Biochemical engineering Books

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Book SynopsisCompletely revised, updated, and enlarged, this second edition now contains a subchapter on biorecognition assays, plus a chapter on bioprocess control added by the new co-author Jun-ichi Horiuchi, who is one of the leading experts in the field. The central theme of the textbook remains the application of chemical engineering principles to biological processes in general, demonstrating how a chemical engineer would address and solve problems. To create a logical and clear structure, the book is divided into three parts. The first deals with the basic concepts and principles of chemical engineering and can be read by those students with no prior knowledge of chemical engineering. The second part focuses on process aspects, such as heat and mass transfer, bioreactors, and separation methods. Finally, the third section describes practical aspects, including medical device production, downstream operations, and fermenter engineering. More than 40 exemplary solved exercises facilitate understanding of the complex engineering background, while self-study is supported by the inclusion of over 80 exercises at the end of each chapter, which are supplemented by the corresponding solutions. An excellent, comprehensive introduction to the principles of biochemical engineering.Trade Review“I would like to congratulate the authors and publishers for producing such an excellent book. I found it easy to comprehend and well structured. The book has been written with an assumption of minimal prior knowledge of chemical engineering . . .In conclusion, the book constitutes not only a very good starting point for a novice reader but also a comprehensive refresher course for someone who is already familiar with the field.” (Institution of Chemical Engineers, 1 September 2015)Table of ContentsPreface Nomenclature PART I: Basic Concepts and Principles INTRODUCTION Background and Scope Dimensions and Units Intensive and Extensive Properties Equilibria and Rates Batch vs. Continuous Operation Material Balance Energy Balance ELEMENTA OF PHYSICAL TRANSFER PROCESSES Introduction Heat Conduction and Molecular Diffusion Fluid Flow and Momentum Transfer Laminar vs. Turbulent Flow Transfer Phenomena in Turbulent Flow Film Coefficients of Heat and Mass Transfer CHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL KINETICS Introduction Fundamental Reaction Kinetics CELL KINETICS Introduction Cell Growth Growth Phases in Batch Culture Factors Affecting Rates of Cell Growth Cell Growth in Batch Fermentors and Continuous Stirred Tank Fermentor (CSTF) PART II: Unit Operations and Apparatus for Bio-Systems HEAT TRANSFER Introduction Overall Coefficients U and Film Coefficients h Mean Temperature Difference Estimation of Film Coefficients h Estimation of Overall Coefficients U MASS TRANSFER Introduction Overall Coefficients K and Film Coefficients k of Mass Transfer Types of Mass Transfer Equipment Models for Mass Transfer at the Interface Liquid Phase Mass Transfer with Chemical Reactions Correlations for Film Coefficients of Mass Transfer Performance of Packed Column BIOREACTORS Introduction Some Fundamental Concepts Bubbling Gas-Liquid Reactors Mechanically Stirred Tanks Gas Dispersion in Stirred Tanks Bubble Columns Airlift Reactors Packed-Bed Reactors Microreactors MEMBRANE PROCESSES Introduction Dialysis Ultrafiltration Microfiltration Reverse Osmosis Membrane Modules CELL-LIQUID SEPARATION AND CELL DISRUPTION Introduction Conventional Filtration Microfiltration Centrifugation Cell Disruption STERILIZATION Introduction Kinetics of Thermal Death of Cells Batch Heat Sterilization of Culture Media Continuous Heat Sterilization of Culture Media Sterilizing Filtration ADSORPTION AND CHROMATOGRAPHY Introduction Equilibria in Adsorption Rates of Adsorption into Adsorbent Particles Single- and Multi-Stage Processes for Adsorption Adsorption in Fixed Beds Separation by Chromatography Biorecognition Assay PART III: Practical Aspects in Bioengineering FERMENTOR ENGINEERING Introduction Stirrer Power Requirements for Non-Newtonian Liquids Heat Transfer in Fermentors Gas-Liquid Mass Transfer in Fermentors Criteria for Scaling-Up Fermentors Modes of Fermentor Operation Fermentors for Animal Cell Culture INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL OF BIOPROCESSES Introduction Instrumentation of Bioprocesses Control of Bioprocesses Advanced Control of Bioprocesses DOWNSTREAM OPERATIONS IN BIOPROCESSES Introduction Separation of Microorganisms by Filtration and Microfiltration Separation by Chromatography Separation in Fixed Beds Sanitation in Downstream Processes MEDICAL DEVICES Introduction Blood and Its Circulation Oxygenation of Blood Artificial Kidney Bioartificial Liver Appendix Index

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Book SynopsisServing as a course in chemical reaction engineering, one of the main sections of a chemical engineering degree usually taught in the second year, this work includes multiple reactions and non-isothermal reactions and, temperature dependence of reaction rates leading to a discussion of non-ideal (real) reactors.Trade ReviewThe text is illustrated throughout by worked examples which all students will appreciate. * Aslib Book Guide, vol. 63, no. 2, Feb 98 *Table of Contents1. Introduction ; 2. Materials balance for chemical reactors ; 3. Calculation of reactor volume and residence time ; 4. Multiple reactions ; 5. The energy balance and temperature effects ; 6. Non-ideal reactors ; Further reading ; Solutions ; Nomenclature ; Index

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Purification of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemicals 2. Catalysts 3. Purification of Biochemicals 4. Physiologically Active Compounds (including miscellaneous 5. Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology

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Book SynopsisTroubleshooting is an activity that process engineers dedicate a substantial portion of their careers to. However, it remains a topic that is not thoroughly addressed in chemical engineering education. While the core principles of chemical engineering are taught, they are often presented in isolation, requiring engineers to piece them together like a puzzle when faced with a potential issue. Troubleshooting in the Chemical Process Industries provides readers with practical insights into problem-solving within the Chemical Process Industry from a process engineering perspective. The book connects fundamental chemical engineering principles, emphasizes the importance of data collection and analysis in the problem-solving process, and demonstrates how these tools can be effectively applied to identify root causes and resolve operational challenges. It underscores the critical role of troubleshooting in addressing abnormal process behaviors that jeopardize or hinder the achievement of key objectives, such as production targets, product quality specifications, and environmental or process safety standards.â Considers troubleshooting in three categories: for existing facilities, during retrofit of an existing facility, and for new plants.â Covers plant performance monitoring and discusses the source of process data relative to instrumentation and associated errors.â Discusses process simulation in troubleshooting, strategies for dealing with the empirical aspects of processes, and manipulation of raw process data into meaningful performance information.â Explores the perspectives of process engineers and process operators, comparing and contrasting both functions and considering human factors issues.â Features industrial case studies.With this practical book, process engineers are given the know-how to solve real-world problems they are likely to encounter in industry through the application of sound process engineering methodologies.

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsAuthor Biographies xi Foreword and Endorsements xiii Preface xv Acknowledgements xvii 1 A Brief History of Process Control and Process Simulation 1 1.1 Process Control 1 1.2 Process Simulation 5 References 11 2 Process Control Hardware Fundamentals 15 2.1 Control System Components 15 2.2 Primary Elements 16 2.3 Final Control Elements 33 References 53 3 Fundamentals of Single-Input/Single-Output Systems 55 3.1 Open Loop Control 55 3.2 Disturbances 56 3.3 Feedback Control ? Overview 57 3.4 Feedback Control ? A Closer Look 60 3.5 Process Attributes ? Capacitance and Dead Time 66 3.6 Process Dynamic Response 74 3.7 Process Modelling and Simulation 76 References 93 4 Basic Control Modes 95 4.1 On?Off Control 95 4.2 Proportional (P-Only) Control 97 4.3 Integral (I-Only) Control 102 4.4 Proportional Plus Integral (PI) Control 105 4.5 Derivative Action 107 4.6 Proportional Plus Derivative (PD) Controller 108 4.7 Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) Control 111 4.8 Digital Electronic Controller Forms 112 4.9 Choosing the Correct Controller 112 4.10 Controller Hardware 114 References 117 5 Tuning Feedback Controllers 119 5.1 Quality of Control and Optimization 119 5.2 Tuning Methods 123 References 132 6 Advanced Topics in Classical Automatic Control 133 6.1 Cascade Control 133 6.2 Feedforward Control 137 6.3 Ratio Control 140 6.4 Override Control (Auto Selectors) 142 6.5 Split Range Control 147 References 149 7 Common Control Loops 151 7.1 Flow Loops 151 7.2 Liquid Pressure Loops 153 7.3 Liquid Level Control 155 7.4 Gas Pressure Loops 165 7.5 Temperature Control Loops 166 7.6 Pump Control 172 7.7 Compressor Control 172 7.8 Boiler Control 179 References 182 8 Distillation Column Control 185 8.1 Basic Terms 185 8.2 Steady-State and Dynamic Degrees of Freedom 186 8.3 Control System Objectives and Design Considerations 188 8.4 Methodology for Selection of a Controller Structure 190 8.5 Level, Pressure, Temperature and Composition Control 192 8.6 Optimizing Control 199 Section Sidestream 199 8.7 Distillation Control Scheme Design Using Steady-State Models 204 8.8 Distillation Control Scheme Design Using Dynamic Models 212 References 213 9 Using Steady-State Methods in a Multi-loop Control Scheme 215 9.1 Variable Pairing 215 9.2 The Relative Gain Array 216 9.3 Niederlinski Index 220 9.4 Decoupling Control Loops 220 9.5 Tuning the Controllers for Multi-loop Systems 222 9.6 Practical Examples 222 9.7 Summary 232 References 232 10 Plant-Wide Control 233 10.1 Short-Term versus Long-Term Control Focus 233 10.2 Cascaded Units 235 10.3 Recycle Streams 236 10.4 General Considerations for Plant-Wide Control 241 References 242 11 Advanced Process Control 245 11.1 Advanced Process Control 245 11.2 Model Predictive Control 246 11.3 Dynamic Matrix Control 249 11.4 General Considerations for Model Predictive Control Implementation 253 References 254 Appendix A P&ID Symbols 257 Appendix B Glossary of Terms 261 Appendix C New Capabilities with Control Technology Hardware and Software 267 Workshop 1 Learning through Doing 279 Workshop 2 Feedback Control Loop Concepts 283 Workshop 3 Process Capacity and Dead Time 289 Workshop 4 Feedback Control 295 Workshop 5 Controller Tuning for Capacity and Dead Time Processes 303 Workshop 6 Topics in Advanced Control 311 Workshop 7 Distillation Control 321 Workshop 8 Plant Operability and Controllability 333 Index

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Book SynopsisProcess Engineering, the science and art of transforming raw materials and energy into a vast array of commercial materials, was conceived at the end of the 19th Century. Its history in the role of the Process Industries has been quite honorable, and techniques and products have contributed to improve health, welfare and quality of life. Today, industrial enterprises, which are still a major source of wealth, have to deal with new challenges in a global world. They need to reconsider their strategy taking into account environmental constraints, social requirements, profit, competition, and resource depletion. “Systems thinking” is a prerequisite from process development at the lab level to good project management. New manufacturing concepts have to be considered, taking into account LCA, supply chain management, recycling, plant flexibility, continuous development, process intensification and innovation. This book combines experience from academia and industry in the field of industrialization, i.e. in all processes involved in the conversion of research into successful operations. Enterprises are facing major challenges in a world of fierce competition and globalization. Process engineering techniques provide Process Industries with the necessary tools to cope with these issues. The chapters of this book give a new approach to the management of technology, projects and manufacturing. Contents Part 1: The Company as of Today 1. The Industrial Company: its Purpose, History, Context, and its Tomorrow?, Jean-Pierre Dal Pont. 2. The Two Modes of Operation of the Company – Operational and Entrepreneurial, Jean-Pierre Dal Pont. 3. The Strategic Management of the Company: Industrial Aspects, Jean-Pierre Dal Pont. Part 2: Process Development and Industrialization 4. Chemical Engineering and Process Engineering, Jean-Pierre Dal Pont. 5. Foundations of Process Industrialization, Jean-François Joly. 6. The Industrialization Process: Preliminary Projects, Jean-Pierre Dal Pont and Michel Royer. 7. Lifecycle Analysis and Eco-Design: Innovation Tools for Sustainable Industrial Chemistry, Sylvain Caillol. 8. Methods for Design and Evaluation of Sustainable Processes and Industrial Systems, Catherine Azzaro-Pantel. 9. Project Management Techniques: Engineering, Jean-Pierre Dal Pont. Part 3: The Necessary Adaptation of the Company for the Future 10. Japanese Methods, Jean-Pierre Dal Pont. 11. Innovation in Chemical Engineering Industries, Oliver Potier and Mauricio Camargo. 12. The Place of Intensified Processes in the Plant of the Future, Laurent Falk. 13. Change Management, Jean-Pierre Dal Pont. 14. The Plant of the Future, Jean-Pierre Dal Pont.Table of ContentsForeword xv Richard DARTON Foreword xvii Jean PELIN Introduction xix Jean-Pierre DAL PONT Acknowledgments xxv PART 1: THE COMPANY AS OF TODAY 1 Chapter 1. The Industrial Company: its Purpose, History, Context, and its Tomorrow? 3 Jean-Pierre DAL PONT 1.1. Purpose, structure, typology 4 1.2. A centennial history 8 1.3. New challenges imposed by globalization and sustainable development 24 1.4. Our planet 32 1.5. The company of tomorrow. Some thoughts 45 1.6. Bibliography 49 Chapter 2. The Two Modes of Operation of the Company – Operational and Entrepreneurial 51 Jean-Pierre DAL PONT 2.1. Operational mode 53 2.2. Entrepreneurial mode, project management – the operational/entrepreneurial conflict 96 2.3. Bibliography 99 Chapter 3. The Strategic Management of the Company: Industrial Aspects 101 Jean-Pierre DAL PONT 3.1. Systemic view of the industrial company 102 3.2. Strategy and strategic analysis of the company 103 3.3. Development of the strategic plan: its deliverables 107 3.4. Technological choices and vocations 108 3.5. Bibliography 111 PART 2: PROCESS DEVELOPMENT AND INDUSTRIALIZATION 113 Chapter 4. Chemical Engineering and Process Engineering 115 Jean-Pierre DAL PONT 4.1. History of chemical engineering and process engineering 115 4.2. Process engineering 119 4.3. The chemical reactor 121 4.4. Bioreactors 126 4.5. Transportation and transfers 129 4.6. Unit operations 131 4.7. Separation processes: process engineering and the new challenges for life sciences 141 4.8. Acknowledgments 144 4.9. Bibliography 145 Chapter 5. Foundations of Process Industrialization 147 Jean-François JOLY 5.1. Introduction 147 5.2. The various stages of process development: from research to the foundations of industrialization 148 5.3. The pre-study (or pre-development process) 149 5.4. Development stage of the process 157 5.5. General conclusion 184 5.6. Bibliography 186 5.7. List of acronyms 188 Chapter 6. The Industrialization Process: Preliminary Projects 189 Jean-Pierre DAL PONT and Michel ROYER 6.1. Steps of industrialization 192 6.2. Bases of industrialization or process development 193 6.3. Feasibility study 194 6.4. Cost and typical duration of industrialization studies 198 6.5. Content of an industrialization project – conceptual engineering 199 6.6. Typical organization of an industrialization project 201 6.7. Business/industrial interface 202 6.8. Typology of industrialization projects 204 6.9. The industrial preliminary projects 205 6.10. Selection of production sites 209 6.11. The consideration of sustainability in the preliminary projects 210 6.12. Tips for conducting preliminary projects 215 6.13. Modification of the project scope 222 6.14. Host site 223 6.15. Reporting 228 6.16. Bibliography 232 Chapter 7. Lifecycle Analysis and Eco-Design: Innovation Tools for Sustainable Industrial Chemistry 233 Sylvain CAILLOL 7.1. Contextual elements 233 7.2. The chemical industry mobilized against upheavals 237 7.3. The lifecycle analysis, an eco-design tool – definitions and concepts 243 7.4. Innovation through eco-design 258 7.5. Limits of the tool 267 7.6. Conclusion: the future of eco-design 271 7.7. Bibliography 273 Chapter 8. Methods for Design and Evaluation of Sustainable Processes and Industrial Systems 275 Catherine AZZARO-PANTEL 8.1. Introduction 275 8.2. AIChE and IChemE metrics 279 8.3. Potential environmental impact index (waste reduction algorithm) 286 8.4. SPI (Sustainable Process Index) 292 8.5. Exergy as a thermodynamic base for a sustainable development metrics 294 8.6. Indicators resulting from a lifecycle assessment 294 8.7. Process design methods and sustainable systems 297 8.8. Conclusion 299 8.9. Bibliography 301 Chapter 9. Project Management Techniques: Engineering 307 Jean-Pierre DAL PONT 9.1. Engineer and engineering 307 9.2. Project organization 310 9.3. Management tools for industrial projects 314 9.4. The engineering project: from Process Engineering to the start of the facility 331 9.5. The amount of investment 346 9.6. Profitability on investment [DOR 81, MIK 10] 350 9.7. Conclusion 353 9.8. Bibliography 353 PART 3: THE NECESSARY ADAPTATION OF THE COMPANY FOR THE FUTURE 355 Chapter 10. Japanese Methods 357 Jean-Pierre DAL PONT 10.1. Japan from the Meiji era to now. The origin of the Japanese miracle 357 10.2. W.E. Deming and Japan 359 10.3. The Toyoda family – Taiichi Ohno – The Toyota Empire 362 10.4. Toyotism 363 10.5. The American response 368 10.6. Bibliography 369 Chapter 11. Innovation in Chemical Engineering Industries 371 Oliver POTIER and Mauricio CAMARGO 11.1. Definition of innovation 372 11.2. Field of innovation in the chemical engineering industry 376 11.3. The need for innovation 377 11.4. Methods for innovation in chemical engineering industry 380 11.5. Conclusion 395 11.6. Bibliography 396 Chapter 12. The Place of Intensified Processes in the Plant of the Future 401 Laurent FALK 12.1. Process intensification in the context of sustainable development 401 12.2. Main principles of intensification 404 12.3. Connection between intensification and miniaturization 408 12.4. Applications 414 12.5. New economic models implied by process intensification 416 12.6. Conclusion 429 12.7. Bibliography 430 Chapter 13. Change Management 437 Jean-Pierre DAL PONT 13.1. The company: adapt or die 438 13.2. The company: processes and know-how 438 13.3. Human aspects of change 444 13.4. Basic tools for change management 447 13.5. Changes and improvement of the industrial facility 454 13.6. Re-engineering, the American way 461 13.7. Conclusion 462 13.8. Bibliography 463 Chapter 14. The Plant of the Future 465 Jean-Pierre DAL PONT 14.1. Developed countries – companies – industrial firms 466 14.2. Typology of means of production 469 14.3. Product and plant design 473 14.4. Management of production and operations (MPO) 477 14.5. The IT revolution – IT management 479 14.6. And the individual? 480 14.7. Conclusion 481 14.8. Bibliography 482 List of Authors 485 Index 487

