Nuclear power and engineering Books

Book SynopsisOne of the finest memoirs published in recent years.' Dan JonesAn utterly fascinating and wonderfully detailed insight into the hidden world of the modern submarine.' James HollandA candid, visceral, and incredibly entertaining account of what it's like to live in one of the most extreme environments in the world.Imagine a world without natural light, where you can barely stand up straight for fear of knocking your head, where you have no idea of where in the world you are or what time of day it is, where you sleep in a coffin-sized bunk and sometimes eat a full roast for breakfast.Now imagine sharing that world with 140 other sweaty bodies, crammed into a 430ft x 33ft steel tube, 300ft underwater, for up to 90 days at a time, with no possibility of escape. And to top it off, a sizeable chunk of your living space is taken up by the most formidably destructive nuclear weapons history has ever known. This is the world of the submariner. This is life under pressure.As a restless and advenTrade Review‘Under Pressure is an extraordinary memoir of life aboard an underwater weapon of mass destruction. By turns hilarious and terrifying, profane and poignant, there were passages where I gasped aloud, and others where I laughed until the tears came. A deep dive into a life vanishingly few of us will ever know, this is one of the finest memoirs published in recent years.’ Dan Jones, bestselling author of The Templars ‘If you wanna read something great, this is it. The murky world of life on a Royal Navy submarine. What really happens. The trials, tribulations, tears and laughter of living under pressure!’ Jason Fox, bestselling author of Battle Scars ‘An utterly fascinating and wonderfully detailed insight into the hidden – and frequently disorientating and claustrophobic – world of the modern submariner, this richly compelling and hugely entertaining memoir brilliantly conveys the tension, huge responsibility, culture and, of course, humour, of being a crewman on the nuclear deterrent.’ James Holland, author of Normandy `44:D-Day and the Battle for France ‘A vivid, honest and very funny account of life as a submariner at the height of the Cold War.’ James Jinks, co-author of The Silent Deep: The Royal Navy Submarine Service Since 1945 ‘A visceral trip down under’ Spectator

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents(Most chapters end with References and Problems). 1. Nuclear Engineering. 2. Atomic and Nuclear Physics. Fundamental Particles. Atomic and Nuclear Structure. Atomic and Molecular Weight. Atomic and Nuclear Radii. Mass and Energy. Particle Wavelengths. Excited States and Radiation. Nuclear Stability and Radioactive Decay. Radioactivity Calculations. Nuclear Reactions. Binding Energy. Nuclear Models. Gases, Liquids, and Solids. Atom Density. 3. Interaction of Radiation with Matter. Neutron Interactions. Cross-Sections. Neutron Attenuation. Neutron Flux. Neutron Cross-Section Data. Energy Loss in Scattering Collisions. Fission. y-Ray Interactions with Matter. Charged Particles. 4. Nuclear Reactors and Nuclear Power. The Fission Chain Reaction. Nuclear Reactor Fuels. Non-Nuclear Components of Nuclear Power Plants. Components of Nuclear Reactors. Power Reactors and Nuclear Steam Supply Systems. Nuclear Cycles. Isotope Separation. Fuel Reprocessing. Radioactive Waste Disposal. 5. Neutron Diffusion and Moderation. Neutron Flux. Fick's Law. The Equation of Continuity. The Diffusion Equation. Boundary Conditions. Solutions of the Diffusion Equation. The Diffusion Length. The Group-Diffusion Method. Thermal Neutron Diffusion. Two-Group Calculation of Neutron Moderation. 6. Nuclear Reactor Theory. One-Group Reactor Equation. The Slab Reactor. Other Reactor Shapes. The One-Group Critical Equation. Thermal Reactors. Reflected Reactors. Multigroup Calculations. Heterogeneous Reactors. 7. The Time-Dependent Reactor. Classification of Time Problems. Reactor Kinetics. Control Rods and Chemical Shim. Temperature Effects on Reactivity. Fission Product Poisoning. Core Properties during Lifetime. 8. Heat Removal from Nuclear Reactors. General Thermodynamic Considerations. Heat Generation in Reactors. Heat Flow by Conduction. Heat Transfer to Coolants. Boiling Heat Transfer. Thermal Design of a Reactor. 9. Radiation Protection. History of Radiation Effects. Radiation Units. Some Elementary Biology. The Biological Effects of Radiation. Quantitative Effects of Radiation on the Human Species. Calculations of Radiation Effects. Natural and Man-Made Radiation Sources. Standards of Radiation Protection. Computations of Exposure and Dose. Standards for Intake of Radionuclides. Exposure from y-Ray Sources. Glossary. 10. Radiation Shielding. Gamma-Ray Shielding: Buildup Factors. Infinite Planar and Disc Sources. The Line Source. Internal Sources. Multilayered Shields. Nuclear Reactor Shielding: Principles of Reactor Shielding. Removal Cross-Sections. The Reactor Shield Design: Removal-Attenuation Calculatons. The Removal-Diffusion Method. Exact Methods. Shielding y-Rays. Coolant Activation. Ducts in Shields. 11. Reactor Licensing, Safety, and the Environment. Governmental Authority and Responsibility. Reactor Licensing. Principles of Nuclear Power Plant Safety. Dispersion of Effluents from Nuclear Facilities. Radiation Doses from Nuclear Plants. Reactor Siting. Reactor Accidents. Accident Risk Analysis. Environmental Radiation Doses. Index.

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Book SynopsisTrade ReviewSuperb, enthralling and necessarily terrifying . . . the accident unfurls with a horrible inevitability. Weaving together the experiences of those who were there that night, Higginbotham marshals the details so meticulously that every step feels spring-loaded with tension. . . . Amid so much rich reporting and scrupulous analysis, some major themes emerge. . . . Higginbotham’s extraordinary book is another advance in the long struggle to fill in some of the gaps, bringing much of what was hidden into the light. * New York Times *An invaluable contribution to history... tells a compelling story exceptionally well. -- Serhii Plokhy * Evening Standard *Reads like a thriller: forensic, compelling and utterly terrifying. * Mail on Sunday *Higginbotham tells the story of the disaster and its gruesome aftermath with thriller-like flair. Midnight in Chernobyl is wonderful and chilling ... written with skill and passion. A tale of hubris and doomed ambition. * The Observer *Adam Higginbotham uses all of the techniques of the top-notch longform journalist to full effect. He swoops us into the heart of the catastrophe. * The Guardian *

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Book SynopsisThis series explores alternative energy resources, how they are produced, the technology necessary and what the future holds.With global warming and climate crisis and the rise in energy prices, looking at more sustainable types of energy resources, how well they can meet our power needs and how they work has never felt so relevant.Nuclear power has always been quite controversial. It isn''t totally sustainable, so how is it better than fossil fuel? How does nuclear energy work? And what are the risks and benefits?While new technologies are being developed, each energy resource comes at a cost. This series looks at each energy resource, its technology, how it is used to meet power needs and its impacts on the environment and humans. Each book explains how that power is generated and where it is used through clear diagrams and beautiful illustrations.Suitable for readers aged 9+.

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Book SynopsisHave you ever wondered how a nuclear power station works? This lively book will answer that question. It’ll take you on a journey from the science behind nuclear reactors, through their start-up, operation and shutdown. Along the way it covers a bit of the engineering, reactor history, different kinds of reactors and what can go wrong with them. Much of this is seen from the viewpoint of a trainee operator on a Pressurised Water Reactor - the most common type of nuclear reactor in the world. Colin Tucker has spent the last thirty years keeping reactors safe. Join him on a tour that is the next best thing to driving a nuclear reactor yourself!Trade Review“The book is great with the perfect mid-point of useful technical detail and easily understandable explanations. An excellent read for anyone interested in something a bit more in-depth than most popular science books, just so long as you go in with your brain switched on.” (Popular Science, popsciencebooks.blogspot.com, September 7, 2020)“It should be of interest to both general readers wanting to know how a nuclear reactor works, those new to the industry, and specialists wanting a broader overview. … The book is well produced, well written and the author’s enthusiasm and sense of humour come over.” (Nigel Buttery, Nuclear Future, May-June, 2020)Table of ContentsOne Man and His Dog.- Physics is Phun.- Being Friendly to Neutrons.- Criticality is Not as Bad as it Sounds.- What Makes Nuclear Special?.- The Thing you put your Reactor in.....- Pull the Rods Out and Stand Back.- Watt Power?.- Your Reactor is Stable (Part One).- You've got to do Something with all that Steam....- The Big Red Button.- Your Reactor is Stable (Part Two).- Putting a Spin on it.- Going Up!.- Power, and How to Change it.- Steady Power with Nothin to do?.- It's All About Safety.- What Can Go Wrong (and what you can do about it...).- Smaller isn't Always Easier.- What Else Can Go Wrong?.- When you run out of Oomph.- Other Reactor Designs are Available.- How to Build your own Reactor.- And there's more....- Conclusion.

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Book SynopsisUnderstanding Nuclear Reactors provides a non-mathematical understanding of how nuclear reactors operate. It describes the components, the Pressure Vessel, the Pressuriser to control the pressure in a Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR), and the Steam Generator and it also explains how the chain reaction is controlled in the day-to-day operations in the Control Room. What goes on elsewhere in the nuclear fuel cycle, mining, enrichment, fuel manufacturer, spent fuel management, and reprocessing are also covered in detail. The book tells a set of historical stories about the development of the physics behind reactors and the discovery of fission and explains the hopes for the development of Generation IV reactors. Special attention is given to the safety of reactors and the lessons to be learned from the incidents at Three Mile Island, Browns Ferry, Chernobyl, and Fukushima. Hooton uses a set of stories to explain the invisible hazard of radiation on the human body. Global warming was the mo

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Book SynopsisOur Fossil Fueled Legacy.- Grid Structure, Stability and Balance.- Creating Carrots and Sticks.- Energy from the Sky.- Wind Sun and the Weather.- Traversing the Landscape.- The Power of Water.- To Store and Convert.- The Smart Grids Promise.- On Carbon Containment.- Energy from Einsteins Equation.- Radiation and Radiophobia.- Risk and Regulation.- The Advance of Reactors.- Waste or Resource.- The Dismal Science of Grids.- Forecasting the Future.

