Mathematical logic Books

Book SynopsisThe latest volume in the hugely popular Killer Su Doku series from The Times, featuring the highest-quality puzzles with an extra element of arithmetic.This addition to the successful Times Killer Su Doku series will test your skills to the limit, adding the challenge of arithmetic and taking Su Doku to a new and even deadlier level of difficulty.The puzzles use the same 9x9 grid as Su Doku but with an added mathematical challenge. The aim is not only to complete every row, column and cube so that it contains the numbers 1-9, it is also necessary to ensure that the outlined cubes add up to the same number as well.With 200 new Moderate, Tricky, Tough and Deadly Killer Su Doku puzzles, there is no chance to ease yourself in with simple puzzles. For those who like to live dangerously and push beyond their mental comfort zone, steel yourself for The Times'' next, terribly tough instalment.

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Book Synopsis500 number and logic puzzles to test your mental agility with this collection from the MindGames section of The Times, featuring 7 different types of puzzle challenge.The perfect gift for all number and logic puzzle enthusiasts who are looking for a varied challengeThis collection contains the favourites Suko, Brain Trainer, Cell Blocks, Futoshiki, Kakuro, Set Square and KenKen, all from the Times puzzles section.

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Book SynopsisChallenge yourself at home with word and number puzzlesThe latest volume in the hugely popular Killer Su Doku series from The Times, featuring the highest-quality puzzles with an extra element of arithmetic.This addition to the successful Times Killer Su Doku series will test your skills to the limit, adding the challenge of arithmetic and taking Su Doku to a new and even deadlier level of difficulty.The puzzles use the same 9x9 grid as Su Doku but with an added mathematical challenge. The aim is not only to complete every row, column and cube so that it contains the numbers 1-9, it is also necessary to ensure that the outlined cubes add up to the same number as well.With 200 new Moderate, Tricky, Tough and Deadly Killer Su Doku puzzles, there is no chance to ease yourself in with simple puzzles. For those who like to live dangerously and pushbeyond their mental comfort zone, steel yourself for The Times'' next, terribly tough instalment.

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Book SynopsisAre you smarter than a Singaporean ten-year-old?Can you beat Sherlock Holmes?If you think the answer is yes - I challenge you to solve my problems. Here are 125 of the world's best brainteasers from the last two millennia, taking us from ancient China to medieval Europe, Victorian England to modern-day Japan, with stories of espionage, mathematical breakthroughs and puzzling rivalries along the way.Pit your wits against logic puzzles and kinship riddles, pangrams and river-crossing conundrums. Some solutions rely on a touch of cunning, others call for creativity, others need mercilessly logical thought. Some can only be solved be 2 per cent of the population. All are guaranteed to sharpen your mind. Let's get puzzling!