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Book SynopsisAmino Acid Metabolism, 3rd Edition covers all aspects of the biochemistry and nutritional biochemistry of the amino acids. Starting with an overview of nitrogen fixation and the incorporation of inorganic nitrogen into amino acids, the book then details other major nitrogenous compounds in micro-organisms, plants and animals. Contents include a discussion of the catabolism of amino acids and other nitrogenous compounds in animals, and the microbiological reactions involved in release of nitrogen gas back into the atmosphere. Mammalian (mainly human) protein and amino acid requirements are considered in detail, and the methods that are used to determine them. Chapters consider individual amino acids, grouped according to their metabolic origin, and discussing their biosynthesis (in plants and micro-organisms for those that are dietary essentials for human beings), major metabolic roles (mainly in human metabolism) and catabolism (again mainly in human metabolTrade Review“Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals.” (Choice, 1 March 2013) “Bender writes succinctly and clearly, in a manner which serves well for quick referencing or for reading whole chapters at a time. The chapters are well organised and arranged logically.” (Phenotype, 1 February 2013) Table of ContentsFigures xiii Tables xvii Preface xix 1 Nitrogen Metabolism 1 1.1 Nitrogen fixation 3 1.1.1 Nitrogenase 5 1.1.1.1 The nitrogen fixation gene cluster 7 1.1.1.2 Regulation of nitrogenase by the availability of fixed nitrogen and ATP 7 1.1.1.3 Protection of nitrogenase against oxygen 9 1.1.1.4 Respiratory protection in aerobic microorganisms 9 1.1.1.5 Conformational changes in nitrogenase 10 1.1.1.6 Heterocyst formation in filamentous cyanobacteria 10 1.1.1.7 Symbiotic Rhizobium spp. in root nodules 10 1.2 Nitrification and denitrification 11 1.2.1 The anammox (ANaerobic AMMonium OXidation) reaction 12 1.3 The incorporation of fi xed nitrogen into organic compounds 12 1.3.1 Utilization of nitrite and nitrate in plants 12 1.3.2 Incorporation of ammonium into organic compounds 13 1.3.2.1 Reductive amination – the glutamate pathway of ammonium incorporation 14 1.3.2.2 Glutamate dehydrogenase 16 1.3.2.3 Mammalian glutamate dehydrogenase 17 1.3.2.4 Glutamate synthase – the glutamine pathway of ammonium incorporation 18 1.3.2.5 Synthesis of aspartate and asparagine 21 1.4 The synthesis and catabolism of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides 23 1.4.1 Purine synthesis 26 1.4.1.1 Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) synthetase 28 1.4.1.2 PRPP amidotransferase 30 1.4.2 Purine catabolism and salvage 31 1.4.2.1 Adenosine deaminase deficiency – severe combined immune deficiency 34 1.4.2.2 Gout and hyperuricaemia 35 1.4.2.3 HGPRT deficiency – the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome 37 1.4.3 Pyrimidine synthesis 38 1.4.3.1 Orotic aciduria 42 1.4.4 Pyrimidine catabolism and salvage 43 1.5 Deamination of amino acids 45 1.5.1 Amino acid oxidases 45 1.5.2 Amine oxidases 47 1.5.3 Glutamate and alanine dehydrogenases 48 1.5.4 Non-oxidative deamination of amino acids 49 1.5.5 Glutaminase and asparaginase 50 1.6 Excretion of nitrogenous waste 51 1.6.1 Uricotelic and purinotelic species 51 1.6.2 Ureotelic species 52 1.6.2.1 Urea synthesis 52 1.6.2.2 Inborn errors of metabolism affecting the urea synthesis cycle 57 1.6.2.3 Entero-hepatic circulation of urea 59 1.6.2.4 Canavanine 60 1.7 Other nitrogenous compounds in human urine 61 1.7.1 Aminoacidurias 62 Further reading 65 2 Nitrogen Balance and Protein Turnover – Protein and Amino Acids in Human Nutrition 67 2.1 Nitrogen balance and protein requirements 67 2.1.1 Protein digestion and absorption 69 2.1.2 Protein digestibility and unavailable amino acids in dietary proteins 74 2.1.3 Obligatory nitrogen losses 75 2.1.4 Dynamic equilibrium and tissue protein turnover 76 2.1.5 Tissue protein catabolism 77 2.1.5.1 Lysosomal autophagy 78 2.1.5.2 Ubiquitin and the proteasome 79 2.1.5.3 Active site proteolysis of apo-enzymes 81 2.1.6 Whole body protein turnover 81 2.1.6.1 The constant infusion, labelled precursor method 82 2.1.6.2 The constant infusion, labelled end product method 82 2.1.6.3 Rates of whole-body protein turnover 83 2.1.6.4 The catabolic drive and amino acid oxidation 83 2.1.6.5 The energy cost of protein turnover 84 2.1.6.6 Diurnal variation in protein turnover 85 2.2 Requirements for individual amino acids 86 2.2.1 Nitrogen balance studies 89 2.2.2 Isotope tracer studies 90 2.2.3 Control of protein synthesis by the availability of amino acids 91 2.2.4 Protein quality (protein nutritional value) 92 2.2.4.1 Biological assays of protein quality 93 2.2.4.2 Chemical analysis and protein quality 94 2.3 The fate of amino acid carbon skeletons and the thermic effect of protein 94 2.4 Inter-organ metabolism of amino acids 99 2.5 Transport of amino acids across membranes 100 2.5.1 Families of amino acid transporters 101 2.5.1.1 Dipeptide transport 104 Further reading 104 3 The Role of Vitamin B6 in Amino Acid Metabolism 105 3.1 Pyridoxal phosphate-dependent reactions 106 3.1.1 Families of pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzymes 111 3.2 Amino acid racemases 112 3.2.1 Bacterial alanine racemase 112 3.2.2 Eukaryotic serine racemase 113 3.2.3 D-Aspartate in eukaryotes 114 3.2.4 D-Amino acids in aquatic invertebrates 115 3.2.5 D-Amino acids in gene-encoded peptides and proteins 115 3.3 Transamination 117 3.3.1 Dual substrate recognition in transaminases 120 3.3.2 Aspartate transaminase and the malate-aspartate shuttle 120 3.4 Decarboxylation and side-chain elimination and replacement reactions 122 3.4.1 Transamination of decarboxylases and enzymes catalyzing side-chain limination reactions 122 3.5 Pyruvate-containing enzymes 124 3.6 Vitamin B6 defi ciency and dependency 125 Further reading 128 4 Glycine, Serine and the One-Carbon Pool 129 4.1 Sources of glycine 130 4.1.1 Choline as a source of glycine 130 4.1.2 Glycine transaminase 132 4.2 The interconversion of glycine and serine 132 4.2.1 Serine hydroxymethyltransferase 133 4.2.2 The glycine cleavage system 135 4.2.3 Serine hydroxymethyltransferase and the glycine cleavage system in photosynthetic tissue 136 4.2.4 Non-ketotic and ketotic hyperglycinaemia 137 4.3 Glycine oxidase and glyoxylate metabolism 138 4.3.1 Primary hyperoxaluria 140 4.4 One-carbon metabolism 141 4.5 Serine biosynthesis 141 4.6 Serine catabolism 144 4.6.1 Serine transamination 144 4.6.2 Serine deaminase 145 4.7 Peptidyl glycine hydroxylase (peptide α-amidase) 146 4.8 5-Aminolevulinic acid and porphyrin synthesis 147 4.8.1 Porphyrias – diseases of porphyrin synthesis 151 4.9 Selenocysteine 152 Further reading 154 5 Amino Acids Synthesized from Glutamate: Glutamine, Proline, Ornithine, Citrulline and Arginine 157 5.1 Synthesis of 5-aminolevulinic acid from glutamate in plants 159 5.2 The catabolism of glutamate 160 5.3 Glutamine 161 5.3.1 Indirect formation of glutamine-tRNA 163 5.3.2 Glutaminases 164 5.3.2.1 Glutamine-dependent amidotransferases 164 5.3.3 Transglutaminases 165 5.4 Glutathione and the γ-glutamyl cycle 168 5.4.1 Glutathione peroxidases 170 5.4.2 Glutathione reductase 171 5.4.3 Glutathione S-transferases 171 5.4.4 Glutathione synthesis 174 5.4.4.1 Glutamate cysteine ligase 174 5.4.4.2 Glutathione synthetase 175 5.4.5 The γ-glutamyl cycle 176 5.5 Glutamate decarboxylase and the GABA shunt 178 5.5.1 Glutamate decarboxylase 180 5.5.2 Alternative pathways of GABA synthesis 181 5.5.3 GABA catabolism 183 5.6 Glutamate carboxylase and vitamin K-dependent post-synthetic modification of proteins 184 5.6.1 Vitamin K-dependent proteins in blood clotting 187 5.6.2 Osteocalcin and matrix Gla protein 189 5.6.3 Vitamin K-dependent proteins in cell signalling – Gas-6 and protein S 190 5.7 Proline 190 5.7.1 Proline synthesis and catabolism 192 5.7.1.1 Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase and proline oxidase 192 5.7.1.2 Hydroxyproline catabolism 194 5.7.2 Peptide prolyl hydroxylase 196 5.7.2.1 The hypoxia-inducible factor 198 5.8 The polyamines 198 5.8.1 Ornithine decarboxylase 199 5.8.2 S-Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase and polyamine synthesis 201 5.8.3 Polyamine catabolism and the interconversion pathway 203 5.8.4 Hypusine 204 5.9 Arginine, citrulline and ornithine 205 5.9.1 Arginine biosynthesis 206 5.9.1.1 The role of citrulline in arginine biosynthesis in mammals 208 5.9.2 Arginine catabolism in microorganisms 209 5.9.3 Nitric oxide 210 5.9.3.1 Nitric oxide synthase 211 5.9.3.2 Arginase and the control of arginine availability for nitric oxide synthesis or polyamine synthesis 214 5.9.4 Agmatine 216 5.9.5 Post-synthetic methylation of arginine in proteins 217 5.9.6 Post-synthetic formation of citrulline in proteins 218 5.9.7 Creatine 219 Further reading 222 6 Amino Acids Synthesized from Aspartate: Lysine, Methionine (and Cysteine), Threonine and Isoleucine 225 6.1 Regulation of the pathway of amino acid synthesis from aspartate 227 6.1.1 Aspartate kinase 228 6.1.1.1 Aspartate kinase in post-synthetic modification of proteins 230 6.1.1.2 Aspartic semialdehyde dehydrogenase 230 6.1.2 Homoserine dehydrogenase 230 6.1.3 Homoserine kinase 231 6.1.4 Threonine synthase 232 6.1.5 Threonine catabolism 232 6.1.5.1 Threonine deaminase 234 6.2 Lysine 235 6.2.1 Lysine biosynthesis in bacteria and plants – the diaminopimelate pathway 236 6.2.1.1 Diaminopimelate and dipicolinate in sporulating bacteria 238 6.2.2 Lysine biosynthesis in yeasts and fungi – the α-amino adipic acid pathway 239 6.2.3 Lysine catabolism 242 6.2.3.1 The saccharopine pathway of lysine catabolism 243 6.2.3.2 The pipecolic acid pathway of lysine catabolism 245 6.2.4 Post-synthetic modifi cation of lysine in proteins 245 6.2.4.1 Hydroxylysine, lysine aldehyde (allysine) and cross-links in collagen and elastin 247 6.2.4.2 Methyl lysine 249 6.2.4.3 Pyrrolysine 251 6.2.5 Carnitine 252 6.3 Methionine and cysteine 255 6.3.1 Methionine biosynthesis 256 6.3.1.1 Cystathionine γ-synthase and cystathionine β-lyase 258 6.3.1.2 Methionine synthase 259 6.3.1.3 S-Methylmethionine in plants 260 6.3.2 S-Adenosylmethionine and the methylation cycle 260 6.3.2.1 Glycine N-methyltransferase 263 6.3.2.2 Megaloblastic anaemia and the methyl folate trap 264 6.3.2.3 Methionine γ-lyase 264 6.3.3 Transsulphuration and cysteine synthesis in animals 265 6.3.3.1 Homocystinuria, hyperhomocysteinaemia and cardiovascular disease 266 6.3.4 Ethylene synthesis in plants 268 6.3.5 Radical SAM enzymes 271 6.3.6 Hydrogen sulphide 272 6.3.7 Taurine and the catabolism of cysteine 273 Further reading 276 7 The Branched-Chain Amino Acids: Leucine, Isoleucine and Valine 279 7.1 Synthesis of the branched-chain amino acids 280 7.1.1 Acetohydroxyacid synthase 282 7.1.2 Acetohydroxyacid reducto-isomerase, dihydroxyacid dehydratase and transamination of the oxo-acids 283 7.1.3 Leucine synthesis 284 7.1.3.1 The pyruvate pathway of isoleucine synthesis 286 7.2 Mammalian catabolism of the branched-chain amino acids 287 7.2.1 Branched-chain amino acid transaminases 289 7.2.2 Branched-chain 2-oxo-acid dehydrogenase 290 7.2.2.1 Maple syrup urine disease 293 7.2.3 Branched-chain acyl CoA dehydrogenases 293 7.2.4 Leucine catabolism 295 7.2.5 Isoleucine catabolism 296 7.2.6 Valine catabolism 297 7.2.7 Biotin-dependent carboxylation reactions 299 7.2.7.1 Multiple carboxylase deficiency 300 Further reading 302 8 Histidine 305 8.1 Biosynthesis of histidine 306 8.2 Histidine catabolism 310 8.2.1 The urocanic acid pathway of histidine catabolism 311 8.2.1.1 The histidine load test (FIGLU test) for folate nutritional status 314 8.2.2 The hydantoin propionate pathway 315 8.2.3 The transaminase pathway of histidine catabolism 316 8.3 Histamine 316 8.3.1 Bacterial histamine poisoning (scombroid poisoning) 317 8.3.2 Histidine decarboxylase 318 8.3.3 Histamine catabolism 319 8.4 Methylhistidine 321 8.5 Carnosine and related histidine-containing peptides 321 Further reading 322 9 The Aromatic Amino Acids: Phenylalanine, Tyrosine and Tryptophan 323 9.1 Biosynthesis of phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan 324 9.1.1 The shikimate pathway 325 9.1.2 Synthesis of phenylalanine and tyrosine 328 9.1.3 Synthesis of tryptophan 331 9.1.3.1 The trp operon 333 9.2 Metabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine 335 9.2.1 Phenylalanine ammonia lyase and lignin biosynthesis in plants 335 9.2.2 Polyphenol biosynthesis in plants 338 9.2.3 Phenylalanine hydroxylase and phenylketonuria 339 9.2.4 The catecholamines: dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline 342 9.2.4.1 Parkinson’s disease and inhibitors of dopa decarboxylase 346 9.2.4.2 Catabolism of the catecholamines 346 9.2.5 Tyrosinase and melanin synthesis 349 9.2.6 The thyroid hormones, thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine 352 9.3 Catabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine 355 9.4 Metabolism of tryptophan 357 9.4.1 Auxin (indoleacetic acid) 357 9.4.2 Indole formation 358 9.4.3 Serotonin and melatonin 359 9.4.3.1 Melatonin synthesis and catabolism 362 9.4.4 The kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism 363 9.4.4.1 Regulation of tryptophan dioxygenase 365 9.4.4.2 Kynurenine metabolism 367 9.4.4.3 Kynureninase and the tryptophan load test for vitamin B6 nutritional status 368 9.4.4.4 De novo synthesis of NAD 369 9.4.5 Pellagra 370 9.4.5.1 The pellagragenic effect of excess dietary leucine 372 9.4.5.2 Inborn errors of tryptophan metabolism 372 9.4.5.3 Carcinoid syndrome 373 9.4.5.4 Drug-induced pellagra 373 9.5 Quinone cofactors in amine oxidases 374 Further reading 375 Bibliography 377 Index 431