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Book SynopsisDespite all the efforts being put into expanding renewable energy sources, large-scale power stations will be essential as part of a reliable energy supply strategy for a longer period. Given that they are low on CO2 emissions, many countries are moving into or expanding nuclear energy to cover their baseload supply. Building structures required for nuclear plants whose protective function means they are classified as safety-related, have to meet particular construction requirements more stringent than those involved in conventional construction. This book gives a comprehensive overview from approval aspects given by nuclear and construction law, with special attention to the interface between plant and construction engineering, to a building structure classification. All life cycle phases are considered, with the primary focus on execution. Accidental actions on structures, the safety concept and design and fastening systems are exposed to a particular treatment. Selected chapters from the German concrete yearbook are now being published in the new English "Beton-Kalender Series" for the benefit of an international audience. Since it was founded in 1906, the Ernst & Sohn "Beton-Kalender" has been supporting developments in reinforced and prestressed concrete. The aim was to publish a yearbook to reflect progress in "ferro-concrete" structures until - as the book's first editor, Fritz von Emperger (1862-1942), expressed it - the "tempestuous development" in this form of construction came to an end. However, the "Beton-Kalender" quickly became the chosen work of reference for civil and structural engineers, and apart from the years 1945-1950 has been published annually ever since.Table of ContentsEditorial Preface Introduction - The demand for energy - Electricity generation - Importance of nuclear energy Nuclear energy - Generating electricity by nuclear power plants - Nuclear fission - Radioactivity - Reactor designs - Safety philosophy Approval aspects - Atomic energy and construction law - Interface between plant and structural engineering - Periodical safety reviews - Planning and design requirements Building structures for nuclear plants - General notes - Nuclear power plants - Disposal structures - Building execution - Dismantling Extraordinary actions involved when designing nuclear installations - Overview - Internal factors - External actions Safety concept and design - Underlying standards - Partial safety concept - Design instructions for concrete, reinforced and pre-stressed concrete structures - Design instructions for steel components - Particularities of containment design Fastening systems - Fastening types - Fastening with headed studs - Fastening with metallic dowels - Corrosion protection - Fire resistance Waterproofing of structures - Purposes of waterproofing structures - Requirements on waterproofing structures - Black tank - White tank Ageing and life cycle management - Overview - Ageing management of buildings - Ageing mechanisms in building materials - Implementation and documentation References

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Trade ReviewAn accessible text with a strong structure that provides a launch pad for further exploration. * Murray Collins, London School of Economics (LSE) *Table of ContentsContents ; Preface ; Acknowledgements ; 1. Fundamentals ; What is energy, and what is power? ; Is most energy that people use derived from nuclear energy? ; What is the origin of nuclear energy? ; What is radioactivity? ; Why is ionizing radiation a health concern? ; What is radioactive half-life, and how can knowing it help increase countries' security? ; How much more energetic is nuclear energy compared to chemical energy? ; Why has it been so difficult to commercialize nuclear fusion? ; How was nuclear fission discovered? ; What role, if any, did Albert Einstein play in the discovery of nuclear energy? ; What is a fission chain reaction? ; What is uranium, where did it come from, and how was it discovered? ; What is plutonium, how was it discovered, and how hazardous is it? ; Why can't nuclear reactors explode like a nuclear bomb? ; What is the nuclear fuel cycle? ; Why are certain activities in the nuclear fuel cycle called <"dual-use>"? ; What are the various uranium enrichment methods? ; What are the nuclear

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. The atom and nuclear radiation 2. Interactions of neutrons with matter 3. Nuclear reactors 4. Mathematical foundations 5. The neutron diffusion equation 6. The neutron transport equation 7. The Monte Carlo method 8. Computer codes 9. Optimization and variational methods 10. Monte Carlo simulation in nuclear systems 11. Comparison: mc vs deterministic 12. Exercises in Monte Carlo simulation 13. Optimization in nuclear systems 14. Monte Carlo simulation in medical physics

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the proceedings of the Commission of the European Communities second conference on its research programme 'Management and Disposal of Radioactive Waste'. Topics include, treatment and conditioning technology, testing and evaluation of waste forms and packages, geological disposal, migration and performance analysis of geological isolation systems.Table of ContentsForeword: Part I. Opening Session: 1. Welcoming address; 2. Opening address; 3. The development of nuclear power and the research effort in the Community; 4. Waste disposal in Europe - looking ahead; 5. The role and results of the European Community's R&D work on radioactive waste management; Part II. Treatment and Conditioning Processes, Part One: 6. Chemical precipitation processes for the treatment of low and medium level liquid waste; 7. Electrochemical and ion-exchange processes; 8. Petra, a hot cell facility for waste management studies; 9. Characterisation of spent fuel hulls in dissolution residues; 10. Methods of conditioning waste fuel decladding hulls and disolver residues; 11. Conditioning of alpha waste; Part III. Treatment and Conditioning Processes, Part Two: 12. Plutonium recovery from ∝ - wastes; 13. Alpha monitoring of solid waste; 14. Management of nuclear airborne wastes and tritium retention; 15. Capture and immobilisation of krypton-85; Panel Session: Treatment and conditioning options for low and intermediate level waste; Part IV. Characterisation of Waste Forms: 16. Mechanisms of leaching and corrosions of vitrified radioactive waste forms; 17. Behaviour of vitrified radioactive waste under simulated repository conditions; 18. Radiation thermal and mechanical effects in HLW glass; 19. Behaviour of intermediate-level waste forms in an aqueous environment; 19. Radiation, thermal and mechanical effects on low and medium active conditioned waste; 20. The challenge of quality assurance; Part V. Multi-Barrier Systems: 21. HLW container corrosion and design; 22. The MIRAGE project: actnide and fission product physiochemical behaviour in geological environment; 23. The MIRAGE project: large scale radionuclide transport investigations and integral migration experiments; 24. The geoforecasting approach and long-term prediction of evolutive nuclide migration; 25. Technology for the improvement of shallow land burial; 26. Shallow land burial analysis; Part VI. Disposal in Salt and Clay Formations: 27. In situ-investigations related to salt rock behaviour; 28. Modelling of the thermomechanical behaviour of salt rock; 29. Research programmes in underground experimental facilities; 30. Characterisation and behaviour of argillaceous rocks; 31. Natural evolution of clay formations; Part VII. Disposal in Granite and into the Seabed: 32. Introduction by the session chairman; 33. A study of the characteristics of very deep granite: test in underground laboratories and using boreholes; 34. Associated R&D: radionuclide movement through and mechanical properties of fractured rock; 35. Backfilling and sealing of repositories and access shafts and galleries in clay, granite and salt formations; 36. The feasibility of heat generating waste disposal into deep ocean sedimentary formations; 37. Costs and ways of financing of the geological disposal of radioactive waste; Panel Sessions: Disposal of HLW - Ready for Implementation; Part VIII. Modelling and Performance Analysis: 38. PAGIS, common European methodology for repository performance analysis; 39. Long-term risk assessment of geological disposal: methodology and computer codes; 40. Modelling of radionuclide release and migration; 41. Application of the PAGIS methodology to clay, salt, granite and sub-seabed repositories; Concluding Panel; List of participants; Index of authors.

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Book SynopsisGet your home projects up to code with BLACK+DECKER Codes for Homeowners 5th Edition, which includes all the most common standards for plumbing, electrical, mechanical, and construction work. Table of ContentsIntroduction Codes + Permits: The BasicsBUILDING DESIGN + SAFETY Habitable Rooms Fire Separations Stairways Emergency Escape Openings Egress Doors Exterior Doors Door + Window Hazards Ventilation + Exhaust Smoke + Carbon Monoxide AlarmsSTRUCTURAL COMPONENTS Foundations Crawl Spaces Decks Floor Systems Wall Systems Wall Penetration Flashing Roof SystemsEXTERIOR COMPONENTS Shingle Roof-Covering Installation Fireplaces + ChimneysHEATING + AIR CONDITIONING HVAC Appliances HVAC Duct Installation Combustion Air for Fuel-Burning Appliances Vents for Fuel-Burning AppliancesPLUMBING SYSTEM The Home Plumbing System Water Supply Piping Drain, Waste + Vent Piping (DWV) Plumbing Vents Plumbing Traps Plumbing Appliances + FixturesELECTRICAL SYSTEM Understanding Electrical Circuits Electrical Grounding + Bonding Electrical Branch Circuit Requirements Electrical Receptacle Installation Ground-Fault (GFCI) + Arc-Fault (AFCI) Protection Junction Boxes, Device Boxes + Enclosures Switch Installation Light Fixture Installation Satellite Dishes, Television + Radio Antennas Broadband Cable Wiring Appendix Measurement Conversions Resources Photo Credits Index

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Book SynopsisAfter several decades of decline and disfavour, nuclear power is attracting renewed interest. New permit applications for 30 reactors have been filed in the United States, and another 150 are planned or proposed globally, with about a dozen more already under construction. In the United States, interest appears driven, in part, by provisions in the 2005 Energy Policy Act authorising streamlined licensing that combine construction and operating permits, and tax credits for production from advanced nuclear power facilities. Moreover, the U.S. Department of Energy proposes to spend billions of dollars to develop the next generation of nuclear power technology.

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Book SynopsisRaymond F. Mikesell deals with sources of conflict between private foreign investors and the governments of developing countries. He concludes that government ownership and control will expand and that foreign investors are most likely to become sellers of their special services rather than remain investors who act freely for the benefit of parent companies. Originally published in 1971.Table of ContentsI: The Issues; 1: The Contribution of Petroleum and Mineral Resources to Economic Development; 2: Conflict in Foreign Investor-Host Country Relations: A Preliminary Analysis; 3: Taxation of Extractive Industries in Latin America and the Impact on Foreign Investors; 4: Labor Relations in Mineral and Petroleum Resource Development; II: The Case Studies; 5: Foreign Petroleum Companies and the State in Venezuela; 6: The Impact of the Petroleum Export Industry on the Pattern of Venezuelan Economic Development; 7: The Frondizi Contracts and Petroleum Self-Sufficiency in Argentina; 8: Alternative Means of Meeting Argentina's Petroleum Requirements; 9: Aramco: The Evolution of an Oil Concession; 10: The Impact of the Oil Industry on the Economy of Iran; 11: Foreign-Owned Export-Oriented Enclave in a Rapidly Industrializing Economy: Sulphur Mining in Mexico; 12: Venezuela's Iron Ore Industry; 13: Iron Ore in Brazil: The Experience of the Hanna Mining Company; 14: Bethlehem's Joint Venture in Brazilian Manganese; 15: Conflict and Accommodation in Chilean Copper; 16: Contribution of Copper to Chilean Economic Development, 1920–67: Profile of a Foreign-Owned Export Sector; III: Findings and Conclusions; 17: Major Problem Areas

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Book SynopsisFrom World War II to the present day, nuclear power has remained a controversial topic in the public eye. In the wake of ongoing debates about energy and the environment, policymakers and laypeople alike are once more asking the questions posed by countless others over the decades: What actually happens in a nuclear power plant? Can we truly trust nuclear energy to be safe and reliable? Where does all that radiation and waste go? This book explains everything you would want to know about nuclear power in a compelling and accessible way. Split into three parts, it walks readers through the basics of nuclear physics and radioactivity; the history of nuclear power usage, including the most important events and disasters; the science and engineering behind nuclear power plants; the politics and policies of various nations; and finally, the long-term societal impact of such technology, from uranium mining and proliferation to final disposal. Featured along the way are dozens of behind-the-scenes, full-color images of nuclear facilities. Written in a nontechnical style with minimal equations, this book will appeal to lay readers, policymakers and professionals looking to acquire a well-rounded view about this complex subject.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Reactors, bombs and visions: a brief history of the nuclear age.- Chapter 2. Nuclear physics and its applications.- Chapter 3. Radioactivity – the physics and biology.- Chapter 4. Types of radioactive substances.- Chapter 5. How to operate a nuclear reactor.- Chapter 6. Reactor types and safety.- Chapter 7. Economic, ecological and political aspects of nuclear energy.- Chapter 8. Uranium mining.- Chapter 9. Proliferation.- Chapter 10. Radioactive incidents and disasters.- Chapter 11. Disposal.

