WAP (wireless) technology Books

Book Synopsis5G is becoming a critically important supporting technology for industrial evolvement.The World of 5G series consists of five salient volumes — Internet of Everything, Intelligent Manufacturing, Intelligent Home, Intelligent Transportation, and Intelligent Medicine.Aim to capture new opportunities brought by 5G, this compendium set focuses on the key technologies, requirements, users' experiences, industry applications, and industrial reforms from the perspective of experts, and comprehensively introduces the related knowledge of 5G.These reference volumes inform readers the essences of 5G, potential changes to the development of public life and society brought by 5G, as well as the potential security and risks such as the legal, moral and ethical aspects.The set also prominently reflects the latest business status in different industrial and social fields, and the great changes that follow.

Read more less

Book Synopsis5G is becoming a critically important supporting technology for industrial evolvement.The World of 5G series consists of five salient volumes — Internet of Everything, Intelligent Manufacturing, Intelligent Home, Intelligent Transportation, and Intelligent Medicine.Aim to capture new opportunities brought by 5G, this compendium set focuses on the key technologies, requirements, users' experiences, industry applications, and industrial reforms from the perspective of experts, and comprehensively introduces the related knowledge of 5G.These reference volumes inform readers the essences of 5G, potential changes to the development of public life and society brought by 5G, as well as the potential security and risks such as the legal, moral and ethical aspects.The set also prominently reflects the latest business status in different industrial and social fields, and the great changes that follow.

Read more less

Book SynopsisWith more than 15 billion Wi-Fi enabled devices, Wi-Fi has proven itself as a technology that has successfully evolved over the past 25 years. The need for high-speed connectivity is growing, as Wi-Fi has evolved into a fundamental utility that is expected to be available everywhere. This comprehensive resource covers six generations of Wi-Fi standards including protocol, implementation, and network deployment for both residential and enterprise environments. It will provide readers with a new understanding of how to approach and debug basic Wi-Fi problems, and will grant those wondering whether to pick 5G or Wi-Fi 6 for their product the clarity needed to make an informed decision. Readers will find in-depth coverage of Wi-Fi encryption and authentication methods, including explorations of recently uncovered security vulnerabilities and how to fix them. This book also provides detailed information on the implementation of Wi-Fi, including common regulatory and certification requirements, as well its associated challenges. This book also provides direction on the placement of Wi-Fi access points in indoor locations. It introduces the most recent Wi-Fi 6E certification, which defines requirements for devices operating on the newly opened 6 GHz band. Wi-Fi 6 is then compared with 5G technology, and this resource provides insight into the benefits of each as well as how these two technologies can be used to complement each other.Table of ContentsIntroduction; Wi-Fi 1 to 5 Overview; Wi-Fi 6; Wi-Fi Security; Wi-Fi Implementation; Wi-Fi 6E; Wi-Fi Deployment; 5G Overview and Wi-Fi Comparison; Conclusion.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book is a detailed compendium of these major advancements focusing exclusively on the emerging broadband wireless communication technologies which support broadband wireless data rate transmissions.

Read more less

Book SynopsisJerome Henry, CCIE No. 24750, is a Distinguished Engineer in the Office of the Wireless CTO at Cisco Systems. Jerome has more than 20 years' experience teaching technical Cisco courses, in more than 15 countries and four languages, to audiences ranging from bachelor's degree students to networking professionals and Cisco internal system engineers. Focusing on his wireless and networking experience, Jerome joined Cisco in 2012. Before that time, he was consulting and teaching about heterogeneous networks and wireless integration with the European Airespace team, which was later acquired by Cisco to become its main wireless solution. He then spent several years with a Cisco Learning Partner, developing networking courses and working on training materials for emerging technologies.   Jerome is a certified wireless networking expert (CWNE No. 45), has developed multiple Cisco courses, and has authored several books and video courses on wireless technoTable of Contents Introduction xxvi Part I Wireless Design (ENWLSD) 3 Chapter 1 Wireless Design Requirements 4 “Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 5 Foundation Topics 7 Following a Design Process 7 Evaluating Customer Requirements 8 Evaluating Client Requirements 10 Choosing AP Types 15 Evaluating Security Requirements 16 AP Deployment Models 17 Summary 23 Exam Preparation Tasks 23 Review All Key Topics 23 Define Key Terms 23 Chapter 2 Conducting an Offsite Site Survey 24 “Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 25 Foundation Topics 26 The Effect of Material Attenuation on Wireless Design 26 Common Deployment Models for Different Industries 28 Designing with Regulations in Mind 34 Choosing the Right Survey Type 39 A Survey of Wireless Planning Tools 40 Conducting a Predictive Site Survey 41 Summary 43 References 43 Exam Preparation Tasks 44 Review All Key Topics 44 Define Key Terms 44 Chapter 3 Conducting an Onsite Site Survey 46 “Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 47 Foundation Topics 48 Performing a Walkthrough Survey 48 Performing a Layer 1 Survey 51 Performing a Layer 2 Survey 56 Performing a Post-Deployment Onsite Survey 66 Summary 68 References 68 Exam Preparation Tasks 68 Review All Key Topics 68 Define Key Term 69 Chapter 4 Physical and Logical Infrastructure Requirements 70 “Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 71 Foundation Topics 72 Physical Infrastructure Requirements 72 Logical Infrastructure Requirements 80 Summary 85 References 85 Exam Preparation Tasks 86 Review All Key Topics 86 Define Key Terms 86 Chapter 5 Applying Wireless Design Requirements 88 “Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 89 Foundation Topics 91 Defining AP Coverage 91 Expanding Coverage with Additional APs 98 Designing a Wireless Network for Data 102 Designing a Wireless Network for High Density 103 Designing a Wireless Network for Voice and Video 109 Designing a Wireless Network for Location 111 Summary 112 Exam Preparation Tasks 112 Review All Key Topics 112 Define Key Terms 113 Chapter 6 Designing Radio Management 114 “Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 114 Foundation Topics 117 Understanding RRM 117 Localizing RRM with RF Profiles 134 Optimizing AP Cell Sensitivity with RxSOP 136 Summary 138 Exam Preparation Tasks 139 Review All Key Topics 139 Define Key Terms 139 Chapter 7 Designing Wireless Mesh Networks 140 “Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 141 Foundation Topics 142 Mesh Network Architecture and Components 142 Site Preparation and Planning 147 Mesh Convergence and Traffic Flows 152 Cisco Wi-Fi Mesh Configuration 157 Daisy-Chaining Wireless Mesh Links 163 Workgroup Bridges 166 Summary 169 References 169 Exam Preparation Tasks 170 Review All Key Topics 170 Define Key Terms 170 Chapter 8 Designing for Client Mobility 172 “Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 172 Foundation Topics 175 Roaming Review 175 Organizing Roaming Behavior with Mobility Groups 179 Optimizing AP Selection for Client Roaming 184 Optimizing Security Processes for Roaming 187 Summary 194 Exam Preparation Tasks 194 Review All Key Topics 194 Define Key Terms 194 Chapter 9 Designing High Availability 196 “Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 196 Foundation Topics 198 Making Controller Connectivity More Resilient 200 Designing High Availability for APs 201 Designing High Availability for Controllers 205 Summary 209 Exam Preparation Tasks 209 Review All Key Topics 209 Define Key Terms 210 Part II Wireless Implementation (ENWLSI) 213 Chapter 10 Implementing FlexConnect 214 “Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 216 Foundation Topics 218 Remote Office Wireless Deployment Modes 218 FlexConnect Overview and Requirements 220 Implementing FlexConnect with AireOS 223 FlexConnect High Availability and Resiliency 230 FlexConnect ACLs 234 FlexConnect Smart AP Image Upgrades 237 Implementing FlexConnect with IOS XE Controllers 238 A Summary of FlexConnect Best Practice Recommendations 244 Office Extend 245 ME and EWC 247 Summary 251 References 251 Exam Preparation Tasks 252 Review All Key Topics 252 Define Key Terms 252 Chapter 11 Implementing Quality of Service on a Wireless Network 254 “Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 255 Foundation Topics 257 An Overview of Wireless QoS Principles 257 Implementing QoS Policies on Wireless Controllers 269 Implementing QoS for Wireless Clients 283 Implementing Application Visibility and Control 285 Summary 290 References 290 Exam Preparation Tasks 291 Review All Key Topics 291 Define Key Terms 291 Chapter 12 Implementing Multicast 292 “Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 292 Foundation Topics 294 Multicast Overview 294 Implementing mDNS 305 Implementing Multicast Direct 310 Summary 316 References 316 Exam Preparation Tasks 316 Review All Key Topics 316 Define Key Terms 317 Chapter 13 Location Services Deployment 318 “Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 319 Foundation Topics 320 Indoor Location 320 Deploying Location Services 329 Tracking Clients, RFID Tags, Rogues, and Interferers 338 Customizing Location Services 342 Summary 344 References 345 Exam Preparation Tasks 345 Review All Key Topics 345 Define Key Terms 345 Chapter 14 Advanced Location Services Implementation 346 “Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 347 Foundation Topics 348 CMX and Cisco Spaces Services and Licenses 348 Implementing Analytics 351 Implementing Guest Portals 358 Implementing aWIPS on Catalyst Center 368 Ensuring Location Operational Efficiency 374 Summary 381 References 381 Exam Preparation Tasks 382 Review All Key Topics 382 Define Key Terms 382 Chapter 15 Security for Wireless Client Connectivity 384 “Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 385 Foundation Topics 387 Implementing 802.1X and AAA on Wireless Architectures 387 Implementing Client Profiling 398 Implementing BYOD and Guest 406 Summary 420 References 421 Exam Preparation Tasks 421 Review All Key Topics 421 Define Key Terms 422 Chapter 16 Monitoring and Troubleshooting WLAN Components 424 “Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 425 Foundation Topics 427 Using Reports on Cisco Prime Infrastructure and Catalyst Center 427 Managing Alarms on Cisco Prime Infrastructure and Catalyst Center 438 Troubleshooting Client Connectivity 444 Troubleshooting and Managing RF Interferences 455 Summary 458 References 458 Exam Preparation Tasks 459 Review All Key Topics 459 Define Key Terms 460 Chapter 17 Device Hardening 462 “Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 463 Foundation Topics 464 Implementing Device Access Controls 464 Implementing Access Point Authentication 473 Implementing CPU ACLs on the Wireless Controller 483 Summary 485 References 485 Exam Preparation Tasks 486 Review All Key Topics 486 Define Key Terms 487 Chapter 18 Final Preparation 488 Getting Ready 488 Tools for Final Preparation 489 Suggested Plan for Final Review/Study 492 Summary 492 Chapter 19 ENWLSD 300-425 and ENWLSI 300-430 Exam Updates 494 The Purpose of This Chapter 494 News About the Next Exam Release 496 Updated Technical Content 496 Appendix A Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax) 498 Appendix B Software-Defined Access with Wireless 508 Appendix C RRM TPC Algorithm Example 518 Appendix D Answers to the “Do I Know This Already?” Quizzes and Review Questions 532 Glossary 545 Appendix E Study Planner 9780138249892, TOC, 12/4/2023

Read more less

Book SynopsisSimone Arena is a principal technical marketing engineer (TME) within the Cisco Enterprise Networking & Cloud group and is primarily focused on enterprise network architecture and on all things related to wireless and mobility. Simone is based in Italy and is a Cisco veteran, having joined Cisco in 1999. Throughout the years, Simone has covered multiple roles at Cisco, starting as a software engineer working with Catalyst switching platforms, to consulting system engineer in the field, to TME within different teams (Enterprise Solution Engineering, Wireless Business Unit, Enterprise Networking and Cloud, and now Networking Experiences Group). Today Simone is the lead TME architect for Catalyst Wireless, and his time is split between helping customers and partners design the best solution that fits their needs and engineering and product management, trying to evolve and improve the products and solutions. Simone is a Distinguished Speaker at Cisco Live and has spokenTable of Contents Introduction xxvii Chapter 1 Cisco C9800 Series 1 Why Cisco C9800? 2 The Role of the Wireless Controller in a Cloud Era 7 Managing the Cisco C9800 10 Cisco Next-Generation Wireless Stack 22 Summary 23 References 23 Chapter 2 Hardware and Software Architecture of the C9800 25 General CAPWAP Split MAC Architecture 25 The Controller Control Plane Architecture Elasticity 27 Wireless Client State Machine 31 One Dataplane to Rule Them All (or Three at the Maximum) 35 Hardware Overview 38 Summary 42 Chapter 3 C9800 Configuration Model 43 C9800 New Configuration Model 43 Cisco C9800 Series Profile and Tag Considerations 48 Summary 64 References 64 Chapter 4 C9800 Deployment and Installation 65 C9800 Deployment Models 65 Setting Up Your First Catalyst Wireless Network 79 Summary 87 References 87 Chapter 5 Security 89 Network Security Fundamentals 89 Wireless Security Fundamentals 116 Securing the Air 128 Securing Your Access Points 148 Securing Your Wireless Controller 151 Encrypted Traffic Analytics 154 Cisco Umbrella 155 Cisco Secure Development Lifecycle (CSDL) 157 Summary 157 References 157 Chapter 6 Mobility and Client Roaming 159 802.11 Roaming 160 Types of Client Roaming 181 C9800 to AireOS Inter-Release Controller Mobility (IRCM) 191 Summary 192 References 193 Chapter 7 RF Deployment and Guidelines 195 Radio Resources Management (RRM) Concepts and Components 195 Challenging RF Environments 199 Radio Resources Management (RRM) 203 DCA 211 RF Profiles 215 Spectrum Intelligence and CleanAir 219 Advanced RF Features 224 Airtime Fairness (ATF) 228 Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS) 232 Flexible Radio Assignment (FRA) 235 Wireless Intrusion Prevention System (WIPS) and Rogue Detection 238 Summary 246 References 246 Chapter 8 Multicast and Multicast Domain Name System (mDNS) 247 Wireless Multicast 250 Media Stream Feature 263 mDNS 272 Summary 283 References 283 Chapter 9 Quality of Service (QoS) 285 Wi-Fi Quality of Service (QoS) 286 Wi-Fi (802.11) QoS Fundamentals 287 Implementing Wireless QoS on the C9800 300 Designing and Deploying Catalyst C9800 QoS 304 Best Practices 320 Summary 322 References 322 Chapter 10 C9800 High Availability 323 SSO Redundancy 324 HA Teardown 349 SSO Deployment: Impact on Features 350 N+1 Redundancy 352 N+1 vs. SSO High Availability 357 HA in EWC-AP Deployment 358 HA in EWC-SW Deployment 359 Summary 359 References 360 Chapter 11 Cisco DNA Spaces Integration and IoT 361 Value-Added Wireless Services 361 Connected Mobile Experiences (CMX) 372 Cisco DNA Spaces 372 Specific Service Examples 379 Summary 392 References 392 Chapter 12 Network Programmability 393 What Is Network Programmability? 393 Why Is Network Programmability Needed? 393 Is Network Programmability a New Concept? 396 Orchestration of the Entire Network 396 Configuration Repeatability 396 Idempotency 397 Imperative vs. Declarative Models 397 Infrastructure as Code (IaC) 400 Network Programmability in the C9800 401 Data Models 402 YANG Data Models 403 Encoding Formats 406 Protocols 408 Tools to Examine YANG Models 412 How to Examine Data Using NETCONF and YANG Suite 419 How to Examine Data Using RESTCONF and POSTMAN 421 Python and Network Programmability 429 Summary 436 References 436 Chapter 13 Model-Driven Telemetry 437 What Is Model-Driven Telemetry? 437 How to Enable Model-Driven Telemetry 438 Operational Data and KPIs 441 Polling vs. Subscribing 447 Telemetry Streams 448 How to Identify Subtrees in YANG Models 449 Dial-out vs. Dial-in 450 Tools 460 Summary 467 References 467 Chapter 14 Cisco DNA Center/Assurance Integration 469 Introduction 469 Managing the C9800 with Cisco DNA Center 472 Summary 492 References 492 Chapter 15 Backing Up, Restoring, and Upgrading Your C9800 493 Saving and Restoring the Configuration for Disaster Recovery 493 Running IOS-XE in Install or Bundle Mode 500 Upgrading (and Downgrading) the Controller Safely 501 Summary 506 References 506 Chapter 16 Troubleshooting 507 Control Plane Tracing 509 Embedded Packet Capture (EPC) 525 Packet Tracer 531 Troubleshooting Dashboard 536 Other On-the-Box Tools on the C9800 GUI 540 Offline Tools for the C9800 545 Health and KPI Monitoring 548 Summary 577 References 578 Appendix A Setting Up a Development Environment 579 9780137492329, TOC, 5/27/2022

Read more less

Book SynopsisGet the hands-on experience needed to design, fabricate and test MEMS devices with this practical guide. You will also learn to use foundry multi-project fabrication processes for low-cost MEMS projects, and end-of-chapter exercises and design challenges are provided, making this ideally suited for use in the classroom and by practising engineers.Table of Contents1. Introduction; 2. Micro-mechanics; 3. Electrostatics; 4. Optical MEMS; 5. Thermal MEMS; 6. Fluidic MEMS; 7. Package and test; 8. From prototype to product: MEMS deformable mirrors for adaptive optics.

Read more less

Book SynopsisBased on the popular Artech House classic, Digital Communication Systems Engineering with Software-Defined Radio, this book provides a practical approach to quickly learning the software-defined radio (SDR) concepts needed. It explains how to create wireless design prototypes using SDR for real-world testing and experimentation and discusses advanced wireless communication techniques such as OFDM, LTE, WLA, and hardware targeting. Readers will gain an understanding of the core concepts behind wireless hardware, such as the radio frequency front-end, analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters, as well as various processing technologies. The book also includes details about HDL code generation and deployment as well as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing. This volume includes chapters on timing estimation, matched filtering, frame synchronization message decoding, and source coding. It concludes with coverage of the WLAN toolbox with OFDM beacon reception and the LTE toolbox with downlink reception. Multiple case studies are presented throughout the book, and MATLAB and Simulink source codes are included to assist students and professionals with projects in the field.Table of ContentsWhat is SDR; Signal & System Overview; Probability Review; Digital Communications Review; Coarse and Fine Frequency Correction; Timing Estimation and Matched Filtering; Frame Synchronization Message Decoding, and Source Coding; Equalization; Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing; HDL Code Generation and Deployment; WLAN Toolbox: OFDM Beacon Reception; LTE Toolbox: Downlink Reception; Appendix SDR, FFT, SNR, and Signal Manipulation.

Read more less

Book SynopsisIn our 'wireless' world it is easy to take the importance of the undersea cable systems for granted, but the stakes of their successful operation are huge, as they are responsible for carrying almost all transoceanic Internet traffic. In The Undersea Network Nicole Starosielski follows these cables from the ocean depths to their landing zones on the sandy beaches of the South Pacific, bringing them to the surface of media scholarship and making visible the materiality of the wired network. In doing so, she charts the cable network''s cultural, historical, geographic and environmental dimensions. Starosielski argues that the environments the cables occupy are historical and political realms, where the network and the connections it enables are made possible by the deliberate negotiation and manipulation of technology, culture, politics and geography. Accompanying the book is an interactive digital mapping project, where readers can trace Trade Review“Starosielski offers a crucial intervention into theoretical conceptualizations of communications infrastructure. . . . This rich text also has profound implications for how citizens in an always-networked society and economy understand our lived realities. The Undersea Network makes us reconsider the ‘wirelessness’ of our world by admonishing us consider it in terms of its peculiar and ongoing connectedness to geographies, cultures, and politics.” -- Sara Rodrigues * PopMatters *“[A] fascinating book that is part history, part travelogue and part socio-economic memoir. . . . Starosielski’s account makes for fascinating reading, drawing together the varied threads of history, technical complexity, economic power and political will that have shaped the world’s cable networks. Despite the scale of the infrastructure under discussion, the narrative remains intensely personal, and one to be enjoyed." -- John Gilbey * Times Higher Education *“The Undersea Network is a fascinating interdisciplinary look at the infrastructure that lets us communicate instantly across oceans…. [T]his book is a good read for anyone broadly interested in geography or communications.” -- Eva Amsen * Hakai Magazine *“A fascinating cultural assessment of global undersea cable networks that carry most of the world's trans-ocean Internet traffic. … Great stuff!” -- Christopher Sterling * Communication Booknotes Quarterly *"Overall, the book brilliantly brings together the global metanarrative of mass communication with the local, material, and relatively immobile specificities of this undersea network.... Starosielski is extremely successful in rewiring our wireless imaginaries of a networked world. The depth and breadth of the fieldwork conducted is noteworthy as is the production of the book itself, which contains a plethora of images, graphics, and maps." -- Rachael Squire * Transfers *"The multistranded analysis developed in the book provides a rewarding account that blends cultural history with investigative ethnography and along the way takes us to remote sites in Hawaii, Tahiti and Guam. Most importantly, Starosielski brings the infrastructure of undersea cable systems back into visibility, showing us in vivid ways what makes global communications possible." * European Journal of Communication *"The Undersea Network succeeds in introducing an environmental consciousness into one’s imagination of digital networks and the ecological, political, financial, place-based contingencies that support, interfere with and maintain our global telecommunications system. It makes cables salient. ... The Undersea Network is required reading for students of media and network archaeology, communication educators, political and environmental scientists, the history of technology discipline, and readers within the cable industries and government." -- Emily Goodmann * International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics *"If you have ever wondered why infrastructure has suddenly become a buzzword in cultural anthropology and science and technology studies, then follow the signal. That is precisely what The Undersea Network does, brilliantly redeeming the promise of multi-sited fieldwork methods to highlight the connections and disconnection–historical and present-day–among far-flung people and places.... For anyone with an interest in Pacific studies, this book has plenty to ponder." -- Robert J. Foster * Journal of Pacific History *"[A]n enthralling read for anybody with an interest in telecoms infrastructure and the way that it is presented in the media." -- Mike Conradi * Telecommunications Policy *"This is a fascinating and deeply geographical piece of media scholarship.Starosielski’s book is remarkably successful in demonstrating that the unstable materiality of the infrastructures it describes matters in all kinds of sometimes contradictory ways to those who construct these infrastructures, to those they connect, and to those who remain at a distance from their connective capacities." -- Derek P. McCormack * Cultural Geographies *Table of ContentsPreface. Edges ix Acknowledgments xv Introduction. Against Flow 1 1. Circuitous Routes. From Topology to Topography 26 2. Short-Circuiting Discursive Infrastructure: From Connection to Transmission 64 3. Gateway: From Cable Colony to Network Operations Center 94 4. Pressure Point: Turbulent Ecologies of the Cable Landing 138 5. A Network of Islands: Interconnecting the Pacific 170 6. Cabled Depths: The Aquatic Afterlives of Signal Traffic 198 Conclusion. Surfacing 225 Notes 235 Bibliography 263 Index 281

Read more less

Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Introduction 2. Drivers for 5G 3. Architecture overview 4. EPC for 5G 5. Key concepts 6. Session management 7. Mobility Management 8. Security 9. Quality-of-Service 10. Policy control and charging 11. Network slicing 12. Dual connectivity 13. Network functions and services 14. Protocols 15. Selected call flows 16. Architecture extensions and vertical industries 17. Future outlook

Read more less

Book SynopsisTrade Review"The book is written in a very clear style, and allows somebody not familiar with OTFS to quickly understand the essentials of this exciting new topic. Even active researchers in the field will appreciate the clear and consistent description and the extensive intuitive explanations of the finer points of OTFS. The authors have done an excellent job in focusing on the key formulations and their interpretations, and making the book concise (some 250 pages), while also providing extensive references that enable looking up specialized developments. This valuable book will certainly benefit anyone working in the vibrant area of waveform design for 6G." --Andreas F. MolischTable of Contents1. Introduction 2. High-mobility wireless channels 3. OFDM review and its limitations 4. Delay-Doppler modulation 5. Zak transform analysis for delay-Doppler communications 6. Detection methods 7. Channel estimation methods 8. MIMO and multiuser OTFS 9. Conclusions and future directions Appendix A: Notation and acronyms B: Some useful matrix properties C: Some MATLAB code and examples Please visit the book's companion site for additional materials (MATLAB package code): https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals/book-companion/9780323850285 (copy and paste the URL to your browser and search or reach it through the hyperlink available in the Resources box).

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book presents novel hybrid encryption algorithms that possess many different characteristics. In particular, Hybrid Encryption Algorithms over Wireless Communication Channels, examines encrypted image and video data for the purpose of secure wireless communications. A study of two different families of encryption schemes are introduced: namely, permutation-based and diffusion-based schemes. The objective of the book is to help the reader selecting the best suited scheme for the transmission of encrypted images and videos over wireless communications channels, with the aid of encryption and decryption quality metrics. This is achieved by applying number-theory based encryption algorithms, such as chaotic theory with different modes of operations, the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), and the RC6 in a pre-processing step in order to achieve the required permutation and diffusion. The Rubik's cube is used afterwards in order to maximize the number of permutations.TransmisTrade Review“ In this clearly written book, Shaheen studies methods of encrypting images and video for transmission over wireless communication systems, and methodically demonstrates several encryption algorithms. This text will certainly be of interest to graduate students and researchers in the field of wireless communications.”— J. M. Smith, Sonoma State University, Choice Feb 2022 Vol 59Table of ContentsIntroduction.Fundamentals of Image Encryption for Wireless Communication. Rubik’s Cube Encryption for Wireless Communications. Hybrid Rubik’s Cube Algorithm for Wireless Communications. Proposed Hybrid Encryption Frameworkfor Reliable 3-D Wireless Video Communications. Conclusions and Future Work. References.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

Book SynopsisIncludes integrated circuit (IC) and system-level design issues as well as keeping its classic "wire lead" material. This title also includes topics such as: Wires, Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors; Resonant Circuits: Resonance, Insertion Loss; Filter Design: High-pass, Bandpass, Band-rejection; and more.Table of Contents1: Components2: Resonant Circuits3: Filter Design4: Impedance Matching5: The Transistor at Radio Frequencies6: Small-Signal RF Amplifier Design7: RF Power Amplifiers8: RF Wireless Front-End Design9: RF Design Software

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book highlights the importance of data-driven techniques to solve wireless communication problems. It presents a number of problems (e.g., related to performance, security, and social networking), and provides solutions using various data-driven techniques, including machine learning, deep learning, federated learning, and artificial intelligence.This book details wireless communication problems that can be solved by data-driven solutions. It presents a generalized approach toward solving problems using specific data-driven techniques. The book also develops a taxonomy of problems according to the type of solution presented and includes several case studies that examine data-driven solutions for issues such as quality of service (QoS) in heterogeneous wireless networks, 5G/6G networks, and security in wireless networks. The target audience of this book includes professionals, researchers, professors, and students working in the field of networking, communications, machine learning, and related fields.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book explores the potential of 5G technologies and beyond in smart city setups, with the availability of high bandwidths and performance, and low latency. The book starts with an introduction to 5G, along with the challenges, limitations, and research areas in future wireless communication, including the related requirements for transformation of societal paradigms and infrastructure. Applications related to visible light communication, network management in smart cities, the role of 5G in public healthcare, safety, security, and transportation, and existing and planned 6G research frameworks are included.The features of the book include: A broad perspective on 5G communications with a focus on smart cities. Discussion of artificial intelligence in future wireless communication and its applications. A systemic and comprehensive coverage of 6G technologies, challenges, and uses. The role of future wireless communications in safety, health, and transport in smart cities. Case studies of future wireless communication. This book is aimed at researchers and professionals in communications, signal processing, cyber-physical systems, and smart cities.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis proposed book focuses on the design and development of printed antennas along with modeling aspects for multifaceted applications. It further investigates imperfections in the manufacturing processes and assembly operation during the testing/characterization of printed antennas.This text- Discusses in a comprehensive manner the design and development aspects of printed antennas. Provides fractal engineering aspects for miniaturization and wideband characteristics of the low-profile antenna with high performances. Covers high gain printed antenna for Terahertz application. Showcases electrical modeling of smart antennas. Pedagogical features such as review questions based on practical experiences are included at the end of each chapter. The book comprehensively discusses fractal engineering in printed antennas for miniaturization and enhancement of performance factors. It further covers the modeling of electrically small antennas, circuit modeling, modeling of factual-based Ultra-Wide Band antennas, and modeling of reconfigurable micro-electromechanical system-based patch antennas. The book highlights performance metrics of multiple-input-multiple-output antennas. It will serve as an ideal reference text for senior undergraduate, graduate students, and academic researchers in fields including electrical engineering, electronics, communications engineering, and computer engineering.