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Book SynopsisInspiring and informativedeserves to be widely read.Wall Street JournalThis fun book offers a philosophical take on number systems and revels in the beauty of math.Science NewsBecause we have ten fingers, grouping by ten seems natural, but twelve would be better for divisibility, and eight is well suited to repeated halving. Grouping by two, as in binary code, has turned out to have its own remarkable advantages. Paul Lockhart presents arithmetic not as rote manipulation of numbersa practical if mundane branch of knowledge best suited for filling out tax formsbut as a fascinating, sometimes surprising intellectual craft that arises from our desire to add, divide, and multiply important things. Passionate and entertaining, Arithmetic invites us to experience the beauty of mathematics through the eyes of a beguiling teacher. A nuanced understanding of working with numbers, gently connecting procedures that we once learned by rote with intuitions long since muddled by educationLockhart presents arithmetic as a pleasurable pastime, and describes it as a craft like knitting.Jonathon Keats, New ScientistWhat are numbers, how did they arise, why did our ancestors invent them, and how did they represent them? They are, after all, one of humankind's most brilliant inventions, arguably having greater impact on our lives than the wheel. Lockhart recounts their fascinating storyA wonderful book.Keith Devlin, author of Finding FibonacciTrade ReviewToday’s world is more dependent on numbers than at any time in human history, yet with the ready availability of cheap, reliable devices that handle computation, we have never had less need to master arithmetic. Our newfound freedom from the chore of hand computation makes it both possible and, Paul Lockhart argues in this wonderful new book, desirable to step back and reflect on the entire development of arithmetic over several millennia. What are numbers, how did they arise, why did our ancestors invent them, and how did they represent them? They are, after all, one of humankind’s most brilliant inventions, arguably having greater impact on our lives than the wheel. Lockhart recounts their fascinating story. -- Keith Devlin, mathematician, author of The Man of Numbers and Finding FibonacciWhat an exuberant, exciting invitation to take joy in the wonderful human activity of counting, and to think deeply about its many origins. Marvelously personal, quite surprising at times, and fun to read. -- Barry Mazur, Gerhard Gade University Professor at Harvard University, coauthor of Prime Numbers and the Riemann HypothesisOnce I started reading, the text proved mind-blowing. Some of the most ingrained and fundamental assumptions about the way we count and understand numbers are here deconstructed and shown to be arbitrary… For the mathematical layman, this book will be a very pleasant surprise… I am delighted to say that Lockhart is a fabulously entertaining writer, and that his light-hearted approach managed to keep me cheerfully engaged even when his discussions were most abstract… It’s in equal measures entertaining and educational, and a pleasant surprise on more levels than one. -- Andrea Tallarita * PopMatters *Arithmetic is inspiring and informative, and deserves to be widely read. -- Jane Gleeson-White * Wall Street Journal *Beginning with counting and moving through topics such as multiplication and fractions, Arithmetic provides a nuanced understanding of working with numbers, gently connecting procedures that we once learned by rote with intuitions long since muddled by education…Lockhart presents arithmetic as a pleasurable pastime, and describes it as a craft like knitting. Manipulating calculi on a tabula, you can see what he means. -- Jonathon Keats * New Scientist *More than just an informative survey of the fundamentals of basic arithmetic, this fun book offers a philosophical take on number systems and revels in the beauty of math. * Science News *

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Book SynopsisAnother terrific book by Rob Eastaway' SIMON SINGHA delightfully accessible guide to how to play with numbers' HANNAH FRYHow many cats are there in the world?What''s the chance of winning the lottery twice?And just how long does it take to count to a million?Learn how to tackle tricky maths problems with nothing but the back of an envelope, a pencil and some good old-fashioned brain power.Join Rob Eastaway as he takes an entertaining look at how to figure without a calculator. Packed with amusing anecdotes, quizzes, and handy calculation tips for every situation, Maths on the Back of an Envelope is an invaluable introduction to the art of estimation, and a welcome reminder that sometimes our own brain is the best tool we have to deal with numbers.Trade Review‘A delightfully accessible guide to how to play with numbers’ – Dr Hannah Fry, author of Hello World and The Mathematics of Love ‘Put aside those calculators and computers, and find a pen and piece of paper! In a collection of riveting tips and examples, Eastaway shows us amazing short-cuts to get rough answers to important questions. I still find it remarkable that 16% of 25 is exactly the same as 25% of 16!’ – Professor Sir David Spiegelhalter, author of The Art of Statistics ‘Another terrific book by Rob Eastaway’ – Simon Singh ‘Packed with fun examples and fresh ideas. I thought I was on top of this subject, but I learned a lot’ – Tim Harford ‘A joyful primer about the lost art of calculating without a calculator’ – Guardian