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Book SynopsisProteins Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2e is a definitive source of information for all those interested in protein science, and particularly the commercial production and isolation of specific proteins, and their subsequent utilization for applied purposes in industry and medicine.Table of ContentsPreface xi About the Companion Website xiii Chapter 1 Proteins and proteomics 1 1.1 Proteins, an introduction 1 1.2 Genes, genomics and proteomics 2 1.3 Bioinformatics 12 1.4 Proteomics: goals and applications 14 Further reading 22 Chapter 2 Protein structure and engineering 25 2.1 Primary structure 25 2.2 Higher-level structure 36 2.3 Protein classification on the basis of structure 41 2.4 Protein structural stability 45 2.5 Higher-order structure prediction 47 2.6 Protein folding 48 2.7 Intrinsically disordered proteins 50 2.8 Protein engineering 51 2.9 Protein post-translational modification 54 Further reading 62 Chapter 3 Protein sources 65 3.1 Recombinant versus non-recombinant production 65 3.2 Approaches to recombinant protein production 67 3.3 Heterologous protein production in E. coli 72 3.4 Heterologous production in bacteria other than E. coli 77 3.5 Heterologous protein production in yeast 77 3.6 Heterologous protein production in fungi 78 3.7 Proteins from plants 80 3.8 Animal tissue as a protein source 84 3.9 Heterologous protein production in transgenic animals 85 3.10 Heterologous protein production using animal cell culture 86 3.11 Insect cell culture systems 87 Further reading 88 Chapter 4 Protein purification and characterization 91 4.1 Protein detection and quantification 93 4.2 Initial recovery of protein 95 4.3 Removal of whole cells and cell debris 98 4.4 Concentration 103 4.5 Chromatographic purification 107 4.6 Protein inactivation and stabilization 128 4.7 Protein characterization 137 Further reading 139 Chapter 5 Large-scale protein production 141 5.1 Upstream processing 141 5.2 Downstream processing 154 5.3 Therapeutic protein production: some special issues 163 5.4 Range and medical significance of impurities potentially present in protein-based therapeutic products 166 Further reading 175 Chapter 6 Therapeutic proteins: blood products, vaccines and enzymes 177 6.1 Blood products 177 6.2 Anticoagulants 184 6.3 Thrombolytic agents 186 6.4 Additional blood-related products 189 6.5 Vaccine technology 190 6.6 Therapeutic enzymes 194 Further reading 202 Chapter 7 Therapeutic antibodies 205 7.1 Antibodies 205 7.2 IgG structure and activity 205 7.3 Antibody therapeutics: polyclonal antibody preparations 209 7.4 Antibody therapeutics: monoclonal antibodies 211 7.5 Therapeutic applications of monoclonal antibodies 220 7.6 Antibody conjugates 223 7.7 Bispecific antibodies 224 7.8 Antibody fragments 225 7.9 Engineering the antibody glycocomponent 228 7.10 Fc fusion proteins 229 Further reading 230 Chapter 8 Hormones and growth factors used therapeutically 233 8.1 Insulin 233 8.2 Glucagon 240 8.3 Gonadotrophins 240 8.4 Growth hormone 243 8.5 Erythropoietin 246 8.6 Other hormones 247 8.7 Growth factors 249 Further reading 253 Chapter 9 Interferons, interleukins and tumour necrosis factors 257 9.1 Regulatory factors: cytokines versus hormones 257 9.2 Interferons 258 9.3 Interleukins 264 9.4 Tumour necrosis factors 271 Further reading 274 Chapter 10 Proteins used for analytical purposes 277 10.1 The IVD sector 279 10.2 The basis of analyte detection and quantification 280 10.3 Enzymes as diagnostic/analytical reagents 281 10.4 Biosensors 289 10.5 Antibodies as analytical reagents 295 Further reading 309 Chapter 11 Industrial enzymes: an introduction 311 11.1 Sales value and manufacturers 313 11.2 Sources and engineering 314 11.3 Environmental benefits 315 11.4 Enzyme detection and quantification 315 11.5 Immobilized enzymes 316 11.6 Extremophiles 319 11.7 Enzymes in organic solvents 324 11.8 Industrial enzymes: the future 325 Further reading 325 Chapter 12 Industrial enzymes: proteases and carbohydrases 327 12.1 Proteolytic enzymes 327 12.2 Carbohydrases 340 Further reading 367 Chapter 13 Additional industrial enzymes 371 13.1 Lipases 371 13.2 Penicillin acylase 375 13.3 Amino acylase and amino acid production 378 13.4 Cyclodextrins and cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase 380 13.5 Enzymes and animal nutrition 382 13.6 Enzymes in molecular biology 387 Further reading 390 Chapter 14 Non-catalytic industrial proteins 393 14.1 Functional properties of proteins 393 14.2 Milk and milk proteins 397 14.3 Animal-derived proteins 408 14.4 Plant-derived proteins 411 14.5 Sweet and taste-modifying proteins 412 Further reading 414 Index 417

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Book SynopsisThis is a modern introductory book on sensors, combining underlying theory with bang up to date topics such as nanotechnology. The text is suitable for graduate students and research scientists with little background in analytical chemistry. It is user-friendly, with an accessible theoretical approach of the basic principles, and referencesfor further reading. Thebook covers up-to-date advances in the sensor field, e.g. nanotechnology and quantum dots. It includes calculation exercises and solutions, andthe accompanying website contains Powerpoint slides.Trade Review“Summary In conclusion it can be stated that this book is very suitable for students and a sound didactic means of learning the basics of chemo and biosensors . . . The organization of the content and the quantity of material presented are highly suitable for undergraduate and graduate students and for newcomers to this field; it can, therefore, be recommended for those wishing to gain both a first insight into, and a comprehensive overview of, this still growing topic.” (Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 1 March 2013)Table of Contents1 What are Chemical Sensors? 1 2 Protein Structure and Properties 21 3 Enzymes and Enzymatic Sensors 28 4 Mathematical Modeling of Enzymatic Sensors 50 5 Materials and Methods in Chemical-Sensor Manufacturing 66 6 Affinity-Based Recognition 101 7 Nucleic Acids in Chemical Sensors 118 8 Nanomaterial Applications in Chemical Sensors 135 9 Thermochemical Sensors 157 10 Potentiometric Sensors 165 11 Chemical Sensors Based on Semiconductor Electronic Devices 217 12 Resistive Gas Sensors (Chemiresistors) 246 13 Dynamic Electrochemistry Transduction Methods 258 14 Amperometric Enzyme Sensors 314 15 Mathematical Modeling of Mediated Amperometric Enzyme Sensors 332 16 Electrochemical Affinity and Nucleic Acid Sensors 347 17 Electrical-Impedance-Based Sensors 367 18 Optical Sensors – Fundamentals 404 19 Optical Sensors – Applications 435 20 Nanomaterial Applications in Optical Transduction 454 21 Acoustic-Wave Sensors 473 22 Microcantilever Sensors 507 23 Chemical Sensors Based on Microorganisms, Living Cells and Tissues 518

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Book SynopsisThis is a modern introductory book on sensors, combining underlying theory with bang up to date topics such as nanotechnology. The text is suitable for graduate students and research scientists with little background in analytical chemistry.Trade Review“Summary In conclusion it can be stated that this book is very suitable for students and a sound didactic means of learning the basics of chemo and biosensors . . . The organization of the content and the quantity of material presented are highly suitable for undergraduate and graduate students and for newcomers to this field; it can, therefore, be recommended for those wishing to gain both a first insight into, and a comprehensive overview of, this still growing topic.” (Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 1 March 2013)Table of Contents1 What are Chemical Sensors? 1 2 Protein Structure and Properties 21 3 Enzymes and Enzymatic Sensors 28 4 Mathematical Modeling of Enzymatic Sensors 50 5 Materials and Methods in Chemical-Sensor Manufacturing 66 6 Affinity-Based Recognition 101 7 Nucleic Acids in Chemical Sensors 118 8 Nanomaterial Applications in Chemical Sensors 135 9 Thermochemical Sensors 157 10 Potentiometric Sensors 165 11 Chemical Sensors Based on Semiconductor Electronic Devices 217 12 Resistive Gas Sensors (Chemiresistors) 246 13 Dynamic Electrochemistry Transduction Methods 258 14 Amperometric Enzyme Sensors 314 15 Mathematical Modeling of Mediated Amperometric Enzyme Sensors 332 16 Electrochemical Affinity and Nucleic Acid Sensors 347 17 Electrical-Impedance-Based Sensors 367 18 Optical Sensors -- Fundamentals 404 19 Optical Sensors -- Applications 435 20 Nanomaterial Applications in Optical Transduction 454 21 Acoustic-Wave Sensors 473 22 Microcantilever Sensors 507 23 Chemical Sensors Based on Microorganisms, Living Cells and Tissues 518 Index 531

