Earth sciences Books

Book SynopsisTrade Review-For decades Ghosh has been telling us exquisite stories of unlikely human connection across geographical and historical boundaries. In The Great Derangement he goes a step further and sets us amidst the great collectivity of a living and dying planet. This intensely lyrical work from a visionary writer at his best calls for a restitution of the sacred--in its most inclusive form--so that we can face the climate crisis of our times with our finest remaining resources.- --Leela Gandhi, Brown University

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Book Synopsis'A fizzingly entertaining and enlightening book' Daily Telegraph 'Mesmerising' Geographical Magazine 'A fascinating delve into uncharted, forgotten lost places. But it's not just a trivia-tastic anthology of remote destinations but a nifty piece of psycho-geography, explaining our human need for these cartographical conundrums.' Wanderlust In a world of Google Earth, in which it is easy to believe that every discovery has been made and every adventure already had, Off the Map is a stunning testament to how mysterious our planet still is. From forgotten enclaves to floating islands, from hidden villages to New York gutter spaces, Off the Map charts the hidden corners of our planet. And while these are not necessarily places you would choose to visit on holiday - Hobyo, the pirate capital of Somalia, or Zheleznogorsk, a secret military town in Russia - they each carry a story about the strangeness of place and our need for a geography that understands our hunger for the fantastic and the unexpected. But it also shows us that topophilia, the love of place, is a fundamental part of what it is to be human. Whether you are an urban explorer or an armchair traveller, Off the Map will inspire and enchant. You'll never look at a map in quite the same way again. Trade Review'An absorbing book packed with remarkable facts… a joy to read’‘Alastair Bonnett’s high-speed world tour of places and non-places whose stories would bring the most somnolent class to life. Bonnett zooms effortlessly around far-off spots – sometimes in person, more often via the internet – but he does not ignore those closer to home. Fizzingly entertaining and enlightening book.’ "Bonnett dares us to rethink exploration in a world that has been fully charted, taking us from micronation Sealand - a forsaken sea fort claimed by a Brit as his own sovereign nation - to Arne, a Second World War decoy city that saved thousands of lives. Forty-seven fascinating essays prove why "our topophilia can never be extinguished or sated" and how these locations over insights into our history and society." "A fascinating delve into uncharted, forgotten and lost places. But it’ s not just a trivia-tastic anthology of remote destinations but a nifty piece of psycho-geography, explaining our human need for these cartographical conundrums." "Bonnett dares us to rethink exploration in a world that has been fully charted, taking us from micronation Sealand - a forsaken sea fort claimed by a Brit as his own sovereign nation - to Arne, a Second World War decoy city that saved thousands of lives. Forty-seven fascinating essays prove why "our topophilia can never be extinguished or sated" and how these locations over insights into our history and society." ‘ Alastair Bonnett’ s high-speed world tour of places and non-places whose stories would bring the most somnolent class to life. Bonnett zooms effortlessly around far-off spots – sometimes in person, more often via the internet – but he does not ignore those closer to home. Fizzingly entertaining and enlightening book.’ ‘ Fearlessly explores the dark side of humanity while constantly challenging our conceptions of place, borders and boundaries, and how we as humans use locations and geography to define ourselves and the world around us. Importantly, Bonnett’ s careful research and fascinating theories are complemented with passages of wonderfully written prose. A thought provoking triumph.’ ‘ A mesmerising study of ambiguous temporary places.’ 'An absorbing book packed with remarkable facts… a joy to read’

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive, illustrated identification guide for beginners and serious collectors alike, featuring special colour photography of specimens held at the Natural History Museum, London.

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Book SynopsisIn this inspiring manifesto, an internationally renowned oceanographer makes the provocative case for why protecting nature makes economic sense. Enric Sala wants to change the world--and in this groundbreaking book, he shows us how. Once we appreciate how nature works, he asserts, we will understand why its preservation is economically practical and essential to our survival. In this highly readable narrative, Sala, director of National Geographic's Pristine Seas project, tells the story of his scientific awakening, the colorful mentors whose work inspired him, and his transition from academic to activism--because, as he put it, he was tired of writing the obituary of the ocean. His revelations are surprising, and sometimes counterintuitive: Lots of sharks are actually the best indicator of a healthy ocean ecosystem, and crop diversity, rather than intensive monoculture farming, is the key to planetary abundance. For decades, Sala has speTrade Review"Natural ecosystems are the most complex, interdependent and carefully balanced machines onEarth and very easy to upend through human intervention, inattention and blindness. Enric Sala’sThe Nature of Nature shows how utterly intertwined we are with nature, and how dependent.He tells a fascinating story and presents a cautionary tale. A must-read." –James Cameron –Filmmaker, engineer, environmentalist, and National Geographic Explorer at Large“Enric Sala’s The Nature of Nature makes a case for protecting our planet that appeals just as strongly to our sense of reason as to our sense of humanity. Building on a lifetime of work exploring harmful human impacts on our ecosystems, he artfully weaves together his experiences as an explorer and scholar to explain how the natural world works. Sala makes the case for environmentalism, as he puts it, to both the brain and the heart. The Nature of Nature highlights the wonders of the wild and makes a beautifully argued and heartfelt case for why we must do all we can to protect them.” —Leonardo DiCaprio, actor & environmentalist “Incisive, impassioned, pragmatic, and compelling, Enric Sala’s beautiful book The Nature of Nature is both a gift of wonders and a call to arms. His observations of how nature works and, crucially, how it sustains human life, provide the clearest argument of all for the world to change its ways.” —Isabella Tree, author of Wilding: The Return of Nature to Our Farm “In The Nature of Nature, Enric Sala surveys records of experiments and academic works on nature to advance an urgent argument for the economic value and moral necessity of preserving our planet’s wild places on land and in the ocean. He is also inspired by the wonder and the miracle that he discovers our planet to be and argues that we are able to recover and safeguard this gift of God—namely, the planet's uniquely distinctive endowment with life—only through our joyful contemplation of the mystery of our planet's being and functioning, as Pope Francis has also observed.” —Cardinal Peter Turkson, Prefect of the Dicastery for Promoting Integral Human Development, Vatican “The Nature of Nature makes a compelling case for why giving more space to nature is essential to human and economic prosperity. Every leader should read it and apply its insights." —Klaus Schwab, Founder and Executive Chairman of the World Economic Forum “Enric Sala has a unique ability to explain complicated issues in a simple way. He helps us to understand the world, but also how to act in order to protect it better. Faced with the urgent need to protect our Planet, he provides us with enlightening insights and solutions for action. This book will be of invaluable help to those who refuse to give up." —HSH Prince Albert II of Monaco“Enric Sala writes in clear and highly readable prose about a complex subject, drawing on personal experiences and stories gathered from others. I highly recommend The Nature of Nature for anyone wishing to learn more about the interconnectedness of all living beings, the destructive impact of unsustainable human actions, and how we need to act together to heal the harms we have inflicted. It’s a clear account of the variety and interconnectedness of life forms on Planet Earth—our only home.” —Jane Goodall, PhD, DBE, Founder of the Jane Goodall Institute & UN Messenger of Peace “This is an accessible—indeed a charming—account of how natural systems work; as we are now wrecking those intricate systems at a frightening pace, this could serve as an antidote, reminding us to be far more careful, and far more appreciative.” –Bill McKibben, author of The End of Nature and Falter: Has the Human Game Begun to Play Itself Out?

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Book SynopsisTrade ReviewThe book offers a broad framework for the study of man in his environment. Choice What Professor Tuan has achieved in this volume can properly be called a philosophical reflection on the aesthetics of environments...We are fortunate to have researchers such as Professor Tuan. Journal of Aesthetics

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Book SynopsisOxygen has had extraordinary effects on life. Three hundred million years ago, in Carboniferous times, dragonflies grew as big as seagulls, with wingspans ofnearly a metre. Researchers claim they could have flown only if the air had contained more oxygen than today -probably as much as 35 per cent. Giant spiders, tree-ferns, marine rock formations and fossil charcoalsall tell the same story. High oxygen levels may also explain the global firestorm that contributed to thedemise of the dinosaurs after the asteroid impact. The strange and profound effects that oxygen has had on the evolution of life pose a riddle, which this booksets out to answer. Oxygen is a toxic gas. Divers breathing pure oxygen at depth suffer from convulsionsand lung injury. Fruit flies raised at twice normal atmospheric levels of oxygen live half as long as theirsiblings. Reactive forms of oxygen, known as free radicals, are thought to cause ageing in people. Yet ifatmospheric oxygen reached 35 per cent in the Carboniferous, why did it promote exuberant growth,instead of rapid ageing and death? Oxygen takes the reader on an enthralling journey, as gripping as a thriller, as it unravels the unexpectedways in which oxygen spurred the evolution of life and death. The book explains far more than the size ofancient insects: it shows how oxygen underpins the origin of biological complexity, the birth of photosynthesis, the sudden evolution of animals, the need for two sexes, the accelerated ageing of cloned animals like Dolly the sheep, and the surprisingly long lives of bats and birds. Drawing on this grand evolutionary canvas, Oxygen offers fresh perspectives on our own lives and deaths,explaining modern killer diseases, why we age, and what we can do about it. Advancing revelatory new ideas,following chains of evidence, the book ranges through many disciplines, from environmental sciences tomolecular medicine. The result is a captivating vision of contemporary science and a humane synthesis of ourplace in nature. This remarkable book might just redefine the way we think about the world.Oxford Landmark Science books are ''must-read'' classics of modern science writing which have crystallized big ideas, and shaped the way we think.Trade Review'. . . popular science writing at its very best - clear yet challenging, speculative yet rigorous. The book is a tour de force which orchestrates a seamless story out of both venerable ideas and very recent discoveries in several disparate fields.' * Bernard Dixon *'. . . a breathtaking, broad vision of the role of a single gas in our life, from the origin of organisms, through the emergence of creatures, and to their deaths . . . packed full of interesting life-and-death stories...A wonderful read.' * Peter Atkins *'. . . one of the most thought-provoking books I have ever read.' * John Emsley *Nick Lane's chapters are dispatches from the frontiers of research into Earth and life history, but they contain nothing that will lose the patient reader and much that will reward. * The Guardian Review *a brisk revelatory study * Christopher Hirst, The Independent *. . . Nick Lane marshals an impressive array of evidence - [an] ambitious narrative . . . This is science writing at its best. * Jerome Burne, The Financial Times *Table of Contents1: Introduction: Elixir of Life - and Death 2: In the Beginning: The Origins and Importance of Oxygen 3: Silence of the Aeons: Three Billion Years of Microbial Evolution 4: Fuse to the Cambrian Explosion: Snowball Earth, Environmental Change and the First Animals 5: The Bolsover Dragonfly: Oxygen and the Rise of the Giants 6: Treachery in the Air: Oxygen Poisoning and X-Irradiation: A Mechanism in Common 7: Green Planet: Radiation and the Beginnings of Photosynthesis 8: Looking for LUCA: Last Ancestor in the Age Before Oxygen 9: Portrait of a Paradox: Vitamin C and the Many Faces of an Antioxidant 10: The Antioxidant Machine: A Hundred and One Ways of Living with Oxygen 11: Sex and the Art of Bodily Maintenance: Trade-offs in the Evolution of Ageing 12: Eat! Or You'll Live Forever: The Triangle of Food, Sex, and Longevity 13: Gender Bender: The Rate of Living and the Need for Sexes 14: Beyond Genes and Destiny: The Double Agent Theory of Ageing and Disease 15: Life, Death and Oxygen: Lessons From Evolution on the Future of Ageing Further Reading Glossary Index

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Book SynopsisShe uncovers the surprising, sometimes bizarre but always amazing ways in which creatures breed and survive, from spiders salivating during sex and snails entombing their parasites into their shells to elephants developing immunity to cancer. After reading this book, you'll never look at nature in the same way again.

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Book SynopsisExplores the how and why of anthropomorphism. This book investigates the changing patterns of anthropomorphism across different time periods and settings, as well as their effects upon animals, humans, and their interactions.Trade ReviewThinking with Animals...will surely join the growing literature on consciousness, animal cognition, and the continuity between human and animal minds. -- Juliet Clutton-Brock Nature Thoughtful and well researched... The interdisciplinary nature of this collection makes it a valuable addition. -- Robert B. Ridinger E-Streams An interesting and elegantly produced book. -- Alan Costall AnthrozoosTable of ContentsPreface Introduction. The How and Why of Thinking with Animals, by Lorraine Daston and Gregg Mitman 1. Zoomorphism in Ancient India: Humans More Bestial Than the Beasts, by Wendy Doniger 2. Intelligences: Angelic, Animal, Human, by Lorraine Daston 3. The Experimental Animal in Victorian Britain, by Paul S. White 4. Comparative Psychology Meets Evolutionary Biology: Morgan's Canon and Cladistic Parsimony, by Elliott Sober 5. Anthropomorphism and Cross-Species Modeling, by Sandra D. Mitchell 6. People in Disguise: Anthropomorphism and the Human-Pet Relationship, by James A. Serpell 7. Digital Beasts as Visual Esperanto: Getty Images and the Colonization of Sight, by Cheryce Kramer 8. Pachyderm Personalities: The Media of Science, Politics, and Conservation, by Gregg Mitman 9. Reflections on Anthropomorphism in The Disenchanted Forest, by Sarita Siegel