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

Book SynopsisA highly interdisciplinary overview of the emerging topic of the Quantum Internet. Current and future quantum technologies are covered in detail, in addition to their global socio-economic impact. Written in an engaging style and accessible to graduate students in physics, engineering, computer science and mathematics.Trade Review'This book explores the technical and socioeconomic aspects of a future quantum internet … The volume will be a valuable acquisition for any institution supporting research in quantum computing or, more broadly, the emerging science and engineering of quantum information … Highly recommended.' M. C. Ogilvie, Choice ConnectTable of ContentsPart I. Introduction: 1. Foreword; 2. Introduction. Part II. Classical Networks: 3. Mathematical representation of networks; 4. Network topologies; 5. Network algorithms. Part III. Quantum Networks: 6. Quantum channels; 7. Optical encoding of quantum information; 8. Errors in quantum networks; 9. Quantum cost vector analysis; 10. Routing strategies; 11. Interconnecting and interfacing quantum networks; 12. Optical routers; 13. Optical stability in quantum networks. Part IV. Protocols for the Quantum Internet: 14. State preparation; 15. Measurement; 16. Evolution; 17. High-level protocols. Part V. Entanglement Distribution: 18. Entanglement – The ultimate quantum resource; 19. Quantum repeater networks; 20. The irrelevance of latency; 21. The quantum Sneakernet™. Part VI. Quantum Cryptography: 22. What is security?; 23. Classical cryptography; 24. Attacks on classical cryptography; 25. Bitcoin and the blockchain; 26. Quantum cryptography; 27. Attacks on quantum cryptography. Part VII. Quantum Computing: 28. Models for quantum computation; 29. Quantum algorithms. Part VIII. Cloud Quantum Computing: 30. The Quantum Cloud™; 31. Encrypted cloud quantum computation. Part IX. Economics and Politics: 32. Classical-equivalent computational power and computational scaling functions; 33. Per-qubit computational power; 34. Time-sharing; 35. Economic model assumptions; 36. Network power; 37. Network value; 38. Rate of return; 39. Market competitiveness; 40. Cost of computation; 41. Arbitrage-free time-sharing model; 42. Problem size scaling functions; 43. Quantum computational leverage; 44. Static computational return; 45. Forward contract pricing model; 46. Political leverage; 47. Economic properties of the qubit marketplace; 48. Economic implications; 49. Game theory of the qubit marketplace. Part X. Essays: 50. The era of quantum supremacy; 51. The global virtual quantum computer; 52. The economics of the quantum internet; 53. Security implications of the global quantum internet; 54. Geostrategic quantum politics; 55. The quantum ecosystem. Part XI. The End: 56. Conclusion. References. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe steady evolution of wireless communication technologies continues to pave the way for the implementation of innovative services and devices in modern vehicles. These include analog and digital audio broadcasting radio, satellite radio, GPS, cell phones, and short range communication devices. Such applications require the use multiple antennas operating in different frequency ranges.Automotive Antenna Design and Applications thoroughly examines traditional and new advanced automotive antennas, including the principles, designs, and techniques used to reduce antenna dimensions without significant degradation of communication quality. The contents of this book are based on cutting-edge data collected from numerous technical papers, patents, and patent applications. It presents an overview of many commercially available automotive antennas and covers features that have become standard in automotive applications, such as printed-on car glass antennasTable of ContentsAutomotive Antennas Overview: Patents, Papers, and Products. Basic Antenna Parameters and Definitions. Active and Diversity Receiving Antenna Systems. Audio Broadcasting Antennas. Cellular Antennas. TV Antennas for Cars. Satellite Radio Antennas. GPS Antennas. Antennas for Short Range Communication.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book covers the inexorable exhaustion of the IPv4 address space, the interim fix to this based on Network Address Translation (NAT) and Private Addresses, and the differences between IPv4 and IPv6. It will help you understand the limitations and problems introduced by the use of NAT and introduce you to the far simpler network and software designs possible, using a larger, unified address space.IPv6, a mature and viable replacement for IPv4, is currently used by more than 36% of all global Internet traffic. Wireless telephone service providers in many countries have migrated their networks to IPv6 with great success. The elimination of NAT and Private Addresses has vastly simplified network design and implementation. Further, there are now enough public addresses allocated to accommodate all anticipated uses for the foreseeable future.Most networking products and software, especially open-source software, are already fully IPv6 compliant. Today, no business shTable of Contents1. Introduction 2. History of Computer Networks up to IPv4 3. Review of IPv4 4. The Depletion of the IPv4 Address Space 5. IPv6 Deployment Progress 6. IPv6 Core Protocols 7. IPSec and IKEv2 8. Transition Mechanisms 9. IPv6 on Mobile Devices 10. DNS 11. The Future of Messaging with No NAT 12. IPv6 Related Organizations 13. IPv6 Projects

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book examines the new features of LTE technologies and how they integrate into existing LTE networks. The authors provide an in-depth coverage of how the air interface is structured at the physical level and how the related link protocols are designed and work. It contains detailed chapters on the end-to-end data transfer optimization mechanisms based on the TCP. Readers will find information about OFDMA, and how DFT is used to implement it, SON specifications and realization and potential 5G solutions, as considered in releases 14 and beyond, the migration paths, and the challenges involved with the latest updates and standardization process. The book gives an insight into core network architecture, including the protocols and signaling used for both data and voice services, parameter estimations, and network planning and sizing.Trade ReviewA well written book providing network design practitioners a comprehensive summary with practical details of the standards and technologies behind 4G LTE, LTE-Advanced (-Pro) and 5G. This network design handbook is a must have for Policy Makers, CTO's, radio- and core network engineers of cellular telecom operators to implement optimal current and future LTE networks. -- Werner Noz * Trend Communications International *Clear concise description of components and features which form the LTE solution, and how these entities will evolve as we move from LTE towards 5G. -- Robert Ivers * TfL London *Table of ContentsThe Underlying DFT Concepts and Formulations; The Air Interface Architecture and Operation; The Coverage-Capacity Planning and Analysis; Pre-Launch Parameter Planning and Resource Allocation; Radio Resource Control and Mobility Management; Inter-Cell Interference Management in LTE; SON Technologies in LTC; EPC Network Architecture, Planning and Dimensioning Guideline; LTE_Advanced Main Enhancements; Optimization for TCP Operation in 4G and Other Networks; Voice over LTE (VOLTE); LTE-Advance Pro-Enhanced LTE Features; Towards 5G

Read more less

Book Synopsis5G is becoming a critically important supporting technology for industrial evolvement.The World of 5G series consists of five salient volumes — Internet of Everything, Intelligent Manufacturing, Intelligent Home, Intelligent Transportation, and Intelligent Medicine.Aim to capture new opportunities brought by 5G, this compendium set focuses on the key technologies, requirements, users' experiences, industry applications, and industrial reforms from the perspective of experts, and comprehensively introduces the related knowledge of 5G.These reference volumes inform readers the essences of 5G, potential changes to the development of public life and society brought by 5G, as well as the potential security and risks such as the legal, moral and ethical aspects.The set also prominently reflects the latest business status in different industrial and social fields, and the great changes that follow.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book highlights practical solutions for flight safety improvement techniques, which are currently the focus of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). It has become clear that, in order to rapidly and significantly improve flight safety, the integrated use of new aeronautical technologies is called for. Considering the size of the aviation fleet, its constant growth and the long service lives of aircraft, new technologies should be adapted both to cutting-edge air navigation systems and to those that have been used for over a decade. Concretely, the book discusses methodological approaches to the construction of ground and on-board avionics that make it possible to achieve improved flight safety using innovative new methods. The proposed approaches are illustrated with real-world examples of e.g. satellite-based navigation systems and enhanced ground proximity warning systems. The book is written for professionals involved in the development of avionics systems, as well as students, researchers and experts in the field of radiolocation, radio navigation and air traffic control, the book will support the development and modeling of radio technical complexes, as well as the analysis of complex radio technical systems.Table of ContentsGENERAL DESCRIPTION OF FLIGHT SAFETY PROBLEMS Analysis of the state and prospects for the development of instrument landing systems and collision avoidance systems Features of global navigation satellite systems as an instrument basis for improving flight safety Augmentations – the main method to improve the performance characteristics of global navigation satellite systems Analysis of requirements for satellite-based landing systems and collision avoidance systems General methods and techniques to improve flight efficiency and safety when using satellite-based landing systems and collision avoidance systems Flight safety indicators Conclusions to Chapter 1 METHODOLOGY FOR CONSTRUCTING SATELLITE-BASED LANDING SYSTEMS AND COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS Theoretical background of a formalized methodological approach to the selection of basic elements for radio-electronic complexes to improve flight efficiency and safety Methods for building the structure of the ground and onboard radio-electronic complexes of satellite-based landing systems with augmentations of global navigation satellite systems Methods and rules for the development of a collision avoidance system with the use of global navigation satellite system technologies Directions and methods to enhance satellite-based landing systems and collision avoidance systems Conclusions to Chapter 2 METHODS FOR IMPROVING FLIGHT EFFICIENCY AND SAFETY FOR SATELLITE-BASED LANDING SYSTEMS Method for increasing the accuracy and integrity of the guidance signals based on the construction and use of volumetric distribution diagrams for radio waves multipath errors and the system structure for its implementation Method for ensuring integrity and continuity of guidance signals based on the use of an integrated signal-to-noise ratio for pseudoranges in presence of radiointerference Method for increasing accuracy and integrity of guidance signals based on pseudorange error compensation using phase measurements and the structure of the radioelectronic complex for its implementation Method for increasing accuracy, integrity, continuity and availability of guidance signals based on the use of pseudo-satellite signals and the system structure for its implementation Conclusions to Chapter 3 METHODS FOR IMPROVING FLIGHT EFFICIENCY AND SAFETY BASED ON TECHNOLOGIES APPLICABLE IN COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS Method for improving flight safety by generating a warning about a potential collision based on the three-dimensional synthesis of the underlying surface sections and the display of hazardous elements Method for increasing the flight effectiveness and safety by assessing the possibility of vertical maneuvering and determining the direction of the turn Method for increasing the flight effectiveness and safety by identifying hazardous terrain, taking into account the possibility of a reverse turn, and the system structure for its implementation Method for improving flight efficiency and safety by analyzing the space inside a corridor safe for flight Conclusions to Chapter 4 INTEGRATED TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS ON THE JOINT USE OF TECHNOLOGIES APPLICABLE IN COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS AND SATELLITE-BASED LANDING SYSTEMS Principles of constructing an integrated flight safety enhancement system based on the collision avoidance system and the satellite-based landing system Method for preventing aircraft landings on an unauthorized runway by calculating a virtual glide path Method for notifying of the aircraft or UAV position during the landing and roll-on operation Assessment of flight safety and efficiency improvements with the use of integrated systems Conclusions to Chapter 5 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE APPLICATION OF THE PROPOSED TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS IN THE SATELLITE-BASED LANDING SYSTEMS AND COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS Principles of construction and design features of onboard equipment to improve flight efficiency and safety Construction of an onboard navigation and landing complex on the basis of the satellite-based landing system and the collision avoidance system Results of the satellite-based landing system flight tests Results of the Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System flight tests and operation Conclusions to Chapter 6 CONCLUSIONs REFERENCES

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book presents an in-depth study on recent advances and research in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Existing WSN applications are described, followed by discussing the ongoing research efforts on some WSNs applications that show the usefulness of sensor networks. Theoretical analysis and factors influencing protocol design are highlighted.Trade Review"It is intended for advanced students but also would be useful for researchers, system and chip designers, and other professionals in related fields." (Booknews, 1 February 2011) "The book is written in an accessible, textbook style, and includes problems and solutions to assist learning." (Dark Fiber, 8 February 2011)Table of ContentsAbout the Series Editor xvii Preface xix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Sensor Mote Platforms 2 1.2 WSN Architecture and Protocol Stack 10 References 15 2 WSN Applications 17 2.1 Military Applications 17 2.2 Environmental Applications 21 2.3 Health Applications 26 2.4 Home Applications 29 2.5 Industrial Applications 31 References 33 3 Factors Influencing WSN Design 37 3.1 Hardware Constraints 37 3.2 Fault Tolerance 39 3.3 Scalability 40 3.4 Production Costs 40 3.5 WSN Topology 40 3.6 Transmission Media 41 3.7 Power Consumption 43 References 49 4 Physical Layer 53 4.1 Physical Layer Technologies 53 4.2 Overview of RF Wireless Communication 57 4.3 Channel Coding (Error Control Coding) 59 4.4 Modulation 62 4.5 Wireless Channel Effects 66 4.6 PHY Layer Standards 72 References 75 5 Medium Access Control 77 5.1 Challenges for MAC 77 5.2 CSMA Mechanism 80 5.3 Contention-Based Medium Access 83 5.4 Reservation-Based Medium Access 103 5.5 Hybrid Medium Access 110 References 115 6 Error Control 117 6.1 Classification of Error Control Schemes 117 6.2 Error Control in WSNs 120 6.3 Cross-layer Analysis Model 123 6.4 Comparison of Error Control Schemes 131 References 137 7 Network Layer 139 7.1 Challenges for Routing 139 7.2 Data-centric and Flat-Architecture Protocols 141 7.3 Hierarchical Protocols 148 7.4 Geographical Routing Protocols 152 7.5 QoS-Based Protocols 159 References 163 8 Transport Layer 167 8.1 Challenges for Transport Layer 167 8.2 Reliable Multi-Segment Transport (RMST) Protocol 169 8.3 Pump Slowly, Fetch Quickly (PSFQ) Protocol 171 8.4 Congestion Detection and Avoidance (CODA) Protocol 175 8.5 Event-to-Sink Reliable Transport (ESRT) Protocol 177 8.6 GARUDA 180 8.7 Real-Time and Reliable Transport (RT)2 Protocol 185 References 189 9 Application Layer 191 9.1 Source Coding (Data Compression) 191 9.2 Query Processing 195 9.3 Network Management 212 References 218 10 Cross-layer Solutions 221 10.1 Interlayer Effects 222 10.2 Cross-layer Interactions 224 10.3 Cross-layer Module 229 References 240 11 Time Synchronization 243 11.1 Challenges for Time Synchronization 243 11.2 Network Time Protocol 245 11.3 Definitions 246 11.4 Timing-Sync Protocol for Sensor Networks (TPSN) 248 11.5 Reference-Broadcast Synchronization (RBS) 251 11.6 Adaptive Clock Synchronization (ACS) 253 11.7 Time Diffusion Synchronization Protocol (TDP) 254 11.8 Rate-Based Diffusion Protocol (RDP) 257 11.9 Tiny- and Mini-Sync Protocols 258 11.10 Other Protocols 260 References 262 12 Localization 265 12.1 Challenges in Localization 265 12.2 Ranging Techniques 268 12.3 Range-Based Localization Protocols 272 12.4 Range-Free Localization Protocols 280 References 284 13 Topology Management 287 13.1 Deployment 288 13.2 Power Control 289 13.3 Activity Scheduling 296 13.4 Clustering 308 References 317 14 Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks 319 14.1 Characteristics of WSANs 321 14.2 Sensor–Actor Coordination 325 14.3 Actor–Actor Coordination 337 14.4 WSAN Protocol Stack 345 References 348 15 Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks 349 15.1 Design Challenges 350 15.2 Network Architecture 353 15.3 Multimedia Sensor Hardware 357 15.4 Physical Layer 365 15.5 MAC Layer 367 15.6 Error Control 371 15.7 Network Layer 374 15.8 Transport Layer 379 15.9 Application Layer 383 15.10 Cross-layer Design 388 15.11 Further Research Issues 392 References 394 16 Wireless Underwater Sensor Networks 399 16.1 Design Challenges 401 16.2 Underwater Sensor Network Components 402 16.3 Communication Architecture 405 16.4 Basics of Underwater Acoustic Propagation 409 16.5 Physical Layer 414 16.6 MAC Layer 416 16.7 Network Layer 426 16.8 Transport Layer 435 16.9 Application Layer 437 16.10 Cross-layer Design 437 References 440 17 Wireless Underground Sensor Networks 443 17.1 Applications 445 17.2 Design Challenges 447 17.3 Network Architecture 450 17.4 Underground Wireless Channel for EM Waves 453 17.5 Underground Wireless Channel for Magnetic Induction 463 17.6 Wireless Communication in Mines and Road/Subway Tunnels 466 17.7 Communication Architecture 474 References 480 18 Grand Challenges 483 18.1 Integration of Sensor Networks and the Internet 483 18.2 Real-Time and Multimedia Communication 484 18.3 Protocol Stack 485 18.4 Synchronization and Localization 485 18.5 WSNs in Challenging Environments 486 18.6 Practical Considerations 488 18.7 Wireless Nano-sensor Networks 488 References 489 Index 491

Read more less

Book SynopsisWireless Connectivity: An Intuitive and Fundamental Guide Wireless connectivity has become an indispensable part, a commodity associated with the way we work and play. The latest developments, the 5G, next-generation Wi-Fi and Internet of Things connectivity, are the key enablers for widespread digitalization of practically all industries and public sector segments. This immense development within the last three decades have been accompanied by a large number of ideas, articles, patents, and even myths. This book introduces the most important ideas and concepts in wireless connectivity and discusses how these are interconnected, whilst the mathematical content is kept minimal. The book does not follow the established, linear structure in which one starts from the propagation and channels and then climbs up the protocol layers. The structure is, rather, nonlinear, in an attempt to follow the intuition used when one creates a new technology to solve a certain problem. The target audience is: Students in electronics, communication, and networkingWireless engineers that are specialized in one area, but want to know how the whole system works, without going through all the details and mathComputer scientists that want to understand the fundamentals of wireless connectivity, the requirements and, most importantly, the limitationsEngineers in energy systems, logistics, transport and other vertical sectors that are increasingly reliant on wireless technologyTable of ContentsForeword xv Acknowledgments xix Acronyms xxi 1 An Easy Introduction to the Shared Wireless Medium 3 1.1 How to Build a Simple Model for Wireless Communication 4 1.1.1 Which Features We Want from the Model 4 1.1.2 Communication Channel with Collisions 4 1.1.3 Trade-offs in the Collision Model 7 1.2 The First Contact 9 1.2.1 Hierarchy Helps to Establish Contact 9 1.2.2 Wireless Rendezvous without Help 11 1.2.3 Rendezvous with Full-Duplex Devices 12 1.3 Multiple Access with Centralized Control 12 1.3.1 A Frame for Time Division 13 1.3.2 Frame Header for Flexible Time Division 14 1.3.3 A Simple Two-Way System that Works Under the Collision Model 15 1.3.4 Still Not a Practical TDMA System 18 1.4 Making TDMA Dynamic 19 1.4.1 Circuit-Switched versus Packet-Switched Operation 19 1.4.2 Dynamic Allocation of Resources to Users 20 1.4.3 Short Control Packets and the Idea of Reservation 22 1.4.4 Half-Duplex versus Full-Duplex in TDMA 24 1.5 Chapter Summary 25 1.6 Further Reading 25 1.7 Problems and Reflections 26 2 Random Access: How to Talk in Crowded Dark Room 29 2.1 Framed ALOHA 30 2.1.1 Randomization that Maximizes the ALOHA Throughput 32 2.2 Probing 35 2.2.1 Combining ALOHA and Probing 39 2.3 Carrier Sensing 39 2.3.1 Randomization and Spectrum Sharing 39 2.3.2 An Idle Slot is Cheap 41 2.3.3 Feedback to the Transmitter 43 2.4 Random Access and Multiple Hops 45 2.4.1 Use of Reservation Packets in Multi-Hop 47 2.4.2 Multiple Hops and Full-Duplex 47 2.5 Chapter Summary 48 2.6 Further Reading 48 2.7 Problems and Reflections 48 3 Access Beyond the Collision Model 53 3.1 Distance Gets into the Model 53 3.1.1 Communication Degrades as the Distance Increases 53 3.1.2 How to Make the Result of a Collision Dependent on the Distance 55 3.2 Simplified Distance Dependence: A Double Disk Model 57 3.3 Downlink Communication with the Double Disk Model 58 3.3.1 A Cautious Example of a Design that Reaches the Limits of the Model 61 3.4 Uplink Communication with the Double Disk Model 62 3.4.1 Uplink that Uses Multi-Packet Reception 64 3.4.2 Buffered Collisions for Future Use 64 3.4.3 Protocols that Use Packet Fractions 66 3.5 Unwrapping the Packets 68 3.6 Chapter Summary 69 3.7 Further Reading 70 3.8 Problems and Reflections 70 4 The Networking Cake: Layering and Slicing 75 4.1 Layering for a One-Way Link 75 4.1.1 Modules and their Interconnection 75 4.1.2 Three Important Concepts in Layering 77 4.1.3 An Example of a Two-Layer System 78 4.2 Layers and Cross-Layer 79 4.3 Reliable and Unreliable Service from a Layer 81 4.4 Black Box Functionality for Different Communication Models 84 4.5 Standard Layering Models 86 4.5.1 Connection versus Connectionless 87 4.5.2 Functionality of the Standard Layers 88 4.5.3 A Very Brief Look at the Network Layer 89 4.6 An Alternative Wireless Layering 91 4.7 Cross-Layer Design for Multiple Hops 92 4.8 Slicing of the Wireless Communication Resources 94 4.8.1 Analog, Digital, Sliced 94 4.8.2 A Primer on Wireless Slicing 96 4.8.2.1 Orthogonal Wireless Slicing 96 4.8.2.2 Non-Orthogonal Wireless Slicing 98 4.9 Chapter Summary 100 4.10 Further Reading 100 4.11 Problems and Reflections 100 5 Packets Under the Looking Glass: Symbols and Noise 105 5.1 Compression, Entropy, and Bit 105 5.1.1 Obtaining Digital Messages by Compression 106 5.1.2 A Bit of Information 106 5.2 Baseband Modules of the Communication System 107 5.2.1 Mapping Bits to Baseband Symbols under Simplifying Assumptions 108 5.2.2 Challenging the Simplifying Assumptions about the Baseband 109 5.3 Signal Constellations and Noise 110 5.3.1 Constellation Points and Noise Clouds 110 5.3.2 Constellations with Limited Average Power 113 5.3.3 Beyond the Simple Setup for Symbol Detection 114 5.3.4 Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) 116 5.4 From Bits to Symbols 117 5.4.1 Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) 117 5.4.2 Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) 118 5.4.3 Constellations of Higher Order 119 5.4.4 Generalized Mapping to Many Symbols 122 5.5 Symbol-Level Interference Models 123 5.5.1 Advanced Treatment of Collisions based on a Baseband Model 124 5.6 Weak and Strong Signals: New Protocol Possibilities 126 5.6.1 Randomization of Power 127 5.6.2 Other Goodies from the Baseband Model 129 5.7 How to Select the Data Rate 130 5.7.1 A Simple Relation between Packet Errors and Distance 130 5.7.2 Adaptive Modulation 132 5.8 Superposition of Baseband Symbols 134 5.8.1 Broadcast and Non-Orthogonal Access 135 5.8.2 Unequal Error Protection (UEP) 137 5.9 Communication with Unknown Channel Coefficients 138 5.10 Chapter Summary 141 5.11 Further Reading 142 5.12 Problems and Reflections 142 6 A Mathematical View on a Communication Channel 147 6.1 A Toy Example: The Pigeon Communication Channel 147 6.1.1 Specification of a Communication Channel 149 6.1.2 Comparison of the Information Carrying Capability of Mathematical Channels 150 6.1.3 Assumptions and Notations 151 6.2 Analog Channels with Gaussian Noise 151 6.2.1 Gaussian Channel 152 6.2.2 Other Analog Channels Based on the Gaussian Channel 152 6.3 The Channel Definition Depends on Who Knows What 154 6.4 Using Analog to Create Digital Communication Channels 158 6.4.1 Creating Digital Channels through Gray Mapping 158 6.4.2 Creating Digital Channels through Superposition 161 6.5 Transmission of Packets over Communication Channels 163 6.5.1 Layering Perspective of the Communication Channels 163 6.5.2 How to Obtain Throughput that is not Zero 164 6.5.3 Asynchronous Packets and Transmission of “Nothing” 167 6.5.4 Packet Transmission over a Ternary Channel 169 6.6 Chapter Summary 171 6.7 Further Reading 171 6.8 Problems and Reflections 172 7 Coding for Reliable Communication 177 7.1 Some Coding Ideas for the Binary Symmetric Channel 177 7.1.1 A Channel Based on Repetition Coding 177 7.1.2 Channel Based on Repetition Coding with Erasures 179 7.1.3 Coding Beyond Repetition 181 7.1.4 An Illustrative Comparison of the BSC Based Channels 182 7.2 Generalization of the Coding Idea 183 7.2.1 Maximum Likelihood (ML) Decoding 187 7.3 Linear Block Codes for the Binary Symmetric Channel 188 7.4 Coded Modulation as a Layered Subsystem 192 7.5 Retransmission as a Supplement to Coding 194 7.5.1 Full Packet Retransmission 195 7.5.2 Partial Retransmission and Incremental Redundancy 197 7.6 Chapter Summary 199 7.7 Further Reading 199 7.8 Problems and Reflections 199 8 Information-Theoretic View on Wireless Channel Capacity 203 8.1 It Starts with the Law of Large Numbers 203 8.2 A Useful Digression into Source Coding 204 8.3 Perfectly Reliable Communication and Channel Capacity 207 8.4 Mutual Information and Its Interpretations 209 8.4.1 From a Local to a Global Property 209 8.4.2 Mutual Information in Some Actual Communication Setups 211 8.5 The Gaussian Channel and the Popular Capacity Formula 214 8.5.1 The Concept of Entropy in Analog Channels 214 8.5.2 The Meaning of “Shannon’s Capacity Formula” 215 8.5.3 Simultaneous Usage of Multiple Gaussian Channels 217 8.6 Capacity of Fading Channels 219 8.6.1 Channel State Information Available at the Transmitter 219 8.6.2 Example: Water Filling for Binary Fading 221 8.6.3 Water Filling for Continuously Distributed Fading 222 8.6.4 Fast Fading and Further Remarks on Channel Knowledge 223 8.6.5 Capacity When the Transmitter Does Not Know the Channel 225 8.6.5.1 Channel with Binary Inputs and Binary Fading 225 8.6.5.2 Channels with Gaussian Noise and Fading 229 8.6.6 Channel Estimation and Knowledge 230 8.7 Chapter Summary 232 8.8 Further Reading 233 8.9 Problems and Reflections 233 9 Time and Frequency in Wireless Communications 237 9.1 Reliable Communication Requires Transmission of Discrete Values 237 9.2 Communication Through a Waveform: An Example 239 9.3 Enter the Frequency 242 9.3.1 Infinitely Long Signals and True Frequency 242 9.3.2 Bandwidth and Time-Limited Signals 245 9.3.3 Parallel Communication Channels 247 9.3.4 How Frequency Affects the Notion of Multiple Access 248 9.4 Noise and Interference 250 9.4.1 Signal Power and Gaussian White Noise 250 9.4.2 Interference between Non-Orthogonal Frequencies 252 9.5 Power Spectrum and Fourier Transform 255 9.6 Frequency Channels, Finally 258 9.6.1 Capacity of a Bandlimited Channel 259 9.6.2 Capacity and OFDM Transmission 261 9.6.3 Frequency for Multiple Access and Duplexing 261 9.7 Code Division and Spread Spectrum 263 9.7.1 Sharing Synchronized Resources with Orthogonal Codes 263 9.7.2 Why Go Through the Trouble of Spreading? 265 9.7.3 Mimicking the Noise and Covert Communication 268 9.7.4 Relation to Random Access 269 9.8 Chapter Summary 270 9.9 Further Reading 270 9.10 Problems and Reflections 270 10 Space in Wireless Communications 275 10.1 Communication Range and Coverage Area 276 10.2 The Myth about Frequencies that Propagate Badly in Free Space 278 10.3 The World View of an Antenna 280 10.3.1 Antenna Directivity 280 10.3.2 Directivity Changes the Communication Models 282 10.4 Multipath and Shadowing: Space is Rarely Free 283 10.5 The Final Missing Link in the Layering Model 286 10.6 The Time-Frequency Dynamics of the Radio Channel 288 10.6.1 How a Time-Invariant Channel Distorts the Received Signal 288 10.6.2 Frequency Selectivity, Multiplexing, and Diversity 291 10.6.3 Time-Variant Channel Introduces New Frequencies 292 10.6.4 Combined Time-Frequency Dynamics 295 10.7 Two Ideas to Deal with Multipath Propagation and Delay Spread 296 10.7.1 The Wideband Idea: Spread Spectrum and a RAKE Receiver 297 10.7.2 The Narrowband Idea: OFDM and a Guard Interval 299 10.8 Statistical Modeling of Wireless Channels 300 10.8.1 Fading Models: Rayleigh and Some Others 301 10.8.2 Randomness in the Path Loss 303 10.9 Reciprocity and How to Use It 303 10.10 Chapter Summary 305 10.11 Further Reading 305 10.12 Problems and Reflections 305 11 Using Two, More, or a Massive Number of Antennas 309 11.1 Assumptions about the Channel Model and the Antennas 310 11.2 Receiving or Transmitting with a Two-Antenna Device 311 11.2.1 Receiver with Two Antennas 311 11.2.2 Using Two Antennas at a Knowledgeable Transmitter 313 11.2.3 Transmit Diversity 314 11.3 Introducing MIMO 315 11.3.1 Spatial Multiplexing 317 11.4 Multiple Antennas for Spatial Division of Multiple Users 319 11.4.1 Digital Interference-Free Beams: Zero Forcing 320 11.4.2 Other Schemes for Precoding and Digital Beamforming 322 11.5 Beamforming and Spectrum Sharing 325 11.6 What If the Number of Antennas is Scaled Massively? 327 11.6.1 The Base Station Knows the Channels Perfectly 328 11.6.2 The Base Station has to Learn the Channels 329 11.7 Chapter Summary 331 11.8 Further Reading 331 11.9 Problems and Reflections 331 12 Wireless Beyond a Link: Connections and Networks 335 12.1 Wireless Connections with Different Flavors 335 12.1.1 Coarse Classification of the Wireless Connections 335 12.1.2 The Complex, Multidimensional World of Wireless Connectivity 337 12.2 Fundamental Ideas for Providing Wireless Coverage 339 12.2.1 Static or Moving Infrastructure 340 12.2.2 Cells and a Cellular Network 341 12.2.3 Spatial Reuse 343 12.2.4 Cells Come in Different Sizes 345 12.2.5 Two-Way Coverage and Decoupled Access 347 12.3 No Cell is an Island 348 12.3.1 Wired and Wireless Backhaul 348 12.3.2 Wireless One-Way Relaying and the Half-Duplex Loss 349 12.3.3 Wireless Two-Way Relaying: Reclaiming the Half-Duplex Loss 351 12.4 Cooperation and Coordination 355 12.4.1 Artificial Multipath: Treating the BS as Yet Another Antenna 355 12.4.2 Distributing and Networking the MIMO Concept 357 12.4.3 Cooperation Through a Wireless Backhaul 359 12.5 Dissolving the Cells into Clouds and Fog 360 12.5.1 The Unattainable Ideal Coverage 360 12.5.2 The Backhaul Links Must Have a Finite Capacity 362 12.5.3 Noisy Cooperation with a Finite Backhaul 363 12.5.4 Access Through Clouds and Fog 364 12.6 Coping with External Interference and Other Questions about the Radio Spectrum 366 12.6.1 Oblivious Rather Than Selfish 366 12.6.2 License to Control Interference 367 12.6.3 Spectrum Sharing and Caring 369 12.6.4 Duty Cycling, Sensing, and Hopping 371 12.6.5 Beyond the Licensed and Unlicensed and Some Final Words 372 12.7 Chapter Summary 374 12.8 Further Reading 374 12.9 Problems and Reflections 375 Bibliography 377 Index 381

