Biogeography Books

Book SynopsisWINNER OF THE WAINWRIGHT PRIZE FOR CONSERVATION 2023The Sunday Times Science Book of the YearAs seen on CountryfileIf anyone was born to save Britain's rainforests, it was Guy Shrubsole' Sunday TimesShortlisted for the Richard Jefferies Society Literary PrizeTemperate rainforest may once have covered up to one-fifth of Britain, inspiring Celtic druids, Welsh wizards, Romantic poets, and Arthur Conan Doyle's most loved creations. Though only fragments now remain, they are home to a dazzling variety of luminous life-forms.In this awe-inspiring investigation, Guy Shrubsole travels through the Western Highlands and the Lake District, down to the rainforests of Wales, Devon, and Cornwall to map these spectacular lost worlds for the first time.This is the extraordinary tale of one person's quest to find Britain's lost rainforests and bring them back.*Guy Shrubsole''s The Lost Rainforests of Britain was a Sunday Times bestseller w/c 2023-04-30*Trade Review‘Remarkable … Shrubsole has completely changed the way many people look at the temperate woodlands that remain in parts of western Britain’ Financial Times ‘If anyone was born to save Britain’s rainforests, it was Guy Shrubsole’ Sunday Times, The Sunday Times Science Book of the Year ‘Fascinating, lyrical … A celebration of these dazzling worlds and a plea to act before they are extinguished’ The Times ‘[The Lost Rainforests of Britain] could be a lament but instead it is suffused with the irrepressible positivity and cheerful enthusiasm of a born campaigner’ Patrick Barkham, Guardian ‘Enchanting and insightful … Wonderfully evocative’ Geographical ‘Excellent … Inspiring’ Unherd ‘A treasure chest full of woodland jewels, rare, precious and beautiful’Chris Packham ‘A magnificent and crucial book that opens our eyes to untold wonders’George Monbiot ‘A beautiful, lyrical and urgent book … I cannot recommend it enough’Nick Hayes, author of the Sunday Times-bestselling The Book of Trespass ‘Utterly enchanting, transporting and spellbinding … A rallying cry for restoring the rainforests of Britain urgently, and an inspiring and informative must-read for anyone interested in rewilding and ecological restoration’Lucy Jones, author of Losing Eden ‘Passionate, powerful, political and practicable, Guy Shrubsole gives us a blueprint for how to bring our missing rainforests back to life in all their riotous, tangled glory. Impeccably researched, convincingly argued and with generous measures of joyful discovery, this really is a spectacular book’Lee Schofield, author of Wild Fell

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Book SynopsisThis volume provides a survey and synthesis of knowledge of the over 650 species of land and marine mammals found in Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Brazil. Chapters present taxonomic information, ecological and behavioural characteristics, conservation status, and distribution maps for most species.

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive introduction to modern applied statistical genetic data analysis, accessible to those without a background in molecular biology or genetics.Human genetic research is now relevant beyond biology, epidemiology, and the medical sciences, with applications in such fields as psychology, psychiatry, statistics, demography, sociology, and economics. With advances in computing power, the availability of data, and new techniques, it is now possible to integrate large-scale molecular genetic information into research across a broad range of topics. This book offers the first comprehensive introduction to modern applied statistical genetic data analysis that covers theory, data preparation, and analysis of molecular genetic data, with hands-on computer exercises. It is accessible to students and researchers in any empirically oriented medical, biological, or social science discipline; a background in molecular biology or genetics is not required.The book first pro

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Book SynopsisOrigins of Biodiversity is a unique introduction to the fields of macroevolution and macroecology, which explores the evolution and distribution of biodiversity across time, space and lineages. Using an enquiry-led framework to encourage active learning and critical thinking, each chapter is based around a case-study to explore concepts and research methods from contemporary macroevolution and macroecology.The book focuses on the process of science as much as the biology itself, to help students acquire the research skills and intellectual tools they need to understand and investigate the biological world around them. In particular, the emphasis on hypothesis testing encourages students to develop and test their own ideas.This text builds upon the foundations offered in most general introductory evolutionary biology courses to introduce an exciting range of ideas and research tools for investigating patterns of biodiversity.Trade ReviewAn exceptionally well-written textbook on large-scale evolution and ecology, which engages students by using a problem-based approach to recent controversies and debates. * Dr Peter Bennett, University of Kent *The treatment of the topics is authoritative and up-to-date, and it is certainly written with modern undergraduates in mind. * Prof Arne Mooers, Simon Fraser University *This book is well-placed to invigorate the fields of macroevolution and macroecology by filling a gap that will open up the subject to the next generation of budding young scientists. * Dr Kevin Arbuckle, Swansea University *This book succeeds in being a different sort of textbook: one which helps the students to understand science better by helping them understand the process of knowledge creation. * Dr Richard Field, University of Nottingham *Table of Contents1: What is macroevolution? What is macroecology?2: How did evolution get started?3: Does evolution favour increased size and complexity?4: What caused the explosion of animal evolution in the Cambrian?5: Were dinosaurs evolutionary failures?6: Was the diversification of mammals due to luck?7: Is sex good for survival?8: Why are most species small?9: Why are there so many kinds of beetles?10: Why are there so many species in the tropics?11: What is the future of biodiversity?

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Book SynopsisHistories of the Darwinian revolution have often paid more attention to theoretical debates than to the researchers who struggled to comprehend the deeper evolutionary significance of fossils. This is an account of evolutionary morphology and its relationship with palaeontology and biogeography.

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Book SynopsisThe legacy of Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859) looms large over the natural sciences. His 1799-1804 research expedition to Central and South America with botanist Aime Bonpland set the course for the great scientific surveys of the nineteenth century. This book features his influential work - and his personal favorite.

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Book SynopsisThe biological and philosophical implications of the emergence of new collective individuals from associations of living beings.Our intuitive assumption that only organisms are the real individuals in the natural world is at odds with developments in cell biology, ecology, genetics, evolutionary biology, and other fields. Although organisms have served for centuries as nature's paradigmatic individuals, science suggests that organisms are only one of the many ways in which the natural world could be organized. When living beings work together—as in ant colonies, beehives, and bacteria-metazoan symbiosis—new collective individuals can emerge. In this book, leading scholars consider the biological and philosophical implications of the emergence of these new collective individuals from associations of living beings. The topics they consider range from metaphysical issues to biological research on natural selection, sociobiology, and symbiosis.The contributors

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Book SynopsisNothofagus - southern beeches - is a genus which grows in southern temperate zone regions separated by large oceans. This work focuses on the distribution, history and ecology of Nothofagus, seeking thereby to provide a clearer understanding of modern vegetation patterns in the southern hemisphere.