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Book Synopsis* An introduction to physics in the context of societal problems as energy, pollution, climate change and finite resources of fossil fuels and uranium. * Emphasis in the book will be on physics, on the concepts and principles that help in understanding the ways to produce energy or to mitigate climate change.Table of Contents Preface xiii Acknowledgements xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 A Sustainable Energy Supply 1 1.2 The Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change 3 1.3 Light Absorption in Nature as a Source of Energy 4 1.4 The Contribution of Science: Understanding, Modelling and Monitoring 5 Exercises 6 References 6 2 Light and Matter 7 2.1 The Solar Spectrum 7 2.1.1 Radiation from a Black Body 7 2.1.2 Emission Spectrum of the Sun 9 2.2 Interaction of Light with Matter 12 2.2.1 Electric Dipole Moments of Transitions 12 2.2.2 Einstein Coefficients 14 2.2.3 Absorption of a Beam of Light: Lambert-Beer’s Law 16 2.3 Ultraviolet Light and Biomolecules 19 2.3.1 Spectroscopy of Biomolecules 20 2.3.2 Damage to Life from Solar UV 21 2.3.3 The Ozone Filter as Protection 22 Exercises 28 References 28 3 Climate and Climate Change 31 3.1 The Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere 32 3.2 The Radiation Balance and the Greenhouse Effect 36 3.2.1 Simple Changes in the Radiation Balance 39 3.2.2 Radiation Transfer 41 3.2.3 A Simple Analytical Model 44 3.2.4 Radiative Forcing and Global Warming 45 3.2.5 The Greenhouse Gases 48 3.3 Dynamics in the Climate System 51 3.3.1 Horizontal Motion of Air 53 3.3.2 Vertical Motion of Ocean Waters 58 3.3.3 Horizontal Motion of Ocean Waters 59 3.4 Natural Climate Variability 59 3.5 Modelling Human-Induced Climate Change 62 3.5.1 The Carbon Cycle 63 3.5.2 Structure of Climate Modelling 66 3.5.3 Modelling the Atmosphere 67 3.5.4 A Hierarchy of Models 70 3.6 Analyses of IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 70 3.7 Forecasts of Climate Change 70 Exercises 74 References 76 4 Heat Engines 77 4.1 Heat Transfer and Storage 78 4.1.1 Conduction 79 4.1.2 Convection 82 4.1.3 Radiation 82 4.1.4 Phase Change 83 4.1.5 The Solar Collector 84 4.1.6 The Heat Diffusion Equation 87 4.1.7 Heat Storage 90 4.2 Principles of Thermodynamics 91 4.2.1 First and Second Laws 91 4.2.2 Heat and Work; Carnot Efficiency 95 4.2.3 Efficiency of a ‘Real’ Heat Engine 97 4.2.4 Second Law Efficiency 98 4.2.5 Loss of Exergy in Combustion 101 4.3 Idealized Cycles 103 4.3.1 Carnot Cycle 103 4.3.2 Stirling Engine 104 4.3.3 Steam Engine 105 4.3.4 Internal Combustion 107 4.3.5 Refrigeration 110 4.4 Electricity as Energy Carrier 113 4.4.1 Varying Grid Load 114 4.4.2 Co-Generation of Heat and Electricity 115 4.4.3 Storage of Electric Energy 117 4.4.4 Transmission of Electric Power 123 4.5 Pollution from Heat Engines 125 4.5.1 Nitrogen Oxides Nox 125 4.5.2 So2 126 4.5.3 CO and CO2 126 4.5.4 Aerosols 127 4.5.5 Volatile Organic Compounds VOC 128 4.5.6 Thermal Pollution 129 4.5.7 Regulations 129 4.6 The Private Car 129 4.6.1 Power Needs 130 4.6.2 Automobile Fuels 131 4.6.3 Three-Way Catalytic Converter 132 4.6.4 Electric Car 133 4.6.5 Hybrid Car 134 4.7 Economics of Energy Conversion 134 4.7.1 Capital Costs 134 4.7.2 Learning Curve 138 Exercises 138 References 142 5 Renewable Energy 145 5.1 Electricity from the Sun 146 5.1.1 Varying Solar Input 146 5.1.2 Electricity from Solar Heat: Concentrating Solar Power CSP 150 5.1.3 Direct Conversion of Light into Electricity: Photovoltaics PV 152 5.2 Energy from the Wind 159 5.2.1 Betz Limit 160 5.2.2 Aerodynamics 162 5.2.3 Wind Farms 165 5.2.4 Vertical Wind Profile 165 5.2.5 Wind Statistics 167 5.2.6 State of the Art and Outlook 168 5.3 Energy from the Water 169 5.3.1 Power from Dams 169 5.3.2 Power from Flowing Rivers 170 5.3.3 Power from Waves 170 5.3.4 Power from the Tides 174 5.4 Bio Energy 175 5.4.1 Thermodynamics of Bio Energy 175 5.4.2 Stability 180 5.4.3 Solar Efficiency 180 5.4.4 Energy from Biomass 182 5.5 Physics of Photosynthesis 183 5.5.1 Basics of Photosynthesis 184 5.5.2 Light-Harvesting Antennas 185 5.5.3 Energy Transfer Mechanism 187 5.5.4 Charge Separation 190 5.5.5 Flexibility and Disorder 193 5.5.6 Photoprotection 193 5.5.7 Research Directions 195 5.6 Organic Photocells: the Grätzel Cell 196 5.6.1 The Principle 196 5.6.2 Efficiency 199 5.6.3 New Developments and the Future 202 5.6.4 Applications 203 5.7 Bio Solar Energy 203 5.7.1 Comparison of Biology and Technology 204 5.7.2 Legacy Biochemistry 207 5.7.3 Artificial Photosynthesis 209 5.7.4 Solar Fuels with Photosynthetic Microorganisms: Two Research Questions 213 5.7.5 Conclusion 213 Exercises 215 References 217 6 Nuclear Power 221 6.1 Nuclear Fission 222 6.1.1 Principles 222 6.1.2 Four Factor Formula 226 6.1.3 Reactor Equations 229 6.1.4 Stationary Reactor 231 6.1.5 Time Dependence of a Reactor 233 6.1.6 Reactor Safety 234 6.1.7 Nuclear Explosives 237 6.2 Nuclear Fusion 238 6.3 Radiation and Health 244 6.3.1 Definitions 244 6.3.2 Norms on Exposure to Radiation 245 6.3.3 Normal Use of Nuclear Power 247 6.3.4 Radiation from Nuclear Accidents 247 6.3.5 Health Aspects of Fusion 247 6.4 Managing the Fuel Cycle 248 6.4.1 Uranium Mines 249 6.4.2 Enrichment 249 6.4.3 Fuel Burnup 252 6.4.4 Reprocessing 252 6.4.5 Waste Management 253 6.4.6 Nonproliferation 256 6.5 Fourth Generation Nuclear Reactors 257 Exercises 258 References 259 7 Dispersion of Pollutants 261 7.1 Diffusion 262 7.1.1 Diffusion Equation 262 7.1.2 Point Source in Three Dimensions in Uniform Wind 267 7.1.3 Effect of Boundaries 269 7.2 Dispersion in Rivers 270 7.2.1 One-Dimensional Approximation 271 7.2.2 Influence of Turbulence 275 7.2.3 Example: A Calamity Model for the Rhine River 277 7.2.4 Continuous Point Emission 278 7.2.5 Two Numerical Examples 280 7.2.6 Improvements 281 7.2.7 Conclusion 282 7.3 Dispersion in Groundwater 282 7.3.1 Basic Definitions 283 7.3.2 Darcy’s Equations 286 7.3.3 Stationary Applications 290 7.3.4 Dupuit Approximation 295 7.3.5 Simple Flow in a Confined Aquifer 298 7.3.6 Time Dependence in a Confined Aquifer 301 7.3.7 Adsorption and Desorption of Pollutants 302 7.4 Mathematics of Fluid Dynamics 304 7.4.1 Stress Tensor 304 7.4.2 Equations of Motion 308 7.4.3 Newtonian Fluids 309 7.4.4 Navier-Stokes Equation 310 7.4.5 Reynolds Number 311 7.4.6 Turbulence 313 7.5 Gaussian Plumes in the Air 317 7.5.1 Statistical Analysis 319 7.5.2 Continuous Point Source 321 7.5.3 Gaussian Plume from a High Chimney 322 7.5.4 Empirical Determination of the Dispersion Coefficients 323 7.5.5 Semi-Empirical Determination of the Dispersion Parameters 324 7.5.6 Building a Chimney 325 7.6 Turbulent Jets and Plumes 326 7.6.1 Dimensional Analysis 328 7.6.2 Simple Jet 329 7.6.3 Simple Plume 331 Exercises 333 References 334 8 Monitoring with Light 337 8.1 Overview of Spectroscopy 337 8.1.1 Population of Energy Levels and Intensity of Absorption Lines 341 8.1.2 Transition Dipole Moment: Selection Rules 341 8.1.3 Linewidths 342 8.2 Atomic Spectra 345 8.2.1 One-Electron Atoms 345 8.2.2 Many-Electron Atoms 346 8.3 Molecular Spectra 347 8.3.1 Rotational Transitions 347 8.3.2 Vibrational Transitions 349 8.3.3 Electronic Transitions 353 8.4 Scattering 359 8.4.1 Raman Scattering 359 8.4.2 Resonance Raman Scattering 360 8.4.3 Rayleigh Scattering 361 8.4.4 Mie Scattering 362 8.4.5 Scattering in the Atmosphere 362 8.5 Remote Sensing by Satellites 362 8.5.1 ENVISAT Satellite 362 8.5.2 SCIAMACHY’s Operation 362 8.5.3 Analysis 364 8.5.4 Ozone Results 368 8.6 Remote Sensing by Lidar 368 8.6.1 Lidar Equation and DIAL 369 8.6.2 Range-Resolved Cloud and Aerosol Optical Properties 371 Exercises 376 References 377 9 The Context of Society 379 9.1 Using Energy Resources 380 9.1.1 Energy Consumption 380 9.1.2 Energy Consumption and Resources 382 9.1.3 Energy Efficiency 383 9.1.4 Comparing Energy Resources 384 9.1.5 Energy Options 387 9.1.6 Conclusion 388 9.2 Fresh Water 389 9.3 Risks 389 9.3.1 Small Concentrations of Harmful Chemicals 390 9.3.2 Acceptable Risks 392 9.3.3 Small Probability for a Large Harm 393 9.3.4 Dealing with Uncertainties 394 9.4 International Efforts 396 9.4.1 Protection of the Ozone Layer 396 9.4.2 Protection of Climate 396 9.5 Global Environmental Management 398 9.5.1 Self-Organized Criticality 398 9.5.2 Conclusion 401 9.6 Science and Society 401 9.6.1 Nature of Science 401 9.6.2 Control of Science 402 9.6.3 Aims of Science 402 9.6.4 A New Social Contract between Science and Society 404 Exercises and social questions 405 Social questions 405 References 406 Appendix A: Physical and Numerical Constants 409 Appendix B: Vector Algebra 411 Appendix C: Gauss, Delta and Error Functions 419 Appendix D: Experiments in a Student’s Lab 423 Appendix E: Web Sites 425 Appendix F: Omitted Parts of the Second Edition 427 Index 429

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Book SynopsisThe definitive textbook for paleoanthropology courses.Table of ContentsEXTENSIVE, CAREFULLY CHOSEN ART PROGRAMA generous, carefully constructed art program (with figures, tables, and photographs with captions) helps students master this complex material. The art program has been thoroughly updated for the new edition, including new easily accessible reference charts inside the front cover summarizing Plio-Pleistocene stratigraphic information, time scale, and paleomagnetic stratigraphy.

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Book SynopsisHarriet Rix is a tree science consultant based at the Tree Council, where she currently supports Defra in researching tree diseases and urban tree strategies. Before joining the tree sector in 2018, her jobs included farming sheep near Parnassus in Greece, working in landmine clearance in Syria for the HALO Trust and in Eastern Syria for the Danish Church, and as a liaison officer for a US department of state-sponsored EID clearance programme in Baghdad and Anbar province. She acted as a scientific advisor on Adrien Grenier's climate documentary, was secretary for Hedgelink and is a trustee of the Iraqi environmental charity Hasar.Rix holds a biochemistry degree from the University of Oxford and an MPhil in the history and philosophy of science from the University of Cambridge. She was a 2021/2022 London Library Emerging Writer, and her writing and photography has been published in the Financial Times, London Review of Books and Times Literary Supplement, among others. The Genius of Trees is her first book.

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Book SynopsisTextbooks on the principles of conservation biology abound. Yet, how does one put this theoretical knowledge into practice? The aim of The Conservation Handbook is to provide clear guidance on the implementation of conservation techniques. The wide range of methods described include those for ecological research, monitoring, planning, education, habitat management and combining conservation with development. Nineteen case studies illustrate how the methods have been applied. The book will be of interest to conservation biology students and practicing conservationists worldwide. For each copy of the book sold, another copy will be sent free to a practicing conservationist outside Western Europe, North America, Australia, New Zealand and Japan. Foreword by E. O. Wilson. Concise, practical guide packed full of ideas, methods and advice. Provides solutions for the main conservation pTrade Review"This is an eminently practical publication. [...] The book is packed with useful information ranging from sections on international agreements, campaigning and fund-raising to descriptions of how to age plants and animals. [...] The strong emphasis throughout on integrating conservation with human development is to be welcomed and will do much to enhance the book's appeal overseas, especially in developing countries. [...] this is a very readable, comprehensive text that fills an important niche." Animal Welfare, Nov 2001 "Overall, the book is a very useful handbook for conservationists both in the industrialised countries and especially for those working in developing countries. [...] To conclude, William Sutherland has written a fine and useful book." Jari Niemela, Biodiversity & Conservation "The strong emphasis throughout the book on integrating conservation with human development is welcomed, and will enhance the book's appeal overseas, especially in developing countries." EASA News, August 2003 Table of ContentsForeword. 1. Introduction. 2. Assessing Biodiversity. 3. Setting Conservation Priorities. 4. Monitoring. 5. Ecological Research Techniques. 6. Diagnosis And Prediction. 7. Conservation Planning. 8. Organisational Management And Fund Raising. 9. Education And Ecotourism. 10. Bringing About Political And Policy Changes. 11. Species Management. 12. Habitat Management. 13. Exploitation. 14. Integrating Development And Conservation

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Book SynopsisEarly Earth Systems provides a complete history of the Earth from its beginnings to the end of the Archaean. This journey through the Earth''s early history begins with the Earth''s origin, then examines the evolution of the mantle, the origin of the continental crust, the origin and evolution of the Earth''s atmosphere and oceans, and ends with the origin of life. Looks at the evidence for the Earth''s very early differentiation into core, mantle, crust, atmosphere and oceans and how this differentiation saw extreme interactions within the Earth system. Discusses Archaean Earth processes within the framework of the Earth System Science paradigm, providing a qualitative assessment of the principal reservoirs and fluxes in the early Earth. The book would be perfect for a graduate-level or upper level undergraduate course on the early Earth. It will also serve as a great starting point for researchers in solid-Earth geochemistryTrade Review“This is a book for everyone fascinated by a description of the Earth's history in terms of Earth system science.” (Pure and Applied Geophysics) "Hugh Rollinson sets out in his book Early Earth Systems: A Geochemical Approach to summarize what we know (and don’t know) about this enigmatic portion of our planet’s evolution. He does an excellent job of it." (Geological Magazine, November 2008)Table of Contents1. The Earth System. Introduction. The Nature of the Early Geological Record. Archaean Lithological Associations. The Oldest Rocks. How Much do we Really Know About the Early Earth?. 2. The Origin and Differentiation of the Earth. The Origin and Early History of the Universe. Star Formation. The Condensation of the Solar System. Earth Differentiation – the First Earth System. 3. The Evolution of the Earth’s Mantle. Understanding the Mantle. The Earth’s Earliest Mantle. Mantle Models. 4. The Origin of the Continental Crust. Modern Crust Formation – Models and Mechanisms. First Order Constraints on the Origin of the Continental Crust. The Secular Evolution of the Earth’s Continental Crust. Crustal Growth During the Archaean. Crust-Mantle Interactions: Reservoirs and Fluxes. 5. The Origin of the Earth’s Atmosphere and Oceans. The Volatile Budget of the Modern Earth. The Origin of the Earth’s Atmosphere and Oceans. The Nature of the Archaean Atmosphere. The Nature of the Archaean Oceans. 6. The Origin of Life. Setting the Scene for Life. Geochemical Signals of Biological Activity. The Geological Record of Life’s Origins. The Microbial Record of Life’s Origins. In the Beginning…. 7. Postscript. References. Index

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Book SynopsisThis book is intended as an introductory text for students studying a wide range of courses concerned with animal management, zoo biology and wildlife conservation, and should also be useful to zookeepers and other zoo professionals. It is divided into three parts.Trade Review“Overall, this is an exemplary introductory text, with masses of invaluable supporting information in appendices and a companion website: www.wiley.com/go/rees/zoo. Giant pandas, by the way, get almost fifty mentions in an excellent index.” (British Ecological Society Bulletin, 1 August 2012) Table of ContentsPreface. PART 1 – HISTORY, ORGANISATION AND REGULATION. 1 The Purpose and Popularity of Zoos. 2 Conservation. 3 A Short History of Zoos. 4 Zoo Organisation and Management. 5 Zoo Legislation. 6 Ethics and Zoos. PART 2 – ENCLOSURES, HUSBANDRY AND BEHAVIOUR. 7 Zoo and Exhibit Design. 8 Nutrition and Feeding. 9 Reproductive Biology. 10 Zoo Animal Behaviour, Enrichment and Training.> 11 Animal Welfare and Veterinary Care. PART 3 - CONSERVATION. 12 Collection Planning and Captive Breeding. 13 Record Keeping. 14 Education, Research and Zoo Visitor Behaviour. 15 In-situ Conservation and Reintroductions. Appendix I. Appendix II. Index.

