive way, with rigorous mathematical proofs. It investigates universal properties, coherence, the relationship between categories and graphs, and treats monads and comonads on an equal footing, providing theorems, interpretations and concrete examples. Finally, this text contains an introduction to monoidal categories and to strong and commutative monads, which are essential tools in current research but seldom found in other textbooks.Starting Category Theory serves as an accessible and comprehensive introduction to the fundamental concepts of category theory. Originally crafted as lecture notes for an undergraduate course, it has been developed to be equally well-suited for individuals pursuing self-study. Most crucially, it deliberately caters to those who are new to category theory, not requiring readers to have a background in pure mathematics, but only a basic understanding of linear algebra.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook covers a diversity of topics in graph and network theory, both from a theoretical standpoint, and from an applied modelling point of view. Mathematica® is used to demonstrate much of the modelling aspects. Graph theory and model building tools are developed in tandem with effective techniques for solving practical problems via computer implementation. The book is designed with three primary readerships in mind. Individual syllabi or suggested sequences for study are provided for each of three student audiences: mathematics, applied mathematics/operations research, and computer science. In addition to the visual appeal of each page, the text contains an abundance of gems. Most chapters open with real-life problem descriptions which serve as motivation for the theoretical development of the subject matter. Each chapter concludes with three different sets of exercises. The first set of exercises are standard and geared toward the more mathematically inclined reader. Many of these are routine exercises, designed to test understanding of the material in the text, but some are more challenging. The second set of exercises is earmarked for the computer technologically savvy reader and offer computer exercises using Mathematica. The final set consists of larger projects aimed at equipping those readers with backgrounds in the applied sciences to apply the necessary skills learned in the chapter in the context of real-world problem solving. Additionally, each chapter offers biographical notes as well as pictures of graph theorists and mathematicians who have contributed significantly to the development of the results documented in the chapter. These notes are meant to bring the topics covered to life, allowing the reader to associate faces with some of the important discoveries and results presented. In total, approximately 100 biographical notes are presented throughout the book. The material in this book has been organized into three distinct parts, each with a different focus. The first part is devoted to topics in network optimization, with a focus on basic notions in algorithmic complexity and the computation of optimal paths, shortest spanning trees, maximum flows and minimum-cost flows in networks, as well as the solution of network location problems. The second part is devoted to a variety of classical problems in graph theory, including problems related to matchings, edge and vertex traversal, connectivity, planarity, edge and vertex coloring, and orientations of graphs. Finally, the focus in the third part is on modern areas of study in graph theory, covering graph domination, Ramsey theory, extremal graph theory, graph enumeration, and application of the probabilistic method.Table of ContentsPreface.- List of Algorithms.- List of Bibliographical Notes.- Part 1. Topics in network optimisation.- 1. An introduction to graphs.- 2. Graph connectedness.- 3. Algorithmic complexity.- 4. Optimal paths.- 5. Trees.- 6. Location problems.- 7. Maximum flow networks.- 8. Minimum-cost network flows.- Part 2. Topics in classical graph theory.- 9. Matchings.- 10. Eulerian graphs.- 11. Hamiltonian graphs.- 12. Graph connectivity.- 13. Planarity.- 14. Graph colouring.- 15. Oriented graphs. Part 3. Topics in modern graph theory.- 16. Domination in graphs.- 17. Ramsey Theory.- 18. Extremal graph theory.- 19. Graph enumeration.- 20. The probabilistic method.- Index.

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