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Book SynopsisThis is one of the first books to introduce students to the key concepts and debates surrounding the relationship between bodily boundaries, abject materiality and spaces. The text includes original interview and focus group data informed by feminist theory on the body and uses case studies to illustrate the social construction of bodies. It will critically engage students in topical questions around sexuality, cultural differences and women''s sub-ordination to men.Table of Contents1 Bodily openings 2 ‘Corporeographies’ 3 Pregnant bodies in public places 4 Men’s bodies and bathrooms 5 Managing managerial bodies 6 Some thoughts on close(t) spaces

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Book SynopsisThis volume contains essays which describe key developments in the areas of human, physical and environmental geography over the 20th century. It also examines how the teaching of geography has changed, highlighting alterations to the structure and character of the educational agenda.Table of ContentsMadingley Revisited? NEW PERSPECTIVES FOR GEOGRAPHY: OVERVIEW AND ISSUES. Geography into the Next Century. Academic Geography: The Key Questions for Discussion. School Geography: The Key Questions for Discussion. GEOGRAPHY IN HIGHER EDUCATION. A Place in Geography. Only Connect: Approaches to Human Geography. DEVELOPMENTS IN PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. Environmentalism and Geography: A Union Still to BeConsummated. GEOGRAPHY IN THE SCHOOL CURRICULUM. Geography 5 to 19: Retrospect and Prospect. Developments at A Level. DEVELOPMENTS IN GEOGRAPHY 14-19. Defining and Measuring Progression in Geography. Trends in School Geography and Information Technology. Geography in the Scottish School Curriculum. Geography 5-19: Some Issues for Debate. LEARNING FROM THE DIALOGUE. Geography at the Secondary/Higher Education Interface: ChangeThrough Diversity. Human and Regional Geography in Schools and Higher Education. The Experience of Physical Geography in Schools and HigherEducation. Teaching Environmental Issues in Schools and HigherEducation. The Contribution of Geography to Personal and SocialEducation. CONCLUSION. New Perspectives for Geography: An Agenda for Action.

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Book SynopsisProvides syntheses of studies in three continents on the problem ofachieving and understanding tropical rural development withoutcompromising longer-term sustainability of the soil and watersystems that underpin it. The studies were carried out in Central/South America, Africa andAsia during the 1990s, mostly through the support of the EU Scienceand Technology for Development Programme. The studies encompassexamples of erosion measurement:; of erosion control andconservation techniques at soil and ecosystem levels; of the limitsto uses of fragile tropical soils; of the effects of runoffcombined with regulation on rivers and reservoirs; of theimportance of indigenous people in the development processes and ofthe value and limitations of modelling at scales from soils tocatchment. There is no single message from the book because thereis no single solution to the problems of achieving sustainabletropical development. This book presents ideas, techniques and case studies,Trade Review"... the authors and editors do a good job in presenting a state of the art review." (Progress in Environmental Science)Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION Sustainability in the Context of Tropical Catchments SOILS, EROSION AND LAND USE Introduction From Plot to Basins: The Scale Problem in Studies of Soil Erosionand Sediment Yield Remote Sensing and GIS Studies of Erosion Potential for CatchmentManagement: A Densely Populated Agricultural Catchment inKenya Socio-economic Aspects of Subsistence Farming and Soil Erosion inTropical Catchment Management: The Upper Tana, Kenya Agroecological Practices as Tools for the Sustainable Management ofCatchments Susceptible to Erosion: Reunion Island The Importance of Geopedology in Sustainable Use of TropicalCatchments: Sodic Soils and Land Use Scenarios in NorthernAmazonia Soil Restoration and Conservation: The "Tepetates" - Indurated Volcanic Soils - in Mexico Environmental Management for Sustainable Selective Logging inTropical Rainforests Environmental Limits to Sustainable Coffee Cultivation on TropicalSoils: The Sungai, Pemadang Catchment, Brunei CATCHMENT CONSERVATION AS AN INTEGRAL PART OF SUSTAINABLEMANAGEMENT Introduction Conservation of Tropical Peat Swamp Forests: A Peatland Catchmentin Central Kalimantan Catchment Sustainability and River Biodiversity in Asia: A CaseStudy from Nepal Conservation of Inland Deltas: A Case Study of the Gash Delta,Sudan The Importance of People in the Management of TropicalCatchments Hydrological and Ecological Considerations in the Management of aCatchment Controlled by a Reservoir Cascade: The Tana River,Kenya Information for the Sustainable Management of Shallow Lakes: LakeNaivasha, Kenya MODELLING: AN ESSENTIAL TOOL FOR SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT Introduction The Importance of Soil Infiltration Dynamics and Data Uncertainty:Field Studies on Soils in Zimbabwe Distributed Numerical Modelling of Surface Runoff and Soil Erosionin Arid Catchments Hydrological Modelling in Humid Tropical Catchments Modelling Lake Level Changes: Examples from the Easter Rift Valley,Kenya The Influence of Tropical Catchments upon the Coastal Zone:Modelling the Links between Groundwater and Mangrove Losses inKeyna, India/Bangladesh and Florida

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Book SynopsisA global survey of threatened and recently-extinct mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes. As such, it is of immense scientific importance, and key to a modern understanding of the global conservation crisis. Indispensable for academic institutions, conservation NGOs, zoos and the like, and for anyone interested in natural history.Table of Contents1. The Arctic realm; 2. The Palearctic realm; 3. The Afrotropical realm; 4. The Madagascan realm; 5. The Indo-Malaysian realm; 6. The Papua-Melanesian realm; 7. The Australian realm; 8. The Polynesian realm; 9. The Nearctic realm; 10. The Caribbean realm; 11. The Neotropical realm; 12. The Patagonian realm; 13. The Antarctic realm; 14. The Oceanic realm; 15. Global balance.