Read more less

Book SynopsisWireless Multimedia: A Handbook to the IEEE 802.15.3 Standard clarifies the IEEE 802.15.3 standard for individuals who are implementing compliant devices and shows how the standard can be used to develop wireless multimedia applications. The 802.15.3 standard addresses an untapped market that does beyond 802.11 and Bluetooth wireless technologies. The standard addresses the consumer need for low-cost, high data-rate, ad-hoc wireless connections. Some of these applications include: wireless keyboards and printers, personal video and digital cameras, cordless telephones and intercoms, digital audio players and headphones, gaming (including interactive gaming, multiplayer consoles, handheld multiplayer gaming, digital music, video, and image uploads to handheld games), home theater system and stereo system components, video conferencing, and more! Navigating through the IEEE 802.15.3 standard to find the required information can be a difficult task for anyone who has not spent a coTable of ContentsIntroduction xv Acronyms and Abbreviations xvii Chapter 1 Background and History 1 What is an IEEE standard? 1 The 802.15 family 2 Why 802.15.3? 4 History of 802.15.3 6 Chapter 2 802.15.3 applications 13 The high-rate WPAN theme 13 Still image applications 14 Telephone quality audio applications 16 High quality audio applications 17 Gaming applications 18 Video and multimedia applications 19 Chapter 3 Overview of the IEEE 802.15.3 standard 23 Elements of the 802.15.3 piconet 25 PHY overview 28 Starting a piconet 31 The superframe 32 Joining and leaving a piconet 34 Connecting with other devices 35 Dependent piconets 36 Obtaining information 39 Power management 40 System changes 43 Implementation cost and complexity 44 Chapter 4 MAC functionality 47 MAC terminology in IEEE Std 802.15.3 47 Frame formats 49 Piconet timing and superframe structure 51 Interframe spacings 53 Contention access period (CAP) 55 Channel time allocation period (CTAP) 56 Comparing the contention access methods 60 Guard time 63 The role of the PNC 66 Starting a piconet 66 Handing over control 66 Ending a piconet 72 Joining and leaving the piconet 73 Association 74 Broadcasting piconet information 77 Disassociation 78 Assigning DEVIDs 80 Managing bandwidth 81 Acknowledgements 81 Asynchronous data 87 Stream connections 92 Fragmentation/defragmentation 96 Retransmissions and duplicate detection 99 Power management 100 Common characteristics of the SPS modes 104 Analyzing power save efficiencies 107 Switching PM modes 110 Managing SPS sets 114 DSPS mode 118 Allocating channel time for DSPS DEVs 119 PSPS mode 124 APS mode 126 Changing piconet parameters 128 Beacon announcements 129 Dynamic channel selection 132 Changing the PNID or BSID 134 Moving the beacon or changing the superframe duration 136 Finding information 138 Probe 139 Announce 143 PNC Information 145 Channel status 148 PNC channel scanning 150 Remote scan 152 Piconet services 154 Other capabilities 157 Transmit power control 157 Multirate capabilities 159 Extensibility of the standard 160 Example of the life cycle of a DEV 162 Chapter 5 Dependent piconets 165 Introduction 165 Starting a dependent piconet 168 Parent PNC ceasing operations with dependent piconets 174 Parent PNC stopping a dependent piconet 176 Handing over PNC responsibilities in a dependent piconet 177 Chapter 6 Security 187 Introduction and history 187 Security modes and policies 190 Security services provided in mode 1 191 Security policies 193 Symmetric key security suite 195 Overview of AES CCM 195 Key distribution 197 Security information 199 Chapter 7 2.4 GHz PHY 203 Overview 203 General PHY requirements 205 Channel plan 205 Timing issues 206 Miscellaneous PHY requirements 213 PHY frame format 213 Stuff bits and tail symbols 214 Frame format 215 PHY preamble 217 Data size restrictions 219 Modulation 220 Receiver performance 224 Transmitter performance 228 Regulatory and requirements 233 Delay spread performance 234 Mitigating the effects of delay spread 236 Fading channel model used for 802.15.3 237 Defining delay spread performance 239 Delay spread measurements 240 Radio architectures 244 Superheterodyne 245 Direct conversion 248 Walking IF 250 Low IF 253 Summary of radio architectures 256 Chapter 8 2.4 Interfacing to 802.15.3 257 The PIBs and their interface 261 MLME SAP 262 PLME SAP 265 MAC SAP 265 PHY SAP 266 The FCSL 268 Chapter 9 2.4 Coexistence mechanisms 271 Introduction 271 Coexistence techniques in 802.15.3 271 Passive scanning 273 The ability to request channel quality information 273 Dynamic channel selection 273 Link quality and RSSI 274 Channel plan that minimizes channel overlap 274 Transmit power control 275 Lower impact transmit spectral mask 275 Neighbor piconet capability 276 Coexistence results 278 Assumptions for coexistence simulations 278 BER calculations 280 802.11b and 802.15.3 282 802.15.1 and 802.11 FHSS overlapping with 802.15.3 288 Summary 291 References 295 Glossary 299 Index 305

Read more less

Book SynopsisWireless Communications Systems Design provides the basic knowledge and methodology for wireless communications design. The book mainly focuses on a broadband wireless communication system based on OFDM/OFDMA system because it is widely used in the modern wireless communication system.Table of ContentsPreface xi List of Abbreviations xiii Part I Wireless Communications Theory 1 1 Historical Sketch of Wireless Communications 3 1.1 Advancement of Wireless Communications Technologies 3 1.2 Wireless Communications, Lifestyles, and Economics 6 References 9 2 Probability Theory 11 2.1 Random Signals 11 2.2 Spectral Density 16 2.3 Correlation Functions 18 2.4 Central Limit Theorem 25 2.5 Problems 28 Reference 30 3 Wireless Channels 31 3.1 Additive White Gaussian Noise 31 3.2 Large]Scale Path Loss Models 34 3.3 Multipath Channels 38 3.4 Empirical Wireless Channel Models 46 3.5 Problems 48 References 50 4 Optimum Receiver 51 4.1 Decision Theory 51 4.2 Optimum Receiver for AWGN 55 4.3 Matched Filter Receiver 66 4.4 Coherent and Noncoherent Detection 69 4.5 Problems 73 References 74 5 Wireless Channel Impairment Mitigation Techniques 75 5.1 Diversity Techniques 75 5.2 Error Control Coding 82 5.2.1 Linear Block Codes 84 5.2.2 Convolutional Codes 92 5.3 MIMO 99 5.4 Equalization 107 5.5 OFDM 114 5.6 Problems 120 References 121 Part II Wireless Communications Blocks Design 123 6 Error Correction Codes 125 6.1 Turbo Codes 125 6.1.1 Turbo Encoding and Decoding Algorithm 125 6.1.2 Example of Turbo Encoding and Decoding 133 6.1.3 Hardware Implementation of Turbo Encoding and Decoding 149 6.2 Turbo Product Codes 155 6.2.1 Turbo Product Encoding and Decoding Algorithm 155 6.2.2 Example of Turbo Product Encoding and Decoding 156 6.2.3 Hardware Implementation of Turbo Product Encoding and Decoding 174 6.3 Low]Density Parity Check Codes 175 6.3.1 LDPC Encoding and Decoding Algorithms 175 6.3.2 Example of LDPC Encoding and Decoding 191 6.3.3 Hardware Implementation of LDPC Encoding and Decoding 199 6.4 Problems 205 References 206 7 Orthogonal Frequency]Division Multiplexing 209 7.1 OFDM System Design 209 7.2 FFT Design 217 7.3 Hardware Implementations of FFT 232 7.4 Problems 237 References 238 8 Multiple Input Multiple Output 239 8.1 MIMO Antenna Design 239 8.2 Space Time Coding 240 8.3 Example of STTC Encoding and Decoding 254 8.4 Spatial Multiplexing and MIMO Detection Algorithms 266 8.5 Problems 276 References 277 9 Channel Estimation and Equalization 279 9.1 Channel Estimation 279 9.2 Channel Estimation for MIMO–OFDM System 293 9.3 Equalization 295 9.4 Hardware Implementation of Channel Estimation and Equalizer for OFDM System 298 9.5 Problems 298 References 299 10 Synchronization 301 10.1 Fundamental Synchronization Techniques for OFDM System 301 10.2 Synchronization Errors 305 10.3 Synchronization Techniques for OFDM System 310 10.4 Hardware Implementation of OFDM Synchronization 319 10.5 Problems 320 References 321 Part III Wireless Communications Systems Design 323 11 Radio Planning 325 11.1 Radio Planning and Link Budget Analysis 325 11.2 Traffic Engineering 335 11.3 Problems 345 References 347 12 Wireless Communications Systems Design and Considerations 349 12.1 Wireless Communications Systems Design Flow 349 12.2 Wireless Communications Systems Design Considerations 353 12.3 Hardware and Software Codesign 370 12.4 Problems 377 References 378 13 Wireless Communications Blocks Integration 379 13.1 High Level View of Wireless Communications Systems 379 13.2 4G Physical Layer Systems 383 13.2.1 LTE 384 13.2.2 WiMAX 394 13.2.3 Comparison of LTE and WiMAX 400 13.3 SoC Design for 4G Communication System 401 13.3.1 Software Design for 4G Communication System 403 13.3.2 Hardware Design for 4G Communication System 404 13.4 Problems 409 References 410 Index 411

Read more less

Book SynopsisWith an emphasis on antennas and propagation, Radio Propagation and Adaptive Antennas investigates every aspect of wireless communication network design and function. The book delves into, among other applicable radio propagation topics, multipath phenomena, slow and fast fading, free-space propagation, and obstructed reflection and diffraction.Table of ContentsPreface vii Part I Fundamentals of Wireless Links and Networks 1 Wireless Communication Links with Fading 1 2 Antenna Fundamentals 34 3 Fundamentals of Wireless Networks 54 Part II Fundamentals of Radio Propagation 4 Electromagnetic Aspects of Wave Propagation over Terrain 81 5 Terrestrial Radio Communications 117 6 Indoor Radio Propagation 179 Part III Fundamentals of Adaptive Antennas 7 Adaptive Antennas for Wireless Networks 216 8 Prediction of Signal Distribution in Space, Time, and Frequency Domains in Radio Channels for Adaptive Antenna Applications 280 9 Prediction of Operational Characteristics of Adaptive Antennas 375 Part IV Practical Aspects of Terrestrial Networks Performance: Cellular and Noncellular 10 Multipath Fading Phenomena in Terrestrial Wireless Communication Links 413 11 Cellular and Noncellular Communication Networks Design Based on Radio Propagation Phenomena 494 Part V Atmospheric and Satellite Communication Links and Networks 12 Effects of the Troposphere on Radio Propagation 536 13 Ionospheric Radio Propagation 591 14 Land–Satellite Communication Links 639 Index 677

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book provides an insight into the key practical aspects and best practice of 4G-LTE network design, performance, and deployment Design, Deployment and Performance of 4G-LTE Networks addresses the key practical aspects and best practice of 4G networks design, performance, and deployment.Table of ContentsAuthors’ Biographies xv Preface xvii Acknowledgments xix Abbreviations and Acronyms xxi 1 LTE Network Architecture and Protocols 1 Ayman Elnashar and Mohamed A. El-saidny 1.1 Evolution of 3GPP Standards 2 1.1.1 3GPP Release 99 3 1.1.2 3GPP Release 4 3 1.1.3 3GPP Release 5 3 1.1.4 3GPP Release 6 4 1.1.5 3GPP Release 7 4 1.1.6 3GPP Release 8 5 1.1.7 3GPP Release 9 and Beyond 5 1.2 Radio Interface Techniques in 3GPP Systems 6 1.2.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) 6 1.2.2 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) 6 1.2.3 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 7 1.2.4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) 7 1.3 Radio Access Mode Operations 7 1.3.1 Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) 8 1.3.2 Time Division Duplex (TDD) 8 1.4 Spectrum Allocation in UMTS and LTE 8 1.5 LTE Network Architecture 10 1.5.1 Evolved Packet System (EPS) 10 1.5.2 Evolved Packet Core (EPC) 11 1.5.3 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) 13 1.5.4 LTE User Equipment 13 1.6 EPS Interfaces 14 1.6.1 S1-MME Interface 14 1.6.2 LTE-Uu Interface 15 1.6.3 S1-U Interface 17 1.6.4 S3 Interface (SGSN-MME) 18 1.6.5 S4 (SGSN to SGW) 18 1.6.6 S5/S8 Interface 19 1.6.7 S6a (Diameter) 21 1.6.8 S6b Interface (Diameter) 21 1.6.9 S6d (Diameter) 22 1.6.10 S9 Interface (H-PCRF-VPCRF) 23 1.6.11 S10 Interface (MME-MME) 23 1.6.12 S11 Interface (MME–SGW) 23 1.6.13 S12 Interface 23 1.6.14 S13 Interface 24 1.6.15 SGs Interface 24 1.6.16 SGi Interface 25 1.6.17 Gx Interface 26 1.6.18 Gy and Gz Interfaces 27 1.6.19 DNS Interface 27 1.6.20 Gn/Gp Interface 27 1.6.21 SBc Interface 28 1.6.22 Sv Interface 28 1.7 EPS Protocols and Planes 29 1.7.1 Access and Non-Access Stratum 29 1.7.2 Control Plane 29 1.7.3 User Plane 30 1.8 EPS Procedures Overview 31 1.8.1 EPS Registration and Attach Procedures 31 1.8.2 EPS Quality of Service (QoS) 34 1.8.3 EPS Security Basics 36 1.8.4 EPS Idle and Active States 38 1.8.5 EPS Network Topology for Mobility Procedures 39 1.8.6 EPS Identifiers 44 References 44 2 LTE Air Interface and Procedures 47 Mohamed A. El-saidny 2.1 LTE Protocol Stack 47 2.2 SDU and PDU 48 2.3 LTE Radio Resource Control (RRC) 50 2.4 LTE Packet Data Convergence Protocol Layer (PDCP) 52 2.4.1 PDCP Architecture 53 2.4.2 PDCP Data and Control SDUs 53 2.4.3 PDCP Header Compression 54 2.4.4 PDCP Ciphering 54 2.4.5 PDCP In-Order Delivery 54 2.4.6 PDCP in LTE versus HSPA 55 2.5 LTE Radio Link Control (RLC) 55 2.5.1 RLC Architecture 56 2.5.2 RLC Modes 57 2.5.3 Control and Data PDUs 60 2.5.4 RLC in LTE versus HSPA 60 2.6 LTE Medium Access Control (MAC) 61 2.7 LTE Physical Layer (PHY) 61 2.7.1 HSPA(+) Channel Overview 61 2.7.2 General LTE Physical Channels 71 2.7.3 LTE Downlink Physical Channels 71 2.7.4 LTE Uplink Physical Channels 72 2.8 Channel Mapping of Protocol Layers 73 2.8.1 E-UTRAN Channel Mapping 73 2.8.2 UTRAN Channel Mapping 76 2.9 LTE Air Interface 76 2.9.1 LTE Frame Structure 76 2.9.2 LTE Frequency and Time Domains Structure 76 2.9.3 OFDM Downlink Transmission Example 80 2.9.4 Downlink Scheduling 81 2.9.5 Uplink Scheduling 88 2.9.6 LTE Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) 89 2.10 Data Flow Illustration Across the Protocol Layers 90 2.10.1 HSDPA Data Flow 90 2.10.2 LTE Data Flow 91 2.11 LTE Air Interface Procedures 92 2.11.1 Overview 92 2.11.2 Frequency Scan and Cell Identification 92 2.11.3 Reception of Master and System Information Blocks (MIB and SIB) 93 2.11.4 Random Access Procedures (RACH) 94 2.11.5 Attach and Registration 95 2.11.6 Downlink and Uplink Data Transfer 96 2.11.7 Connected Mode Mobility 96 2.11.8 Idle Mode Mobility and Paging 99 References 100 3 Analysis and Optimization of LTE System Performance 103 Mohamed A. El-saidny 3.1 Deployment Optimization Processes 104 3.1.1 Profiling Device and User Behavior in the Network 105 3.1.2 Network Deployment Optimization Processes 107 3.1.3 Measuring the Performance Targets 108 3.1.4 LTE Troubleshooting Guidelines 119 3.2 LTE Performance Analysis Based on Field Measurements 123 3.2.1 Performance Evaluation of Downlink Throughput 127 3.2.2 Performance Evaluation of Uplink Throughput 131 3.3 LTE Case Studies and Troubleshooting 134 3.3.1 Network Scheduler Implementations 135 3.3.2 LTE Downlink Throughput Case Study and Troubleshooting 136 3.3.3 LTE Uplink Throughput Case Studies and Troubleshooting 139 3.3.4 LTE Handover Case Studies 146 3.4 LTE Inter-RAT Cell Reselection 153 3.4.1 Introduction to Cell Reselection 155 3.4.2 LTE to WCDMA Inter-RAT Cell Reselection 155 3.4.3 WCDMA to LTE Inter-RAT Cell Reselection 160 3.5 Inter-RAT Cell Reselection Optimization Considerations 165 3.5.1 SIB-19 Planning Strategy for UTRAN to E-UTRAN Cell Reselection 165 3.5.2 SIB-6 Planning Strategy for E-UTRAN to UTRAN Cell Reselection 167 3.5.3 Inter-RAT Case Studies from Field Test 168 3.5.4 Parameter Setting Trade-off 174 3.6 LTE to LTE Inter-frequency Cell Reselection 177 3.6.1 LTE Inter-Frequency Cell Reselection Rules 177 3.6.2 LTE Inter-Frequency Optimization Considerations 177 3.7 LTE Inter-RAT and Inter-frequency Handover 180 3.7.1 Inter-RAT and Inter-Frequency Handover Rules 187 3.7.2 Inter-RAT and Inter-Frequency Handover Optimization Considerations 188 References 189 4 Performance Analysis and Optimization of LTE Key Features: C-DRX, CSFB, and MIMO 191 Mohamed A. El-saidny and Ayman Elnashar 4.1 LTE Connected Mode Discontinuous Reception (C-DRX) 192 4.1.1 Concepts of DRX for Battery Saving 193 4.1.2 Optimizing C-DRX Performance 195 4.2 Circuit Switch Fallback (CSFB) for LTE Voice Calls 204 4.2.1 CSFB to UTRAN Call Flow and Signaling 206 4.2.2 CSFB to UTRAN Features and Roadmap 216 4.2.3 Optimizing CSFB to UTRAN 231 4.3 Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output (MIMO) Techniques 252 4.3.1 Introduction to MIMO Concepts 252 4.3.2 3GPP MIMO Evolution 256 4.3.3 MIMO in LTE 258 4.3.4 Closed-Loop MIMO (TM4) versus Open-Loop MIMO (TM3) 261 4.3.5 MIMO Optimization Case Study 267 References 270 5 Deployment Strategy of LTE Network 273 Ayman Elnashar 5.1 Summary and Objective 273 5.2 LTE Network Topology 273 5.3 Core Network Domain 276 5.3.1 Policy Charging and Charging (PCC) Entities 280 5.3.2 Mobility Management Entity (MME) 283 5.3.3 Serving Gateway (SGW) 286 5.3.4 PDN Gateway (PGW) 287 5.3.5 Interworking with PDN (DHCP) 289 5.3.6 Usage of RADIUS on the Gi/SGi Interface 291 5.3.7 IPv6 EPC Transition Strategy 293 5.4 IPSec Gateway (IPSec GW) 294 5.4.1 IPSec GW Deployment Strategy and Redundancy Options 299 5.5 EPC Deployment and Evolution Strategy 300 5.6 Access Network Domain 303 5.6.1 E-UTRAN Overall Description 303 5.6.2 Home eNB 305 5.6.3 Relaying 307 5.6.4 End-to-End Routing of the eNB 308 5.6.5 Macro Sites Deployment Strategy 312 5.6.6 IBS Deployment Strategy 317 5.6.7 Passive Inter Modulation (PIM) 319 5.7 Spectrum Options and Guard Band 327 5.7.1 Guard Band Requirement 327 5.7.2 Spectrum Options for LTE 327 5.8 LTE Business Case and Financial Analysis 333 5.8.1 Key Financial KPIs [31] 334 5.9 Case Study: Inter-Operator Deployment Scenario 341 References 347 6 Coverage and Capacity Planning of 4G Networks 349 Ayman Elnashar 6.1 Summary and Objectives 349 6.2 LTE Network Planning and Rollout Phases 349 6.3 LTE System Foundation 351 6.3.1 LTE FDD Frame Structure 351 6.3.2 Slot Structure and Physical Resources 353 6.3.3 Reference Signal Structure 356 6.4 PCI and TA Planning 360 6.4.1 PCI Planning Introduction 360 6.4.2 PCI Planning Guidelines 361 6.4.3 Tracking Areas (TA) Planning 362 6.5 PRACH Planning 370 6.5.1 Zadoff-Chu Sequence 371 6.5.2 PRACH Planning Procedures 372 6.5.3 Practical PRACH Planning Scenarios 373 6.6 Coverage Planning 375 6.6.1 RSSI, RSRP, RSRQ, and SINR 375 6.6.2 The Channel Quality Indicator 378 6.6.3 Modulation and Coding Scheme and Link Adaptation 381 6.6.4 LTE Link Budget and Coverage Analysis 385 6.6.5 Comparative Analysis with HSPA+ 401 6.6.6 Link Budget for LTE Channels 405 6.6.7 RF Propagation Models and Model Tuning 409 6.7 LTE Throughput and Capacity Analysis 418 6.7.1 Served Physical Layer Throughput Calculation 418 6.7.2 Average Spectrum Efficiency Estimation 418 6.7.3 Average Sector Capacity 419 6.7.4 Capacity Dimensioning Process 419 6.7.5 Capacity Dimensioning Exercises 423 6.7.6 Calculation of VoIP Capacity in LTE 426 6.7.7 LTE Channels Planning 431 6.8 Case Study: LTE FDD versus LTE TDD 437 References 443 7 Voice Evolution in 4G Networks 445 Mahmoud R. Sherif 7.1 Voice over IP Basics 445 7.1.1 VoIP Protocol Stack 445 7.1.2 VoIP Signaling (Call Setup) 449 7.1.3 VoIP Bearer Traffic (Encoded Speech) 449 7.2 Voice Options for LTE 451 7.2.1 SRVCC and CSFB 451 7.2.2 Circuit Switched Fallback (CSFB) 452 7.3 IMS Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC) 455 7.3.1 IMS Overview 456 7.3.2 VoLTE Call Flow and Interaction with IMS 460 7.3.3 Voice Call Continuity Overview 469 7.3.4 SRVCC from VoLTE to 3G/2G 471 7.3.5 Enhanced SRVCC (eSRVCC) 480 7.4 Key VoLTE Features 482 7.4.1 End-to-End QoS Support 482 7.4.2 Semi-Persistent Scheduler 486 7.4.3 TTI Bundling 488 7.4.4 Connected Mode DRX 491 7.4.5 Robust Header Compression (ROHC) 492 7.4.6 VoLTE Vocoders and De-Jitter Buffer 497 7.5 Deployment Considerations for VoLTE 503 References 505 8 4G Advanced Features and Roadmap Evolutions from LTE to LTE-A 507 Ayman Elnashar and Mohamed A. El-saidny 8.1 Performance Comparison between LTE’s UE Category 3 and 4 509 8.1.1 Trial Overview 512 8.1.2 Downlink Performance Comparison in Near and Far Cell Conditions 513 8.1.3 Downlink Performance Comparison in Mobility Conditions 515 8.2 Carrier Aggregation 516 8.2.1 Basic Definitions of LTE Carrier Aggregation 518 8.2.2 Band Types of LTE Carrier Aggregation 519 8.2.3 Impact of LTE Carrier Aggregation on Protocol Layers 520 8.3 Enhanced MIMO 520 8.3.1 Enhanced Downlink MIMO 522 8.3.2 Uplink MIMO 523 8.4 Heterogeneous Network (HetNet) and Small Cells 523 8.4.1 Wireless Backhauling Applicable to HetNet Deployment 524 8.4.2 Key Features for HetNet Deployment 528 8.5 Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC) 529 8.6 Coordinated Multi-Point Transmission and Reception 531 8.6.1 DL CoMP Categories 531 8.6.2 UL CoMP Categories 533 8.6.3 Performance Evaluation of CoMP 533 8.7 Self-Organizing, Self-Optimizing Networks (SON) 535 8.7.1 Automatic Neighbor Relation (ANR) 536 8.7.2 Mobility Robust Optimization (MRO) 537 8.7.3 Mobility Load Balancing (MLB) 539 8.7.4 SON Enhancements in LTE-A 540 8.8 LTE-A Relays and Home eNodeBs (HeNB) 540 8.9 UE Positioning and Location-Based Services in LTE 541 8.9.1 LBS Overview 541 8.9.2 LTE Positioning Architecture 543 References 544 Index 547