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Book SynopsisLogic is often perceived as having little to do with the rest of philosophy, and even less to do with real life. In this lively and accessible introduction, Graham Priest shows how wrong this conception is. He explores the philosophical roots of the subject, explaining how modern formal logic deals with issues ranging from the existence of God and the reality of time to paradoxes of probability and decision theory. Along the way, the basics of formal logic are explained in simple, non-technical terms, showing that logic is a powerful and exciting part of modern philosophy. In this new edition Graham Priest expands his discussion to cover the subjects of algorithms and axioms, and proofs in mathematics.ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.Table of ContentsPREFACE TO SECOND EDITION; PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION; GLOSSARY; PROBLEMS; PROBLEM SOLUTIONS; BIBLIOGRAPHY; GENERAL INDEX

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Book SynopsisJourney through the world of abstract mathematics into category theory with popular science author Eugenia Cheng. Featuring humanizing examples and demystification of mathematical thought processes, this book is for fans of How to Bake Pi who want to dig deeper into mathematical concepts and build their mathematical background.Trade Review'This book is an educational tour de force that presents mathematical thinking as a right-brained activity. Most 'left brain/right brain' education-talk is at best a crude metaphor; but by putting the main focus on the process of (mathematical) abstraction, Eugenia Cheng supplies the reader (whatever their 'brain-type') with the mental tools to make that distinction precise and potentially useful. The book takes the reader along in small steps; but make no mistake, this is a major intellectual journey. Starting not with numbers, but everyday experiences, it develops what is regarded as a very advanced branch of abstract mathematics (category theory, though Cheng really uses this as a proxy for mathematical thinking generally). This is not watered-down math; it's the real thing. And it challenges the reader to think-deeply at times. We 'left-brainers' can learn plenty from it too.' Keith Devlin, Stanford University (Emeritus), author of The Joy of Sets'Eugenia Cheng loves mathematics—not the ordinary sort that most people encounter, but the most abstract sort that she calls 'the mathematics of mathematics.' And in this lovely excursion through her abstract world of Category Theory, she aims to give those who are willing to join her a glimpse of that world. The journey will change how they view mathematics. Cheng is a brilliant writer, with prose that feels like poetry. Her contagious enthusiasm makes her the perfect guide.' John Ewing, President, Math for America'Eugenia Cheng's singular contribution is in making abstract mathematics relevant to all through her great ingenuity in developing novel connections between logic and life. Her latest book, The Joy of Abstraction, provides a long awaited fully rigorous yet gentle introduction to the 'mathematics of mathematics,' allowing anyone to experience the joy of learning to think categorically.' Emily Riehl, Johns Hopkins University, author of Category Theory in Context'Archimedes is quoted as having said once: 'Mathematics reveals its secrets only to those who approach it with pure love, for its own beauty.' In this fascinating book, Eugenia Cheng approaches the abstract mathematical area of Category Theory with pure love, to reveal its beauty to anybody interested in learning something about contemporary mathematics.' Mario Livio, astrophysicist, author of The Golden Ratio and Brilliant Blunders'Eugenia Cheng's latest book will appeal to a remarkably broad and diverse audience, from non-mathematicians who would like to get a sense of what mathematics is really about, to experienced mathematicians who are not category theorists but would like a basic understanding of category theory. Speaking as one of the latter, I found it a real pleasure to be able to read the book without constantly having to stop and puzzle over the details. I have learnt a lot from it already, including what the famous Yoneda lemma is all about, and I look forward to learning more from it in the future.' Sir Timothy Gowers, Collège de France, Fields Medalist, main editor of The Princeton Companion to Mathematics'At last: a book that makes category theory as simple as it really is. Cheng explains the subject in a clear and friendly way, in detail, not relying on material that only mathematics majors learn. Category theory – indeed, mathematics as a whole – has been waiting for a book like this.' John Baez, University of California, Riverside'Many people speak derisively of category theory as the most abstract area of mathematics, but Eugenia Cheng succeeds in redeeming the word 'abstract'. This book is loquacious, conversational, and inviting. Reading this book convinced me I could teach category theory as an introductory course, and that is a real marvel, since it is a subject most people leave for experts.' Francis Su, Harvey Mudd College, author of Mathematics for Human Flourishing'Finally, a book about category theory that doesn't assume you already know category theory! In this inviting but rigorous introduction to what she calls 'the mathematics of mathematics', Eugenia Cheng brings the subject to us with insight, wit, and a point of view. Her story of finding joy-and advantage-in abstraction will inspire you to find it, too.' Patrick Honner, award-winning high school math teacher, columnist for Quanta Magazine, author of Painless Statistics'This higher category theory is the mathematics of the twenty-first century (at least my corner of it). If you'd like a taste of it, I recommend Dr. Cheng's book. The first half is an accessible and thought-provoking insight into categorical thinking. The second half climbs into the rarified air of theoretic math, but it is worth a read to get a feel for what some parts of modern mathematics look like.' Jonathan Kujawa, 3 Quarks Daily'… a successful addition to the literature that I am sure students will use in the future and I would be happy to recommend.' Constanze Roitzheim, Mathematische SemesterberichteTable of ContentsPrologue; Part I. Building Up to Categories: 1. Categories: the idea; 2. Abstraction; 3. Patterns; 4. Context; 5. Relationships; 6. Formalism; 7. Equivalence relations; 8. Categories: the definition; Interlude: A Tour of Math: 9. Examples we've already seen, secretly; 10. Ordered sets; 11. Small mathematical structures; 12. Sets and functions; 13. Large worlds of mathematical structures; Part II. Doing Category Theory: 14. Isomorphisms; 15. Monics and epics; 16. Universal properties; 17. Duality; 18. Products and coproducts; 19. Pullbacks and pushouts; 20. Functors; 21. Categories of categories; 22. Natural transformations; 23. Yoneda; 24. Higher dimensions; 25. Epilogue: thinking categorically; Appendices: A. Background on alphabets; B. Background on basic logic; C. Background on set theory; D. Background on topological spaces; Glossary; Further reading; Acknowledgements; Index.