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgements xv 1 Introduction 1 Lessons from the Past 1 Ecological versus Historical Biogeography, and Plants versus Animals 4 Biogeography and Creation 5 The Distribution of Life Today 7 Evolution – a Flawed and Dangerous Idea! 8 Enter Darwin – and Wallace 10 World Maps – the Biogeographical Regions of Plants and Animals 13 Getting Around the World 15 The Origins of Modern Historical Biogeography 20 The Development of Ecological Biogeography 23 Living Together 24 Marine Biogeography 27 Island Biogeography 28 Biogeography Today 30 Section I: The Challenge of Existing 37 2 Patterns of Distribution: Finding a Home 39 Limits of Distribution 42 The Niche 44 Overcoming the Barriers 45 Climatic Limits: The Palms 46 A Successful Family: The Daisies (Asteraceae) 48 Patterns Among Plovers 51 Magnolias: Evolutionary Relicts 55 The Strange Case of the Testate Amoeba 57 Climatic Relicts 58 Topographical Limits and Endemism 65 Physical Limits 67 Species Interactions: A Case of the Blues 73 Competition 75 Reducing Competition 76 Predators and Prey, Parasites and Hosts 79 Migration 83 Invasion 85 3 Communities and Ecosystems: Living Together 97 The Community 97 The Ecosystem 100 Ecosystems and Species Diversity 103 Biotic Assemblages on a Global Scale 108 Mountain Biomes 112 Global Patterns of Climate 116 Climate Diagrams 119 Modelling Biomes and Climate 122 4 Patterns of Biodiversity 127 Measuring Biodiversity: How Many Species are There? 128 Latitudinal Gradients of Diversity 132 Is Evolution Faster in the Tropics? 139 The Legacy of Glaciation 141 Latitude and Species Ranges 142 Diversity and Altitude 143 Biodiversity Hotspots 146 Diversity in Space and Time 148 The Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis 151 Dynamic Biodiversity and Neutral Theory 151 Section II: The Engines of The Planet 157 5 Plate Tectonics 159 The Evidence for Plate Tectonics 159 Changing Patterns of Continents 164 How Plate Tectonics Changes the World 164 Islands and Plate Tectonics 172 Terranes 174 6 Evolution, the Source of Novelty 179 The Origin of Novelty 179 From Populations to Species 180 Sympatry versus Allopatry 183 Defining the Species 188 Microevolution versus Macroevolution 189 Adaptive Radiations 189 Naming and Cataloguing the Living World 189 Charting the Course of Evolution 190 Morphology Gives Way to Molecules 193 Darwin’s Finches Updated 194 Section III: Islands and Oceans 197 7 Life, Death and Evolution on Islands 199 Types of Island 200 Getting There: The Challenges of Arriving 200 Dying There: The Problems of Survival 202 Adapting and Evolving 203 The Hawaiian Islands 206 Integrating the Data: The Theory of Island Biogeography 214 Modifying the Theory 216 The General Dynamic Model for Oceanic Island Biogeography 219 Nestedness 221 Living Together: Incidence and Assembly Rules 221 Building an Ecosystem: The History of Rakata 223 8 Patterns in the Oceans 235 Zones in the Ocean and on the Sea Floor 237 Basic Biogeography of the Seas 240 The Open‐Sea Environment 240 The Ocean Floor 246 The Shallow‐Sea Environment 250 And Finally … Marine Biogeographical Realms of the World 263 Section IV: Historical Biogeography 269 9 From Evolution to Patterns of Life 271 Studying the Patterns 272 Methods of Analyzing the Patterns 273 Studying Organisms and their Molecules 287 An Integrative Approach to Historical Biogeography 290 Investigating the More Distant Past 292 10 Geography, Life and Climates Through Time 299 Introduction 299 Early Land Life on the Moving Continents 300 Animal Life Through the Mesozoic 304 The End of the Mesozoic World 308 Climates and Plants Through Time 309 Reconstructing Plant Life and Biomes 310 Evolution of the Mammals 318 The Mesozoic Roots of the Radiation of Modern Mammals 320 11 Patterns of Life Today 327 The Biogeographical Regions Today 327 The History of Today’s Biogeographical Regions 334 The Old World Tropics: Africa, India and Southeast Asia 334 Australia 342 New Caledonia 345 New Zealand 346 The West Indies 348 South America 351 The Northern Hemisphere: Holarctic Mammals and Boreal Plants 359 12 The Arrival of the Ice Ages 367 Climatic Wiggles 368 Interglacials and Interstadials 369 Biological Changes in the Pleistocene 371 The Last Glacial 375 Causes of Glaciation 382 The Current Interglacial: A False Start 388 Forests on the Move 390 The Dry Lands 393 Changing Sea Levels 396 A Time of Warmth 398 Climatic Cooling 399 Recorded History 400 Atmosphere and Oceans: Short‐Term Climate Change 402 The Future 403 Section V: People and Problems 409 13 The Human Intrusion 411 The Emergence of Humans 411 Modern Humans and the Megafaunal Extinctions 420 Plant Domestication and Agriculture 423 Animal Domestication 428 The Diversification of Homo sapiens 430 The Biogeography of Human Parasitic Diseases 431 The Environmental Impact of Early Human Cultures 434 14 Conservation Biogeography 439 Welcome to the Anthropocene 439 The Sixth Mass Extinction? 440 Less, and Less Interesting 444 What’s Behind the Biodiversity Crisis? 445 Crisis Management: Responding to Biodiversity Loss 451 The Birth of Conservation Biogeography 452 The Scope of Conservation Biogeography 453 Conservation Biogeography in Action 459 The Future is Digital 462 Conclusions 463 Glossary 471 Index 481 Colour plates between pages 240 and 241

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Book SynopsisFind hope when you see that it is never too late for a new beginning.This book is for…Every person who has experienced struggle and hardshipEvery person who knew there was more out there than their own surroundingsEvery person who dreamed and wanted moreEvery person who hoped to inspire othersWhen Dr. Lucille O''Neal became a mom as a teenager, she knew one thing was true: She would always love her children. That love, as well as a fierce determination to overcome every setback and stereotype along the way, carried her through difficult years of parenthood, the grip of addiction, and the pain of divorce.In While I Have Your Attention, an updated memoir, Lucille shares her struggles, disappointments, memories, and proudest accomplishments. Lucille''s remarkable life is the story of