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Book SynopsisThis book gives an accessible overview of the 70-year history of nuclear fusion research and the vain attempts to construct an energy-generating nuclear fusion reactor. It shows that even in the most optimistic scenario nuclear fusion, despite the claims of its proponents and the billions being spent on research, will not be able to make a sizable contribution to the energy mix in this century. The important consequence is that nuclear fusion will not be a factor in combating climate change, since the race for carbon-free energy will have been won or lost long before the first nuclear fusion power station comes on line. Table of ContentsPreface.- What is nuclear fusion?.- Stellar processes and quantum mechanics.- Nuclear fusion of light elements.- Plasma.- Plasma in nuclear fusion devices.- Early history and declassification.- Birth of the tokamak.- The tokamak stampede and further developments.- The Big Tokamaks: TFTR, JET, JT-60.- The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor.- Problems, problems, problems….- Post-ITER: Demo and fusion power plants.- Spherical tokamaks.- Stellarators and other alternative approaches.- Privately funded research.- Criticism of the fusion enterprise.- Economics and sustainability.- Environment and safety.- Summary and final conclusion.

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Book SynopsisThese proceedings present the latest information on software reliability, industrial safety, cyber security, physical protection, testing and verification for nuclear power plants. The papers were selected from more than 80 submissions and presented at the First International Symposium on Software Reliability, Industrial Safety, Cyber Security and Physical Protection for Nuclear Power Plants, held in Yinchuan, China on May 30 - June 1, 2016. The primary aim of this symposium was to provide a platform to facilitate the discussion for comprehension, application and management of digital instrumentation, control systems and technologies in nuclear power plants. The book reflects not only the state of the art and latest trends in nuclear instrumentation and control system technologies, but also China’s increasing influence in this area. It is a valuable resource for both practitioners and academics working in the field of nuclear instrumentation, control systems and other safety-critical systems, as well as nuclear power plant managers, public officials and regulatory authorities.Table of ContentsSoftware reliability.- Industrial Safety.- Cyber Security.- Physical Protection.- Testing and Verification.

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Book SynopsisThis book discusses the physical processes that occur in both natural and engineered environmental systems, covering underlying principles and interactions. Illustrates how an understanding of these physical processes can be useful for developing and designing water quality and other environmental systems.Table of ContentsOverview. Process Characterization and Analysis. Macrotransport Processes. Microtransport Processes. Energy Relationships: Concepts and Applications to HomogeneousSystems. Energy Relationships: Applications to Heterogeneous Systems. Rate Relationships: Concepts and Applications to HomogeneousSystems. Rate Relationships: Applications to Homogeneous Systems. Rate Relationships: Applications to Heterogeneous Systems. Reactor Engineering: Steady-State Homogeneous Systems. Reactor Engineering: Steady-State Heterogeneous Systems. Reactor Engineering: Unsteady-State Systems. Retrospections and Perspectives. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe disposal of radioactive waste is a central issue in the future of nuclear power and poses considerable technical, political and social issues. This book addresses these topics in an integrated fashion using performance assessment of the disposal concept as a unifying theme. Subjects addressed include: regulatory criteria; waste types, sources and characteristics; man-made or engineered barriers; the selection and evaluation of geological disposal media; the use of underground research laboratories; the movement of radionuclides in the biosphere; repository performance assessment tools and approaches; addressing uncertainty and spatial variability; assessing information from natural systems; and looking at radioactive waste in relation to other wastes. The book provides an up-to-date picture of radioactive waste disposal issues and will be of interest to scientists, engineers and consultants working in the nuclear industry and the environmental field.Table of ContentsWaste Characteristics. Repository and Barrier Concepts. The Near-Field. The Far-Field. The Biosphere and Radiological Effects. Selection of Waste Disposal Sites. Site Characterisation and URLs. Performance Assessment. Uncertainty and Confidence Building. Where Next. Index.

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Book SynopsisReveals the history and death of the Soviet Union's peaceful use of nuclear power through exploration of both the projects and the technocratic and political elite who were dedicated to increasing state power through technology. Paul Josephson illuminates the problems that can befall any society heavily invested in large-scale technology.Trade ReviewBased on an extensive review of Soviet-era archives, [Red Atom] shows that nonmilitary use of nuclear power was like many areas of cold war competition: an avenue for the participants to go to illogical extremes.... Impressive in its sweep, and it provides essential details about an industry that has outlived its creators yet. - New York Times; ""Could there be another Chernobyl?... Red Atom is both a history and a warning - and a bitter indictment of an industry that was once thought to be the 'radiant' path to the future."" - Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists

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Book SynopsisFundamental of Nuclear Engineering is derived from over 25 years of teaching undergraduate and graduate courses on nuclear engineering. The material has been extensively class tested and provides the most comprehensive textbook and reference on the fundamentals of nuclear engineering.Table of Contents1 Atomic and Nuclear Theory 9 1.1 Historical Review 9 1.2 Models of the Nucleus 10 2 Nuclear Reactor Design and Physics 53 2.1 Overall Concept and Description of Nuclear Reactors 53 2.2 Neutron Diffusion 71 2.3 Slowing Down of Neutrons 75 2.4 Criticality and the Steady State 86 2.5 Advanced Reactor Physics 96 3 Nuclear Reactor Dynamics and Control 120 3.1 Overview of Reactor Kinetics Behaviour 120 3.2 Point Reactor Model and the Inhour Equation 125 3.3 Reactor Control 138 3.4 Nuclear Fuel Management 146 4 Nuclear Reactor Materials and Fuel Engineering 174 4.1 Nuclear Reactor Materials 174 4.2 Fuel Production 202 4.3 Fuel Element Thermal Performance 218 4.4 Fuel Chemistry 240 4.5 Fuel Restructuring 248 4.6 Fission Product Behaviour 252 4.7 Fuel Performance 285 5 Thermal Hydraulics 314 5.1 Choice of Coolant 314 5.2 Definitions and Simple Two-Phase Flow Relationships 315 5.3 Two-Phase Flow 318 5.4 Pressure Drop 343 5.5 Heat Transfer 380 6 Nuclear Reactor Safety 573 6.1 Reactor Licensing and Regulation 573 6.2 General Principles of Reactor Safety 586 6.3 Engineered Safety Features 590 6.4 Reactor Safety Analysis 597 6.5 Reliability and Risk Assessment 619 6.6 Nuclear Reactor Accidents 624 6.7 Radiation Dose Calculations 640 6.8 Nuclear Emergency Response 659 6.9 Fission Product Release and Severe Core Damage Phenomena 669 7 Health Physics and Radiation Protection 711 7.1 Interaction of Radiation with Matter 711 7.2 Health Physics and Radiation Protection 730 7.3 Biological Effects of Radiation 763 7.4 Radiation Protection 779 7.5 Contamination Treatment 788 7.6 Space Radiation 788 Appendix 1 Physical Constants and Conversion Factors 811 Appendix 2 Table of Atomic Mass Excesses 813 Appendix 3 Some Values of Nuclear Spins and Parities 900 Appendix 4 Reactor Physics Parameters 903 Appendix 5 Physical and Biological Data for Radionuclides 905 Appendix 6 Cross-Sections of Some Radionuclides 907 Appendix 7 Properties of Elements and Some Molecules 909 Appendix 8 Isotopic Cross-Sections 913 Appendix 9 Direct and Cumulative Thermal Fission Product Yields for Various Fissile Isotopes 926 Index 943