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Book SynopsisFirst English translation of revolutionary paper (1931) that established that even in elementary parts of arithmetic, there are propositions which cannot be proved or disproved within the system. Introduction by R. B. Braithwaite.

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Book SynopsisThird edition of popular undergraduate-level text offers historic overview, readable treatment of mathematics before Euclid, Euclid's Elements, non-Euclidean geometry, algebraic structure, formal axiomatics, sets, more. Problems, some with solutions. Bibliography.

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Book Synopsis''An invaluable companion for anyone who wants a deep understanding of what's under the hood of often inscrutable machines'' Melanie Mitchell A rich, narrative explanation of the mathematics that has brought us machine learning and the ongoing explosion of artificial intelligenceMachine-learning systems are making life-altering decisions for us: approving mortgage loans, determining whether a tumour is cancerous, or deciding whether someone gets bail. They now influence discoveries in chemistry, biology and physics - the study of genomes, extra-solar planets, even the intricacies of quantum systems.We are living through a revolution in artificial intelligence that is not slowing down. This major shift is based on simple mathematics, some of which goes back centuries: linear algebra and calculus, the stuff of eighteenth-century mathematics. Indeed by the mid-1850s, a lot of the groundwork was all done. It took the development of computer science and the kindling of 1990s computer chips designed for video games to ignite the explosion of AI that we see all around us today. In this enlightening book, Anil Ananthaswamy explains the fundamental maths behind AI, which suggests that the basics of natural and artificial intelligence might follow the same mathematical rules.As Ananthaswamy resonantly concludes, to make the most of our most wondrous technologies we need to understand their profound limitations - the clues lie in the maths that makes AI possible.