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Book SynopsisOffers a study guide which describes the basic principles of pharmaceutical physicochemical characterisation. This text introduces the basic concepts and discusses their wider implication for pharmaceutical development, with reference to many case examples of drugs and drug products.Table of ContentsPreface xiii List of Abbreviations xv 1 Basic Principles of Preformulation Studies 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Assay design 2 1.2.1 Assay development 3 1.3 Concentrations 5 1.3.1 Units of concentration 5 1.4 UV spectrophotometry 9 1.4.1 Method development for UV assays 11 1.5 Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) 14 1.5.1 TLC method development 15 1.5.2 High-performance TLC 17 1.6 High-performance liquid chromatography 19 1.6.1 Normal- and reverse-phase HPLC 20 1.6.2 HPLC method development 21 1.7 Differential scanning calorimetry 22 1.7.1 Interpreting DSC data 23 1.7.2 Modulated-temperature DSC 27 1.7.3 DSC method development 30 1.8 Dynamic vapour sorption 32 1.8.1 DVS method development 32 1.9 Summary 33 References 33 Answer to study question 34 Additional study questions 35 2 Ionisation Constants 36 2.1 Introduction 36 2.2 Ionisation 36 2.2.1 Percent ionisation 42 2.3 Buffers 44 2.4 Determination of pKa 44 2.4.1 Determination of pKa by potentiometric titration 45 2.4.2 Determination of pKa in nonaqueous solvents 45 2.4.3 Other factors affecting measurement of pKa 47 2.5 Summary 48 References 48 Answers to study questions 49 Additional self-study questions and answers 50 3 Partition Affinity 52 3.1 Introduction 52 3.2 Partitioning 52 3.2.1 Effect of partitioning 54 3.2.2 Determination of log P 55 3.2.3 Effect of salt formation on partitioning 62 3.3 Summary 63 References 63 Answers to study questions 64 4 Solubility 65 4.1 Introduction 65 4.2 Intrinsic solubility 67 4.2.1 Ideal solubility 69 4.2.2 Solubility as a function of temperature 73 4.2.3 Solubility and physical form 74 4.2.4 Measurement of intrinsic solubility 77 4.2.5 Calculation of pKa from solubility data 83 4.3 Summary 83 References 84 Answer to study question 84 Additional self-study questions and answers 84 5 Dissolution 86 5.1 Introduction 86 5.2 Models of dissolution 86 5.3 Dissolution testing 87 5.3.1 Intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR) 92 5.3.2 IDR as a function of pH 93 5.3.3 IDR and the common ion effect 94 5.4 Summary 96 References 96 6 Salt Selection 98 6.1 Introduction 98 6.2 Salt formation 99 6.2.1 Selection of a salt-forming acid or base 104 6.2.2 Salt screening 108 6.3 Salt solubility 110 6.3.1 Solubility of basic salts 111 6.3.2 Solubility of acidic salts 112 6.3.3 The importance of pHmax 114 6.4 Dissolution of salts 117 6.4.1 Modification of pHm 120 6.5 Partitioning of salts 121 6.6 Summary 123 References 124 Answers to study questions 126 7 Physical Form I – Crystalline Materials 127 7.1 Introduction 127 7.2 Crystal formation 127 7.2.1 Crystal formation from the melt 128 7.2.2 Crystal growth from solution 129 7.3 Crystal structure 130 7.4 Polymorphism 131 7.4.1 Thermodynamics of polymorphism 133 7.4.2 Physicochemical properties of polymorphs 137 7.5 Pseudopolymorphism 139 7.6 Polymorph screening 141 7.7 Characterisation of physical form 141 7.7.1 Characterisation of polymorphs 142 7.7.2 Characterisation of pseudopolymorphs 149 7.8 Summary 152 References 152 Answers to study questions 153 8 Physical Form II – Amorphous Materials 156 8.1 Introduction 156 8.2 Formation of amorphous materials 156 8.3 Ageing of amorphous materials 160 8.4 Characterisation of amorphous materials 162 8.4.1 Measurement of ageing 164 8.5 Processing and formation of amorphous material 168 8.5.1 Spray-drying 168 8.5.2 Freeze-drying 168 8.5.3 Quench-cooling 169 8.5.4 Milling 170 8.5.5 Compaction 171 8.6 Amorphous content quantification 171 8.6.1 Calibration standards 172 8.6.2 DSC for amorphous content quantification 173 8.6.3 DVS for amorphous content quantification 175 8.7 Summary 177 References 178 Answers to study questions 179 9 Stability Assessment 181 9.1 Introduction 181 9.2 Degradation mechanisms 183 9.2.1 Hydrolysis 185 9.2.2 Solvolysis 187 9.2.3 Oxidation 188 9.2.4 Photolysis 190 9.3 Reaction kinetics 191 9.3.1 Solution-phase kinetics 191 9.3.2 Zero-order reactions 192 9.3.3 First-order kinetics 193 9.3.4 Second-order reactions 194 9.3.5 Solid-state kinetics 195 9.4 The temperature dependence of reaction kinetics 198 9.5 Stress testing 203 9.5.1 Stress testing in solution 203 9.5.2 Stress testing in the solid-state 204 9.5.3 Drug–excipient compatibility testing 205 9.6 Summary 208 References 208 Answers to study questions 209 10 Particle Properties 211 10.1 Introduction 211 10.2 Microscopy 211 10.2.1 Light microscopy 212 10.2.2 Hot-stage microscopy 213 10.2.3 Electron microscopy 214 10.2.4 Atomic force microscopy 214 10.3 Particle shape 215 10.3.1 Habit 215 10.3.2 Particle sizing 219 10.3.3 Particle size distributions 222 10.4 Summary 227 References 227 Answer to study question 227 11 Powder Properties 228 11.1 Introduction 228 11.2 Powder flow and consolidation 228 11.2.1 Carr’s index 230 11.2.2 Hausner ratio 232 11.2.3 Angle of repose 232 11.2.4 Mohr diagrams 235 11.3 Compaction properties 240 11.3.1 Compaction simulators 242 11.4 Summary 243 References 243 Answers to study questions 243 Index 247 Companion website This book is accompanied by a companion website at: ttp://www.wiley.com/go/gaisford/essentials Visit the website for: • Figures and tables from the book • Multiple choice questions

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Book SynopsisThis text offers coverage of pollution prevention fundamentals, featuring examples and case studies drawn from the chemical process industries. Topics are presented on three different levels-macro, meso, and micro. The book's multifaceted approach provides a complete picture of current waste minimization theory and practice.Table of ContentsIntroductory Terms and Concepts. MACROSCALE POLLUTION PREVENTION. Wastes and Emissions in the United States. Industrial Ecology. Life- Cycle Assessment. MESOSCALE POLLUTION PREVENTION. Waste Audits and Emission Inventories. Pollution Prevention for Unit Operations. Preventing Fugitive and Secondary Emissions. Flowsheet Analysis for Pollution Prevention. Management of Pollution Prevention Activities at Industrial Facilities. Pollution Prevention Case Study Problem Modules. MICROSCALE POLLUTION PREVENTION. Microscale Pollution Prevention. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisMany medical applications could benefit from system theory, if only instrumentation designers understood systems theory and signal processing academics had a better understanding of practical medical applications. This book bridges those gaps in a practical manner, with suggestions for coursework included.Trade Review"…this is a useful addition to the library of those who are involved in product development of technologies using complex signal processing." (Biomedical Instrumentation & Technology, May/June 2004) "...an excellent contribution to the current literature...well written..." (IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology, July/August 2002) "The approach chosen by Dr. Baura is original and is to be congratulated for its ambitiousness. I would recommend the book to existing biomedical engineering experts working in environment where solving practical problems is the issue...in addition it could be very useful as a class text..." (IFMBE News, No. 61, July 2003)Table of ContentsPreface. Nomenclature. I FILTERS. 1 System Theory and Frequency-Selective Filters. 2 Low Flow Rate Occlusion Detection Using Resistance Monitoring. 3 Adaptive Filters. 4 Improved Pulse Oximetry. 5 Time-Frequency and Time-Scale Analysis. 6 Improved Impedance Cardiography. II MODELS FOR REAL TIME PROCESSING. 7 Linear System Identification. 8 External Defibrillation Waveform Optimization. 9 Nonlinear System Identification. 10 Improved Screening for Cervical Cancer. 11 Fuzzy Models. 12 Continuous Noninvasive Blood Pressure Monitoring: Proof of Concept. III COMPARTMENTAL MODELS. 13 The Linear Compartmental Model. 14 Pharmacologic Stress Testing Using Closed-Loop Drug Delivery. 15 The Nonlinear Compartmental Model. 16 The Role of Nonlinear Compartmental Models in Development of Antiobesity Drugs. IV SYSTEM THEORY IMPLEMENTATION. 17 Algorithm Implementation. 18 The Need for More System Theory in Low-Cost Medical Applications. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisIntroduces the fundamental biological processes that influence these sophisticated, procedures. This text provides details about molecular-level events that happen at the tissue-implant interface and explores material, biological, and physiological consequences of these events. It emphasizes the importance of the body's wound-healing response.Trade Review"...well illustrated with a glossary, end-chapter summaries, and references...materials, scientists, medical device designers and manufacturers, corrosion researchers and practitioners, surgeons, and clinicians will profit from reading this book." (CORROSION, February 2006) "…a concise, topical, and not overly technical hardbound…the strengths of this book are its crisp information and condensed summaries. The jewels of this book are the diagrams and tables." (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, Issue 31:11) "...delivers precisely what the authors intended...excellent book...great introduction...nicely complements existing texts..." (Advanced Materials, Vol 16(4), 17 Feb 2004) "This text would be of great use for faculty teaching courses on tissue-biomaterial interactions." (IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology, May/ June 2003) "...a pleasure to read...highly recommendable..." (Biomateria.com) "...excellent attention to detail…recommended for graduate students, faculty and researchers, and bioengineers and physicians." (Choice, Vol. 40, No. 6, February 2003)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Introduction. Biomaterials. Proteins. Protein-Surface Interactions. Blood-Biomaterial Interactions and Coagulation. Inflammation and Infection. The Immune System and Inflammation. Wound Healing. Biomaterial Surface and the Physiological Environment. Biocompatibility. Example 1: Opening Occluded Vessels: Vascular Grafts, Intimal Hyperplasia. Example 2: Replacing Joints and Teeth. Answers to Quiz Questions. Gloassry. Index.

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Book SynopsisChemical reaction engineering is concerned with the exploitation of chemical reactions on a commercial scale. Ita s goal is the successful design and operation of chemical reactors. This text emphasizes qualitative arguments, simple design methods, graphical procedures, and frequent comparison of capabilities of the major reactor types.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: Overview of Chemical Reaction Engineering. HOMOGENEOUS REACTIONS IN IDEAL REACTORS. Introduction to Reactor Design. Design for Single Reactions. Design for Parallel Reactions. Potpourri of Multiple Reactions. NON IDEAL FLOW. Compartment Models. The Dispersion Model. The Tank-in-Series Model. REACTIONS CATALYZED BY SOLIDS. Solid Catalyzed Reactions. The Packed Bed Catalytic Reactor. Deactivating Catalysts. HETEROGENEOUS REACTIONS. Fluid-Fluid Reactions: Kinetics. Fluid-Particle Reactions: Design. BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS. Enzyme Fermentation. Substrate Limiting Microbial Fermentation. Product Limiting Microbial Fermentation. Appendix. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe first comprehensive, real-world look at two-phase flow systems-from one of the world''s leading authorities on the subject. From his early works in the area of heat transfer research on boundary layer flows and two-phase flows to his role as one of the lead consultants following the Three Mile Island accident, internationally renowned engineer Salomon Levy has achieved an ideal balance of theory and practice in his engineering career. In Two-Phase Flow in Complex Systems, Dr. Levy''s newest book, he draws on this breadth of experience to examine these systems in the real world. Two-Phase Flow in Complex Systems offers a unique look at two-phase flow phenomena (primarily gas and liquid) in a variety of systems, from water reactors to the global climate system. Focusing on the interaction and simultaneous behavior of all the components in a system, the book''s approach departs significantly from conventional texts, which emphasize modeling of separate phenomena. TheTable of ContentsProgram for Testing and Analysis of Two-Phase Flow in Complex Systems. Testing Two-Phase Flow in Complex Systems. System Computer Codes. Flow Patterns. Limiting Mechanism of Countercurrent Flooding. Critical Flow. The Future of Two-Phase Flow in Complex Systems. Other Two-Phase-Flow Complex Systems. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis is a revised and expanded edition of a major reference work offering complete coverage of Russian chemical terms, along with their English translations.Table of ContentsNot Obtainable.

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Book SynopsisThis Second Edition of the well--received work on design, construction, and operation of heat exchangers. Demonstrates how to apply theories of fluid mechanics and heat transfer to practical problems posed by design, testing, and installation of heat exchangers.Table of ContentsHeat Exchanger Types and Construction. Heat Exchanger Fabrication. Heat Transmission and Fluid Flow. Performance Estimation. Boiling Heat Transfer and Flow Stability. Heat Pipes. Fluidized Beds. Flow Distribution Problems. Stress Analysis. Service Life, Reliability, and Maintenance. General Design Considerations and Approaches. Liquid-to-Liquid Heat Exchangers. Gas-to-Gas Heat Exchangers. Liquid-to-Gas Heat Exchangers. Steam Generators. Condensers. Heat Exchangers for Liquid Metals and Molten Salts. Heat Exchangers Operating on Radiant Energy. Cooling Towers. Heat Exchanger Tests. Handbook. Nomenclature, Constants, and Conversion Factors. Physical Properties Affecting Heat Transfer. Fluid Flow and Pressure Drop. LMTD and Thermal Effectiveness. Heat Transfer. Geometric Data for Tube Bundles and Header Sheets. Dimensional and Related Data for Pipes, Tubes, and Fins. Stress Analysis. Cost Estimation. Index.

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive, up-to-date treatment of the biochemistry essential for an understanding of molecular and cellular biological processes. This third edition offers new units covering the chemistry of life, bioenergetics, energy transfer molecules, regulation of enzymes and reaction sequences, lab techniques for purification of proteins and nucleic acids, and lab techniques of molecular genetics. Also, each unit contains more applications to biological systems. The text provides a well-organized and rigorous approach suitable for classroom use or self-instruction. Each unit begins with a 1- to 2-page presentation of basic concepts, followed by about 20 questions and problems with sample responses. Self-tests appear after every 2 to 3 units and there is a cumulative self-test at the end of the book.Table of ContentsIntroduction to the Chemistry of Life. Particles, Atoms, and Molecules. Chemical Groups. Ions, Ionic Bonds, and Crystals. Polarity, Hydrogen Bonds, Solubility, and HydrophobicInteractions. Chemical Equilibrium. Carbohydrates I: Monosaccharides and Related Molecules. Carbohydrates II: Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides. Amino Acids. Proteins I: Peptide Bonding and Polypeptides. Proteins II: Levels of Structure and Conjugated Proteins. Lipids: Fats, Phospholipids, Sterols, and Prostaglandins. Nucleic Acids. Bioenergetics. Energy Transfer Molecules. Enzymes. Regulation of Enzymes and Reaction Sequences. Molecular Weight and Molar, Percent, Mg Percent, and ppmSolutions. pH and H?+ Concentration. Weak Acids, Dissociation Constants, and Buffers. Self-Test. Laboratory Methods. Cumulative Self-Test. Index.