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Book SynopsisEarth is the only planet known to have fire. The reason is both simple and profound: fire exists because Earth is the only planet to possess life as we know it. Fire is an expression of life on Earth and an index of life s history. Few processes are as integral, unique, or ancient.Trade ReviewThe well-organized and illustrated work can be used as a textbook or a reference source for practitioners. Each chapter has a list of further readings, and each part has its own extensive bibliography. This phenomenal contribution will become a classic reference for five mangers, students of fire ecology and climate, and researchers for years to come. Summing Up: Essential. All levels/libraries." (Choice, 1 October 2014) "Overall, the book provides an excellent, multidisciplinary introduction to fire, authored by leading experts in their fields, written in a very accessible style and supported by superb illustrations and extensive references. Hence, I highly recommend it to potential readers, who may be upper level undergraduate students, graduate students, teaching staff and everyone working, or simply interested, in the area of environmental science." (International Journal of Wildland Fire, 1 August 2014) "Fire and earth scientists, anthropologists, ecol­ogists, resource managers, and especially ad­vanced students in natural sciences will find the text, along with its online resources, a req­uisite addition to their libraries. Not only is it a pleasure to read, simply put, it sparks the imagination." (Fire Ecology, 1 June 2014) "With wildfire recognised in key government contingency documents, not least for climate change, foresters looking for greater understanding of this future challenge over the coming decades, should look no further." (Chartered Forester, 1 May 2014) "This book is a good example of a multidisciplinary investigation. The writers express the wish that it may stimulate further research into fire processes, both 'natural' and induced by humanity. A book worth reading!." (Geological Journal, 29 April 2014) "Each part has an extensive reference list reflecting the worldwide significance of wildfire and varied scientific approaches: tables, diagrams and colour photographs are abundant, and there is a welcome companion website with a host of useful teaching/demonstration material." (The Biologist 2016) "Fire on Earth would serve as an outstanding basis for a graduate course in fire science and management. It is also a valuable reference that has a place on the bookshelf of any instructor, scientist, or land manager whose work involves the role of fire in terrestrial ecosystems and human civilization." (The Quarterly Review of Biology 2016)Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgements xv About the Authors xvii About the Companion Website xix PART ONE FIRE IN THE EARTH SYSTEM 1 Preface to part one 2 Chapter 1 What is fire? 3 1.1 How fire starts and initially spreads 3 1.2 Lightning and other ignition sources 4 1.3 The charring process 6 1.4 Pyrolysis products 7 1.5 Fire types 10 1.6 Peat fires 14 1.7 Fire effects on soils 15 1.8 Post-fire erosion-deposition 18 1.9 Fire and vegetation 22 1.10 Fire and climate 26 1.11 Fire triangles 30 1.12 Fire return intervals 30 1.13 How we study fire: satellites 31 1.14 Modelling fire occurrence 38 1.15 Climate forcing 42 1.16 Scales of fire occurrence 44 Further reading 45 Chapter 2 Fire in the fossil record: recognition 47 2.1 Fire proxies: fire scars and charcoal 47 2.2 The problem of nomenclature: black carbon, char, charcoal, soot and elemental carbon 49 2.3 How we study charcoal: microscopical and chemical techniques 51 2.4 Charcoal as an information-rich source 56 2.5 Charcoal reflectance and temperature 56 2.6 Uses of charcoal 58 2.7 Fire intensity/severity 59 2.8 Deep time studies 60 2.9 Pre-requisite for fire: fuel – the evolution of plants 61 2.10 Charcoal in sedimentary systems 62 Further reading 63 Chapter 3 Fire in the fossil record: earth system processes 65 3.1 Fire and oxygen 65 3.2 Fire feedbacks 67 3.3 Systems diagrams 67 3.4 Charcoal as proxy for atmospheric oxygen 69 3.5 Burning experiments – fire spread 69 3.6 Fire and the terrestrial system 70 Further reading 72 Chapter 4 The geological history of fire in deep time: 420 million years to 2 million years ago 73 4.1 Periods of high and low fire, and implications 73 4.2 The first fires 73 4.3 The rise of fire 75 4.4 Fire in the high-oxygen Paleozoic world 77 4.5 Collapse of fire systems 80 4.6 Fire at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary 82 4.7 Jurassic variation 82 4.8 Cretaceous fires 84 4.9 Fire at the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-P or K-T) boundary 87 4.10 Paleocene fires 88 4.11 Fires across the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM) 88 4.12 Dampening of fire systems 89 4.13 Rise of the grass-fire cycle 89 Further reading 89 Chapter 5 The geological history of fire – the last two million years 91 5.1 Problems of Quaternary fire history 91 5.2 The Paleofire working group: techniques and analysis 93 5.3 Fire and climate cycles 97 5.4 Fire and humans: the fossil evidence 98 5.5 Fire and the industrial society 101 Further reading 101 References for part one 103 PART TWO BIOLOGY OF FIRE 111 Preface to part two 112 Chapter 6 Pyrogeography – temporal and spatial patterns of fire 113 6.1 Fire and life 113 6.2 Global climate, vegetation patterns and fire 113 6.3 Pyrogeography 116 6.4 Fire and the control of biome boundaries 121 6.5 The fire regime concept 125 6.6 Fire ecology 128 6.7 Conclusion 129 Further reading 129 Chapter 7 Plants and fire 131 7.1 Introduction 131 7.2 Fire and plant traits 131 7.3 Fire regimes and the characteristic suite of fire plant traits 137 7.4 Evolution of fire traits 140 7.5 Summary and implications 145 Further reading 145 General reading 146 Chapter 8 Fire and fauna 147 8.1 Direct effects of fire on fauna 147 8.2 The effect of fire regimes on fauna 148 8.3 The landscape mosaic and pyrodiversity 150 8.4 The effect of fauna on fire regimes 152 8.5 Fire and the evolution of fauna 154 8.6 Summary 155 Further reading 155 Chapter 9 Fire as an ecosystem process 157 9.1 Introduction 157 9.2 Fire and erosion 157 9.3 Fire and nutrient cycling 160 9.4 Fire and pedogenesis 163 9.5 Fire and atmospheric chemistry 164 9.6 Fire and climate 165 9.7 Summary 168 Further reading 169 Chapter 10 Fire and anthropogenic environmental change 171 10.1 Introduction 171 10.2 Prehistoric impacts 171 10.3 Prehistoric fire management 174 10.4 Contemporary fire management 176 10.5 Climate change 177 10.6 Fire and carbon management 180 10.7 Fire regime switches: a major challenge for fire ecology 180 10.8 Invasive plants and altered fire regimes 184 10.9 Conclusion 187 Further reading 187 References for part two 189 PART THREE ANTHROPOGENIC FIRE 193 Preface to part three 194 Chapter 11 Fire creature 195 11.1 Early hominins: spark of creation 195 11.2 Aboriginal fire: control over ignition 198 11.3 Cultivated fire: control over combustibles 206 11.4 Ideas and institutions: lore and ritual 220 11.5 Narrative arcs (and equants) 221 Further reading 229 Chapter 12 A new epoch of fire: the anthropocene 231 12.1 The Great Disruption 231 12.2 The pyric transition 232 12.3 Enlightenment and empire 236 12.4 Scaling the transition 238 12.5 After the revolution 245 Further reading 257 Chapter 13 Fire management 259 13.1 Introducing integrated fire management 259 13.2 Two realms: managing the pyric transition 260 13.3 Strategies 261 13.4 Institutions: ordering fire 272 13.5 Ideas: conceptions of fire 277 13.6 Fire management: selected examples 279 Further reading 289 References and further reading for part three 291 PART FOUR THE SCIENCE AND ART OF WILDLAND FIRE BEHAVIOUR PREDICTION 295 Preface to part four 296 Chapter 14 Fundamentals of wildland fire as a physical process 297 14.1 Introduction 297 14.2 The basics of combustion and heat transfer 298 14.3 The wildland fire environment concept 303 14.4 Characterization of wildland fire behaviour 315 14.5 Extreme wildland fire behaviour phenomena 329 14.6 Field methods of measuring and quantifying wildland fire behaviour 336 14.7 Towards increasing our understanding of wildland fire behaviour 337 Further reading 339 Chapter 15 Estimating free-burning wildland fire behaviour 341 15.1 Introduction 341 15.2 A historical sketch of wildland fire behaviour research 342 15.3 Models, systems and guides for predicting wildland fire behaviour 350 15.4 Limitations on the accuracy of model predictions of wildland fire behaviour 359 15.5 The wildland fire behaviour prediction process 363 15.6 Specialized support in assessing wildland fire behaviour 370 15.7 Looking ahead 371 Further reading 372 Chapter 16 Fire management applications of wildland fire behaviour knowledge 373 16.1 Introduction 373 16.2 Wildfire suppression 376 16.3 Wildland firefighter safety 378 16.4 Community wildland fire protection 382 16.5 Fuels management 383 16.6 Prediction of fire effects 388 16.7 Getting on the road towards self-improvement 389 Further reading 390 References for part four 393 Index 405

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Book SynopsisIn recent years, scientific advances in our understanding of animal minds have led to major changes in how we think about, and treat, animals in zoos and aquariums. The general public, it seems, is slowly coming to understand that animals like apes, elephants, and dolphins have not just brains, but complicated inner and social lives, and that we need to act accordingly. Yet that realization hasn't yet made its presence felt to any great degree in our most intimate relationship with animals: at the dinner table. Sure, there are vegetarians and vegans all over, but at the same time, meat consumption is up, and meat remains a central part of the culinary and dining experience for the majority of people in the developed world. With Personalities on the Plate, Barbara King asks us to think hard about our meat eating though this isn't a polemic intended to convert readers to veganism. What she is interested in is why we've not drawn food animals into our concern, and, as part of that, just what we do know about the minds and lives of chickens, cows, octopuses, fish, and more. Rooted in the latest science, and built on a mix of firsthand experience (including entomophagy, which, yes, is what you think it is) and close engagement with the work of scientists, farmers, vets, and chefs, Personalities on the Plate is an unforgettable journey through the world of animals we eat. Knowing what we know and what we may yet learn what is the proper ethical stance toward eating meat? What are the consequences for the planet? How can we life an ethically and ecologically sound life through our food choices? We could have no better guide to these fascinatingly thorny questions than King, whose deep empathy embraces human and animal alike. Readers will be moved, provoked, and changed by this powerful book.

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Book Synopsis* Inclusion of new techniques: thermal imaging and radioactivity methods * New section on case histories of multi-method environmental geophysical investigations * Improved artwork quality and layout .Table of ContentsPreface to the 2nd Edition xi Acknowledgements xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 What are ‘applied’ and ‘environmental’ geophysics? 1 1.2 Geophysical methods 3 1.3 Matching geophysical methods to applications 5 1.4 Planning a geophysical survey 5 1.5 Geophysical survey design 9 2 Gravity Methods 19 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Physical basis 19 2.3 Measurement of gravity 24 2.4 Gravity meters 26 2.5 Corrections to gravity observations 34 2.6 Interpretation methods 45 2.7 Applications and case histories 59 3 Geomagnetic Methods 83 3.1 Introduction 83 3.2 Basic concepts and units of geomagnetism 83 3.3 Magnetic properties of rocks 87 3.4 The Earth’s magnetic field 89 3.5 Magnetic instruments 95 3.6 Magnetic surveying 100 3.7 Qualitative interpretation 103 3.8 Quantitative interpretation 107 3.9 Applications and case histories 123 4 Applied Seismology: Introduction and Principles 143 4.1 Introduction 143 4.2 Seismic waves 144 4.3 Raypath geometry in layered ground 149 4.4 Loss of seismic energy 152 4.5 Seismic energy sources 154 4.6 Detection and recording of seismic waves 169 5 Seismic Refraction Surveying 179 5.1 Introduction 179 5.2 General principles of refraction surveying 179 5.3 Geometry of refracted raypaths 182 5.4 Interpretational methods 186 5.5 Applications and case histories 193 5.6 Shear wave methods 208 6 Seismic Reflection Surveying 217 6.1 Introduction 217 6.2 Reflection surveys 217 6.3 Reflection data processing 228 6.4 Correlating seismic data with borehole logs and cones 246 6.5 Interpretation 250 6.6 Applications 257 7 Electrical Resistivity Methods 289 7.1 Introduction 289 7.2 Basic principles 289 7.3 Electrode configurations and geometric factors 293 7.4 Modes of deployment 301 7.5 Interpretation methods 311 7.6 ERT applications and case histories 326 7.7 Mise-`a-la-masse (MALM) method 336 7.8 Leak detection through artificial membranes 346 8 Spontaneous (Self) Potential Methods 349 8.1 Introduction 349 8.2 Occurrence of self-potentials 349 8.3 Origin of self-potentials 349 8.4 Measurement of self-potentials 353 8.5 Corrections to SP data 354 8.6 Interpretation of self-potential anomalies 354 8.7 Applications and case histories 357 8.8 Electrokinetic (EK) surveying 371 9 Induced Polarisation 373 9.3 Measurement of induced polarisation 376 9.4 Applications and case histories 384 10 Electromagnetic Methods: Introduction and Principles 403 10.1 Introduction 403 10.2 Principles of EM surveying 407 10.3 Airborne EM surveying 411 10.4 Seaborne EM surveying 418 10.5 Borehole EM surveying 426 11 Electromagnetic Methods: Systems and Applications 431 11.1 Introduction 431 11.2 Continuous-wave (CW) systems 431 11.3 Pulse-transient (TEM) or time-domain (TDEM) EM systems 467 12 Electromagnetic Methods: Systems and Applications II 495 12.1 Very-low-frequency (VLF) methods 495 12.2 The telluric method 502 12.3 The magnetotelluric (MT) method 505 12.4 Magnetic Resonance Sounding (MRS) 519 13 Introduction to Ground-Penetrating Radar 535 13.1 Introduction 535 13.2 Principles of operation 537 13.3 Propagation of radiowaves 539 13.4 Dielectric properties of earth materials 546 13.5 Modes of data acquisition 552 13.6 Data processing 554 13.7 Interpretation techniques 560 14 Ground-Penetrating Radar: Applications and Case Histories 565 14.1 Geological mapping 565 14.2 Hydrogeology and groundwater contamination 571 14.3 Glaciological applications 578 14.4 Engineering applications on manmade structures 587 14.5 Voids within manmade structures 599 14.6 Archaeological investigations 603 14.7 Forensic uses of GPR 607 14.8 Wide-aperture radar mapping and migration processing 607 14.9 Borehole radar 609 14.10 UXO and landmine detection 617 14.11 Animals 618 15 Radiometrics 625 15.1 Introduction 625 15.2 Natural radiation 625 15.3 Radioactivity of rocks 628 15.4 Radiation detectors 628 15.5 Data correction methods 633 15.6 Radiometric data presentation 635 15.7 Case histories 636 Appendix 645 References 649 Index 681

