Reliability engineering Books

Book SynopsisThis book defines the correct procedures for doing a failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) to achieve high quality in products and processes, outlining how to successfully apply the FMEA procedure in design, development, manufacturing, and service applications.Table of ContentsSeries Editor’s Foreword xvii Copyrights and Permissions xix Acknowledgments xxi Introduction xxiii Chapter 1 The Case for Failure Mode and Effects Analysis 1 In This Chapter 1 1.1 The Need for Effective FMEAs 1 1.2 FMEA Application by Industry 4 1.3 The Factor of 10 Rule 5 1.4 FMEA Successes 6 1.5 Brief History of FMEA 8 1.6 FMEA Standards and Guidelines 8 1.7 How to Use This Book 9 1.8 Web Companion to Effective FMEAs 10 1.9 End of Chapter Problems 10 References 11 Chapter 2 The Philosophy and Guiding Principles for Effective FMEAs 12 In This Chapter 12 2.1 What Is Philosophy and Why Does It Matter to FMEAs? 12 2.2 Guiding Principles for Effective FMEAs 13 2.3 The Role of FMEA in Design for Reliability 17 2.4 You Can’t Anticipate Everything 18 2.5 End of Chapter Problems 19 References 20 Chapter 3 Understanding the Fundamental Definitions and Concepts of FMEAs 21 In This Chapter 21 3.1 Definition of FMEA 21 3.2 Primary Objective of FMEA 22 3.3 Definition of Failure Mode Effects and Criticality Analysis 22 3.4 Types of FMEAs 23 3.5 FMEA Definitions and Examples 25 3.6 Is It a Failure Mode, Effect, or Cause? 48 3.7 FMEA Glossary 49 3.8 Web Companion to Effective FMEAs 51 3.9 End of Chapter Problems 51 References 55 Chapter 4 Selection and Timing of FMEA Projects 56 In This Chapter 56 4.1 Guidelines for When to Do FMEAs 56 4.2 FMEA Project Selection Criteria 58 4.3 Preliminary Risk Assessment 59 4.4 When to Do Different Types of FMEAs 60 4.5 Responsibility for FMEAs between OEMs and Suppliers 62 4.6 Introducing the All-Terrain Bicycle Case Study 63 4.7 End of Chapter Problems 64 Chapter 5 How to Perform an FMEA Project: Preparation 66 In This Chapter 66 Use of the Bicycle Examples in the Chapter 66 5.1 The Subject of FMEA Preparation 67 5.2 Preparation Tasks Done Once for All FMEA Projects 67 5.3 Preparation Tasks for Each New FMEA Project 78 5.4 End of Chapter Problems 103 References 106 Chapter 6 How to Perform an FMEA Project: Procedure 107 In This Chapter 107 Use of the Bicycle Examples in the Chapter 107 6.1 FMEA Procedure Sequence of Steps 108 6.2 Basic FMEA Procedure 109 6.3 FMEA Linkages 152 6.4 End of Chapter Problems 158 References 161 Chapter 7 How to Develop and Execute Effective Risk Reduction Actions 162 In This Chapter 162 Use of the Bicycle Examples in the Chapter 162 7.1 Prioritize Issues for Corrective Action 163 7.2 Develop Effective Recommended Actions 165 7.3 Action Strategies to Reduce Risk 166 7.4 Examples of Recommended Actions 176 7.5 FMEA Execution Enablers 176 7.6 The Essence of Execution 182 7.7 Documenting Actions Taken 182 7.8 Ensuring Risk Is Reduced to an Acceptable Level 183 7.9 End of Chapter Problems 183 References 186 Chapter 8 Case Studies 187 In This Chapter 187 8.1 Case Study: Shock Absorber Assembly 188 8.2 Case Study: Strudel Pastry Manufacturing 190 8.3 Case Study: Motorola Solutions “Press-to-Talk” Feature 193 8.4 Case Study: Flashlight 200 8.5 Case Study: DC-10 Cargo Door Failure 200 8.6 Case Study: Space Shuttle Challenger O-Ring Failure 204 8.7 Case Study: Projector Lamp 206 8.8 Case Study: All-Terrain Bicycle 206 8.9 Case Study: Resin Lever 213 8.10 Case Study: Power Steering 217 8.11 Other Case Studies and Examples 217 8.12 Web Companion to Effective FMEAs 221 8.13 End of Chapter Problems 221 References 224 Chapter 9 Lessons Learned for Effective FMEAs 226 In This Chapter 226 9.1 The Most Common FMEA Mistakes: How to Avoid Them and Audit Them 226 9.2 Summary of FMEA Quality Objectives 235 9.3 FMEA Quality Audit Procedure 235 9.4 End of Chapter Problems 236 Chapter 10 How to Facilitate Successful FMEA Projects 241 In This Chapter 241 10.1 FMEA Facilitation 241 10.2 Effective Meetings 242 10.3 Primary FMEA Facilitation Skills 243 10.4 Unleashing Team Creativity 252 10.5 FMEA Facilitation Roles and Responsibilities 255 10.6 How to Reduce FMEA In-Meeting Time 261 10.7 Difficulty Getting Consensus on Competing Ideas 261 10.8 End of Chapter Problems 263 References 265 Chapter 11 Implementing an Effective Company-Wide FMEA Process 266 In This Chapter 266 11.1 What is a Company-Wide FMEA Process and Why is it Important? 266 11.2 Management Roles and Responsibilities 267 11.3 Effective FMEA Process 268 11.4 Lessons Learned in Implementing a Company-Wide FMEA Process 279 11.5 Company Climate for Sharing Failure Information 281 11.6 End of Chapter Problems 282 Chapter 12 Failure Mode Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA) 285 In This Chapter 285 12.1 Introduction to FMECA 285 12.2 When to Use FMECA 286 12.3 Brief History of FMECA 286 12.4 Types of FMECA 287 12.5 Quantitative Criticality Analysis 287 12.6 Qualitative Criticality Analysis 289 12.7 FMECA Criticality Matrix 292 12.8 FMECA Worksheet 292 12.9 Summary Output of FMECA 292 12.10 End of Chapter Problems 294 References 296 Chapter 13 Introduction to Design Review Based on Failure Mode (DRBFM) 297 In This Chapter 297 13.1 What Is DRBFM? 297 13.2 Change Point Analysis 300 13.3 Conducting DRBFM Projects 302 13.4 How DRBFM Integrates with FMEA 304 13.5 DRBFM Worksheet 304 13.6 DRBFM Examples and Case Studies 304 13.7 Design Review Based on Test Results 309 13.8 DRBFM Glossary 311 13.9 DRBFM Resources for Further Study 312 13.10 End of Chapter Problems 313 References 315 Chapter 14 Introduction to Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) 316 In This Chapter 316 14.1 What Is Fault Tree Analysis? 316 14.2 FTA and FMEA 317 14.3 Brief History of FTA 318 14.4 Models 318 14.5 Events and Gates 318 14.6 FTA Example 319 14.7 FTA Glossary 320 14.8 FTA Procedure 323 14.9 FTA Handbooks and Standards 324 14.10 Use of FTA on Software 324 14.11 FTA Benefits and Limitations 324 14.12 End of Chapter Problems 326 References 327 Chapter 15 Other FMEA Applications 328 In This Chapter 328 15.1 Reliability-Centered Maintenance 328 15.2 Hazard Analysis 340 15.3 Concept FMEA 347 15.4 Software FMEA 348 15.5 Failure Modes, Mechanisms, and Effects Analysis 356 15.6 Failure Modes, Effects, and Diagnostic Analysis 358 15.7 End of Chapter Problems 361 References 363 Chapter 16 Selecting the Right FMEA Software 365 In This Chapter 365 16.1 Characteristics of Excellent FMEA Software 365 16.2 Why Not Just Use Spreadsheet Software? 368 16.3 Advantages of Relational Database 368 16.4 Using the Criteria for Selecting Relational Database Software 369 16.5 End of Chapter Problems 369 Reference 370 Appendices 371 Appendix A FMEA Scales 371 Appendix B FMEA Worksheet Forms 376 B.1 Design FMEA Worksheet Forms 377 B.2 Process FMEA Worksheet Forms 382 Appendix C All-Terrain Bicycle Documents 388 Appendix D Lists and Checklists 392 D.1 FMEA Preparation Checklists 392 Checklist 393 D.2 Lists of Failure Mechanisms (excerpts from book) 396 D.3 FMEA Quality Objectives 399 D.4 FMEA Facilitation Checklists 400 D.5 FMEA Action Strategy Checklist 405 D.6 FMEA Quality Audit Procedure 409 D.7 FMEA Quality Survey Form 413 Appendix E FMEA Glossary 414 References 418 Index 419

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Book SynopsisPlastic behaviour and plastic stress-strain relations of structural engineering materials, particularly steel, but also including concrete and soils, are covered here.Trade Review"...Overall the book is well written and the presentation of each subject is systematic and coherent..." (Structural & Multidisciplinary Optimization)Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. PART I: PLASTIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES UNDER UNIAXIAL STRESS-FUNDAMENTALS. Uniaxial Stress-Strain Relations. Plastic Bars and Yield Hinges. Incremental Analysis. Elementary Limit Analysis. Theorems of Limit Analysis. Methods of Limit Analysis. Linear Programming in Limit Analysis. Displacement at Incipient Collapse. PART II: PLASTIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES UNDER UNIAXIAL STRESS-FURTHER TOPICS. Nonproportional and Cyclic Loads. Theorems of Shakedown Analysis. Methods of Shakedown Analysis. Optimum Design. Combined Plastic Bending and Compression or Tension. Plasticity Aspects of Reinforced Concrete. Part III: PLASTIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES UNDER MULTIAXIAL STRESS. Simple Elastoplastic Constitutive Models. Theorems of Plastic Analysis in Multiaxial Case. Plastic Torsion and Shear. Limit Loads of Plates. Plane Problems. PART IV: ADVANCED TOPICS IN PLASTICITY. General Elastoplastic Constitutive Models. Plastic Material Models for Concrete and Soils. Numerical Methods in Plasticity. Thermodynamic Approach to Constitutive Modeling. Elastoplastic Constitutive Models for Large Strain. Crystal Plasticity and Microplane Constitutive Models. PART V: TIME-DEPENDENT INELASTIC BEHAVIOR OF METALS AND CONCRETE. Models for Localization of Softening and Size Effect. Viscoplasticity. Material Models for Concrete Creep and shrinkage. Creep and Shrinkage Effects in concrete Structures. Appendix A: Linear Elastic Trusses. Appendix B: Linear Elastic Beams and Frames. Appendix C: Linear Programming. Appendix D: Cartesian Tensors and Elasticity. Appendix E: Model B3 for Predicting Concrete Creep and Shrinkage. Appendix F: Softening Inelastic Hinges: Deviations from Plasticity and Size Effects. References. Author Index. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisDr. Vladyslav Ukis is head of R&D for the Siemens Healthineers teamplay digital health platform and reliability lead for all Siemens Healthineers Digital Health products. Previously, as software development lead, he drove Continuous Delivery, SRE, and DevRel transformation, helping this large distributed development organization evolve architecture, deployment, testing, operations, and culture to implement these new processes at scale.Trade Review"Many enterprises today face the challenge of establishing modern operations for their SaaS offerings. This book provides a proven step-by-step guide for how this can be done from scratch using Google's SRE methodology. From achieving organizational buy-in to laying down the basic SRE foundations, establishing incident response and implementing a suitable organizational structure--the book contains a wealth of advice for development, operations, and leadership teams!"--Dr. Peter Schardt, Chief Technology Officer at Siemens Healthcare GmbH "Establishing SRE Foundations is a great introductory guide for anyone new to understanding and implementing Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) in their organization. Vlad creates a solid platform for anyone wishing to understand the SRE approach to building reliability into software services. As well as practical advice on implementing techniques such as SLIs and SLOs, Vlad goes into detail on how to achieve buy-in for SRE adoption and how to modify your organizational setup, rooted in his own experiences of working in a large organization. Those experiences are sorely lacking elsewhere in SRE literature, and when I'm asked in the future about SRE, I'll be referring people to this excellent book."--Steve Smith, author of Measuring Continuous Delivery (2020) "I very much enjoyed reading this book, even in its early forms. Vlad treats the topic of SRE methodically and in great detail; if you have ever been wondering whether or not someone else has come across your particular issue in an SRE implementation, this book can answer that question and probably has an actionable solution as well. Destined to become a constantly referenced handbook by all those involved in SRE change projects."--Niall Murphy, co-author of Site Reliability Engineering (2016) and The Site Reliability Handbook (2018) "There are an overwhelming number of blogs, books, podcasts, and ad hoc opinions covering the nitty-gritty of SRE toolchains and technology choices. That being said, SRE initiatives rarely fail for technological reasons--they fail for structural or organizational reasons. In Establishing SRE Foundations, Dr. Ukis has given us all a detailed, accessible, and actionable blueprint for the structures and practices of a successful SRE organization. It is an excellent book and one I would recommend to anyone looking to establish a scaled-out SRE practice in a complex environment."--Ben Sigelman, co-founder of Lightstep "Establishing SRE Foundations provides far and away the clearest, most comprehensive, and most actionable roadmap I have seen for driving, scaling, and sustaining SRE in an engineering organization. I cannot recommend it highly enough!"--Randy Shoup, eBay Chief Architect and former Google Engineering leader "Establishing SRE Foundations is a comprehensive guide for anyone looking to take their software operations to the next level. If you are a beginner, you will learn why SRE is a great methodology for improving operations, what the challenges of introducing SRE are, how to achieve organizational buyin for SRE, how to lay the foundation for SRE in your teams, and how to drive continuous improvement. If you are an experienced practitioner, you will learn how to set up an error budget policy, enable error budget–based decision-making, and implement a suitable organizational structure. I think the content of the book is spot on and highly recommend it!"--Vitor dos Reis, Director of Software Engineering at Delivery Hero "Vlad offers a detailed and comprehensive overview of the transformation to SRE. He covers assessment, organizational structures, technical implementation, communication, and continuation. This book is a clear roadmap for any organization starting or progressing their SRE journey, replete with what to consider, options available, and real-world examples. If you are thinking about starting the SRE journey, have found yourself stalled along the way, or are looking for more ideas to help you continue the journey successfully, then buy this book."--Doc Norton, Change Catalyst, OnBelay ConsultingTable of ContentsForeword xxiPreface xxvAcknowledgments xxixAbout the Author xxxiii Part I: Foundations 1 Chapter 1: Introduction to SRE 31.1 Why SRE? 31.2 Alignment Using SRE 131.3 Why Does SRE Work? 171.4 Summary 19 Chapter 2: The Challenge 212.1 Misalignment 222.2 Collective Ownership 232.3 Ownership Using SRE 252.4 The Challenge Statement 382.5 Coaching 392.6 Summary 41 Chapter 3: SRE Basic Concepts 433.1 Service Level Indicators 433.2 Service Level Objectives 453.3 Error Budgets 473.4 Error Budget Policies 533.5 SRE Concept Pyramid 553.6 Alignment Using the SRE Concept Pyramid 593.7 Summary 63 Chapter 4: Assessing the Status Quo 654.1 Where Is the Organization? 654.2 Where Are the People? 694.3 Where Is the Tech? 714.4 Where Is the Culture? 744.5 Where Is the Process? 794.6 SRE Maturity Model 814.7 Posing Hypotheses 814.8 Summary 86 Part II: Running the Transformation 87 Chapter 5: Achieving Organizational Buy-In 895.1 Getting People Behind SRE 895.2 SRE Marketing Funnel 925.3 SRE Coaches 965.4 Top-Down Buy-In 995.5 Bottom-Up Buy-In 1175.6 Lateral Buy-In 1225.7 Buy-In Staggering 1235.8 Team Coaching 1245.9 Traversing the Organization 1265.10 Organizational Coaching 1315.11 Summary 133 Chapter 6: Laying Down the Foundations 1356.1 Introductory Talks by Team 1356.2 Conveying the Basics 1366.3 SLI Standardization 1476.4 Enabling Logging 1546.5 Teaching the Log Query Language 1566.6 Defining Initial SLOs 1576.7 Default SLOs 1636.8 Providing Basic Infrastructure 1646.9 Engaging Champions 1676.10 Dealing with Detractors 1686.11 Creating Documentation 1716.12 Broadcast Success 1726.13 Summary 174 Chapter 7: Reacting to Alerts on SLO Breaches 1757.1 Environment Selection 1757.2 Responsibilities 1777.3 Ways of Working 1807.4 Setting Up On-Call Rotations 1857.5 On-Call Management Tools 1887.6 Out-of-Hours On-Call 1937.7 Systematic Knowledge Sharing 1967.8 Broadcast Success 2087.9 Summary 209 Chapter 8: Implementing Alert Dispatching 2118.1 Alert Escalation 2128.2 Defining an Alert Escalation Policy 2148.3 Defining Stakeholder Groups 2168.4 Triggering Stakeholder Notifications 2188.5 Defining Stakeholder Rings 2198.6 Defining Effective Stakeholder Notifications 2228.7 Getting the Stakeholders Subscribed 2258.8 Broadcast Success 2268.9 Summary 227 Chapter 9: Implementing Incident Response 2299.1 Incident Response Foundations 2299.2 Incident Priorities 2309.3 Complex Incident Coordination 2489.4 Incident Postmortems 2689.5 Effective Postmortem Criteria 2699.6 Mashing Up the Tools 2949.7 Service Status Broadcast 2989.8 Documenting the Incident Response Process 3019.9 Broadcast Success 3029.10 Summary 303 Chapter 10: Setting Up an Error Budget Policy 30510.1 Motivation 305 10.2 Terminology 307 10.3 Error Budget Policy Structure 30810.4 Error Budget Policy Conditions 30910.5 Error Budget Policy Consequences 31110.6 Error Budget Policy Governance 31210.7 Extending the Error Budget Policy 31410.8 Agreeing to the Error Budget Policy 31810.9 Storing the Error Budget Policy 31910.10 Enacting the Error Budget Policy 32010.11 Reviewing the Error Budget Policy 32110.12 Related Concepts 32210.13 Summary 324 Chapter 11: Enabling Error Budget–Based Decision-Making 325 11.1 Reliability Decision-Making Taxonomy 32511.2 Implementing SRE Indicators 33011.3 Process Indicators, Not People KPIs 35911.4 Decisions Versus Indicators 35911.5 Decision-Making Workflows 36211.6 Summary 388 Chapter 12: Implementing Organizational Structure 39112.1 SRE Principles Versus Organizational Structure 39312.2 Who Builds It, Who Runs It? 39412.3 You Build It, You Run It 40312.4 You Build It, You and SRE Run It 40612.5 You Build It, SRE Run It 42112.6 Cost Optimization 42412.7 Team Topologies 42612.8 Choosing a Model 43212.9 A New Role: SRE 44012.10 SRE Career Path 45012.11 Communicating the Chosen Model 45612.12 Introducing the Chosen Model 45712.13 Summary 462 Part III: Measuring and Sustaining the Transformation 465 Chapter 13: Measuring the SRE Transformation 46713.1 Testing Transformation Hypotheses 46713.2 Outages Not Detected Internally 46913.3 Services Exhausting Error Budgets Prematurely 47013.4 Executives' Perceptions 47113.5 Reliability Perception by Users and Partners 47213.6 Summary 473 Chapter 14: Sustaining the SRE Movement 47514.1 Maturing the SRE CoP 47514.2 SRE Minutes 47514.3 Availability Newsletter 47614.4 SRE Column in the Engineering Blog 47714.5 Promote Long-Form SRE Wiki Articles 47714.6 SRE Broadcasting 47814.7 Combining SRE and CD Indicators 47914.8 SRE Feedback Loops 48314.9 New Hypotheses 48414.10 Providing Learning Opportunities 48614.11 Supporting SRE Coaches 48714.12 Summary 489 Chapter 15: The Road Ahead 49115.1 Service Catalog 49215.2 SLAs 49415.3 Regulatory Compliance 49415.4 SRE Infrastructure 49515.5 Game Days 496 Appendix: Topics for Quick Reference 499 Index 507