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Book SynopsisA description of how to experimentally determine and interpret the rheological behaviour of polymer melts, then analyze flow in processing procedures. It develops the fundamentals of continuum mechanics and shows how to devise methods for measurement of rheological properties.Table of ContentsPrinciples of Continuum Mechanics. Fabrication and Flow in Polymer Processing. EXPERIMENTAL POLYMER RHEOLOGY. Rheological Characterization of Polymer Fluids. Experimental Observations of Rheological Behavior of PolymerSystems. Rheo-Optics and Flow Birefringence. RHEOLOGICAL MODELING OF FLOW BEHAVIOR. Constitutive Equations for Non-Newtonian Fluids. Applications to Polymer Processing. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis reference work focuses on the enzyme systems that participate in the metabolism of chemicals and other xenobiotics, with emphasis being placed on drug metabolism. Each chapter focuses on a specific enzyme system.Trade Review"an invaluable reference book" (ISSX Newsletter, Summer 2002)Table of ContentsXenobiotic Metabolism: An Overview (Ionnides) Cytochrome P450 (Guengerich) Flavin Monooxygenases (Cashman) Amine Oxidases and the Metabolism of Xenobiotics (Tipton and Benedetti) Molybdenum Hydroxylases (Beedham) Prostaglandin Synthases (Degen et al) Lipoxygenases (Kulkarni) UDP-Glucuronosyltranferases (Bock) Glutathione S-transferases (Sherratt and Hayes) Sulphotransferases (Glatt) Arylamine Acetyltransferases (Levy and Weber) Mammalian Xenobiotic Epoxide Hydrolases (Arand and Oesch) Methyltransferases (Creveling) The Amino Acid Conjugations (Steventon and Hutt) Deconjugating Enzymes; Sulphatases and Glucuronidases (Kunert-Keil et al) Nitroreductases and Azoreductases (Zbaida)

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsThe Use of Plant Remedies in Indigenous Medical Systems. Presentation of Results. Preparation of Plant Material. The Gastro-Intestinal Tract. The Liver and Biliary System. The Cardiovascular System. The Respiratory System. Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activity. Diabetes Mellitus. The Nervous System. Endocrine Activity: Antifertility and Sex Hormones. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisEndocrine and Hormonal Toxicology Edited by Philip W. Harvey, Kevin C. Rush and Andrew Cockburn AgrEvo UK Ltd, Saffron Walden, UK This is the first book to consider the integrated role of the classical endocrine system and hormones (including those from tissues outside the classical endocrine system) in toxicological responses. Although focusing on the latest knowledge on endocrine glands as target organs and the mechanistic and molecular basis for toxicity in these organs, Endocrine and Hormonal Toxicology has been written to cover toxicological responses at the whole body level mediated by endocrine or hormonal mechanisms. This whole body, multi-organ approach significantly broadens the relevance of this volume to toxicologists. Following an introductory section on the types of endocrine toxicity including primary, secondary and indirect mechanisms, the next section deals with endocrine organs as toxicological targets. International contributions focus on the pituitary, thyroid and pTrade Review"section III of this book is a classic" (Clinical Endocrinology, No.53 2000)Table of ContentsSection 1: An Integrated Approach to Endocrine and Hormonal Toxicology Section 2: Endocrine Organs as Toxicological Targets Section 3: Endocrine and Hormonal Toxicology: A Target System Approach Section 4: Endocrine Toxicology: Human and Environmental Health Perspectives

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Book SynopsisCurrent Toxicology Series Series Editors Diana Anderson BIBRA Toxicology International, Surrey, UK Michael D Waters Consultant, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Timothy C Marrs Department of Health, London, UK Nutrition and Chemical Toxicity Edited by Costas Ioannides, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK An enormous amount of research is currently devoted to evaluating the role of nutrition in the aetiology of major human diseases and to clarifying the underlying mechanisms. This resurgent interest reflects the realisation that carcinogens may be generated during the normal cooking of food and that they may play a role in human carcinogenesis. Moreover, during the last decade it has become apparent that naturally occurring chemicals in food, primarily of plant origin, can afford effective protection against human cancer and heart disease. As a result, the need for up-to-date information in this subject area has never been greater. Nutrition and Chemical Toxicity deals in depth with the various toxTrade Review"The book is a well structured reference source for nutritional toxicologists, with many clear and concise diagrams, and a comprehensive bibliography at the end of each chapter." (British Toxicology Society Newsletter)Table of ContentsToxicants in Food: Naturally Occurring (H. Mori, et al.). Toxicants in Food: Fungal Contaminants (J.-S. Wang, et al.). Toxicants in Food: Generated During Cooking (K. Skog & M. Jägerstad). Toxicants in Food: Food Allergens (G. Reese & S. Lehrer). Nutritional Modulation of Cytochromes P450 (C. Ioannides). Interactions between Drugs and Diet (J. Thomas, et al.). Glutathione, Sulphur Amino Acids and Chemical Detoxication (T. Bray, et al.). Modulation of the Carcinogenic Response by Caloric Restriction (A. Turturro, et al.). Lipotropes and Chemical Carcinogenesis (E. Farber & A. Ghoshal). Expression of Chemical Toxicity in Vitamin Deficiency and Supplementation (G. Williamson). Safety Evaluation of Vitamins and Minerals (J. Hathcock). Naturally Occurring Organosulphur Compounds as Potential Anticarcinogens (H. Mori & A. Nishikawa). Cancer Chemoprevention by Tea Polyphenols (N. Ahmad, et al.). Animal Diets in Safety Evaluation Studies (G. Rao & J. Knapka). Index.

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Book SynopsisA catalyst is a substance which alters rate at which a chemical reaction occurs but is itself unchanged at the end of the reaction. This book includes approximately 40 proceduces describing the use of different catalysts.Trade Review"Everyone who is concerned with...pure compounds will be able to use this handy book..." (Angewandte Chemie, International Edition, Vol. 42, 2003) "...the book clearly fulfills its purpose to provide a practical introduction?it will be useful..." (CATTECH, August 2003)Table of ContentsSeries Preface. Preface to Volume 1. Abbreviations. PART I: REVIEW. 1. The Integration of Biotransformations into the Catalyst Portfolio. PART II: PROCEDURES. 2. General Information. 3. Asymmetric Epoxidation. 4. Epoxidation of , -Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds. 5. Epoxidation of Allylic Alcohols. 6. Epoxidation of Unfunctionalized Alkenes and , -Unsaturated Esters. 7. Asymmetric Hydroxylation and Aminohydroxylation. 8. Asymmetric Sulfoxidation. 9. Asymmetric Reduction of Ketones Using Organometallic Catalysts. 10. Asymmetric Reduction of Ketones Using Baker's Yeast. 11. Asymmetric Reduction of Ketones Using Nonmetallic Catalysts. 12. Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Carbon-Carbon Double Bonds Using Organometallic Cataluysts. 13. Employment of Catalysts Working in Tandem. Index.

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Book SynopsisQuantitative Molecular Pharmacology and Informatics in Drug Discovery Michael Lutz, Section Head, Cheminformatics Group and Terry Kenakin, Principal Research Scientist, Glaxo Wellcome Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA Quantitative Molecular Pharmacology and Informatics in Drug Discovery combines pharmacology, genetics and statistics to provide a complete guide to the modern drug discovery process. The book discusses the pharmacology of drug testing and provides a detailed description of the statistical methods used to analyze the resulting data. Application of genetic and genomic tools for identification of biological targets is reviewed in the context of drug discovery projects. Covering both the theoretical principles upon which the techniques are based and the practicalities of drug discovery, this informative guide. * outlines in step-by-step detail the advantages and disadvantages of each technology and approach and links these to the type of chemicalTrade Review"...a timely and important book..." "I recommend this book to pharmaceutical company statisticians..." --Biometrics, September 2000 "...covers a tremendous amount of ground....I recommend this book to pharmaceutical statisticians..." --Technometrics, 2000Table of ContentsDrug Discovery. Measurement of Drug Affinity. Efficacy. Pharmacological Assays Used in Screening for Therapeutic Ligands. Finding the Optimal Assay Format for the Chemical Target. Mathematical and Statistical Framework for Problems in Drug Discovery. Statistical Methods for Target Identification and Validation. Experimental Design. Analysis and Interpretation of Data. Index.

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Book SynopsisBioenergetics is the study of the way biological systems, usually at the molecular level, utilize and convert energy in order to drive the biochemical reactions that constitute life. However, because of its often quantitative basis and the amount of technical jargon, the subject tends to alienate and intimidate students. This beautifully illustrated text has a lucid and logical approach to the subject. The text uses the modern perspective throughout so that the student is given an easily assimilable, logical introduction to the important concepts of the subject, particulary the core concept, the ''chemiosmotic theory''. It has been specifically designed to make information easily accessible by devoting each double-page spread to one topic. Within the spread, a variety of carefully constructed diagrams present information in a concise and innovative manner. The text is further enhanced by a comprehensive guide to additional reading. Original, easily understood combinatioTable of ContentsScope of bioenergetics. The 'universal' view of energy. The 'local' view of energy. Equilibrium and equilibrium constants. Sources of biological energy - quantitation. Direct coupling of oxidation to anhydride formation. Oxygen as an oxidising agent. Respiratory carriers. Respiratory chain (mitochondrial). Respiratory assemblages (mitochondrial). Mechanism of electron flow between proteins. Variations within respiratory chains. Light trapping and water splitting in chloroplasts. Reaction centre structure. Organisation of membrane proteins (chloroplast). Photosynthetic bacteria. Concepts of energy transduction- redox-anhydride bond energy. Transfer via H+gradient -. I. Qualitative aspects. II. Kinetic aspects. Quantitative aspects -. I. H+/O ratio. II. DGp/DMH+. How does electron transfer generate H+ (I) + (II). ATP synthase complex. F1 structure. F0 structure. Coupling H+ gradient to ATP synthesis - energetics. structural aspects. Integration with cytoplasm - mitochondria. Aspects of control - qualitative:quantitative. Integration of cytoplasm/control - chloroplasts. Uncouplers and ionophores in studies of phosphorylation. Mitochondrial defects. Alternative uses of H+ gradient. Alternative gradient production. ATP driven ion pumps - a broader perspective. E-P pumps. Evolution of pumps. Evolution of organelles

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Book SynopsisThis procedure offers complete methodologies for sampling and measuring particle streams and summarizes methods of particle size analysis. It also lists operating variables to be considered and measured. Although the procedure is intended specifically for particle classification equipment, many of the items are also relevant to particle collection devices.Table of ContentsHow to Use This Procedure. 100.0 Purpose and Scope. 101.0 Purpose. 102.0 Scope. 200.0 Definitions and Descriptions of Terms. 201.0 Classification. 202.0 Particle Size. 203.0 Particle Size Distribution. 204.0 Particle Size Analysis. 205.0 Classification Criteria. 206.0 Dispersion. 300.0 Test Planning. 301.0 Objective of Testing Classifiers. 302.0 Testing Instructions. 303.0 Factors and Conditions to be Recorded. 304.0 Safety and Environmental Precautions. 400.0 Instruments and methods of Measurement. 401.0 Introduction. 402.0 Particulate Sampling. 403.0 Size Analysis Methods. 500.0 Test Procedure. 501.0 Introduction. 502.0 Method of Feeding. 503.0 Duration of Test Period. 504.0 Method of Measuring Flow Rates. 505.0 Methods of Sampling and Subdividing Samples for Analysis. 506.0 Dispersion of Particles. 507.0 Method of Particle Size Analysis. 508.0 Statistical Control of Precision and Accuracy. 509.0 Test Data to be Recorded. 510.0 Observations on Equipment Operability. 600.0 Computation of Results. 601.0 Intrinsic Classifier Performance. 602.0 Overall Classifier Performance. 603.0 Other Measures of Classifier Performance. 700.0 Interpretation of Results. 701.0 Introduction. 702.0 Operating Conditions. 703.0 Size Selectivity Curves. 800.0 Appendices. 801.0 Notation. 802.0 Sample Calculation. 803.0 References. 804.0 Index.