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Book SynopsisMichael Potter presents a comprehensive new philosophical introduction to set theory. Anyone wishing to work on the logical foundations of mathematics must understand set theory, which lies at its heart.Potter offers a thorough account of cardinal and ordinal arithmetic, and the various axiom candidates. He discusses in detail the project of set-theoretic reduction, which aims to interpret the rest of mathematics in terms of set theory. The key question here is how to deal with the paradoxes that bedevil set theory. Potter offers a strikingly simple version of the most widely accepted response to the paradoxes, which classifies sets by means of a hierarchy of levels.What makes the book unique is that it interweaves a careful presentation of the technical material with a penetrating philosophical critique. Potter does not merely expound the theory dogmatically but at every stage discusses in detail the reasons that can be offered for believing it to be true. Set Theory and its PhilosophTrade Reviewa wonderful new book . . . Potter has written the best philosophical introduction to set theory on the market * Timothy Bays, Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews *Table of ContentsI. SETS ; II. NUMBERS ; III. CARDINALS AND ORDINALS ; IV. FURTHER AXIOMS

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Book SynopsisThird printing. First paperback printing. Original copyright date: 2013.Trade Review"Meshing logic problems with the stories of two extraordinary men ... Paul Nahin fashions a tale of innovation and discovery. Alongside a gripping account of how Shannon built on Boole's work, Nahin explores others key to the technological revolution, from Georg Cantor to Alan Turing."--Nature "Engaging... Nahin assumes some rudimentary knowledge but expertly explains concepts such as relay circuits, Turing machines, and quantum computing. Reasoning through the problems and diagrams will give persistent readers genuine aha moments and an understanding of the two revolutionaries who helped to lay the foundation of our digital world."--Scientific American "Part biography, part history, and part a review of basic information theory, this book does an excellent job of fitting these interlocking elements together."--Library Journal "The reader is taken on a journey from the development of some abstract mathematical ideas through a nearly ubiquitous application of those ideas within the modern world with so many embedded digital computers... I enjoyed the discussion of Claude Shannon. In the history of the computer and development of the internet and World Wide Web, his ideas and contributions are too often overlooked. He is one of my heroes and I believe that everyone that reads this book will come to the same conclusion."--Charles Ashbacher, MAA Reviews "Paul J. Nahin really knows how to tell a good story... The Logician and the Engineer is truly a gem."--New York Journal of Books "A short but fairly detailed exploration of the genesis of Boolean logic and Shannon's information theory... [G]ood background reading for anyone studying electronics or computer science."--Christine Evans-Pughe, Engineering & Technology "Although the book is technical, it is always easily understandable for anyone (for those who need it, some basic rules for electrical circuits are collected in a short appendix). It is not only understandable but also pleasantly bantering and at occasions even facetious."--A. Bultheel, European Mathematical Society "Most valuable to this reviewer, and likely to many potential readers, is the closing chapter, aptly titled Beyond Boole and Shannon. Here is provided an introduction to quantum computing and its logic, possibly portending the future of computers, yet unmistakably bearing the footprints of the two early pioneers. It is an unexpected yet fitting conclusion to this thoroughly enjoyable read."