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Book SynopsisThe first complete guide to using the Stochastic Finite Element Method for reliability assessment Unlike other analytical reliability estimation techniques, the Stochastic Finite Element Method (SFEM) can be used for both implicit and explicit performance functions, making it a particularly powerful and robust tool for today's engineer.Table of ContentsBasic Concept of Reliability. Commonly Used Probability Distributions. Fundamentals of Reliability Analysis. Simulation Techniques. Implicit Performance Functions: Introduction to SFEM. SFEM for Linear Static Problems. SFEM for Spatial Variability Problems. SFEM-Based Reliability Evaluation of Nonlinear Two- and Three-Dimensional Structures. Structures under Dynamic Loading. Appendices. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisGrasp the basics of reliability techniques in engineering design With an emphasis on the problem of quantifying reliability in product design and testing, Reliability in Engineering Design provides a complete overview of the topic. Beginning with an introduction to reliability, the text then proceeds in a logical manner through related, relevant topics. Discussed at length are terms and measures used in reliability testing, static reliability models, probabilistic approaches to design reliability, analysis of complex systems, and obtaining reliability estimates from test data. To provide a connection between theory and practice, simple design examples are utilized to fully describe and illustrate design reliability methodologies, making the text an excellent resource for both experienced engineers and those new to these reliability techniques.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Reliability Measures. Static Reliability Models. Probabilistic Engineering Design. Combination of Random Variable's in Design. Interference Theory and Reliability Computations. Reliability Design Examples. Time Dependent Stress-Strength Models. Dynamic Reliability Models. Reliability Estimation: Exponential Distribution. Reliability Estimation: Weibull Distribution. Sequential Life Testing. Bayesian Reliability in Design and Testing. Reliability Optimization. Author Index. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisAll packaging engineers and technologists who want to ensure thatthey give their customers the highest quality, most cost-effectiveproducts should know that the paradigm has shifted. It has shiftedaway from the MIL-STDs and other government standards and testprocedures that don''t cost-effectively address potential failuremechanisms or the manufacturing processes of the product. It hasshifted decisively towards tackling the root causes of failure andthe appropriate implementation of cost-effective process controls,qualityscreens, and tests. This book''s groundbreaking, science-based approach to developingqualification and quality assurance programs helps engineers reacha new level of reliability in today''s high-performancemicroelectronics. It does this with powerful... * Techniques for identifying and modeling failure mechanismsearlier in the design cycle, breaking the need to rely on fielddata * Physics-of-failure product reliability assessment methods thatcan be proTable of ContentsThree-Dimensional Stacked Dies. Cofired Ceramic Substrates. Organic Laminated Substrates and Chip-on-Board. High-Density Interconnects and Deposited Dielectrics. Wire and Wirebonds. Tape Automated Bonds. Flip-Chip Bonds. Device and Substrate Attachment. Cases. Leads. Lead Seals. Lid Seals. Material and Product Evaluation Methods. Rework Methods. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book includes an introduction to some important reliability concepts and a review of terminology. The work is divided into three sections: modelling, evaluation and assurance.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: FUNDAMENTALS. Reliability Physics and Failure Mechanisms. Statistical Distributions. MODELLING. The Load-Strength Concept. Intrinsic Reliability - The Generic Case. Extrinsic Reliability. EVALUATION. Lifetesting. Field Failure Data Analysis. Reliability Prediction of Electronic Equipment. ASSURANCE. Reliability Screening: Burn-in. Reliability Indicator Screening. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisMarkov modeling has long been accepted as a fundamental and powerful technique for the fault tolerance analysis of mission-critical applications. However, the elaborate computations required have often made Markov modeling too time-consuming to be of practical use on these complex systems. With this hands-on tool, designers can use the Markov modeling technique to analyze safety, reliability, maintainability, and cost-effectiveness factors in the full range of complex systems in use today. Featuring ground-breaking simulation software and a comprehensive reference manual, MARKOV MODELING FOR RELIABILITY ANALYSIS helps system designers surmount the mathematical computations that have previously prevented effective reliability analysis. The text and software compose a valuable self-study tool that is complete with detailed explanations, examples, and a library of Markov models that can be used for experiments and as derivations for new simulation models. The book details howTable of ContentsSeries Introduction. Preface. Introduction. System Requirements and Design. Foundations of Probability Theory. Basic Reliability Concepts. Basic Reliability Models. Markov Process Fundamentals. Hardware Reliability Modeling. Software Reliability Modeling. Combined Hardware-Software Reliability Modeling. Modeling of Large and Complex Systems. Maintainability Modeling. Availability Modeling. Safety Modeling. Markov Model Evaluation. Effectiveness Modeling. Support Analyses. Application Examples. Practical Design of Fault-Tolerant Systems. CARMS User's Guide. CARMS Model Library. CARMS Reference. Definitions and Acronyms. References. Index. About the Authors.

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Book SynopsisA revised edition of this guide on mechanical seal practice for improved performance. A PC disc is included in the package which covers material discussed in the section dealing with seal function and design. The disc facilitates the review of seal proposals.Table of ContentsPreface to First Edition. Preface to Second Edition. Editor's Comments. Part I. Mechanical Seal Design. Part II. Mechanical Seal Selection. Part III. Pump Considerations. Part IV. Verification of Seal Design. Part V. Practical Considerations in Using Mechanical Seals. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book applies traditional reliability engineering methods to prognostics and health management (PHM), looking at remaining useful life (RUL) and its dynamics, to enable engineers to effectively and accurately predict machinery and systems useful lifespan. One of the key tools used in defining and implementing predictive maintenance policies is the RUL indicator. However, it is essential to account for the uncertainty inherent to the RUL, as otherwise predictive maintenance strategies can be incorrect. This can cause high costs or, alternatively, inappropriate decisions. Methods used to estimate RUL are numerous and diverse and, broadly speaking, fall into three categories: model-based, data-driven, or hybrid, which uses both. The author starts by building on established theory and looks at traditional reliability engineering methods through their relation to PHM requirements and presents the concept of RUL loss rate. Following on from this, the author presents an innovative geneTrade ReviewA Review of Modeling Remaining Useful Life Dynamics in Reliability EngineeringPierre DersinCRC Press, 2023 In my opinion, this is a very important addition to our reliability engineering technology. It provides a comprehensive and definitive treatment of the modeling of remaining asset life. More significantly, the construction is new, insightful and broadly applicable. This book should become a part of every reliability engineer’s reference library. The key and very significant contribution of the text is that the author shows that the remaining useful life of an asset can be modeled using a linear or a piecewise linear function of time or in some cases of a transformed time scale. The author specifically shows that this feature of the residual life occurs in all of the most commonly used probability models of life duration. He shows that the (piecewise) linear relationship occurs for exponential, uniform, Dirac, Weibull, Lognormal, Pareto and Gamma life distributions and also for gamma process and Weiner process degradation models. In each case, he shows the mapping from the life distribution parameters to the (piecewise) linear remaining life models. In addition, he constructs the time scale transform for those distributions where it is needed. The result is an analytical framework for obtaining a residual life measure that can be the basis for efficient maintenance planning – especially for predictive maintenance planning. The text is well organized and provides complete explanations of the analytical details. The author starts with definitions of Remaining Useful Life (RUL), the Mean Residual Life (MRL) which is the expected value of the RUL and the “RUL loss rate” which is the derivative of the RUL and characterizes the ongoing evolution of the RUL. He then establishes the general relationship between the MRL and the reliability function. This relationship forms the basis for the RUL analyses that follow and these analyses are also substantial. The continuing constructions, include the definition of confidence intervals for the RUL, the parametric definition of the linear time functions for the MRL, the coefficient of variation for the RUL and the determination of the relationship between the confidence interval for the RUL and the RUL Loss rate. Following an excursion into moment generating functions and cumulative hazard functions, the author generalizes the previous results to MRL measures that are piecewise linear functions of time. Once this generalization is established, the author defines the non-linear time transformation that allows the MRL for most life distributions to be expressed as piecewise linear functions. He specifically shows the construction for several cases in which commonly used life distributions and also to degradation models. The author devotes a complete chapter to the examination of the properties of the time transformation that allows for the linearization of the MRL based on so many commonly used life duration models. This assures that the reader has a full view of the power of the analysis that has been presented.At this point, the analytical construction is really complete. Nevertheless, the author continues further to show the applicability of the method to cases of multiple failure modes and he then addresses statistical estimation methods. As part of this treatment, he explains the possibility of using Bayesian estimation strategies in the analysis. He completes the text with a discussion of maintenance planning models and methods and with a suggestion of where ongoing research seems appropriate. These discussions are insightful and useful but in my view, the exciting feature of this text is that the treatment of RUL is so thorough that the results developed will support the formulation of predictive maintenance strategies. I think that every reliability engineer that is working with asset management questions should read this text and use it as a basis for using asset monitoring information to define efficient adaptive maintenance plans.In closing, I suggest that this text will become one of the classic standard references for reliability engineers. Joel A. Nachlas, Ph. D.Table of Contents1. Introduction, 2. Reminder of Reliability Engineering Fundamentals, 3. The RUL Loss Rate for a Special Class of Time-to-Failure Distributions: MRL Linear Function of Time, 4. Generalization to an MRL Piecewise-Linear Function of Time, 5. Generalization to a Wide Class of Lifetime Distributions, 6. Properties of the dg Metric, 7. Multiple Failure or Degradation Modes, 8. Statistical Estimation Aspects, 9. Implications for Maintenance Optimization, 10. Advanced Topics and Further Research

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Book SynopsisCompletely updated for a new edition, this book introduces reliability and risks analysis, for both practicing engineers and engineering students at the undergraduate and graduate levels. Since reliability analysis is a multidisciplinary subject, this book draws together a wide range of topics and presents them in a way that applies to most engineering disciplines.Reliability and Risk Analysis, Second Edition, emphasizes an introduction and explanation of the practical methods used in reliability and risk studies, with a discussion of their uses and limitations. It offers basic and advanced methods in reliability analysis that are commonly used in daily practice and provides methods that address unique topics such as dependent failure analysis, importance analysis, and analysis of repairable systems. The book goes on to present a comprehensive overview of modern probabilistic life assessment methods such as Bayesian estimation, system reliability analysis, and human Table of Contents1. Reliability Engineering Perspective and Fundamentals. 2. Basic Reliability Mathematics: Probability. 3. Elements of Component Reliability. 4. Basic Reliability Mathematics: Statistics. 5. Reliability Data Analysis and Model Selection. 6. System Reliability Analysis. 7. Reliability and Availability of Repairable Components and Systems. 8. Selected Advanced Topics in Reliability and Risk Analysis. 9. Risk Analysis. Appendix A: Statistical Tables. Appendix B: Generic Failure Data