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis extensively updated second edition of LTE Signaling, Troubleshooting and Performance Measurement describes the LTE signaling protocols and procedures for the third generation of mobile communications and beyond. It is one of the few books available that explain the LTE signaling messages, procedures and measurements down to the bit & byte level, and all trace examples are taken for a real lab and field trial traces. This book covers the crucial key performance indicators (KPI) to be measured during field trials and deployment phase of new LTE networks. It describes how statistic values can be aggregated and evaluated, and how the network can be optimized during the first stages of deployment, using dedicated examples to enhance understanding. Written by experts in the field of mobile communications, this book systematically describes the most recent LTE signaling procedures, explaining how to identify and troubleshoot abnormal network behavior and common failure cTable of ContentsForeword xi Acknowledgements xiii 1 Standards, Protocols, and Functions 1 1.1 LTE Standards and Standard Roadmap 2 1.2 LTE Radio Access Network Architecture 9 1.3 Network Elements and Functions 10 1.3.1 The eNodeB (eNB) 11 1.3.2 Mobility Management Entity (MME) 12 1.3.3 Serving Gateway (S-GW) 12 1.3.4 Packet Data Network Gateway (PDN-GW) 13 1.3.5 Interfaces and Reference Points 13 1.4 Area and Subscriber Identities 18 1.4.1 Domains and Strati 18 1.4.2 IMSI 19 1.4.3 LMSI, TMSI, P-TMSI, M-TMSI, and S-TMSI 20 1.4.4 GUTI 21 1.4.5 IMEI 22 1.4.6 RNTI 22 1.4.7 Location Area, Routing Area, Service Area, Tracking Area, and Cell Global Identity 24 1.4.8 Mapping between Temporary and Area Identities for EUTRAN and UTRAN/GERAN-Based Systems 25 1.4.9 GSM Base Station Identification 27 1.4.10 UTRA Base Station Identification 28 1.4.11 Numbering, Addressing, and Identification in the Session Initiation Protocol 29 1.4.12 Access Point Name 30 1.5 User Equipment 30 1.5.1 UE Categories 31 1.6 QoS Architecture 32 1.7 LTE Security 34 1.8 Radio Interface Basics 38 1.8.1 Duplex Methods 40 1.8.2 Multiple Access Methods 42 1.8.3 OFDM Principles and Modulation 46 1.8.4 Multiple Access in OFDM–OFDMA 48 1.8.5 Resource Blocks 49 1.8.6 Downlink Slot Structure 53 1.8.7 OFDM Scheduling on LTE DL 56 1.8.8 SC-FDMA Principles and Modulation 60 1.8.9 Scheduling on LTE UL 62 1.8.10 Uplink Slot Structure 64 1.8.11 Link Adaptation in LTE 64 1.8.12 Physical Channels in LTE 70 1.8.13 Transport Channels in LTE 79 1.8.14 Channel Mapping and Multiplexing 80 1.8.15 Initial UE Radio Access 82 1.8.16 UE Random Access 82 1.9 Hybrid ARQ 87 1.9.1 Synchronous HARQ in LTE Uplink 90 1.9.2 Asynchronous HARQ in LTE Downlink 91 1.9.3 HARQ Example 92 1.10 LTE Advanced 94 1.10.1 Increasing Spectral Efficiency 95 1.10.2 Carrier Aggregation 95 1.10.3 Heterogeneous Networks 95 1.10.4 Inter-Cell Interference Coordination 97 1.11 LTE Network Protocol Architecture 98 1.11.1 Uu–Control/User Plane 98 1.11.2 S1–Control/User Plane 99 1.11.3 X2–User/Control Plane 100 1.11.4 S6a–Control Plane 100 1.11.5 S3/S4/S5/S8/S10/S11–Control Plane/User Plane 101 1.12 Protocol Functions, Encoding, Basic Messages, and Information Elements 102 1.12.1 Ethernet 102 1.12.2 Internet Protocol (IPv4/IPv6) 102 1.12.3 Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) 106 1.12.4 Radio Interface Layer 2 Protocols 108 1.12.5 Medium Access Control (MAC) Protocol 110 1.12.6 Radio Link Control (RLC) Protocol 111 1.12.7 Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) 115 1.12.8 Radio Resource Control (RRC) Protocol 117 1.12.9 Non-Access Stratum (NAS) Protocol 124 1.12.10 S1 Application Part (S1AP) 124 1.12.11 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 128 1.12.12 GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) 129 1.12.13 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 136 1.12.14 Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) 138 1.12.15 DIAMETER on EPC Interfaces 139 2 E-UTRAN/EPC Signaling 145 2.1 S1 Setup 145 2.1.1 S1 Setup: Message Flow 145 2.1.2 S1 Setup: Failure Analysis 147 2.2 Initial Attach 149 2.2.1 Procedure 150 2.3 UE Context Release Requested by eNodeB 166 2.3.1 Procedure 166 2.4 UE Service Request 168 2.4.1 Procedure 169 2.5 Dedicated Bearer Setup 172 2.6 Inter-eNodeB Handover over X2 174 2.6.1 Procedure 176 2.7 S1 Handover 186 2.7.1 Procedure 188 2.8 Dedicated Bearer Release 199 2.9 Detach 200 2.9.1 Procedure 200 2.10 Failure Cases in E-UTRAN and EPC 203 2.11 Voice over LTE (SIP) Call–Complete Scenario 203 2.12 Inter-RAT Cell Reselection 4G-3G-4G 210 2.13 Normal/Periodical Tracking Area Update 211 2.14 CS Fallback End-to-End S1/IuCS/IuPS 212 2.15 Paging 213 2.16 Multi-E-RAB Call Scenarios 214 2.16.1 Multi-E-RAB Call Scenarios without Subscriber Mobility 214 2.16.2 Multi-E-RAB Call with Intra-LTE Handover 215 2.16.3 Inter-RAT Mobility of a Multi-E-RAB Call Using CS Fallback 216 2.16.4 Abnormal Releases of Calls with VoLTE Services 217 3 Radio Interface Signaling Procedures 219 3.1 RRC Connection Setup, Attach, and Default Bearer Setup 220 3.1.1 Random Access and RRC Connection Setup Procedure 220 3.1.2 RRC Connection Reconfiguration and Default Bearer Setup 229 3.1.3 RRC Connection Release 238 3.2 LTE Mobility 238 3.2.1 Intra-eNB Intra-Frequency HO 242 3.2.2 Intra-eNodeB Inter-Frequency Handover 243 3.2.3 Inter-eNodeB Intra-Frequency Handover 248 3.2.4 Inter-RAT Handover to 3G 253 3.2.5 Inter-RAT Handover to 2G 255 3.2.6 Inter-RAT Blind Redirection to 3G 257 3.2.7 Inter-RAT Blind Redirection to 2G 259 3.2.8 CS Fallback 260 3.3 Failure Cases 262 4 Key Performance Indicators and Measurements for LTE Radio Network Optimization 267 4.1 Monitoring Solutions for LTE Interfaces 267 4.1.1 Monitoring the Air Interface (Uu) 267 4.1.2 Antenna-Based Monitoring 269 4.1.3 Coax-Based Monitoring 270 4.1.4 CPRI-Based Monitoring 270 4.1.5 Monitoring the E-UTRAN Line Interface 272 4.1.6 Monitoring the eNodeB Trace Port 276 4.2 Monitoring the Scheduler Efficiency 279 4.2.1 UL and DL Scheduling Resources 285 4.2.2 X2 Load Indication 286 4.2.3 The eNodeB Layer 2 Measurements 288 4.3 Radio Quality Measurements 290 4.3.1 UE Measurements 293 4.3.2 The eNodeB Physical Layer Measurements 297 4.3.3 Radio Interface Tester Measurements 301 4.3.4 I/Q Constellation Diagrams 302 4.3.5 EVM/Modulation Error Ratio 304 4.4 Control Plane Performance Counters and Delay Measurements 306 4.4.1 Network Accessibility 307 4.4.2 Network Retainability 316 4.4.3 Mobility (Handover) 318 4.5 User Plane KPIs 322 4.5.1 IP Throughput 323 4.5.2 Application Throughput 325 4.5.3 TCP Startup KPIs 327 4.5.4 TCP Round-Trip Time 328 4.5.5 Packet Jitter 329 4.5.6 Packet Delay and Packet Loss on a Hop-to-Hop Basis 330 4.6 KPI Visualization using Geographical Maps (Geolocation) 331 4.6.1 The Minimize Drive Test Feature Set of 3GPP 333 Acronyms 337 Bibliography 343 Index 345

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book brings together a group of visionaries and technical experts from academia to industry to discuss the applications and technologies that will comprise the next set of cellular advancements (5G).Table of ContentsList of Contributors xv List of Acronyms xix About the Companion Website xxxi Part I Overview of 5G 1 1 Introduction 3 Shilpa Talwar and Rath Vannithamby 1.1 Evolution of Cellular Systems through the Generations 3 1.2 Moving Towards 5G 4 1.3 5G Networks and Devices 5 1.4 Outline of the Book 7 References 8 2 5G Requirements 9 Anass Benjebbour, Yoshihisa Kishiyama, and Takehiro Nakamura 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Emerging Trends in Mobile Applications and Services 10 2.3 General Requirements 15 References 21 3 Collaborative 5G Research within the EU Framework of Funded Research 23 Michael Faerber 3.1 Rationale for 5G Research and the EU’s Motivation 23 3.2 EU Research 25 References 33 4 5G: Transforming the User Wireless Experience 34 David Ott, Nageen Himayat, and Shilpa Talwar 4.1 Introduction 34 4.2 Intel’s Vision of 5G Technologies 34 4.3 Intel Strategic Research Alliance on 5G 40 4.4 ISRA 5G Technical Objectives and Goals 40 4.5 ISRA 5G Project Summaries 42 References 50 Part II Candidate Technologies – Evolutionary 53 5 Towards Green and Soft 55 Chih‐Lin I and Shuangfeng Han 5.1 Chapter Overview 55 5.2 Efforts on Green and Soft 5G Networks 56 5.3 Rethink Shannon: EE and SE Co‐design for a Green Network 57 5.4 “No More Cell” for a Green and Soft Network 67 5.5 Summary 75 Acknowledgments 76 References 76 6 Proactive Caching in 5G Small Cell Networks 78 Ejder Baştuğ, Mehdi Bennis, and Mérouane Debbah 6.1 Small Cell Networks: Past, Present and Future Trends 78 6.2 Cache‐enabled Proactive Small Cell Networks 80 6.3 System Model 81 6.4 Proactive Caching at Base Stations 82 6.5 Proactive Caching at User Terminals 85 6.6 Related Work and Research Directions 90 6.7 Conclusions 95 Acknowledgments 95 References 95 7 Modeling Multi‐Radio Coordination and Integration in Converged Heterogeneous Networks 99 Olga Galinina, Sergey Andreev, Alexander Pyattaev, Mikhail Gerasimenko, Yevgeni Koucheryavy, Nageen Himayat, Kerstin Johnsson, and Shu‐ping Yeh 7.1 Enabling Technologies for Multi‐Radio Heterogeneous Networks 99 7.2 Comprehensive Methodology for Space‐Time Network Analysis 105 7.3 Analysis of Random Dynamic HetNets 114 7.4 Quantifying Performance with System‐level Evaluations 121 7.5 Summary and Conclusions 126 Acknowledgments 126 References 126 8 Distributed Resource Allocation in 5G Cellular Networks 129 Monowar Hasan and Ekram Hossain 8.1 Introduction 129 8.2 Multi‐tier 5G Cellular: Overview and Challenges 132 8.3 System Model 135 8.4 Resource Allocation using Stable Matching 139 8.5 Message‐passing Approach for Resource Allocation 143 8.6 Auction‐based Resource Allocation 151 8.7 Qualitative Comparison of the Resource Allocation Schemes 157 8.8 Summary and Conclusion 157 References 159 Additional Reading 160 9 Device‐to‐Device Communications 162 Andreas F. Molisch, Mingyue Ji, Joongheon Kim, Daoud Burghal, and Arash Saber Tehrani 9.1 Introduction and Motivation 162 9.2 Propagation Channels 163 9.3 Neighbor Discovery and Channel Estimation 166 9.4 Mode Selection and Resource Allocation 170 9.5 Scheduling 175 9.6 Multi‐hop D2D 180 9.7 Standardization 183 9.8 Applications 184 9.9 D2D for Video 186 9.10 Conclusions 191 Acknowledgments 191 References 191 10 Energy‐efficient Wireless OFDMA Networks 199 Cong Xiong and Geoffrey Ye Li 10.1 Overview 199 10.2 Energy Efficiency and Energy‐efficient Wireless Networks 200 10.3 Energy Efficiency and Spectral Efficiency Tradeoff in OFDMA 201 10.4 Energy Efficiency, Power, and Delay Tradeoff in OFDMA 208 10.5 Energy‐efficient Resource Allocation for Downlink OFDMA 212 10.6 Energy‐efficient Resource Allocation for Uplink OFDMA 217 10.7 Concluding Remarks 219 References 220 11 Advanced Multiple‐access and MIMO Techniques 222 NOMA sections Anass Benjebbour, Anxin Li, Kazuaki Takeda, Yoshihisa Kishiyama, and Takehiro Nakamura SV‐MIMO sections Yuki Inoue, Yoshihisa Kishiyama, and Takehiro Nakamura 11.1 Introduction 222 11.2 Non‐orthogonal Multiple Access 225 11.3 Smart Vertical MIMO 238 11.4 Conclusion 247 References 248 12 M2M Communications 250 Rapeepat Ratasuk, Amitava Ghosh, and Benny Vejlgaard 12.1 Chapter Overview 250 12.2 M2M Communications 250 12.3 LTE Evolution for M2M 253 12.4 5G for M2M Communications 270 12.5 Conclusion 273 References 274 13 Low‐latency Radio‐interface Perspectives for Small‐cell 5G Networks 275 Toni Levanen, Juho Pirskanen, and Mikko Valkama 13.1 Introduction to Low‐latency Radio‐interface Design 275 13.2 Small‐cell Channel Environment Considerations and Expected Traffic 277 13.3 New Radio‐interface Design for Low‐latency 5G Wireless Access 283 13.4 Extending the 5GETLA Reference Design to Millimeter‐Wave Communications 296 13.5 Conclusions and Open Research Topics 299 Part III Candidate Technologies – Revolutionary 303 14 New Physical‐layer Waveforms for 5G 305 Gerhard Wunder, Martin Kasparick, Peter Jung, Thorsten Wild, Frank Schaich, Yejian Chen, Gerhard Fettweis, Ivan Gaspar, Nicola Michailow, Maximilian Matthé, Luciano Mendes, Dimitri Kténas, Jean‐Baptiste Doré, Vincent Berg, Nicolas Cassiau, Slawomir Pietrzyk, and Mateusz Buczkowski 14.1 Why OFDM Fails 305 14.2 Unified Frame Structure 308 14.3 Waveform Candidates and Multiple‐access Approaches 310 14.4 One‐shot Random Access 328 14.5 Conclusions 339 References 339 15 Massive MIMO Communications 342 Frederick W. Vook, Amitava Ghosh, and Timothy A. Thomas 15.1 Introduction 342 15.2 Overview of Multi‐Antenna Techniques in LTE 343 15.3 Moving to 5G Cellular with Large‐scale Antenna Arrays 345 15.4 Antenna‐array Architectures for 5G Cellular 348 15.5 Massive MIMO for Evolved LTE Systems (Below 6 GHz) 349 15.6 Massive MIMO for cmWave and mmWave Systems (Above 6 GHz) 358 15.7 Conclusion 362 References 363 16 Full‐duplex Radios 365 Dinesh Bharadia and Sachin Katti 16.1 The Problem 367 16.2 Our Design 372 16.3 Implementation 381 16.4 Evaluation 383 16.5 Discussion and Conclusion 393 References 393 17 Point to Multi‐point, In‐band mmWave Backhaul for 5G Networks 395 Rakesh Taori and Arun Sridharan 17.1 Introduction 395 17.2 Feasibility of In‐band Backhaul 397 17.3 Deployment Assumptions 400 17.4 In‐band Backhaul Design Considerations 402 17.5 TDM‐based Scheduling Scheme for In‐band Backhauling 403 17.6 Concluding Remarks 407 Acknowledgments 407 References 407 18 Application of NFV and SDN to 5G Infrastructure 408 Ashok Sunder Rajan and Kannan Babu Ramia 18.1 Chapter Overview 408 18.2 Background 408 18.3 NFV and SDN 409 18.4 Network Planning and Engineering 410 18.5 Cellular Wireless Network Infrastructure 414 18.6 Network Workloads and Capacity Factors 417 18.7 Conclusion 419 References 420 Index 421

Read more less

Book SynopsisA comprehensive and invaluable guide to 5G technology, implementation and practice in one single volume. For all things 5G, this book is a must-read. Signal processing techniques have played the most important role in wireless communications since the second generation of cellular systems. It is anticipated that new techniques employed in 5G wireless networks will not only improve peak service rates significantly, but also enhance capacity, coverage, reliability , low-latency, efficiency, flexibility, compatibility and convergence to meet the increasing demands imposed by applications such as big data, cloud service, machine-to-machine (M2M) and mission-critical communications. This book is a comprehensive and detailed guide to all signal processing techniques employed in 5G wireless networks. Uniquely organized into four categories, New Modulation and Coding, New Spatial Processing, New Spectrum Opportunities and New System-level Enabling TechnoloTable of ContentsPreface xvii List of Contributors xxv Part I MODULATION, CODING AND WAVEFORM FOR 5G 1 An Introduction to Modulations and Waveforms for 5G Networks 3Stefano Buzzi, Alessandro Ugolini, Alessio Zappone and Giulio Colavolpe 1.1 Motivation and Background 3 1.2 New Modulation Formats: FBMC, GFDM, BFDM, UFMC and TFP 7 1.3 Waveform Choice 19 1.4 Discussion and Concluding Remarks 20 References 22 2 Faster-than-Nyquist Signaling for 5G Communication 24John B. Anderson 2.1 Introduction to FTN Signaling 25 2.2 Time FTN: Receivers and Performance 32 2.3 Frequency FTN Signaling 41 2.4 Summary of the Chapter 45 References 46 3 From OFDM to FBMC: Principles and Comparisons 47Wei Jiang and Thomas Kaiser 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 The Filter Bank 49 3.3 Polyphase Implementation 53 3.4 OFDM 55 3.5 FBMC 61 3.6 Comparison of FBMC and Filtered OFDM 62 3.7 Conclusion 65 References 66 4 Filter Bank Multicarrier for Massive MIMO 67Arman Farhang, Nicola Marchetti and Behrouz Farhang-Boroujeny 4.1 System Model and FBMC Formulation in Massive MIMO 69 4.2 Self-equalization Property of FBMC in Massive MIMO 74 4.3 Comparison with OFDM 80 4.4 Blind Equalization and Pilot Decontamination 82 4.5 Conclusion 87 References 88 5 Bandwidth-compressed Multicarrier Communication: SEFDM 90Izzat Darwazeh, Tongyang Xu and Ryan C Grammenos 5.1 Introduction 91 5.2 SEFDM Fundamentals 93 5.3 Block-SEFDM 97 5.4 Turbo-SEFDM 102 5.5 Practical Considerations and Experimental Demonstration 106 5.6 Summary 112 References 112 6 Non-orthogonal Multi-User Superposition and Shared Access 115Yifei Yuan 6.1 Introduction 115 6.2 Basic Principles and Features of Non-orthogonal Multi-user Access 116 6.3 Downlink Non-orthogonal Multi-user Transmission 121 6.4 Uplink Non-orthogonal Multi-user Access 129 6.5 Summary and Future Work 140 References 142 7 Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA): Concept and Design 143Anass Benjebbour, Keisuke Saito, Anxin Li, Yoshihisa Kishiyama and Takehiro Nakamura 7.1 Introduction 143 7.2 Concept 145 7.3 Benefits and Motivations 148 7.4 Interface Design 150 7.5 MIMO Support 153 7.6 Performance Evaluations 157 7.7 Conclusion 166 References 167 8 Major 5G Waveform Candidates: Overview and Comparison 169Hao Lin and Pierre Siohan 8.1 Why We Need New Waveforms 170 8.2 Major Multicarrier Modulation Candidates 171 8.3 High-level Comparison 178 8.4 Conclusion 184 List of acronyms 185 References 186 Part II NEW SPATIAL SIGNAL PROCESSING FOR 5G 9 Massive MIMO for 5G: Theory, Implementation and Prototyping 191Ove Edfors, Liang Liu, Fredrik Tufvesson, Nikhil Kundargi and Karl Nieman 9.1 Introduction 192 9.2 Massive MIMO Theory 194 9.3 Massive MIMO Channels 199 9.4 Massive MIMO Implementation 204 9.5 Testbed Design 214 9.6 Synchronization 224 9.7 Future Challenges and Conclusion 227 Acknowledgments 228 References 228 10 Millimeter-Wave MIMO Transceivers: Theory, Design and Implementation 231Akbar M. Sayeed and John H. Brady 10.1 Introduction 232 10.2 Overview of Millimeter-Wave MIMO Transceiver Architectures 235 10.3 Point-to-Point Single-User Systems 237 10.4 Point-to-Multipoint Multiuser Systems 243 10.5 Extensions 249 10.6 Conclusion 250 References 251 11 3D Propagation Channels: Modeling and Measurements 254Andreas F. Molisch 11.1 Introduction and Motivation 255 11.2 Measurement Techniques 257 11.3 Propagation Effects 260 11.4 Measurement Results 263 11.5 Channel Models 266 11.6 Summary and Open Issues 268 Acknowledgements 269 Disclaimer 269 References 269 12 3D-MIMO with Massive Antennas: Theory, Implementation and Testing 273Guangyi Liu, Xueying Hou, Fei Wang, Jing Jin and Hui Tong 12.1 Introduction 274 12.2 Application Scenarios of 3D-MIMO with Massive Antennas 276 12.3 Exploiting 3D-MIMO Gain Based on Techniques in Current Standards 277 12.4 Evaluation by System-level Simulations 283 12.5 Field Trials of 3D-MIMO with Massive Antennas 288 12.6 Achieving 3D-MIMO with Massive Antennas from Theory to Practice 292 12.7 Conclusions 294 References 295 13 Orbital Angular Momentum-based Wireless Communications: Designs and Implementations 296Alan. E. Willner, Yan Yan, Yongxiong Ren, Nisar Ahmed and Guodong Xie 13.1 EM Waves Carrying OAM 297 13.2 Application of OAM to RF Communications 298 13.3 OAM Beam Generation, Multiplexing and Detection 300 13.4 Wireless Communications Using OAM Multiplexing 303 13.5 Summary and Perspective 315 References 316 Part III NEW SPECTRUM OPPORTUNITIES FOR 5G 14 MillimeterWaves for 5G: From Theory To Practice 321Malik Gul, Eckhard Ohlmer, Ahsan Aziz, Wes McCoy and Yong Rao 14.1 Introduction 321 14.2 Building a mmWave PoC System 322 14.3 Desirable Features of a mmWave Prototyping System 323 14.4 Case Study: a mmWave Cellular PoC 326 14.5 Conclusion 352 References 353 15 *5G Millimeter-wave Communication Channel and Technology Overview 354Qian (Clara) Li, Hyejung Jung, Pingping Zong and Geng Wu 15.1 Introduction 354 15.2 Millimeter-wave Channel Characteristics 355 15.3 Requirements for a 5G mmWave Channel Model 357 15.4 Millimeter-wave Channel Model for 5G 358 15.5 Signal Processing for mmWave Band 5G RAT 365 15.6 Summary 370 References 371 16 General Principles and Basic Algorithms for Full-duplex Transmission 372Thomas Kaiser and Nidal Zarifeh 16.1 Introduction 373 16.2 Self-interference: Basic Analyses and Models 374 16.3 SIC Techniques and Algorithms 376 16.4 Hardware Impairments and Implementation Challenges 386 16.5 Looking Toward Full-duplex MIMO Systems 393 16.6 Conclusion and Outlook 396 References 397 17 Design and Implementation of Full-duplex Transceivers 402Katsuyuki Haneda, Mikko Valkama, Taneli Riihonen, Emilio Antonio-Rodriguez and Dani Korpi 17.1 Research Challenges 405 17.2 Antenna Designs 409 17.3 RF Self-interference Cancellation Methods 411 17.4 Digital Self-interference Cancellation Algorithms 413 17.5 Demonstration 423 17.6 Summary 426 Acknowledgements 426 References 426 Part IV NEW SYSTEM-LEVEL ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR 5G 18 Cloud Radio Access Networks: Uplink Channel Estimation and Downlink Precoding 431Osvaldo Simeone, Jinkyu Kang, Joonkhyuk Kang and Shlomo Shamai (Shitz) 18.1 Introduction 432 18.2 Technology Background 432 18.3 Uplink: Where to Perform Channel Estimation? 434 18.4 Downlink: Where to Perform Channel Encoding and Precoding? 441 18.5 Concluding Remarks 453 References 454 19 Energy-efficient Resource Allocation in 5G with Application to D2D 456Alessio Zappone, Francesco Di Stasio, Stefano Buzzi and Eduard Jorswieck 19.1 Introduction 457 19.2 Signal Model 459 19.3 Resource Allocation 461 19.4 Fractional Programming 462 19.5 Algorithms 466 19.6 Sequential Fractional Programming 469 19.7 System Optimization 471 19.8 Numerical Results 476 19.9 Conclusion 480 References 481 20 Ultra Dense Networks: General Introduction and Design Overview 483Jianchi Zhu, Xiaoming She and Peng Chen 20.1 Introduction 484 20.2 Interference Management 487 20.3 Mobility Management 495 20.4 Architecture and Backhaul 499 20.5 Other Issues in UDNs for 5G 503 20.6 Conclusions 505 Acknowledgements 506 References 506 21 Radio-resource Management and Optimization in 5G Networks 509Antonis Gotsis, Athanasios Panagopoulos, Stelios Stefanatos and Angeliki Alexiou 21.1 Introduction 510 21.2 Background 511 21.3 Optimal Strategies for Single-antenna Coordinated Ultradense Networks 514 21.4 Optimal Strategies for Multi-antenna Coordinated and Cooperative Ultradense Networks 525 21.5 Summary and Future Research Directions 533 Acknowledgments 534 References 534 Part V REFERENCE DESIGN AND 5G STANDARD DEVELOPMENT 22 Full-duplex Radios in 5G: Fundamentals, Design and Prototyping 539Jaeweon Kim, Min Soo Sim, MinKeun Chung, Dong Ku Kim and Chan-Byoung Chae 22.1 Introduction 540 22.2 Self-interference 541 22.3 Analog Self-interference Cancellation 542 22.4 Digital Self-interference Cancellation 547 22.5 Prototyping Full-duplex Radios 550 22.6 Overall Performance Evaluation 558 22.7 Conclusion 559 References 559 23 5G Standard Development: Technology and Roadmap 561Juho Lee and Yongjun Kwak 23.1 Introduction 561 23.2 Standards Roadmap from 4G to 5G 562 23.3 Preparation of 5G Cellular Communication Standards 570 23.4 Concluding Remarks 575 References 575 Index 577