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Book SynopsisWhat Paleopalynology Is and Is Not.- Why One Does'' Paleopalynology and Why It Works.- The Natural History of Palynomorphs.- Spores/Pollen Basic Biology.- Spores/Pollen Morphology.- Stratigraphic PalynologyPrecambrian, Cambrian, Ordovician.- Cambrian to Silurian Non-Marine Palynology.- Devonian Palynology.- Carboniferous/Permian Palynology to the End of the Paleophytic''.- Permo-Triassic Palynofloras.- Triassic-Jurassic Palynology.- Triassic-Jurassic Megaspores, Dinoflagellates, Other Microplankton.- Jurassic-Cretaceous Palynology: End of the Mesophytic.'' Advent and Diversification of Angiosperms. Dynamic Evolution of Dinoflagellates.- Paleogene Palynology.- Neogene Palynology.- Holocene Palynology.- Production, Dispersal, Sedimentation and Taphonomy of Spores/Pollen in Relation to the Interpretation of Palynofloras.- Differential Sorting of Palynomorphs into Sediments: Palynofacies, Palynodebris, Discordant Palynomorphs.- Some Factors Affecting Practical Applications of PaleopalynoloTrade ReviewFrom the reviews of the second edition: "Paleopalynology, second edition, provides profusely illustrated treatment of fossil palynomorphs, including spores, pollen, dinoflagellate cysts, acritarchs, chitinozoans, scolecodonts, and various microscopic fungal and algal dispersal bodies. The book serves both as a student text and general reference work. Palynomorphs yield information about age, geological and biological environment, climate during deposition, and other significant factors about the enclosing rocks. Extant spores and pollen are treated first, preparing the student for more difficult work with fossil sporomorphs and other kinds of palynomorphs. Recognizing that palynomorphs occur together in rocks because of chemical robustness and stratigraphic distribution, not biological relationship, the central sections are organized stratigraphically. Among many other topics presented are the sedimentation and geothermal alteration of palynomorphs, and palynofacies analysis. An appendix describes laboratory methods. The glossary, bibliographies and index are useful tools for study of the literature." American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists, Newsletter September 2007, Volume 40, Number 3. "This book, like the first edition, succeeds admirably and will be a necessary addition to any pollen laboratory. The book could be used as an introductory textbook in a course in geological palynology, but it is also a reference that would be of use in pollen labs or for people needing an introduction to this literature". Review published in EOS, Vol. 89, No. 11, 11 March 2008, written by Konrad Gajewski, Lab. for Paleoclimatology and Climatology, Dept. of Geography, Univ. of Ottowa, Canada. "Paleopalynology defines this subdiscipline of paleontology in a single concise volume. … The bibliography, glossary, and index are comprehensive, all of which contributes to the utility of this work as a stand-alone manual of paleopalynology. … it is possible, with this book in hand, to gain the basics needed to do research on fossil pollen and spores. This work belongs in all libraries that profess to include the natural sciences. Summing Up: Essential. All levels." P. K. Strother, CHOICE, Vol. 45 (8), 2008. "The book has been thoroughly updated with contemporary references, some new topics, a variety of new ideas, and some old conundrums resolved. … The second edition of Paleopalynology adds new data on the sedimentation and taphonomy of palynomorphs and extracts key concepts from the 1994 volume to give the reader a concise and practical overview … for a variety of geological questions. … an invaluable reference for working scientists and a comprehensive text for students. … Certainly this is an invaluable scientific contribution.", Nan Crystal Arens, American Paleontologist, Vol. 17 (1), Spring 2009. "This book is a valuable asset to paleopalynology and highlights its importance as a microplaleontological discipline. … This book will serve as a useful reference for palynologists and nonpalynologists, and for professionals and students … .", Francisca E. Oboh-Ikuenobe, Palaios Society for Sedimentary Geology, June, 2009.Table of ContentsChapter 1 What Paleopalynology Is and Is Not 1. Definition of the subject 2. Historical Matters 3. Annotated Bibliography of Readily Available Publications Chapter 2 Why One 'Does' Paleopalynology and Why It Works 1. Purposes 2. Why Paleopalynology Works 3 Disadvantages and Limitations Chapter 3 The Natural History of Palynomorphs 1. Introduction 2. Chitin 3. Sporopollenin 4. Palynomorphs in Petroleum 5. General Occurrence of Palynomorphs in Time Chapter 4 Spores/Pollen Basic Biology 1. Introduction 2. Bryophyte Life Cycles 3. Pteridophyte Life Cycles 4. Seed Plant Life Cycles 5. Spores, Pollen, 'Miospores,' and Other Terminological Troubles Chapter 5 Spores/Pollen Morphology 1. Introduction 2. Morphological Types 3. 'Shell Code' 4. Morphological Types in Detail 5. Supplemental Notes on Morphology 6. Exine Surface, and Subsurface: Sculpture and Structure 7. Spores/Pollen Orientation and Shape 8. Microscopic Methods and Sporomorph Morphology Chapter 6 Stratigraphic Palynology--Precambrian, Cambrian, Ordovician 1. Introduction 2. Acritarchs and Other Phytoplankton of Precambrian–Ordovician 3. Cambrian/Ordovician Cryptospores 4. Cambrian/Ordovician Chitinozoans 5. Cambrian/Ordovician Scolecodonts Chapter 7 Cambrian to Silurian Non-Marine Palynology 1. General Discussion 2. 'Non-Spore' Palynology Chapter 8 Devonian Palynology 1. Introduction 2. Paleozoic Spore Morphology andPertinence to the Devonian 3. Megaspores, Seeds, and Pollen 4. Pollen vs. Spore Morphology, Polarity, and Germination 5. Non-Spore Palynomorphs in the Devonian 6. Devonian Palynostratigraphy Chapter 9 Carboniferous/Permian Palynology to the End of the 'Paleophytic' 1. Introduction 2. Potonié's Turmal System and Modifications of It 3. 'Turmal' Classification of Paleophytic (Silurian To About Mid-Permian) Spores and Pollen 4. Paleobotanical Matters Regarding the Late 'Paleophytic' 5. 'Paleophytic' Spores/pollen: the Plants Which Produced Them 6. Paleoecology of Late Paleozoic Spores 7. Comments on Trends in the 'Paleophytic' and the 'Paleophytic'/'Mesophytic' Boundary 8. Morphological Comment Regarding Carboniferous/Permian Pseudosaccate and Saccate Spores/Pollen and Related Matters 8.1. About 'Protosaccate' and 'Eusaccate' 9. Late Carboniferous-Permian Megaspores 10. Carboniferous-Permian Acritarchs Chapter 10 Permo-Triassic Palynofloras 1. Introduction 2. Striates and Bisaccates, Permo-Triassic Hallmarks 3. Other Spore/Pollen Types of Permo-Triassic 4. Permo-Triassic Acritarchs 5. Terminal Permian 'Fungal Spike' (?) and Related Matters Chapter 11 Triassic-Jurassic Palynology 1. Introduction 2. Circumpolloid Pollen 3. Colpate (Sulcate) Forms in The Triassic/Jurassic 4. Further Notes on Triassic/Jurassic Saccates 5. Jurassic Palynomorph Paleogeography 6. Major Known Botanical Relationships of 'Mesophytic' (Late Permian-Early Cretaceous) Dispersed Spores/Pollen Genera Chapter 12 Triassic-Jurassic Megaspores, Dinoflagellates, Other Microplankton 1.

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Book SynopsisWhat’s in Your Genome? describes the functional regions of the human genome, the evidence that 90% of it is junk DNA, and the reasons this evidence has not been widely accepted by the popular press and much of the scientific community.The human genome contains about 25,000 protein-coding and noncoding genes and many other functional elements, such as origins of replication, regulatory elements, and centromeres. Functional elements occupy only about 10 percent of the more than three billion base pairs in the human genome. Much of the rest is composed of ancient fragments of broken genes, transposons, and viruses. Almost all of this is thought to be junk DNA, based on evidence that dates back fifty years. This conclusion is controversial. What’s in Your Genome? describes the arguments on both sides of the debate and attempts to explain the reasoning behind those different points of view. The book corrects a number of Table of ContentsPreface Prologue The Junk DNA War 1. Introducing Genomes 2. The Evolution of Sloppy Genomes 3. Repetitive DNA and Mobile Genetic Elements 4. Why Don’t Mutations Kill Us? 5. The Big Picture 6. How Many Genes? How Many Proteins? 7. Gene Families and the Birth and Death of Genes 8. Noncoding Genes and Junk RNA 9. The ENCODE Publicity Campaign 10. Turning Genes On and Off 11. Zen and the Art of Coping with a Poorly Designed Genome Glossary References Index