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Book SynopsisOffers guidelines that can reduce the risk or mitigate the severity of accidents associated with storing and handling reactive materials. Necessary elements of a reliable system to prevent equipment or human failures that might lead to a reactive chemical incident are sound and responsible management policies.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Acronyms. Introduction. 1. Chemical Reactivity Hazards. 1.1 Framework for Understanding Reactivity Hazards. 1.1.1 Grouping of Reactivity Hazards into General Categories. 1.1.2 Key Parameters That Drive Reactions. 1.1.3 Types of Runaway Reactions. 1.1.4 How Reactive Chemical Storage and Handling Accidents Are Initiated. 1.2 Self-Reactive Polymerizing Chemicals. 1.2.1 Thermal Instability. 1.2.2 Induction Time. 1.2.3 Example. 1.3 Self-Reactive Decomposing Chemicals. 1.3.1 Peroxides. 1.3.2 Self-Accelerating Decomposition Temperature. 1.3.3 Predicting Instability Potential. 1.3.4 Deflagration and Detonation of Pure Material. 1.3.5 Slow Gas-Forming Reactions. 1.3.6 Heat of Compression. 1.3.7 Minimum Pressure for Vapor Decomposition. 1.3.8 Shock Sensitivity. 1.3.9 Examples of Shock Sensitivity. 1.4 Self-Reactive Rearranging Chemicals. 1.4.1 Isomerization. 1.4.2 Disproportionation. 1.5 Reactivity with Oxygen. 1.5.1 Spontaneous Ignition and Pyrophoricity. 1.5.2 Pyrophoricity versus Hypergolic Properties. 1.5.3 Accumulation and Explosion of Pyrophoric Materials. 1.5.4 Competition between Air and Atmosphere Moisture. 1.5.5 Peroxide Formation. 1.6 Reactivity with Water. 1.6.1 Water Reactivity: Fast and Slow Reactions. 1.6.2 Water-Reactive Structures. 1.7 Reactivity with Other Common Substances. 1.7.1 Reactions with Metals. 1.7.2 Surface Area Effects. 1.7.3 Catalyst Deactivation and Surface Passivation. 1.8 Reactive with Other Chemicals Incompatibility. 1.8.1 Oxidizing and Reducing Properties. 1.8.2 Acidic and basic Properties. 1.8.3 Formation of Unstable Materials. 1.8.4 Thermite-Type Reactions. 1.8.5 Incompatibility with Heat Transfer Fluids and Refrigerants. 1.8.6 Adsorbents. References. 2. Chemical Reactivity Classifications. 2.1 NFPA Reactivity Hazard Signal. 2.1.1 NFPA 704 Rating System for Overall Reactivity. 2.1.2 Definitions for Reactivity Signal Ratings. 2.1.3 Reactivity Hazards Not Identified by NFPA 704. 2.1.4 NFPA Reactivity Ratings for Specific Chemicals. 2.2 NPCA Hazardous Materials Identification System. 2.3 Classifications of Organic Peroxides. 2.3.1 SPI 19A Classification of Organic Peroxides. 2.3.2 NFPA 43B Classification of Organic Peroxides. 2.4 Classification of Materials That Form Peroxides. 2.5 Classification of Water-Reactive Materials. 2.5.1 Materials That React Violently with Water. 2.5.2 Materials That React Slowly with Water. References. 3. Materials Assessment. 3.1 Prior Experience Review. 3.1.1 Common Knowledge. 3.1.2 Analogy. 3.1.3 Safety Data and Literature. 3.2 Theoretical Evaluations. 3.2.1 Unstable Atomic Groups. 3.2.2 Oxygen Balance. 3.2.3 Thermodynamics: Heat of 3.2.4 Thermodynamics: Heats of Reaction and Self-Reaction. 3.2.5 Thermodynamics: Equilibrium Considerations. 3.2.6 CHETAH. 3.2.7 Example Evaluation. 3.3 Expert Determination. 3.3.1 Expert Committees. 3.3.2 Kinetics Determination Factors. 3.4 Reactivity Screening Tests. 3.4.1 Thermal Stability Screening Tests. 3.4.2 Shock Sensitivity Screening. 3.4.3 Pyrophoricity Screening. 3.4.4 Water Reactivity Screening. 3.4.5 Peroxide Formation Screening. 3.4.6 Compatibility Screening. References. 4. Consequence Analysis. 4.1 Identifying Potential Accident Scenarios. 4.1.1 Process Hazard Analysis. 4.1.2 Checklist of Potentially Hazardous Events. 4.1.3 Chemical Interaction Matrix. 4.1.4 Industry Experience. 4.1.5 Local Size Experience. 4.2 Severity Testing. 4.2.1 Calorimetric Testing for Consequence Analysis. 4.2.2 Self-Accelerating Decomposition Temperature. 4.2.3 Isoperibolic Calorimetry. 4.2.4 Assessment of Maximum Pressure and Temperature. 4.3 Where to Find Methods for Estimating Immediate Consequences. 4.3.1 Reactive Chemical Explosions. 4.3.2 Reactive Chemical Fires. 4.3.3 Toxic Releases. 4.4 Where to Find Methods for Estimating Immediate Impact. 4.4.1 Explosion Effect Models. 4.4.2 Thermal Effect Models. 4.4.3 Toxic Gas Effect Models. 4.4.4 Modeling Systems. 4.4.5 Caveats. 4.5 Applications of Consequence Analysis. 4.5.1 Selection of Size, Quantity, and Location of Facilities. 4.5.2 Selection of Dedicated Safeguard Systems. 4.5.3 Basis for Emergency Response Systems and Planning. 4.5.4 Better Understanding of the Hazard and the Consequences. 4.5.5 Significant Step toward a Well-Managed Operating Facility. References. 5. General Design Considerations. 5.1 Summary of General Design Strategies. 5.1.1 Reduce the Inherent Hazards. 5.1.2 Build Reliable Safety Layers. 5.1.3 Conduct In-Depth Reviews. 5.1.4 Use Previous Experience. 5.2 Compatibility. 5.2.1 Identifying Potential Incompatibility Problems. 5.2.2 Compatibility with Process Materials/Reagents. 5.2.3 Compatibility with Impurities. 5.2.4 Compatibility with Heat Transfer Fluids. 5.2.5 Compatibility with Materials of Construction and Corrosion Products. 5.2.6 Compatibility with Insulation. 5.2.7 Compatibility with Fire-Extinguishing Agents. 5.2.8 Compatibility with Other Materials. 5.2.9 Other Compatibility-Related Practices. 5.3 Storage Time and Shelf Life. 5.3.1 Storage Time Limitations. 5.3.2 Practices for Increasing Shelf Life. 5.3.3 Handling and Disposal of Too-Old Material. 5.4 Storage Quantity and Configuration. 5.4.1 Determining Maximum Inventory. 5.4.2 Storage Configurations. 5.4.3 Top versus Bottom Discharge. 5.4.4 Facility Siting. 5.4.5 Restrictions on Container Shape or Configuration. 5.4.6 Mixing and Recirculation. 5.5 Air and Moisture Exclusion. 5.5.1 Air Exclusion Practices. 5.5.2 Moisture Exclusion Practices. 5.6 Monitoring and Control. 5.6.1 Oxygen Concentration Monitoring. 5.6.2 Humidity/Moisture Content Monitoring. 5.6.3 Pressure Monitoring. 5.6.4 Temperature Monitoring. 5.6.5 Temperature Control. 5.7 Handling and Transfer. 5.7.2 Piping Specifications and Layout. 5.7.3 Fittings and Connections. 5.7.4 Pumps and Pump Seals. 5.7.5 Valves. 5.7.6 Drain Systems. 5.7.7 Cleaning Equipment. 5.7.8 Transfer Systems Operating and Maintenance Practices. 5.8 Last-Resort Safety Features. 5.8.1 Inhibitor Injection. 5.8.2 Quench System. 5.8.3 Dump System. 5.8.4 Depressuring System. 5.8.5 Emergency Relief Configuration. 5.8.6 Emergency Relief Sizing Basis. 5.8.7 Emergency Relief Headers. 5.8.8 Emergency Relief Treatment Systems. 5.8.9 Explosion Suppression. 5.9 Passive Mitigation. 5.9.1 Flow-Limiting Orifices. 5.9.2 Fire-Resistant/Explosion-Resistant Construction. 5.9.3 Weak Seams and Explosion Venting. 5.9.4 Bunkers, Blast Walls and Barricades. 5.9.5 Secondary Containment. 5.9.6 Separation Distances. 5.10 Detections, Warning and Isolation. 5.10.1 Release Detection. 5.10.2 Release Warning. 5.10.3 Release Isolation. 5.11 Fire Prevention and Protection. 5.11.1 Ignition Source Control. 5.11.2 Fireproofing and Insulation. 5.11.3 Extinguishing Systems. 5.12 Postrelease Mitigation. 5.12.1 Reactive Release Countermeasures. 5.12.2 Reactive Chemicals Personal Protective Equipment. 5.12.3 Reactive Chemicals Emergency Response. 5.13 Hazard Reviews. 5.13.1 Hazard Severity Categories. 5.13.2 Reactive Chemicals Hazard Reviews. 5.14 Codes and Standards. References. 6. Process Safety Management of Reactive Material Facilities. 6.1 Accountability: Objective and Goals. 6.2 Process Knowledge and Documentation. 6.3 Capital Project Review and Design Procedures. 6.4 Process Risk Management. 6.5 Management of Change. 6.6 Process and Equipment Integrity. 6.7 Human Factors. 6.8 Personnel Training and Performance. 6.9 Incident Investigation. 6.10 Standards, Codes, and Regulations. 6.11 Audits and Corrective Actions. 6.12 Enhancement of Process Safety Knowledge. 6.13 Other Elements Required by Regulatory Authorities. Bibliography. References. 7. Specific Design Considerations. 7.1 Polymerizable Materials: Acrylic Acid. 7.2 Polymerizable Materials: Styrene. 7.3 Organic Peroxides. 7.4 Organic Peroxides: Dibenzoyl Peroxide. 7.5 Organic Peroxides: MEK Peroxide. 7.6 Temperature-Sensitive Materials: Ethylene Oxide. 7.7 Pyrophoric Materials: Aluminum Alkyls. 7.8 Peroxide Formers: 1,3-Butadiene. 7.9 Water-Reactive Materials: Sodium. 7.10 Water-Reactive Materials: Chlorosulfonic Acid. References. Appendix A. Reactive Chemicals Literature Sources. Procedures for Hazard Evaluation and Testing. Accident and Loss Prevention. Data Sources and Compilations. Material Safety Data Sheets. Computerized On-line Databases. Educational and Training Materials. Appendix B. Industry Practice Survey Results. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisA guide to the choice of common types of isolating (block), check and diverter valves for the energy, process, oil and gas industries. The book is applicable to both onshore and offshore locations, including subsea applications.Table of ContentsPart 1 Basic valve types and function. Part 2 Service characteristics: fluid characteristics; abrasive service; sandy service; slurry service; solids; flammable service; solidifying service; viscous service; fire hazard. Part 3 Valve types for isolation (block) duty: ball valves; butterfly valves; gate valves; globe or screw-down stop valves; plug valves; pinch valves; slam-shut valves; diverter valves; CCU slide valves. Part 4 Valve operations and isolation: operability; isolation. Part 5 Valve types for prevention of flow reversal (check): installation and process design considerations; lift check valves; diaphragm check valves; wafer check valves; plate check valves; foot valves. Part 6 Valves for special applications: low emission service; vacuum service; excess flow valves; iris valves; emergency shutdown valves; sub-sea valves. Part 7 Wellhead gate valves for the petroleum industry: valve types; valve selection; design requirements; materials; supporting calculations. Part 8 Valve materials: materials for fire hazard areas; high temperature service; chloride service and environments; hydrogen service; material composition of welding end valves; gland packings; materials temperature limitations. Part 9 Sizing and resistance to flow: incompressible (liquid) flow; compressible (gas or vapour) flow; surge. Appendices: common abbreviations; list of standards. (Part contents)

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Book SynopsisThere has been a rapid evolution in the field of inhalation drug therapy, including new drugs, increased regulation and quality control, and strong pressure from generics. Inhalation Drug Therapy brings together the most current inhalation drug research, as well as practical developments and processes, into one essential guide. Focusing on inhalation products and specific equipment and techniques used in manufacturing and quality control, the book balances research with the industrial aspects of creating the drugs, and features a highly regarded author team with both academic and industry experience.Table of ContentsList of contributors xi Series foreword xiii Preface xv 1 Inhalation drug delivery 1Daniela Traini 2 Inhalation and nasal products 15 Daniela Traini and Paul M. Young 3 Formulation of inhalation medicines 31 Daniela Traini and Paul M. Young 4 Novel particle production technologies for inhalation products 47 Hak-Kim Chan and Philip Chi Lip Kwok 5 Methods for understanding, controlling, predicting, and improving drug product performance 63 David A. V. Morton 6 Aerodynamic assessment for inhalation products: fundamentals and current pharmacopoeial methods 91 Francesca Buttini, Gaia Colombo, Philip Chi Lip Kwok and Wong Tin Wui 7 Proteins, peptides, and controlled-release formulations for inhalation 121 Philip Chi Lip Kwok, Rania Osama Salama and Hak-Kim Chan 8 Pharmaceutical development studies for inhalation products 145 Gaia Colombo, Chiara Parlati and Paola Russo 9 Quality of inhalation products: specifications 169 Paolo Colombo, Francesca Buttini and Wong Tin Wui Index.

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface xi 1 Materials for Extreme Environments 1 References 23 2 Aqueous Environments 29 2.1 Water Purification 29 2.1.1 Synthetic Membranes 29 2.1.2 Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment 31 2.1.3 Removal of Phenolic Compounds 36 2.2 Polymer Membranes 36 2.2.1 Functional Polymer Membranes 39 2.2.2 Membranes with Intrinsic Microporosity 41 2.2.3 Transport Mechanisms 44 2.2.4 Materials for Membranes 45 2.2.5 Robeson Plot 49 References 50 3 Extreme Pressure Environments 57 3.1 Engine Oils 57 3.1.1 Block Copolymer Nanoparticles 57 3.1.2 Heavy Duty Applications 59 3.1.3 Oil Degradation in a Combustion Engine 59 3.2 Extreme Pressure Lubricant Additives 60 3.2.1 Inorganic Polymers 63 3.3 Deep Drilling 66 3.3.1 Surfactants 67 3.3.2 Scale Inhibitors 68 3.3.3 Foaming Agents 69 3.3.4 Defoamers 69 3.3.5 Crosslinking Agents 70 3.3.6 Gel Stabilizers 72 3.3.7 Gel Breakers 72 3.3.8 Biocides 73 3.3.9 Proppants 73 3.3.10 Fracturing Fluids 73 3.3.11 Thickeners 74 3.3.12 Friction Reducers 74 3.3.13 Fluid Loss Additives 76 3.3.14 Emulsifiers 77 3.3.15 Demulsifiers 78 3.3.16 Clay Stabilization 78 3.3.17 pH Control Additives 79 3.4 Automotive Applications 80 3.4.1 Airbags 80 3.4.2 Silicone Rubber Sponge 103 References 107 4 Extreme Temperature 117 4.1 High-Temperature Environments 117 4.1.1 Solvent-Resistant Elastomers 117 4.1.2 Processable Silicone Composites 118 4.1.3 Polymer-Derived Ceramics 120 4.1.4 Membrane Fuel Cells 121 4.2 Low-Temperature Environments 124 4.2.1 Cold Weather Articles 124 4.2.2 Low-Temperature Thermal Insulation Garment 128 4.3 Thermoregulatory Textile 132 4.3.1 Integrated Garment System 134 References 135 5 Electrical Applications 137 5.1 Ionic Liquids 137 5.1.1 Monomers 138 5.1.2 Carbon Dioxide Separation 141 5.1.3 Polymeric Ionic Liquids 142 5.1.4 Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids 146 5.1.5 Computer Simulation 147 5.2 Solar Cell Devices 148 5.2.1 History of Photovoltaics 148 5.2.2 High-Performance Organic Photovoltaics 149 5.2.3 Naphthodithiophene 153 5.2.4 Stability 154 5.3 Triboelectric Nanogenerators 159 5.3.1 Triboelectric Polymers 161 5.3.2 Paper-Based Generator 164 5.3.3 Spherical Triboelectric Nanogenerator 165 5.4 Fuel Cell Applications 168 5.5 Conductive Nanocomposites 170 5.6 Electrochromic Materials 170 5.7 Batteries 171 5.7.1 Cathode Polymers 171 5.7.2 Polymeric Electrolytes 175 5.7.3 Polymer Interlayers 177 5.7.4 Polymer Separators 178 5.7.5 Protective Polymers 180 References 181 6 Medical Applications 197 6.1 Contact Lenses 197 6.1.1 History of Contact Lenses 197 6.1.2 Materials 198 6.1.3 Monomers 199 6.1.4 Soft Lenses 205 6.1.5 Functional Contact Lenses 238 6.1.6 Fabrication Methods 258 6.2 Tissue Engineering 272 6.2.1 Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering 275 6.2.2 Coating of an Implantable Device 275 6.3 Drug Delivery Systems 276 6.3.1 Pharmaceutical Cocrystals 277 6.3.2 Drug-Eluting Stents 278 6.3.3 Microchamber for Bacteria-Based Drug Delivery 278 6.3.4 Polymer Microspheres 279 6.3.5 Inhalable Particles 287 6.3.6 Microfabricated Drug Delivery Systems 287 6.3.7 Oral Drug Delivery 288 6.3.8 Nasal Delivery and Diagnostics 290 6.3.9 Transdermal Drug Delivery Devices 291 6.3.10 Drop-on-Demand System 296 6.3.11 Pulmonary Drug Delivery 297 6.3.12 Microchip Drug Delivery 298 6.3.13 Microchannels Drug Delivery 298 6.3.14 Printing Poorly Soluble Drugs 299 6.3.15 Fabrication of Personalized Doses 300 6.3.16 Pharmaceutical Bilayer Tablets 300 6.3.17 Electrohydrodynamic Jet Printing 301 6.3.18 Three-Dimensional Printing 302 6.3.19 Bioabsorbable Stent with Prohealing Layer 303 6.3.20 Electrolytic Deposition 304 6.4 Polymeric Materials for Surface Modification 304 6.4.1 Porous Polymer Particles 311 6.5 Nanomaterials 312 6.5.1 Photosensitive Nanoparticles 314 6.5.2 Crosslinked Polymeric Nanoparticles 317 6.6 Other Fabrication Methods 320 6.6.1 Controlled Spreading 320 6.6.2 Thermal Inkjet Spray Freeze-Drying 321 6.6.3 Drug-Loaded Polymer Microparticles with Arbitrary Geometries 322 6.6.4 Microarray Technology 322 6.6.5 Biphasic Inks 322 6.6.6 Contact Lenses 329 6.6.7 Dip-Pen Nanolithography 333 6.6.8 Direct-Write Lithographic Printing of Peptides and Proteins 333 References 334 7 Drug Delivery 347 7.1 Biodegradable Polymers 347 7.2 Sustained Release Technology 347 7.2.1 Acacia 350 7.2.2 Carrageenan 353 7.2.3 Cellulose 354 7.2.4 Chitosan 355 7.2.5 Gellan Gum 355 7.2.6 Guar Gum 355 7.2.7 Hyaluronic Acid Derivatives 356 7.2.8 Khaya Gum 357 7.2.9 Locust Bean Gum 357 7.2.10 Pectin 358 7.2.11 Xanthan Gum 359 7.2.12 Electrospinning 359 7.2.13 Drug Release from Electrospun Fibers 360 7.3 Tissue Engineering 362 7.3.1 Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering 363 7.4 Tissue Markers 364 7.5 Hydrogels 366 7.6 Microporous Materials 367 7.7 Implants 370 7.7.1 Inflammatory Problems with Implants 370 7.7.2 Eye Implants 371 7.7.3 Thermosetting Implants 372 7.7.4 Neurotoxin Implants 380 7.7.5 Water-Soluble Glass Fibers 380 7.8 Shape-Memory Polymers 380 7.8.1 Shape-Memory Polyesters 382 7.9 Stents 383 7.9.1 Surface Erosion 384 7.9.2 Tubular Main Body 385 7.9.3 Multilayer Stents 386 7.10 Thermogelling Materials 386 7.11 Wound Dressings 387 7.12 Bioceramics 387 7.13 Conjugates 389 References 390 8 Aero and Space Applications 397 8.1 Technical Standards 397 8.2 Aerospace Applications 403 8.2.1 Components for Airplanes 403 8.2.2 Polymer Matrix Composites 405 8.2.3 Nanocomposites 405 8.2.4 Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymers 406 8.2.5 Sealants for Aerospace Fuel Tanks 411 8.2.6 Leak Detection 418 8.2.7 Antistatic Applications 418 8.2.8 Electroactive Polymers 419 8.2.9 Shape-Memory Polymers 419 8.3 Outer Space Applications 427 8.3.1 Disadvantages of Polymers 428 8.3.2 Solar Cells 430 8.3.3 Antenna Reflector 433 8.3.4 Polymeric Coating 434 8.3.5 Space Suits 439 8.3.6 Electrostactic Dissipative Coatings 440 References 444 9 Other Environments 455 9.1 Adhesives 455 9.1.1 Lignin 455 9.1.2 Mussel-Inspired Adhesives 456 9.1.3 Supramolecular Polymer Adhesives 457 9.2 Extreme pH 457 9.2.1 Hydrolytic Degradation 457 9.2.2 Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Membranes 458 9.2.3 Pulp and Paper Production 460 9.2.4 Polymeric Micelles 462 9.2.5 pH-Stable Stationary Phases 463 9.3 Concrete 467 9.3.1 Metakaolin and Polymers 467 9.3.2 Polymer-Modified Mortar 469 9.3.3 Functionalized Poly(vinyl alcohol) 469 9.3.4 Polymer Concrete 470 9.3.5 Influence of Humidity 471 9.3.6 Polymer Emulsions and Fibers 473 9.3.7 Lightweight Cement 475 9.3.8 Recycling Control 476 References 477 Index 483 Acronyms 483 Chemicals 487 General Index 505