--Ronald E. Prather, Mathematical Reviews Clippings "Nahin has had the very good idea of connecting the very different worlds and times of Boole, Shannon, and others to demonstrate that a little Victorian algebra can turn out to be very useful."--SIAM Review "The exposition is clear and does not assume any prior knowledge except elementary mathematics and a few basic facts from physics. I recommend this well-written book to all readers interested in the history of computer science, as well as those who are curious about the fundamental principles of digital computing."--Antonin Slavik, Zentralblatt MATH "[T]his is a useful and often interesting introduction to the life and work of two intellectual giants who are largely unknown to the general public."--Gareth and Mary Jones, London Mathematical Society Newsletter "The problems are varied and indeed intriguing, and the solutions are delightful."--Mathematics Magazine "This book is not light reading. It would be excellent for advanced high school juniors or seniors with a strong interest in computer science as well as mathematics."--Tom Ottinger, Mathematics Teacher "Nahin leavens the math and engineering with humor and an infectious intellectual curiosity, and the parallels between Boole and Shannon are convincingly drawn... [The Logician and the Engineer] will give your brain a workout, but an enjoyable one."--San Francisco Book ReviewTable of ContentsPreface xi 1 What You Need to Know to Read This Book 1 Notes and References 5 2 Introduction 6 Notes and References 14 3 George Boole and Claude Shannon: Two Mini-Biographies 17 *3.1 The Mathematician 17 *3.2 The Electrical Engineer 28 * Notes and References 39 4 Boolean Algebra 43 *4.1 Boole's Early Interest in Symbolic Analysis 43 *4.2 Visualizing Sets 44 *4.3 Boole's Algebra of Sets 45 *4.4 Propositional Calculus 48 *4.5 Some Examples of Boolean Analysis 52 *4.6 Visualizing Boolean Functions 59 * Notes and References 65 5 Logical Switching Circuits 67 *5.1 Digital Technology: Relays versus Electronics 67 *5.2 Switches and the Logical Connectives 68 *5.3 A Classic Switching Design Problem 71 *5.4 The Electromagnetic Relay and the Logical NOT 73 *5.5 The Ideal Diode and the Relay Logical AND and OR 76 *5.6 The Bi-Stable Relay Latch 81 * Notes and References 84 6 Boole, Shannon, and Probability 88 *6.1 A Common Mathematical Interest 88 *6.2 Some Fundamental Probability Concepts 89 *6.3 Boole and Conditional Probability 96 *6.4 Shannon, Conditional Probability, and Relay Reliability 99 *6.5 Majority Logic 106 * Notes and References 110 7 Some Combinatorial Logic Examples 114 *7.1 Channel Capacity, Shannon's Theorem, and Error-Detection Theory 114 *7.2 The Exclusive-OR Gate (XOR) 122 *7.3 Error-Detection Logic 127 *7.4 Error-Correction Theory 128 *7.5 Error-Correction Logic 132 * Notes and References 137 8 Sequential-State Digital Circuits 139 *8.1 Two Sequential-State Problems 139 *8.2 The NOR Latch 142 *8.3 The Clocked RS Flip-Flop 146 *8.4 More Flip-Flops 154 *8.5 A Synchronous, Sequential-State Digital Machine Design Example 158 * Notes and References 160 9 Turing Machines 161 *9.1 The First Modern Computer 162 *9.2 Two Turing Machines 164 *9.3 Numbers We Can't Compute 168 * Notes and References 173 10 Beyond Boole and Shannon 176 *10.1 Computation and Fundamental Physics 176 *10.2 Energy and Information 178 *10.3 Logically Reversible Gates 180 *10.4 Thermodynamics of Logic 184 *10.5 A Peek into the Twilight Zone: Quantum Computers 188 *10.6 Quantum Logic--and Time Travel, Too! 197 Notes and References 205 Epilogue For the Future: The Anti-Amphibological Machine 210 Appendix Fundamental Electric Circuit Concepts 219 Acknowledgments 223 Index 225