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Book SynopsisDo you need to know what technique to use to evaluate the reliability of an engineered system? This self-contained guide provides comprehensive coverage of all the analytical and modeling techniques currently in use, from classical non-state and state space approaches, to newer and more advanced methods such as binary decision diagrams, dynamic fault trees, Bayesian belief networks, stochastic Petri nets, non-homogeneous Markov chains, semi-Markov processes, and phase type expansions. Readers will quickly understand the relative pros and cons of each technique, as well as how to combine different models together to address complex, real-world modeling scenarios. Numerous examples, case studies and problems provided throughout help readers put knowledge into practice, and a solutions manual and Powerpoint slides for instructors accompany the book online. This is the ideal self-study guide for students, researchers and practitioners in engineering and computer science.Trade Review'This book should be on the desk of any university teacher, any engineer and anybody studying the dependability of complex computing systems or communication networks. It is about 700 pages and is quite complete since it covers all the aspects of the dependability evaluation of such systems … There are not only numerous examples and problems but a part of the book is dedicated to case studies providing the modeling of several real-life systems. Moreover all the chapters contain a quite interesting section for further reading. It is, to the best of my knowledge, the only book dealing so thoroughly and in detail with this wide subject.' Bruno Sericola, Reliability Engineering and System Safety'The authors have produced an impressive volume, which consists of all existing methods of reliability and availability modeling with complete mathematical details and relevant algorithms. As one would expect from these authors, all mathematical concepts are illustrated using numerous examples and some examples are continued through multiple chapters to show the application of different techniques on the same basic example. Many (unsolved) problems are provided to allow readers to practice on their own … It can be used as a textbook for a course on reliability and as a reference book for researchers and practicing engineers.' Veena Mendiratta, INFORMS'This is a very thorough and worthwhile book that can assist engineers and researchers to assess system reliability and availability and can serve as a valuable resource to educators in the field.' Ilias Iliadis, Statistics in Society Series A'… Reliability and Availability Engineering is an excellent book that puts all the aspects of the dependability engineering, particularly, theoretical models, analysis methods, and practical applications, in one place. It is bound to become an indispensable guide and reference for a broad range of students, researchers, and practicing engineers interested in scientific studies and the practice of dependability engineering.' Xiwei Qiu and Yuanshun Dai, International Journal of Performability EngineeringTable of ContentsPart I. Introduction: 1. Introduction; 2. Dependability evaluation; 3. Dependability metrics defined on a single unit; Part II. Non-State-Space Models (Combinatorial Models): 4. Reliability block diagram; 5. Network reliability; 6. Fault tree analysis; 7. State enumeration; 8. Dynamic redundancy; Part III. State-Space Models with Exponential Distributions: 9. Continuous time Markov chain: availability models; 10. Continuous time Markov chain: reliability models; 11. Continuous time Markov chain: queueing systems; 12. Petri nets; Part IV. State-Space Models with Non-Exponential Distributions: 13. Non-homogeneous CTMC; 14. Semi-Markov and Markov regenerative models; 15. Phase type expansion; Part V. Multi-Level Models; 16. Hierarchical models; 17. Fixed-point iteration; Part VI. Case Studies: 18. Case studies.

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Book SynopsisOffers practical examples that can guide product engineers through every stage of experimental design: formulating problems, planning experiments, and analysing data. This book discusses both physical and virtual techniques, and includes numerous exercises and solutions. It is suitable for teaching or self-study.Table of ContentsPreface ix 1 What is robust design? 1 1.1 The importance of small variation 1 1.2 Variance reduction 2 1.3 Variation propagation 4 1.4 Discussion 5 1.4.1 Limitations 6 1.4.2 The outline of this book 7 Exercises 8 2 DOE for robust design, part 1 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.1.1 Noise factors 11 2.1.2 Control factors 12 2.1.3 Control-by-noise interactions 12 2.2 Combined arrays: An example from the packaging industry 13 2.2.1 The experimental array 15 2.2.2 Factor effect plots 15 2.2.3 Analytical analysis and statistical significance 17 2.2.4 Some additional comments on the plotting 20 2.3 Dispersion effects 21 Exercises 23 Reference 25 3 Noise and control factors 27 3.1 Introduction to noise factors 27 3.1.1 Categories of noise 28 3.2 Finding the important noise factors 33 3.2.1 Relating noise to failure modes 33 3.2.2 Reducing the number of noise factors 34 3.3 How to include noise in a designed experiment 40 3.3.1 Compounding of noise factors 40 3.3.2 How to include noise in experimentation 45 3.3.3 Process parameters 48 3.4 Control factors 48 Exercises 49 References 51 4 Response, signal, and P diagrams 53 4.1 The idea of signal and response 53 4.1.1 Two situations 54 4.2 Ideal functions and P diagrams 55 4.2.1 Noise or signal factor 56 4.2.2 Control or signal factor 56 4.2.3 The scope 58 4.3 The signal 63 4.3.1 Including a signal in a designed experiment 64 Exercises 65 5 DOE for robust design, part 2 69 5.1 Combined and crossed arrays 69 5.1.1 Classical DOE versus DOE for robust design 69 5.1.2 The structure of inner and outer arrays 70 5.2 Including a signal in a designed experiment 74 5.2.1 Combined arrays with a signal 74 5.2.2 Inner and outer arrays with a signal 81 5.3 Crossed arrays versus combined arrays 89 5.3.1 Differences in factor aliasing 91 5.4 Crossed arrays and split-plot designs 94 5.4.1 Limits of randomization 94 5.4.2 Split-plot designs 95 Exercises 98 References 99 6 Smaller-the-better and larger-the-better 101 6.1 Different types of responses 101 6.2 Failure modes and smaller-the-better 102 6.2.1 Failure modes 102 6.2.2 STB with inner and outer arrays 103 6.2.3 STB with combined arrays 106 6.3 Larger-the-better 106 6.4 Operating window 108 6.4.1 The window width 110 Exercises 113 References 115 7 Regression for robust design 117 7.1 Graphical techniques 117 7.2 Analytical minimization of (g′(z))2 120 7.3 Regression and crossed arrays 121 7.3.1 Regression terms in the inner array 127 Exercises 128 8 Mathematics of robust design 131 8.1 Notational system 131 8.2 The objective function 132 8.2.1 Multidimensional problems 136 8.2.2 Optimization in the presence of a signal 138 8.2.3 Matrix formulation 139 8.2.4 Pareto optimality 141 8.3 ANOVA for robust design 144 8.3.1 Traditional ANOVA 144 8.3.2 Functional ANOVA 146 8.3.3 Sensitivity indices 149 Exercises 152 References 153 9 Design and analysis of computer experiments 155 9.1 Overview of computer experiments 156 9.1.1 Robust design 157 9.2 Experimental arrays for computer experiments 161 9.2.1 Screening designs 161 9.2.2 Space filling designs 163 9.2.3 Latin hypercubes 165 9.2.4 Latin hypercube designs and alphabetical optimality criteria 166 9.3 Response surfaces 167 9.3.1 Local least squares 168 9.3.2 Kriging 169 9.4 Optimization 171 9.4.1 The objective function 171 9.4.2 Analytical techniques or Monte Carlo 173 Exercises 175 References 176 10 Monte Carlo methods for robust design 177 10.1 Geometry variation 177 10.1.1 Electronic circuits 179 10.2 Geometry variation in two dimensions 179 10.3 Crossed arrays 192 11 Taguchi and his ideas on robust design 195 11.1 History and origin 195 11.2 The experimental arrays 197 11.2.1 The nature of inner arrays 197 11.2.2 Interactions and energy thinking 199 11.2.3 Crossing the arrays 200 11.3 Signal-to-noise ratios 200 11.4 Some other ideas 203 11.4.1 Randomization 203 11.4.2 Science versus engineering 204 11.4.3 Line fitting for dynamic models 204 11.4.4 An aspect on the noise 206 11.4.5 Dynamic models 207 Exercises 208 References 208 Appendix A Loss functions 209 A.1 Why Americans do not buy American television sets 209 A.2 Taguchi’s view on loss function 211 A.3 The average loss and its elements 211 A.4 Loss functions in robust design 214 Exercises 215 References 217 Appendix B Data for chapter 2 219 Appendix C Data for chapter 5 223 Appendix D Data for chapter 6 231 Index 233

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Book SynopsisNext Generation HALT and HASS presents a major paradigm shift from reliability prediction-based methods to discovery of electronic systems reliability risks.Table of ContentsSeries Editor’s Foreword xi Preface xiv List of Acronyms xvi Introduction 1 1 Basis and Limitations of Typical Current Reliability Methods and Metrics 5 1.1 The Life Cycle Bathtub Curve 7 1.1.1 Real Electronics Life Cycle Curves 9 1.2 HALT and HASS Approach 11 1.3 The Future of Electronics: Higher Density and Speed and Lower Power 13 1.3.1 There is a Drain in the Bathtub Curve 14 1.4 Use of MTBF as a Reliability Metric 16 1.5 MTBF: What is it Good For? 17 1.5.1 Introduction 17 1.5.2 Examples 18 1.5.3 Conclusion 24 1.5.4 Alternatives to MTBF for Specifying Reliability 25 1.6 Reliability of Systems is Complex 26 1.7 Reliability Testing 28 1.8 Traditional Reliability Development 33 Bibliography 34 2 The Need for Reliability Assurance Reference Metrics to Change 36 2.1 Wear‐Out and Technology Obsolescence of Electronics 36 2.2 Semiconductor Life Limiting Mechanisms 37 2.2.1 Overly Optimistic and Misleading Estimates 42 2.3 Lack of Root Cause Field Unreliability Data 43 2.4 Predicting Reliability 48 2.5 Reliability Predictions – Continued Reliance on a Misleading Approach 50 2.5.1 Introduction 51 2.5.2 Prediction History 52 2.5.3 Technical Limitations 53 2.5.4 Keeping Handbooks Up‐to‐Date 54 2.5.5 Technical Studies – Past and Present 59 2.5.6 Reliability Assessment 62 2.5.7 Efforts to Improve Tools and Their Limitations 63 2.6 Stress–Strength Diagram and Electronics Capability 63 2.7 Testing to Discover Reliability Risks 68 2.8 Stress–Strength Normal Assumption 69 2.8.1 Notation 70 2.8.2 Three Cases 71 2.8.3 Two Normal Distributions 73 2.8.4 Probability of Failure Calculation 73 2.9 A Major Challenge – Distributions Data 73 2.10 HALT Maximizes the Design’s Mean Strength 75 2.11 What Does the Term HALT Actually Mean? 78 Bibliography 83 3 Challenges to Advancing Electronics Reliability Engineering 86 3.1 Disclosure of Real Failure Data is Rare 86 3.2 Electronics Materials and Manufacturing Evolution 89 Bibliography 91 4 A New Deterministic Reliability Development Paradigm 92 4.1 Introduction 92 4.2 Understanding Customer Needs and Expectations 95 4.3 Anticipating Risks and Potential Failure Modes 98 4.4 Robust Design for Reliability 104 4.5 Diagnostic and Prognostic Considerations and Features 110 4.6 Knowledge Capture for Reuse 110 4.7 Accelerated Test to Failure to Find Empirical Design Limits 112 4.8 Design Confirmation Testing: Quantitative Accelerated Life Test 113 4.9 Limitations of Success Based Compliance Test 114 4.10 Production Validation Testing 115 4.11 Failure Analysis and Design Review Based on Test Results 116 Bibliography 120 5 Common Understanding of HALT Approach is Critical for Success 122 5.1 HALT – Now a Very Common Term 123 5.2 HALT – Change from Failure Prediction to Failure Discovery 124 5.2.1 Education on the HALT Paradigm 125 5.3 Serial Education of HALT May Increase Fear, Uncertainty and Doubt 130 5.3.1 While You Were Busy in the Lab 132 5.3.2 Product Launch Time – Too Late, But Now You May Get the Field Failure Data 132 6 The Fundamentals of HALT 134 6.1 Discovering System Stress Limits 134 6.2 HALT is a Simple Concept – Adaptation is the Challenge 135 6.3 Cost of Reliable vs Unreliable Design 136 6.4 HALT Stress Limits and Estimates of Failure Rates 137 6.4.1 What Level of Assembly Should HALT be Applied? 137 6.4.2 HALT of Supplier Subsystems 138 6.5 Defining Operational Limit and Destruct Limits 138 6.6 Efficient Cooling and Heating in HALT 139 6.6.1 Stress Monitoring Instrumentation 139 6.6.2 Single and Combined Stresses 140 6.7 Applying HALT 142 6.7.1 Order of HALT Stress Application 143 6.8 Thermal HALT Process 144 6.8.1 Disabling Thermal Overstress Protection Circuits 145 6.8.2 HALT Limit Comparisons 146 6.8.3 Cold Thermal HALT 148 6.8.4 Hot Thermal HALT 150 6.8.5 Post Thermal HALT 151 6.9 Random Vibration HALT 152 6.10 Product Configurations for HALT 155 6.10.1 Other Configuration Considerations for HALT 156 6.11 Lessons Learned from HALT 157 6.12 Failure Analysis after HALT 159 7 Highly Accelerated Stress Screening (HASS) and Audits (HASA) 161 7.1 The Use of Stress Screening on Electronics 161 7.2 ‘Infant Mortality’ Failures are Reliability Issues 163 7.2.1 HASS is a Production Insurance Process 164 7.3 Developing a HASS 167 7.3.1 Precipitation and Detection Screens 168 7.3.2 Stresses Applied in HASS 172 7.3.3 Verification of HASS Safety for Defect Free Products 173 7.3.4 Applying the SOS to Validate the HASS Process 174 7.3.5 HASS and Field Life 177 7.4 Unique Pneumatic Multi‐axis RS Vibration Characteristics 177 7.5 HALT and HASS Case History 179 7.5.1 Background 179 7.5.2 HALT 180 7.5.3 HASS (HASA) 181 7.5.4 Cost avoidance 183 Bibliography 184 7.6 Benefits of HALT and HASS with Prognostics and Health Management (PHM) 184 7.6.1 Stress Testing for Diagnosis and Prognosis 185 7.6.2 HALT, HASS and Relevance to PHM 186 Bibliography 189 8 HALT Benefits for Software/Firmware Performance and Reliability 190 8.1 Software – Hardware Interactions and Operational Reliability 190 8.1.1 Digital Signal Quality and Reliability 193 8.1.2 Temperature and Signal Propagation 194 8.1.3 Temperature Operational Limits and Destruct Limits in Digital Systems 197 8.2 Stimulation of Systematic Parametric Variations 198 8.2.1 Parametric Failures of ICs 199 8.2.2 Stimulation of Systematic Parametric Variations 201 Bibliography 205 9 Design Confirmation Test: Quantitative Accelerated Life Test (ALT) 207 9.1 Introduction to Accelerated Life Test 207 9.2 Accelerated Degradation Testing 211 9.3 Accelerated Life Test Planning 212 9.4 Pitfalls of Accelerated Life Testing 215 9.5 Analysis Considerations 216 Bibliography 217 10 Failure Analysis and Corrective Action 218 10.1 Failure Analysis and Knowledge Capture 218 10.2 Review of Test Results and Failure Analysis 220 10.3 Capture Test and Failure Analysis Results for Access on Follow‐on Projects 221 10.4 Analyzing Production and Field Return Failures 222 Bibliography 222 11 Additional Applications of HALT Methods 223 11.1 Future of Reliability Engineering and HALT Methodology 223 11.2 Winning the Hearts and Minds of the HALT Skeptics 225 11.2.1 Analysis of Field Failures 225 11.3 Test of No Fault Found Units 226 11.4 HALT for Reliable Supplier Selection 226 11.5 Comparisons of Stress Limits for Reliability Assessments 228 11.6 Multiple Stress Limit Boundary Maps 230 11.7 Robustness Indicator Figures 235 11.8 Focusing on Deterministic Weakness Discovery Will Lead to New Tools 235 11.9 Application of Limit Tests, AST and HALT Methodology to Products Other Than Electronics 236 Bibliography 238 Appendix: HALT and Reliability Case Histories 239 A.1 HALT Program at Space Systems Loral 240 A.2 Software Fault Isolation Using HALT and HASS 243 A.3 Watlow HALT and HASS Application 253 A.4 HALT and HASS Application in Electric Motor Control Electronics 256 A.5 A HALT to HASS Case Study – Power Conversion Systems 261 Index 268