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Book SynopsisTake a learning journey through billions of years of Earthhistory This indispensable guide to the fundamentals of geology is theideal way to introduce yourself to all the basics, from rocks,minerals, and fossil fuels to earthquakes, volcanoes, and platetectonics. Using quick quizzes and self-tests to reinforce keyconcepts, Geology carefully walks you through billions of years ofEarth history. Illustrated with more than one hundred speciallycommissioned illustrations and fifty photographs that help clarifydifficult concepts, this easy-to-follow book is an interactiveresource for anyone interested in learning more about ourplanet. Whether you are new to geology or want to refresh and update yourknowledge, the proven self-teaching guide approach will allow youto work at your own pace, check your progress, and learn more aboutthis fascinating field of study.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments. A Note to the Reader. Plate Tectonics: A Revolution in Geology. What the Earth Is Made Of. The Rock Record and Geologic Time. Earthquakes and the Inside of the Earth. Volcanoes and Igneous Rocks. Weathering and Erosion. Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Metamorphism and Rock Deformation. The Hydrosphere and the Atmosphere. The Record of Life on Earth. Resources from the Earth. Earth Systems and Cycles. Appendix 1: Units and Conversions. Appendix 2: Elements and Their Symbols. Appendix 3: Properties of Some Important Minerals. Appendix 4: Symbols Commonly Used on Geologic Maps. Appendix 5: Some Great Earth Science Web Sites. Index.

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Book SynopsisProposes the existence of widely-recurring plant functional types with predictable relationships to vegetation structure and dynamics. This title features chapters on Assembling of Communities, Rarification and Extinction, Colonisation and Invasion, Principles and methodologies of a range of international tests including case study examples.Table of ContentsPreface xii Preface to First Edition vii Introduction xix Chapter Summaries xxvii Part I Plant Strategies 1 Chapter 1 Primary Strategies in the Established Phase 3 Chapter 2 Secondary Strategies in the Established Phase 116 Chapter 3 Regenerative Strategies 138 Part II Plant Strategies and Vegetation Process 177 Chapter 4 Dominance 179 Chapter 5 Assembling of Communities 199 Chapter 6 Rarification and Extinction 218 Chapter 7 Colonisation and Invasion 225 Chapter 8 Succession 238 Chapter 9 Co-existence 257 Part III Plant Strategies and Ecosystem Properties 301 Chapter 10 Trophic Structure, Productivity and Stability 303 References 349 Species list 404 Index 410

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Book SynopsisThe hare permeates our consciousness like no other creature. Despite facing ever increasing environmental pressures, the hare still retains its ability to both delight and confound in equal measure. Produced in conjunction with The Hare Preservation Trust, this book offers a unique insight into this most fascinating of creatures.

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Book SynopsisThis interdisciplinary advanced textbook on the origin, composition, and evolution of Earth's interior provides a complete update of Anderson's Theory of the Earth, including many new sections, figures and tables. This stimulating textbook can be used on a wide range of advanced courses, and is an essential resource for researchers.Trade ReviewFrom reviews of the previous edition, Theory of the Earth: ' … Theory of the Earth is one of the most important books of the decade … Anderson is one of a very small group of scientists who have managed to achieve success in both fields [geophysics and geochemistry], providing a dual experience that makes his book an invaluable survey. Theory of the Earth, then, is in part an extensive summary of our current state of knowledge of the Earth's interior, … drawing on a wide variety of scientific disciplines including not only geophysics and geochemistry but solid-state physics, astronomy, crystallography and thermodynamics. It goes much further than merely summarizing knowledge, however, in that it also attempts to integrate the information from different fields in the spirit of an Earth that itself recognizes no humanly devised disciplinary boundaries. Both as survey and synthesis, Anderson's text, the first in its field, will be of great benefit to students around the world.' Peter J. Smith, Open UniversityFrom reviews of the previous edition, Theory of the Earth: 'Any scientist today who takes on the task of trying to integrate the mass of diverse observations about Earth into a coherent model is courageous. Anderson has attempted to put together data from modern geophysics, geochemistry, isotope systematics, and petrology and, in large part, has succeeded … this book will introduce the advanced student quite well to the tools of observation we have available to us, and to what we know and don't know about the Earth. … Anderson can be congratulated for producing a document that will be a standard taking-off point for many a future graduate seminar.' William S. Fyfe, University of Western OntarioFrom reviews of the previous edition, Theory of the Earth: ' … much to the envy of the rest of us, there are a few people within the Earth-science community who are, well, fairly superhuman. Don Anderson is one of them - as close to being the complete geophysicist/geochemist as anyone is ever likely to be. Theory of the Earth, then, is an extensive summary of practically everything 'known' about the physics, chemistry and physicochemical evolution of the Earth's interior. … Anderson has produced a remarkable synthesis of our present understanding of the Earth's interior.' NatureFrom reviews of the previous edition, Theory of the Earth: 'The appearance of this book is a major event in geoscience literature. It is a comprehensive statement on the Physics and Chemistry of the Earth by one of the great authorities of our time. It will occupy a prominent place on our bookshelves for the rest of our professional lives. When we get into an argument with colleagues or face a fundamental problem that we are unsure about we will reach for it: 'Let's see what Anderson says about that'. … a very valuable book.' Frank Stacey, Physics of the Earth and Planetary InteriorsFrom reviews of the previous edition, Theory of the Earth: ' … as in all good scientific books, there is strong concentration on themes with which Anderson has been closely identified over a number of years. … The scope of the book is most impressive: it will be a constantly useful as a source of information that is otherwise extremely time-consuming to track down.' Joe Cann, The Times Higher Education Supplement'Don Anderson is among one of those rare geoscientists who have wisdom and capability of in-depth criticism, as is evident from this book.' Journal of Sedimentary Research'… the sequencing topics is one of the book's best qualities. … because it is so well written and well conceived, it is suitable either as a graduate level text book or as supplemental reading in an advanced undergraduate course, and because it is so comprehensive, it deserves to be within arm's length of every serious student of earth.' Physics Today'… comprehensive and in-depth … In addition to conventional (highly relevant and up-to-date) references, the added 'googlets' will be of immense help for students and researcher to find many relevant but otherwise inaccessible web documents. The mode of presentation is enjoyable and the illustrations are reader-friendly. This book will definitely motivate new research and I strongly recommend this book for libraries of universities and institutes.' Geologos' … Anderson has written a very amazing book. … many pages bring provocative facts and interpretations, but this is essential for a stimulation of our thinking… Its importance in geosciences may not be less than in other branches of the human knowledge. When its rich content makes this book outstanding, the noted message makes it brilliant.' Paläontologie allgemTable of ContentsPreface; Part I. Planetary Perspective: 1. Origin and early history; 2. Comparative planetology; 3. Building blocks of planets; Part II. Earth: The Dynamic Planet: 4. Outer shells of Earth; 5. Eclogite engine; 6. Shape of the Earth; 7. Convection and complexity; Part III. Radial and Lateral Structure: 8. Let's take it from the top; crust and upper mantle; 9. A laminated lumpy mantle; 10. The bowels of the Earth; 11. Geotomography; heterogeneity of the mantle; Part IV. Sampling Earth: 12. Statistics and other damned lies; 13. Making an Earth; 14. Magmas - windows into the mantle; 15. The hard rock cafe; 16. Noble gas isotopes; 17. The other isotopes; Part V. Mineral Physics: 18. Elasticity and solid state geophysics; 19. Dissipation; 20. Anisotropy; fabric of the mantle; 21. Nonelastic and transport properties; 22. Squeezing; phase changes and mantle mineralogy; Part VI. Origin and Evolution of Layers and Blobs: 23. The upper mantle; 24. The nature and cause of mantle heterogeneity; 25. Crystallization of the mantle; Part VII. Energetics: 26. Terrestrial heat flow; 27. Thermal history; Appendix; Index.

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Book SynopsisSome 250 million years ago, the earth suffered the greatest biological crisis in its history. Around 95 percent of all living species died out--a global catastrophe far greater than the dinosaurs' demise 185 million years later. How this happened remains a mystery. But there are many competing theories. Some blame huge volcanic eruptions that coverTrade ReviewOne of Choice's Outstanding Academic Titles for 2006 "Theories and mysteries can be dispelled with good data from the geologic record, and Erwin (a paleobiologist at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History) offers an authoritative account of the search for these data and for the cause of the extinction... Extinction provides a great reference for researchers and the interested lay reader alike."--Andrew M. Bush, Science "Extinction is a very enjoyable read... It provides a thoroughly up-to-date account of the causes of the end-Permian event and the developments in the field since 1993 as seen through the eyes of one of the key players... Extinction leaves the reader with the (accurate) picture that here is a scientist whose work has significantly advanced our understanding of the greatest extinction event known to science... [A] readable and scholarly account."--Richard J. Twitchett, American Scientist "Douglas Erwin's geological mystery story is engrossing. It contains a tribute to the scientific method--and also the collaborations of research. The book ends with Erwin warning that the Earth is arguably entering another mass extinction period, this time unnatural and man-made. And this time the destruction may well be total."--Lucy Sussex, The Age (Sunday edition) "Douglas H. Erwin, a Smithsonian paleobiologist and one of the leading experts on the Permian extinction has meticulously sifted through the evidence... His accessible new book, Extinction--written, it seems, both to persuade his colleagues and to educate a lay audience--is told from the perspective of a forensic scientist trying to piece together a quarter-billion-year-old crime scene."--Joshua Foer, Washington Post Book World "Douglas Erwin describes how life on Earth was nearly destroyed at the end of the Permian period, 250 million years ago... The author ... explain[s] what this paleontological, as well as geological, evidence can tell scientists about the dramatic and deadly shift in the Earth's environment."--Science News "No one can tell this story better than Douglas Erwin. His book is a superbly written account of what we know about the Permian extinctions... More than a geological story, this book is an excellent model of how science addresses complicated questions."--Choice "This book does not justify a single, accepted causal sequence of events ... to account for the end-Permian extinction. Instead, Erwin dissects the evidence for and against each hypothesis, impartially weighing their strengths and weaknesses. Although this book may frustrate readers expecting to learn how life nearly ended 250 million years ago, it will reward them with a fascinating case study in scientific inference, a case that remains very much open."--John P. Hunter, Quarterly Review of Biology "Erwin's book is science writing for the general public at its best and most lucid. Entertaining, informative, and thought provoking."--Northeastern Naturalist "Erwin offers a thorough overview of one of the most interesting problems in earth history... Erwin takes the readers on an insider's journey that includes adventures in the field, tedious hours in the laboratory, and stimulating but sometimes contentious exchanges among colleagues at scientific meetings. He gives rigorous consideration to every reasonable hypothesis... Erwin's short course is a professional service for geologists (like me) who have read only some of the primary literature on the end-Permian extinction."--Stephen O. Moshier, Books & Culture "For scientists as well as general educated readers, this book enlightens its readers to the complexity of the largest biological crisis the earth has yet seen."--H.J.M. Meijer, PalArch's Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology "I recommend Extinction: How Life on Earth Nearly Ended 250 Million Years Ago to scientists and nonscientists alike. It provides a clear, comprehensive, and compelling introduction to the greatest catastrophe in the history of animal life and proposes a reasonable hypothesis for the cause of the extinction that will undoubtedly be tested vigorously with new data in the coming decade."--Jonathan L. Payne, ComplexityTable of ContentsAcknowledgments vii Preface to the New Paperback Edition ix CHAPTER 1: Introduction 1 CHAPTER 2: A Cacophony of Causes 17 CHAPTER 3: South China Interlude 59 CHAPTER 4: It's a Matter of Time 77 CHAPTER 5: Filter Feeding Fails 98 CHAPTER 6: South African Eden 124 CHAPTER 7: The Perils of Permian Seas 161 CHAPTER 8: Denouement 187 CHAPTER 9: Resurrection and Recovery 218 CHAPTER 10: The Paradox of the Permo-Triassic 245 Notes 263 References 275 Index 293