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Book SynopsisThis book discusses polymeric and composite materials for aerospace industries and discusses some general qualities of aviation materials, e.g., strength, density, malleability, ductility, elasticity, toughness, brittleness, fusibility, conductivity, and thermal expansion. Metals and alloys have so far been best able to utilize their qualities almost to the maximum. The latest advancements in polymers and composites have opened up a new area of conjecture about how to modify airplanes and shuttles to be more polymeric and less metallic. Polymeric materials have been the focus of exploration due to their high strength-to-weight ratio, low cost, and a greater degree of freedom in strengthening the needed qualities. Strength, density, malleability, ductility, elasticity, toughness, brittleness, fusibility, conductivity, and thermal expansion are some of the general qualities of aviation materials that are taken into account. Aerospace Polymeric Materials discusses a wide range of methods Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 Tuning Aerogel Properties for Aerospace Applications 1Catherine Tom, Shubham Sinha, Nidhi Joshi and Ravi Kumar Pujala 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Synthesis 3 1.3 Aerospace Missions 6 1.3.1 Stardust Mission 6 1.3.2 MARS Pathfinder Mission 7 1.3.3 Hypersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerator 7 1.3.4 Mars Science Laboratory 7 1.3.5 Cryogenic Fluid Containment 8 1.4 Property Tuning of Aerogels 8 1.4.1 During Synthesis 9 1.4.2 Post-Synthesis 12 1.4.3 Aerogel Composites 13 1.5 Tuning Properties for Aerospace Applications 15 1.5.1 Thermal Conductivity 15 1.5.1.1 Minimizing Solid Conductivity 16 1.5.1.2 Modification of IR Absorption Properties 16 1.5.1.3 Minimizing Gaseous Conductivity 16 1.5.2 Mechanical Property 17 1.5.3 Optical Transmittance 18 1.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 18 Acknowledgments 20 References 20 2 Welding of Polymeric Materials in Aircraft 29İdris Karagöz 2.1 Introduction 30 2.2 Major Polymer Welding Methods Applied in Aviation 32 2.2.1 Hot Gas Welding 34 2.2.2 Hot Plate Welding 36 2.2.3 Extrusion Welding 38 2.2.4 Infrared Welding 39 2.2.5 Laser Welding 41 2.2.6 Vibration Welding 44 2.2.7 Friction Welding 45 2.2.8 Friction Stir Welding 46 2.2.9 Friction Stir Spot Welding 47 2.2.10 Ultrasonic Welding 48 2.2.11 Resistance Implant Welding 50 2.2.12 Induction Welding 51 2.2.13 Dielectric Welding 51 2.2.14 Microwave Welding 54 2.3 Conclusion 55 References 55 3 Carbon Nanostructures for Reinforcement of Polymers in Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering 61Mahdi ShayanMehr 3.1 Introduction 62 3.2 Common Carbon Nanoparticles 63 3.2.1 Graphene 63 3.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes 63 3.2.3 Fullerenes 64 3.3 Modeling and Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanoparticles 64 3.4 Modeling of Carbon Nanoparticles Reinforced Polymers 65 3.5 Preparation of Carbon Nanoparticles Reinforced Polymers 69 3.6 Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanoparticles Reinforced Polymers 70 3.6.1 Graphene Family/Polymer 72 3.6.1.1 Graphite Nanosheets/Polymer 73 3.6.1.2 Graphene and Graphene Oxide/Polymer 75 3.6.2 CNT/Polymer 75 3.6.3 Fullerene/Polymer 76 3.7 Application of Carbon Nanoparticles Reinforced Polymers in Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering 78 3.8 Conclusions 80 References 81 4 Self-Healing Carbon Fiber–Reinforced Polymers for Aerospace Applications 85Surawut Chuangchote and Methawee Nukunudompanich 4.1 General Principle of Self-Healing Composites 86 4.1.1 Extrinsic Healing 86 4.1.2 Intrinsic Self-Healing 88 4.2 Self-Healing Carbon Fiber–Reinforced Polymers 90 4.2.1 Carbon Fiber–Reinforced Polymers (CFRPs) 90 4.2.2 Healing Efficiency 94 4.3 Manufacturing Techniques 95 4.4 Recent Development of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymers in Aerospace Applications 99 4.4.1 Engines 101 4.4.2 Fuselage 102 4.4.3 Aerostructure 104 4.4.4 Coating 106 4.4.5 Other Application 108 4.5 Disposal and Recycling of Self-Healing Carbon Fiber–Reinforced Polymers 108 4.6 Conclusion and Future Challenges 111 References 112 5 Advanced Polymeric Materials for Aerospace Applications 117Anupama Rajput, Upma, Sudheesh K. Shukla, Nitika Thakur, Anamika Debnath and Bindu Mangla 5.1 Introduction 118 5.2 Types of Advanced Polymers 119 5.2.1 Copolymers 121 5.2.2 Polymer Matrix Composite 121 5.2.3 Properties of Reinforced Materials 122 5.3 Thermoplastics 125 5.4 Thermosetting 126 5.5 Polymeric Nanocomposites 126 5.6 Glass Fiber 130 5.7 Polycarbonates 131 5.8 Applications 131 5.9 Conclusion 133 References 133 6 Self-Healing Composite Materials 137Hüsnügül Yilmaz Atay 6.1 Introduction 137 6.2 Self-Healing Mechanism 140 6.3 Types of Self-Healing Coatings 142 6.3.1 Passive Self-Healing for External Techniques 142 6.3.1.1 Microencapsulation 142 6.3.1.2 Hollow-Fiber Approach 143 6.3.1.3 Microvascular Network 143 6.3.2 Active Self-Healing Methodology Based on Intrinsic 144 6.3.2.1 Shape Memory Polymers (SMPs) 144 6.3.2.2 Reversible Polymers 144 6.4 Research Areas of Self-Healing Materials 145 6.5 Aerospace Applications of Polymer Composite Self-Healing Materials 146 6.5.1 Aircraft Fuselage and Structure 146 6.5.2 Coatings 148 6.6 Conclusion 150 References 151 7 Conducting Polymer Composites for Antistatic Application in Aerospace 155Sonali Priyadarsini Pradhan, Lipsa Shubhadarshinee, Pooja Mohapatra, Patitapaban Mohanty, Bigyan Ranjan Jali, Priyaranjan Mohapatra and Aruna Kumar Barick 7.1 Introduction 156 7.2 Conducting Polymer Composites (CPCs) for Antistatic Application in Aerospace 158 7.3 Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites (CPNCs) for Antistatic Application in Aerospace 165 7.4 Conclusions 178 References 179 8 Electroactive Polymeric Shape Memory Composites for Aerospace Application 189Mamata Singh, Taha Gulamabbas, Benjamin Ahumuza, N.P. Singh and Vivek Mishra 8.1 Introduction 190 8.1.1 Electroactive Polymer 191 8.1.1.1 Electronic EAPs 192 8.1.1.2 Dielectric Elastomer Actuators (DEAs) 193 8.1.1.3 Piezoelectric Polymer 193 8.1.1.4 Ferroelectric EAPs 194 8.1.2 Ionic Polymers 194 8.1.2.1 Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Actuators 194 8.1.2.2 Ionic Polymer Metal Composites 194 8.1.2.3 Carbon Nanotubes 195 8.1.2.4 Ionic Polymer Gels 195 8.2 Shape-Memory Polymers (SMPs) 195 8.2.1 Properties of Shape Memory Polymers 196 8.2.1.1 Classification of SMPs by Stimulus Response 197 8.2.2 Shape Memory Polymer Composites 200 8.2.3 Electroactive Shape Memory Polymers 201 8.2.4 Applications of Electroactive Shape Memory Polymer Composites in Aerospace 201 8.2.5 Hybrid Electroactive Morphing Wings 201 8.2.6 Paper-Thin CNT 202 8.2.7 SMPC Hinges 202 8.2.8 SMPC Booms 202 8.2.9 Foldable SMPC Truss Booms 202 8.2.9.1 Coilable SMPC Truss Booms 203 8.2.9.2 SMPC STEM Booms 203 8.2.10 SMPC Reflector Antennas 203 8.2.11 Expandable Lunar Habitat 204 8.2.12 Super Wire 204 References 204 9 Polymer Nanocomposite Dielectrics for High-Temperature Applications 211Dipika Meghnani and Rajendra Kumar Singh 9.1 Introduction 211 9.1.1 Polymer Nanocomposite Dielectrics (PNCD) 214 9.2 Crucial Factor in Framing the High-Temperature Polymer Nanocomposite Dielectric Materials 215 9.2.1 Dielectric Permittivity 215 9.2.2 Thermal Stability 216 9.3 Application of Polymer Nanocomposite Dielectric at Elevated Temperature and Their Progress 223 9.4 Conclusion 225 References 225 10 Self-Healable Conductive and Polymeric Composite Materials 231M. Ramesh, V. Bhuvaneswari, D. Balaji and L. Rajeshkumar 10.1 Introduction 231 10.2 Self-Healing Materials 235 10.2.1 Self-Healing Polymers 237 10.2.2 Self-Healing Polymer Composite Materials 237 10.3 Mechanically Induced Self-Healing Materials 239 10.3.1 Self-Healing Induction Grounded on Gel 240 10.3.2 Self-Healing Induction Based on Crystals 242 10.3.3 Self-Healing Induction Based on Corrosion Inhibitors 244 10.4 Self-Healing Elastomers and Reversible Materials 245 10.5 Self-Healing Conductive Materials 247 10.5.1 Self-Healing Conductive Polymers 247 10.5.2 Self-Healing Conductive Capsules 248 10.5.3 Self-Healing Conductive Liquids 249 10.5.4 Self-Healing Conductive Composites 249 10.5.5 Self-Healing Conductive Coating 250 10.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 251 References 252 Index 259

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Book Synopsis>Biotechnology and Competitive Advantage investigates the development of biotechnology in Europe and the United States. It examines why Europe has fallen behind in applying biotechnology, when its scientific capabilities are largely comparable to those in the US. In addition it sheds new light on the wider context of the theory of growth of new technologies.This innovative book brings together a wide range of material concerning socio-economic aspects of the development of biotechnology in Europe and the US. Issues discussed include: European policy for biotechnology, in individual countries and at the European Union level risk regulation and the ways in which industry, regulators and non-government organizations manage risk regulation and the perception of risk the formation and roles of biotechnology firms in Europe and the US and their relative capabilities gene therapy development in Europe and the US the impact on Europe of overseas biotechnology research by European multinationals. This book argues in favour of developing an integrated research and development system which will strengthen the research and development capabilities of all the actors involved.This book will be of great interest to science policymakers; businesses and academics studying the development of biotechnology and students of economics and business studies throughout Europe and the US.Trade Review'I found that this volume presented a good many facts and some interesting analyses of the biotechnology industries of Europe and America . . . I suspect that policymakers and business managers will also find the factual base and discussions in this volume to be a catalyst for clearer thinking about a number of issues which confront them.'Table of ContentsContents: 1. Introduction (R. van Vilet) 2. Biotechnology: the external environment (J. Senker) 3. Industrial Structure and the Dynamics of Knowledge Generation in Biotechnology (P.P. Saviotti) 4. Risk Perception, Regulation and the Management of Agro-biotechnologies (J. Chataway and G. Assouline) 5. The Creation of European Dedicated Biotechnology Firms (P.P. Saviotti, P.-B. Joly, J. Estades, S. Ramani and M.-A. de Looze) 6. The Evolution of European Biotechnology and its future Competitiveness (R. Acharya, A. Arundel and L. Orsenigo) 7. Biotechnology and Europe’s chemical/pharmaceutical Multinationals (J. Senker, P.-B. Joly and M. Reinhard) 8. The ‘Commercialization Gap’ in Gene Therapy: Lessons for European Competitiveness (P. Martin and S. Thomas) 9. Conclusions – Biotechnology and European Competitiveness (R. Acharya) Bibliography

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Book SynopsisAromatic compounds are a diverse and fascinating class of compounds with wide-ranging importance. This book provides an overview of the synthesis and reactivity of aromatic compounds. The publication covers the many important reaction types, such as electrophilic and nucleophilic substitution, the reactivity of benzynes, aryllithium chemistry, and transition metal-mediated reactions. It also includes a discussion of the synthesis of heteroaromatic compounds, polycyclic aromatic compounds, and nonplanar aromatic systems. This book focusses on reaction mechanisms and numerous examples of applications in multistep synthesis of aromatic compounds.

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Book SynopsisThis book is a comprehensive introduction to all aspects of self-reinforced polymer composites (SRCs) science and technology. After introducing the fundamental characteristics of SRCs, ample space is given to manufacturing, processing, characterization and application techniques. The approach is didactic and focused on formulations, illustrations and applications, which makes the book ideal for students, teachers and practitioners alike.