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Book SynopsisThermodynamic degradation science is a new and exciting discipline. This book merges the science of physics of failure with thermodynamics and shows how degradation modeling is improved and enhanced when using thermodynamic principles. The author also goes beyond the traditional physics of failure methods and highlights the importance of having new tools such as Mesoscopic noise degradation measurements for prognostics of complex systems, and a conjugate work approach to solving physics of failure problems with accelerated testing applications. Key features: Demonstrates how the thermodynamics energy approach uncovers key degradation models and their application to accelerated testing. Demonstrates how thermodynamic degradation models accounts for cumulative stress environments, effect statistical reliability distributions, and are key for reliability test planning. Provides coverage of the four types of Physics of Failure Table of ContentsList of Figures xiii List of Tables xvi About the Author xvii Preface xviii 1 Equilibrium Thermodynamic Degradation Science 1 1.1 Introduction to a New Science 1 1.2 Categorizing Physics of Failure Mechanisms 2 1.3 Entropy Damage Concept 3 1.3.1 The System (Device) and its Environment 4 1.3.2 Irreversible Thermodynamic Processes Cause Damage 5 1.4 Thermodynamic Work 6 1.5 Thermodynamic State Variables and their Characteristics 7 1.6 Thermodynamic Second Law in Terms of System Entropy Damage 9 1.6.1 Thermodynamic Entropy Damage Axiom 11 1.6.2 Entropy and Free Energy 13 1.7 Work, Resistance, Generated Entropy, and the Second Law 14 1.8 Thermodynamic Catastrophic and Parametric Failure 16 1.8.1 Equilibrium and Non-Equilibrium Aging States in Terms of the Free Energy or Entropy Change 16 1.9 Repair Entropy 17 1.9.1 Example 1.1: Repair Entropy: Relating Non-Damage Entropy Flow to Entropy Damage 17 Summary 18 References 22 2 Applications of Equilibrium Thermodynamic Degradation to Complex and Simple Systems: Entropy Damage, Vibration, Temperature, Noise Analysis, and Thermodynamic Potentials 23 2.1 Cumulative Entropy Damage Approach in Physics of Failure 23 2.1.1 Example 2.1: Miner’s Rule Derivation 25 2.1.2 Example 2.2: Miner’s Rule Example 26 2.1.3 Non-Cyclic Applications of Cumulative Damage 27 2.2 Measuring Entropy Damage Processes 27 2.3 Intermediate Thermodynamic Aging States and Sampling 29 2.4 Measures for System-Level Entropy Damage 29 2.4.1 Measuring System Entropy Damage with Temperature 29 2.4.2 Example 2.3: Resistor Aging 30 2.4.3 Example 2.4: Complex Resistor Bank 31 2.4.4 System Entropy Damage with Temperature Observations 32 2.4.5 Example 2.5: Temperature Aging of an Operating System 32 2.4.6 Comment on High-Temperature Aging for Operating and Non-Operating Systems 32 2.5 Measuring Randomness due to System Entropy Damage with Mesoscopic Noise Analysis in an Operating System 33 2.5.1 Example 2.6: Gaussian Noise Vibration Damage 35 2.5.2 Example 2.7: System Vibration Damage Observed with Noise Analysis 36 2.6 How System Entropy Damage Leads to Random Processes 37 2.6.1 Stationary versus Non-Stationary Entropy Process 40 2.7 Example 2.8: Human Heart Rate Noise Degradation 41 2.8 Entropy Damage Noise Assessment Using Autocorrelation and the Power Spectral Density 42 2.8.1 Noise Measurements Rules of Thumb for the PSD and R 43 2.8.2 Literature Review of Traditional Noise Measurement 44 2.8.3 Literature Review for Resistor Noise 48 2.9 Noise Detection Measurement System 48 2.9.1 System Noise Temperature 49 2.9.2 Environmental Noise Due to Pollution 50 2.9.3 Measuring System Entropy Damage using Failure Rate 50 2.10 Entropy Maximize Principle: Combined First and Second Law 51 2.10.1 Example 2.9: Thermal Equilibrium 52 2.10.2 Example 2.10: Equilibrium with Charge Exchange 53 2.10.3 Example 2.11: Diffusion Equilibrium 55 2.10.4 Example 2.12: Available Work 55 2.11 Thermodynamic Potentials and Energy States 57 2.11.1 The Helmholtz Free Energy 58 2.11.2 The Enthalpy Energy State 60 2.11.3 The Gibbs Free Energy 60 2.11.4 Summary of Common Thermodynamic State Energies 62 2.11.5 Example 2.13: Work, Entropy Damage, and Free Energy Change 62 2.11.6 Example 2.14: System in Contact with a Reservoir 65 Summary 68 References 76 3 NE Thermodynamic Degradation Science Assessment Using the Work Concept 77 3.1 Equilibrium versus Non-Equilibrium Aging Approach 77 3.1.1 Conjugate Work and Free Energy Approach to Understanding Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamic Degradation 78 3.2 Application to Cyclic Work and Cumulative Damage 79 3.3 Cyclic Work Process, Heat Engines, and the Carnot Cycle 81 3.4 Example 3.1: Cyclic Engine Damage Quantified Using Efficiency 84 3.5 The Thermodynamic Damage Ratio Method for Tracking Degradation 86 3.6 Acceleration Factors from the Damage Ratio Principle 87 Summary 89 References 92 4 Applications of NE Thermodynamic Degradation Science to Mechanical Systems: Accelerated Test and CAST Equations, Miner’s Rule, and FDS 93 4.1 Thermodynamic Work Approach to Physics of Failure Problems 93 4.2 Example 4.1: Miner’s Rule 93 4.2.1 Acceleration Factor Modification of Miner’s Damage Rule 95 4.3 Assessing Thermodynamic Damage in Mechanical Systems 96 4.3.1 Example 4.2: Creep Cumulative Damage and Acceleration Factors 96 4.3.2 Example 4.3: Wear Cumulative Damage and Acceleration Factors 99 4.3.3 Example 4.4: Thermal Cycle Fatigue and Acceleration Factors 101 4.3.4 Example 4.5: Mechanical Cycle Vibration Fatigue and Acceleration Factors 102 4.3.5 Example 4.6: Cycles to Failure under a Resonance Condition: Q Effect 105 4.4 Cumulative Damage Accelerated Stress Test Goal: Environmental Profiling and Cumulative Accelerated Stress Test (CAST) Equations 107 4.5 Fatigue Damage Spectrum Analysis for Vibration Accelerated Testing 108 4.5.1 Fatigue Damage Spectrum for Sine Vibration Accelerated Testing 109 4.5.2 Fatigue Damage Spectrum for Random Vibration Accelerated Testing 110 Summary 111 References 117 5 Corrosion Applications in NE Thermodynamic Degradation 118 5.1 Corrosion Damage in Electrochemistry 118 5.1.1 Example 5.1: Miner’s Rule for Secondary Batteries 119 5.2 Example 5.2: Chemical Corrosion Processes 121 5.2.1 Example 5.3: Numerical Example of Linear Corrosion 123 5.2.2 Example 5.4: Corrosion Rate Comparison of Different Metals 124 5.2.3 Thermal Arrhenius Activation and Peukert’s Law 124 5.3 Corrosion Current in Primary Batteries 126 5.3.1 Equilibrium Thermodynamic Condition: Nernst Equation 127 5.4 Corrosion Rate in Microelectronics 128 5.4.1 Corrosion and Chemical Rate Processes Due to Temperature 129 Summary 130 References 133 6 Thermal Activation Free Energy Approach 134 6.1 Free Energy Roller Coaster 134 6.2 Thermally Activated Time-Dependent (TAT) Degradation Model 135 6.2.1 Arrhenius Aging Due to Small Parametric Change 136 6.3 Free Energy Use in Parametric Degradation and the Partition Function 138 6.4 Parametric Aging at End of Life Due to the Arrhenius Mechanism: Large Parametric Change 140 Summary 141 References 143 7 TAT Model Applications: Wear, Creep, and Transistor Aging 144 7.1 Solving Physics of Failure Problems with the TAT Model 144 7.2 Example 7.1: Activation Wear 144 7.3 Example 7.2: Activation Creep Model 146 7.4 Transistor Aging 148 7.4.1 Bipolar Transistor Beta Aging Mechanism 148 7.4.2 Capacitor Leakage Model for Base Leakage Current 149 7.4.3 Thermally Activated Time-Dependent Model for Transistors and Dielectric Leakage 150 7.4.4 Field-Effect Transistor Parameter Degradation 152 Summary 154 References 156 8 Diffusion 157 8.1 The Diffusion Process 157 8.2 Example 8.1: Describing Diffusion Using Equilibrium Thermodynamics 157 8.3 Describing Diffusion Using Probability 159 8.4 Diffusion Acceleration Factor with and without Temperature Dependence 161 8.5 Diffusion Entropy Damage 161 8.5.1 Example 8.2: Package Moisture Diffusion 162 8.6 General Form of the Diffusion Equation 163 Summary 164 Reference 166 9 How Aging Laws Influence Parametric and Catastrophic Reliability Distributions 167 9.1 Physics of Failure Influence on Reliability Distributions 167 9.2 Log Time Aging (or Power Aging Laws) and the Lognormal Distribution 168 9.3 Aging Power Laws and the Weibull Distribution: Influence on Beta 171 9.4 Stress and Life Distributions 175 9.4.1 Example 9.1: Cumulative Distribution Function as a Function of Stress 176 9.5 Time- (or Stress-) Dependent Standard Deviation 177 Summary 178 References 180 10 The Theory of Organization: Final Thoughts 181 Special Topics A: Key Reliability Statistics 183 A.1 Introduction 183 A.1.1 Reliability and Accelerated Testing Software to Aid the Reader 183 A.2 The Key Reliability Functions 184 A.3 More Information on the Failure Rate 186 A.4 The Bathtub Curve and Reliability Distributions 187 A.4.1 Exponential Distribution 188 A.4.2 Weibull Distribution 190 A.4.3 Normal (Gaussian) Distribution 191 A.4.4 The Lognormal Reliability Function 194 A.5 Confidence Interval for Normal Parametric Analysis 195 A.5.1 Example A.4: Power Amplifier Confidence Interval 196 A.6 Central Limit Theorem and Cpk Analysis 197 A.6.1 Cpk Analysis 197 A.6.2 Example A.5: Cpk and Yield for the Power Amplifiers 197 A.7 Catastrophic Analysis 199 A.7.1 Censored Data 199 A.7.2 Example A.6: Weibull and Lognormal Analysis of Semiconductors 199 A.7.3 Example A.7: Mixed Modal Analysis Inflection Point Method 201 A.8 Reliability Objectives and Confidence Testing 203 A.8.1 Chi-Squared Confidence Test Planning for Few Failures: The Exponential Case 204 A.8.2 Example A.8: Chi-Squared Accelerated Test Plan 205 A.9 Comprehensive Accelerated Test Planning 205 References 206 Special Topics B: Applications to Accelerated Testing 207 B.1 Introduction 207 B.1.1 Reliability and Accelerated Testing Software to Aid the Reader 208 B.1.2 Using the Arrhenius Acceleration Model for Temperature 209 B.1.3 Example B.2: Estimating the Activation Energy 211 B.1.4 Example B.3: Estimating Mean Time to Failure from Life Test 212 B.2 Power Law Acceleration Factors 212 B.2.1 Example B.4: Generalized Power Law Acceleration Factors 214 B.3 Temperature–Humidity Life Test Model 214 B.3.1 Temperature–Humidity Bias and Local Relative Humidity 215 B.4 Temperature Cycle Testing 216 B.4.1 Example B.6: Using the Temperature Cycle Model 217 B.5 Vibration Acceleration 217 B.5.1 Example B.7: Accelerated Testing Using Sine and Random Vibration 220 B.6 Multiple-Stress Accelerated Test Plans for Demonstrating Reliability 220 B.6.1 Example B.8: Designing Multi-Accelerated Tests Plans: Failure-Free 221 B.7 Cumulative Accelerated Stress Test (CAST) Goals and Equations Usage in Environmental Profiling 222 B.7.1 Example B.9: Cumulative Accelerated Stress Test (CAST) Goals and Equation in Environmental Profiling 222 References 223 Special Topics C: Negative Entropy and the Perfect Human Engine 224 C.1 Spontaneous Negative Entropy: Growth and Repair 224 C.2 The Perfect Human Engine: How to Live Longer 225 C.2.1 Differences and Similarities of the Human Engine to Other Systems 226 C.2.2 Knowledge of Cyclic Work to Improve Our Chances of a Longer Life 226 C.2.3 Example C.1: Exercise and the Human Heart Life Cycle 228 C.3 Growth and Self-Repair Part of the Human Engine 229 C.3.1 Example C.2: Work for Human Repair 230 C.4 Act of Spontaneous Negative Entropy 231 C.4.1 Repair Aging Rate: An RC Electrical Model 232 References 233 Overview of New Terms, Equations, and Concepts 234 Index 236

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Book SynopsisThis is the first textbook to address quantified risk assessment (QRA) as specifically applied to offshore installations and operations. These minimalistic installations with no helideck and very limited safety systems will require a new approach to risk assessment and emergency planning, especially during manned periods involving W2W vessels.Trade Review“The book, which offers complete and up-to-date information about some environmental aspects and impacts, is useful for academics and students, as well as for professionals in the sector and regulatory authorities.” (Emilia Di Lorenzo, zbMATH 1427.91004, 2020)Table of ContentsPart III.- 14.Methodology for Quantified Risk Assessment.- 15.Analysis Techniques.- 16.Presentation of Risk Results from QRA Studies.- 17.Evaluation of Personnel Risk Levels.- 18.Environmental Risk Analysis.- 19.Approach to Risk Based Design.- 20.Risk based Emergency Response Planning.- Part IV.- 21.Use of Risk Analysis during the Operations Phase.- 22.Use of Risk Indicators for Major Hazard Risk.- 23.Barrier Management for Major Hazard Risk.- Appendix A.Overview of Software.- Appendix B.Overview of Fatalities in Norwegian Sector.- Appendix C.Network Resources.