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgement xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The Periglacial Concept: Definitions and Scope 1 1.2 The Periglacial Realm 5 1.3 The Development of Periglacial Geomorphology 5 1.4 Periglacial Geomorphology: The Quaternary Context 7 2 Periglacial Environments 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Periglacial Climates 11 2.3 Soils in Periglacial Environments 17 2.4 Vegetation Cover in Periglacial Environments 18 2.5 Synthesis 20 3 Ground Freezing and Thawing 23 3.1 Introduction 23 3.2 Ground Heating and Cooling 23 3.3 Soil Freezing 28 3.4 Ice Segregation in Freezing Soils 32 3.5 Thaw Consolidation 37 3.6 Synthesis 38 4 Permafrost 39 4.1 Introduction 39 4.2 Permafrost Thermal Regime 40 4.3 Classification of Permafrost 43 4.4 Detection, Mapping and Modelling of Permafrost 44 4.5 Permafrost Distribution 46 4.6 Permafrost–glacier Interactions 53 4.7 The Geomorphic Importance of Permafrost 54 5 Ground Ice and Cryostratigraphy 57 5.1 Introduction 57 5.2 Genetic Classification of Ground Ice 57 5.3 Description of Ground Ice 62 5.4 Ice Contacts 66 5.5 Cryostratigraphy 67 5.6 The Transition Zone 69 5.7 Massive Ground Ice 72 5.8 Yedoma 76 6 Thermal Contraction Cracking: Ice Wedges and Related Landforms 81 6.1 Introduction 81 6.2 Thermal Contraction Cracking and Polygon Evolution 81 6.3 Ice Veins and Ice Wedges 84 6.4 Ice]wedge Polygons 87 6.5 Sand Veins and Sand Wedges 89 6.6 Composite Veins and Composite Wedges 90 6.7 Sand]wedge Polygons 90 6.8 Frost Cracking of Seasonally Frozen Ground 91 6.9 Thaw Modification of Frost Wedges 91 6.10 Frost]Wedge Pseudomorphs and Frost Polygons in Areas of Past Permafrost 92 7 Pingos, Palsas and other Frost Mounds 97 7.1 Introduction 97 7.2 Characteristics of Pingos 97 7.3 Hydrostatic Pingos 99 7.4 Hydraulic Pingos 101 7.5 Pingo Problems and Problem Pingos 104 7.6 Segregation Ice Mounds: Palsas, Lithalsas and Related Landforms 105 7.7 Palsas 106 7.8 Peat Plateaus 109 7.9 Lithalsas 109 7.10 Permafrost Plateaus 111 7.11 Other Permafrost Mounds 111 7.12 Ephemeral Frost Mounds 112 7.13 Relict Permafrost Mounds 113 8 Thermokarst 117 8.1 Introduction 117 8.2 Thermokarst Lakes and Drained Lake Basins 118 8.3 Thermokarst Pits, Bogs and Fens 131 8.4 Retrogressive Thaw Slumps 132 8.5 Small]scale Thermokarst Features: Beaded Streams, Sinkholes and Thermokarst Gullies 136 8.6 Sediment Structures associated with Thermokarst 138 8.7 Relict Thermokarst Phenomena 139 9 Seasonally Frozen Ground Phenomena 143 9.1 Introduction 143 9.2 Upfreezing of Clasts 143 9.3 Frost Heave of Bedrock 145 9.4 Patterned Ground: The Embroidery on the Landscape 145 9.5 Patterned Ground Processes 147 9.6 Sorted Patterned Ground 148 9.7 Nonsorted Patterned Ground 155 9.8 Cryoturbations 161 9.9 Pedogenic Effects of Freezing and Thawing 164 9.10 Fragipans 166 9.11 Synthesis 167 10 Rock Weathering and Associated Landforms 169 10.1 Introduction 169 10.2 Physical Weathering Processes 169 10.3 Chemical Weathering Processes 177 10.4 Biotic Weathering Processes 180 10.5 Weathering Processes in Periglacial Environments 180 10.6 Cold]climate Karst 181 10.7 Tors 182 10.8 Blockfields and Related Periglacial Regolith Covers 185 10.9 Brecciated Bedrocks 192 11 Periglacial Mass Movement and Hillslope Evolution 195 11.1 Introduction 195 11.2 Solifluction Processes 195 11.3 Solifluction Landforms 204 11.4 Pleistocene Solifluction Landforms and Slope Deposits 210 11.5 Active]layer Failures 213 11.6 Permafrost Creep 215 11.7 Nivation 217 11.8 Cryoplanation 220 11.9 Slope Form and Slope Evolution 222 12 Talus Slopes and Related Landforms 225 12.1 Introduction 225 12.2 Rockfall Talus 225 12.3 The Geomorphic Role of Snow Avalanches 234 12.4 Debris]flow Activity 237 12.5 Rock Glaciers 240 12.6 Pronival (Protalus) Ramparts 248 12.7 Synthesis 250 13 Fluvial Processes and Landforms 253 13.1 Introduction 253 13.2 Periglacial Hydrology 253 13.3 Slopewash 259 13.4 Slushflows 261 13.5 Sediment Transport in Periglacial Rivers 261 13.6 Bank and Channel Erosion 263 13.7 River Channels 266 13.8 Alluvial Landforms in Periglacial Environments 268 13.9 Valley Form 270 13.10 Pleistocene Periglacial Rivers 271 13.11 Synthesis 273 14 Wind Action 275 14.1 Introduction 275 14.2 Aeolian Processes 275 14.3 Wind Erosion in Present Periglacial Environments 276 14.4 Aeolian Deposits in Present Periglacial Environments 279 14.5 Quaternary Aeolian Deposits 288 14.6 Synthesis 297 15 Periglacial Coasts 299 15.1 Introduction 299 15.2 The Nature of Periglacial Coasts 299 15.3 The Role of Ice in Shoreline Evolution 301 15.4 Ice]rich Permafrost Coasts 303 15.5 Thermokarst Coasts 305 15.6 Barrier Coasts 306 15.7 Salt Marshes and Tidal Flats 308 15.8 Rock Coasts 308 15.9 Raised and Inherited Shorelines 309 15.10 Lake Shorelines 310 15.11 Synthesis 311 16 Past Periglacial Environments 313 16.1 Introduction 313 16.2 Palaeoenvironmental Reconstruction Based on Periglacial Features 314 16.3 Past Periglacial Environments of the British Isles 322 16.4 Pre]Late Devensian Periglacial Features in the British Isles 323 16.5 The Dimlington Stade in the British Isles 325 16.6 The Younger Dryas (Loch Lomond) Stade in the British Isles 329 16.7 Past Periglacial Environments of the British Isles: Commentary 332 16.8 Late Weichselian Periglacial Environments in Continental Europe 332 16.9 Late Wisconsinan Periglacial Environments in North America 341 16.10 Permafrost Extent in the Northern Hemisphere During the Last Glacial Stage 344 16.11 Concluding Comments 346 17 Climate Change and Periglacial Environments 349 17.1 Introduction 349 17.2 Permafrost Degradation 352 17.3 Geomorphological Implications of Climate Change in the Circumpolar North 356 17.4 Geomorphological Implications of Climate Change in High Mountain Environments 363 17.5 Climate Change, Permafrost Degradation and Greenhouse Gas Emissions 369 17.6 Conclusion 371 Appendix: Text Abbreviations, Units and Symbols Employed in Equations 373 References 375 Index 441

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Book SynopsisSoil Erosion and Conservation provides a comprehensive treatment of the processes of soil erosion, the methods that can be used for their control, and the issues involved in designing and implementing soil conservation programmes. Features of the third edition of this internationally recognised textbook include: New material on gully erosion, tillage practices, erosion risk assessment, use of erosion models, incentives for farmers and land users, and community approaches to erosion control Updated sections on the mechanics of wind erosion, soil erodibility, use of vegetation in erosion control, traditional soil conservation measures, socio-economic issues and the role of government Describes the methods used to assess the risk of erosion and predict rates of soil loss Outlines the social, economic, political and institutional constraints on implementing soil protection measures Trade Review"Overall, this is a well written and logically structured book that will be of great value to advanced undergraduate and graduate students studying soil erosion issues." Teaching Earth Sciences "...a key text in its field providing us with considerable substance to understand and teach this topic." TENews, 14 June 2005 "...builds on the success of the two previous successful editions. These have long been the mainstay for students of soil erosion and conservation. The Book states, 'a thorough understanding of the processes of erosion and their controlling factors is a prerequisite for designing erosion control measures on a sound scientific basis wherever they are needed. The aim of producing a text with a global perspective on research and practice is also retained"...) The book does admirably achieve its mission and is written in a clear and comprehensible style." European Society for Soil Conservation Newsletter, August 2005 "...an...admirable text built on the author's 35 years of research and teaching. The book is intended for both undergraduates and postgraduates studying soil erosion and conservation as parts of courses in agriculture, engineering and various branches of geography and environmental science. It is likely also to remain a valuable companion for them as they move into professional roles as conservation officers, civil and agricultural engineers and environmental consultants the world over. If you fall into any of these classess then buy it...I strongly recommend it." European Journal of Soil Science, November 2005 "The book is clearly organized and well-written...The material helps both students and practitioners to learn and enhance their knowledge on erosion control and soil conservation practice...this is a fine book that can only be recommended further." Environmental Geology, June 2006 "The third edition of this internationally recognized textbook will be invaluable to upper-level and graduate students." Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment "Professor Roy Morgan's third edition of Soil Erosion and Conservation is an authoritative, well-researched and accessible contribution to the study of soil erosion and its control." Environmental Conservation Table of ContentsForeword vii Preface ix 1 Soil erosion: the global context 1 Box 1. Erosion, population and food supply 9 2 Processes and mechanics of erosion 11 Box 2. Initiation of soil particle movement 42 3 Factors influencing erosion 45 Box 3. Scale and erosion processes 65 4 Erosion hazard assessment 67 Box 4. Upscaling detailed field surveys to national surveys 93 5 Measurement of soil erosion 95 Box 5. Sediment budgets 113 6 Modelling soil erosion 116 Box 6. Uncertainty in model predictions 149 7 Strategies for erosion control 152 Box 7. Planning a soil conservation strategy 172 8 Crop and vegetation management 175 Box 8. Selecting vegetation for erosion control 197 9 Soil management 200 Box 9. Tillage erosion 210 10 Mechanical methods of erosion control 212 Box 10. Laying out terraces and waterways 241 11 Implementation 244 Box 11. Land Care 254 12 The way ahead 257 References 262 Acknowledgements 297 Index 299

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Book SynopsisA much-needed, precise and practical treatment of a key topic in the energy industry and beyond, Applied Concepts in Fractured Reservoirs is an invaluable reference for those in both industry and academia Authored by renowned experts in the field, this book covers the understanding, evaluation, and effects of fractures in reservoirs. It offers a comprehensive yet practical discussion and description of natural fractures, their origins, characteristics, and effects on hydrocarbon reservoirs. It starts by introducing the reader to basic definitions and classifications of fractures and fractured reservoirs. It then provides an outline for fractured-reservoir characterization and analysis, and goes on to introduce the way fractures impact operational activities. Well organized and clearly illustrated throughout, Applied Concepts in Fractured Reservoirs starts with a section on understanding natural fractures. It looks at the different types, their dimensions, and the mechanics of fractuTable of ContentsForeword xi Preface xiii Acknowledgements xv Introduction xvii Part 1 Understanding Natural Fractures: Fracture Types, Dimensions, and Origin 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Nomenclature and Fracture-Classification Systems 1 1.2.1 Introduction 1 1.2.2 Other Classification Systems 3 1.2.3 Classifications for Fractures in Outcrops and Cores 4 1.2.4 Expulsion Fractures and Natural Hydraulic Fractures 5 1.2.5 Other Fracture Terminology 5 1.2.6 Sets, Systems, Domains, and Systematic Fractures 7 1.3 Fracture Characteristics and Dimensions 8 1.3.1 Introduction 8 1.3.2 Fracture Distribution Patterns 8 1.3.3 Fractography 10 1.3.4 Fracture Dip Angles 13 1.3.5 Fracture Distributions 13 1.3.6 Fracture Heights and Terminations 16 1.3.7 Fracture Lengths 18 1.3.8 Fracture Widths, Apertures, and Mineralization 19 1.3.9 Fracture Spacing 22 1.3.10 Fracture Strike 27 1.3.10.1 Fracture Orientations Relative to the In Situ Stresses 28 1.3.11 Discussion 28 1.4 The Mechanics of Fracturing Rock in Extension and Shear 29 1.4.1 Introduction 29 1.4.2 Origins of Geologic Stress Systems 31 1.4.2.1 Stresses in a Tectonically Quiescent Basin 31 1.4.2.2 Other Potential Sources of Horizontally Isotropic Stress 32 1.4.2.3 Stresses in a Tectonically Active Basin 32 1.4.3 Rock Susceptibility to Fracture: Basic Concepts 35 1.4.3.1 Introduction 35 1.4.3.2 Intrinsic Controls on Fracture Susceptibility 38 1.4.3.3 Extrinsic Controls on Fracture Susceptibility 39 1.4.3.4 How Rock Breaks: Grain-Scale Cracking, Yield, and Failure 41 1.4.3.5 Extrapolation to the Subsurface 43 1.4.4 Interplay Between Developing Fractures and the In Situ Stresses 44 1.4.5 The Importance of Pore Pressure 45 1.4.5.1 Introduction 45 1.4.5.2 The Relationship between Pore Pressure and Stress 45 1.4.5.3 Biot’s Coefficient 47 1.4.5.4 Mohr Diagrams and Pore Pressure 47 1.4.5.5 Pore Pressure Makes Rock Weak and Brittle 47 1.4.5.6 Sources of Pore Pressure 50 1.4.5.7 Alternate Theories 51 1.4.6 Summary 52 1.5 Other Fracture Types 53 1.5.1 Introduction 53 1.5.2 Deformation-Band Shear Fractures, Compaction Bands, and Dilation Bands 53 1.5.2.1 General Characteristics 53 1.5.2.2 Dimensions and Distributions 53 1.5.2.3 Origin 54 1.5.3 Faults and Fractures 55 1.5.4 Microfractures 56 1.5.5 Stylolites and Associated Extension Fractures 59 1.5.6 Bed-Parallel Shear Fractures 59 1.5.7 Beef-Filled Fractures 62 1.5.8 Ptygmatically Folded Fractures 63 1.5.9 Alteration of Fracture Systems by Dissolution 64 Appendix 1.A The Relationship Between Pore Pressure and the In Situ Effective Stresses 66 Introduction 66 Vertical Stress 67 Horizontal Stress 67 Effective Vertical Stress 67 Effective Horizontal Stress 68 Stress Differential 68 Part 2 Measuring and Analyzing Fractures in Reservoirs 71 2.1 Introduction 71 2.1.1 Reasons to Take Core 72 2.1.2 Analyses 73 2.1.3 Fracture Data Sources 73 2.1.4 Quantitative vs. Semi-Quantitative Data 73 2.1.5 Timing of a Fracture Study 73 2.1.6 Need for Experience 74 2.1.7 Other Data Sources 74 2.2 Planning a Core Program for Fracture Analysis 74 2.2.1 Introduction 74 2.2.2 Core Diameter and Length 74 2.2.3 Substituting Sidewall Core Samples 74 2.2.4 Orienting a Core 74 2.2.5 Drilling Parameters 75 2.2.6 Trip Time for Core Recovery 75 2.2.7 Collecting Data on Site 75 2.2.8 Running an Image Log 76 2.2.9 Back-to-Back Cores 76 2.2.10 On-Site Processing 76 2.2.11 CT Scans 77 2.2.12 Removing Core from the Barrel 77 2.2.13 Core-Jam Prevention Measures 77 2.2.14 Maximizing and Documenting Core Continuity 77 2.2.15 Slabbing Protocol 77 2.2.16 Scheduling Fracture Logging and other Core Processes 78 2.3 Logging Core for Fractures 78 2.3.1 Wash the Core! 78 2.3.2 Use all the Core and Remove it from the Core Boxes 79 2.3.3 Laying Out Intervals of Core for Fracture Logging 79 2.3.4 Core-Logging Toolkit 80 2.3.5 Recording Data 81 2.3.6 Making and Using a Master Orientation Line 82 2.3.7 Differentiating Natural from Induced Fractures 83 2.4 Taking, Measuring and Analyzing Fracture Data 84 2.4.1 Fracture Type 84 2.4.2 Fracture Depths: Intensity and Density 86 2.4.3 Fracture Dip Angles 88 2.4.3.1 Measuring Dip Angles 88 2.4.3.2 Using Dip Angles 89 2.4.4 Fracture Distributions 90 2.4.5 Fracture Heights and Terminations 91 2.4.6 Fracture Widths, Apertures, and Mineralization 94 2.4.7 Fracture Spacings 98 2.4.7.1 Spacings from Horizontal Core 99 2.4.7.2 Spacings from Vertical Core 103 2.4.7.3 Converting Vertical Observations to Horizontal Fracture Spacings 103 2.4.7.4 Spacings of Inclined and Shear Fractures 105 2.4.7.5 Uses of Spacings 105 2.4.8 Measuring and Using Fracture Strikes 105 2.4.8.1 Measuring Fracture Strikes in Vertical Core 106 2.4.8.2 Measuring Fracture Strikes in Deviated or Horizontal Cores 109 2.5 New Core vs. Archived Core 110 2.6 Oriented Core 112 2.6.1 Other Ways of Orienting a Core 116 2.7 Using CT Scans 118 2.8 Fracture Data from Image Logs 119 2.9 Comparing Fracture Data from Outcrops, Core, and Logs 122 2.9.1 Introduction 122 2.9.2 Large-Scale Outcrop Studies 123 2.9.3 Local Outcrop Studies 123 2.9.3.1 Raton Basin 123 2.9.3.2 Rifle Gap 125 2.9.3.3 San Ysidro 127 2.10 Fracture Data from 3D Seismic Surveys 128 2.11 Fracture Data Acquired by LiDAR 130 2.12 Fracture Data from Engineering Tests 132 2.13 Case Studies in Estimating Fracture Effectiveness from Core 133 2.13.1 Introduction 133 2.13.2 Case Study 1: Archived Vertical, Unoriented Core 133 2.13.3 Case Study 2: New, Un-Slabbed Horizontal Core 134 2.13.3.1 Introduction 134 2.13.3.2 Fracture Effectiveness 137 2.13.3.3 System Effectiveness and Permeability Anisotropy 137 2.13.4 Case Study 3: New, Slabbed, Vertical Core 139 2.13.4.1 Introduction 139 2.13.4.2 Calculating Effectiveness 139 2.13.4.3 Description of the High-Angle Extension Fractures 141 Appendix 2.A Workflow and List of Tests, Data 144 Appendix 2.B Core-Handling, Marking, Sampling, and Analysis Protocol for Core Studies Focused on Natural Fractures 144 Appendix 2.C Slabbing Recommendations for Horizontal Core 146 Part 3 Effects of Natural Fractures on Reservoirs 149 3.1 Introduction 149 3.2 Classification 149 3.3 The Permeability Behavior of Individual Fractures 150 3.3.1 Introduction 150 3.3.2 Three Categories of Fracture Effects 150 3.3.3 Stylolites 154 3.3.4 Microfractures 154 3.4 The Effects of Fracture Systems 156 3.4.1 Introduction 156 3.4.2 Fracture-Controlled Permeability Anisotropy 157 3.4.2.1 Case Study: The Midale Field 157 3.4.2.2 Case Study: The Rulison Field 158 3.4.2.3 Case Study: The Spraberry Formation 158 3.4.3 Fracture-Controlled Sweet Spots 162 3.5 The Sensitivity of Fracture Permeability to Changing Stress 164 3.5.1 Stress-Sensitive Extension Fractures 164 3.5.1.1 Case Study: The Bulo Bulo Field 167 3.5.2 Stress-Sensitive Shear Fractures 169 3.5.3 Damage Due to Production-Related Scale 171 3.6 Fracture Volumetrics 172 3.6.1 Introduction 172 3.6.2 Fracture Volume/Fracture Porosity 173 3.6.3 Fracture Permeability 174 3.6.4 Transfer Function 176 3.6.5 Fracture Surface Areas 176 3.7 Effects of Fractures on Drilling and Coring 177 3.8 Completions: The Interaction Between Natural and Hydraulic Fractures 178 3.8.1 Early Conceptual Models 178 3.8.2 Direct Evidence of the Characteristics of Hydraulic Fractures 179 3.8.3 The Developing Hydraulic-Fracture Model 182 3.8.4 Nuclear Stimulations 184 References 187 Index 205