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Book SynopsisBeing a Scientist is an innovative text designed to help undergraduate students become members of the scientific community.Table of ContentsList of Figures and Tables Preface Introduction The Organization and Use of the Book To Instructors To Students Acknowledgments Part I: Thinking, and Behaving, Like a Good Scientist 1. What Does It Mean to Be a Scientist? 1.1 Why Become a Scientist? 1.2 Scientists Are Humans 1.3 Defining Science, and Scientists, More Precisely 1.4 Aristotle, Medieval Scholasticism, and Deduction 1.5 Francis Bacon and Induction 1.6 Hume and the Problems with Induction 1.7 William Whewell and Hypotheses 1.8 Dealing with Doubts about Induction: Popper 1.9 Holistic Views: Duhem, Kuhn, Latour, and Ziman 1.10 Is There a Conclusion? 2. What Should We Do, and Why? The Questions of Ethics 2.1 Why Study Ethics? 2.2 Systems of Ethics 2.3 Consequentialism and Utilitarianism 2.4 Social Contractarianism 2.5 Deontology 2.6 Virtue 2.7 Ethics of Care 2.8 Using Different Approaches to Ethics 2.9 Ethics in Practice 2.10 About Moral Courage 2.11 The Ethics of Science 2.12 The Importance of Honesty 2.13 The Ethos of Science 2.14 The Context of Science 2.15 Resources for Scientific Research 2.16 Ethical Conflicts Part II: Standing on the Shoulders of Giants 3. The Scientific Literature: An Overview of the Terrain, and a Brief Hike In 3.1 History, Metaphors, and Literature 3.2 Subramanyam’s Cycle 3.3 Approaching the Landscape 3.4 Kinds of Books 3.5 A Plan 3.6 Finding Books and Reference Works 4. Scientific Journals, Past and Present 4.1 The History of Scientific Literature 4.2 Did Modern Science Start with Gutenberg? 4.3 The Rise of Scientific Journals 4.4 The Evolution of the Scientific Journal and the Scientific Article: The Eighteenth to the Twentieth Centuries 4.5 What Can Be Found in Scientific Journals Today? 4.6 What about the Future? 4.7 Climbing into the Journal Literature 4.8 What’s in a Name? 5. Abstracts Collections and Databases 5.1 A Brief History of Abstracting and Indexing 5.2 Investigating Databases 5.3 Implementing a Search 6. Using Cited References: Backward and Forward 6.1 The Importance of Cited References 6.2 Looking Backward 6.3 The Limitations of Looking Backward, and the Need to Look Forward 7. Reading a Scientific Paper 7.1 Why Is It So Hard? 7.2 Hints for Taking a First Look at a Scientific Paper 7.3 Reading for Arguments 7.4 Local Arguments and Larger Arguments 7.5 Thinking beyond the Paper 8. Peer Review 8.1 Benefits and Limitations 8.2 Historical Background 8.3 Modern Peer Review in Practice 8.4 Some Problems with Peer Review, and Some Possible Solutions Part III: Planning, Documenting, and Presenting Science 9. Starting Research: A Different "What Should We Do?" Question 9.1 The Importance of Creativity 9.2 Divergent Thinking on a Big Scale 9.3 Divergent Thinking in a Narrower, More Advanced Context 9.4 Convergent Thinking 9.5 Visualization 9.6 Situating Your Research: The Scientific Literature 10. Refining Research Ideas and Writing a Proposal 10.1 From Ideas to a Proposal 10.2 Practical Quantitation 10.3 Using Quantitative Data 10.4 What about Statistics? 10.5 Anticipating Problems 10.6 Writing the Proposal 11. The Laboratory Notebook 11.1 The Evolution and Importance of the Laboratory Notebook 11.2 The Format of a Notebook Entry 11.3 The Laboratory Notebook in Real Life 11.4 Electronic Laboratory Notebooks 12. Scientific Writing: Grammar and Style 12.1 Tense and Voice 12.2 General Writing and Style Suggestions 12.3 A Quick Guide to Tense and Voice 13. Assembling and Writing a Scientific Paper 13.1 Some Perspective 13.2 Authorship 13.3 Starting with the Results 13.4 Distinguishing the Results and Discussion 13.5 Results, Selected and Presented 13.6 Writing about the Results 13.7 Methods 13.8 Discussion 13.9 How about a Conclusions Section? 13.10 Introduction 13.11 Abstract 13.12 Title 13.13 Putting It All Together 14. Oral and Poster Presentations 14.1 Historical Perspective 14.2 The Structure of Oral Presentations of Research 14.3 Visual Aids 14.4 How Much Text? 14.5 Tables and Figures for Presentations 14.6 Slide Style 14.7 Talking the Talk 14.8 Poster Presentations 14.9 Poster Graphics 14.10 Poster Layout and Display 14.11 Supporting Your Poster 15. Closing Thoughts Notes Index

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Book SynopsisFollow along as award-winning author Hetxw’ms Gyetxw (Brett D. Huson) introduces young readers to a pack of grey wolves. New pups have just begun to open their eyes, one of which is a striking black female. Every day, her ears grow larger, her eyesight gets sharper, and her legs stretch farther. As she learns to hunt, play, and run with her pack, instinct pulls her to explore beyond her home territory. Will the young wolf’s bold spirit help her find a new pack of her very own?Learn about the life cycle of these magnificent canines, the traditions of the Gitxsan, and how grey wolves contribute to the health of their entire ecosystem.Trade ReviewWith numerous teachings offered throughout its beautiful pages, The Wolf Mother provides many lovely lessons for young readers. * Quill & Quire *Among CBC Books 35 Canadian Middle-Grade Books to Watch for in Fall 2021 * CBC Books *Among The Globe and Mail's Kids' Books Gift Guide * The Globe and Mail *Among Loan Stars Jr. Top 10 picks * Loan Stars Jr. *A vibrant animal book, this gently and generously shares something of Gitxsan culture. * Toronto Star *With numerous teachings offered throughout its beautiful pages, The Wolf Mother is an engaging read, providing important lessons for all children. * Canadian Children's Book News *

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Book SynopsisIslands are special places; they can be havens for unique plants and animals and refuges for wildlife. This book investigates the biogeography of butterfly species over the British islands, particularly the factors that influence their presence on the islands and that have made each island's butterfly fauna distinctive. The book contains a full log of records of species on the islands and much supporting information. The first three chapters set the scene, illustrating the basics of island biogeography theory, their changing circumstances during the current Holocene interglacial, and studies of natural history of British butterflies that mark the islands as the most intensively studied region for wildlife in the world. The book advances by increasing resolution downscale from a European continental perspective, through patterns and changes on the British mainland, a comparison of the two dominant islands of Britain and Ireland, to a close inspection of the dynamics of species on the multitude of offshore islands. Detailed investigations include contrasts in species' richness on the islands and then of the incidences of each species. Case studies highlight the continual turnover of species on islands. Attention is then given to evolutionary changes since the time that glaciers enveloped Europe. A powerful message is conveyed for the maintenance of butterfly species on the smaller British islands now experiencing population losses at a rate unprecedented since the spread of the last ice sheets: the incontrovertible importance of maintaining populations of species on nearby mainland sources for islands as pools for future migrants.Table of Contents1: Basics of Island Biogeography 2: The British Islands: a Geological and Historical Outline 3: Island Butterflies: Understanding and Interpreting Records 4: British and Irish Butterfly Species: Links and Gradients 5: Island Associations and Species Affinities: Geographical Influences 6: Assessing the Status of Individual Species on Islands: from Geography to Ecology 7: Changing Patterns of Species Incidences on Islands 8: British and Irish Islands: an Evolutionary Vantage 9: Island Studies: a Glance Back and the View Ahead