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Book SynopsisResilience engineering has since 2004 attracted widespread interest from industry as well as academia. Practitioners from various fields, such as aviation and air traffic management, patient safety, off-shore exploration and production, have quickly realised the potential of resilience engineering and have became early adopters. The continued development of resilience engineering has focused on four abilities that are essential for resilience. These are the ability a) to respond to what happens, b) to monitor critical developments, c) to anticipate future threats and opportunities, and d) to learn from past experience - successes as well as failures. Working with the four abilities provides a structured way of analysing problems and issues, as well as of proposing practical solutions (concepts, tools, and methods). This book is divided into four main sections which describe issues relating to each of the four abilities. The chapters in each section emphasise practical ways of engineTrade Review'Although risk management has brought greater safety to socio-technical systems, a new approach is still strongly needed. Erik Hollnagel's excellent book offers the right approach; that resilient behaviour by people leads to stable systems. Those searching for a more profound understanding of system safety must read this book as it is a practical guide to this new approach.' Akinori Komatsubara, Waseda University, Japan 'With crises abounding, the concept of resilience is more relevant than ever. Manifold examples from a variety of high-risk industries provide insights into the four basic requirements for resilience: responding, monitoring, anticipating, and learning. Tools are presented that support the assessment of these requirements as well as their promotion, be it by training emergency management, handling fatigue of system operators, supporting preventive maintenance, providing better rules for managing conflicting goals, or improving incident reporting. The book, by Erik Hollnagel and his colleagues, will be a great resource for system designers and decision-makers in organizations in their endeavours to keep the uncertainties and complexities of our world at bay.' Gudela Grote, ETH Zürich, Switzerland 'Be prepared to be unprepared. How do you do that? By absorbing the evocative data, nuanced terminology, sustained guidance, and broad applications summarized here. Resilience is about more than engineering as becomes clear in these descriptions of the actual, critical, potential, and factual events that unfold when disturbances fall outside the operational envelope. Resilience engineering is a hot topic. Here is the one book that shows you why!' Karl E. Weick, University of Michigan, USA 'The book is very practical in the sense that only relevant and significant theories or frameworks are discussed followed by extensive descriptions of the situations on the field. Solution-seekers are the group of readers who will benefit the most from readinTable of ContentsContents: Prologue: the scope of resilience engineering, Erik Hollnagel; Part I Dealing with the Actual: Resilience and the ability to respond, Jean Pariès; Lessons from the Hudson, Jean Pariès; Coping with uncertainty. Resilient decisions in anaesthesia, Lucie Cuvelier and Pierre Falzon; Training organisational resilience in escalating situations, Johan Bergström, Nicklas Dahlström, Sidney Dekker and Kurt Petersen. Part II Dealing with the Critical: Monitoring - a critical ability in resilience engineering, John Wreathall; From flight time limitations to fatigue risk management systems - a way toward resilience, P. Cabon, S. Deharvengt, I. Berechet, J.Y. Grau, N. Maille and R. Mollard; Practices for noticing and dealing with the critical. A case study from maintenance of power plants, Elizabeth Lay; Cognitive strategies in emergency and abnormal situations training - implications for resilience in air traffic control, Stathis Malakis and Tom Kontogiannis. Part III Dealing with the Potential: Resilience and the ability to anticipate, David D. Woods; Basic patterns in how adaptive systems fail, David D. Woods and Matthieu Branlat; Measuring resilience in the planning of rail engineering work, P. Ferreira, J. R. Wilson, B. Ryan and S. Sharples; The art of balance: using upward resilience traits to deal with conflicting goals, Berit Tjørhom and Karina Aase; The importance of functional interdependencies in financial services systems, Gunilla A. Sundström and Erik Hollnagel. Part IV Dealing with the Factual: To learn or not to learn, that is the question, Erik Hollnagel; No facts, no glory, John Stoop; From myopic coordination to resilience in socio-technical systems. A case study in a hospital, Anne Sophie Nyssen; Requisites for successful incident reporting in resilient organisations, Alberto Pasquini, Simone Pozzi, Luca Save and Mark-Alexander Sujan; Is the aviation industry ready for resilience? Mapping human factors assumptions across the aviation sector, Kyl

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Book SynopsisThis book is based on a lecture course to students specializing in the safety of technological processes and production. The author focuses on three main problems in technological risks and safety: elements of reliability theory, the basic notions, models and methods of general risk theory and some aspects of insurance in the context of risk management. Although the material in this book is aimed at those working towards a bachelor's degree in engineering, it may also be of interest to postgraduate students and specialists dealing with problems related to reliability and risks.Trade Review"Although the material in this book is aimed at those working towards a bachelor's degree in engineering, it may also be of interest to postgraduate students and specialists dealing with problems related to reliability and risks." (Zentralballt MATH, 2016)Table of ContentsPreface ix Notations and Abbreviations xi Chapter 1. Reliability of Engineering Systems 1 1.1. Basic notions and characteristics of reliability 1 1.1.1. Basic notions 1 1.1.2. Reliability of non-renewable units 3 1.1.3. Some parametric families of continuous distributions of non-negative random variables 7 1.1.4. Examples 21 1.1.5. Exercises 23 1.2. Reliability of renewable systems 24 1.2.1. Reliability of instantaneously renewable articles 24 1.2.2. Renewal function 30 1.2.3. Age and residual lifetime of an article 34 1.2.4. Reliability characteristics with regard to replacement time 37 1.2.5. Examples 38 1.2.6. Exercises 43 1.3. Statistical analysis of reliability characteristics 44 1.3.1. Introductory notes 44 1.3.2. Observations and the plans of reliability trials 45 1.3.3. Statistical analysis of reliability characteristics for trials under the basic plan 46 1.3.4. Statistical estimation of the reliability characteristics and indexes for trials with renewable units 50 1.3.5. Examples 52 1.3.6. Exercises 54 1.4. Structural reliability 54 1.4.1. System structure function 55 1.4.2. Monotone structures 57 1.4.3. Reliability of monotone systems from independent elements 61 1.4.4. Reliability function for monotone structures 63 1.4.5. Exercises 64 1.5. System life tree and its structure function 68 1.5.1. Event tree 68 1.5.2. An object structure scheme 69 1.5.3. An example: the auto engine structure scheme 71 1.5.4. Life tree and the system structure function 72 1.5.5. Calculation of the system reliability 76 1.5.6. System reliability function calculation 79 1.6. Non-renewable redundant systems 82 1.6.1. Basic redundancy means – terms 82 1.6.2. Hot redundancy 84 1.6.3. Cold redundancy 85 1.6.4. Markov process for system reliability investigations 86 1.6.5. Reliability properties of redundant systems 90 1.6.6. A unit warranty operating time calculation 95 1.6.7. Exercises 96 1.7. Renewable redundant systems 97 1.7.1. The model 97 1.7.2. Equations for probabilities of the system states 99 1.7.3. Steady state probabilities: system failure probability 100 1.7.4. Reliability function for renewable systems 101 1.7.5. Exercises 105 1.8. Bibliographical comments 108 1.8.1. Section 1.1 108 1.8.2. Section 1.2 108 1.8.3. Section 1.3 108 1.8.4. Section 1.4 108 1.8.5. Section 1.5 109 1.8.6. Sections 1.6 and 1.7 109 Chapter 2. Reliability and Risk 111 2.1. Risk: notion and measurement 111 2.1.1. Introductory notes 111 2.1.2. Examples 112 2.1.3. Risk notion 114 2.1.4. Risk measurement 115 2.1.5. Risk modeling 118 2.1.6. Exercises 120 2.2. Models of damage value 120 2.2.1. Introductory remarks 120 2.2.2. Simple damage models 121 2.2.3. Compound damages. Methods of investigation 125 2.2.4. Moments of compound damages 130 2.2.5. Models of compound damages 132 2.2.6. Examples 136 2.2.7. Exercises 137 2.3. Methods of risk analysis 137 2.3.1. Introductory remarks 137 2.3.2. Methodology of risk analysis 138 2.3.3. Risk tree construction 139 2.3.4. Risk tree rigging 143 2.3.5. Risk tree analysis 144 2.3.6. Exercise 157 2.4. Bibliographical comments 158 2.4.1. Section 2.1 158 2.4.2. Section 2.2 158 2.4.3. Section 2.3 158 Chapter 3. Risk Management 159 3.1. Insurance of risks and risk of insurance 159 3.1.1. Introductory remarks 159 3.1.2. Basic notions 159 3.1.3. Risk insurance models 161 3.1.4. Basic risk insurance problems 162 3.1.5. Examples 163 3.1.6. Exercises 167 3.2. Some notions and methods of financial mathematics 168 3.2.1. Principal notion of financial mathematics 168 3.2.2. Simple interests 170 3.2.3. Compound interests 172 3.2.4. Cash flows and the financial rents 174 3.2.5. Exercises 177 3.3. Short-time insurance model investigation 179 3.3.1. Introductory remarks 179 3.3.2. Calculation of the individual claim indexes 180 3.3.3. Exact calculation of summary claim characteristics 182 3.3.4. Normal asymptotic of summary claim distribution 183 3.3.5. Poisson asymptotic of summary claim distribution 184 3.3.6. Calculation of insurance basic characteristics 185 3.3.7. Exercises 187 3.4. Long-time insurance model investigation 188 3.4.1. Introductory remarks 188 3.4.2. The basic parameters of long-time insurance contracts 189 3.4.3. Insurance annuity analysis 190 3.4.4. The net-premium calculation 192 3.4.5. Insurance load calculation 193 3.4.6. An example 195 3.4.7. Exercises 198 3.5. Bibliographical comments 198 3.5.1. Section 3.1 198 3.5.2. Section 3.2 198 3.5.3. Sections 3.3 and 3.4 198 Appendices 199 Appendix 1 201 Appendix 2 203 Bibliography 207 Index 209

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Book SynopsisIn this book, the authors present in detail several recent methodologies and algorithms that we have developed during the last fifteen years. The deterministic methods account for uncertainties through empirical safety factors, which implies that the actual uncertainties in materials, geometry and loading are not truly considered. This problem becomes much more complicated when considering biomechanical applications where a number of uncertainties are encountered in the design of prosthesis systems. This book implements improved numerical strategies and algorithms that can be applied only in biomechanical studies.Table of ContentsPreface ix Introduction xi Chapter 1. Basic Tools for Reliability Analysis 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Advantages of numerical simulation and optimization 2 1.3. Numerical simulation by finite elements 3 1.3.1. Use 3 1.3.2. Principle 4 1.3.3. General approach 5 1.4. Optimization process 6 1.4.1. Basic concepts 7 1.4.2. Problem classification 10 1.4.3. Optimization methods 22 1.4.4. Unconstrained methods 23 1.4.5. Constrained methods 43 1.5. Sensitivity analysis 56 1.5.1. Importance of sensitivity 56 1.5.2. Sensitivity methods 57 1.6. Conclusion 61 Chapter 2. Reliability Concept 63 2.1. Introduction 63 2.1.1. Preamble 63 2.1.2. Reliability history 63 2.1.3. Reliability definition 65 2.1.4. Importance of reliability 66 2.2. Basic functions and concepts for reliability analysis 66 2.2.1. Failure concept 67 2.2.2. Uncertainty concept 67 2.2.3. Random variables 68 2.2.4. Probability density function 69 2.2.5. Cumulative distribution function 69 2.2.6. Reliability function 70 2.3. System reliability 71 2.3.1. Series conjunction 71 2.3.2. Parallel conjunction 72 2.3.3. Mixed conjunction 73 2.3.4. Delta-star conjunction 74 2.4. Statistical measures 77 2.5. Probability distributions 81 2.5.1. Uniform distribution 82 2.5.2. Normal distribution 86 2.5.3. Lognormal distribution 91 2.6. Reliability analysis 97 2.6.1. Definitions 97 2.6.2. Algorithms 105 2.6.3. Reliability analysis methods 106 2.6.4. Optimality criteria 110 2.7. Conclusion 112 Chapter 3. Integration of Reliability Concept into Biomechanics 113 3.1. Introduction 113 3.2. Origin and categories of uncertainties 115 3.3. Uncertainties in biomechanics 116 3.3.1. Uncertainty in loading 117 3.3.2. Uncertainty in geometry 118 3.3.3. Uncertainty in materials 118 3.4. Bone-related uncertainty 119 3.4.1. Bone behavior law 120 3.4.2. Contribution to the characterization of the bone’s mechanical properties 125 3.5. Bone developments and formulations 126 3.5.1. Current formulation 126 3.5.2. Generalized formulation 127 3.5.3. Optimized formulation 128 3.5.4. Extension to orthotropic behavior formulation 130 3.6. Characterization by experimentation of the bone’s mechanical properties 133 3.6.1. Characterization by bending test 134 3.6.2. Characterization by compression test 135 3.7. Conclusion 136 Chapter 4. Reliability Analysis of Orthopedic Prostheses 137 4.1. Introduction to orthopedic prostheses 137 4.1.1. History of prostheses 139 4.1.2. Evolution of prostheses 139 4.1.3. Examples of orthopedic prostheses 140 4.2. Reliability analysis of the intervertebral disk 140 4.2.1. Functional anatomy 140 4.2.2. The lumbar functional spinal unit 141 4.2.3. Intervertebral disk prosthesis 145 4.2.4. Numerical application on the intervertebral disk 147 4.3. Reliability analysis of the hip prosthesis 154 4.3.1. Anatomy 154 4.3.2. Presentation of the total hip prosthesis 158 4.3.3. Numerical application of the hip prosthesis 161 4.3.4. Boundary conditions 164 4.3.5. Direct simulation 164 4.3.6. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis 166 4.3.7. Integration of reliability analysis 167 4.4. Conclusion 173 Chapter 5. Reliability Analysis of Orthodontic Prostheses 175 5.1. Introduction to orthodontic prostheses 175 5.2. Anatomy of the temporomandibular joint 176 5.2.1. Articular bone regions and meniscus 177 5.2.2. Ligaments 179 5.2.3. Myology, elevator muscles and depressor muscles 179 5.3. Numerical simulation of a non-fractured mandible 183 5.3.1. Description of the studied mandible 183 5.3.2. Numerical results 185 5.4. Reliability analysis of the fixation system of the fractured mandible 188 5.4.1. Description of a fractured mandible 188 5.4.2. Fixation strategy using mini-plates 189 5.4.3. Study of a homogeneous and isotropic structure 190 5.4.4. Study of a composite and orthotropic structure 198 5.4.5. Result discussion 207 5.5. Conclusion 208 Appendices 209 Appendix 1: Matrix Calculation 211 Appendix 2: ANSYS Code for the Disk Implant 217 Appendix 3: ANSYS Code for the Stem Implant 221 Appendix 4: Probability of Failure/Reliability Index 235 Bibliography 237 Index 245

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Book SynopsisToday, the reliability of systems has become a major issue in most industrial applications. The theoretical approach to estimating reliability was largely developed in the 1960s for maintenance-free systems, and more recently, in the late 1990s, it was developed for maintenance-based systems. Customers’ expectations concerning reliability (as well as maintenance, safety, etc.) are growing ever more demanding over the generations of systems. However, the theoretical methods used to handle the systems are not suitable when aging mechanisms are present. This book proposes a theoretical approach to estimate all of these quantities correctly. In addition to the theoretical aspect, it details a number of issues that any industrial system will meet sooner or later, whether due to design flaws, the batch of components, manufacturing problems or new technologies that result in the aging of mechanisms during their operational use. Table of ContentsForeword by Christian Moreau. Foreword by Claude Sarno. 1. Reliability of Systems Without Maintenance. 2. Reliability of Systems with Maintenance. 3. Application to Aging Mechanisms with Maintenance. 4. Impact at the Reliability Level. 5. Application to Maintenance. 6. Application to Safety. 7. Maintenance Strategy in Operational Safety.