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe book examines how Fog will change the information technology industry in the next decade. Fog distributes the services of computation, communication, control and storage closer to the edge, access and users. As a computing and networking architecture, Fog enables key applications in wireless 5G, the Internet of Things, and big data.Table of ContentsContributors xi Introduction 1Bharath Balasubramanian, Mung Chiang, and Flavio Bonomi I.1 Summary of Chapters 5 I.2 Acknowledgments 7 References 8 I Communication and Management of Fog 11 1 ParaDrop: An Edge Computing Platform in Home Gateways 13Suman Banerjee, Peng Liu, Ashish Patro, and Dale Willis 1.1 Introduction 13 1.1.1 Enabling Multitenant Wireless Gateways and Applications through ParaDrop 14 1.1.2 ParaDrop Capabilities 15 1.2 Implementing Services for the ParaDrop Platform 17 1.3 Develop Services for ParaDrop 19 1.3.1 A Security Camera Service Using ParaDrop 19 1.3.2 An Environmental Sensor Service Using ParaDrop 22 References 23 2 Mind Your Own Bandwidth 24Carlee Joe-Wong, Sangtae Ha, Zhenming Liu, Felix Ming Fai Wong, and Mung Chiang 2.1 Introduction 24 2.1.1 Leveraging the Fog 25 2.1.2 A Home Solution to a Home Problem 25 2.2 Related Work 28 2.3 Credit Distribution and Optimal Spending 28 2.3.1 Credit Distribution 29 2.3.2 Optimal Credit Spending 31 2.4 An Online Bandwidth Allocation Algorithm 32 2.4.1 Estimating Other Gateways’ Spending 32 2.4.2 Online Spending Decisions and App Prioritization 34 2.5 Design and Implementation 35 2.5.1 Traffic and Device Classification 37 2.5.2 Rate Limiting Engine 37 2.5.3 Traffic Prioritization Engine 38 2.6 Experimental Results 39 2.6.1 Rate Limiting 39 2.6.2 Traffic Prioritization 41 2.7 Gateway Sharing Results 41 2.8 Concluding Remarks 45 Acknowledgments 46 Appendix 2.A 46 2.A.1 Proof of Lemma 2.1 46 2.A.2 Proof of Lemma 2.2 46 2.A.3 Proof of Proposition 2.1 47 2.A.4 Proof of Proposition 2.2 48 2.A.5 Proof of Proposition 2.3 49 2.A.6 Proof of Proposition 2.4 49 References 50 3 Socially-Aware Cooperative D2D and D4D Communications toward Fog Networking 52Xu Chen, Junshan Zhang, and Satyajayant Misra 3.1 Introduction 52 3.1.1 From Social Trust and Social Reciprocity to D2D Cooperation 54 3.1.2 Smart Grid: An IoT Case for Socially-Aware Cooperative D2D and D4D Communications 55 3.1.3 Summary of Main Results 57 3.2 Related Work 58 3.3 System Model 59 3.3.1 Physical (Communication) Graph Model 60 3.3.2 Social Graph Model 61 3.4 Socially-Aware Cooperative D2D and D4D Communications toward Fog Networking 62 3.4.1 Social Trust-Based Relay Selection 63 3.4.2 Social Reciprocity-Based Relay Selection 63 3.4.3 Social Trust and Social Reciprocity-Based Relay Selection 68 3.5 Network Assisted Relay Selection Mechanism 69 3.5.1 Reciprocal Relay Selection Cycle Finding 69 3.5.2 NARS Mechanism 70 3.5.3 Properties of NARS Mechanism 73 3.6 Simulations 75 3.6.1 Erdos–Renyi Social Graph 76 3.6.2 Real Trace Based Social Graph 78 3.7 Conclusion 82 Acknowledgments 82 References 83 4 You Deserve Better Properties (From Your Smart Devices) 86Steven Y. Ko 4.1 Why We Need to Provide Better Properties 86 4.2 Where We Need to Provide Better Properties 87 4.3 What Properties We Need to Provide and How 88 4.3.1 Transparency 88 4.3.2 Predictable Performance 93 4.3.3 Openness 99 4.4 Conclusions 102 Acknowledgment 102 References 103 II Storage and Computation in Fog 107 5 Distributed Caching for Enhancing Communications Efficiency 109A. Salman Avestimehr and Andreas F. Molisch 5.1 Introduction 109 5.2 Femtocaching 111 5.2.1 System Model 111 5.2.2 Adaptive Streaming from Helper Stations 114 5.3 User-Caching 115 5.3.1 Cluster-Based Caching and D2D Communications 115 5.3.2 IT LinQ-Based Caching and Communications 118 5.3.3 Coded Multicast 126 5.4 Conclusions and Outlook 130 References 131 6 Wireless Video Fog: Collaborative Live Streaming with Error Recovery 133Bo Zhang, Zhi Liu, and S.-H. Gary Chan 6.1 Introduction 133 6.2 Related Work 136 6.3 System Operation and Network Model 138 6.4 Problem Formulation and Complexity 140 6.4.1 NC Packet Selection Optimization 140 6.4.2 Broadcaster Selection Optimization 143 6.4.3 Complexity Analysis 144 6.5 VBCR: A Distributed Heuristic for Live Video with Cooperative Recovery 144 6.5.1 Initial Information Exchange 145 6.5.2 Cooperative Recovery 145 6.5.3 Updated Information Exchange 147 6.5.4 Video Packet Forwarding 147 6.6 Illustrative Simulation Results 150 6.7 Concluding Remarks 156 References 156 7 Elastic Mobile Device Clouds: Leveraging Mobile Devices to Provide Cloud Computing Services at the Edge 159Karim Habak, Cong Shi, Ellen W. Zegura, Khaled A. Harras, and Mostafa Ammar 7.1 Introduction 159 7.2 Design Space with Examples 161 7.2.1 Mont-Blanc 162 7.2.2 Computing while Charging 163 7.2.3 FemtoCloud 164 7.2.4 Serendipity 166 7.3 FemtoCloud Performance Evaluation 168 7.3.1 Experimental Setup 168 7.3.2 FemtoCloud Simulation Results 169 7.3.3 FemtoCloud Prototype Evaluation 173 7.4 Serendipity Performance Evaluation 175 7.4.1 Experimental Setup 175 7.4.2 Serendipity’s Performance Benefits 176 7.4.3 Impact of Network Environment 179 7.4.4 The Impact of the Job Properties 182 7.5 Challenges 186 References 186 III Applications of Fog 189 8 The Role of Fog Computing in the Future of the Automobile 191Flavio Bonomi, Stefan Poledna, and Wilfried Steiner 8.1 Introduction 191 8.2 Current Automobile Electronic Architectures 193 8.3 Future Challenges of Automotive E/E Architectures and Solution Strategies 195 8.4 Future Automobiles as Fog Nodes on Wheels 200 8.5 Deterministic FOG Nodes on Wheels Through Real-Time Computing and Time-Triggered Technologies 203 8.5.1 Deterministic Fog Node Addressing the Scalability Challenge through Virtualization 203 8.5.2 Deterministic Fog Node Addressing the Connectivity and Security Challenges 204 8.5.3 Emerging Use Case of Deterministic Fog Nodes in Automotive Applications—Vehicle-Wide Virtualization 206 8.6 Conclusion 209 References 209 9 Geographic Addressing for Field Networks 211Robert J. Hall 9.1 Introduction 211 9.1.1 Field Networking 211 9.1.2 Challenges of Field Networking 212 9.2 Geographic Addressing 214 9.3 SAGP: Wireless GA in the Field 215 9.3.1 SAGP Processing 216 9.3.2 SAGP Retransmission Heuristics 217 9.3.3 Example of SAGP Packet Propagation 218 9.3.4 Followcast: Efficient SAGP Streaming 219 9.3.5 Meeting the Challenges 220 9.4 Georouting: Extending GA to the Cloud 221 9.5 SGAF: A Multi-Tiered Architecture for Large-Scale GA 222 9.5.1 Bridging Between Tiers 223 9.5.2 Hybrid Security Architecture 225 9.6 The AT&T Labs Geocast System 225 9.7 Two GA Applications 226 9.7.1 PSCommander 226 9.7.2 Geocast Games 230 9.8 Conclusions 232 References 232 10 Distributed Online Learning and Stream Processing for a Smarter Planet 234Deepak S. Turaga and Mihaela van der Schaar 10.1 Introduction: Smarter Planet 234 10.2 Illustrative Problem: Transportation 237 10.3 Stream Processing Characteristics 238 10.4 Distributed Stream Processing Systems 239 10.4.1 State of the Art 239 10.4.2 Stream Processing Systems 240 10.5 Distributed Online Learning Frameworks 244 10.5.1 State of the Art 244 10.5.2 Systematic Framework for Online Distributed Ensemble Learning 247 10.5.3 Online Learning of the Aggregation Weights 250 10.5.4 Collision Detection Application 254 10.6 What Lies Ahead 257 Acknowledgment 258 References 258 11 Securing the Internet of Things: Need for a New Paradigm and Fog Computing 261Tao Zhang, Yi Zheng, Raymond Zheng, and Helder Antunes 11.1 Introduction 261 11.2 New IoT Security Challenges That Necessitate Fundamental Changes to the Existing Security Paradigm 263 11.2.1 Many Things Will Have Long Life Spans but Constrained and Difficult-to-Upgrade Resources 264 11.2.2 Putting All IoT Devices Inside Firewalled Castles Will Become Infeasible or Impractical 264 11.2.3 Mission-Critical Systems Will Demand Minimal-Impact Incident Responses 265 11.2.4 The Need to Know the Security Status of a Vast Number of Devices 266 11.3 A New Security Paradigm for the Internet of Things 268 11.3.1 Help the Less Capable with Fog Computing 269 11.3.2 Scale Security Monitoring to Large Number of Devices with Crowd Attestation 272 11.3.3 Dynamic Risk–Benefit-Proportional Protection with Adaptive Immune Security 277 11.4 Summary 281 Acknowledgment 281 References 281 Index 285

Read more less

Book SynopsisA comprehensive overview of the Internet of Things' core concepts, technologies, and applications Internet of Things A to Z offers a holistic approach to the Internet of Things (IoT) model. The Internet of Things refers to uniquely identifiable objects and their virtual representations in an Internet-like structure. Recently, there has been a rapid growth in research on IoT communications and networks, that confirms the scalability and broad reach of the core concepts. With contributions from a panel of international experts, the text offers insight into the ideas, technologies, and applications of this subject. The authors discuss recent developments in the field and the most current and emerging trends in IoT. In addition, the text is filled with examples of innovative applications and real-world case studies. Internet of Things A to Z fills the need for an up-to-date volume on the topic. This important book: Covers in great detail tTable of ContentsPreface xix Acknowledgments xxv Contributors xxvii Part I Concepts and Perspectives 1 1 Introduction to the Internet of Things 3Detlef Schoder 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Internet of Things Concepts 7 1.3 Who Works on the Internet of Things? 11 1.4 Internet of Things Framework 12 1.5 Information and Communication Technology Infrastructure 14 1.6 Derived Qualities of Modern ICT 31 1.7 Potential for Product, Process, and Business Model Innovations 34 1.8 Implications and Challenges 38 1.9 Conclusion 44 2 Environment, People, and Time as Factors in the Internet of Things Technical Revolution 51Jan Sliwa 2.1 Introduction 51 2.2 Technical Revolutions 52 2.3 Cyber–Physical–Social Systems 54 2.4 Environment 56 2.5 Time 58 2.6 People 63 2.7 Cybersecurity 67 2.8 Reasoning from Data 69 2.9 Adaptable Self-Organizing Systems 70 2.10 Moral Things 72 2.11 Conclusion 74 Part II Enablers 77 3 An Overview of Enabling Technologies for the Internet of Things 79Faisal Alsubaei, Abdullah Abuhussein, and Sajjan Shiva 3.1 Introduction 79 3.2 Overview of IoT Architecture 80 3.3 Enabling Technologies 81 3.4 IoT Platforms and Operating Systems 105 3.5 Conclusion 108 4 Cloud and Fog Computing in the Internet of Things 113Daniel Happ 4.1 Introduction 113 4.2 IoT System Requirements 114 4.3 Cloud Computing in IoT 116 4.4 Fog Computing in IoT 122 4.5 Conclusion 131 5 RFID in the Internet of Things 135Akaa Agbaeze Eteng, Sharul Kamal Abdul Rahim, and Chee Yen Leow 5.1 Introduction 135 5.2 Historical Perspective 135 5.3 RFID and the Internet of Things 137 5.4 Emergent Issues 144 5.5 Conclusion 146 6 A Tutorial Introduction to IoT Design and Prototyping with Examples 153Manuel Meruje, Musa Gwani Samaila, Virginia N. L. Franqueira, Mário Marques Freire, and Pedro Ricardo Morais Inácio 6.1 Introduction 153 6.2 Main Features of IoT Hardware Development Platforms 154 6.3 Design and Prototyping of IoT Applications 169 6.4 Projects on IoT Applications 173 6.5 Conclusion 184 7 On Standardizing the Internet of Things and Its Applications 191Kai Jakobs 7.1 Introduction 191 7.2 Current Status 193 7.3 The Standardization Environment 199 7.4 Standardization in Selected Application Areas 201 7.5 Discussion and Some Speculation 210 7.6 Conclusion 213 Part III Security Issues and Solutions 219 8 Security Mechanisms and Technologies for Constrained IoT Devices 221Marco Tiloca and Shahid Raza 8.1 Introduction 221 8.2 Security in IoT Protocols and Technologies 222 8.3 Security Issues and Solutions 234 8.4 Conclusion 247 9 Blockchain-Based Security Solutions for IoT Systems 255Göran Pulkkis, Jonny Karlsson, and Magnus Westerlund 9.1 Introduction 255 9.2 Regulatory Requirements 256 9.3 Blockchain Technology 259 9.4 Blockchains and IoT Systems 261 9.5 Examples of Blockchain-Based Security Solutions for IoT Systems 262 9.6 Challenges and Future Research 270 9.7 Conclusions 270 10 The Internet of Things and IT Auditing 275John Shu, Jason M. Rosenberg, Shambhu Upadhyaya, and Hejamadi Raghav Rao 10.1 Introduction 275 10.2 Risks Associated with IoT 276 10.3 IT Auditing 279 10.4 Use Cases of IoT in IT Auditing 286 10.5 Protecting the Business Network 287 10.6 Conclusion 289 Part IV Application Domains 293 11 The Industrial Internet of Things 295Alexander Willner 11.1 Introduction 295 11.2 Market Overview 296 11.3 Interoperability and Technologies 303 11.4 Alliances 309 11.5 Conclusions 314 12 Internet of Things Applications for Smart Cities 319Daniel Minoli and Benedict Occhiogrosso 12.1 Introduction 319 12.2 IoT Applications for Smart Cities 321 12.3 Specific Smart City Applications 330 12.4 Optimal Enablement of Video and Multimedia Capabilities in IOT 338 12.5 Key Underlying Technologies for Smart Cities IOT Applications 340 12.6 Challenges and Future Research 349 12.7 Conclusion 350 13 Smart Connected Homes 359Joseph Bugeja, Andreas Jacobsson, and Paul Davidsson 13.1 Introduction 359 13.2 The Smart Connected Home Domain 360 13.3 Smart Connected Home Systems 364 13.4 The Smart Connected Home Technologies 367 13.5 Smart Connected Home Architectures 375 13.6 Smart Connected Home Challenges and Research Directions 376 13.7 Conclusions 381 14 The Emerging “Energy Internet of Things” 385Daniel Minoli and Benedict Occhiogrosso 14.1 Introduction 385 14.2 Power Management Trends and EIoT Support 390 14.3 Real-Life Power Management Optimization Approaches 410 14.4 Challenges and Future Directions 415 14.5 Conclusion 417 15 Implementing the Internet of Things for Renewable Energy 425Lucas Finco and Daniel Minoli 15.1 Introduction 425 15.2 Managing the Impact of Sustainable Energy 426 15.3 EIoT Deployment 432 15.4 Industry Standards for EIoT 439 15.5 Security Considerations in EIoT and Clean Energy Environments 441 15.6 Conclusion 442 16 The Internet of Things and People in Health Care 447Nancy L. Russo and Jeanette Eriksson 16.1 Introduction 447 16.2 The Smart Health Care Ecosystem 448 16.3 Dimensions of Internet of Things Applications in Health Care 453 16.4 Examples of IoT-Related Health Care Applications and Their Dimensions 458 16.5 Challenges 469 16.6 Conclusion 471 17 Internet of Things in Smart Ambulance and Emergency Medicine 475Bernard Fong, A. C. M. Fong, and C. K. Li 17.1 Introduction 475 17.2 IoT in Emergency Medicine 477 17.3 Integration and Compatibility 486 17.4 Case Study: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 492 17.5 Smart Ambulance Challenges 498 17.6 Conclusions 500 18 Internet of Things Applications for Agriculture 507Lei Zhang, Ibibia K. Dabipi, and Willie L. Brown Jr. 18.1 Introduction 507 18.2 Internet of Things-Based Precision Agriculture 510 18.3 IoT Application in Agriculture Irrigation 512 18.4 IoT Application in Agriculture Fertilization 516 18.5 IoT Application in Crop Disease and Pest Management 518 18.6 IoT Application in Precision Livestock Farming 519 18.7 Conclusion 522 19 The Internet of Flying Things 529Daniel Fernando Pigatto, Mariana Rodrigues, João Vitor de Carvalho Fontes, Alex Sandro Roschildt Pinto, James Smith, and Kalinka Regina Lucas Jaquie Castelo Branco 19.1 Introduction 529 19.2 Flying Things 530 19.3 The Internet of Flying Things 533 19.4 Challenges 542 19.5 Case Studies 549 19.6 Conclusions 557 Part V Relevant Sample Applications 563 20 An Internet of Things Approach to “Read” the Emotion of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder 565Tiffany Y. Tang and Pinata Winoto 20.1 Introduction 565 20.2 Background 567 20.3 Related Work 568 20.4 The Internet of Things Environment for Emotion Recognition 571 20.5 The Study and Discussions 580 20.6 Conclusions 586 21 A Low-Cost IoT Framework for Landslide Prediction and Risk Communication 593Pratik Chaturvedi, Kamal Kishore Thakur, Naresh Mali, Venkata Uday Kala, Sudhakar Kumar, Srishti Yadav, and Varun Dutt 21.1 Introduction 593 21.2 Background 594 21.3 System Design and Implementation 595 21.4 Testing the IoT Framework 596 21.5 Results 603 21.6 Conclusions 605 Glossary 611 Author’s Biography 625 Index 645

Read more less

Book SynopsisOffers comprehensive insight into the theory, models, and techniques of ultra-dense networks and applications in 5G and other emerging wireless networks The need for speedand powerin wireless communications is growing exponentially. Data rates are projected to increase by a factor of ten every five yearsand with the emerging Internet of Things (IoT) predicted to wirelessly connect trillions of devices across the globe, future mobile networks (5G) will grind to a halt unless more capacity is created. This book presents new research related to the theory and practice of all aspects of ultra-dense networks, covering recent advances in ultra-dense networks for 5G networks and beyond, including cognitive radio networks, massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), device-to-device (D2D) communications, millimeter-wave communications, and energy harvesting communications. Clear and concise throughout, Ultra-Dense Networks for 5G and Beyond - Modelling, Analysis, Table of ContentsList of Contributors xi Preface xv Part I Fundamentals of Ultra-dense Networks 1 1 Fundamental Limits of Ultra-dense Networks 3Marios Kountouris and Van Minh Nguyen 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 System Model 6 1.2.1 Network Topology 6 1.2.2 Wireless Propagation Model 6 1.2.3 User Association 8 1.2.4 Performance Metrics 8 1.3 The Quest for Exact Analytical Expressions 9 1.3.1 Coverage Probability 10 1.3.2 The Effect of LOS Fading 16 1.3.3 The Effect of BS Height 19 1.4 The Quest for Scaling Laws 25 1.4.1 User Performance 26 1.4.2 Network Performance 33 1.4.3 Network Ordering and Design Guidelines 35 1.5 Conclusions and Future Challenges 36 Bibliography 37 2 Performance Analysis of Dense Small Cell Networks with Line of Sight and Non-Line of Sight Transmissions under Rician Fading 41Amir Hossein Jafari,Ming Ding and David López-Pérez 2.1 Introduction 41 2.2 System Model 42 2.2.1 BS Distribution 42 2.2.2 User Distribution 42 2.2.3 Path Loss 43 2.2.4 User Association Strategy (UAS) 44 2.2.5 Antenna Radiation Pattern 44 2.2.6 Multi-path Fading 44 2.3 Coverage Probability Analysis Based on the Piecewise Path Loss Model 44 2.4 Study of a 3GPP Special Case 46 2.4.1 The Computation of T1L 47 2.4.2 The Computation of T1NL 48 2.4.3 The Computation of T2 L 51 2.4.4 The Computation of T2 NL 51 2.4.5 The Results of pcov(𝜆, 𝛾) and AASE(𝜆, 𝛾0) 52 2.5 Simulation and Discussion 52 2.5.1 Validation of the Analytical Results of pcov(𝜆, 𝛾) for the 3GPP Case 52 2.5.2 Discussion on the Analytical Results of AASE(𝜆, 𝛾0) for the 3GPP Case 54 2.6 Conclusion 55 Appendix A: Proof ofTheorem 1.1 55 Appendix B: Proof of Lemma 2.2 60 Appendix C: Proof of Lemma 2.3 61 Appendix D: Proof of Lemma 2.4 62 Bibliography 62 3 Mean Field Games for 5G Ultra-dense Networks: A Resource Management Perspective 65Mbazingwa E.Mkiramweni, Chungang Yang and Zhu Han 3.1 Introduction 65 3.2 Literature Review 67 3.2.1 5G Ultra-dense Networks 67 3.2.2 Resource Management Challenges in 5G 71 3.2.3 Game Theory for Resource Management in 5G 71 3.3 Basics of Mean field game 71 3.3.1 Background 72 3.3.2 Mean Field Games 73 3.4 MFGs for D2D Communications in 5G 76 3.4.1 Applications of MFGs in 5G Ultra-dense D2D Networks 76 3.4.2 An Example of MFGs for Interference Management in UDN 77 3.5 MFGs for Radio Access Network in 5G 78 3.5.1 Application of MFGs for Radio Access Network in 5G 79 3.5.2 Energy Harvesting 81 3.5.3 An Example of MFGs for Radio Access Network in 5G 81 3.6 MFGs in 5G Edge Computing 84 3.6.1 MFG Applications in Edge Cloud Communication 85 3.7 Conclusion 85 Bibliography 85 Part II Ultra-dense Networks with Emerging 5G Technologies 91 4 Inband Full-duplex Self-backhauling in Ultra-dense Networks 93Dani Korpi, Taneli Riihonen and Mikko Valkama 4.1 Introduction 93 4.2 Self-backhauling in Existing Literature 94 4.3 Self-backhauling Strategies 95 4.3.1 Half-duplex Base Station without Access Nodes 97 4.3.2 Half-duplex Base Station with Half-duplex Access Nodes 97 4.3.3 Full-Duplex Base Station with Half-Duplex Access Nodes 98 4.3.4 Half-duplex Base Station with Full-duplex Access Nodes 99 4.4 Transmit Power Optimization under QoS Requirements 99 4.5 Performance Analysis 101 4.5.1 Simulation Setup 101 4.5.2 Numerical Results 103 4.6 Summary 109 Bibliography 110 5 The Role of Massive MIMO and Small Cells in Ultra-dense Networks 113Qi Zhang, Howard H. Yang and Tony Q. S. Quek 5.1 Introduction 113 5.2 System Model 115 5.2.1 Network Topology 115 5.2.2 Propagation Environment 116 5.2.3 User Association Policy 117 5.3 Average Downlink Rate 117 5.3.1 Association Probabilities 117 5.3.2 Uplink Training 119 5.3.3 Downlink Data Transmission 120 5.3.4 Approximation of Average Downlink Rate 121 5.4 Numerical Results 123 5.4.1 Validation of Analytical Results 123 5.4.2 Comparison between Massive MIMO and Small Cells 124 5.4.3 Optimal Network Configuration 126 5.5 Conclusion 127 Appendix 128 A.1 Proof of Theorem 5.1 128 A.2 Proof of Corollary 5.1 129 A.3 Proof of Theorem 5.2 129 A.4 Proof of Theorem 5.3 130 A.5 Proof of Proposition 5.1 130 A.6 Proof of Proposition 5.2 130 Bibliography 131 6 Security for Cell-free Massive MIMO Networks 135Tiep M. Hoang, Hien Quoc Ngo, Trung Q. Duong and Hoang D. Tuan 6.1 Introduction 135 6.2 Cell-free Massive MIMO System Model 136 6.3 Cell-free System Model in the presence of an active eavesdropper 139 6.4 On Dealing with Eavesdropper 143 6.4.1 Case 1: Power Coefficients Are Different 143 6.4.2 Case 2: Power Coefficients Are the Same 145 6.5 Numerical Results 146 6.6 Conclusion 148 Appendix 149 Bibliography 150 7 Massive MIMO for High-performance Ultra-dense Networks in the Unlicensed Spectrum 151Adrian Garcia-Rodriguez, Giovanni Geraci, Lorenzo Galati-Giordano and David López-Pérez 7.1 Introduction 151 7.2 System Model 152 7.3 Fundamentals of Massive MIMO Unlicensed (mMIMO-U) 154 7.3.1 Channel Covariance Estimation 154 7.3.2 Enhanced Listen Before Talk (eLBT) 155 7.3.3 Neighboring-Node-Aware Scheduling 157 7.3.4 Acquisition of Channel State Information 159 7.3.5 Beamforming with Radiation Nulls 160 7.4 Performance Evaluation 160 7.4.1 Outdoor Deployments 160 7.4.1.1 Cellular/Wi-Fi Coexistence 161 7.4.1.2 Achievable Cellular Data Rates 162 7.4.2 Indoor Deployments 165 7.4.2.1 Channel Access Success Rate 166 7.4.2.2 Downlink User SINR 166 7.4.2.3 Downlink Sum Throughput 169 7.5 Challenges 170 7.5.1 Wi-Fi Channel Subspace Estimation 170 7.5.2 Uplink Transmission 170 7.5.3 Hidden Terminals 171 7.6 Conclusion 172 Bibliography 172 8 Energy Efficiency Optimization for Dense Networks 175Quang-Doanh Vu, Markku Juntti, Een-Kee Hong and Le-Nam Tran 8.1 Introduction 175 8.2 Energy Efficiency Optimization Tools 176 8.2.1 Fractional Programming 176 8.2.2 Concave Fractional Programs 177 8.2.2.1 Parameterized Approach 177 8.2.2.2 Parameter-free Approach 178 8.2.3 Max–Min Fractional Programs 179 8.2.4 Generalized Non-convex Fractional Programs 179 8.2.5 Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers for Distributed Implementation 180 8.3 Energy Efficiency Optimization for Dense Networks: Case Studies 181 8.3.1 Multiple Radio Access Technologies 181 8.3.1.1 System Model and Energy Efficiency Maximization Problem 182 8.3.1.2 Solution via Parameterized Approach 184 8.3.1.3 Solution via Parameter-free Approach 184 8.3.1.4 Distributed Implementation 185 8.3.1.5 Numerical Examples 189 8.3.2 Dense Small Cell Networks 191 8.3.2.1 System Model 191 8.3.2.2 Centralized Solution via Successive Convex Approximation 193 8.3.2.3 Distributed Implementation 195 8.3.2.4 Numerical Examples 198 8.4 Conclusion 200 Bibliography 200 Part III Applications of Ultra-dense Networks 203 9 Big Data Methods for Ultra-dense Network Deployment 205Weisi Guo,Maria Liakata, GuillemMosquera,Weijie Qi, Jie Deng and Jie Zhang 9.1 Introduction 205 9.1.1 The Economic Case for Big Data in UDNs 205 9.1.2 Chapter Organization 207 9.2 Structured Data Analytics for Traffic Hotspot Characterization 207 9.2.1 Social Media Mapping of Hotspots 207 9.2.2 Community and Cluster Detection 211 9.2.3 Machine Learning for Clustering in Heterogeneous UDNs 213 9.3 Unstructured Data Analytics for Quality-of-Experience Mapping 219 9.3.1 Topic Identification 220 9.3.2 Sentiment 221 9.3.3 Data-Aware Wireless Network (DAWN) 222 9.4 Conclusion 226 Bibliography 227 10 Physical Layer Security for Ultra-dense Networks under Unreliable Backhaul Connection 231Huy T. Nguyen, Nam-Phong Nguyen, Trung Q. Duong andWon-Joo Hwang 10.1 Backhaul Reliability Level and Performance Limitation 232 10.1.1 Outage Probability Analysis under Backhaul Reliability Impacts 233 10.1.2 Performance Limitation 234 10.1.3 Numerical Results 234 10.2 Unreliable Backhaul Impacts with Physical Layer Security 235 10.2.1 The Two-Phase Transmitter/Relay Selection Scheme 237 10.2.2 Secrecy Outage Probability with Backhaul Reliability Impact 240 10.2.3 Secrecy Performance Limitation under Backhaul Reliability Impact 240 10.2.4 Numerical Results 241 Appendix A 242 Appendix B 243 Appendix C 244 Bibliography 245 11 SimultaneousWireless Information and Power Transfer in UDNs with Caching Architecture 247Sumit Gautam, Thang X. Vu, Symeon Chatzinotas and Björn Ottersten 11.1 Introduction 247 11.2 System Model 249 11.2.1 Signal Model 250 11.2.2 Caching Model 251 11.2.3 Power Assumption at the Relay 252 11.3 Maximization of the serving information rate 252 11.3.1 Optimization of TS Factors and the Relay Transmit Power 253 11.3.2 Relay Selection 255 11.4 Maximization of the Energy Stored at the Relay 255 11.4.1 Optimization of TS Factors and the Relay Transmit Power 256 11.4.2 Relay Selection 259 11.5 Numerical Results 260 11.6 Conclusion 263 Acknowledgment 265 Bibliography 265 12 Cooperative Video Streaming in Ultra-dense Networks with D2D Caching 267Nguyen-Son Vo and Trung Q. Duong 12.1 Introduction 267 12.2 5G Network with Dense D2D Caching for Video Streaming 268 12.2.1 System Model and Assumptions 269 12.2.2 Cooperative Transmission Strategy 270 12.2.3 Source Video Packetization Model 271 12.3 Problem Formulation and Solution 273 12.3.1 System Parameters Formulation 273 12.3.1.1 Average Reconstructed Distortion 273 12.3.1.2 Energy Consumption Guarantee 274 12.3.1.3 Co-channel Interference Guarantee 275 12.3.2 RDO Problem 275 12.3.3 GAs Solution 276 12.4 Performance Evaluation 276 12.4.1 D2D Caching 276 12.4.2 RDO 277 12.4.2.1 Simulation Setup 277 12.4.2.2 Performance Metrics 280 12.4.2.3 Discussions 285 12.5 Conclusion 285 Bibliography 285 Index 289