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Book SynopsisThe recent progress in analytical methods, aided by bringing in a wide range of other disciplines, opens up the study to a broader field, which means that biogeography now goes far beyond a simple description of the distribution of living species on Earth.Originating with Alexander von Humboldt, biogeography is a discipline in which ecologists and evolutionists aim to understand the way that living species are organized in connection with their environments. Today, as we face major challenges such as global warming, massive species extinction and devastating pandemics, biogeography offers hypotheses and explanations that may help to provide solutions.This book presents as wide an overview as possible of the different fields that biogeography interacts with. Sixteen authors from all over the world offer different approaches based on their specific areas of knowledge and experience; thus, we intend to illustrate the vast number of diverse aspects covered by biogeography.Table of ContentsPreface xiEric GUILBERT Chapter 1 Origins of Biogeography: A Personal Perspective 1Malte C EBACH 1.1 Introduction: a history of scientific practice 1 1.1.1 What is biogeography? 2 1.2 A history of phyto- and zoogeographical classification 2 1.2.1 Terminology 2 1.2.2 How classification works 3 1.2.3 Botanical geography versus the geography of plants 7 1.2.4 Zoogeography: a search for natural regions 12 1.3 Ecology versus taxonomy: populations not species 17 1.4 Conclusion 22 1.5 References 22 Chapter 2 Analytical Approaches in Biogeography: Advances and Challenges 27Isabel SANMARTÍN 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 From narrative dispersal accounts to event-based methods (EBM) 27 2.2.1 Parsimony-based tree fitting 29 2.2.2 Dispersal–vicariance analysis 31 2.3 From parsimony-based to semiparametric approaches 34 2.4 A new revolution: parametric approaches in biogeography 38 2.4.1 Ancestral range versus single state models: DEC and BIB 41 2.4.2 Extending the DEC and BIB models 47 2.5 Expanding parametric models 49 2.5.1 Time-heterogeneous models 49 2.5.2 Diversification-dependent models 50 2.5.3 Ecology-integrative models 51 2.6 Population-level and individual-based models 52 2.7 References 53 Chapter 3 Phylogeography 59Inessa VOET and Violaine NICOLAS 3.1 Introduction 59 3.2 The early days of phylogeography: cytoplasmic genomes and qualitative post hoc explanations of historical processes 61 3.3 Statistical phylogeography 63 3.4 Comparative phylogeography 67 3.5 Integrative studies 69 3.5.1 Integration of ecological niche modeling in phylogeographic studies 69 3.5.2 Integration of life-history traits in phylogeographic studies 73 3.6 Conclusion 76 3.7 References 76 Chapter 4 Geophysical Biogeography 81Laurent HUSSON and Pierre SEPULCHRE 4.1 Introduction 81 4.2 Geophysical biogeography at large 82 4.2.1 Present day 82 4.2.2 The dynamic Earth: continental drift 84 4.2.3 Continental drift and climate 87 4.2.4 The fast pace of mass extinctions 90 4.3 Geophysical biogeography at regional scale 92 4.3.1 Mountain belts and rifts 95 4.3.2 Epeirogenies, dynamic topography 99 4.3.3 Glacial cycles 100 4.4 Conclusions 104 4.5 References 105 Chapter 5 Island Biogeography 115Julia SCHMACK and Matthew BIDDICK 5.1 The equilibrium theory of island biogeography 116 5.2 Insularity and the evolution of emblematic biotas 120 5.3 Island biogeography in the Anthropocene 123 5.3.1 Biological invasions 124 5.3.2 Anthropogenic climate change 127 5.4 References 128 Chapter 6 Cave Biogeography 143Arnaud FAILLE 6.1 Physical characteristics of subterranean environments 143 6.2 Diversity and adaptations of the cave fauna 144 6.2.1 Underground evolution 144 6.2.2 Diversity 145 6.3 Vicariance and dispersal shape the global distribution patterns of cave animals 148 6.3.1 Disjunct distributions and the relictual status of cave biota 148 6.3.2 Colonization of the subterranean environment: reassessing biogeographic hypotheses 152 6.4 Perspectives in subterranean biogeography 154 6.5 Acknowledgments 156 6.6 References 156 Chapter 7 Soil Bacterial Biogeography at the Scale of France 165Battle KARIMI and Lionel RANJARD 7.1 Introduction 165 7.2 Soil bacterial communities 166 7.2.1 Abundance, diversity and role 166 7.2.2 Molecular tools to characterize bacterial communities 167 7.2.3 Genesis of microbial biogeography 168 7.3 Soil survey networks around the world 169 7.3.1 The French Monitoring Network of Soil Quality 170 7.4 Bacterial alpha- and beta-diversity at the national scale 172 7.4.1 Bacterial alpha-diversity 172 7.4.2 The bacterial taxa–area relationship 173 7.5 Spatial distribution and ecological attributes of bacterial taxa at a large scale 176 7.6 Large-scale bacterial co-occurrence networks (also called Bacteriosociology) 179 7.7 Do large-scale bacterial habitats exist? 181 7.8 Biogeography at the service of environmental diagnosis 185 7.9 Conclusion perspectives 186 7.10 References 187 Chapter 8 Fungal Biogeography 193Tarquin NETHERWAY and Mohammad BAHRAM 8.1 Introduction 193 8.2 Fungal evolutionary history 195 8.3 Biogeographic patterns 196 8.3.1 Distance-decay of similarity and species area relationship 197 8.3.2 Latitudinal diversity patterns 198 8.3.3 Altitudinal diversity patterns 199 8.4 Functional and interactional biogeography of fungi 199 8.4.1 Functional biogeography of fungi 200 8.4.2 Interactional biogeography of fungi and plants 201 8.4.3 Interactional biogeography of fungi and animals 205 8.4.4 Interactional biogeography of fungi and bacteria 206 8.5 Fungal biogeography under global environmental change 207 8.6 The role of citizen science in the study of fungal biogeography 208 8.7 Future directions 208 8.8 References 209 Chapter 9 Freshwater Biogeography in a Nutshell 219Anthi OIKONOMOU 9.1 Introduction 219 9.2 Freshwater hotspots and patterns in species richness 220 9.2.1 Latitudinal gradient in species richness 220 9.2.2 Geography, environment and biogeographical history 221 9.2.3 Species–area relationship (SAR) 223 9.2.4 Community assembly in freshwater 224 9.2.5 Local scale 225 9.2.6 Metacommunity concept 227 9.2.7 Beta diversity 230 9.3 Conclusion 232 9.4 Acknowledgments 232 9.5 References 233 Chapter 10 Marine Biogeography 245Jorge GARCÍA MOLINOS and Irene D ALABIA 10.1 Introduction 245 10.2 Diversification in the oceans 247 10.3 Diversity gradients in the oceans 253 10.3.1 Latitudinal diversity gradients 253 10.3.2 Bathymetric diversity gradients 258 10.3.3 Compositional diversity gradients 259 10.3.4 Functional and phylogenetic diversity gradients 260 10.4 Conclusions 263 10.5 References 264 Chapter 11 Biogeography of Diseases 275Jesús OLIVERO 11.1 Introduction 275 11.1.1 The need of disease mapping for management and prevention policies 275 11.1.2 Hypotheses on which biogeography sustains the analysis of infectious diseases 276 11.2 Do microbes have their own biogeography? 277 11.3 Historical biogeography and disease 279 11.4 Disease distribution patterns 281 11.5 Disease distribution modeling 282 11.5.1 Mechanistic versus empirical modeling 282 11.5.2 The search for risk factors in time and space 283 11.5.3 Pathogeography: addressing the multifaceted analysis in disease mapping 289 11.6 Concluding remarks 292 11.7 Acknowledgements 293 11.8 References 293 Chapter 12 Biogeography and Climate Change 303Luisa Maria DIELE-VIEGAS 12.1 Climate change 303 12.1.1 Drivers of climate change 305 12.1.2 Observed changes in the climate system 305 12.1.3 Future projections of global climate change 307 12.2 Impacts of climate change on biodiversity 308 12.2.1 Recent impacts 309 12.2.2 Future impacts 311 12.3 References 313 Chapter 13 Conservation Biogeography: Our Place in the World 321Brett R RIDDLE 13.1 The emergence of conservation biogeography 321 13.2 Milestones in the development of conservation biogeography 322 13.3 The purview of conservation biogeography: claimed and examined 325 13.4 Has conservation biogeography provided unique contributions to biodiversity conservation? 329 13.5 Future directions 330 13.6 References 331 List of Authors 335 Index 337

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Book SynopsisBeautifully produced facsimile of a watercolour artist's book recording many of the most fascinating birds and animals of the Galápagos Islands. Profits to go to the Galápagos Trust.Trade ReviewHe has … reconnected with the noble art of the topographical illustrator the type of draughtsman and draughtsmanship that accompanied Darwin on his expeditions. Mick Rooney RA