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Book SynopsisAttempts to give a systematic presentation of both logic and type theory from a categorical perspective, using the unifying concept of fibred category. This book is useful for logicians, type theorists, category theorists and (theoretical) computer scientists.Trade Review"The author's achievement in collecting and organizing a very large body of material in coherent form,... this is first and foremost an encyclopaedic work, into which specialists will delve with much pleasure and profit... One very welcome feature of the book is a comprehensive bibliography of nearly 350 items..." --Zentralblatt für Mathematik, vol.905R.A.G. Seely"This book will be the standard reference in its field for some time to come." --The Bulletin of Symbolic Logic, Vol. 6Table of ContentsChapter Headings only. Preface. Contents. Preliminaries. Prospectus. Introduction to fibred category theory. Simple type theory. Equational logic. First order predicate logic. Higher order predicate logic. The effective topos. Internal category theory. Polymorphic type theory. Advanced fibred category theory. First order dependent type theory. Higher order dependent type theory. References. Notation index. Subject index.

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Book SynopsisThis concise introduction takes the reader from standard notions to more advanced topics. It introduces the classic results, as well as more recent developments in this vibrant area of mathematical logic. Many worked examples and exercises make the book a useful resource for graduate students as well as researchers.Trade Review'The book is very well written and a pleasure to read.' Tim Netzer, Zentralblatt MATHTable of ContentsPreface; 1. The basics; 2. Elementary extensions and compactness; 3. Quantifier elimination; 4. Countable models; 5. Aleph-1-categorical theories; 6. Morley rank; 7. Simple theories; 8. Stable theories; 9. Prime extensions; 10. The fine structure of 1-categorical theories; A. Set theory; B. Fields; C. Combinatorics; D. Solutions of exercises; Bibliography; Index.

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Book SynopsisProvides readers with complete proofs of the fundamental metatheorems of standard (that is, basically truth-functional) first order logic. This title includes a complete proof of the undecidability of first order logic, the most important fact about logic to emerge from the work of the last half-century.

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Book SynopsisThis graphic novel is both a historical novel as well as an entertaining way of using mathematics to solve a crime. The plot, the possible motive of every suspect, and the elements of his or her character are based on actual historical figures.The 2nd International Congress of Mathematicians is being held in Paris in 1900. The main speaker, the renowned Professor X, is found dead in the hotel dining room. Foul play is suspected. The greatest mathematicians of all time (who are attending the Congress) are called in for questioning. Their statements to the police, however, take the form of mathematical problems. The Chief Inspector enlists the aid of a young mathematician to help solve the crime. Do numbers always tell the truth? Or don’t they?Trade Review“It is a detective story in which several of the greatest historic mathematicians become all suspects for a murder on a colleague. … This is a wonderful booklet of fiction, but based on historical incidents. … It is a fantastic present that you can give to anybody between 9 and 99.” (Adhemar Bultheel, euro-math-soc.eu, June, 2015)Table of ContentsThe Crime.- The Suspects: Mathematicians.- Credits.- Examination of the Statements.

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Book SynopsisFor thousands of years, mathematicians have used the timeless art of logic to see the world more clearly. In The Art of Logic, Royal Society Science Book Prize nominee Eugenia Cheng shows how anyone can think like a mathematician - and see, argue and think better. Learn how to simplify complex decisions without over-simplifying them. Discover the power of analogies and the dangers of false equivalences. Find out how people construct misleading arguments, and how we can argue back. Eugenia Cheng teaches us how to find clarity without losing nuance, taking a careful scalpel to the complexities of politics, privilege, sexism and dozens of other real-world situations. Her Art of Logic is a practical and inspiring guide to decoding the modern world.Trade ReviewMind-expanding ... a meaningful contribution to creating a better society as well as happier conversations and relationships * Guardian *A mathematician's thought-provoking attempt to lay out the tools of rational argument -- Michael Brooks * New Statesman Books of the Year *With humour, grace, and a natural gift for making explanations seem fun, Eugenia Cheng has done it again. This is a book to savour, to consult, and to buy for all your friends. You'll think more clearly after reading this book, something that is unfortunately in short supply these days. I am buying several copies to send to heads of state. -- Daniel Levitin, bestselling author of The Organised Mind & A Field Guide to Lies and StatisticsIn an era awash with conflict, exploitation, tribalism and fake news, the "illuminating precision" offered by logic is important. Cheng harnesses the power of abstraction to explore real-life phenomena such as sexism and white privilege. She walks us through the grand terrain of logic, from axioms to proofs. And she reveals how to build arguments as long chains of logical implications - a "virtuosic and masterful" skill that, combined with intelligent emotional engagement, can cut through pervasive irrationality * Nature *A perceptive analysis of logic and its limitations ... Cheng is successful not only in helping readers think more clearly, but in helping them understand why others sometimes appear to be illogical. This book has the potential to help understanding and avoid confrontational arguments that serve only to entrench opposing views * Times Higher Education *Radical and liberating * Emerald Street *We're thankful that someone like Eugenia Cheng is here; someone to eloquently and efficiently expound on concepts like logic and truth at a time when their very basis seems to come under attack ... We're forever on the lookout for someone to make mathematics both fun and accessible, and it looks like we've found that person in Eugenia Cheng * How it Works Magazine *A concert pianist, mathematician, polyglot and YouTube star, Cheng has carved out quite a niche for herself ... she brings an ebullient enthusiasm that's infectious * Guardian *Witty, charming, and crystal clear. Eugenia Cheng's enthusiasm and carefully chosen metaphors and analogies carry us effortlessly through the mathematical landscape -- Ian StewartClear, clever and friendly -- Alex Bellos