Read more less

Book SynopsisA comprehensive review to the theory, application and research of machine learning for future wireless communications In one single volume, Machine Learning for Future Wireless Communications provides a comprehensive and highly accessible treatment to the theory, applications and current research developments to the technology aspects related to machine learning for wireless communications and networks. The technology development of machine learning for wireless communications has grown explosively and is one of the biggest trends in related academic, research and industry communities. Deep neural networks-based machine learning technology is a promising tool to attack the big challenge in wireless communications and networks imposed by the increasing demands in terms of capacity, coverage, latency, efficiency flexibility, compatibility, quality of experience and silicon convergence. The author a noted expert on the topic covers a wide range of topics including system architecture anTable of ContentsList of Contributors xv Preface xxi Part I Spectrum Intelligence and Adaptive Resource Management 1 1 Machine Learning for Spectrum Access and Sharing 3Kobi Cohen 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Online Learning Algorithms for Opportunistic Spectrum Access 4 1.3 Learning Algorithms for Channel Allocation 9 1.4 Conclusions 19 Acknowledgments 20 Bibliography 20 2 Reinforcement Learning for Resource Allocation in Cognitive Radio Networks 27Andres Kwasinski, Wenbo Wang, and Fatemeh Shah Mohammadi 2.1 Use of Q-Learning for Cross-layer Resource Allocation 29 2.2 Deep Q-Learning and Resource Allocation 33 2.3 Cooperative Learning and Resource Allocation 36 2.4 Conclusions 42 Bibliography 43 3 Machine Learning for Spectrum Sharing in Millimeter-Wave Cellular Networks 45Hadi Ghauch, Hossein Shokri-Ghadikolaei, Gabor Fodor, Carlo Fischione, and Mikael Skoglund 3.1 Background and Motivation 45 3.2 System Model and Problem Formulation 49 3.3 Hybrid Solution Approach 54 3.4 Conclusions and Discussions 59 Appendix A Appendix for Chapter 3 61 A.1 Overview of Reinforcement Learning 61 Bibliography 61 4 Deep Learning–Based Coverage and Capacity Optimization 63Andrei Marinescu, Zhiyuan Jiang, Sheng Zhou, Luiz A. DaSilva, and Zhisheng Niu 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 Related Machine Learning Techniques for Autonomous Network Management 64 4.3 Data-Driven Base-Station Sleeping Operations by Deep Reinforcement Learning 67 4.4 Dynamic Frequency Reuse through a Multi-Agent Neural Network Approach 72 4.5 Conclusions 81 Bibliography 82 5 Machine Learning for Optimal Resource Allocation 85Marius Pesavento and Florian Bahlke 5.1 Introduction and Motivation 85 5.2 System Model 88 5.3 Resource Minimization Approaches 90 5.4 Numerical Results 96 5.5 Concluding Remarks 99 Bibliography 100 6 Machine Learning in Energy Efficiency Optimization 105Muhammad Ali Imran, Ana Flávia dos Reis, Glauber Brante, Paulo Valente Klaine, and Richard Demo Souza 6.1 Self-Organizing Wireless Networks 106 6.2 Traffic Prediction and Machine Learning 110 6.3 Cognitive Radio and Machine Learning 111 6.4 Future Trends and Challenges 112 6.5 Conclusions 114 Bibliography 114 7 Deep Learning Based Traffic and Mobility Prediction 119Honggang Zhang, Yuxiu Hua, Chujie Wang, Rongpeng Li, and Zhifeng Zhao 7.1 Introduction 119 7.2 Related Work 120 7.3 Mathematical Background 122 7.4 ANN-Based Models for Traffic and Mobility Prediction 124 7.5 Conclusion 133 Bibliography 134 8 Machine Learning for Resource-Efficient Data Transfer in Mobile Crowdsensing 137Benjamin Sliwa, Robert Falkenberg, and Christian Wietfeld 8.1 Mobile Crowdsensing 137 8.2 ML-Based Context-Aware Data Transmission 140 8.3 Methodology for Real-World Performance Evaluation 148 8.4 Results of the Real-World Performance Evaluation 149 8.5 Conclusion 152 Acknowledgments 154 Bibliography 154 Part II Transmission Intelligence and Adaptive Baseband Processing 157 9 Machine Learning–Based Adaptive Modulation and Coding Design 159Lin Zhang and Zhiqiang Wu 9.1 Introduction and Motivation 159 9.2 SL-Assisted AMC 162 9.3 RL-Assisted AMC 172 9.4 Further Discussion and Conclusions 178 Bibliography 178 10 Machine Learning–Based Nonlinear MIMO Detector 181Song-Nam Hong and Seonho Kim 10.1 Introduction 181 10.2 A Multihop MIMO Channel Model 182 10.3 Supervised-Learning-based MIMO Detector 184 10.4 Low-Complexity SL (LCSL) Detector 188 10.5 Numerical Results 191 10.6 Conclusions 193 Bibliography 193 11 Adaptive Learning for Symbol Detection: A Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space Approach 197Daniyal Amir Awan, Renato Luis Garrido Cavalcante, Masahario Yukawa, and Slawomir Stanczak 11.1 Introduction 197 11.2 Preliminaries 198 11.3 System Model 200 11.4 The Proposed Learning Algorithm 203 11.5 Simulation 207 11.6 Conclusion 208 Appendix A Derivation of the Sparsification Metric and the Projections onto the Subspace Spanned by the Nonlinear Dictionary 210 Bibliography 211 12 Machine Learning for Joint Channel Equalization and Signal Detection 213Lin Zhang and Lie-Liang Yang 12.1 Introduction 213 12.2 Overview of Neural Network-Based Channel Equalization 214 12.3 Principles of Equalization and Detection 219 12.5 Performance of OFDM Systems With Neural Network-Based Equalization 232 12.6 Conclusions and Discussion 236 Bibliography 237 13 Neural Networks for Signal Intelligence: Theory and Practice 243Jithin Jagannath, Nicholas Polosky, Anu Jagannath, Francesco Restuccia, and Tommaso Melodia 13.1 Introduction 243 13.2 Overview of Artificial Neural Networks 244 13.3 Neural Networks for Signal Intelligence 248 13.4 Neural Networks for Spectrum Sensing 255 13.5 Open Problems 259 13.6 Conclusion 260 Bibliography 260 14 Channel Coding with Deep Learning: An Overview 265Shugong Xu 14.1 Overview of Channel Coding and Deep Learning 265 14.2 DNNs for Channel Coding 268 14.3 CNNs for Decoding 277 14.4 RNNs for Decoding 279 14.5 Conclusions 283 Bibliography 283 15 Deep Learning Techniques for Decoding Polar Codes 287Warren J. Gross, Nghia Doan, Elie Ngomseu Mambou, and Seyyed Ali Hashemi 15.1 Motivation and Background 287 15.2 Decoding of Polar Codes: An Overview 289 15.3 DL-Based Decoding for Polar Codes 292 15.4 Conclusions 299 Bibliography 299 16 Neural Network–Based Wireless Channel Prediction 303Wei Jiang, Hans Dieter Schotten, and Ji-ying Xiang 16.1 Introduction 303 16.2 Adaptive Transmission Systems 305 16.3 The Impact of Outdated CSI 307 16.4 Classical Channel Prediction 309 16.5 NN-Based Prediction Schemes 313 16.6 Summary 323 Bibliography 323 Part III Network Intelligence and Adaptive System Optimization 327 17 Machine Learning for Digital Front-End: a Comprehensive Overview 329Pere L. Gilabert, David López-Bueno, Thi Quynh Anh Pham, and Gabriel Montoro 17.1 Motivation and Background 329 17.2 Overview of CFR and DPD 331 17.3 Dimensionality Reduction and ML 341 17.4 Nonlinear Neural Network Approaches 350 17.5 Support Vector Regression Approaches 368 17.6 Further Discussion and Conclusions 373 Bibliography 374 18 Neural Networks for Full-Duplex Radios: Self-Interference Cancellation 383Alexios Balatsoukas-Stimming 18.1 Nonlinear Self-Interference Models 384 18.2 Digital Self-Interference Cancellation 386 18.3 Experimental Results 391 18.4 Conclusions 393 Bibliography 395 19 Machine Learning for Context-Aware Cross-Layer Optimization 397Yang Yang, Zening Liu, Shuang Zhao, Ziyu Shao, and Kunlun Wang 19.1 Introduction 397 19.2 System Model 399 19.3 Problem Formulation and Analytical Framework 402 19.4 Predictive Multi-tier Operations Scheduling (PMOS) Algorithm 409 19.5 A Multi-tier Cost Model for User Scheduling in Fog Computing Networks 413 19.6 Conclusion 420 Bibliography 421 20 Physical-Layer Location Verification by Machine Learning 425Stefano Tomasin, Alessandro Brighente, Francesco Formaggio, and Gabriele Ruvoletto 20.1 IRLV by Wireless Channel Features 427 20.2 ML Classification for IRLV 428 20.3 Learning Phase Convergence 431 20.4 Experimental Results 433 20.5 Conclusions 437 Bibliography 437 21 Deep Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Cooperative Edge Caching 439M. Cenk Gursoy, Chen Zhong, and Senem Velipasalar 21.1 Introduction 439 21.2 System Model 441 21.3 Problem Formulation 443 21.4 Deep Actor-Critic Framework for Content Caching 446 21.5 Application to the Multi-Cell Network 448 21.6 Application to the Single-Cell Network with D2D Communications 452 21.7 Conclusion 454 Bibliography 455 Index 459

Read more less

Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface xv List of Contributors xix Acronyms List xx 1 Hands-on Wireless Communication Experience 1Hüseyin Arslan 1.1 Importance of Laboratory-Based Learning of Wireless Communications 1 1.2 Model for a Practical Lab Bench 3 1.3 Examples of Co-simulation with Hardware 6 1.4 A Sample Model for a Laboratory Course 8 1.4.1 Introduction to the SDR and Testbed Platform 11 1.4.2 Basic Simulation 11 1.4.3 Measurements and Multidimensional Signal Analysis 11 1.4.4 Digital Modulation 12 1.4.5 Pulse Shaping 13 1.4.6 RF Front-end and RF Impairments 13 1.4.7 Wireless Channel and Interference 14 1.4.8 Synchronization and Channel Estimation 15 1.4.9 OFDM Signal Analysis and Performance Evaluation 15 1.4.10 Multiple Accessing 16 1.4.11 Independent Project Development Phase 16 1.4.11.1 Software Defined Radio 17 1.4.11.2 Dynamic Spectrum Access and CR Experiment 17 1.4.11.3 Wireless Channel 17 1.4.11.4 Wireless Channel Counteractions 18 1.4.11.5 Antenna Project 18 1.4.11.6 Signal Intelligence 18 1.4.11.7 Channel, User, and Context Awareness Project 19 1.4.11.8 Combination of DSP Lab with RF and Microwave Lab 19 1.4.11.9 Multiple Access and Interference Management 19 1.4.11.10 Standards 20 1.5 Conclusions 20 References 20 2 Performance Metrics and Measurements 23Hüseyin Arslan 2.1 Signal Quality Measurements 23 2.1.1 Measurements Before Demodulation 24 2.1.2 Measurements During and After Demodulation 25 2.1.2.1 Noise Figure 26 2.1.2.2 Channel Frequency Response Estimation 26 2.1.3 Measurements After Channel Decoding 26 2.1.3.1 Relation of SNR with BER 27 2.1.4 Error Vector Magnitude 27 2.1.4.1 Error-Vector-Time and Error-Vector-Frequency 29 2.1.4.2 Relation of EVM with Other Metrics 30 2.1.4.3 Rho 31 2.1.5 Measures After Speech or Video Decoding 31 2.2 Visual Inspections and Useful Plots 32 2.2.1 Advanced Scatter Plot 39 2.3 Cognitive Radio and SDR Measurements 40 2.4 Other Measurements 42 2.5 Clarifying dB and dBm 44 2.6 Conclusions 45 References 45 3 Multidimensional Signal Analysis 49Hüseyin Arslan 3.1 Why Multiple Dimensions in a Radio Signal? 49 3.2 Time Domain Analysis 52 3.2.1 CCDF and PAPR 53 3.2.2 Time Selectivity Measure 56 3.3 Frequency Domain Analysis 57 3.3.1 Adjacent Channel Power Ratio 59 3.3.2 Frequency Selectivity Measure 61 3.4 Joint Time-Frequency Analysis 62 3.5 Code Domain Analysis 64 3.5.1 Code Selectivity 66 3.6 Correlation Analysis 67 3.7 Modulation Domain Analysis 68 3.8 Angular Domain Analysis 68 3.8.1 Direction Finding 68 3.8.2 Angular Spread 70 3.9 MIMO Measurements 71 3.9.1 Antenna Correlation 72 3.9.2 RF Cross-Coupling 72 3.9.3 EVM Versus Antenna Branches 73 3.9.4 Channel Parameters 73 3.10 Conclusions 73 References 74 4 Simulating a Communication System 77Muhammad Sohaib J. Solaija and Hüseyin Arslan 4.1 Simulation: What,Why? 77 4.2 Approaching a Simulation 78 4.2.1 Strategy 78 4.2.2 General Methodology 80 4.3 Basic Modeling Concepts 81 4.3.1 System Modeling 81 4.3.2 Subsystem Modeling 81 4.3.3 Stochastic Modeling 82 4.4 What is a Link/Link-level Simulation? 82 4.4.1 Source and Source Coding 82 4.4.2 Channel Coding 83 4.4.3 Symbol Mapping/Modulation 83 4.4.4 Upsampling 84 4.4.5 Digital Filtering 84 4.4.6 RF Front-end 85 4.4.7 Channel 86 4.4.8 Synchronization and Equalization 87 4.4.9 Performance Evaluation and Signal Analysis 87 4.5 Communication in AWGN – A Simple Case Study 88 4.5.1 Receiver Design 88 4.6 Multi-link vs. Network-level Simulations 88 4.6.1 Network Layout Generation 90 4.6.1.1 Hexagonal Grid 90 4.6.1.2 PPP-based Network Layout 91 4.7 Practical Issues 93 4.7.1 Monte Carlo Simulations 93 4.7.2 Random Number Generation 94 4.7.2.1 White Noise Generation 94 4.7.2.2 Random Binary Sequence 94 4.7.3 Values of Simulation Parameters 95 4.7.4 Confidence Interval 95 4.7.5 Convergence/Stopping Criterion 95 4.8 Issues/Limitations of Simulations 95 4.8.1 Modeling Errors 96 4.8.1.1 Errors in System Model 96 4.8.1.2 Errors in Subsystem Model 96 4.8.1.3 Errors in Random Process Modeling 96 4.8.2 Processing Errors 96 4.9 Conclusions 97 References 97 5 RF Impairments 99Hüseyin Arslan 5.1 Radio Impairment Sources 99 5.2 IQ Modulation Impairments 102 5.3 PA Nonlinearities 106 5.4 Phase Noise and Time Jitter 110 5.5 Frequency Offset 112 5.6 ADC/DAC Impairments 113 5.7 Thermal Noise 114 5.8 RF Impairments and Interference 114 5.8.1 Harmonics and Intermodulation Products 114 5.8.2 Multiple Access Interference 116 5.9 Conclusions 118 References 118 6 Digital Modulation and Pulse Shaping 121Hüseyin Arslan 6.1 Digital Modulation Basics 121 6.2 Popularly Used Digital Modulation Schemes 123 6.2.1 PSK 123 6.2.2 FSK 125 6.2.2.1 GMSK and Approximate Representation of GSM GMSK Signal 127 6.2.3 QAM 129 6.2.4 Differential Modulation 132 6.3 Adaptive Modulation 133 6.3.1 Gray Mapping 135 6.3.2 Calculation of Error 135 6.3.3 Relation of Eb No with SNR at the receiver 138 6.4 Pulse-Shaping Filtering 138 6.5 Conclusions 146 References 146 7 OFDM Signal Analysis and Performance Evaluation 147Hüseyin Arslan 7.1 Why OFDM? 147 7.2 Generic OFDM System Design and Its Evaluation 149 7.2.1 Basic CP-OFDM Transceiver Design 150 7.2.2 Spectrum of the OFDM Signal 151 7.2.3 PAPR of the OFDM Signal 155 7.2.4 Performance in Multipath Channel 157 7.2.4.1 Time-Dispersive Multipath Channel 157 7.2.4.2 Frequency-Dispersive Multipath Channel 161 7.2.5 Performance with Impairments 162 7.2.5.1 Frequency Offset 163 7.2.5.2 Symbol Timing Error 167 7.2.5.3 Sampling Clock Offset 170 7.2.5.4 Phase Noise 171 7.2.5.5 PA Nonlinearities 172 7.2.5.6 I/Q Impairments 175 7.2.6 Summary of the OFDM Design Considerations 177 7.2.7 Coherent versus Differential OFDM 178 7.3 OFDM-like Signaling 180 7.3.1 OFDM Versus SC-FDE 180 7.3.2 Multi-user OFDM and OFDMA 181 7.3.3 SC-FDMA and DFT-S-OFDM 182 7.4 Case Study: Measurement-Based OFDM Receiver 185 7.4.1 System Model 185 7.4.1.1 Frame Format 186 7.4.1.2 OFDM Symbol Format 186 7.4.1.3 Baseband Transmitter Blocks and Transmitted Signal Model 186 7.4.1.4 Received Signal Model 188 7.4.2 Receiver Structure and Algorithms 189 7.4.2.1 Packet Detection 191 7.4.2.2 Frequency Offset Estimation and Compensation 191 7.4.2.3 Symbol Timing Estimation 192 7.4.2.4 Packet-end Detection and Packet Extraction 193 7.4.2.5 Channel Estimation and Equalization 194 7.4.2.6 Pilot Tracking 195 7.4.2.7 Auto-modulation Detection 195 7.4.3 FCH Decoding 196 7.4.4 Test and Measurements 196 7.5 Conclusions 197 References 198 8 Analysis of Single-Carrier Communication Systems 201Hüseyin Arslan 8.1 A Simple System in AWGN Channel 201 8.2 Flat Fading (Non-Dispersive) Multipath Channel 210 8.3 Frequency-Selective (Dispersive) Multipath Channel 215 8.3.1 Time-Domain Equalization 219 8.3.2 Channel Estimation 223 8.3.3 Frequency-Domain Equalization 226 8.4 Extension of Dispersive Multipath Channel to DS-CDMA-based Wideband Systems 229 8.5 Conclusions 232 References 232 9 Multiple Accessing, Multi-Numerology, Hybrid Waveforms 235Mehmet Mert ¸Sahin and Hüseyin Arslan 9.1 Preliminaries 235 9.1.1 Duplexing 236 9.1.2 Downlink Communication 237 9.1.3 Uplink Communication 238 9.1.4 Traffic Theory and Trunking Gain 238 9.2 Orthogonal Design 241 9.2.1 TDMA 241 9.2.2 FDMA 242 9.2.3 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 243 9.2.4 Frequency Hopped Multiple Access (FHMA) 245 9.2.5 Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) 246 9.2.5.1 Multiuser Multiple-input Multiple-output (MIMO) 247 9.3 Non-orthogonal Design 249 9.3.1 Power-domain Non-orthogonal Multiple Access (PD-NOMA) 250 9.3.2 Code-domain Non-orthogonal Multiple Access 251 9.4 Random Access 253 9.4.1 ALOHA 253 9.4.2 Carrier Sense Multiple Accessing (CSMA) 254 9.4.3 Multiple Access Collision Avoidance (MACA) 254 9.4.4 Random Access Channel (RACH) 255 9.4.5 Grant-free Random Access 255 9.5 Multiple Accessing with Application-Based Hybrid Waveform Design 256 9.5.1 Multi-numerology Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) 256 9.5.2 Radar-Sensing and Communication (RSC) Coexistence 258 9.5.3 Coexistence of Different Waveforms in Multidimensional Hyperspace for 6G and Beyond Networks 260 9.6 Case Study 261 Appendix: Erlang B table 263 References 263 10 Wireless Channel and Interference 267Abuu B. Kihero, Armed Tusha, and Hüseyin Arslan 10.1 Fundamental Propagation Phenomena 267 10.2 Multipath Propagation 269 10.2.1 Large-Scale Fading 269 10.2.1.1 Path Loss 270 10.2.1.2 Shadowing 271 10.2.2 Small-Scale Fading 272 10.2.2.1 Characterization of Time-Varying Channels 273 10.2.2.2 Rayleigh and Rician Fading Distributions 274 10.2.3 Time, Frequency and Angular Domains Characteristics of Multipath Channel 276 10.2.3.1 Delay Spread 276 10.2.3.2 Angular Spread 279 10.2.3.3 Doppler Spread 281 10.2.4 Novel Channel Characteristics in the 5G Technology 284 10.3 Channel as a Source of Interference 288 10.3.1 Interference due to Large-Scale Fading 288 10.3.1.1 Cellular Systems and CoChannel Interference 288 10.3.1.2 Cochannel Interference Control via Resource Assignment 289 10.3.2 Interference due to Small-Scale Fading 292 10.4 Channel Modeling 293 10.4.1 Analytical Channel Models 294 10.4.1.1 Correlation-based Models 294 10.4.1.2 Propagation-Motivated Models 294 10.4.2 Physical Models 295 10.4.2.1 Deterministic Model 295 10.4.2.2 Geometry-based Stochastic Model 295 10.4.2.3 Nongeometry-based Stochastic Models 296 10.4.3 3GPP 5G Channel Models 297 10.4.3.1 Tapped Delay Line (TDL) Model 297 10.4.3.2 Clustered Delay Line (CDL) Model 298 10.4.3.3 Generating Channel Coefficients Using CDL Model 299 10.4.4 Role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Channel Modeling 300 10.5 Channel Measurement 301 10.5.1 Frequency Domain Channel Sounder 303 10.5.1.1 Swept Frequency/Chirp Sounder 303 10.5.2 Time Domain Channel Sounder 304 10.5.2.1 Periodic Pulse/Impulse Sounder 304 10.5.2.2 Correlative/Pulse Compression Sounders 305 10.5.3 Challenges of Practical Channel Measurement 308 10.6 Channel Emulation 308 10.6.1 Baseband and RF Domain Channel Emulators 309 10.6.2 Reverberation Chambers as Channel Emulator 309 10.6.2.1 General Principles 309 10.6.2.2 Emulating Multipath Effects Using RVC 311 10.6.3 Commercial Wireless Channel Emulators 318 10.7 Wireless Channel Control 319 10.8 Conclusion 321 References 321 11 Carrier and Time Synchronization 325Musab Alayasra and Hüseyin Arslan 11.1 Signal Modeling 325 11.2 Synchronization Approaches 327 11.3 Carrier Synchronization 329 11.3.1 Coarse Frequency Offset Compensation 331 11.3.1.1 DFT-based Coarse Frequency Offset Compensation 331 11.3.1.2 Phase-based Coarse Frequency Offset Compensation 333 11.3.2 Fine Frequency Offset Compensation 335 11.3.2.1 Feedforward MLE-Based Frequency Offset Compensation 335 11.3.2.2 Feedback Heuristic-Based Frequency Offset Compensation 340 11.3.3 Carrier Phase Offset Compensation 344 11.4 Time Synchronization 345 11.4.1 Frame Synchronization 346 11.4.2 Symbol Timing Synchronization 347 11.4.2.1 Feedforward MLE-based Symbol Timing Synchronization 348 11.4.2.2 Feedback Heuristic-based Symbol Timing Synchronization 349 11.5 Conclusion 352 References 353 12 Blind Signal Analysis 355Mehmet Ali Aygül, Ahmed Naeem, and Hüseyin Arslan 12.1 What is Blind Signal Analysis? 355 12.2 Applications of Blind Signal Analysis 355 12.2.1 Spectrum Sensing 356 12.2.2 Parameter Estimation and Signal Identification 357 12.2.2.1 Parameter Estimation 357 12.2.2.2 Signal Identification 357 12.2.3 Radio Environment Map 358 12.2.4 Equalization 360 12.2.5 Modulation Identification 361 12.2.6 Multi-carrier (OFDM) Parameters Estimation 362 12.3 Case Study: Blind Receiver 363 12.3.1 Bandwidth Estimation 364 12.3.2 Carrier Frequency Estimation 365 12.3.3 Symbol Rate Estimation 366 12.3.4 Pulse-Shaping and Roll-off Factor Estimation 366 12.3.5 Optimum Sampling Phase Estimation 368 12.3.6 Timing Recovery 369 12.3.7 Frequency Offset and Phase Offset Estimation 371 12.4 Machine Learning for Blind Signal Analysis 372 12.4.1 Deep Learning 374 12.4.2 Applications of Machine Learning 375 12.4.2.1 Signal and Interference Identification 375 12.4.2.2 Multi-RF Impairments Identification, Separation, and Classification 375 12.4.2.3 Channel Modeling and Estimation 376 12.4.2.4 Spectrum Occupancy Prediction 377 12.5 Challenges and Potential Study Items 378 12.5.1 Challenges 378 12.5.2 Potential Study Items 379 12.6 Conclusions 379 References 380 13 Radio Environment Monitoring 383Halise Türkmen, Saira Rafique, and Hüseyin Arslan 13.1 Radio Environment Map 384 13.2 Generalized Radio Environment Monitoring 385 13.2.1 Radio Environment Monitoring with the G-REM Framework 387 13.3 Node Types 388 13.4 Sensing Modes 388 13.5 Observable Data, Derivable Information and Other Sources 389 13.6 Sensing Methods 389 13.6.1 Sensing Configurations 390 13.6.2 Processing Data and Control Signal 391 13.6.2.1 Channel State Information (CSI) 391 13.6.2.2 Channel Impulse Response (CIR) 393 13.6.2.3 Channel Frequency Response (CFR) 393 13.6.3 Blind Signal Analysis 393 13.6.4 Radio Detection and Ranging 394 13.6.4.1 Radar Test-bed 401 13.6.5 Joint Radar and Communication 402 13.6.5.1 Coexistence 403 13.6.5.2 Co-Design 403 13.6.5.3 RadComm 405 13.6.5.4 CommRad 406 13.7 Mapping Methods 407 13.7.1 Signal Processing Algorithms 407 13.7.2 Interpolation Techniques 408 13.7.2.1 Inverse Distance Weighted Interpolation 408 13.7.2.2 Kriging’s Interpolation 409 13.7.3 Model-Based Techniques 410 13.7.4 Learning-Based Techniques 410 13.7.5 Hybrid Techniques 410 13.7.6 Case Study: Radio Frequency Map Construction 410 13.7.6.1 Radio Frequency Map Construction Test-bed for CR 411 13.7.7 Case Study: Wireless Local Area Network/Wi-Fi Sensing 413 13.7.7.1 WLAN Sensing Test-bed for Gesture Detection 415 13.8 Applications of G-REM 416 13.8.1 Cognitive Radios 417 13.8.2 Security 417 13.8.2.1 PHY Layer Security 417 13.8.2.2 Cross-Layer Security 417 13.8.3 Multi-Antenna Communication Systems 418 13.8.3.1 UE and Obstacle Tracking for Beam Management 418 13.8.3.2 No-Feedback Channel Estimation for FDD MIMO and mMIMO Systems 418 13.8.4 Formation and Management of Ad Hoc Networks and Device-to-Device Communication 418 13.8.5 Content Caching 419 13.8.6 Enabling Flexible Radios for 6G and Beyond Networks 419 13.8.7 Non-Communication Applications 419 13.9 Challenges and Future Directions 420 13.9.1 Security 420 13.9.2 Scheduling 421 13.9.3 Integration of (New) Technologies 421 13.9.3.1 Re-configurable Intelligent Surfaces 421 13.9.3.2 Quantum Radar 421 13.10 Conclusion 422 References 422 Index 425