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Book SynopsisExplains the mechanisms governing flow-induced vibrations and helps engineers prevent fatigueand fretting-weardamageatthe designstage Fatigue orfretting-wear damagein processand plantequipment caused by flow-induced vibrationcan lead tooperational disruptions, lost production, andexpensiverepairs.Mechanical engineers can helppreventor mitigatethese problemsduringthe designphase of high capital cost plants such as nuclear power stations and petroleum refineries by performing thorough flow-induced vibration analysis.Accordingly, it is critical for mechanical engineers to have a firmunderstanding of the dynamic parameters and the vibration excitation mechanisms that govern flow-induced vibration. Flow-Induced Vibration Handbook for Nuclear and Process Equipmentprovides the knowledge required to prevent failures due to flow-induced vibration at the design stage. The product of more than 40 years of research and development at the Canadian Nuclear LaboratoriesTable of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgments xvii Contributors xix 1 Introduction and Typical Vibration Problems 1 Michel J. Pettigrew 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Some Typical Component Failures 2 1.3 Dynamics of Process System Components 9 1.3.1 Multi-Span Heat Exchanger Tubes 9 1.3.2 Other Nuclear and Process Components 10 Notes 10 References 10 2 Flow-Induced Vibration of Nuclear and Process Equipment: An Overview 13 Michel J. Pettigrew and Colette E. Taylor 2.1 Introduction 13 2.1.1 Flow-Induced Vibration Overview 13 2.1.2 Scope of a Vibration Analysis 14 2.2 Flow Calculations 14 2.2.1 Flow Parameter Definition 14 2.2.2 Simple Flow Path Approach 15 2.2.3 Comprehensive 3-D Approach 16 2.2.4 Two-Phase Flow Regime 18 2.3 Dynamic Parameters 18 2.3.1 Hydrodynamic Mass 18 2.3.2 Damping 19 2.4 Vibration Excitation Mechanisms 25 2.4.1 Fluidelastic Instability 25 2.4.2 Random Turbulence Excitation 27 2.4.3 Periodic Wake Shedding 31 2.4.4 Acoustic Resonance 34 2.4.5 Susceptibility to Resonance 35 2.5 Vibration Response Prediction 36 2.5.1 Fluidelastic Instability 37 2.5.2 Random Turbulence Excitation 38 2.5.3 Periodic Wake Shedding 38 2.5.4 Acoustic Resonance 38 2.5.5 Example of Vibration Analysis 38 2.6 Fretting-Wear Damage Considerations 40 2.6.1 Fretting-Wear Assessment 40 2.6.2 Fretting-Wear Coefficients 41 2.6.3 Wear Depth Calculations 42 2.7 Acceptance Criteria 42 2.7.1 Fluidelastic Instability 42 2.7.2 Random Turbulence Excitation 43 2.7.3 Periodic Wake Shedding 43 2.7.4 Tube-to-Support Clearance 43 2.7.5 Acoustic Resonance 43 2.7.6 Two-Phase Flow Regimes 43 Note 43 References 44 3 Flow Considerations 47 John M. Pietralik, Liberat N. Carlucci, Colette E. Taylor, and Michel J. Pettigrew 3.1 Definition of the Problem 47 3.2 Nature of the Flow 48 3.2.1 Introduction 48 3.2.2 Flow Parameter Definitions 50 3.2.3 Vertical Bubbly Flow 54 3.2.4 Flow Around Bluff Bodies 55 3.2.5 Shell-Side Flow in Tube Bundles 56 3.2.6 Air-Water versus Steam-Water Flows 63 3.2.7 Effect of Nucleate Boiling Noise 63 3.2.8 Summary 67 3.3 Simplified Flow Calculation 67 3.4 Multi-Dimensional Thermalhydraulic Analysis 74 3.4.1 Steam Generator 74 3.4.2 Other Heat Exchangers 78 Acronyms 81 Nomenclature 81 Subscripts 82 Notes 83 References 83 4 Hydrodynamic Mass, Natural Frequencies and Mode Shapes 87 Daniel J. Gorman, Colette E. Taylor, and Michel J. Pettigrew 4.1 Introduction 87 4.2 Total Tube Mass 88 4.2.1 Single-Phase Flow 89 4.2.2 Two-Phase Flow 90 4.3 Free Vibration Analysis of Straight Tubes 93 4.3.1 Free Vibration Analysis of a Single-Span Tube 94 4.3.2 Free Vibration Analysis of a Two-Span Tube 97 4.3.3 Free Vibration Analysis of a Multi-Span Tube 99 4.4 Basic Theory for Curved Tubes 100 4.4.1 Theory of Curved Tube In-Plane Free Vibration 102 4.4.2 Theory of Curved Tube Out-of-Plane Free Vibration 104 4.5 Free Vibration Analysis of U-Tubes 105 4.5.1 Setting Boundary Conditions for the In-Plane Free Vibration Analysis of U-Tubes Possessing Geometric Symmetry 106 4.5.2 Development of the In-Plane Eigenvalue Matrix for a Symmetric U-Tube 109 4.5.3 Generation of Eigenvalue Matrices for Out-of-Plane Free Vibration Analysis of U-Tubes Possessing Geometric Symmetry 109 4.5.4 Free Vibration Analysis of U-Tubes Which Do Not Possess Geometric Similarity 112 4.6 Concluding Remarks 114 Nomenclature 115 References 116 5 Damping of Cylindrical Structures in Single-Phase Fluids 119 Michel J. Pettigrew 5.1 Introduction 119 5.2 Energy Dissipation Mechanisms 119 5.3 Approach 123 5.4 Damping in Gases 124 5.4.1 Effect of Number of Supports 127 5.4.2 Effect of Frequency 128 5.4.3 Vibration Amplitude 128 5.4.4 Effect of Diameter or Mass 128 5.4.5 Effect of Side Loads 128 5.4.6 Effect of Higher Modes 129 5.4.7 Effect of Support Thickness 129 5.4.8 Effect of Clearance 132 5.5 Design Recommendations for Damping in Gases 132 5.6 Damping in Liquids 133 5.6.1 Tube-to-Fluid Viscous Damping 133 5.6.2 Damping at the Supports 136 5.6.3 Squeeze-Film Damping 138 5.6.4 Damping due to Sliding 141 5.6.5 Semi-Empirical Formulation of Tube-Support Damping 143 5.7 Discussion 147 5.8 Design Recommendations for Damping in Liquids 148 5.8.1 Simple Criterion Based on Available Data 148 5.8.2 Criterion Based on the Formulation of Energy Dissipation Mechanisms 148 Nomenclature 149 Subscripts 150 References 151 6 Damping of Cylindrical Structures in Two-Phase Flow 155 Michel J. Pettigrew and Colette E. Taylor 6.1 Introduction 155 6.2 Sources of Information 155 6.3 Approach 157 6.4 Two-Phase Flow Conditions 158 6.4.1 Definition of Two-Phase Flow Parameters 158 6.4.2 Flow Regime 161 6.5 Parametric Dependence Study 162 6.5.1 Effect of Flow Velocity 163 6.5.2 Effect of Void Fraction 163 6.5.3 Effect of Confinement 168 6.5.4 Effect of Tube Mass 168 6.5.5 Effect of Tube Vibration Frequency 168 6.5.6 Effect of Tube Bundle Configuration 169 6.5.7 Effect of Motion of Surrounding Tubes 169 6.5.8 Effect of Flow Regime 170 6.5.9 Effect of Fluid Properties 171 6.6 Development of Design Guidelines 172 6.7 Discussion 177 6.7.1 Damping Formulation 177 6.7.2 Two-Phase Damping Mechanisms 177 6.8 Summary Remarks 178 Nomenclature 178 Subscripts 179 Note 179 References 180 7 Fluidelastic Instability of Tube Bundles in Single-Phase Flow 183 Michel J. Pettigrew and Colette E. Taylor 7.1 Introduction 183 7.2 Nature of Fluidelastic Instability 183 7.3 Fluidelastic Instability: Analytical Modelling 185 7.4 Fluidelastic Instability: Semi-Empirical Models 186 7.5 Approach 191 7.6 Important Definitions 191 7.6.1 Tube Bundle Configurations 191 7.6.2 Flow Velocity Definition 191 7.6.3 Critical Velocity for Fluidelastic Instability 196 7.6.4 Damping 197 7.6.5 Tube Frequency 198 7.7 Parametric Dependence Study 198 7.7.1 Flexible versus Rigid Tube Bundles 198 7.7.2 Damping 201 7.7.3 Pitch-to-Diameter Ratio, P/D 201 7.7.4 Fluidelastic Instability Formulation 204 7.8 Development of Design Guidelines 206 7.9 In-Plane Fluidelastic Instability 209 7.10 Axial Flow Fluidelastic Instability 212 7.11 Concluding Remarks 213 Nomenclature 214 Subscript 214 References 215 8 Fluidelastic Instability of Tube Bundles in Two-Phase Flow 219 Michel J. Pettigrew and Colette E. Taylor 8.1 Introduction 219 8.2 Previous Research 219 8.2.1 Flow-Induced Vibration in Two-Phase Axial Flow 220 8.2.2 Flow-Induced Vibration in Two-Phase Cross Flow 221 8.2.3 Damping Studies 221 8.3 Fluidelastic Instability Mechanisms in Two-Phase Cross Flow 221 8.4 Fluidelastic Instability Experiments in Air-Water Cross Flow 224 8.4.1 Initial Experiments in Air-Water Cross Flow 224 8.4.2 Behavior in Intermittent Flow 227 8.4.3 Effect of Bundle Geometry 229 8.4.4 Flexible versus Rigid Tube Bundle Behavior 230 8.4.5 Hydrodynamic Coupling 232 8.5 Analysis of the Fluidelastic Instability Results 234 8.5.1 Defining Critical Mass Flux and Instability Constant 234 8.5.2 Comparison with Results of Other Researchers 235 8.5.3 Summary of Air-Water Tests 238 8.6 Tube Bundle Vibration in Two-Phase Freon Cross Flow 239 8.6.1 Introductory Remarks 239 8.6.2 Background Information 240 8.6.3 Experiments in Freon Cross Flow 240 8.7 Freon Test Results and Discussion 244 8.7.1 Results and Analysis 244 8.7.2 Proposed Explanations 247 8.7.3 Concluding Remarks 247 8.7.4 Summary Findings 249 8.8 Fluidelastic Instability of U-Tubes in Air-Water Cross Flow 250 8.8.1 Experimental Considerations 250 8.8.2 U-Tube Dynamics 251 8.8.3 Vibration Response 251 8.8.4 Out-of-Plane Vibration 251 8.8.5 In-Plane Vibration 254 8.9 In-Plane (In-Flow) Fluidelastic Instability 255 8.9.1 In-Flow Experiments in a Wind Tunnel 255 8.9.2 In-Flow Experiments in Two-Phase Cross Flow 255 8.9.3 Single-Tube Fluidelastic Instability Results 256 8.9.4 Single Flexible Column and Central Cluster Fluidelastic Instability Results 258 8.9.5 Two Partially Flexible Columns 258 8.9.6 In-Flow Fluidelastic Instability Results and Discussion 261 8.10 Design Recommendations 261 8.10.1 Design Guidelines 261 8.10.2 Fluidelastic Instability with Intermittent Flow 263 8.11 Fluidelastic Instability in Two-Phase Axial Flow 264 8.12 Concluding Remarks 265 Nomenclature 265 Subscripts 266 Note 266 References 266 9 Random Turbulence Excitation in Single-Phase Flow 271 Colette E. Taylor and Michel J. Pettigrew 9.1 Introduction 271 9.2 Theoretical Background 271 9.2.1 Equation of Motion 272 9.2.2 Derivation of the Mean-Square Response 273 9.2.3 Simplification of Tube Vibration Response 274 9.2.4 Integration of the Transfer Function 275 9.2.5 Use of the Simplified Expression in Developing Design Guidelines 275 9.3 Literature Search 277 9.4 Approach Taken 277 9.5 Discussion of Parameters 279 9.5.1 Directional Dependence (Lift versus Drag) 279 9.5.2 Bundle Orientation 279 9.5.3 Pitch-to-Diameter Ratio (P/D) 279 9.5.4 Upstream Turbulence 280 9.5.5 Fluid Density (Gas versus Liquid) 283 9.5.6 Summary 283 9.6 Design Guidelines 284 9.7 Random Turbulence Excitation in Axial Flow 287 Nomenclature 287 References 288 10 Random Turbulence Excitation Forces Due to Two-Phase Flow 291 Colette E. Taylor and Michel J. Pettigrew 10.1 Introduction 291 10.2 Background 291 10.3 Approach Taken to Data Reduction 295 10.4 Scaling Factor for Frequency 296 10.4.1 Definition of a Velocity Scale 297 10.4.2 Definition of a Length Scale 298 10.4.3 Dimensionless Reduced Frequency 301 10.4.4 Effect of Frequency 301 10.5 Scaling Factor for Power Spectral Density 302 10.5.1 Effect of Flow Regime 302 10.5.2 Effect of Void Fraction 304 10.5.3 Effect of Mass Flux 306 10.5.4 Effect of Tube Diameter 306 10.5.5 Effect of Correlation Length 306 10.5.6 Effect of Bundle and Tube-Support Geometry 307 10.5.7 Effect of Two-Phase Mixture 308 10.5.8 Effect of Nucleate Boiling 310 10.6 Dimensionless Power Spectral Density 311 10.7 Upper Bounds for Two-Phase Cross Flow Dimensionless Spectra 314 10.7.1 Bubbly Flow 314 10.7.2 Churn Flow 315 10.7.3 Intermittent Flow 316 10.8 Axial Flow Random Turbulence Excitation 318 10.9 Conclusions 323 Nomenclature 324 References 325 11 Periodic Wake Shedding and Acoustic Resonance 329 David S. Weaver, Colette E. Taylor, and Michel J. Pettigrew 11.1 Introduction 329 11.2 Periodic Wake Shedding 332 11.2.1 Frequency: Strouhal Number 332 11.2.2 Calculating Tube Resonance Amplitudes 335 11.2.3 Fluctuating Force Coefficients in Single-Phase Flow 336 11.2.4 Fluctuating Force Coefficients in Two-Phase Flow 338 11.2.5 The Effect of Bundle Orientation and P/D on Fluctuating Force Coefficients 346 11.2.6 The Effect of Void Fraction and Flow Regime on Fluctuating Force Coefficients 347 11.3 Acoustic Resonance 354 11.3.1 Acoustic Natural Frequencies 354 11.3.2 Equivalent Speed of Sound 355 11.3.3 Acoustic Natural Frequencies (fa)n 356 11.3.4 Frequency Coincidence — Critical Velocities 356 11.3.5 Damping Criteria 358 11.3.6 Sound Pressure Level 361 11.3.7 Elimination of Acoustic Resonance 364 11.4 Conclusions and Recommendations 366 Nomenclature 367 References 369 12 Assessment of Fretting-Wear Damage in Nuclear and Process Equipment 373 Michel J. Pettigrew, Metin Yetisir, Nigel J. Fisher, Bruce A.W. Smith, and Victor P. Janzen 12.1 Introduction 373 12.2 Dynamic Characteristics of Nuclear Structures and Process Equipment 374 12.2.1 Heat Exchangers 374 12.2.2 Nuclear Structures 375 12.3 Fretting-Wear Damage Prediction 376 12.3.1 Time-Domain Approach 376 12.3.2 Energy Approach 380 12.4 Work-Rate Relationships 380 12.4.1 Shear Work Rate and Mechanical Power 380 12.4.2 Vibration Energy Relationship 381 12.4.3 Single Degree-of-Freedom System 381 12.4.4 Multi-Span Beams Under Harmonic Excitation 382 12.4.5 Response to Random Excitation 382 12.4.6 Work-Rate Estimate: Summary 384 12.5 Experimental Verification 384 12.6 Comparison to Time Domain Approach 385 12.7 Practical Applications: Examples 386 12.8 Concluding Remarks 392 Nomenclature 392 Note 393 References 394 13 Fretting-Wear Damage Coefficients 397 Nigel J. Fisher and Fabrice M. Guérout 13.1 Introduction 397 13.2 Fretting-Wear Damage Mechanisms 397 13.2.1 Impact Fretting Wear 397 13.2.2 Trends 398 13.2.3 Work-Rate Model 402 13.3 Experimental Considerations 404 13.3.1 Experimental Studies 404 13.3.2 Room-Temperature Test Data 404 13.3.3 High-Temperature Experimental Facility 407 13.3.4 Wear Volume Measurements 409 13.4 Fretting Wear of Zirconium Alloys 409 13.4.1 Introduction 409 13.4.2 Experimental Set-Up 410 13.4.3 Effect of Vibration Amplitude and Motion Type 412 13.4.4 Effect of Pressure-Tube Pre-Oxidation and Surface Preparation 412 13.4.5 Effect of Temperature 412 13.4.6 Effect of pH Control Additive and Dissolved Oxygen Content 413 13.4.7 Discussions 414 13.5 Fretting Wear of Heat Exchanger Materials 417 13.5.1 Work-Rate Model and Wear Coefficient 417 13.5.2 Effect of Test Duration 419 13.5.3 Effect of Temperature 422 13.5.4 Effect of Water Chemistry 424 13.5.5 Effect of Tube-Support Geometry and Tube Materials 426 13.5.6 Discussion 427 13.6 Summary and Recommendations 429 Nomenclature 429 Notes 429 References 430 Component Analysis 433 Introduction 433 Analysis of a Process Heat Exchanger 435 Analysis of a Nuclear Steam Generator U-Bend 445 Subject Index 463