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Book SynopsisThis book describes the main methods used in the reliability of structures and their use in the design process leading to reliable products. This title provides the understanding needed to implement the variety of new reliability software programs.Table of ContentsForeword xv Preface xvii Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Chapter 2. Preliminary Approach to Reliability in Mechanics 19 Chapter 3. Elementary R − S Case 39 Chapter 4. Isoprobabilistic Transformation 77 Chapter 5. Reliability Index 115 Chapter 6. Products of Reliability Analysis 147 Chapter 7. Probability of Failure 165 Chapter 8. Simulation Methods 233 Chapter 9. Reliability of Systems 265 Chapter 10. ‘Safety’ Coefficients 299 Chapter 11. Mechanical-Reliability Coupling 341 Chapter 12. Stochastic Finite Elements 391 Chapter 13. A Few Applications 441 Chapter 14. Conclusion 453 Bibliography 465 Annotations 481 A.1 Vectors and matrices 481 A.2 Operators 481 A.3 Random values 482 Index 485

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Book SynopsisThis title describes the various research results in the field of geometric tolerancing of products, an activity that highlights the difficult scientific locks. The collection is of great importance for further innovation in the development of industrial products.Table of ContentsPART I. GEOMETRIC TOLERANCING ISSUES 1 Chapter 1. Current and Future Issues in Tolerancing: the GD&T French Research Group (TRG) Contribution 3 Luc MATHIEU and François VILLENEUVE 1.1. Introduction 3 1.2. Presentation of the Tolerancing Resarch Group: objectives and function 4 1.3. Synthesis of the approach and contributions of the group 5 1.4. Research perspectives 13 1.5. Media examples: “centering” and “connecting rod-crank”15 1.6. Conclusion 17 1.7. Bibliography 19 PART II. GEOMETRIC TOLERANCING LANGUAGES 21 Chapter 2. Language of Tolerancing: GeoSpelling 23 Alex BALLU, Jean-Yves DANTAN and Luc MATHIEU 2.1. Introduction 23 2.2. Concept of the GeoSpelling language 24 2.3. Geometric features 26 2.4. Characteristic 29 2.5. Operations 38 2.6. Conditions 43 2.7. Specifications on assemblies – quantifiers 44 2.8. Applications to part specification 45 2.9. Applications to product specifications 48 2.10. Conclusion 51 2.11. Bibliography 52 Chapter 3. Product Model for Tolerancing 55 Denis TEISSANDIER and Jérôme DUFAURE 3.1. Introduction 55 3.2. Objectives and stakes 56 3.3. Proposal for a product model 58 3.4. Benefits of the IPPOP product model 68 3.5. Application on the centering device 73 3.6. Conclusion 84 3.7. Bibliography 84 Chapter 4. Representation of Mechanical Assemblies and Specifications by Graphs 87 Alex BALLU, Luc MATHIEU and Olivier LEGOFF 4.1. Introduction 87 4.2. Components and joints 89 4.3. The requirements, technical conditions and specifications 97 4.4. Manufacturing set-ups 100 4.5. Displacements between situation features and associated loops103 4.6. The key elements 107 4.7. Conclusion 109 4.8. Bibliography 110 Chapter 5. Correspondence between Data Handled by the Graphs and Data Product 111 Denis TEISSANDIER and Jérôme DUFAURE 5.1. Introduction 111 5.2. Correspondence between tolerancing graphs and the product data 112 5.3. Correspondence between manufacturing set-ups and the data product 118 5.4. Conclusion 121 PART III. 3D TOLERANCE STACK-UP 123 Chapter 6. Writing the 3D Chain of Dimensions (Tolerance Stack-Up) in Symbolic Expressions 125 Pierre BOURDET, François THIÉBAUT and Grégory CID 6.1. Introduction 125 6.2. A reminder of the establishment of the unidirectional chain of dimensions by the ∆l method 126 6.3. Establishment in writing of a chain of dimensions in 3D by the method of indeterminates in the case of a rigid body 135 6.4. Consideration of the contact between parts in the mechanisms 142 6.5. Mechanisms composed of flexible parts, joints without gap (or imposed contact) and imposed effort 144 6.6. Conclusion 147 6.7. Bibliography 148 Chapter 7. Tolerance Analysis and Synthesis, Method of Domains 151 Max GIORDANO, Eric PAIREL and Serge SAMPER 7.1. Introduction 151 7.2. Deviation torsor and joint torsor 152 7.3. Equations of loops 155 7.4. Deviation and clearance domains 158 7.5. Representation and properties of the domains 162 7.6. Application to the analysis of simple chains 168 7.7. Case of assemblies with parallel joints 173 7.8. Taking elastic displacements into account 176 7.9. Conclusion 180 7.10. Bibliography 180 Chapter 8. Parametric Specification of Mechanisms 183 Philippe SERRÉ, Alain RIVIÈRE and André CLÉMENT 8.1. Introduction 183 8.2. Problem of the parametric specification of complete and consistent dimensioning 184 8.3. Generation of parametric tolerancing by the differential variation of the specification of dimensioning 188 8.4. Problem of the specification transfer 192 8.5. Expression of parametric tolerancing 193 8.6. Case study 198 8.7. Conclusion 204 8.8. Bibliography 205 PART IV. METHODS AND TOOLS 207 Chapter 9. CLIC: A Method for Geometrical Specification of Products 209 Bernard ANSELMETTI 9.1. Introduction 209 9.2. Input of a tolerancing problem 210 9.3. Part positioning 212 9.4. Tolerancing of positioning surfaces 217 9.5. Generation of functional requirements 221 9.6. Specification synthesis 222 9.7. Tolerance chain result 227 9.8. Tolerance synthesis 234 9.9. Conclusion 238 9.10. Bibliography 238 Chapter 10. MECAmaster: a Tool for Assembly Simulation from Early Design, Industrial Approach 241 Paul CLOZEL and Pierre-Alain RANCE 10.1. Introduction 241 10.2. General principle, 3D tolerance calculation 242 10.3. Application to assembly calculation 245 10.4. From model to parts tolerancing 263 10.5. Statistical tolerancing 268 10.6. Industrial examples 269 10.7. Conclusion 271 10.8. Bibliography 272 PART V. MANUFACTURING TOLERANCING 275 Chapter 11. Geometric Manufacturing Simulation 277 Stéphane TICHADOU and Olivier LEGOFF 11.1. Introduction 277 11.2. Modeling of manufacturing set-up 279 11.3. Approaches to geometric manufacturing simulation 288 11.4. Conclusion 303 11.5. Bibliography 303 Chapter 12. 3D Analysis and Synthesis of Manufacturing Tolerances 305 Frédéric VIGNAT and François VILLENEUVE 12.1. Introduction 305 12.2. Manufacturing transfer, analysis and synthesis in 1D 306 12.3. 3D manufacturing simulation model (MMP) 314 12.4. From the manufacturing process to the MMP 317 12.5. 3D analysis of the functional tolerances 323 12.6. 3D synthesis of manufacturing tolerances 329 12.7. Conclusion 338 12.8. Bibliography 339 PART VI. UNCERTAINTIES AND METROLOGY 341 Chapter 13. Uncertainties in Tolerance Analysis and Specification Checking 343 Jean-Marc LINARES and Jean Michel SPRAUEL 13.1. Introduction 343 13.2. Proposal for a statistical model of real surfaces 343 13.3. Applications in metrology 354 13.4. Application to tolerance analysis 367 13.5. Conclusion 373 13.6. Bibliography 374 List of Authors 375 Index 377

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Book SynopsisThis second book of a 3-volume set on Fracture Mechanics completes the first volume through the analysis of adjustment tests suited to correctly validating the justified use of the laws conforming to the behavior of the materials and structures under study.This volume focuses on the vast range of statistical distributions encountered in reliability. Its aim is to run statistical measurements, to present a report on enhanced measures in mechanical reliability and to evaluate the reliability of repairable or unrepairable systems. To achieve this, the author presents a theoretical and practice-based approach on the following themes: criteria of failures; Bayesian applied probability; Markov chains; Monte Carlo simulation as well as many other solved case studies.This book distinguishes itself from other works in the field through its originality in presenting an educational approach which aims at helping practitioners both in academia and industry. It is intended for technicians, engineers, designers, students, and teachers working in the fields of engineering and vocational education. The main objective of the author is to provide an assessment of indicators of quality and reliability to aid in decision-making. To this end, an intuitive and practical approach, based on mathematical rigor, is recommended.Table of ContentsPreface xi Glossary xix Chapter 1. Fracture Mechanisms by Fatigue 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Principal physical mechanisms of cracking by fatigue 2 1.2.1. Fracture mechanics 2 1.2.2. Criteria of fracture (plasticity) in mechanics 4 1.3. Modes of fracture 7 1.3.1. Directed works 11 1.4. Fatigue of metals: analytical expressions used in reliability 13 1.4.1. Wöhler’s law 14 1.4.2. Basquin’s law (1910) 15 1.4.3. Stromayer’s law (1914) 16 1.4.4. Palmgren’s law 16 1.4.5. Corson’s law (1949) 17 1.4.6. Bastenaire’s law 17 1.4.7. Weibull’s law 18 1.4.8. Henry’s law 18 1.4.9. Corten and Dolen’s law 19 1.4.10. Manson–Coffin’s law 20 1.5. Reliability models commonly used in fracture mechanics by fatigue 22 1.5.1. Coffin–Manson’s model for the analysis of crack propagation 24 1.5.2. Neuber’s relation (1958) 25 1.5.3. Arrhenius’ model 28 1.5.4. Miner’s law (1954) 29 1.6. Main common laws retained by fracture mechanics 31 1.6.1. Fost and Dugdale’s law 33 1.6.2. McEvily’s law (1979) 34 1.6.3. Paris’s law 35 1.6.4. G.R. Sih’s law 39 1.7. Stress intensity factors in fracture mechanics 40 1.7.1. Maddox’s model 40 1.7.2. Gross and Srawley’s model 41 1.7.3. Lawrence’s model 41 1.7.4. Martin and Bousseau’s model 42 1.7.5. Gurney’s model 43 1.7.6. Engesvik’s model 43 1.7.7. Yamada and Albrecht’s model 44 1.7.8. Tomkins and Scott’s model 45 1.7.9. Harrison’s model 46 1.8. Intrinsic parameters of the material (C and m) 46 1.9. Fracture mechanics elements used in reliability 48 1.10. Crack rate (life expectancy) and s.i.f. (Kσ) 51 1.10.1. Simplified version of Taylor’s law for machining 54 1.11. Elements of stress (S) and resistance theory (R) 55 1.11.1. Case study, part 2 – suspension bridge (Cirta) 55 1.11.2. Case study: failure surface of geotechnical materials 57 1.12. Conclusion 65 1.13. Bibliography 65 Chapter 2. Analysis Elements for Determining the Probability of Rupture by Simple Bounds 69 2.1. Introduction 69 2.1.1. First-order bounds or simple bounds: systems in series 70 2.1.2. First-order bounds or simple bounds: systems in parallel 70 2.2. Second-order bounds or Ditlevsen’s bounds 70 2.2.1. Evaluating the probability of the intersection of two events 71 2.2.2. Estimating multinomial distribution–normal distribution 74 2.2.3. Binomial distribution 74 2.2.4. Approximation of ô2 (for m ≥ 3) 76 2.3. Hohenbichler’s method 78 2.4. Hypothesis test, through the example of a normal average with unknown variance 80 2.4.1. Development and calculations 82 2.5. Confidence interval for estimating a normal mean: unknown variance 84 2.6. Conclusion 85 2.7. Bibliography 85 Chapter 3. Analysis of the Reliability of Materials and Structures by the Bayesian Approach 87 3.1. Introduction to the Bayesian method used to evaluate reliability 87 3.2. Posterior distribution and conjugate models 88 3.2.1. Independent events 91 3.2.2. Counting diagram 95 3.3. Conditional probability or Bayes’ law 99 3.4. Anterior and posterior distributions 103 3.5. Reliability analysis by moments methods, FORM/SORM 106 3.6. Control margins from the results of fracture mechanics 107 3.7. Bayesian model by exponential gamma distribution 110 3.8. Homogeneous Poisson process and rate of occurrence of failure 112 3.9. Estimating the maximum likelihood 113 3.9.1. Type I censored exponential model 113 3.9.2. Estimating the MTBF (or rate of repair/rate of failure) 113 3.9.3. MTBF and confidence interval 114 3.10. Repair rate or ROCOF 117 3.10.1. Power law: non-homogeneous Poisson process 118 3.10.2. Distribution law – gamma (reminder) 119 3.10.3. Bayesian model of a priori gamma distribution 122 3.10.4. Distribution tests for exponential life (or HPP model) 124 3.10.5. Bayesian procedure for the exponential system model 126 3.11. Bayesian case study applied in fracture mechanics 131 3.12. Conclusion 137 3.13. Bibliography 138 Chapter 4. Elements of Analysis for the Reliability of Components by Markov Chains 141 4.1. Introduction 141 4.2. Applying Markov chains to a fatigue model 142 4.3. Case study with the help of Markov chains for a fatigue model 145 4.3.1. Position of the problem 146 4.3.2. Discussion 149 4.3.3. Explanatory information 149 4.3.4. Directed works 154 4.3.5. Approach for solving the problem 155 4.3.6. Which solution should we choose? 156 4.4. Conclusion 157 4.5. Bibliography 157 Chapter 5. Reliability Indices 159 5.1. Introduction 159 5.2. Design of material and structure reliability 161 5.2.1. Reliability of materials and structures 162 5.3. First-order reliability method 165 5.4. Second-order reliability method 165 5.5. Cornell’s reliability index 166 5.6. Hasofer–Lind’s reliability index 168 5.7. Reliability of material and structure components 171 5.8. Reliability of systems in parallels and series 172 5.8.1. Parallel system 172 5.8.2. Parallel system (m/n) 173 5.8.3. Serial assembly system 173 5.9. Conclusion 179 5.10. Bibliography 179 Chapter 6. Fracture Criteria Reliability Methods through an Integral Damage Indicator 181 6.1. Introduction 181 6.2. Literature review of the integral damage indicator method 185 6.2.1. Brief recap of the FORM/SORM method 186 6.2.2. Recap of the Hasofer–Lind index method 187 6.3. Literature review of the probabilistic approach of cracking law parameters in region II of the Paris law 188 6.4. Crack spreading by a classical fatigue model 190 6.5. Reliability calculations using the integral damage indicator method 197 6.6. Conclusion 199 6.7. Bibliography 201 Chapter 7. Monte Carlo Simulation 205 7.1. Introduction 205 7.1.1. From the origin of the Monte Carlo method! 205 7.1.2. The terminology 206 7.2. Simulation of a singular variable of a Gaussian 209 7.2.1. Simulation of non-Gaussian variable 210 7.2.2. Simulation of correlated variables 210 7.2.3. Simulation of correlated Gaussian variables 210 7.2.4. Simulation of correlated non-Gaussian variables 210 7.3. Determining safety indices using Monte Carlo simulation 212 7.3.1. General tools and problem outline 212 7.3.2. Presentation and discussion of our experimental results 214 7.3.3. Use of the randomly selected numbers table 215 7.4. Applied mathematical techniques to generate random numbers by MC simulation on four principle statistical laws 220 7.4.1. Uniform law 220 7.4.2. Laplace–Gauss (normal) law 221 7.4.3. Exponential law 222 7.4.4. Initial value control 222 7.5. Conclusion 231 7.6. Bibliography 232 Chapter 8. Case Studies 235 8.1. Introduction 235 8.2. Reliability indicators (λ) and MTBF 235 8.2.1. Model of parallel assembly 235 8.2.2. Model of serial assembly 236 8.3. Parallel or redundant model 237 8.4. Reliability and structural redundancy: systems without distribution 239 8.4.1. Serial model 239 8.5. Rate of constant failure 240 8.5.1. Reliability of systems without repairing: parallel model 243 8.6. Reliability applications in cases of redundant systems 248 8.6.1. Total active redundancy 252 8.6.2. Partial active redundancy 253 8.7. Reliability and availability of repairable systems 258 8.8. Quality assurance in reliability 264 8.8.1. Projected analysis of reliability 264 8.9. Birnbaum–Saunders distribution in crack spreading 268 8.9.1. Probability density and distribution function (Birnbaum–Saunders cumulative distribution through cracking) 269 8.9.2. Graph plots for the four probability density functions and distribution functions 270 8.10. Reliability calculation for ages (τ) in hours of service, Ri(τ) = ? 270 8.11. Simulation methods in mechanical reliability of structures and materials: the Monte Carlo simulation method 275 8.11.1. Weibull law 277 8.11.2. Log-normal Law (of Galton) 278 8.11.3. Exponential law 278 8.11.4. Generation of random numbers 279 8.12. Elements of safety via the couple: resistance and stress (R, S) 284 8.13. Reliability trials 286 8.13.1. Controlling risks and efficiency in mechanical reliability 288 8.13.2. Truncated trials 291 8.13.3. Censored trials 292 8.13.4. Trial plan 293 8.13.5. Coefficients for the trial’s acceptance plan 296 8.13.6. Trial’s rejection plan (in the same conditions) 297 8.13.7. Trial plan in reliability and K Pearson test χ2 299 8.14. Reliability application on speed reducers (gears) 300 8.14.1. Applied example on hydraulic motors 303 8.15. Reliability case study in columns under stress of buckling 305 8.15.1. RDM solution 307 8.15.2. Problem outline and probabilistic solution (reliability and error) 309 8.16. Adjustment of least squared for nonlinear functions 311 8.16.1. Specific case study 1: a Weibull law with two parameters 311 8.17. Conclusion 314 8.18. Bibliography 314 Appendix 317 Index 333