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Book SynopsisEvolutionary computation algorithms are employed to minimize functions with large number of variables. Biogeography-based optimization (BBO) is an optimization algorithm that is based on the science of biogeography, which researches the migration patterns of species. These migration paradigms provide the main logic behind BBO. Due to the cross-disciplinary nature of the optimization problems, there is a need to develop multiple approaches to tackle them and to study the theoretical reasoning behind their performance. This book explains the mathematical model of BBO algorithm and its variants created to cope with continuous domain problems (with and without constraints) and combinatorial problems.Table of ContentsChapter 1 The Science of Biogeography 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Island biogeography 3 1.3 Influence factors for biogeography 6 Chapter 2 Biogeography and Biological Optimization 11 2.1 A mathematical model of biogeography 11 2.2 Biogeography as an optimization process 16 2.3 Biological optimization 19 2.3.1 Genetic algorithms 19 2.3.2 Evolution strategies 20 2.3.3 Particle swarm optimization 21 2.3.4 Artificial bee colony algorithm 22 2.4 Conclusion 23 Chapter 3 A Basic BBO Algorithm 25 3.1 BBO definitions and algorithm 25 3.1.1 Migration 26 3.1.2 Mutation 27 3.1.3 BBO implementation 27 3.2 Differences between BBO and other optimization algorithms 35 3.2.1 BBO and genetic algorithms 35 3.2.2 BBO and other algorithms 36 3.3 Simulations 37 3.4 Conclusion 44 Chapter 4 BBO Extensions 45 4.1 Migration curves 45 4.2 Blended migration 49 4.3 Other approaches to BBO 51 4.4 Applications 56 4.5 Conclusion 59 Chapter 5 BBO as a Markov Process 61 5.1 Markov definitions and notations 61 5.2 Markov model of BBO 72 5.3 BBO convergence 79 5.4 Markov models of BBO extensions 90 5.5 Conclusions 99 Chapter 6 Dynamic System Models of BBO 103 6.1 Basic notation 103 6.2 Dynamic system models of BBO 105 6.3 Applications to benchmark problems 119 6.4 Conclusions 122 Chapter 7 Statistical Mechanics Approximations of BBO 123 7.1 Preliminary foundation 123 7.2 Statistical mechanics model of BBO 128 7.2.1 Migration 128 7.2.2 Mutation 134 7.3 Further discussion 141 7.3.1 Finite population effects 141 7.3.2 Separable fitness functions 142 7.4 Conclusions 143 Chapter 8 BBO for Combinatorial Optimization 145 8.1 Traveling salesman problem 147 8.2 BBO for the TSP 148 8.2.1 Population initialization 148 8.2.2 Migration in the TSP 150 8.2.3 Mutation in the TSP 157 8.2.4 Implementation framework 159 8.3 Graph coloring 163 8.4 Knapsack problem 165 8.5 Conclusion 167 Chapter 9 Constrained BBO 169 9.1 Constrained optimization 170 9.2 Constraint-handling methods 172 9.2.1 Static penalty methods 172 9.2.2 Superiority of feasible points 173 9.2.3 The eclectic evolutionary algorithm 174 9.2.4 Dynamic penalty methods 174 9.2.5 Adaptive penalty methods 176 9.2.6 The niched-penalty approach 177 9.2.7 Stochastic ranking 178 9.2.8 ε-level comparisons 178 9.3 BBO for constrained optimization 179 9.4 Conclusion 185 Chapter 10 BBO in Noisy Environments 187 10.1 Noisy fitness functions 188 10.2 Influence of noise on BBO 190 10.3 BBO with re-sampling 193 10.4 The Kalman BBO 196 10.5 Experimental results 199 10.6 Conclusion 201 Chapter 11 Multi-objective BBO 203 11.1 Multi-objective optimization problems 204 11.2 Multi-objective BBO 211 11.2.1 Vector evaluated BBO 211 11.2.2 Non-dominated sorting BBO 213 11.2.3 Niched Pareto BBO 216 11.2.4 Strength Pareto BBO 218 11.3 Real-world applications 223 11.3.1 Warehouse scheduling model 223 11.3.2 Optimization of warehouse scheduling 229 11.4 Conclusion 231 Chapter 12 Hybrid BBO Algorithms 233 12.1 Opposition-based BBO 234 12.1.1 Opposition definitions and concepts 234 12.1.2 Oppositional BBO 236 12.1.3 Experimental results 238 12.2 BBO with local search 240 12.2.1 Local search methods 240 12.2.2 Simulation results 245 12.3 BBO with other EAs 247 12.3.1 Iteration-level hybridization 247 12.3.2 Algorithm-level hybridization 250 12.3.3 Experimental results 254 12.4 Conclusion 256 Appendices 259 Appendix A Unconstrained Benchmark Functions 261 Appendix B Constrained Benchmark Functions 265 Appendix C Multi-objective Benchmark Functions 289 Bibliography 309 Index 325

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Book SynopsisThis book presents 41 selected articles written by leading researchers from the Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, part of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The articles are grouped by the following topics: (1) Geochemistry, (2) Meteoritics, Cosmochemistry, Lunar and Planetary Sciences, (3) Biogeochemistry and Ecology, and (4) Analytical Chemistry, Radiochemistry, and Radioecology. The articles present recent experimental data, theoretical investigations, critical reviews, the results of computer modeling in the above-mentioned fields.Intended to provide a scientific “snapshot” of the institute, the book also includes content on its history, main scientific achievements and current goals, together with detailed descriptions of its 25 laboratories and three museums so as to promote new international collaborations.Given its scope, the book will be of interest to all scientists and graduate students working in the areas of geochemistry, analytical chemistry and radiochemistry, earth and environmental sciences, biogeosciences, meteoritics and planetary science, and to those seeking new collaboration opportunities in these areas in Russia.Table of ContentsPGE-Cu-Ni Norilsk Deposits and Siberian Traps: Genetic Relationships.- Intrusive COMAGMAT: From Simple Magma Differentiation Models to Complex Algorithms Simulating the Structure of Layered Intrusions.- Forms of Existence of PGE and Gold in Natural Systems and their Geochemical Behavior.- Study of Elemental Composition and Properties of Volcanic Ash and Urban Dust Nanoparticles.- Layered Titanosilicates Melting: Experimental Study at 1 Atmosphere and Application for Agpaitic Rocks Petrology.- The Scale of Extraction of Ore Elements Zn and Pb by Aqueous Chloride Fluids in the Process of Degassing of Granite Magmas during their Rise to the Surface and Crystallization.

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Book SynopsisThis book describes the scientific principles that are used throughout the world to ensure the rapid, healthy growth of forest plantations. As the population of the world increases so does the amount of wood people use. Large areas of natural forests are being cleared every year and converted to other uses. Almost as large an area of plantation forests is being established annually to replace those lost natural forests. Eventually, plantations will produce a large proportion of the wood used around the world for firewood, building, the manufacture of paper and bioenergy. Forest plantations can also provide various environmental benefits including carbon storage, rehabilitation of degraded land, serving as disposal sites for various forms of industrial or agricultural waste and enhancing biodiversity in regions that have been largely cleared for agriculture. Whatever their motivation, plantation forest growers want their plantations to be healthy and grow rapidly to achieve their purpose as soon as possible. This book discusses how this is done. It is written for a worldwide audience, from forestry professionals and scientists through to small plantation growers, and describes how plantations may be grown responsibly and profitably.Table of ContentsPlantation Forests.- Biology of Plantation Growth.- Growth Rates and Wood Quality.- Choosing the Species and Site.- Establishment.- Nutrient Management.- Stand Density and Initial Spacing.- Thinning.- Pruning.- Pests.- Diseases.- Tree Breeding.- 13 Mixed-Species Plantations.- Silviculture and Sustainability.