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xiii Preface xix Acknowledgments xxiii Glossary of Terms xxv 1 Introduction and Historical Perspective 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Discovery of X-Rays, Radiation, and Subatomic Particles 2 1.3 The Nuclear Age 8 1.4 The Space Age 9 1.5 Semiconductors – Revolution, Evolution, and Scaling 15 1.6 Beginning of Ionizing Radiation Effects in Semiconductors 20 1.7 Beginning of Single-Event Effects in Semiconductors 22 1.8 Summary and Closing Comments 26 References 27 2 Radiation Environments 31 2.1 Introduction 31 2.2 X-Rays, Gamma Rays, and the Atom 31 2.2.1 X-Rays 31 2.2.2 X-Ray Absorption 34 2.2.3 Auger Electrons 36 2.2.4 Nuclear Structure and Binding Energy 36 2.2.4.1 Models of the Nucleus 38 2.2.5 Alpha and Beta Decay 50 2.2.5.1 Alpha Decay 51 2.2.5.2 Beta Decay 52 2.2.6 Gamma-Ray Emission or Gamma Decay 53 2.2.7 Other Types of Nuclear Radiation 54 2.3 Natural Radioactivity 55 2.3.1 Exponential Decay 55 2.3.2 Decay Series 56 2.4 The Space Environment 58 2.4.1 Solar Radiation 59 2.4.2 Trapped Radiation 62 2.4.3 Cosmic Rays 66 2.4.4 Atmospheric Neutrons 69 2.5 The Nuclear Reactor Environment 71 2.6 The Weapons Environment 75 2.7 The Environment in High-Energy Physics Facilities 78 2.8 Summary and Closing Comments 80 References 81 3 Radiation Effects in Semiconductor Materials 85 3.1 Introduction 85 3.2 Basic Effects 86 3.2.1 Heavy Charged Particles 86 3.2.1.1 Stopping Power 86 3.2.1.2 Electronic Stopping 87 3.2.1.3 Nuclear Stopping 92 3.2.2 Electrons 93 3.2.2.1 Electromagnetic Radiation 93 3.2.2.2 Stopping Power 96 3.2.3 Neutrons 101 3.2.3.1 Neutron Cross Section 102 3.2.3.2 Interactions with Matter 103 3.2.4 Photons (X-Rays, Gamma Rays) 106 3.2.4.1 Photoelectric Effect 107 3.2.4.2 Compton Scattering 108 3.2.4.3 Pair Production 109 3.2.4.4 Photonuclear Reactions 110 3.3 Charge Trapping in Silicon Dioxide 111 3.3.1 Charge Generation/Recombination 111 3.3.1.1 Geminate and Columnar Models 112 3.3.1.2 Geminate Recombination 113 3.3.1.3 Columnar Recombination 115 3.3.1.4 Numerical Methods 117 3.3.2 Hole Trapping and Transport 118 3.3.2.1 E′ Centers 120 3.3.2.2 Continuous-Time Random-Walk (CTRW) 122 3.3.3 The Silicon/Silicon Dioxide Interface 124 3.3.3.1 Interface Traps 125 3.3.3.2 Border Traps 127 3.3.3.3 Hydrogen 128 3.3.3.4 ELDRS 130 3.4 Bulk Damage 131 3.5 Summary and Closing Comments 133 References 135 4 Radiation-Induced Single Events 143 4.1 Introduction – Single-Events Effects (SEE) 143 4.1.1 Single-Event Upsets (SEU) 143 4.1.2 Multiple-Bit Upset (MBU) 143 4.1.3 Single-Event Transients (SET) 144 4.1.4 Single-Event Functional Interrupts (SEFIs) 144 4.1.5 Single-Event Disturb (SED) 145 4.1.6 Single-Event Snapback (SESB) 146 4.1.7 Single-Event Latchup (SEL) 146 4.1.8 Single-Event Burnout (SEB) 146 4.1.9 Single-Event Gate Rupture (SEGR) 147 4.1.10 Single-Event Hard Errors (SHE) 147 4.2 Single-Event Upset (SEU) 148 4.2.1 SEU – Memory 148 4.2.2 SEU in CMOS Memory 148 4.2.3 SEU in Bipolar Memory 148 4.2.4 SEU in CMOS SRAM 149 4.2.5 SEU in Future Technology – FINFETs 149 4.3 SEU – Particle Sources 149 4.3.1 SEU Source – Alpha Particles 150 4.3.2 SEU Source – Pions and Muons 152 4.3.3 SEU – Neutrons 153 4.3.4 SEU Source – Protons 153 4.3.5 SEU – Heavy Ions 154 4.4 Single-Event Gate Rupture (SEGR) 154 4.4.1 Definition SEGR 155 4.4.2 SEGR Source – Ion Track 155 4.4.3 SEGR Source – Failure Mechanism 156 4.4.4 SEGR – Modeling and Simulation 156 4.4.5 Power Transistors and SEGR 156 4.4.5.1 Lateral Power Transistors SEGR 156 4.4.5.2 Vertical MOS (VMOS) SEGR 157 4.4.5.3 Advanced Technologies – Planar MOSFET SEGR 157 4.5 Single-Event Transients (SETs) 158 4.5.1 SET Definition 158 4.5.2 SET Source 158 4.5.3 SET Source Failure Mechanisms 159 4.5.4 SET in Integrated Circuits 159 4.5.4.1 Digital Circuitry 159 4.5.4.2 Continuous Time Analog Circuitry 159 4.5.5 Prediction and Hardening 159 4.6 Single-Event Latchup (SEL) 159 4.6.1 SEL Definition 160 4.6.2 SEL Source 160 4.6.3 SEL Time Response 161 4.6.4 SEL Maximum Charge Collection Evaluation in a Parallelepiped Region 162 4.6.5 A SEL Design Practice 164 4.6.6 SEL Semiconductor Device Simulation 165 4.7 Summary and Closing Comments 165 References 166 5 Radiation Testing 173 5.1 Introduction 173 5.1.1 Radiation Units and Measurements 173 5.2 Radiation Testing and Sources 175 5.2.1 Total Ionizing Dose (TID) Testing 176 5.2.2 Total Ionizing Dose (TID) Sources 179 5.2.3 Single-Event Effects (SEE) Testing 182 5.2.4 Single-Event Effects (SEE) Sources and Facilities 187 5.2.5 Neutron Testing 192 5.2.6 Neutron Sources 193 5.2.7 Proton Testing 195 5.2.8 Proton Sources 196 5.2.9 Transient Gamma Testing 197 5.2.10 Transient Gamma Sources 198 5.3 Summary and Closing Comments 201 References 204 6 Device Modeling and Simulation Techniques 209 6.1 Introduction 209 6.2 Device Modeling 210 6.2.1 Circuit Simulators 211 6.2.2 Intrinsic Models 212 6.2.3 Composite Models and Inline Subcircuits 212 6.2.4 Analysis and Statistics Programs 214 6.3 Radiation Effects on Semiconductor Devices 215 6.3.1 MOS Capacitors and Transistors 215 6.3.1.1 MOS Capacitors 216 6.3.1.2 MOS Transistors 219 6.3.2 Diodes and Bipolar Transistors 224 6.3.2.1 Diodes 224 6.3.2.2 Bipolar Transistors 225 6.3.3 Power Devices 230 6.3.3.1 DMOS Composite Models 231 6.3.3.2 Operating Voltage 232 6.3.4 Other Devices 232 6.3.4.1 Junction Field Effect Transistors (JFETs) 232 6.3.4.2 Resistors 234 6.3.4.3 Capacitors 235 6.3.5 Some Modeling Challenges 235 6.4 Circuit Simulation 236 6.4.1 Corner Simulation 236 6.4.2 SEE Simulation 239 6.5 Summary and Closing Comments 242 References 244 7 Radiation Semiconductor Process and Layout Solutions 249 7.1 Introduction 249 7.2 Substrate Hardened Technologies 249 7.2.1 Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) Technologies 250 7.2.1.1 Separation by Implanted Oxygen (SIMOX) 250 7.2.1.2 Silicon-Bonded (SIBOND) Technology 250 7.2.2 Silicon on Sapphire (SOS) 251 7.2.3 Silicon on Diamond (SOD) 252 7.2.4 Silicon on Nothing (SON) 252 7.3 Oxide Hardening Technologies 253 7.3.1 Oxide Growth and Fluorination of Oxide 253 7.3.2 MOSFET Gate Oxide Hardening 253 7.3.3 Recessed Oxide (ROX) Hardening 254 7.3.4 LOCOS Isolation Hardening 254 7.3.5 Shallow Trench Isolation (STI) Hardening 254 7.4 CMOS Latchup Process Solutions 255 7.5 CMOS Substrates – High-Resistance Substrates 255 7.5.1 50Ω-cm Substrate Resistance 259 7.6 Wells 260 7.6.1 Single Well – Diffused N-Well 261 7.6.2 Single Well – Retrograde N-Well 261 7.6.3 Dual-Well Technology 262 7.6.3.1 P-well and P++ Substrate 262 7.6.3.2 P-Well and P+ Connecting Implant 263 7.7 Triple-Well Technology 264 7.7.1 Triple Well – Full Separation of Wells 264 7.7.2 Triple Well – Merged Triple Well 265 7.7.3 Triple Well – Merged Triple Well with Blanket Implant 266 7.8 Sub-Collectors 266 7.8.1 Epitaxial Grown Sub-Collector 266 7.8.2 Implanted Sub-Collector 267 7.8.3 Sub-Collector – NPN and PNP Bipolar Current Gain 267 7.8.4 Sub-Collector – Beta Product 𝛽PNP𝛽NPN 267 7.9 Heavily Doped Buried Layers (HDBL) 268 7.9.1 Buried Implanted Layer for Lateral Isolation (BILLI) Process 268 7.9.2 Continuous HDBL Implant 268 7.9.3 Buried Guard Ring (BGR) 270 7.10 Isolation Concepts 270 7.10.1 LOCOS Isolation 270 7.10.2 Shallow Trench Isolation (STI) 270 7.10.3 Dual Depth Isolation 271 7.10.4 Trench Isolation (TI) 272 7.10.4.1 Trench Isolation (TI) and Sub-Collector 274 7.11 Deep Trench 277 7.11.1 Deep Trench (DT) within PNPN Structure 279 7.11.2 Deep Trench Structure and Sub-Collector 281 7.11.3 Deep Trench Structure and Merged Triple Well 283 7.12 Layout Solutions 284 7.12.1 Polysilicon Bound Structures 284 7.12.2 Parasitic Isolation Device (PID) 284 7.13 Summary and Closing Comments 286 References 287 8 Single-Event Upset Circuit Solutions 293 8.1 Introduction 293 8.2 CMOS DRAM SEU Circuit Solutions 293 8.2.1 CMOS DRAM Redundancy 294 8.2.2 CMOS DRAM with SRAM Error Correction 294 8.3 CMOS SRAM SEU Circuit Solution 296 8.3.1 CMOS SRAM Four-Device Cell 296 8.3.2 CMOS SRAM Six-Device Cell 297 8.3.3 CMOS SRAM 12-Device Cell 298 8.4 Bipolar SRAM 299 8.4.1 Bipolar SRAM Cell with Resistor Loads 300 8.4.2 Bipolar SRAM Cell with Resistor Loads and Schottky Clamps 300 8.4.3 Bipolar SRAM Cell with PNP Transistors 301 8.5 Bipolar SRAM Circuit Solutions 301 8.6 SEU in CMOS Logic Circuitry 302 8.7 Summary and Closing Comments 302 References 303 9 Latchup Circuit Solutions 305 9.1 Introduction 305 9.2 Power Supply Concepts 305 9.2.1 Power Supply Current Limit – Series Resistor 305 9.2.2 Power Supply Current Limit – Current Source 306 9.2.3 Power Supply Solutions – Voltage Regulator 307 9.2.4 Latchup Circuit Solutions – Power Supply Decoupling 308 9.3 Overshoot and Undershoot Clamp Networks 311 9.3.1 Passive Clamp Networks 312 9.3.2 Active Clamp Networks 313 9.3.3 Dynamic Threshold Triple Well Passive and Active Clamp Networks 316 9.4 Passive and Active Guard Rings 318 9.4.1 Passive Guard Ring Circuits and Structures 318 9.4.2 Active Guard Ring Circuits and Structures 319 9.5 Triple-Well Noise and Latchup Suppression Structures 326 9.6 System-Level Latchup Issues 326 9.7 Summary and Closing Comments 327 References 329 10 Emerging Effects and Future Technology 333 10.1 Introduction 333 10.2 Radiation Effects in Advanced Technologies 333 10.2.1 Moore’s Law, Scaling, and Radiation Effects 334 10.2.2 Technology Lifetime and Reliability 334 10.2.2.1 New Missions 335 10.2.2.2 Throwaway Mentality 335 10.2.2.3 New Space Entrants 335 10.2.3 Terrestrial Issues 335 10.2.4 Space Mission Issues 335 10.2.5 Server Farms 335 10.2.6 Automotive 336 10.2.7 Internet of Things (IoT) 336 10.2.8 More than Moore 336 10.3 Radiation Effects in Semiconductor Nanostructures 336 10.3.1 Planar MOSFETs in Sub-25 nm 337 10.3.2 Bulk FinFET 338 10.3.3 SOI FinFET 339 10.3.4 3-D Circuits 340 10.4 Radiation Effects and Advanced Packaging 340 10.4.1 Radiation Effects and 2.5-D Circuits and Technology 341 10.4.2 Radiation Effects and 3-D Circuits and Technology 341 10.4.3 More than Moore and 3-D Integration 342 10.5 Ruggedized Capability 342 10.5.1 Ruggedized Capability for Radiation 343 10.5.2 Ruggedized Capability for High Temperature 343 10.6 Radiation Models 343 10.7 A Nuclear World 344 10.8 Summary and Closing Comments 344 References 345 Index 347