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface to Fourth Edition xiv Preface to the Third Edition xv Biographies xvi 1 Introduction: Basic Concepts and Approach 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Basic Concepts 1 1.2.1 Classification of Sedimentary Rocks 1 1.2.2 Sedimentary Environments and Facies 2 1.2.2.1 Facies 2 1.2.2.2 Facies Models 2 1.2.3 Controls on Deposition: Tectonics, Climate and Sea Level 3 1.2.3.1 Climate 4 1.2.3.2 Sea Level 4 1.2.4 Stratigraphic Practice 5 1.2.5 Sequence Stratigraphy 7 1.2.5.1 Introduction 7 1.2.5.2 Accommodation and Sedimentation Rates 7 1.2.5.3 Scale and Order 8 1.2.5.4 Stratigraphic Sequences, Key Surfaces, Systems Tracts 8 1.2.5.5 Metre-Scale Cycles, High-Frequency Sequences, Parasequences 11 1.2.6 Diagenesis 13 1.3 Methodology 13 1.3.1 In the Field 13 1.3.2 In the Laboratory 15 1.3.3 The Sedimentological Literature 17 Further Reading 18 2 Siliciclastic Sediments I: Sandstones, Conglomerates and Breccias 19 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Sediment Texture 19 2.2.1 Grain Size and Grain-size Parameters 21 2.2.1.1 Interpretation and Use of Grain-size Analyses 26 2.2.2 Grain Morphology 27 2.2.3 Grain-surface Texture 28 2.2.4 Grain Fabric 29 2.2.5 Textural Maturity 30 2.3 Sedimentary Structures 31 2.3.1 Erosional Sedimentary Structures 31 2.3.2 Depositional Sedimentary Structures 34 2.3.2.1 Sediment Transport and Aqueous Flows 34 Contents 0005399227.INDD 7 12-29-2022 11:54:51 viii Contents 2.3.2.2 Bedding and Lamination 39 2.3.2.3 Current Ripples, Dunes and Cross-Stratification 40 2.3.2.4 Flaser and Lenticular Bedding 44 2.3.2.5 Antidunes and Antidune Bedding 45 2.3.2.6 Wave-formed Ripples and Cross-Lamination 45 2.3.2.7 Hummocky Cross-Stratification (HCS) 46 2.3.2.8 Wind Ripples, Dunes, Draas and Aeolian Cross-bedding 47 2.3.2.9 Graded Bedding 50 2.3.2.10 Mudcracks: Desiccation and Syneresis 51 2.3.3 Post-depositional Sedimentary Structures 52 2.3.4 Biogenic Sedimentary Structures 56 2.4 Palaeocurrent Analysis 60 2.4.1 Palaeocurrent Indicators 61 2.5 Detrital Components of Siliciclastic Sediments 63 2.5.1 Rock Fragments 64 2.5.2 Quartz 65 2.5.3 Feldspars 67 2.5.4 Micas 69 2.5.5 Clay Minerals 69 2.5.6 Heavy Minerals 70 2.5.7 Other Detrital Components 71 2.5.8 Compositional Maturity 71 2.6 Classification of Siliciclastic Sediments 72 2.6.1 Classification of Sandstones 72 2.6.2 Conglomerates and Breccias 75 2.6.2.1 Composition and Textures of Conglomerates 75 2.7 Petrography and Origin of Principal Sandstone Types 77 2.7.1 Quartz Arenites 77 2.7.2 Arkoses 79 2.7.3 Litharenites 79 2.7.4 Greywackes 79 2.8 Sandstone Composition, Provenance and Tectonic Setting 82 2.9 Sandstone Diagenesis 84 2.9.1 Compaction and Pressure Dissolution 86 2.9.2 Silica Cementation 88 2.9.3 Carbonate Cementation 91 2.9.4 Feldspar Authigenesis 93 2.9.5 Clay-mineral Authigenesis 93 2.9.6 Hematite Cementation and Pigmentation: Red Beds 97 2.9.7 Diagenetic Environments and Sequences 98 2.9.8 Diagenesis and Sequence Stratigraphy 102 2.9.9 CO2 Sequestration into Sandstone Reservoirs 104 2.10 Porosity and Permeability 104 2.11 Sediment Routing Systems 108 2.12 Depositional Environments of Sandstones and Coarser Clastics 110 2.12.1 Fluvial Systems and Facies 110 2.12.1.1 Alluvial Fan Facies 111 2.12.1.2 Meandering-stream Facies 117 2.12.1.3 Anastomosing-stream Facies 119 2.12.2 Desert Environments and Aeolian Sand Facies 121 2.12.3 Lacustrine Environments and Sandy Facies 122 2.12.4 Deltaic Environments and Facies 124 0005399227.INDD 8 12-29-2022 11:54:51 Contents ix 2.12.4.1 River-dominated Deltas 127 2.12.4.2 Wave-dominated Deltas 128 2.12.4.3 Tide-dominated Deltas 129 2.12.4.4 Ancient Deltas 130 2.12.4.5 Fan Deltas 130 2.12.5 Marine Shoreline Environments and Facies 131 2.12.5.1 Beach-barrier Island and Strandplain Systems 131 2.12.5.2 Tidal Flats 135 2.12.5.3 Estuaries and Incised Valleys 135 2.12.6 Shallow-marine Shelves, Epeiric Seas and Their Facies 136 2.12.6.1 Tidal Bedforms and Sand Sheets 136 2.12.6.2 Tidal Sand Banks 138 2.12.6.3 Non-tidal Offshore Sand Bodies 138 2.12.7 Continental Margins and Deep-water Basins 139 2.12.8 Glacial Environments 146 2.13 Facies Sequences, Controls and Sequence Stratigraphy 148 2.13.1 Facies Sequences and Controls 148 2.13.2 Sequence Stratigraphy 149 References 151 Further Reading 164 3 Siliciclastic Sediments II: Mudrocks 166 3.1 Introduction 166 3.2 Textures and Structures of Mudrocks 166 3.2.1 Nodules and Concretions 169 3.3 The Colour of Mudrocks 173 3.4 Mineral Constituents of Mudrocks 173 3.4.1 Clay Minerals 174 3.4.2 Quartz 177 3.4.3 Organic Matter 177 3.4.4 Other Constituents 177 3.5 The Formation and Distribution of Clay Minerals in Modern Sediments 179 3.6 Diagenesis of Clay Minerals and Mudrocks 181 3.6.1 Early (Shallow) Diagenesis 181 3.6.2 Burial (Deeper) Diagenesis 184 3.7 Mudrocks and Their Depositional Environments 186 3.7.1 Residual Mudrocks and Soils 187 3.7.2 Detrital Mudrocks 189 3.7.2.1 Non-marine Mudrocks 189 3.7.2.2 Marine Mudrocks 190 3.7.2.3 Organic-rich Mudrocks and Black Shales 192 3.7.2.4 Shale Gas 193 3.7.2.5 Mud Diapirism and Mud Volcanoes 194 3.7.2.6 Loess and Loessite 195 3.7.3 Mudrocks of Volcaniclastic Origin 197 3.7.4 Temporal (and Spatial) Variations in Mudrock Sequences 197 References 198 Further Reading 203 4 Carbonate Sediments: Limestones and Dolomites 204 4.1 Introduction 204 4.2 Techniques for the Study of Carbonate Sediments 205 0005399227.INDD 9 12-29-2022 11:54:52 x Contents 4.2.1 In the Field 205 4.2.2 The Petrographic Study of Carbonates 205 4.2.3 Isotopes and Trace Elements 207 4.3 Mineralogy of Carbonate Sediments 209 4.4 Carbonate Production and Factories 210 4.4.1 Carbonate Factories 211 4.4.2 Controls on Carbonate Production and Deposition 212 4.5 Components of Carbonate Rocks 214 4.5.1 Non-skeletal Grains 214 4.5.1.1 Ooids and Pisoids 214 4.5.1.2 Ancient Marine Ooids 217 4.5.1.3 Origin of Ooids and Seawater Chemistry Through Time 217 4.5.1.4 Peloids 219 4.5.1.5 Aggregates and Intraclasts 220 4.5.2 Skeletal Components (excluding Algae and Microbes) 220 4.5.2.1 Mollusca 221 4.5.2.2 Brachiopods 224 4.5.2.3 Cnidaria (especially Corals) 225 4.5.2.4 Echinodermata 226 4.5.2.5 Bryozoa 226 4.5.2.6 Foraminifera 227 4.5.2.7 Other Carbonate-forming Organisms 228 4.5.3 The Contribution of Microbes to Carbonates 230 4.5.3.1 Rhodophyta (Red Algae) 230 4.5.3.2 Chlorophyta (Green Algae) 231 4.5.3.3 Chrysophyta (Yellow-green Algae, Coccoliths) 232 4.5.3.4 Calcified Cyanobacteria and Algae (Calcimicrobes) 232 4.5.3.5 Micrite Envelopes and Microbial Micritisation 233 4.5.3.6 Microbialites: Stromatolites, Thrombolites and Oncoids 233 4.5.4 Lime Mud and Micrite 238 4.6 Classification of Limestones 239 4.6.1 Classification Schemes 239 4.6.2 Carbonate Microfacies and Standard Microfacies Types (SMF) 241 4.7 Limestone Grain Size and Texture 243 4.8 Sedimentary Structures of Limestones 244 4.8.1 Bedding Planes, Hardgrounds, Tepees and Palaeokarstic Surfaces 244 4.8.2 Current and Wave Structures 247 4.8.3 Cavity Structures 248 4.9 Carbonate Diagenesis 251 4.9.1 Marine Diagenesis 252 4.9.1.1 Marine Diagenesis in Recent Carbonate Sediments 252 4.9.1.2 Marine Diagenesis in Ancient Limestones 256 4.9.1.3 Discussion of Marine Cements 259 4.9.2 Meteoric Diagenesis 260 4.9.2.1 Ancient Meteoric Calcite Cements 262 4.9.3 Calcite Spar: A Meteoric and Burial Cement 263 4.9.3.1 Origin of Calcite Spar 264 4.9.4 Neomorphism (Recrystallisation) 264 4.9.4.1 Microspar–pseudospar; Aggrading Neomorphism 265 4.9.4.2 Calcitisation of Aragonite Grains and Cements 266 4.9.4.3 Degrading Neomorphism 266 4.9.5 Modelling Limestone Diagenesis 266 0005399227.INDD 10 12-29-2022 11:54:52 Contents xi 4.9.6 Compaction 266 4.9.6.1 Differential Compaction 268 4.10 Dolomitisation and Dedolomitisation 269 4.10.1 Dolomites: Nature and Occurrence 269 4.10.2 Origin of Dolomites and Dolomitisation Models 274 4.10.2.1 Modern Dolomites 274 4.10.2.2 Ancient Dolomites 275 4.10.2.3 Seawater Dolomitisation 276 4.10.2.4 Burial Dolomitisation and Hydrothermal Dolomite (HTD) 277 4.10.3 Modelling Dolomitisation 278 4.10.4 Dedolomitisation (Calcitisation of Dolomite) 279 4.11 Silicification of Limestones 281 4.12 Porosity in Carbonate Sediments 281 4.12.1 Carbonate Paragenesis and Burial History Plots 283 4.13 Carbonate Depositional Environments and Facies 283 4.13.1 Non-marine Carbonate Sediments 283 4.13.1.1 Lacustrine Limestones 284 4.13.1.2 Pedogenic Carbonates: Calcrete and Dolocrete 286 4.13.1.3 Spring Carbonates: Tufa and Travertine 289 4.13.2 Marine Carbonates and Carbonate Platforms 291 4.13.3 Shelf and Ramp Systems: Facies Belts and Standard Microfacies 293 4.13.4 Intertidal–supratidal Carbonates 293 4.13.5 Lagoonal Limestones 294 4.13.6 Intertidal–subtidal Carbonate Sand Bodies and Storm Deposits 295 4.13.7 Offshore Shelf-ramp Carbonates: Storm Deposits, Internalites, Limestone-Mud/ Marl Alternations (Ribbon Rocks) 297 4.13.7.1 Storm Beds and Banks 297 4.13.8 Reefs and Carbonate Buildups 298 4.13.8.1 Reefs as Hydrocarbon Reservoirs 301 4.13.9 Pelagic Limestones 301 4.13.10 Resedimented Deeper-water Limestones 303 4.14 Carbonate Sequence Stratigraphy and Forward Modelling 306 4.14.1 Sequence Stratigraphy of Carbonate Shelves 306 4.14.2 Sequence Stratigraphy of Carbonate Ramps 308 4.14.3 Sequence Stratigraphy of Mixed Siliciclastic–Carbonate Successions 309 4.14.4 Metre-scale Cycles (Parasequences) and their Stacking Patterns 309 4.14.5 Diagenesis and Sequence Stratigraphy 311 4.14.6 Modelling Carbonate Stratigraphy, Sequences and Cycles 311 References 312 Further Reading 325 Websites 325 5 Evaporites 326 5.1 Introduction 326 5.1.1 Techniques for Studying Evaporites 326 5.1.2 Early Geochemical Work 326 5.2 Evaporite Deposits and Depositional Environments 328 5.3 Gypsum and Anhydrite 331 5.3.1 Sabkha Sulphate and Nodular Anhydrite 332 5.3.2 Bottom-growth Gypsum 332 5.3.3 Laminated Gypsum/Anhydrite 333 5.3.4 Resedimented Gypsum-Anhydrite 336 0005399227.INDD 11 12-29-2022 11:54:52 xii Contents 5.3.5 Secondary and Fibrous Gypsum 336 5.3.6 Burial Anhydrite 337 5.4 Halite 337 5.5 Other Evaporite Minerals and Their Occurrence 341 5.5.1 Potassium and Magnesium Salts 341 5.5.2 Lacustrine Evaporites 342 5.6 Evaporite Dissolution and Replacement 343 5.7 Evaporite Sequences and Discussion 345 5.8 Evaporites Through Time 349 5.9 Evaporites, Diapirism, Deformation and Decollement 350 References 350 Further Reading 353 6 Sedimentary Ironstones and Iron Formations 354 6.1 Introduction 354 6.1.1 Techniques for the Study of Ironstones and Iron Formations 354 6.2 Source and Transportation of Iron 355 6.3 Formation of the Principal Iron Minerals 356 6.4 Occurrence and Petrography of Iron Minerals 359 6.4.1 Iron Oxides 359 6.4.2 Iron Carbonates 360 6.4.3 Iron Sulphides 361 6.4.4 Iron Silicates 361 6.5 Precambrian Iron Formations and Phanerozoic Ironstones 364 6.5.1 Precambrian Iron Formations 365 6.5.2 Phanerozoic Ironstones 368 6.6 Bog Iron Ores 370 6.7 Ferromanganese Nodules and Crusts, and Metalliferous Sediments 370 References 372 Further Reading 374 7 Sedimentary Phosphate Deposits 375 7.1 Introduction 375 7.1.1 Techniques for Studying Phosphorites 375 7.2 Mineralogy 375 7.3 Nodular and Bedded Phosphorites 376 7.3.1 Recent–Subrecent Occurrences 376 7.3.2 Origin of Marine Phosphorites 376 7.3.3 Ancient Phosphorite Sequences 379 7.4 Bioclastic and Pebble-Bed Phosphorites 381 7.5 Guano and Ocean-Island Phosphorites 382 References 382 Further Reading 383 8 Coal and Petroleum 384 8.1 Introduction 384 8.2 Modern Organic Deposits 384 8.3 Ancient Organic Deposits 385 8.4 Coals and the Coal Series 386 8.4.1 Humic Coals 388 8.4.2 Sapropelic Coals 388 8.5 Coal Petrology 388 8.5.1 Organic Constituents 388 8.5.2 Inorganic Constituents 390 8.5.3 Gas in Coal 391 8.5.4 Coal Balls 391 8.6 Coal Formation and Rank 391 8.6.1 Chemical Considerations 391 8.6.2 Rank, Depth and Temperature 392 8.7 Occurrence of Coal 392 8.8 Formation of Kerogen 394 8.9 Petroleum 395 8.9.1 Composition and Occurrence 395 8.9.2 Formation of Petroleum 397 References 399 Further Reading 400 9 Cherts and Siliceous Sediments 401 9.1 Introduction 401 9.1.1 Techniques for Studying Chert 401 9.2 Chert Petrology 402 9.3 Bedded Chert 404 9.3.1 Siliceous Ooze and Bedded Chert 404 9.3.1.1 Modern and Phanerozoic 404 9.3.1.2 Precambrian Cherts 406 9.3.2 The Origin of Chert 407 9.4 Nodular Chert 410 9.5 Non- Marine Siliceous Sediment and Chert 413 References 415 Further Reading 417 Index 418