Read more less

Book SynopsisMassive Connectivity Learn to support more devices and sensors in Internet of Things applications through NOMA and machine-type communication Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has held much interest due to its ability to provide a higher spectral efficiencysuch as more bits per unit bandwidth in Hertzthan other, orthogonal multiple access schemes. The majority of this research focuses on the application of NOMA to downlink channels (from base station to users) in cellular systems as its use for uplink (users to base station) is somewhat circumscribed. However, NOMA has recently been employed in contention-based uplink access, which has shown an improvement in performance that allows an increase in the number of users that can be supported. As a result, NOMA is promising for machine-type communication (MTC) in 5G systems and beyond, making it a key enabler of the Internet of Things (IoT). Massive Connectivity provides an in-depth, comprehensive view of Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Machine-Type Communication 1 1.2 Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access 3 1.3 NOMA for MTC 4 1.4 An Overview of Probability and Random Processes 6 1.4.1 Review of Probability 6 1.4.2 Random Variables 7 1.4.3 Random Processes 14 1.4.4 Markov Chains 15 2 Single-User and Multiuser Systems 19 2.1 A Single-User System 19 2.1.1 Signal Representation 20 2.1.2 Transmission of Signal Sequences 21 2.1.3 ML Decoding 23 2.1.4 ML Decoding over Fading Channels 26 2.1.5 Achievable Rate 28 2.2 Multiuser Systems 33 2.2.1 Broadcast Channels 34 2.2.2 Multiple Access Channels 37 2.3 Further Reading 41 3 OMA and NOMA 43 3.1 Orthogonal Multiple Access 43 3.1.1 Time Division Multiple Access 43 3.1.2 Frequency Division Multiple Access 46 3.1.3 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access 47 3.2 Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access 51 3.2.1 Downlink NOMA 52 3.2.2 Uplink NOMA 57 3.3 Power and Rate Allocation 60 3.3.1 System with Known Instantaneous CSI 60 3.3.2 System with Unknown Instantaneous CSI 67 3.4 Code Division Multiple Access 73 3.4.1 DS-CDMA 74 3.4.2 Multiuser Detection Approaches 78 3.5 Further Reading 84 4 Random Access Systems 87 4.1 ALOHA Systems 88 4.1.1 Single Channel Random Access 88 4.1.2 Multi-Channel S-ALOHA 90 4.2 Throughput Analysis 91 4.2.1 Pure ALOHA 91 4.2.2 Slotted ALOHA 92 4.2.3 Multichannel ALOHA 94 4.3 Analysis with a Finite Number of Users 98 4.3.1 A Markov Chain 98 4.3.2 Drift Analysis 100 4.4 Analysis with an In_nite Number of Users 102 4.4.1 Constant Re-transmission Probability 102 4.4.2 Adaptive Re-transmission Probability 104 4.5 Fast Retrial 107 4.6 Multiuser Detection 108 4.6.1 Compressive Random Access 108 4.6.2 Throughput Analysis 110 4.7 Further Reading 114 5 NOMA-based Random Access 117 5.1 NOMA to Random Access 117 5.1.1 S-ALOHA with NOMA 118 5.1.2 More Power Levels 122 5.2 Multichannel ALOHA with NOMA 127 5.2.1 Multichannel ALOHA with NOMA and Throughput Analysis 128 5.2.2 Channel-Dependent Selection 132 5.3 Opportunistic NOMA 137 5.3.1 System Model 137 5.3.2 Throughput Analysis 140 5.3.3 Opportunistic NOMA for Channel Selection 147 5.4 NOMA-based Random Access with Multiuser Detection 152 5.4.1 Compressive Random Access 152 5.4.2 Layered CRA 154 5.4.3 Performance under Realistic Conditions 159 5.5 Further Reading 161 6 Application of NOMA to MTC in 5G 163 6.1 Machine-Type Communication 163 6.1.1 IoT Connectivity 163 6.1.2 Random Access Schemes for MTC 164 6.2 A Model with Massive MIMO 168 6.2.1 Massive MIMO 168 6.2.2 Two-step Random Access with Massive MIMO 173 6.2.3 Throughput Analysis 174 6.3 NOMA for High-Throughput MTC 177 6.3.1 Co-existing Preambles and Data Packets 178 6.3.2 Maximum Throughput Comparison 180 6.3.3 Limitations 184 6.4 Layered Preambles for Heterogeneous Devices 185 6.4.1 Heterogeneous Devices in MTC 185 6.4.2 Design of Layered Preambles 187 6.4.3 Performance Analysis 189 6.5 Further Reading 195 7 Game-Theoretic Perspective of NOMA-based Random Access 197 7.1 Background of Game Theory 197 7.1.1 Normal-Form Games 198 7.1.2 Nash Equilibrium 200 7.1.3 Mixed Strategies 200 7.2 Random Access Game 202 7.2.1 Normal-Form and NE 203 7.2.2 Mixed Strategies 204 7.3 NOMA-ALOHA Game 204 7.3.1 Single-Channel NOMA-ALOHA Game 205 7.3.2 Multichannel NOMA-ALOHA Game 216 7.4 Fictitious Play 221 7.4.1 A Model for Fictitious Play 221 7.4.2 Convergence 223 7.5 Evolutionary Game Theory and Its Application 227 7.5.1 Population Games 227 7.5.2 Replicator Dynamics and Evolutionary Stable State 228 7.5.3 Stability of the Replicator Dynamics 231 7.5.4 Application to NOMA 232 7.6 Further Reading 234 Index 247

Read more less

Book SynopsisWIRELESS COMMUNICATION SECURITY Presenting the concepts and advances of wireless communication security, this volume, written and edited by a global team of experts, also goes into the practical applications for the engineer, student, and other industry professionals. Covering a broad range of topics in wireless communication security and its solutions, this outstanding new volume is of great interest to engineers, scientists, and students from a variety of backgrounds and interests. Focusing on providing the theory of wireless communication within the framework of its practical applications, the contributors take on a wealth of topics, integrating seemingly diverse areas under one cover. Wireless Communication Security has been divided into five units. The first unit presents the different protocols and standards for developing a real-time wireless communication security. The second unit presents different widely accepted networks, which are the core of wireless communication secuTable of ContentsPreface xiii 1 M2M in 5G Cellular Networks: Challenges, Proposed Solutions, and Future Directions 1 Kiran Ahuja and Indu Bala 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Literature Survey 5 1.3 Survey Challenges and Proposed Solutions of M2M 7 1.3.1 PARCH Overload Problem 8 1.3.2 Inefficient Radio Resource Utilization and Allocation 10 1.3.3 M2M Random Access Challenges 12 1.3.4 Clustering Techniques 13 1.3.5 QoS Provisioning for M2M Communications 15 1.3.6 Less Cost and Low Power Device Requirements 16 1.3.7 Security and Privacy 17 1.4 Conclusion 18 References 19 2 MAC Layer Protocol for Wireless Security 23 Sushmita Kumari and Manisha Bharti 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 MAC Layer 24 2.2.1 Centralized Control 24 2.2.2 Deterministic Access 24 2.2.3 Non-Deterministic Access 24 2.3 Functions of the MAC Layer 25 2.4 MAC Layer Protocol 25 2.4.1 Random Access Protocol 26 2.4.2 Controlled Access Protocols 29 2.4.3 Channelization 31 2.5 MAC Address 31 2.6 Conclusion and Future Scope 33 References 33 3 Enhanced Image Security Through Hybrid Approach: Protect Your Copyright Over Digital Images 35 Shaifali M. Arora and Poonam Kadian 3.1 Introduction 36 3.2 Literature Review 38 3.3 Design Issues 40 3.3.1 Robustness Against Various Attack Conditions 40 3.3.2 Distortion and Visual Quality 41 3.3.3 Working Domain 42 3.3.4 Human Visual System (HVS) 43 3.3.5 The Trade-Off between Robustness and Imperceptibility 43 3.3.6 Computational Cost 43 3.4 A Secure Grayscale Image Watermarking Based on DWT-SVD 43 3.5 Experimental Results 45 3.6 Conclusion 52 References 52 4 Quantum Computing 59 Manisha Bharti and Tanvika Garg 4.1 Introduction 59 4.2 A Brief History of Quantum Computing 60 4.3 Postulate of Quantum Mechanics 61 4.4 Polarization and Entanglement 61 4.5 Applications and Advancements 63 4.5.1 Cryptography, Teleportation and Communication Networks 63 4.5.2 Quantum Computing and Memories 63 4.5.3 Satellite Communication Based on Quantum Computing 64 4.5.4 Machine Learning & Artificial Intelligence 65 4.6 Optical Quantum Computing 65 4.7 Experimental Realisation of Quantum Computer 66 4.7.1 Hetero-Polymers 66 4.7.2 Ion Traps 67 4.7.3 Quantum Electrodynamics Cavity 67 4.7.4 Quantum Dots 67 4.8 Challenges of Quantum Computing 67 4.9 Conclusion and Future Scope 68 References 68 5 Feature Engineering for Flow-Based IDS 69 Rahul B. Adhao and Vinod K. Pachghare 5.1 Introduction 70 5.1.1 Intrusion Detection System 71 5.1.2 IDS Classification 71 5.2 IP Flows 72 5.2.1 The Architecture of Flow-Based IDS 73 5.2.2 Wireless IDS Designed Using Flow-Based Approach 73 5.2.3 Comparison of Flow- and Packet-Based IDS 74 5.3 Feature Engineering 75 5.3.1 Curse of Dimensionality 76 5.3.2 Feature Selection 78 5.3.3 Feature Categorization 78 5.4 Classification of Feature Selection Technique 78 5.4.1 The Wrapper, Filter, and Embedded Feature Selection 78 5.4.2 Correlation, Consistency, and PCA-Based Feature Selection 80 5.4.3 Similarity, Information Theoretical, Sparse Learning, and Statistical-Based Feature Selection 80 5.4.4 Univariate and Multivariate Feature Selection 81 5.5 Tools and Library for Feature Selection 82 5.6 Literature Review on Feature Selection in Flow-Based IDS 82 5.7 Challenges and Future Scope 86 5.8 Conclusions 87 Acknowledgement 87 References 88 6 Environmental Aware Thermal (EAT) Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks 91 B. Banuselvasaraswathy and Vimalathithan Rathinasabapathy 6.1 Introduction 92 6.1.1 Single Path Routing Protocol 93 6.1.2 Multipath Routing Protocol 94 6.1.3 Environmental Influence on WSN 96 6.2 Motivation Behind the Work 97 6.3 Novelty of This Work 98 6.4 Related Works 99 6.5 Proposed Environmental Aware Thermal (EAT) Routing Protocol 102 6.5.1 Sensor Node Environmental Modeling and Analysis 104 6.5.2 Single Node Environmental Influence Modeling 105 6.5.3 Multiple Node Modeling 106 6.5.4 Sensor Node Surrounding Temperature Field 106 6.5.5 Sensor Node Remaining Energy Calculation 107 6.5.6 Delay Modeling 107 6.6 Simulation Parameters 108 6.7 Results and Discussion 109 6.7.1 Temperature Influence on Network 109 6.7.2 Power Consumption 109 6.7.3 Lifetime Analysis 110 6.7.4 Delay Analysis 111 6.8 Conclusion 112 References 112 7 A Comprehensive Study of Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems 115 Bhoopesh Singh Bhati, Dikshita, Nitesh Singh Bhati and Garvit Chugh 7.1 Introduction 116 7.1.1 Intrusion and Detection 116 7.1.2 Some Basic Definitions 116 7.1.3 Intrusion Detection and Prevention System 117 7.1.4 Need for IDPS: More Than Ever 118 7.1.5 Introduction to Alarms 118 7.1.6 Components of an IDPS 119 7.2 Configuring IDPS 120 7.2.1 Network Architecture of IDPS 120 7.2.2 A Glance at Common Types 121 7.2.2.1 Network-Based IDS 123 7.2.2.2 Host-Based IDS 124 7.2.3 Intrusion Detection Techniques 125 7.2.3.1 Conventional Techniques 125 7.2.3.2 Machine Learning-Based and Hybrid Techniques 128 7.2.4 Three Considerations 131 7.2.4.1 Location of Sensors 131 7.2.4.2 Security Capabilities 131 7.2.4.3 Management Capabilities 133 7.2.5 Administrators’ Functions 134 7.2.5.1 Deployment 134 7.2.5.2 Testing 134 7.2.5.3 Security Consideration of IDPS 135 7.2.5.4 Regular Backups and Monitoring 135 7.2.6 Types of Events Detected 135 7.2.7 Role of State in Network Security 136 7.3 Literature Review 137 7.4 Conclusion 138 References 139 8 Hardware Devices Integration With IoT 143 Sushant Kumar and Saurabh Mukherjee 8.1 Introduction 143 8.2 Literature Review 144 8.3 Component Description 146 8.3.1 Arduino Board UNO 146 8.3.2 Raspberry Pi 147 8.4 Case Studies 148 8.4.1 Ultrasonic Sensor 148 8.4.2 Temperature and Humidity Sensor 150 8.4.3 Weather Monitoring System Using Raspberry Pi 151 8.5 Drawbacks of Arduino and Raspberry Pi 153 8.6 Challenges in IoT 154 8.6.1 Design Challenges 154 8.6.2 Security Challenges 155 8.6.3 Development Challenges 155 8.7 Conclusion 155 8.8 Annexures 156 References 157 Additional Resources 158 9 Depth Analysis On DoS & DDoS Attacks 159 Gaurav Nayak, Anjana Mishra, Uditman Samal and Brojo Kishore Mishra 9.1 Introduction 160 9.1.1 Objective and Motivation 161 9.1.2 Symptoms and Manifestations 163 9.2 Literature Survey 163 9.3 Timeline of DoS and DDoS Attacks 164 9.4 Evolution of Denial of Service (DoS) & Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) 165 9.5 DDoS Attacks: A Taxonomic Classification 166 9.5.1 Classification Based on Degree of Automation 166 9.5.2 Classification Based on Exploited Vulnerability 167 9.5.3 Classification Based on Rate Dynamics of Attacks 168 9.5.4 Classification Based on Impact 168 9.6 Transmission Control Protocol 169 9.6.1 TCP Three-Way Handshake 169 9.7 User Datagram Protocol 170 9.7.1 UDP Header 170 9.8 Types of DDoS Attacks 170 9.8.1 TCP SYN Flooding Attack 171 9.8.2 UDP Flooding Attack 172 9.8.3 Smurf Attack 172 9.8.4 Ping of Death Attack 173 9.8.5 HTTP Flooding Attack 174 9.9 Impact of DoS/DDoS on Various Areas 175 9.9.1 DoS/DDoS Attacks on VoIP Networks Using SIP 175 9.9.2 DoS/DDoS Attacks on VANET 175 9.9.3 DoS/DDoS Attacks on Smart Grid System 176 9.9.4 DoS/DDoS Attacks in IoT-Based Devices 176 9.10 Countermeasures to DDoS Attack 177 9.10.1 Prevent Being Agent/Secondary Target 177 9.10.2 Detect and Neutralize Attacker 178 9.10.3 Potential Threats Detection/Prevention 178 9.10.4 DDoS Attacks and How to Avoid Them 178 9.10.5 Deflect Attack 178 9.10.6 Post-Attack Forensics 179 9.11 Conclusion 179 9.12 Future Scope 180 References 180 10 SQL Injection Attack on Database System 183 Mohit Kumar 10.1 Introduction 183 10.1.1 Types of Vulnerabilities 184 10.1.2 Types of SQL Injection Attack 185 10.1.3 Impact of SQL Injection Attack 186 10.2 Objective and Motivation 186 10.3 Process of SQL Injection Attack 188 10.4 Related Work 188 10.5 Literature Review 189 10.6 Implementation of the SQL Injection Attack 192 10.6.1 Access the Database Using the 1=1 SQL Injection Statement 192 10.6.2 Access the Database Using the ““=’’’’ SQL Injection Statement 193 10.6.3 Access and Upgrade the Database by Using Batch SQL Injection Statement 194 10.7 Detection of SQL Injection Attack 196 10.8 Prevention/Mitigation from SQL Injection Attack 196 10.9 Conclusion 197 References 197 11 Machine Learning Techniques for Face Authentication System for Security Purposes 199 Vibhuti Jain, Madhavendra Singh and Jagannath Jayanti 11.1 Introduction 200 11.2 Face Recognition System (FRS) in Security 201 11.3 Theory 202 11.3.1 Neural Networks 202 11.3.2 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) 204 11.3.3 K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) 207 11.3.4 Support Vector Machine (SVM) 208 11.3.5 Logistic Regression (LR) 209 11.3.6 Naive Bayes (NB) 210 11.3.7 Decision Tree (DT) 211 11.4 Experimental Methodology 212 11.4.1 Dataset 212 11.4.2 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) 212 11.4.3 Other Machine Learning Techniques 215 11.5 Results 218 11.6 Conclusion 220 References 220 12 Estimation of Computation Time for Software-Defined Networking-Based Data Traffic Offloading System in Heterogeneous Network 223 Shashila S. Abayagunawardhana, Malka N. Halgamuge and Charitha Subhashi Jayasekara 12.1 Introduction 224 12.1.1 Motivation 225 12.1.2 Objective 228 12.1.3 The Main Contributions of This Chapter 228 12.2 Analysis of SDN-TOS Mechanism 229 12.2.1 Key Components of SDN-TOS 229 12.2.2 LTE/Wi-Fi in a Heterogeneous Network (HetNet) 229 12.2.3 Centralized SDN Controller 229 12.2.4 Key Design Considerations of SDN-TOS 230 12.2.4.1 The System Architecture 230 12.2.4.2 Mininet Wi-Fi Emulated Networks 230 12.2.4.3 Software-Defined Networking Controller 231 12.3 Materials and Methods 232 12.3.1 Estimating Time Consumption for Mininet Wi-Fi Emulator 232 12.3.1.1 Total Time Consumption for Offloading the Data Traffic by Service Provider 233 12.3.1.2 Total Time Consumption of Mininet Wi-Fi Emulator (Time Consumption for Both LTE and Wi-Fi Network) 236 12.3.2 Estimating Time Consumption for SDN Controller 237 12.3.2.1 Total Response Time for Sub-Controller 237 12.3.2.2 Total Response Time for The Total Process of Centralized SDN Controller 238 12.3.3 Estimating Total Time Consumption for SDN-Based Traffic Offloading System (sdn-tos) 239 12.4 Simulation Results 240 12.4.1 Effect of Computational Data Traffic θI on Total Response Time (TA)/Service Provider A and CSP Approach 242 12.4.2 Effect of Computational Data Traffic θI on Total Response Time (TA) for Different Service Providers/Service Provider A and Service Provider B 243 12.5 Discussion 244 12.6 Conclusion 246 References 247 About the Editors 253 Index 255