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Book SynopsisAn overview of the methods used for risk analysis in a variety of industrial sectors, with a particular focus on the consideration of human aspects, this book provides a definition of all the fundamental notions associated with risks and risk management, as well as clearly placing the discipline of risk analysis within the broader context of risk management processes.The author begins by presenting a certain number of basic concepts, followed by the general principle of risk analysis. He then moves on to examine the ISO31000 standard, which provides a specification for the implementation of a risk management approach. The ability to represent the information we use is crucial, so the representation of knowledge, covering both information concerning the risk occurrence mechanism and details of the system under scrutiny, is also considered. The different analysis methods are then presented, firstly for the identification of risks, then for their analysis in terms of cause and effect, and finally for the implementation of safety measures.Concrete examples are given throughout the book and the methodology and method can be applied to various fields (industry, health, organization, technical systems). Contents Part 1. General Concepts and Principles1. Introduction.2. Basic Notions.3. Principles of Risk Analysis Methods.4. The Risk Management Process (ISO31000).Part 2. Knowledge Representation5. Modeling Risk.6. Measuring the Importance of a Risk.7. Modeling of Systems for Risk Analysis.Part 3. Risk Analysis Method8. Preliminary Hazard Analysis.9. Failure Mode and Effects Analysis.10. Deviation Analysis Using the HAZOP Method.11. The Systemic and Organized Risk Analysis Method.12. Fault Tree Analysis.13. Event Tree and Bow-Tie Diagram Analysis.14. Human Reliability Analysis.15. Barrier Analysis and Layer of Protection Analysis.Part 4. AppendicesAppendix 1. Occupational Hazard Checklists.Appendix 2. Causal Tree Analysis.Appendix 3. A Few Reminders on the Theory of Probability.Appendix 4. Useful Notions in Reliability Theory.Appendix 5. Data Sources for Reliability.Appendix 6. A Few Approaches for System Modelling.Appendix 7. CaseStudy: Chemical Process.Appendix 8. XRisk Software. About the Authors Jean-Marie Flaus is Professor at Joseph Fourier University in Grenoble, France.Table of ContentsForeword xiii PART 1. GENERAL CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES 1 Chapter 1. Introduction 3 1.1. What is risk management? 3 1.2. Nature of risks 4 1.3. Evolution of risk management 6 1.4. Aims of this book 12 Chapter 2. Basic Notions 13 2.1. Formalization of the notion of risk 13 2.2. Hazard and sources of hazard 16 2.3. Stakes and targets 17 2.4. Vulnerability and resilience 18 2.5. Undesirable events and scenarios 18 2.6. Accidents and incidents 20 2.7. Safety 20 2.8. Likelihood, probability and frequency 21 2.9. Severity and intensity 22 2.10. Criticality 23 2.11. Reducing risk: prevention, protection and barriers 23 2.12. Risk analysis and risk management 25 2.13. Inductive and deductive approaches 26 2.14. Known risks and emerging risks 27 2.15. Individual and societal risks 27 2.16. Acceptable risk 28 2.17. The ALARP and ALARA principles 29 2.18. Risk maps 31 Chapter 3. Principles of Risk Analysis Methods 33 3.1. Introduction 33 3.2. Categories of targets and damages 35 3.3. Classification of sources and undesirable events 36 3.4. Causes of technical origin 40 3.5. Causes linked to the natural or manmade environment 46 3.6. Human and organizational factors 46 Chapter 4. The Risk Management Process (ISO31000) 53 4.1. Presentation 53 4.2. ISO31000 standard 55 4.3. Implementation: the risk management process 61 PART 2. KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION 71 Chapter 5. Modeling Risk 73 5.1. Introduction 73 5.2. Degradation flow models 74 5.3. Causal modeling 77 5.4. Modeling dynamic aspects 87 5.5. Summary 90 Chapter 6. Measuring the Importance of a Risk 93 6.1. Introduction 93 6.2. Assessing likelihood 96 6.3. Assessment of severity 102 6.4. Risk assessment 109 6.5. Application to the case of occupational risks 113 6.6. Application to the case of industrial risks 118 Chapter 7. Modeling of Systems for Risk Analysis 123 7.1. Introduction 123 7.2. Systemic or process modeling 126 7.3. Functional modeling 128 7.4. Structural modeling 131 7.5. Structuro-functional modeling 134 7.6. Modeling the behavior of a system 137 7.7. Modeling human tasks 140 7.8. Choosing an approach 145 7.9. Relationship between the system model and the risk model 146 PART 3. RISK ANALYSIS METHODS 151 Chapter 8. Preliminary Hazard Analysis 153 8.1. Introduction 153 8.2. Implementation of the method 155 8.3. Model-driven PHA 165 8.4. Variations of PHA 166 8.5. Examples of application 169 8.6. Summary 175 Chapter 9. Failure Mode and Effects Analysis 179 9.1. Introduction 179 9.2. Key concepts 181 9.3. Implementation of the method 187 9.4. Model-based analysis 195 9.5. Limitations of the FMEA 197 9.6. Examples 198 Chapter 10. Deviation Analysis Using the HAZOP Method 201 10.1. Introduction 201 10.2. Implementation of the HAZOP method 201 10.3. Limits and connections with other methods 208 10.4. Model-based analysis 209 10.5. Application example 210 Chapter 11. The Systemic and Organized Risk Analysis Method 211 11.1. Introduction 211 11.2. Implementation of part A 214 11.3. Implementing part B. 224 11.4. Conclusion 228 Chapter 12. Fault Tree Analysis 229 12.1. Introduction 229 12.2. Method description 230 12.3. Useful notions 231 12.4. Implementation of the method 234 12.5. Qualitative and quantitative analysis 237 12.6. Connection with the reliability diagram 242 12.7. Model-based approach 243 12.8. Examples 244 12.9. Common cause failure analysis 247 Chapter 13. Event Tree and Bow-Tie Diagram Analysis 253 13.1. Event tree 253 13.2. Bow-tie diagram 259 Chapter 14. Human Reliability Analysis 263 14.1. Introduction 263 14.2. The stages of a probabilistic analysis of human reliability 267 14.3. Human error classification 269 14.4. Analysis and quantification of human errors 274 14.5. The SHERPA method 278 14.6. The HEART method 280 14.7. The THERP method 282 14.8. The CREAM method 288 14.9. Assessing these methods 291 Chapter 15. Barrier Analysis and Layer of Protection Analysis 293 15.1. Choice of barriers 293 15.2. Barrier classification 295 15.3. Barrier analysis based on energy flows 297 15.4. Barrier assessment 299 15.5. Safety instrumented systems 301 15.6. The LOPA method 307 PART 4. APPENDICES 319 Appendix 1. Occupational Hazard Checklists 321 Appendix 2. Causal Tree Analysis 327 Appendix 3. A Few Reminders on the Theory of Probability 329 Appendix 4. Useful Notions in Reliability Theory 335 Appendix 5. Data Sources for Reliability 341 Appendix 6. A Few Approaches for System Modelling 347 Appendix 7. Case Study: Chemical Process 355 Appendix 8. XRisk Software 361 Bibliography 363 Index 369

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Book Synopsis"Degradation process" refers to many types of reliability models, which correspond to various kinds of stochastic processes used for deterioration modeling. This book focuses on the case of a univariate degradation model with a continuous set of possible outcomes. The envisioned univariate models have one single measurable quantity which is assumed to be observed over time. The first three chapters are each devoted to one degradation model. The last chapter illustrates the use of the previously described degradation models on some real data sets. For each of the degradation models, the authors provide probabilistic results and explore simulation tools for sample paths generation. Various estimation procedures are also developed.Trade Review"The main focus of the book is on parametric models. In such a case likelihood maximization is recommended as the main estimation method. The form of the likelihood function is always rigorously derived and the procedure of its maximization is discussed. If the covariance matrix of ML estimates is sufficiently simple, it is also presented. For some models, estimation by the method of moments is described; the corresponding equations are then also rigorously derived. The book also contains very detailed descriptions of various methods for simulation of considered degradation processes." (Mathematical Reviews/MathSciNet April 2017)Table of ContentsIntroduction 1. Wiener Processes 2. Gamma Processes 3. Doubly Stochastic Marked Poisson Processes 4. Model Selection and Application to Real Data Sets

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Book SynopsisRisk assessment and risk analysis are now firmly fixed in the engineer’s lexicon. Every engineering project, contract, piece of equipment and design requires this discipline by law. Reliability is the other key element in the mix for smooth running engineering projects and operations. In the modern industrial era, economic factors have resulted in the construction and operation of larger and more complex process plant. Accidents at these types of plants have led to notorious incidents such as Flixborough, Bhopal, Chernobyl, and Piper Alpha. Engineers are working to maximize the benefits of modern processing technology while reducing the safety risks to acceptable levels. However, each processing plant has unique problems and each must be individually assessed to identify, evaluate, and control associated hazards. The first edition of Reliability and Risk Assessment was ahead of its time. The world has caught up with Andrews and Moss and this fully revised second edition takes the analysis further and brings a more practical slant with greater and extensive use of case studies. Reliability and Risk Assessment is for professional engineers but will also prove invaluable for postgraduate students involved in reliability and risk assessment research. KEY FEATURES: Rigourous mathmatical descriptions of the most important techniques, particularly fault tree analysis and Markov methods. Practical examples of the application of these techniques to real-life problems. Self-contained chapters detail methods of reliability and risk assessment. Worked examples clarify the text and highlight salient points. Three new detailed case studies include: FMECA for a gas turbine system; in-service inspection of structural components, and a business interruption risk analysis. Table of ContentsAn introduction to reliability and risk assessment; reliability mathematics; qualitative methods; failure mode and effects criticality analysis; quantification of component failure probabilities; reliability networks; qualitative fault tree analysis; common cause failures; maintainability; Markov analysis; simulation; reliability data collection and analysis; risk assessment; in-service inspection of structural components. (Part contents).

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Book SynopsisQuality, Reliability, and Maintenance 2002 brings together a collection of international papers that provides examples of current research, practice, and implementation in industry, education, training, and the medical profession in the present and future.The book draws together a wide spectrum of diverse expertise and experience. Practising engineers are challenged with the formidable task of simultaneously improving quality control, raising levels of reliability and reducing the costs and down time due to maintenance. The essentials of quality, reliability, and maintenance are included and will be of great interest to all those concerned with condition monitoring, maintenance management, modelling and design. Quality, Reliability, and Maintenance 2002 will be of valuble assistance to the engineering community. Contents includes: Quality and Reliability Design for Quality, Reliability, and Maintenance Maintenance Management Condition Monitoring Medical Condition Monitoring Modelling Research Research Table of ContentsQuality and reliability. Design for quality, reliability and maintenance. Maintenance management. Condition monitoring. Medical condition monitoring. Modelling research. Research. (Part contents.)