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Book SynopsisThe coastal zone is one of the most dynamic environments on our planet and is much affected by global change, especially sea-level rise. Coastal environments harbour valuable ecosystems, but they are also hugely important from a societal point of view.Trade Review“On balance, this book is a useful compilation of the driving forces acting on coasts followed by the geomorphological description of almost all coastal environments. Geography and geomorphology graduate students will find the book to be good background.” (Geologica Belgica, 1 October 2015)Table of ContentsContributors, viii About the Companion Website, ix 1 Introduction to Coastal Environments and Global Change, 1Gerd Masselink and Roland Gehrels 1.1 Setting the scene, 1 1.2 Coastal morphodynamics, 5 1.3 Climate change, 13 1.4 Modelling coastal change, 18 1.5 Summary, 24 Key publications, 25 References, 25 2 Sea Level, 28Glenn A. Milne 2.1 Introduction, 28 2.2 Quaternary sea-level change, 34 2.3 Recent and future sea-level change, 42 2.4 Summary, 49 Key publications, 50 Acknowledgements, 50 References, 50 3 Environmental Control: Geology and Sediments, 52Edward J. Anthony 3.1 Geology and sediments: setting boundary conditions for coasts, 52 3.2 Geology and coasts, 54 3.3 Sediments and coasts, 62 3.4 Human impacts on sediment supply to coasts, 75 3.5 Climate change, geology and sediments, 75 3.6 Summary, 76 Key publications, 77 References, 77 4 Drivers: Waves and Tides, 79Daniel C. Conley 4.1 Physical drivers of the coastal environment, 79 4.2 Waves, 79 4.3 Tides, 96 4.4 Summary, 102 Key publications, 102 References, 103 5 Coastal Hazards: Storms and Tsunamis, 104Adam D. Switzer 5.1 Coastal hazards, 104 5.2 Extratropical storms and tropical cyclones, 108 5.3 Tsunamis, 114 5.4 Overwash, 118 5.5 Palaeostudies of coastal hazards, 121 5.6 Integrating hazard studies with coastal planning, 123 5.7 Cyclones in a warmer world, 125 5.8 Summary, 126 Key publications, 126 References, 126 6 Coastal Groundwater, 128William P. Anderson, Jr. 6.1 Introduction, 128 6.2 The subterranean estuary, 129 6.3 Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD), 133 6.4 Controls on SGD variability, 134 6.5 Human influences, 142 6.6 Influence of global climate change, 146 6.7 Summary, 147 Key publications, 148 References, 148 7 Beaches, 149Gerben Ruessink and Roshanka Ranasinghe 7.1 Introduction, 149 7.2 Nearshore hydrodynamics, 153 7.3 Surf-zone morphology, 158 7.4 Anthropogenic activities, 167 7.5 Climate change, 171 7.6 Summary, 175 Key publications, 175 References, 176 8 Coastal Dunes, 178Karl F. Nordstrom 8.1 Conditions for dune formation, 178 8.2 Dunes as habitat, 183 8.3 Dunes in developed areas, 183 8.4 Dune restoration and management, 186 8.5 Effects of future climate change, 190 8.6 Summary, 192 Key publications, 192 References, 192 9 Barrier Systems, 194Sytze van Heteren 9.1 Definition and description of barriers and barrier systems, 194 9.2 Classification, 195 9.3 Barrier sub-environments, 202 9.4 Theories on barrier formation, 203 9.5 Modes of barrier behaviour, 203 9.6 Drivers in barrier development and behaviour, 206 9.7 Barrier sequences as archives of barrier behaviour, 219 9.8 Lessons from numerical and conceptual models, 219 9.9 Coastal-zone management and global change, 221 9.10 Future perspectives, 221 9.11 Summary, 223 Key publications, 224 References, 225 10 Tidal Flats and Salt Marshes, 227Kerrylee Rogers and Colin D. Woodroffe 10.1 Introduction, 227 10.2 Tidal flats, 227 10.3 Salt marshes, 235 10.4 Human influences, 245 10.5 Summary, 247 Key publications, 248 References, 248 11 Mangrove Shorelines, 251Colin D. Woodroffe, Catherine E. Lovelock and Kerrylee Rogers 11.1 Introduction, 251 11.2 Mangrove adaptation in relation to climate zones, 251 11.3 Mangrove biogeography, 253 11.4 Zonation and succession, 253 11.5 Geomorphological setting and ecosystem functioning, 256 11.6 Sedimentation and morphodynamic feedback, 256 11.7 Mangrove response to sea-level change, 260 11.8 Human influences, 261 11.9 Impact of future climate and sea-level change, 263 11.10 Summary, 264 Key publications, 265 References, 265 12 Estuaries and Tidal Inlets, 268Duncan FitzGerald, Ioannis Georgiou and Michael Miner 12.1 Introduction, 268 12.2 Estuaries, 269 12.3 Tidal inlets, 278 12.4 Summary, 296 References, 296 13 Deltas, 299Edward J. Anthony 13.1 Deltas: definition, context and environment, 299 13.2 Delta sub-environments, 305 13.3 The morphodynamic classification of river deltas, 306 13.4 Sediment trapping processes in deltas and coastal sediment redistribution, 318 13.5 Delta initiation, development and destruction, 322 13.6 Syn-sedimentary deformation in deltas and ancient deltaic deposits, 327 13.7 Deltas, human impacts, climate change and sea-level rise, 328 13.8 Summary, 335 Key publications, 335 References, 335 14 High-Latitude Coasts, 338Aart Kroon 14.1 Introduction to high-latitude coasts, 338 14.2 Ice-related coastal processes, 340 14.3 Terrestrial ice in coastal environments, 342 14.4 Coastal geomorphology and coastal responses, 343 14.5 Relative sea-level change, 348 14.6 Climate change predictions and impacts for high-latitude coasts, 349 14.7 Future perspectives, 351 14.8 Summary, 353 Key publications, 353 References, 353 15 Rock Coasts, 356Wayne Stephenson 15.1 Introduction, 356 15.2 Geology and lithology, 357 15.3 Processes acting on rock coasts, 359 15.4 Rock coast landforms, 367 15.5 Towards a morphodynamic model for rock coasts, 372 15.6 Impacts of climate change on rock coasts, 375 15.7 Summary, 378 Key publications, 378 References, 378 16 Coral Reefs, 380Paul Kench 16.1 Coral reefs in context, 380 16.2 Coral reefs and their geomorphic complexity, 381 16.3 Coral reef development, 388 16.4 Reef island formation and morphodynamics, 392 16.5 Management in reef environments, 397 16.6 Future trajectories of coral reef landforms, 401 16.7 Summary, 406 Key publications, 407 References, 407 17 Coping with Coastal Change, 410Robert J. Nicholls, Marcel J.F. Stive and Richard S.J. Tol 17.1 Introduction, 410 17.2 Drivers of coastal change and variability, 411 17.3 Coastal change and resulting impacts, 416 17.4 Impacts of coastal change since 1900, 418 17.5 Future impacts of coastal change, 419 17.6 Responding to coastal change, 420 17.7 Concluding thoughts, 428 17.8 Summary, 428 Key publications, 429 References, 429 Geographical Index, 432 Subject Index, 436

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Book SynopsisThis monumental work by Dankmar Bosse presents, for the first time, a comprehensive picture of the evolution of the earth and its natural kingdoms, based primarily on geology and paleontology, and with reference to the work of Rudolf Steiner.Bosse explores many core questions of natural science, such as the relationship of humanity to the evolution of the animal kingdom, the origin of deep crystalline rocks, and the shaping of present-day landscapes.This is a fascinating exposition of the development of our natural world, and human beings, lavishly illustrated in colour. It is essential reading for anyone interested in how life on earth, and the earth itself, got to this point.

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Book SynopsisClimate change has been a perplexing problem for years. In Dark Winter, author John L. Casey, a former White House national space policy advisor, NASA headquarters consultant, and space shuttle engineer tells the truth about ominous changes taking place in the climate and the Sun.Casey’s research into the Sun’s activity, which began almost a decade ago, resulted in discovery of a solar cycle that is now reversing from its global warming phase to that of dangerous global cooling for the next thirty years or more. This new cold climate will dramatically impact the world’s citizens. In Dark Winter, he provides evidence of the following: The end of global warming The beginning of a “solar hibernation,” a historic reduction in the energy output of the Sun A long-term drop in Earth’s temperatures The start of the next climate change to decades of dangerously cold weather The high probability of record earthquakes and volcanic eruptions A sobering look at Earth’s future, Dark Winter predicts worldwide, crop-destroying cold; food shortages and riots in the United States and abroad; significant global loss of life; and social, political, and economic upheaval.Trade Review“The history of science is filled with examples of individuals with new ideas being met by the current scientific establishment not with enthusiasm, but rather with disregard and sometimes, even ridicule, like Louis Agassiz with glaciation and Alfred Wegener with continental drift. This also applies very much to the book Dark Winter, by John Casey. This book represents a fascinating read, and the potential consequences outlines are no less than far ranging.” —DR. OLE HUMLUM, Professor of Physical Geography, University of Oslo, Norway"Dark Winter is an important contribution for understanding and facing the environmental challenge, in its multi-faceted and often disquieting manifestations. John Casey approaches problems like a true scientist, who follows Leonardo da Vinci and he also knows how to explain concepts in a form that anyone can understand." —DR. GIOVANNI GREGORI, Theoretical Physicist, Italy"Dark Winter is simply a great work! It throws new light into the climatic patterns of the Earth. John's concepts will help people better understand nature and the full story of what is behind our climate changes." —DR. NATARAJAN VENKATANATHAN, Professor of Physics, SASTRA University, India"The air is filled with lectures and rumors that our Earth is getting warm. The author of Dark Winter, John Casey has found evidence to the contrary. His work is quite a revelation that marks a step toward a new scientific civilization. This book adds a brilliant page to the history of science!" —DR. FUMIO TSUNODA, Professor Emeritus of Geology, National Saitama University, Japan