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Book SynopsisDetailing the estimation and perception of nuclear risk, this book follows military and civilian nuclear accidents, plus the systems put in place by national and international authorities for recording and analyzing feedback. Prevention and anticipation being the best defenses against a nuclear accident, the authorities have also categorized the different types of accidents, and are doing research to better understand and control them. In light of this, this book shows how the authorities take practical measures to protect neighboring populations and limit radioactive contamination of the environment. France�s experience in this arena is well-documented and a chapter of this book is devoted to the fight against terrorist attacks in the nuclear field. Nuclear Accidents is based on scientifically-recognized publications, as well as on reports from the various countries concerned, and the national and international organizations competent in this field (IAEA, WHO, UNSCEAR, IRSN, etc.).Table of ContentsAcknowledgments xi Preface xiii Chapter 1. Assessment and Perception of Nuclear Risk 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Danger, exposure, radiotoxicity and risk 4 1.2.1. Identification of radionuclide hazards 5 1.2.2. Contamination of the environment, including the anthroposphere, by radionuclides 7 1.2.3. Exposure to radiation 11 1.2.4. Collective doses 17 1.3. From dose to adverse effect in non-human organisms (flora and fauna) 17 1.3.1. The harmful effects of ionizing radiation 18 1.3.2. The dose–response relationship 20 1.3.3. Recommended threshold values 22 1.4. From dose to adverse effect in humans 24 1.4.1. Deterministic and stochastic effects 24 1.4.2. Dose–response relationships for average doses: epidemiological studies 25 1.4.3. Responses to low doses 26 1.5. Radiation protection and recommendations for human irradiation 32 1.6. Risk perception 35 1.6.1. Probability of a future nuclear accident 36 1.6.2. Countries using or renouncing the use of nuclear energy 37 1.6.3. Opinion polls on nuclear power 38 1.6.4. Estimated risk and perceived risk 41 1.7. Conclusion 42 Chapter 2. Lessons from the Past in the Field of Nuclear Accidents 45 2.1. Early signals and late lessons 45 2.2. Structures for disseminating information on radioactive risk 45 2.2.1. Situation from 1945 to 1990 46 2.2.2. Situation from the Chernobyl accident to the present day 47 2.2.3. The example of France 48 2.2.4. Future change? 50 2.3. Feedback (REX) 51 2.3.1. Introduction: what is REX? 51 2.3.2. The overall REX process 52 2.3.3. Causes of REX failure 54 2.4. Lessons from the past 55 2.4.1. Lessons learned from military nuclear activities and accidents 55 2.4.2. Lessons from industrial accidents 57 2.4.3. Medical accidents 72 2.5. Crisis exercises 77 2.5.1. Transnational exercises 77 2.5.2. National exercises 78 2.6. Incident and accident reporting 80 2.6.1. A common severity scale 80 2.6.2. Management of declarations 81 2.6.3. Reporting systems 81 2.6.4. Websites 82 2.7. Conclusion 83 Chapter 3. Research for the Future 85 3.1. Introduction: safety and the main types of accidents 85 3.1.1. Safety history 85 3.1.2. The main safety objectives 86 3.1.3. Defense in depth 87 3.1.4. New research in the field of nuclear safety 88 3.1.5. The aging of nuclear installations 90 3.2. International actions 92 3.2.1. Improving the organization of security at the level of each state 92 3.2.2. The IAEA 94 3.2.3. The NEA 95 3.2.4. The ICRP 98 3.2.5. UNSCEAR 99 3.2.6. The ICRU 100 3.2.7. The IRSN at international level 100 3.3. European actions 101 3.3.1. Euratom 101 3.3.2. Complementary safety assessments (ECS) process 102 3.4. French actions 103 3.5. Advances in nuclear safety 106 3.5.1. Better knowledge of nuclear fuel 107 3.5.2. Better preventing the risk of steam and hydrogen explosions 110 3.5.3. Controlling radionuclide releases 111 3.5.4. Consequences of a fire 112 3.5.5. Knowing more about corium 113 3.5.6. Controlling a water injection into a molten core 115 3.5.7. Mastering electrical distribution systems 115 3.5.8. Improving modeling 116 3.6. Advances in radioecology 118 3.6.1. Determination of the source term 118 3.6.2. Modeling of radionuclide dispersion in the terrestrial environment 119 3.6.3. Modeling of radionuclide dispersion in aquatic environments 120 3.6.4. Modeling of trophic transfer of radionuclides in organisms 121 3.7. Advances in radiation protection 121 3.7.1. Improving the radiological protection system 122 3.7.2. Improving the management of a nuclear accident 125 3.8. Safety research in other types of nuclear installations 128 3.8.1. Cooling pools 128 3.8.2. Spent fuel reprocessing plants 129 3.8.3. Sodium-cooled fast neutron reactors 129 3.8.4. ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) fusion facility 129 3.8.5. Better understanding of criticality 130 3.9. Advances in the humanities and social sciences 130 3.10. Conclusion 131 Chapter 4. Management of the Emergency Phase of a Nuclear Accident 133 4.1. Introduction 133 4.2. The first actions of the threat and rejection periods 134 4.2.1. Radioactive releases in the event of an accident from a nuclear reactor 135 4.2.2. Radioactivity measurements during a nuclear accident 136 4.3. Population management in the emergency phase 138 4.3.1. Containment or sheltering of the population 140 4.3.2. Mass evacuation or evacuation of part of the population 141 4.3.3. Distribution of stable iodine tablets 152 4.4. Food supply management 156 4.4.1. Recommended values 156 4.4.2. Regulatory values 158 4.5. Intervention levels for the protection of populations 160 4.5.1. International recommendations 160 4.5.2. The texts of the various states 163 4.6. The organization of crisis management in France 164 4.6.1. Documentation of the ORSEC plan 165 4.6.2. The subdivisions of the ORSEC plan 167 4.6.3. French actors in nuclear crisis management 167 4.6.4. The internal emergency plan 168 4.6.5. The plan particulier d’intervention (PPI, special intervention plans) 170 4.6.6. Other complementary plans of the PPI 180 4.7. Exiting the emergency phase 182 4.8. Conclusion 183 Chapter 5. Management of the Post-accident Phase 185 5.1. Introduction 185 5.2. The actions to be taken 186 5.2.1. Priority actions to be undertaken 187 5.2.2. Actions during the transitional period 188 5.2.3. Long-term actions 189 5.2.4. Radioactivity measurements following a nuclear accident 190 5.3. Environmental management 191 5.3.1. Management of aquatic environments 191 5.3.2. Management of terrestrial environments 193 5.4. Managing the anthroposphere 195 5.4.1. Decontamination of living areas 196 5.4.2. Nuclear waste management 196 5.4.3. Agricultural management 197 5.4.4. Managing the economy 202 5.4.5. Food supply management 203 5.5. Management of exposed populations 204 5.5.1. Limiting people’s exposure to radiation 204 5.5.2. Radiological monitoring of exposed populations 206 5.5.3. Radiological and health monitoring of nuclear workers 208 5.5.4. Health monitoring of exposed populations 208 5.5.5. The return of evacuated populations 209 5.5.6. The experience of local populations in contaminated environments 211 5.5.7. Human dignity 211 5.6. The organization of post-accident management 212 5.6.1. International and European recommendations 212 5.6.2. French doctrine 215 5.7. Conclusion 221 Chapter 6. Terrorist Attacks and Nuclear Security 223 6.1. Introduction 223 6.2. Malicious acts 224 6.2.1. Attempts at radiation aggression 225 6.2.2. The assassination of Alexander Litvinenko 225 6.2.3. Arafat’s death 226 6.2.4. Overflights and intrusions into nuclear facilities 228 6.3. Possible terrorist attacks 228 6.3.1. The use of a nuclear weapon 229 6.3.2. The use of a “dirty” bomb 229 6.3.3. Attack on a nuclear installation or transport 231 6.3.4. The release of radioactive material 231 6.3.5. Cyber-attacks 232 6.4. The consequences of a terrorist act in the nuclear field 233 6.4.1. The health consequences 234 6.4.2. The psychological consequences 236 6.4.3. Countermeasures in the event of terrorist attacks 237 6.5. Organizational preparation for a terrorist threat 240 6.6. Prevention of terrorist risk in the nuclear field 242 6.6.1. Nuclear non-proliferation 242 6.6.2. Trafficking in military weapons and radionuclides 245 6.6.3. The actions to be taken 247 6.6.4. The limitation of nuclear materials 248 6.7. Conclusion 249 Chapter 7. General Conclusions 253 7.1. The probability of military and civil accidents 253 7.1.1. Nuclear risks and probabilities 253 7.1.2. The causes of accidents 254 7.2. The environmental consequences of accidents 255 7.3. The health consequences of accidents 256 7.4. The economic consequences of accidents 260 7.5. Prevention of nuclear accidents 262 7.6. Management of the emergency and post-accident phases 264 7.7. Perception of nuclear risk 264 7.8. Public information 265 References 269 Acronyms and Abbreviations 339 Index 355