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Book SynopsisThis book examines the impacts of global change on terrestrial ecosystems. Emphasis is placed on impacts of atmospheric, climate and land use change, and the book discusses the future challenges and the scientific frameworks to address them. Finally, the book explores fundamental new research developments and the need for stronger integration of natural and human dimensions in addressing the challenge of global change.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews: "This volume integrates 25 contributors prepared by over 100 authors from around the world working under the auspices of the Programme. … this book brings the IGBP research on terrestrial ecosystems to a wide scientific audience, and includes the latest developments and achievements in this area. … The introductory and summary chapters are very valuable, rendering the book accessible to a general audience, not only to specialists. The book can also be highly recommended to the broad scientific community interested in global change." (Urszula Somorowska, Papers on Global Change, Issue 15, 2008)Table of ContentsGlobal change and the Earth System.- Global Ecology, Networks, and Research Synthesis.- Carbon and Water Cycles in the 21st Century.- CO2 Fertilization: When, Where, How Much?.- Ecosystem Responses to Warming and Interacting Global Change Factors.- Insights from Stable Isotopes on the Role of Terrestrial Ecosystems in the Global Carbon Cycle.- Effects of Urban Land-Use Change on Biogeochemical Cycles.- Saturation of the Terrestrial Carbon Sink.- Changing Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning.- Functional Diversity — at the Crossroads between Ecosystem Functioning and Environmental Filters.- Linking Plant Invasions to Global Environmental Change.- Plant Biodiversity and Responses to Elevated Carbon Dioxide.- Predicting the Ecosystem Consequences of Biodiversity Loss: the Biomerge Framework.- Landscapes under Changing Disturbance Regimes.- Plant Species Migration as a Key Uncertainty in Predicting Future Impacts of Climate Change on Ecosystems: Progress and Challenges.- Understanding Global Fire Dynamics by Classifying and Comparing Spatial Models of Vegetation and Fire.- Plant Functional Types: Are We Getting Any Closer to the Holy Grail?.- Spatial Nonlinearities: Cascading Effects in the Earth System.- Dynamic Global Vegetation Modeling: Quantifying Terrestrial Ecosystem Responses to Large-Scale Environmental Change.- Managing Ecosystem Services.- Wheat Production Systems and Global Climate Change.- Pests Under Global Change — Meeting Your Future Landlords?.- Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Potential in Agricultural Soils.- Carbon and Water Tradeoffs in Conversions to Forests and Shrublands.- Natural and Human Dimensions of Land Degradation in Drylands: Causes and Consequences.- Regions under Stress.- Southeast Asian Fire Regimes and Land Development Policy.- Global Change Impacts on Agroecosystems of Eastern China.- Terrestrial Ecosystems in Monsoon Asia: Scaling up from Shoot Module to Watershed.- Responses of High Latitude Ecosystems to Global Change: Potential Consequences for the Climate System.- Future Directions: the Global Land Project.- The Future Research Challenge: the Global Land Project.

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Book SynopsisOne of the main objectives of nature conservation in Europe is to protect valuable cultural landscapes characterized by a mixture of open habitats and hedges, trees and patchy woodland (semi-open landscapes).The development of these landscapes during the past decades has been characterized by an ongoing intensification of land use on the one hand, and an increasing number of former meadows and pastures becoming fallow as a result of changing economic conditions on the other hand. Since species adapted to open and semi-open landscapes contribute to biodiversity in Europe in a major way, this development is of great concern to nature conservation. In several countries largescale, nature-adapted pastoral systems have been recognized as one solution to this problem. These systems could offer an alternative to industrial livestock raising and keep a high biodiversity on the landscape level. Against the background of livestock diseases such as BSE and Foot and Mouth Disease and the efforts to reform the Common Agricultural Policy in the EU by changing the criteria for agricultural subsidies, these concepts gain particular significance.They could also represent an alternative to the established, costly habitat management tools.Table of ContentsLivestock Grazing and Nature Conservation Objectives in Europe.- Extensive Livestock Farming #x2013; an Alternative Form of Nature Conservation Management?.- The Areas of Investigation.- Method Development.- Microscale Effects.- Mesoscale Effects.- Effects on Landscape Level.- Implementation of Large-Scale Grazing.- Nature Conservation Accounting for Large-Scale Livestock Grazing.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a comprehensive overview of the taxonomy, biology, sedimentation, and carbonate geochemistry of modern species. Students, early career and advanced scientists alike will profit from a broad synthesis of the current understanding of planktic foraminifers as an ecological indicator, biogeochemical factories, and proxies in paleoceanography. The classification of modern species is amply illustrated with electron and light microscope images of morphotypes, addresses the state-of-the-art of molecular genetics of species, and provides a detailed guide for any laboratory analyses. The biology of planktic foraminifers is extensively discussed in chapters dedicated to the cellular ultrastructure, nutrition, symbionts, reproduction, ontogeny, and test architecture. Building on the biological prerequisites, the distribution of planktic foraminifers is discussed at regional to global scale. The geochemistry and sedimentation of tests are considered in relation to the ecology of the living animal. In the final chapter, which examines the most common methods in planktic foraminifer research, hands-on information is provided on sampling, processing and analyzing samples in the laboratory, as well as selected established methods for data interpretation. The various topics discussed in this book are aimed at the application of planktic foraminifers as sensitive indicators of the changing climate and marine environment.Trade Review“This is an excellent state-of-the-art book containing a wealth of information attractively presented in well-written text and high quality plates and diagrams. As knowledge of modern processes is essential to the interpretation of the fossil record this book will be essential reading for biologists and geologists undertaking research on planktic foraminifera.” (John Murray, Newsletter of Micropaleontology, Issue 96, October, 2017)Table of ContentsSpecies Classification, Test Architecture, Shell Ontogeny, Species Phylogeny.- Sampling Methods and Faunal Analysis.- Cultivation.- Biology, Cellular Ultrastructure, Host Symbiont Relationships, Trophic Activity and Nutrition, Reproduction.- Molecular Genetics in Modern Species.- Ecology.- Stable Isotopes - Paleoceanography.- Element Ratios.- Sedimentation and Preservation of Tests.- Applications.

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Book SynopsisThe Aegean Sea, the original Archipelago of the Greeks and Romans, is a truly unique sea. Located among three continents, each one leaving a distinct mark on local biodiversity, the Aegean comprises over 6,000 islands that vary extensively in size, age and palaeogeographical history and are home to hundreds of endemic species.This is the first thorough scientific compendium dealing with the terrestrial components of the archipelago's biodiversity. The 48 experts that have authored its 16 chapters offer a detailed account of research that has been done so far in many animal and plant taxa, as well as a review of the geology and paleogeography, the phylogeography and the biogeography of Aegean Islands, highlighting its importance as a paradigmatic system for such studies at a global scale.The volume is dedicated to Professor Moysis Mylonas, mentor of the majority of authors, who retired in 2018. Professor Mylonas devoted his entire career to research on Aegean biodiversity and biogeography, founded the Natural History Museum of Crete (at the University of Crete), and has been the founder of the ecological and evolutionary biogeography 'school of thought' in Greece.

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Book Synopsis

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