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Book SynopsisThe Good Earth is the product of collaboration between the content rigor provided by Earth Science specialists and the results of research on learning. The Good Earth has been explicitly designed to be compatible with active learning teaching strategies in the college classroom. The structural elements of this text will allow the instructor to incorporate these student-centered teaching methods into their Earth Science course. The authors have tested the book's content and pedagogy in large Earth Science classes for non-majors that are populated with mostly freshmen. Their experiences show that the materials and methods in The Good Earth can improve students' learning, increase daily attendance, reduce attrition, and increase students' enthusiasm in comparison with classes taught following a traditional lecture format. Table of Contents1) Introduction to Earth Science2) Earth in Science3) Near-Earth Objects4) Plate Tectonics5) Earthquakes6) Volcanoes and Mountains7) Rocks and Minerals8) Geologic Time9) Weathering and Soils10) Landslides and Slope Failure11) Streams and Floods12) Groundwater and Wetlands13) Oceans and Coastlines14) The Atomosphere15) Weather Systems16) Earth's Climate System17) Global ChangeAppendix A – Conversion FactorsAppendix B – The Periodic Table of ElementsAppendix C – Answers to Selected Checkpoint Questions

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"Longlisted for the Non-Obvious Book Awards""The subtitle says it all—Bjornerud and graphic artist Hagerman have compiled a wonderfully quirky collection of 'curiosities' that, collectively, detail the Earth’s transformation over eons and illustrate how our understanding of the planet has deepened through time. . . . A charming work, chock-full of information."---Laurie Selwyn, Library Journal, starred review"This is a garnet of a geology book: rooted in the planet, jewel-like and multi-coloured."---Andrew Robinson, Nature"[Geopedia] is a buffet of bite-size chapters perfect for dipping in and out of. . . . Its pocket-size format makes it perfect as a traveling companion, and its short chapters suit our frazzled attention spans, making it a fun alternative to night-time doomscrolling or heavier nonfiction. No matter if you’re a hard-core rockhound or a geological outsider, you’ll get something worthwhile from this little gem of a book."---Howard Lee, Ars Technica"A neat little book . . . . Take a dip into Geopedia for a bit of quirky fun." * Descent *"A fascinating, illuminating read. Organized alphabetically, the articles span the gamut of the sub-disciplines. Bjornerud explores both the etymology of the scientific terms and their scientific import. Readers who pick it up will learn a lot."---I. D. Sasowsky, Choice"perfect for casual reading .... Bjornerud...is a gifted writer" * Choice *"A cute little book of curiosities to dip in and out of but, like a box of rich chocolates, you probably will not want to finish it off all in one sitting."---Helen Coombs, Proceedings of the Open University Geological Society

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"Consisting of a stunning array of essays, poems, and interviews, this collection makes the case that the actions and perspectives of a single person can have a ripple effect across generations of people and nature. . . . Recommended for readers interested in environmentalism, anthropology, sociology, history, philosophy, and Indigenous peoples in the United States." * Library Journal *"A wonderfully unclassifiable book, What Kind of Ancestor Do You Want to Be? challenges us to live not just for tomorrow, or for our children, but for many generations in the future. Featuring interviews with and essays by thinkers from across social disciplines—anthropologists, environmental activists, Indigenous leaders, sociologists, and more." * Book Culture Blog *"This compendium of poems, essays, and dialogues contains the voices of a range of writers and speakers from widely disparate cultures, traditions, and ethnicities, speaking out as they grapple with this question. The question itself causes one to pause, containing, as it does, an implicit instruction to consider one’s own ancestors and their/our relationship with the future. Who were they and what has their impact been upon ourselves and the world? How should or might we, ourselves, carry their influence into the future, while adding the work of our own lives to that stream?" * Resilience.org *"This volume edited by Hausdoerffer, Hecht, Nelson, and Cummings incorporates the work of 47 contributors addressing the urgent and central concern of establishing spiritual, social, and ecological continuity in this uncertain age. Employing diverse textual strategies and genres, including essays, ethnographic interviews, and poems, these authors are intent on communicating the understanding and reactions of indigenous people to the problem of providing guidance to future generations. Arguing that the world is currently in the throes of an ecological, economic, and political crisis, this study invites readers to seek essential new wisdom by exploring the traditional wisdom of indigenous ancestors, so as to embrace the role of "ancestor" in the present. . . .Highly recommended." * Choice *“What Kind of Ancestor Do You Want to Be? explores the challenge of climate disruption and ecological disaster through poems, essays and interviews. By offering diverse responses from a worldly selection of multicultural voices, the book provokes examination and inspiration. At the same time, the collection delivers no easy answers. Instead, the responses are personal and detailed, thick with values and reflection." * Gunnison Country Times *“What Kind of Ancestor Do You Want to Be? captures the deep dialogue, continuity, and resonance Indigenous peoples feel and espouse for ancestors, ourselves, our children—with a view for the now and for our very uncertain future. And yet, its audience is at once Indigenous and Universal. Weaving poetry, narrative, interview, essay, and spirit, it is a unique, landmark tapestry. Utterly timely and profoundly urgent.” -- Gregory Cajete, author of "Native Science: Natural Laws of Interdependence"“The questions this book raises are of such staggering importance and relevance today. I cried. I laughed. I smiled. Many reading moments, beautiful or tragic or just deeply human, are difficult to forget.” -- Jeffrey J. Kripal, author of "The Flip: Epiphanies of Mind and the Future of Knowledge"Table of ContentsIntroduction Poem: Unsigned Letter to a Human in the 21st Century Jamaal MayI. Embedded: Our ancestral responsibility is deeply rooted in a multigenerational relationship to place. a. Poem: Great Granddaddy Taiyon Coleman b. Essays: i. Ancestor of Fire Aaron A. Abeyta ii. Grounded Aubrey Streit Krug iii. My Home / It’s Called the Darkest Wild Sean Prentiss c. Interview: Wendell Berry Leah Bayens d. Poem: To the Children of the 21st Century Frances H. KakugawaII. Reckoning: Reckoning with ancestors causing and ancestors enduring historical trauma. a. Poem: Forgiveness? Shannon Gibney b. Essays: i. Sister’s Stories Eryn Wise ii. Of Land and Legacy Lindsay Lunsford iii. Cheddar Man Brooke Williams iv. Formidable Kathleen Dean Moore c. Interview: Caleen Sisk Brooke Parry Hecht and Toby McLeod d. Poem: Promises, Promises Frances H. KakugawaIII. Healing: Enhancing some ancestral cycles while breaking others. a. Poem: To Future Kin Brian Calvert b. Essays: i. Moving with the Rhythm of Life Katherine Kassouf Cummings ii. (A Korowai) For When You Are Lost Manea Sweeney iii. To Hope of Becoming Ancestors Princess Daazhraii Johnson and Julianne Warren c. Interview: Camille T. Dungy and Crystal Williams d. Poem: Yes I Will Frances H. KakugawaIV. Interwoven: Our descendants will know the kind of ancestor we are by reading the lands and waters where we lived. a. Poem: Alive in This Century Leora Gansworth b. Essays: i. What Is Your Rice? John Hausdoerffer ii. Restoring Indigenous Mindfulness within the Commons of Human Consciousness Jack Loeffler iii. Reading Records with Estella Leopold Curt Meine iv. How to Be Better Ancestors Winona LaDuke c. Interview: Wes Jackson John Hausdoerffer and Julianne Lutz Warren d. Poem: Omoiyare Frances H. KakugawaV. Earthly: Other-than-human beings are our ancestors, too. a. Poem: LEAF Elizabeth Herron b. Essays: i. The City Bleeds Out (Reflections on Lake Michigan) Gavin Van Horn ii. I Want the Earth to Know Me as a Friend Enrique Salmón iii. The Apple Tree Peter Forbes iv. Humus Catroina Sandilands v. Building Good Soil Robin Kimmerer c. Interview: Vandana Shiva John Hausdoerffer d. Poem: Your Inheritance Frances H. KakugawaVI. Seventh Fire a. Poem: Time Traveler Lyla June Johnston b. Essays: i. Seeds Native Youth Guardians of the Waters 2017 Participants and Nicola Wagenberg ii. Onëö’ (Word for Corn in Seneca) Kaylena Bray iii. Landing Oscar Guttierez iv. Regenerative Melissa K. Nelson v. Nourishing Rowen White vi. Light Rachel Wolfgramm and Chellie Spiller c. Interview: Ilarion Merculieff Brooke Parry Hecht d. Poem: Lost in the Milky Way Linda Hogan Acknowledgments Notes About the Contributors Index

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Book Synopsis20 step-by-step eco-projects for budding preschool ecologists! Calling all mini eco-warriors and their parents! This fun and exciting book is filled with nature-themed eco-projects for kids. It''s a gentle introduction to topical issues in the world today, such as climate change, conservation, and recycling - ideal for curious kids who want to make a difference.Look, I''m an Ecologist allows young readers to do what they do best: imagine, create, learn, problem-solve, and play their way to a greener planet. Inside you''ll find: - A wide range of activities with an environmental focus supported by simple information, so young readers understand the issues faced by our planet in a play-based, hands-on, and child-friendly context - Easy to find and internationally available materials and resources- Projects designed to be shared and enjoyed by children and parents or carers- Visual step-by-step instructions allow young children t

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Book SynopsisWith a new afterword, Why You Are Here: A speech on the opening of the COP26 climate summitAs a young man, I felt I was out there in the wild, experiencing the untouched natural world - but it was an illusion. The tragedy of our time has been happening all around us, barely noticeable from day to day - the loss of our planet's wild places, its biodiversity. I have been witness to this decline. A Life on Our Planet contains my witness statement, and my vision for the future - the story of how we came to make this, our greatest mistake, and how, if we act now, we can yet put it right.We have the opportunity to create the perfect home for ourselves and restore the wonderful world we inherited.All we need is the will do so.

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Book SynopsisGIS for Science presents a collection of real-world stories about modern science and a cadre of scientists who use mapping and spatial analytics to expand their understanding of the world.The accounts in this book are written for a broad audience including professional scientists, the swelling ranks of citizen scientists, and people generally interested in science and geography. Scientific data are brought to life with GIS technology to study a range of issues relevant to the functioning of planet Earth in a natural sense as well as the impacts of human activity. In a race against the clock, the scientists profiled in this volume are using remote sensing, web maps, Esri StoryMaps, and spatial analysis to document an array of issues with a geographic dimension that range from climate change, natural disasters, and loss of biodiversity, to political strife, polar ice loss, and resource shortages.These stories present GIS ideas and inspiration that users can apply across many disciplines, making this volume relevant to diverse scientific audience.See how scientists working on the world's most pressing problems apply geographic information systems—GIS.Trade Review"This book is beautiful as well as illuminating, and it dramatizes the ways in which the new science of geospatial information is enriching and empowering all other scientific disciplines." --James Fallows, Staff Writer at The Atlantic and former Chief Speechwriter for President Jimmy Carter * James Fallows *"Advances in remote sensing and geographic information systems allow us to observe, monitor, and understand the planet in unprecedented levels of detail. Data that once had to be collected through painstaking and laborious fieldwork are now available instantly, online, anywhere. This beautifully illustrated and inspiring book brings home the power of today's technology with unique effectiveness, telling and illustrating stories from the earth sciences in novel and powerful ways. A must-have book for anyone concerned about the planet's future." --Mike Goodchild, Distinguished Emeritus Professor and Research Professor of Geography, UC Santa Barbara * Mike Goodchild *"As an ecologist, GIS provides the platform that allows us to generate a holistic perspective of the natural world. This spatial understanding is so critical for us to be able to understand and address the global threats of biodiversity loss and climate change. Given the relevance of this geospatial perspective for all aspects of society, I hope this beautiful book will inspire a wide range of people to embrace the 'Science of Where.' " --Thomas Crowther, Director at Global Forest Biodiversity Initiative * Thomas Crowther *Table of Contents INTRODUCTION The Science of Where: A Framework and a Process How the Book Works Reflections on a Blue Marble: An Astronaut’s View SECTION 1: How the Earth Works Global Ecosystem Mapping GIS as a Scientific Workbench: Pacific Gyre What Lies Beneath: LIDAR in Geology The Anatomy of Super Volcanos Understanding Polar Ice Loss Predicting Seagrass Occurrence SECTION 2: How the Earth Looks Extreme Heat Events Mapping Human Settlement Finding a Way Home: An Analysis of Homelessness EnviroCar: Big Data Analytics Fighting Sea Level Rise with Artificial Reefs Diverse Farms, Diverse Foods Emerging Hotspots of Forest Loss Forestry Inventory Analysis Mapping Avian Species Migration SECTION 3: How we look at the Earth Identifying the Natural Efficient Frontier Lidar Tree Canopy Mapping Mapping Ancient Landscapes SECTION 4: GIS SciTech from Esri Briefs The US National Water Model Equal Earth Projection 3D Marine Data interpolation The Science of the Hex Machine Learning Capabilities World Population Estimate Green Infrastructure The Living Atlas Story Maps for Science Planetary GIS ArcGIS Earth Imagery Workbench for Science Polar Ice App Jupyter Python Notebook SECTION 5: Training Future Generations of Scientists A Glacier in Retreat “Panamapping:” Rainforest Conservation in Panama Evolution of Students’ Spatial Skills Next Steps: Learning GIS

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisReichard's Environmental Geology third edition continues to emphasize how humans interact with the environment within a geological context. The writing style holds the interest of non-major students and includes recent, relatable geologic events. Each chapter incorporates student activities and discussion questions designed to give students a personal connection to the topic.

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Book SynopsisUtilizing actual case studies and field photographs, this successful lab manual covers the full spectrum of historical geology sediments, plate tectonics, paleontology, and petrology in flexible, self-contained units. This manual has been developed for use in both non-majors and combined courses in historical geology. The exercises emphasize the principles and methods by which geologists discover the origins and changing nature of our planet. These exercises or "studies" will help students understand how ancient conditions can be read from rocks and fossils, how geologic forces at the surface and within the planet can alter the environment, and how events of the past can be placed within an integrated chronological sequence. The exercises are designed for students who may not intend to specialize in geology. This does not mean, however, that the treatment is superficial, nor that it cannot give adequate preparation for students pursuing an academic major in the earth sciences.Table of Contents1 Introduction to Sedimentary Rocks2 Textural Clues to the History of Sediment3 Sedimentary Rocks under the Microscope4 Ancient Sedimentary Environments5 Tectonic Settings 6 Sea-Floor Spreading and Plate Tectonics7 Age Relations and Unconformity8 Rock Units and Time-Rock Units9 The Advance and Retreat of Ancient Shorelines10 Fossils and Their Living Relatives: Protists, Sponges, Corals, Bryozoans, and Brachiopods11 Fossils and Their Living Relatives: Mollusks, Arthropods, Echinoderms, Graptolites, and Plants12 Fossil Indicators of Age, Environment, and Correlation13 A Brief Survey of the Vertebrates14 Geologic Maps and Geologic Structures15 Canadian Shield and Basement Rocks of North America16 Mountain Belts of North America17 The Interior Plains and Plateaus18 Identification of Minerals19 Igneous Rocks20 Metamorphic RocksList of TablesList of ColorplatesList of PlatesPreface

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