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Book SynopsisSince the 1970s, the field of industrial reliability has evolved significantly, in part due to the design and early operation of the first generation nuclear power plants. Indeed, the needs of this sector have led to the development of specific and innovative reliability methods, which have since been taken up and adapted by other industrial sectors, leading to the development of the management of uncertainties and Health and Usage Monitoring Systems. In this industry, reliability assessment approaches have matured. There are now methods, data and tools available that can be used with confidence for many industrial applications. The purpose of this book is to present and illustrate them with real study cases.The book addresses the evolution of reliability methods, experience feedback and expertise (as data is essential for estimating reliability), the reliability of socio-technical systems and probabilistic safety assessments, the structural reliability and probabilistic models in mechanics, the reliability of equipment and the impact of maintenance on their behavior, human and organizational factors and the impact of big data on reliability. Finally, some R&D perspectives that can be developed in the future are presented. Written by several engineers, statisticians and human and organizational factors specialists in the nuclear sector, this book is intended for all those who are faced with a reliability assessment of their installations or equipment: decision-makers, engineers, designers, operation or maintenance engineers, project managers, human and organizational factors specialists, experts and regulatory authority inspectors, teachers, researchers and doctoral students.Table of ContentsForeword by Philippe Le Poac xi Foreword by Antoine Grall xvii Preface xxi André Lannoy Acknowledgments xxiii André Lannoy Author Biographies xxv Chapter 1 Aims and Introduction 1 André Lannoy 1.1 The aims of this work 1 1.2 Reliability, an application of probability theory 2 1.2.1 What is reliability? 2 1.2.2 The early days of reliability 3 1.2.3 The birth of modern reliability 5 1.2.4 The development of modern reliability 1948–1960 5 1.2.5 The advent of reliability specialists 1960–1974 6 1.2.6 The “safety culture decade” 1975–1990 7 1.2.7 Maximizing efficiency, performances and profits 1990–2007 8 1.2.8 The return to safety, risk aversion 2007–2020 9 1.3 Generating nuclear power 10 1.4 Presentation of the book’s content 15 1.5 References 17 Chapter 2 Input Data: Operation Feedback and Expertise 21 André Lannoy and Emmanuel Remy 2.1 The purposes of operation feedback 21 2.2 What is operation feedback? 23 2.3 The operation feedback approach 25 2.4 “Event” operation feedback 28 2.5 “Equipment” operation feedback 29 2.5.1 The maintenance model: an approach according to function 29 2.5.2 Failure analysis 31 2.5.3 Failure criteria 33 2.5.4 Data quality 33 2.6 Reliability analysis 35 2.6.1 The components studied 35 2.6.2 Data characteristics 36 2.6.3 Principles of simple reliability data estimation for PSAs 38 2.7 Conclusion 39 2.8 References 41 Chapter 3 The Principles of Calculating Reliability in Level 1 PSAs 43 Marc Bouissou 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 The basis of all calculations: an exponential approximation 45 3.2.1 The principle of exponential approximations 45 3.2.2 NRI exponential approximation 46 3.3 The models used 48 3.3.1 Event trees 48 3.3.2 Fault trees 51 3.4 Quantification of PSAs 54 3.4.1 Calculating the probability of UCs that are conditional on an initiator 55 3.4.2 Calculating importance factors 57 3.4.3 The uncertainty calculation 59 3.5 The question of the level of detail 60 3.6 Practical problems: model size, high probabilities 62 3.6.1 Model size and combinatorial explosion 63 3.6.2 Fire, flood and earthquake PSAs: the problem of high probabilities 64 3.7 “Cousin” models of PSA models 65 3.7.1 Event sequence diagrams 65 3.7.2 Bow tie diagram 66 3.7.3 Boolean logic-driven Markov processes 66 3.8 How can we improve the precision of classic PSAs? 70 3.8.1 Principles of the I&AB method 70 3.8.2 What gains does I&AB allow? 71 3.8.3 Numerical application of I&AB 72 3.9 A line of research: “dynamic PSAs” 75 3.10 Software for carrying out PSAs 76 3.11 References 78 Chapter 4 Structural Reliability: General Presentation, Applications for Nuclear Power Plants 83 Emmanuel Ardillon 4.1 General presentation of SRA 83 4.1.1 Why SRA? 83 4.1.2 What does SRA consist of? 86 4.1.3 Old foundations but a recent history 87 4.1.4 SRA: from the R-S elementary case (resistance-stress method) to the general case 88 4.1.5 A brief overview of calculation methods 90 4.1.6 OpenTURNS: the processing tool for uncertainty quantifications co-developed and used at EDF 95 4.2 Structural reliability in the nuclear power generation industry 97 4.2.1 Optimizing the maintenance policy for steam generators 98 4.2.2 Risk of fast fracture of PWR reactor pressure vessels 98 4.3 The pressurizer, an example of an exploratory exercise in the application of probabilistic approaches 100 4.4 Probabilistic optimization of the maintenance of nuclear power plant steel components 102 4.4.1 Introduction 102 4.4.2 Specifying the problem (stage A) 103 4.4.3 Uncertainty quantification (stage B) 105 4.4.4 Uncertainty propagation: calculating the overall risk of thinning points (stage C) 106 4.4.5 Using probabilistic results: determining points to repair 107 4.4.6 Conclusion and perspectives on this application 108 4.5 Structural reliability for hydroelectricity – the reliability of penstocks: evaluation of calculation values for mechanical strength diagnostics 110 4.6 Conclusion 112 4.7 References 113 Chapter 5 Probabilistic and Statistical Modeling for the Reliability of Industrial Equipment 117 Emmanuel Remy 5.1 Introduction 117 5.2 Some general preliminary remarks 118 5.3 Nonparametric approaches 124 5.4 Parametric models 126 5.4.1 Introduction 126 5.4.2 Some models adapted to non-repairable components 127 5.4.3 Taking account of influencing factors 132 5.4.4 Imperfect maintenance models for repairable equipment 135 5.4.5 Stochastic degradation models 140 5.5 Frequentist inference 147 5.6 Bayesian statistics 153 5.7 Model validation and selection 157 5.8 Case study for illustration 160 5.9 Openings and prospects for R&D 163 5.10 Software tools 164 5.11 References 164 Chapter 6 The Human and Organizational Dimensions of Reliability and Nuclear Safety 171 Nicolas Dechy, Yves Dien And Jean-François Vautier 6.1 Introduction and historical context in the nuclear field 171 6.2 Definition of the human and organizational dimensions of dependability and nuclear safety 173 6.3 Theories on accidents and reliability 175 6.4 Human and social sciences methods for collecting and analyzing data 181 6.5 Making human activities reliable 183 6.5.1 “Human error”: man is a fallible reliability agent 183 6.5.2 Training 185 6.5.3 Applying the procedure or demonstrating skills? 187 6.5.4 Analyzing real activity and work situations 188 6.5.5 Man–machine interfaces: the case of control rooms 189 6.5.6 Consideration of HOFs during design and modifications 190 6.5.7 Operation actions and their feasibility 191 6.5.8 Quantitative approach to human reliability 192 6.5.9 HF in maintenance interventions 193 6.6 Making the organization of work and risk management reliable 194 6.6.1 Quality approach and safety management systems 195 6.6.2 Safety culture 196 6.6.3 Forward planning of skills and workforce – human resources management 197 6.6.4 Managing safety on a daily basis and decision-making 198 6.6.5 Risk analysis, anticipation 199 6.6.6 Adaptation, resilience, emergency and crisis 201 6.6.7 Event analysis and the operating experience feedback process 202 6.6.8 Conducting organizational change 203 6.6.9 Organizing maintenance and subcontractors’ work 204 6.7 Cross-cutting aspects 206 6.7.1 The challenges of integration, organization and time 206 6.7.2 The contribution of the systemic approach 207 6.7.3 Reflexivity and critical approach 209 6.7.4 HOF specialists and HOF relays: the contribution of HOF networks 209 6.8 Conclusion and perspectives 210 6.9 References 211 Chapter 7 From Too Little to Too Much: The Impact of Big Data 225 André Lannoy and Emmanuel Remy 7.1 Introduction 225 7.2 Toward a better understanding? 227 7.2.1 New ways of collecting operation feedback 227 7.2.2 The importance of pre-processing and validation 229 7.2.3 A more accurate vision of the usage profile 230 7.2.4 Toward big data methods 231 7.2.5 Reliability approaches 232 7.2.6 A posteriori processing or visualization 236 7.3 Diagnostics and prognostics 236 7.3.1 Diagnostics 236 7.3.2 The prognostics 238 7.3.3 Classical reliability models for prognostics 239 7.4 Trust 240 7.5 Conclusion and perspectives 241 7.6 References 242 Chapter 8 Conclusions and Prospects 245 André Lannoy 8.1 Nuclear power plants and the progress of reliability 246 8.2 Challenges linked to reliability? 248 8.3 Prospects for future 249 8.3.1 Operational feedback data and data quality 249 8.3.2 On system reliability 250 8.3.3 On the reliability of structures 251 8.3.4 On data from big data and the reliability of equipment 252 8.3.5 On the reliability of organizations and activities 253 8.4 References 255 List of Authors 257 Index 259

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Book SynopsisNuclear security culture is an important component of an effective nuclear security regime, as it serves as a tool to improve the performance of the human component at nuclear facilities and organizations to counter both insider and outsider threats. Security culture connotes not only the technical proficiency of the people but also their awareness of security risks and motivation to follow established procedures, comply with regulations and take the initiative when unforeseen circumstances arise. A workforce made up of individuals who are vigilant, who question irregularities, execute their work diligently and exhibit high standards of personal and collective behaviour is able to achieve effective nuclear security. Building upon this understanding of the importance of a strong nuclear security culture, this publication provides practical guidance on how to implement a systematic nuclear security culture enhancement programme.