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Book SynopsisFault tree analysis is an important technique in determining the safety and dependability of complex systems. Fault trees are used as a major tool in the study of system safety as well as in reliability and availability studies. The basic methods – construction, logical analysis, probability evaluation and influence study – are described in this book. The following extensions of fault trees, non-coherent fault trees, fault trees with delay and multi-performance fault trees, are also explained. Traditional algorithms for fault tree analysis are presented, as well as more recent algorithms based on binary decision diagrams (BDD).Table of ContentsIntroduction 11 Chapter 1 Single-Component Systems 17 1.1 Distribution of failure and reliability 17 1.1.1 Function of distribution and density of failure 17 1.1.2 Survival function: reliability 18 1.1.3 Hazard rate 19 1.1.4 Maintainability 19 1.1.5 Mean times 20 1.1.6 Mean residual lifetime 21 1.1.7 Fundamental relationships 21 1.1.8 Some probability distributions 22 1.2 Availability of the repairable systems 25 1.2.1 Instantaneous availability 25 1.2.2 Asymptotic availability 26 1.2.3 Mean availability 26 1.2.4 Asymptotic mean availability 27 1.3 Reliability in discrete time 27 1.3.1 Discrete distributions 28 1.3.2 Reliability 28 1.4 Reliability and maintenance 29 1.4.1 Periodic test: repair time is negligible 29 1.4.2 Periodic test: repair time is not negligible 30 1.4.3 Mean duration of a hidden failure 30 1.5 Reliability data 31 Chapter 2 Multi-Component Systems 33 2.1 Structure function 33 2.2 Modules andmodular decomposition 36 2.3 Elementary structure systems 37 2.3.1 Series system 37 2.3.2 Parallel system 38 2.3.3 System k-out-of-n 38 2.3.4 Parallel-series system 39 2.3.5 Series-parallel system 39 2.4 Systems with complex structure 40 2.5 Probabilistic study of the systems 42 2.5.1 Introduction 42 2.5.2 Inclusion-exclusion method 43 2.5.3 Disjoint products 44 2.5.4 Factorization 46 2.5.5 Reliability bounds 46 Chapter 3 Construction of Fault Trees 49 3.1 Basic ideas and definitions 49 3.1.1 Graphic symbols 52 3.1.2 Use of the operators 53 3.2 Formal definition and graphs 56 3.3 Stages of construction 57 3.3.1 Preliminary analysis 58 3.3.2 Specifications 59 3.3.3 Construction 59 3.4 Example of construction 60 3.4.1 Preliminary analysis 60 3.4.2 Specifications 62 3.4.3 Construction 62 3.5 Automatic construction 63 Chapter 4 Minimal Sets 67 4.1 Introduction 67 4.2 Methods of study 68 4.2.1 Direct methods 68 4.2.2 Descending methods 71 4.2.3 Ascending methods 73 4.3 Reduction 74 4.4 Other algorithms for searching the cut sets 75 4.5 Inversion of minimal cut sets 76 4.6 Complexity of the search for minimal cut sets 78 Chapter 5 Probabilistic Assessment 79 5.1 The problem of assessment 79 5.2 Direct methods 80 5.2.1 AND operator 81 5.2.2 OR operator 81 5.2.3 Exclusive OR operator 82 5.2.4 k-out-of-n operator 83 5.2.5 Priority-AND operator 83 5.2.6 IF operator 83 5.3 Methods of minimal sets 84 5.3.1 Inclusion-exclusion development 84 5.3.2 Disjoint products 85 5.3.3 Kitt method 86 5.4 Method of factorization 88 5.5 Direct recursive methods 90 5.5.1 Recursive inclusion-exclusion method 90 5.5.2 Method of recursive disjoint products 91 5.6 Other methods for calculating the fault trees 92 5.7 Large fault trees 93 5.7.1 Method of Modarres and Dezfuli [MOD 84] 93 5.7.2 Method of Hughes [HUG 87] 94 5.7.3 Schneeweiss method [SCH 87] 95 5.7.4 Brown method [BRO 90] 95 Chapter 6 Influence Assessment 97 6.1 Uncertainty 97 6.1.1 Introduction 97 6.1.2 Methods for evaluating the uncertainty 98 6.1.3 Evaluation of the moments 99 6.2 Importance 103 6.2.1 Introduction 103 6.2.2 Structural importance factors 105 6.2.3 Probabilistic importance factors 106 6.2.4 Importance factors over the uncertainty 109 Chapter 7 Modules – Phases – Common Modes 111 7.1 Introduction 111 7.2 Modular decomposition of an FT 111 7.2.1 Module and better modular representation 111 7.2.2 Modularization of a fault tree 114 7.3 Multiphase fault trees 116 7.3.1 Example 117 7.3.2 Transformation of a multiphase system 118 7.3.3 Method of eliminating the minimal cut sets 118 7.4 Common mode failures 119 Chapter 8 Extensions: Non-Coherent, Delay and Multistate Fault Trees 123 8.1 Non-coherent fault trees 123 8.1.1 Introduction 123 8.1.2 An example of a non-coherent FT 126 8.1.3 Prime implicants and implicates 126 8.1.4 Probabilistic study 128 8.2 Delay fault trees 129 8.2.1 Introduction 129 8.2.2 Treatment 129 8.3 FTs and multistate systems 131 8.3.1 Multistate systems 131 8.3.2 Structure function 132 8.3.3 Stochastic description and function of reliability 135 8.3.4 Fault trees with restrictions 136 8.3.5 Multistate fault trees 138 Chapter 9 Binary Decision Diagrams 143 9.1 Introduction 143 9.2 Reduction of the Shannon tree 143 9.2.1 Graphical representation of a BDD 143 9.2.2 Formal BDD 145 9.2.3 Probabilistic calculation 147 9.3 Probabilistic assessment of the FTs based on the BDD 148 9.4 Research about the prime implicants 151 9.5 Algorithmic complexity 153 Chapter 10 Stochastic Simulation of Fault Trees 155 10.1 Introduction 155 10.2 Generation of random variables 155 10.2.1 Generation of a uniform variable 155 10.2.2 Generation of discrete random variables 157 10.2.3 Generation of real random variables 158 10.3 Implementation and evaluation of the method 159 10.3.1 The Monte Carlo method 159 10.3.2 Estimating the probability of the top event 160 10.3.3 Precision of the estimation 161 10.3.4 Acceleration of the convergence 164 10.3.5 Rare events 165 Exercises 167 Appendices 177 A BDD Algorithms in FT Analysis 179 A1 Introduction 179 A2 Obtaining the BDD 180 A3 Algorithm of probabilistic assessment 182 A4 Importance factors 183 A5 Prime implicants 184 B European Benchmark Fault Trees 187 B1 Description of the data 187 B2 Fault tree: Europe-1 188 B2.1 Structure of the fault tree (structural data) 188 B2.2 Probabilistic data 190 B2.3 Results 190 B3 Fault tree: Europe-2 191 B3.1 Structure of the fault tree 191 B3.2 Probabilistic data 192 B3.3 Results 192 B4 Fault tree: Europe-3 193 B4.1 Structure of the FT 193 B4.2 Probabilistic data 195 B4.3 Results 195 C Some Results of Probabilities 197 Main Notations 201 Bibliography 205 Index 221

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Book SynopsisThis open access book provides an introduction to uncertainty quantification in engineering. Starting with preliminaries on Bayesian statistics and Monte Carlo methods, followed by material on imprecise probabilities, it then focuses on reliability theory and simulation methods for complex systems. The final two chapters discuss various aspects of aerospace engineering, considering stochastic model updating from an imprecise Bayesian perspective, and uncertainty quantification for aerospace flight modelling. Written by experts in the subject, and based on lectures given at the Second Training School of the European Research and Training Network UTOPIAE (Uncertainty Treatment and Optimization in Aerospace Engineering), which took place at Durham University (United Kingdom) from 2 to 6 July 2018, the book offers an essential resource for students as well as scientists and practitioners.Table of ContentsIntroduction to Bayesian statistical inference.- Sampling from complex probability distributions: a Monte Carlo primer for engineers.- Introduction to the theory of imprecise probability.- Imprecise discrete-time Markov chains.- Statistics with imprecise probabilities – a short survey.- Reliability.- Simulation methods for the analysis of complex systems.- Overview of stochastic model updating in aerospace application under uncertainty treatment.- Aerospace flight modeling and experimental testing.

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Book SynopsisThis book discusses practical applications of reliability and statistical methods and techniques in various disciplines, using machine learning, artificial intelligence, optimization, and other computation methods. Bringing together research from international experts, each chapter aims to cover both methods and practical aspects on reliability or statistical computations with emphasis on applications. 5G and IoT are set to generate an estimated 1 billion terabytes of data by 2025 and companies continue to search for new techniques and tools that can help them practice data collection effectively in promoting their business. This book explores the era of big data through reliability and statistical computing, showcasing how almost all applications in our daily life have experienced a dramatic shift in the past two decades to a truly global industry. Including numerous illustrations and worked examples, the book is of interest to researchers, practicing engineers, and postgraduate students in the fields of reliability engineering, statistical computing, and machine learning.Table of Contents1.Forecasting The Long-Term Growth of S&P 500 Index Stephen H.-T. Lihn2.Smart Maintenance and Human Factor Modeling for Aircraft Safety Eric T. T. Wong and W. Y. Man3.Feedback-based algorithm for negotiating human preferences and making risk assessment decisions Silvia Carpitella, Antonella Certa, and Joaquín Izquierdo4.Joining Aspect Detection and Opinion Target Expression based on Multi-Deep Learning Models Bui Thanh Hung5.Voting Systems with Supervising Mechanisms Tingnan Lin and Hoang Pham6.Assessing the Severity of COVID-19 in the United States Kehan Gao, Sarah Tasneem, and Taghi Khoshgoftaar7.Promoting expert knowledge for comprehensive human risk management in industrial environments Ilyas Mzougui, Silvia Carpitella, and Joaquín Izquierdo8.Data Quality Assessment for ML Decision-Making Alexandra-Ștefania Moloiu, Grigore Albeanu, Henrik Madsen, and Florin Popențiu- Vlădicescu9.From Holistic Health to Holistic Reliability – Toward an Integration of Classical Reliability with Modern Big-data Based Health Monitoring Fengbin Sun10.On the Aspects of Vitamin D and COVID-19 Infections and Modeling Time-delay Body's Immune System With Time-dependent Effects of Vitamin D and Probiotic Hoang Pham11.A Staff Scheduling Problem of Customers with Reservations in Consideration With Expected Wait Time of a Customer Without Reservation Junji Koyanagi12.Decision Support System for Ranking of Software Reliability Growth Models Devanshu Kumar Singh, Hitesh, Vijay Kumar, and Hoang Pham13.Human Pose Estimation using Artificial Intelligence Himanshu Sharma, Anshul Tickoo, Avinash K Shrivastava, and Umer Khan14.Neural Network Modeling and What-if Scenarios: Applications for Market Development Forecasting Valentina Kuskova, Dmitry Zaytsev, Gregory Khvatsky, and Anna Sokol15.Mental Health Studies: A Review Rachel Wesley and Hoang Pham

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Book SynopsisThis book covers the most important topics that people working as process control engineers and plant operators will encounter. It focuses on PID control, explains when to use P-, PI-, PD- or PID control as well as PID tuning and includes difficult to control process nonlinearities such as valve stiction or sensor problems. The book also explains advanced control strategies that are necessary when single loop control gives insufficient results. The key features of the text in front of you are: This book is a result of teaching the material to industrial practitioners over three decades and four previous editions in Swedish, each of which was a refi nement of the previous one. A key contribution of this book is the careful selection of what is required when you are at a plant and have to make sense of what you see. The book is written in such a way that it does not assume mathematical knowledge above the compulsory school level. Process control sits between control engineering and process or chemical engineering and often there is a distinct gap between the two. By explaining both the fundamentals of control and the processes the book is written to appeal to control engineers and process engineers alike. The book includes exercises and solutions and thus lends itself for teaching in the classroom.

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Book SynopsisMartin Hinsch vermittelt dem Leser das Wichtigste in Kürze zur Normenumstellung der neuen ISO 9001:2015. Zu jedem einzelnen Normenkapitel werden dazu alle wesentlichen Änderungen erklärt. Der Autor richtet sich damit vor allem an jene QM-Interessierten, die bereits Kontakt mit der alten ISO 9001:2008 hatten und nun knapp und präzise über alle für den betrieblichen Alltag wichtigen Neuerungen informiert werden möchten. Für detailliertere Informationen werden die Leser auf das Grundlagenwerk „Die neue ISO 9001:2015 – Ein Praxis-Ratgeber für die Normenumstellung“ von Martin Hinsch verwiesen.Table of ContentsWas Sie in diesem Essential finden können.- Einleitung.- Aufbau und Grundprinzipien der ISO 9001:2015.- Kapitelübergänge / Querverweisliste.- Kontext der Organisation.- Führung.- Planung.- Unterstützung.- Betrieb.- Bewertung der Leistung.- Verbesserung.- Was Sie aus diesem Essential mitnehmen können.

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Book SynopsisQualitätsmanagement ist Querschnittsaufgabe und ist daher in Wirtschaft, Verwaltung, Gesundheitswesen, Bankwesen, Versicherungswirtschaft usw. wahrzunehmen. Das vorliegende Handbuch Qualität dient dabei als Helfer und sicherer Ratgeber für richtige Entscheidungen. Dieses Fachbuch gibt dem Leser zu den Grundlagen und zu fast jedem Teilgebiet eine fundierte und in sich geschlossene Orientierung in der kaum noch überblickbaren fachlichen Meinungsvielfalt. Das Handbuch Qualität zeichnet sich durch eine unmissverständliche, zielführende Terminologie für alle behandelten Grundlagen und Teilgebiete des Qualitätsmanagements aus. In der vorliegenden Auflage wurde besonderer Wert auf Normenaktualität gelegt, textliche Verbesserungen vorgenommen und die Aussagekraft der Abbildungen erhöht.Trade Review"Das Handbuch vermittelt das Rüstzeug für den Qualitätsmanager. Es bietet eine hervorragende Systematik und Begriffsbestimmung. Der Leser lernt auch die wichtigen statistischen und anderen Methoden kennen, die bei der Qualitätsmessung und Qualitätssicherung maßgeblich sind. Die Fülle der vorgestellten Werkzeuge, Methoden und Modelle machen es zu einem wertvollen, aber auch anspruchsvollen Nachschlagewerk." www.business-wissen.de, 15.12.2008 "Insgesamt zeichnet sich das Buch durch gute Lesbarkeit sowie klare und zielführende Darstellungen der Sachverhalte aus. Ein Abkürzungsverzeichnis sowie eine kurz gehaltene Gegenüberstellung englischer und deutscher Fachbegriffe sind eine dem Leser sicher willkommene Bereicherung des Werkes." RDV 1/2008 "Dieses Buch gilt Branchen unabhängig. Sein Inhalt gründet sich auf mehr als drei Jahrzehnte Wissenssammlung und Erfahrungen, national und international, in Praxis und Theorie." www.pro-manager.de, 04.01.2006Table of ContentsGrundlagen des Qualitätsmanagements: Besonderheiten und Bedeutung - Modellvorstellungen - Fach- und Sachbegriffe - Risiko und Sicherheit - Forderungsplanung - Qualitätsverbesserung - QM-System - TQM - Qualität und Recht. Teilgebiete des Qualitätsmanagements: Qualität und Kosten - Messunsicherheit - Abweichungsfortpflanzung und abgestufte Grenzwerte - SPC - Statistische Verfahren, Tests und Versuchsplanung - Normierte Qualitätsbeurteilung - Qualitätsregelkarten - Selbstprüfung - Dokumentation

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