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Book SynopsisThis edition is suitable as a text for Chemical Process Dynamics or Introductory Chemical Process Control courses at the junior/senior level. Also, for Numerical Methods courses in chemical engineering. The goal of this book is to provide an introduction to the modeling, analysis, and simulation of the dynamic behavior of chemical processes.Table of ContentsI. PROCESS MODELING. 1. Introduction. Motivation. Models. Systems. Background of the Reader. How To Use This Textbook. Courses Where This Textbook Can Be Used. 2. Process Modeling. Background. Balance Equations. Material Balances. Constitutive Relationships. Material and Energy Balances. Distributes Parameter Systems. Dimensionless Models. Explicit Solutions to Dynamic Models. General Form of Dynamic Models. II. NUMERICAL TECHNIQUES. 3. Algebraic Equations. Notations. General Form for a Linear System of Equations. Nonlinear Functions of a Single Variable. MATLAB Routines for Solving Functions of a Single Variable. Multivariable Systems. MATLAB Routines for Systems of Nonlinear Algebraic Equations. 4. Numerical Integration. Background. Euler Integration. Runge-Kutta Integration. MATLAB Integration Routines. III. LINEAR SYSTEMS ANALYSIS. 5. Linearization of Nonlinear Models: The State-Space Formulation. State Space Models. Linearization of Nonlinear Models. Interpretation of Linearization. Solution of the Zero-Input Form. Solution of the General State-Space Form. MATLAB Routines step and initial. 6. Solving Linear nth Order ODE Models. Background. Solving Homogeneous, Linear ODEs with Constant Coefficients. Solving Nonhomogeneous, Linear ODEs with Constant Coefficients. Equations with Time-Varying Parameters. Routh Stability Criterion—Determining Stability Without Calculating Eigenvalues. 7. An Introduction to Laplace Transforms. Motivation. Definition of the Laplace Transform. Examples of Laplace Transforms. Final and Initial Value Theorems. Application Examples. Table of Laplace Transforms. 8. Transfer Function Analysis of First-Order Systems. Perspective. Responses of First-Order Systems. Examples of Self-Regulating Processes. Integrating Processes. Lead-Lag Models. 9. Transfer Function Analysis of Higher-Order Systems. Responses of Second-Order Systems. Second-Order Systems with Numerator Dynamics. The Effect of Pole-Zero Locations on System Step Responses. Pad Approximation for Deadtime. Converting the Transfer Function Model to State-Space Form. MATLAB Routines for Step and Impulse Response. 10. Matrix Transfer Functions. A Second-Order Example. The General Method. MATLAB Routine ss2tf. 11. Block Diagrams. Introduction to Block Diagrams. Block Diagrams of Systems in Series. Pole-Zero Cancellation. Systems in Series. Blocks in Parallel. Feedback and Recycle Systems. Routh Stability Criterion Applied to Transfer Functions. SIMULINK. 12. Linear Systems Summary. Background. Linear Boundary Value Problems. Review of Methods for Linear Initial Value Problems. Introduction to Discrete-Time Models. Parameter Estimation of Discrete Linear Systems. IV. NONLINEAR SYSTEMS ANALYSIS. 13. Phase-Plane Analysis. Background. Linear System Examples. Generalization of Phase-Plane Behavior. Nonlinear Systems. 14. Introduction Nonlinear Dynamics: A Case Study of the Quadratic Map. Background. A Simple Population Growth Model. A More Realistic Population Model. Cobweb Diagrams. Bifurcation and Orbit Diagrams. Stability of Fixed-Point Solutions. Cascade of Period-Doublings. Further Comments on Chaotic Behavior. 15. Bifurcation Behavior of Single ODE Systems. Motivation. Illustration of Bifurcation Behavior. Types of Bifurcations. 16. Bifurcation Behavior of Two-State Systems. Background. Single-Dimensional Bifurcations in the Phase-Plane. Limit Cycle Behavior. The Hopf Bifurcation. 17. Introduction to Chaos: The Lorenz Equations. Introduction. Background. The Lorenz Equations. Stability Analysis of the Lorenz Equations. Numerical Study of the Lorenz Equations. Chaos in Chemical Systems. Other Issues in Chaos. IV. REVIEW AND LEARNING MODULES. Module 1 Introduction to MATLAB. Module 2 Review of Matrix Algebra. Module 3 Linear Regression. Module 4 Introduction to SIMULINK. Module 5 Stirred Tank Heaters. Module 6 Absorption. Module 7 Isothermal Continuous Stirred Tank Chemical Reactors. Module 8 Biochemical Reactors. Module 9 Diabatic Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors. Module 10 Ideal Binary Distillation. Index.

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Book SynopsisFormation of products by paste flow and extrusion occurs in a multitude of industries including the manufacture of a broad range of ceramics, foods and pharmaceuticals. This unique text is the first to demonstrate, to suppliers and users of paste flow equipment, a scientific means of approaching design and operation. It will be indispensable in developing new products and processes in addition to enhancing existing ones. All types of equipment are considered and particular emphasis is given to paste characterization and die design. Based on 25 years'' indusrial experience and research work, the text blends theory and practice, with emphasis on the practical applications, for anyone with a background in engineering or science.Trade ReviewThis is an attractive book that is easy to read ... They have captured both the practice and the principles in a way that will lead a newcomer past the usual barriers to entry, and will refresh the experienced with a broader perspective ... This book brings a rational and simplifying approach, and will be welcomed by teachers and practitioners alike. The Chemical Engineering Journal, 55 (1994) 97 - 100Table of ContentsIntroduction ; 1. Paste extrusion and other processes ; 2. Types of extruder ; 3. Fundamentals of paste flow ; 4. Laboratory evaluation methods ; 5. Paste formulation ; 6. Flow defects and phase migration ; 7. Die design and construction ; 8. Screw extruders ; 9. An overview ; 10. Worked example

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Book SynopsisThe study of dielectric properties of biological systems and their components is important not only for fundamental scientific knowledge but also for its applications in medicine, biology, and biotechnology. The associated technique - known as dielectric spectroscopy - has enabled researchers to quickly and accurately acquire time- or frequency-spectra of permittivity and conductivity and permitted the derivation and testing of realistic electrical models for cells and organelles. This text covers the theoretical basis and practical aspects of the study of dielectric properties of biological systems, such as water, electrolyte and polyelectrolytes, solutions of biological macromolecules, cells suspensions and cellular systems. The authors'' combined efforts provide a comprehensive and cohesive book that takes advantage of the expertise of multiple scientists involved in cutting-edge research in the specific sub-fields of bio-dielectric spectroscopy while maintaining its self-consistencTrade ReviewThis book is a tremendously useful tool for researchers who wish to understand dielectric relaxation methods aimed at studying biological materials. It covers experimental techniques, data analyses, as well as models, in each case ranging from historical backgrounds to state-of-the-art approaches. Challenging features of biological materials such as interfacial dielectric effects and the role of water are covered in detail by experts in the field. The book provides many examples of dielectric signatures of biological processes and illustrates these by informative figures. * Ranko Richert, *The textbook presents a view of dielectric theory, analysis and associated experimental techniques with a focus on biological applications. It addresses the determination of permittivity over a wide range of frequencies and conductivities and presents the methodology for dealing with electrode polarization by experimental techniques and analysis. The text presents a compendium of data, contemporary analyses and results that delineate the system dynamics on biologically interesting systems, ranging from water to macromolecules to membranes to cells. This text is intended for scientists who need information on such systems and/or who want to augment their research arsenal with dielectric measurements. This text is well annotated with useful references. * John G. Berberian *Table of ContentsPART I: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND; PART II: EXPERIMENTAL METHODS AND TECHNIQUES; PART III: APPLICATIONS

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Book SynopsisAims to distill from the thousands of studies those particular developments that are pertinent for the engineer concerned with predictive methods, for the designer, and for the user and potential user of fluidized beds. This book covers the advances in the field of fluidization.Table of ContentsIntroduction; Industrial Applications of Fluidized Beds; Fluidization and Mapping of Regimes; The Dense Bed: Distributors, Gas Jets, and Pumping Power; Bubbles in Dense Beds; Bubbling Fluidized Beds; Entrainment and Elutration from Fluidized Beds; High-Velocity Fluidization; Solid Movement: Mixing, Segregation, and Staging; Gas Dispersion and Gas Interchange in Bubbling Beds; Particle-to-Gas Mass and Heat Transfer; Conversion of Gas in Catalytic Reactions; Heat Transfer between Fluidized Beds and Surfaces; The RTD and Size Distribution of Solids in Fluidized Beds; Circulation Systems; Design for Physical Operations; Design of Catalytic Reactors; The Design of Non catalytic Gas-Solid Reactors.

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Book SynopsisFunctional Biochemistry in Health and Disease provides aclear and straightforward account of the biochemistry that isnecessary to understand the physiological functions of tissues ororgans essential to the life of human beings.Trade Review"This text and resource will appeal to biochemists looking to better translate their knowledge and undersatnding into real situations. It will particularly appeal to physiologists and medical students hoping to unravel the biochemical processes that underpin the physiology of life." (ChemBioChem, 11 April 2011) "Functional Biochemistry in Health and Disease provides a clear and straightforward account of the biochemistry that is necessary to understand the physiological functions of tissues or organs essential to the life of human beings'. The book makes a strong connection between biochemistry and medical practice." (Australian Biochemist, December 2010)Table of ContentsAbbreviations. I INTRODUCTION. 1 The Structural and Biochemical Hierarchy of a Cell and a Human. Cell structure. Tissues. The whole human. The biochemical hierarchy. II ESSENTIAL TOPICS IN DYNAMIC BIOCHEMISTRY. 2 Energy: In the Body, Tissues and Biochemical Processes. Energy transformations in the whole body. Energy transformations in tissues and organs. Energy transformation in biochemical reactions and pathways. Adenosine triphosphate: its role in the cell. 3 Enzymes: Activities, Properties, Regulation and Physiology. Nomenclature and classifi cation. Basic facts. Mechanisms by which an enzyme enhances the rate of a reaction. Cofactors and prosthetic groups. Factors that change the activity of an enzyme. Allosteric inhibition. The physiological signifi cance of Km and Vmax values. Enzymes as tools. Enzymes in diagnosis. Enzymes as therapeutic agents. Enzymes as targets for therapy. Kinetic structure of a biochemical pathway. Regulation of enzyme activity. 4 Transport into the Body: The Gastrointestinal Tract, Digestion and Absorption. Gross structure of the gastrointestinal tract. Biochemistry of cooking and food preparation. Digestion and absorption. The gastrointestinal tract and disease. 5 Transport into the Cell: Particles, Molecules and Ions. Structure of the plasma membrane. Diffusion through membranes. Active transport. Endocytosis and exocytosis. Physiological importance of some transport systems. III ESSENTIAL METABOLISM. 6 Carbohydrate Metabolism. Glycolysis. The biochemical and physiological importance of anaerobic glycolysis. Regulation of the flux through glycolysis. Glycogen synthesis. Synthesis of Fructose and lactose. The pentose phosphate pathway. Gluconeogenesis: glucose formation from non-carbohydrate sources. Role of the liver in the regulation of the blood glucose concentration. Hormones and control of gluconeogenesis. Regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis by ATP/ADP concentration ratio in the liver. Hypoglycaemia. Hyperglycaemia. 7 Fat Metabolism. Fats in nutrition. Fat fuels. Physiological importance of fat fuels. Limitations or drawbacks of fats as a fuel. Genetic defects in fatty acid oxidation. Pathological concentrations of fat fuels. 8 Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism. Introduction. Sources of amino acids. Protein and amino acid requirements. Fate of amino acids. Central role of transdeamination. Amino acid metabolism in different tissues. Glutamine: an amino acid of central importance. Urea 'salvage'. 9 Oxidation of Fuels and ATP Generation: Physiological and Clinical Importance. The Krebs cycle. The electron transfer chain. Oxidative phosphorylation. Coupling of electron transfer with oxidative phosphorylation. Transport into and out of mitochondria. 'Energy' transport in the cytosol: the creatine/phosphocreatine shuttle. Regulation of fl uxes. The physiological importance of mitochondrial ATP generation. The effect of ageing on ATP generation. 10 Metabolism of Ammonia and Nucleic Acids. Roles of ammonia. Urea synthesis. Degradation of nucleic acids, nucleotides, nucleosides and bases: the generation of ammonia. Ammonia toxicity. Defi ciencies of urea cycle enzymes. 11 Synthesis of Fatty Acids, Triacylglycerol, Phospholipids and Fatty Messengers: The Roles of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. Synthesis of long-chain fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acids. Essential fatty acids. Phospholipids. Fatty messenger molecules. Fatty acids in neurological and behavioural disorders. 12 Hormones: From Action in the Cell to Function in the Body. Endocrine hormones: traditional and novel. The action, effects and functions of a hormone. Action of hormones. The biochemical and physiological effects of a hormone. Pheromones. Kinetic principles that apply to hormone action. IV ESSENTIAL PROCESSES OF LIFE. 13 Physical Activity: In Non-Athletes, Athletes and Patients. The mechanical basis of movement by skeletal muscle. Structure of muscle. Proteins involved in muscle action. Mechanism of contraction: the cross-bridge cycle. Regulation of contraction. Fuels for muscle. Fuels for various athletic events and games. Fatigue. Fatigue in patients. Physical training. Development of muscle. Health benefi ts of physical activity. Health hazards of physical activity. Skeletal muscle diseases. 14 Mental Activity and Mental Illness. Mental activity. Cells in the brain. Electrical communication. Chemical communication. Fuels and energy metabolism in the brain. Mental illnesses: biochemical causes. Recreational drugs. 15 Nutrition: Biochemistry, Physiology and Pathology. Basic information required for discussion of some biochemical aspects of nutrition. Vitamins. Minerals. A healthy diet. Nutrition for specifi c activities or conditions. Overnutrition. Malnutrition. Functional foods and nutraceuticals. Nutrition for patients with genetic disorders. Vegetarian diets. Eating disorders. 16 Starvation: Metabolic Changes, Survival and Death. Mechanisms for the regulation of the blood glucose concentration. Metabolic responses to starvation. Sequence of metabolic changes from intermediate starvation to death. Progressive decrease in protein degradation in starvation. 17 Defence Against Pathogens: Barriers, Enzymes and the Immune System. When the physical barrier is breached. The immune system. Adaptive immunity. Cytokines. Mechanisms for killing pathogens. Killing of intracellular bacteria and large parasites in the extracellular fluid. Allergy. Fuels and generation of ATP in immune cells: consequences for a patient. Essential fatty acids and proliferation. The lymph nodes. Tolerance. Chronic infl ammation and autoimmunity. Immunosuppressive agents. Conditions that reduce the effectiveness of the immune system. Factors that increase the effectiveness of the immune system. Return of the 'old' infectious diseases. New infectious diseases. Defence in the intestine. 18 Survival after Trauma: Metabolic Changes and Response of the Immune System. Physiological and metabolie responses the ebb & fl ow phases. Nutrition. Mobilisation of triacylglycerol and protein in trauma. Metabolic changes in trauma and in starvation. Fever. Summary of the effects of trauma on the immune system and the whole body. 19 Sexual Reproduction. Male reproductive system. Female reproductive system. The menstrual cycle. Ovulation. Chemical communication in male and female reproduction. Coitus and the sexual response in the male and female. Fertilisation. Pregnancy. Parturition. Contraception. The menopause. Sexually transmitted diseases. 20 Growth and Death of Cells and Humans: The Cell Cycle, Apoptosis and Necrosis. Introduction to cell proliferation. The cell cycle. Death. V SERIOUS DISEASES. 21 Cancer: Genes, Cachexia and Death. Basic information. Oncogenes and proto-oncogenes. Proteins expressed by oncogenes. Processes by which proto-oncogenes can be activated or converted to oncogenes. Tumour suppressor genes. Telomeres and telomerase in tumour cells. Metastasis. Metabolic changes in cancer patients. Overview of cancer. Cancer-causing agents or conditions. Chemotherapy. Radiotherapy. 22 Atherosclerosis, Hypertension and Heart Attack. Atherosclerosis. Hypertension. Heart attack (myocardial infarction). Index.

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