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Book SynopsisThis publication explains the concepts of quality assurance and quality control. It provides examples, illustrated by good practices, of their implementation within the processes of the management systems of nuclear facilities and describes how they are managed through interfaces with suppliers and subcontractors. The publication discusses the elements of a management system relevant for the quality assurance and quality control functions, such as the generation and retention of documented information. The information presented will help in ensuring the safe and economic operation of nuclear facilities and provide a neutral technical basis for dialogue between government bodies, regulators, plant operators and suppliers when dealing with management system, quality assurance and quality control issues.

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Book SynopsisThe transport of radioactive material is an essential activity worldwide. Both safety and security during transport are matters of national and international importance. This publication is the latest edition of the IAEA Safety Requirements for the safe transport of radioactive material. It is supported by six IAEA Safety Guides which provide explanation and guidance for the SSR-6 requirements to facilitate harmonized implementation. The SSR-6 Regulations apply to the transport of radioactive material by all modes on land, water, or in the air, including transport that is incidental to the use of the radioactive material.Transport comprises all operations and conditions associated with, and involved in, the movement of radioactive material; these include the design, manufacture, maintenance and repair of packaging, and the preparation, consigning, loading, carriage including in-transit storage, unloading and receipt at the final destination of loads of radioactive material and packages. These requirements form an integral part of regulations worldwide, therefore SSR-6 and its associated guidance documents are a requisite source of guidance information for governments, regulators, and all individuals involved in the aforementioned activities of transport of radioactive material.These requirements are adopted into the UN Model Regulations which are subsequently adopted by the IMDG Code by the International Maritime Organisation for shipment by sea and by the International Civil Aviation Organization Technical Instructions for shipment by air. Both the IMDG Code and the ICAO Technical Instructions are globally implemented and mandatory. Land transport is the responsibility of the national government of each Member State, and the SSR-6 requirements are adopted for national transport safety regulations for shipments on land.

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Book SynopsisFocuses on the framework and functional elements for managing a radiological crime scene that are distinct from any other crime scene. This publication assumes that states have a capability for managing conventional crime scenes.

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Book SynopsisFlexible operation and related power changes can have a direct impact on fuel integrity through pellet–cladding interaction/stress corrosion cracking (PCI/SCC) phenomena, which could lead to fuel failures in certain conditions. For some anticipated operational occurrences that affect fuel with small PCI/SCC margins, the fuel failures caused by PCI/SCC cannot be assumed to be benign, and a significant radiological source term may be generated. This publication provides an overview of PCI/SCC studies and reports on the progress made since the early 2000s, based on presentations and discussions at a related IAEA technical meeting held in October 2019.

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Book SynopsisThis publication addresses the basics of the application of a graded approach in the regulatory oversight of nuclear installations, describes the approaches currently implemented by several regulatory bodies around the world and, based on these examples, proposes a generic methodology for application of a graded approach to regulation of nuclear installations. The publication provides practical examples and information on developing and implementing strategies and processes for all regulatory functions.

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Book SynopsisRenewable Energy Resources is a numerate and quantitative text. It covers the many renewables technologies implemented worldwide by harnessing sustainable resources, mitigating pollution and climate change, and providing cost effective services.This fourth edition is extensively updated by John Twidell with global developments as underpinned by fundamental analysis and illustrated by case studies and worked examples. Efficiency of end-use and cost-effectiveness is emphasized. Each chapter begins with fundamental scientific theory, and then considers applications, environmental impact and socio-economic aspects, before concluding with Quick Questions for self-revision, Problems and new Exercises. Basic theory underlying the technologies is covered in succinct Reviews of electrical power, fluid dynamics, heat transfer and solid-state physics. Common symbols and cross-referencing apply throughout; essential data are tabulated in Appendices.Renewable Energy ResTrade Review'Outstandingly good general text.' - British Book News'Twidell and Weir are masters of their subject and join the ranks of acomplished authors who have made a powerful contribution to the field. Renewable Energy Resources is a superb reference work.' - Paul Gipe, www.wind-works.org'It's ideal for student use - authoritative, compact and comprehensive, with plenty of references out to more detailed texts ... a very valuable book.' - Professor Dave Elliott of the Open University, UK, in Renew 162 2006.'What we need to combat climate change is a stream of students and graduates with the knowledge they can gain from this book ... suitable not only for engineering students but also for policy-makers and all those concerned with energy and the environment.' - Corin Millais (CEO Climate Institute)'The comprehensive and integrated approach of Renewable Energy Resources provides a reliable and cost-effective introduction for basic understanding and reference across the full spectrum of renewable energy supplies and applications.' - International Solar Energy Society"Renewable energy requires an active approach, based on facts and data. The 4th edition of Renewable Energy Resources, draws on decades of experience, making this come alive by documenting the connections between basic theoretical concepts in energy and the workings of real systems. It is a delight to see the field having advanced to this level so Renewable Energy Resources can focus on the very real experiences of the energy systems, and a rich analytic and policy landscape." -- Professor Daniel Kammen, Director, Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA"A veritable revolution has transformed the world of renewables over the last five years – as revealed so eloquently in this new edition of Renewable Energy Resources. This textbook also allows us to envisage the astonishing transformation in energy markets around the world that renewable energy now makes possible – providing by far the biggest contribution to addressing today’s Climate Emergency of all the different technological solutions available to us. Politicians would just need to recognise the full extent of this potential, and reframe energy markets accordingly." -- Jonathon Porritt CBE, Co-Founder ‘Forum for the Future’, Chancellor of Keele University, UK"The generation of electricity from renewables, especially by the globally effective technologies of solar and wind, is now recognised for cost effectiveness and the mitigation of climate change. All these technologies need increasing numbers of qualified and committed graduates. Renewable Energy Resources provides the scientific knowledge, motivation and background to set them on their path." – Professor Martin Green FRS, FAA, Director, Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics, University of New South Wales, Australia "I highly recommend this book for its thorough introduction to all the important aspects of the topic of renewable energy resources. The book is excellent in its completeness and description of the relevant different sources. Moreover it is strong in theory and applications. From a scientific and engineering point this book is a must." – Professor Henrik Lund, Editor-in-Chief of the international journal Energy, Aalborg University, Denmark"Building on its detailed analysis of the science and engineering of renewable energy, the new 4th edition includes improved treatment of key issues for mass deployment, including how renewable energy is used and integrated into the wider energy system. John Twidell and Tony Weir have brought their huge expertise to this classic text for 25 years. As more people realise that a renewable powered energy system is possible and desirable, the revised and updated edition becomes even more important." -- Nick Eyre, Professor of Energy and Climate Policy, University of Oxford, UK"The new edition of this superb book is very much welcomed. Each previous edition has been a recommended text for our MSc programme in Renewable Energy at the University of Reading. It is ideal for students as it is authoritative, comprehensive and has detailed explanation of the various technologies. It includes learning outcomes at the start of each chapter and worked examples throughout the text. Very useful quick questions and further exercises are at the end of each chapter. The text is supported by great diagrams, photographs, case studies and plenty of refences for further study. I am looking forward to using the updated edition in my classes." -- Maria Vahdati, Associate Professor in Renewable Energy, University of Reading, UK"The 4th edition of Renewable Energy Resources is an excellent text for engineering educators in the field of Renewable Energy. Updated and extended, the topic coverage is comprehensive and continues to strike an excellent balance between theory and practice. I am sure this new updated edition will be a valuable resource to both educators and students." – Professor Alistair Sproul, Professor Alistair Sproul, Head of the School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Australia"As the Pacific islands fight the triple challenges of energy access, energy security and climate change, sustainable energy development has become extremely crucial. The University of the South Pacific, a regional university, has been involved in human capacity building in renewable energy for the many years. We have used Renewable Energy Resources as the main textbook for our RE courses and found its extensive coverage of technologies, theoretical background and problem sets extremely useful. Kudos to Dr. John Twidell for this updated edition which will be of immense value to RE practitioners globally." – Dr Atul Raturi, University of the South Pacific, Fiji"The breadth of topics and level of detail make this a vital textbook for researchers and students of renewable energy systems. An understanding of the scientific basics and engineering applications of renewables are vital if we are to make progress towards clean and affordable energy for all." -- Dr Sara Walker, Director EPSRC National Centre for Energy Systems Integration, Newcastle University, UK"This textbook, now updated and refined in its fourth edition, has long underpinned the global growth of renewable energy. It serves the ever-expanding renewables technologies by motivating and instructing knowledgeable graduates. Moreover it explains how renewables provide both climate change mitigation and economic sustainability." -- Jeremy Leggett, founder of 'Solarcentury Ltd' and the charity Solar Aid; Hillary Laureate for International Leadership in Climate Change (2009), Gothenburg (2015), Royal Dutch Honorary Sustainability Award (2016)Table of Contents1. Principles of renewable energy 2. Solar radiation characteristics and impacts: including the greenhouse effect 3. Solar water heating 4. Other solar thermal applications 5. Photovoltaic (PV) power technology 6. Hydropower 7. Wind resource 8. Wind power technology 9. Biomass resources from photosynthesis 10. Bioenergy technologies 11. Wave power 12. Tidal-current and tidal-range power 13. Ocean gradient energy: OTEC, DOWA and osmotic power 14. Geothermal energy 15. Energy systems: integration, distribution and storage 16. Solar-buildings and efficient energy use; including transportation, manufacture and homes 17. Institutional and economic factors

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Book Synopsis'This book is much more than a case study of nuclear power policy in the US (it) combines historical research with an expert understanding of the literature on bureaucracy, on the roles of scientists in the policy process, and on the policy economy of post-industrial policy-making.' Political StudiesTrade Review'This book is much more than a case study of nuclear power policy in the US … (it) combines historical research over a 30-year period (1945–1975), with an expert understanding of the literature on bureaucracy, on the roles of scientists and the citizenry in the policy process, and on the policy economy of post-industrial policy-making. All students of policy formation thus will find Balogh's book thought provoking. How refreshing it is to find a policy scholar who knows history and can write well.' Political StudiesTable of ContentsAcknowledgments; 1. Professionalisation and politics in twentieth-century; America: from fission to fusion; 2. The promise of the proministrative state: nuclear experts and national politics, 1945–1947; 3. Forging an iron triangle: the politics of verisimilitude; 4. Triangulating demand: the AEC's first decade of commercialisation; 5. The centrifugal push of expertise: reactor safety, 1947–1960; 6. The magnetic pull of professional disciplines, issue networks and local government; 7. Nuclear experts on top, not on tap: mainstreaming expertise, 1957–1970; 8. Nuclear experts everywhere: the challenge to nuclear power, 1960–1975; 9. Conclusion: harnessing political chain reactions; Notes; Bibliography; Index.

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Book SynopsisWith more than 75 years of combined working experience in the area of reactor physics and safety, the intention of the authors of this monograph is to provide a practical book on reactor physics, particularly for the safe operation of aged CANDU reactors, with minimal mathematics or equations.

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