Read more less

Book SynopsisOpen RAN A comprehensive survey of Open RAN technology and its ecosystem In Open RAN: The Definitive Guide, a team of distinguished industry leaders deliver an authoritative guide to all four principles of the Open RAN vision: openness, virtualization, intelligence, and interoperability. Written by the industry experts currently defining the specifications, building the systems, and testing and deploying the networks, the book covers O-RAN architecture, the fronthaul interface, security, cloudification, virtualization, intelligence, certification, badging, and standardization. This critical reference on Open RAN explains how and why an open and disaggregated, intelligent, and fully virtualized network is the way networks should be designed and deployed moving forward. Readers will also find: A thorough introduction from key industry players, including AT&T, Telefonica, Mavenir, VMWare, Google and VIAVI Comprehensive explorations of Open X-Table of ContentsList of Contributors xiii Foreword xv Preface xvii About the Authors xix Definitions / Acronyms xxi 1 The Evolution of RAN 1 Sameh M. Yamany 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 RAN Architecture Evolution 4 1.2.1 The 2G RAN 5 1.2.2 The 3G RAN 6 1.2.3 The 4G/LTE RAN 6 1.2.4 The 5G RAN 9 1.3 The Case for Open RAN 11 1.4 6G and the Road Ahead 11 1.5 Conclusion 13 Bibliography 13 2 Open RAN Overview 14 Rittwik Jana 2.1 Introduction 14 2.1.1 What is Open RAN and Why is it Important? 17 2.1.2 How Does Open RAN Accelerate Innovation? 17 2.1.3 What are the major challenges that Open RAN can help to address? 18 2.2 Open RAN Architecture 18 2.3 Open RAN Cloudification and Virtualization 19 2.4 RAN Intelligence 20 2.5 Fronthaul Interface and Open Transport 20 2.6 Securing Open RAN 21 2.7 Open Source Software 21 2.8 RAN Automation and Deployment with CI/CD 22 2.9 Open RAN Testing 22 2.10 Industry Organizations 23 2.11 Conclusion 23 Bibliography 23 3 O-RAN Architecture Overview 24 Rajarajan Sivaraj and Sridhar Rajagopal 3.1 Introduction 24 3.1.1 General Description of O-RAN Functions 24 3.1.1.1 Centralized Unit – Control Plane and User Plane Functions (CU-CP and CU-UP) 26 3.1.1.2 Distributed Unit Function (DU) 26 3.1.1.3 Radio Unit Function (RU) 26 3.1.1.4 Evolved Node B (eNB) 27 3.1.2 RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) and Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) Functions 28 3.1.3 Interfaces 29 3.2 Near-RT RIC Architecture 30 3.2.1 Standard Functional Architecture Principles 30 3.2.2 E2 Interface Design Principles 32 3.2.3 xApp API Design Architecture 34 3.3 Non-RT RIC Architecture 37 3.3.1 Standard Functional Architecture Principles 38 3.3.2 A1 Interface Design Principles 38 3.3.3 R1 API Design Principles for rApps 41 3.4 SMO Architecture 47 3.4.1 Standard Functional Architecture Principles 47 3.4.2 O1 Interface Design Principles 48 3.4.3 Open M-Plane Fronthaul Design Principles 51 3.4.4 O2 Interface Design Principles 52 3.5 Other O-RAN Functions and Open Interfaces 54 3.5.1 O-RAN compliant Centralized Unit Control Plane (O-CU-CP) 54 3.5.1.1 Control Plane Procedures 54 3.5.1.2 Management Plane Procedures 54 3.5.2 O-CU-UP 54 3.5.2.1 Control Plane Procedures 55 3.5.2.2 User Plane Procedures 55 3.5.2.3 Management Plane Procedures 55 3.5.3 O-DU 55 3.5.3.1 Control Plane Procedures 55 3.5.3.2 User Plane Procedures 55 3.5.3.3 Management Plane Procedures 55 3.5.4 O-eNB 56 3.5.5 O-RU 56 3.6 Conclusion 57 Bibliography 57 4 Cloudification and Virtualization 59 Padma Sudarsan and Sridhar Rajagopal 4.1 Virtualization Trends 59 4.2 Openness and Disaggregation with vRAN 59 4.3 Cloud Deployment Scenarios 61 4.3.1 Private, Public, and Hybrid Cloud 61 4.3.2 Telco Features Required for “Any Cloud” Deployment 62 4.3.3 On Premise, Far Edge, Edge, and Central Deployments 63 4.3.4 Classical, Virtual Machines (VMs), Containers, and Hybrid Deployments 64 4.4 Unwinding the RAN Monolith 64 4.4.1 Adapting Cloud-Native Principles 66 4.4.2 Architectural Patterns 67 4.4.3 Software Architecture Portability and Refactoring Considerations 68 4.4.4 Compute Architecture Consideration 69 4.5 Orchestration, Management, and Automation as Key to Success 70 4.5.1 Acceleration Abstraction Layer 73 4.5.2 Cloud Deployment Workflow Automation 75 4.6 Summary 76 Bibliography 76 5 RAN Intelligence 77 Dhruv Gupta, Rajarajan Sivaraj, and Rittwik Jana 5.1 Introduction 77 5.2 Challenges and Opportunities in Building Intelligent Networks 77 5.3 Background on Machine Learning Life Cycle Management 78 5.4 ML-Driven Intelligence and Analytics for Non-RT RIC 80 5.5 ML-Driven Intelligence and Analytics for Near-RT RIC 82 5.6 E2 Service Models for Near-RT RIC 83 5.6.1 E2SM-KPM 84 5.6.2 E2SM-RC 84 5.6.3 Other E2SMs 85 5.7 ml Algorithms for Near-RT RIC 86 5.7.1 Reinforcement Learning Models 87 5.8 Near-RT RIC Platform Functions for AI/ML Training 88 5.9 RIC Use Cases 89 5.10 Conclusion 90 Bibliography 90 6 The Fronthaul Interface 91 Aditya Chopra 6.1 The Lower-Layer Split RAN 91 6.1.1 Lower Layer Fronthaul Split Options 92 6.2 Option 8 Split – CPRI and eCPRI 93 6.3 Option 6 Split – FAPI and nFAPI 94 6.3.1 Subinterfaces 97 6.3.2 Architecture Agnostic Deployment 97 6.4 Option 7 Split – O-RAN Alliance Open Fronthaul 97 6.4.1 Control (C) and User (U) Plane 98 6.4.2 Management (M) Plane 98 6.4.3 Synchronization (S) Plane 100 6.4.4 Key Features 100 6.4.4.1 Fronthaul Compression 100 6.4.4.2 Delay Management 102 6.4.4.3 Beamforming 102 6.4.4.4 Initial Access 103 6.4.4.5 License Assisted Access and Spectrum Sharing 104 6.5 Conclusions 104 Bibliography 104 7 Open Transport 105 Reza Vaez-Ghaemi and Luis Manuel Contreras Murillo 7.1 Introduction 105 7.2 Requirements 105 7.2.1 Fronthaul Requirements 106 7.2.2 Midhaul Requirements 106 7.2.3 Backhaul Requirements 107 7.2.4 Synchronization Requirements 107 7.3 WDM Solutions 108 7.3.1 Passive WDM 109 7.3.2 Active WDM 109 7.3.3 Semiactive WDM 110 7.4 Packet-Switched Solutions 111 7.4.1 Technology Overview 112 7.4.2 Deployment Patterns 112 7.4.3 Connectivity Service and Protocols 113 7.4.4 Quality of Service (QoS) 114 7.5 Management and Control Interface 114 7.5.1 Control and Management Architecture 114 7.5.2 Interaction with O-RAN Management 116 7.6 Synchronization Solutions 117 7.6.1 Synchronization Baseline 117 7.6.2 Synchronization Accuracy and Limits 118 7.7 Testing 118 7.8 Conclusion 119 Bibliography 120 8 O-RAN Security 121 Amy Zwarico 8.1 Introduction 121 8.2 Zero Trust Principles 121 8.3 Threats to O-RAN 122 8.3.1 Stakeholders 122 8.3.2 Threat Surface and Threat Actors 122 8.3.3 Overall Threats 123 8.3.4 Threats Against the Lower Layer Split (LLS) Architecture and Open Fronthaul Interface 123 8.3.5 Threats Against O-RU 124 8.3.6 Threats Against Near- and Non-Real-Time RICs, xApps, and rApps 124 8.3.7 Threats Against Physical Network Functions (PNFs) 124 8.3.8 Threats Against SMO 125 8.3.9 Threats Against O-Cloud 125 8.3.10 Threats to the Supply Chain 125 8.3.11 Physical Threats 126 8.3.12 Threats Against 5G Radio Networks 126 8.3.13 Threats to Standards Development 126 8.4 Protecting O-RAN 126 8.4.1 Securing the O-RAN-Defined Interfaces 126 8.4.1.1 A1 127 8.4.1.2 O1 127 8.4.1.3 O2 128 8.4.1.4 E2 128 8.4.1.5 Open Fronthaul 128 8.4.1.6 R1 130 8.4.1.7 3GPP Interfaces 131 8.4.2 Securing the O-Cloud 131 8.4.3 Container Security 131 8.4.4 O-RAN Software Security 131 8.4.5 Software Bill of Materials (SBOM) 132 8.5 Recommendations for Vendors and MNOs 132 8.6 Conclusion 134 Bibliography 134 9 Open RAN Software 137 David Kinsey, Padma Sudarsan, and Rittwik Jana 9.1 Introduction 137 9.2 O-RAN Software Community (OSC) 138 9.2.1 OSC Projects 138 9.2.2 The Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) Framework 138 9.2.3 Near-RT RIC (RIC) 139 9.2.4 O-CU-CP and O-CU-UP 140 9.2.5 O-DU Project 140 9.2.6 O-RU 140 9.2.7 O-Cloud 140 9.2.8 The AI/ML Framework 141 9.2.9 Support Projects 141 9.3 Open Network Automation Platform (ONAP) 141 9.3.1 Netconf/YANG Support 141 9.3.2 Configuration Persistence 142 9.3.3 VES Support 142 9.3.4 A1 Support 142 9.3.5 Optimization Support 142 9.4 Other Open-Source Communities 143 9.5 Conclusion 144 Bibliography 144 10 Open RAN Deployments 145 Sidd Chenumolu 10.1 Introduction 145 10.2 Network Architecture 146 10.2.1 Network Components 147 10.2.1.1 Antenna 147 10.2.1.2 O-RAN – Radio Unit 148 10.2.1.3 O-RAN-Distributed Unit (O-DU) 150 10.2.1.4 O-RAN-Centralized Unit (O-CU) 150 10.2.1.5 RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) 150 10.2.2 Traditional vs. O-RAN Deployment 151 10.2.3 Typical O-RAN Deployment 152 10.2.4 Spectrum and Regulatory 153 10.3 Network Planning and Design 153 10.3.1 Cell Site Design 154 10.3.2 Network Function Placement 155 10.3.3 Dimensioning 155 10.3.3.1 Application Dimensioning 155 10.3.3.2 Platform Dimensioning 156 10.3.4 Virtualization Impact 156 10.3.4.1 Non-Uniform Memory Access 157 10.3.4.2 Hyper-Threading 157 10.3.4.3 CPU Pinning 157 10.3.4.4 Huge Page 157 10.3.4.5 Single Root Input/Output Virtualization 158 10.3.4.6 PCI Passthrough 158 10.3.4.7 Data Plane Development Kit 158 10.3.4.8 Resource Director Technology 158 10.3.4.9 Cache Allocation Technology 158 10.3.4.10 Resource Overcommitment 159 10.3.4.11 Operating System 159 10.3.4.12 K8S Impact 159 10.3.5 Networking Hardware 159 10.3.6 Hardware Type 160 10.3.7 Reliability and Availability 160 10.3.8 Impact of Network Slicing 161 10.4 Network Deployment 162 10.4.1 DU Deployment 162 10.4.1.1 DU Deployed at a Centralized Data Center 162 10.4.1.2 Timing Design When DU is at the dc 163 10.4.1.3 DU Deployed at Cell Site 164 10.4.2 CU Deployment 165 10.4.3 Radio Unit Instantiation 165 10.4.4 Radio Unit Management 166 10.4.4.1 Hierarchical Management Architecture Model 166 10.4.4.2 Hybrid Management Architecture Model 166 10.4.5 Network Management 166 10.4.6 Public Cloud Provider Overview 167 10.4.6.1 Native Services 167 10.4.6.2 CD Pipeline 167 10.4.6.3 Cluster Creation and Management 168 10.4.6.4 Transport Design 168 10.4.7 Life Cycle Management of NFs 168 10.4.8 Network Monitoring and Observability 169 10.4.8.1 Prometheus 169 10.4.8.2 Jaeger 169 10.4.8.3 Fluentd and Fluentbit 169 10.4.8.4 Probing 169 10.4.9 Network Inventory 169 10.4.10 Building the Right Team 170 10.5 Conclusion 170 Bibliography 170 11 Open RAN Test and Integration 172 Ian Wong, Ph.D. 11.1 Introduction 172 11.2 Testing Across the Network Life Cycle 174 11.3 O-RAN ALLIANCE Test and Integration Activities 175 11.3.1 Test Specifications 175 11.3.2 Conformance Test Specifications 176 11.3.2.1 A1 Interface Test Specification (O-RAN.WG2.A1TS) 178 11.3.2.2 E2 Interface Test Specification (O-RAN.WG3.E2TS) 179 11.3.2.3 Open Fronthaul Conformance Test Specification (O-RAN.WG4.CONF) 180 11.3.2.4 Xhaul Transport Testing (O-RAN.WG9.XTRP-Test.0) 181 11.3.2.5 Security Test Specifications (O-RAN.SFG.Security-Test-Specifications) 181 11.3.3 Interoperability Test Specifications 181 11.3.3.1 Fronthaul Interoperability Test Specification (O-RAN.WG4.IOT.0-09.00) 182 11.3.3.2 Open F1/W1/E1/X2/Xn Interoperability Test Specification (O-RAN.WG5.IOT.0) 183 11.3.3.3 Stack Interoperability Test Specification (O-RAN.WG8.IOT) 183 11.3.4 End-to-End Test Specifications 185 11.3.5 O-RAN Certification and Badging 186 11.3.6 Open Test and Integration Centers 187 11.3.7 O-RAN Global PlugFests 189 11.4 Conclusion 189 Bibliography 189 12 Other Open RAN Industry Organizations 191 Aditya Chopra, Manish Singh, Prabhakar Chitrapu, Luis Lopes, and Diane Rinaldo 12.1 Telecom Infra Project 191 12.1.1 Organizational Structure 192 12.1.2 Core Activities 194 12.2 Trials and Deployments 194 12.3 Small Cell Forum 195 12.3.1 A History of Openness at SCF 196 12.3.2 Alignment with the 3GPP and O-RAN Alliance Solutions 196 12.4 3rd Generation Partnership Project 197 12.5 Open RAN Policy Coalition 199 12.6 Conclusion 200 Bibliography 200 Index 201

Read more less

Book SynopsisFederated Learning for Future Intelligent Wireless Networks Explore the concepts, algorithms, and applications underlying federated learning In Federated Learning for Future Intelligent Wireless Networks, a team of distinguished researchers deliver a robust and insightful collection of resources covering the foundational concepts and algorithms powering federated learning, as well as explanations of how they can be used in wireless communication systems. The editors have included works that examine how communication resource provision affects federated learning performance, accuracy, convergence, scalability, and security and privacy. Readers will explore a wide range of topics that show how federated learning algorithms, concepts, and design and optimization issues apply to wireless communications. Readers will also find: A thorough introduction to the fundamental concepts and algorithms of federated learning, including horizontal, vertical, and hTable of ContentsAbout the Editors xv Preface xvii 1 Federated Learning with Unreliable Transmission in Mobile Edge Computing Systems 1Chenyuan Feng, Daquan Feng, Zhongyuan Zhao, Howard H. Yang, and Tony Q. S. Quek 1.1 System Model 1 1.2 Problem Formulation 4 1.3 A Joint Optimization Algorithm 10 1.4 Simulation and Experiment Results 16 2 Federated Learning with non-IID data in Mobile Edge Computing Systems 23Chenyuan Feng, Daquan Feng, Zhongyuan Zhao, Geyong Min, and Hancong Duan 2.1 System Model 23 2.2 Performance Analysis and Averaging Design 24 2.3 Data Sharing Scheme 30 2.4 Simulation Results 42 3 How Many Resources Are Needed to Support Wireless Edge Networks 49Yi-Jing Liu, Gang Feng, Yao Sun, and Shuang Qin 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 System Model 50 3.3 Wireless Bandwidth and Computing Resources Consumed for Supporting FL-EnabledWireless Edge Networks 54 3.4 The Relationship between FL Performance and Consumed Resources 59 3.5 Discussions of Three Cases 62 3.6 Numerical Results and Discussion 67 3.7 Conclusion 75 3.8 Proof of Corollary 3.2 76 3.9 Proof of Corollary 3.3 77 4 Device Association Based on Federated Deep Reinforcement Learning for Radio Access Network Slicing 85Yi-Jing Liu, Gang Feng, Yao Sun, and Shuang Qin 4.1 Introduction 85 4.2 System Model 87 4.3 Problem Formulation 90 4.4 Hybrid Federated Deep Reinforcement Learning for Device Association 94 4.5 Numerical Results 103 4.6 Conclusion 109 5 Deep Federated Learning Based on Knowledge Distillation and Differential Privacy 113Hui Lin, Feng Yu, and Xiaoding Wang 5.1 Introduction 113 5.2 RelatedWork 115 5.3 System Model 118 5.4 The Implementation Details of the Proposed Strategy 119 5.5 Performance Evaluation 120 5.6 Conclusions 122 6 Federated Learning-Based Beam Management in Dense Millimeter Wave Communication Systems 127Qing Xue and Liu Yang 6.1 Introduction 127 6.2 System Model 130 6.3 Problem Formulation and Analysis 133 6.4 FL-Based Beam Management in UDmmN 135 6.6 Conclusions 150 7 Blockchain-Empowered Federated Learning Approach for An Intelligent and Reliable D2D Caching Scheme 155Runze Cheng, Yao Sun, Yijing Liu, Le Xia, Daquan Feng, and Muhammad Imran 7.1 Introduction 155 7.2 RelatedWork 157 7.3 System Model 159 7.4 Problem Formulation and DRL-Based Model Training 160 7.5 Privacy-Preserved and Secure BDRFL Caching Scheme Design 165 7.6 Consensus Mechanism and Federated Learning Model Update 170 7.7 Simulation Results and Discussions 173 7.8 Conclusion 177 8 Heterogeneity-Aware Dynamic Scheduling for Federated Edge Learning 181Kun Guo, Zihan Chen, Howard H. Yang, and Tony Q. S. Quek 8.1 Introduction 181 8.2 RelatedWorks 184 8.3 System Model for FEEL 185 8.4 Heterogeneity-Aware Dynamic Scheduling Problem Formulation 189 8.5 Dynamic Scheduling Algorithm Design and Analysis 192 8.6 Evaluation Results 197 8.7 Conclusions 208 8.A.1 Proof of Theorem 8.2 208 8.A.2 Proof of Theorem 8.3 209 9 Robust Federated Learning with Real-World Noisy Data 215Jingyi Xu, Zihan Chen, Tony Q. S. Quek, and Kai Fong Ernest Chong 9.1 Introduction 215 9.2 RelatedWork 217 9.3 FedCorr 219 9.4 Experiments 226 9.5 Further Remarks 232 10 Analog Over-the-Air Federated Learning: Design and Analysis 239Howard H. Yang, Zihan Chen, and Tony Q. S. Quek 10.1 Introduction 239 10.2 System Model 241 10.3 Analog Over-the-Air Model Training 242 10.4 Convergence Analysis 245 10.5 Numerical Results 250 10.6 Conclusion 253 11 Federated Edge Learning for Massive MIMO CSI Feedback 257Shi Jin, Yiming Cui, and Jiajia Guo 11.1 Introduction 257 11.2 System Model 259 11.3 FEEL for DL-Based CSI Feedback 260 11.4 Simulation Results 264 11.5 Conclusion 268 12 User-Centric Decentralized Federated Learning for Autoencoder-Based CSI Feedback 273Shi Jin, Jiajia Guo, Yan Lv, and Yiming Cui 12.1 Autoencoder-Based CSI Feedback 273 12.2 User-Centric Online Training for AE-Based CSI Feedback 275 12.3 Multiuser Online Training Using Decentralized Federated Learning 279 12.4 Numerical Results 283 12.5 Conclusion 287 Bibliography 287 Index 291

Read more less

Book SynopsisJOINT COMMUNICATIONS AND SENSING Authoritative resource systematically introducing JCAS technologies and providing valuable information and knowledge to researchers and engineers Based on over six years of dedicated research on joint communications and sensing (JCAS) by the authors, their collaborators, and students, Joint Communications and Sensing is the first book to comprehensively cover the subject of JCAS, which is expected to deliver huge cost and energy savings, and therefore has become a hallmark of future 6G and next generation radar technologies. The book has three parts. Part I presents the basic JCAS concepts and applications and the basic signal processing algorithms to support JCAS. Part II covers communications-centric JCAS designs that describe how sensing can be integrated into communications networks such as 5G and 6G. Part III presents ways to integrate communications in various radar sensing technologies and platforms.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments xiii Preface xv Acronyms xvii Part I Fundamentals of Joint Communications and Sensing (JCAS) 1 1 Introduction to Joint Communications and Sensing (JCAS) 3 1.1 Background 3 1.2 Three Categories of JCAS Systems 5 1.2.1 Major Differences Between Communications and Sensing 7 1.2.2 Communications-Centric Design 12 1.2.3 Radar-Centric Design 15 1.2.4 Joint Design without an Underlying System 17 1.2.5 Summary of Key Research Problems 18 1.3 Potential Sensing Applications of JCAS 18 1.4 Book Organization 22 References 24 2 Signal Processing Fundamentals for JCAS 31 2.1 Channel Model for Communications and Radar 31 2.2 Basic Communication Signals and Systems 33 2.2.1 Single-Carrier MIMO 33 2.2.2 MIMO-OFDM 34 2.2.3 Transmitter and Receiver Signal Processing in Communications 34 2.3 MIMO Radar Signals and Systems 36 2.3.1 Single-Carrier MIMO Radar 36 2.3.2 MIMO-OFDM Radar 37 2.3.3 FH-MIMO Radar 38 2.4 Basic Signal Processing for Radar Sensing 40 2.4.1 Matched Filtering 40 2.4.2 Moving Target Detection (MTD) 41 2.4.3 Spatial-Domain Processing 42 2.4.4 Target Detection 43 2.4.5 Spatial Refinement 44 2.5 Signal Processing Basics for Communication-Centric JCAS 44 2.5.1 802.11ad JCAS Systems 44 2.5.2 Mobile Network with JCAS Capabilities 46 2.5.3 Sensing Parameter Estimation 46 2.5.3.1 Direct and Indirect Sensing 47 2.5.3.2 Sensing Algorithms 49 2.6 Signal Processing Basics for DFRC 50 2.6.1 Embedding Information in RadarWaveform 50 2.6.2 Signal Reception and Processing for Communications 52 2.6.2.1 Demodulation 53 2.6.2.2 Channel Estimation 54 2.6.3 Codebook Design 54 2.7 Conclusions 55 References 55 3 Efficient Parameter Estimation 59 3.1 Q-Shifted Estimator (QSE) 60 3.2 Refined QSE (QSEr) 62 3.2.1 Impact ofq 62 3.2.2 Refined Optimalq 66 3.2.3 Numerical Illustration of QSEr 67 3.3 Padé approximation-Enabled Estimator 70 3.3.1 Core Updating Function 71 3.3.2 Initialization and Overall Estimation Procedure 74 3.3.3 Numerical Illustrations 76 3.4 Conclusions 80 References 80 Part II Communication-Centric JCAS 83 4 Perceptive Mobile Network (PMN) 85 4.1 Framework for PMN 85 4.1.1 System Platform and Infrastructure 86 Trim Size: 6in x 9in Single Column Wu982913 ftoc.tex V1 - 09/06/2022 5:13pm Page vii [1] [1] [1] [1] Contents vii 4.1.1.1 CRAN 87 4.1.1.2 Standalone BS 87 4.1.2 Three Types of Sensing Operations 88 4.1.2.1 Downlink Active Sensing 88 4.1.2.2 Downlink Passive Sensing 88 4.1.2.3 Uplink Sensing 89 4.1.2.4 Comparison 89 4.1.3 Signals Usable from 5G NR for Radio Sensing 90 4.1.3.1 Reference Signals Used for Channel Estimation 90 4.1.3.2 Nonchannel Estimation Signals 92 4.1.3.3 Data Payload Signals 92 4.2 System Modifications to Enable Sensing 92 4.2.1 Dedicated Transmitter for Uplink Sensing 93 4.2.2 Dedicated Receiver for Downlink (and Uplink) Sensing 94 4.2.3 Full-Duplex Radios for Downlink Sensing 94 4.2.4 Base Stations with Widely Separated Transmitting and Receiving Antennas 96 4.3 System Issues 98 4.3.1 Performance Bounds 98 4.3.2 Waveform Optimization 100 4.3.2.1 Spatial Optimization 102 4.3.2.2 Optimization in Time and Frequency Domains 105 4.3.2.3 Optimization with Next-Generation Signaling Formats 106 4.3.3 Antenna Array Design 106 4.3.3.1 Virtual MIMO and Antenna Grouping 107 4.3.3.2 Sparse Array Design 108 4.3.3.3 Spatial Modulation 109 4.3.3.4 Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface-Assisted JCAS 109 4.3.4 Clutter Suppression Techniques 110 4.3.4.1 Recursive Moving Averaging (RMA) 112 4.3.4.2 Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) 113 4.3.5 Sensing Parameter Estimation 114 4.3.5.1 Periodogram such as 2D DFT 115 4.3.5.2 Subspace-Based Spectrum Analysis Techniques 115 4.3.5.3 On-Grid Compressive Sensing Algorithms 117 4.3.6 Resolution of Sensing Ambiguity 119 4.3.7 Pattern Analysis 122 4.3.8 Networked Sensing under Cellular Topology 123 4.3.8.1 Fundamental Theories and Performance Bounds for “Cellular Sensing Networks” 123 4.3.8.2 Distributed Sensing with Node Grouping and Cooperation 124 4.3.9 Sensing-Assisted Communications 124 4.3.9.1 Sensing-Assisted Beamforming 124 4.3.9.2 Sensing-Assisted Secure Communications 128 4.4 Conclusions 128 References 128 5 Integrating Low-Complexity and Flexible Sensing into Communication Systems: A Unified Sensing Framework 139 5.1 Problem Statement and Signal Model 139 5.1.1 Signal Model 140 5.1.2 Classical OFDM Sensing (COS) 142 5.1.3 Problem Statement 143 5.1.3.1 CP-limited Sensing Distance 143 5.1.3.2 Communication-limited Velocity measurement 143 5.1.3.3 COS adapted for DFT-S-OFDM 144 5.2 A Low-Complexity Sensing Framework 144 5.3 Performance Analysis 150 5.3.1 Preliminary Results 150 5.3.2 Analyzing Signal Components in Two RDMs 151 5.3.3 Comparison and Insights 154 5.3.4 Criteria for Setting Key Sensing Parameters 157 5.4 Simulation Results 158 5.4.1 Illustrating SINRs in RDMs 159 5.4.2 Illustration of Target Detection 162 5.5 Conclusions 166 References 167 6 Sensing Framework Optimization 169 6.1 Echo Preprocessing 169 6.1.1 Reshaping 170 6.1.2 Virtual Cyclic Prefix (VCP) 171 6.1.3 Removing Communication Information 174 6.2 Target Parameter Estimation 177 6.2.1 Parameter Estimation Method 177 6.2.2 Computational Complexity 181 6.3 Optimizing Parameters of Sensing Methods 182 6.3.1 Preliminary Results 183 6.3.2 Maximizing SINR for Parameter Estimation 184 6.4 Simulation Results 186 6.4.1 Comparison with Benchmark Method 186 Trim Size: 6in x 9in Single Column Wu982913 ftoc.tex V1 - 09/06/2022 5:13pm Page ix [1] [1] [1] [1] Contents ix 6.4.2 Wide Applicability 189 6.5 Conclusions 192 References 193 Part III Radar-Centric Joint Communications and Sensing 195 7 FH-MIMO Dual-Function Radar-Based Communications: Single-Antenna Receiver 197 7.1 Problem Statement 198 7.2 Waveform Design for FH-MIMO DFRC 199 7.2.1 FH-MIMO RadarWaveform 200 7.2.2 Overall Channel Estimation Scheme 202 7.2.2.1 Estimate Timing Offset 203 7.2.2.2 Estimate Channel Parameters 203 7.3 Estimating Timing Offset 203 7.3.1 Two Estimation Methods 204 7.3.2 Performance Analysis and Comparison of the Estimators 205 7.3.3 Design of a Suboptimal Hopping Frequency Sequence 208 7.4 Estimating Channel Response 209 7.4.1 Estimation Method 209 7.4.2 Complexity Analysis 210 7.5 Using Estimations in Data Communications 211 7.6 Extensions to Multipath Cases 212 7.7 Simulation Results 214 7.8 Conclusions 219 References 219 8 Frequency-Hopping MIMO Radar-Based Communications with Multiantenna Receiver 221 8.1 Signal Model 221 8.2 The DFRC Signal Mode 223 8.3 A Multiantenna Receiving Scheme 226 8.3.1 Estimating Channel Response 226 8.3.2 Estimating Timing Offset 227 8.3.2.1 Estimating L𝜂 228 8.3.2.2 Removing Estimation Ambiguity 229 8.3.3 Information Demodulation 230 8.3.3.1 Estimating khm 230 8.3.3.2 FHCS Demodulation 232 8.3.3.3 PSK Demodulation 232 8.4 Performance Analysis 232 8.4.1 Performance of Channel Coefficient Estimation 232 8.4.2 Performance of Timing Offset Estimation 233 8.4.3 Communication Performance 234 8.4.3.1 Achievable Rate 234 8.4.3.2 SER of PSK-Based FH-MIMO DFRC 234 8.5 Simulations 235 8.6 Conclusions 240 References 240 9 Integrating Secure Communications into Frequency Hopping MIMO Radar with Improved Data Rates 243 9.1 Signal Models and Overall Design 243 9.1.1 Signal Model of Bob 244 9.1.2 Signal Model of Eve 245 9.1.3 Overall Description 246 9.1.4 Maximum Achievable Rate (MAR) 247 9.2 Elementwise Phase Compensation 249 9.2.1 AoD-Dependence Issue of Hopping Frequency Permutation Selection (HFPS) Demodulation 249 9.2.2 Elementwise phase compensation and HFPS Demodulation at Bob 250 9.2.3 Enhancing Physical-Layer Security by Elementwise Phase Compensation 252 9.3 Random Sign Reversal 253 9.3.1 Random Sign Reversal and Maximum Likelihood (ML) Decoding 253 9.3.2 Detecting Random Sign Reversal at Bob 254 9.3.3 Random Sign Reversal Impact Analysis 255 9.3.4 Impact of Presented Design on Radar Performance 258 9.3.4.1 Impact of HFCS on R(𝜏) 258 9.3.4.2 Impact of HFPS on R(𝜏) 259 9.3.4.3 Impact of Elementwise Phase Compensation and Random Sign Reversal on R(𝜏) 259 9.3.4.4 Limitations of Presented Design for Radar Applications 260 9.3.5 Extension to Multipath and Multiuser Scenarios 260 9.3.5.1 Multipath Scenario 260 9.3.5.2 Multiuser Scenario 261 9.4 Simulation Results 261 9.5 Conclusions 267 References 267 Trim Size: 6in x 9in Single Column Wu982913 ftoc.tex V1 - 09/06/2022 5:13pm Page xi [1] [1] [1] [1] Contents xi A Proofs, Analyses, and Derivations 271 A.1 Proof of Lemma 5.1 271 A.2 Proof of Lemma 5.2 271 A.3 Proof of Lemma 5.3 272 A.4 Proof of Proposition 5.1 273 A.5 Proof of Proposition 5.2 274 A.6 Proof of Proposition 6.1 275 A.7 Deriving the Powers of the Four Terms of X̃ n[l] Given in (6.33) 277 A.8 Proof of Proposition 6.2 280 A.9 Proof of Proposition 6.3 281 A.10 Deriving (9.31) 282 References 283 Index 285

Read more less

Book SynopsisEssentials of RF Front-end Design and Testing Highly comprehensive text delivering the RF system essentials required to understand, develop, and evaluate the performance of RF wireless systems Essentials of RF Front-end Design and Testing: A Practical Guide for Wireless Systems is a system-oriented book which provides several wireless communication disciplines in one volume. The book covers a wide range of topics, including antenna fundamentals, phased array antenna and MIMOs that are crucial for the latest 5G mmWave and future 6G wireless systems, high-frequency transmission lines, RF building blocks that are necessary to understand how various RF subsystems are interrelated and implemented in wireless systems, and test setups for conducted and Over-The-Air (OTA) transmitter and receiver tests. The text enables readers to understand, develop, and evaluate the performance of RF wireless systems. The text focuses on RF system performance and testing rather

Read more less

Book SynopsisWhile the 5th Generation (5G) system is being widely deployed across the globe, the research and consensus building for the 6th generation (6G) are already well underway with high expectations toward the merger of digital, physical and human worlds. The main goal of this book is to introduce the upcoming 6G technologies and outline the foreseen challenges, enablers, and architectural design trends that will be instrumental in realizing a Sustainable and Trustworthy 6G system in the coming years.The envisioned 6G system promises to offer a more advanced and comprehensive user experience not only by achieving higher speeds, larger capacity, and lower latency, but also much more improved reliability, greater energy efficiency, and an enhanced security framework while natively integrating intelligence end-to-end (E2E). Achieving these goals will require innovative technological solutions and a holistic system design that considers the needs of various stakeholders and future 6G use cases.Capitalizing on the 5G Public-Private-Partnership (5G PPP) Phase 3 projects and the join efforts between the Architecture Working Group and the flagship Hexa-X project, this book delves into the critical challenges and enablers of the 6G system, including new network architectures and novel enhancements as well as the role of regulators, network operators, industry players, application developers, and end-users. Accordingly, this book provides a comprehensive overview of the current research activities on 6G and sets a solid cornerstone towards a more connected, intelligent, and sustainable world.Trade ReviewThis current book, as a joint effort between the Hexa-X project and the Architecture WG, is the culmination of the European architecture work as a whole. It highlights the latest requirements on the future architecture along with the architectural design principles to respond to technical, economical, and societal needs. Moreover, it elevates the perspective from the long-term evolution of the 5G technologies towards the introduction of the 6G system. It thus provides a reference point for future 6G architecture work to continue in the SNS JU. We count on the Hexa-X flagship as well as collaborative facilities under the 5G-PPP and SNS JU, such as the Architecture WG, to continue creating the critical mass in Europe towards this vision. I am looking forward to the creativity and ambition of the global research and innovation community to shape the new generation of communication technology throughout this decade. -- Peter StuckmannTable of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Architecture Landscape Chapter 3: Towards Versatile Access Networks Chapter 4: Towards Joint Communication and Sensing Chapter 5: Towards Natively Intelligent Networks Chapter 6: Towards Sustainable Networks Chapter 7: Towards Continuously Programmable Networks Chapter 8: Secure, Privacy-Preserving, and Trustworthy Networks Chapter 9: 6G Outlook and Timeline Index

Read more less