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Book SynopsisChallenge yourself at home with word and number puzzlesThese are previously unpublished quality Su Doku grids from The Times, and help to develop you to take on Extreme Su Doku.The 200 puzzles in this collection of treacherously difficult puzzles will stretch even the most advanced Su Doku enthusiast. You will need to use all of your best solving techniques to get to the end of this testing challenge.The puzzles in the collection are of the highest quality and are perfect for the advanced solver in need of a constant supply of ultra-difficult puzzles.Guaranteed to provide hours of mind-stretching entertainment.

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Book SynopsisWhen we learn, we change what we believe and how we interact with the world. This changes who we are as people and what we can achieve.Many people grow up being told they are not a maths person' or perhaps not smart'. They come to believe their potential is limited.Now, however, the latest science has revealed that our identities are constantly in flux; when we learn new things, we can change our identities, increase our potential and broaden our capacity to receive new information.Drawing from the latest research, Professor Boaler followed thousands of school students, studied their learning practices and examined the most effective ways to transform pupils from low to high achievers. Throughout her study, Boaler has collaborated with Stanford University neuroscience experts, harnessing their expertise to reinforce her advanced understanding of learning and educational development.In Limitless Mind, Boaler presents original groundbreaking research that proves that limiting beliefs rea

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Book SynopsisThe ultimate lateral-thinking challenge.If you relish a serious mental workout, this collection of 100 brain teasers will demand your very best lateral thinking skills and mathematical rigour to solve. These puzzles will amuse and perplex in equal measure.But do not worry, full, detailed solutions are found at the back of the book so you can get into the head of these fiendish setters!These mental puzzles require serious application, imagination and skill to solve. Some demand a logical approach, others a methodical, mathematical mind.Are you up to the challenge of solving these rigorous but entertaining mathematical puzzles?

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsContents Preface List of Symbols Chapter 1 Introduction Baby Set Theory Sets—An Informal View Classes Axiomatic Method Notation Historical Notes Chapter 2 Axioms and Operations Axioms Arbitrary Unions and Intersections Algebra of Sets Epilogue Review Exercises Chapter 3 Relations and Functions Ordered Pairs Relations n-Ary Relations Functions Infinite Cartesian Products Equivalence Relations Ordering Relations Review Exercises Chapter 4 Natural Numbers Inductive Sets Peano's Postulates Recursion on ? Arithmetic Ordering on ? Review Exercises Chapter 5 Construction of the Real Numbers Integers Rational Numbers Real Numbers Summaries Two Chapter 6 Cardinal Numbers and the Axiom of Choice Equinumerosity Finite Sets Cardinal Arithmetic Ordering Cardinal Numbers Axiom of Choice Countable Sets Arithmetic of Infinite Cardinals Continuum Hypothesis Chapter 7 Orderings and Ordinals Partial Orderings Well Orderings Replacement Axioms Epsilon-Images Isomorphisms Ordinal Numbers Debts Paid Rank Chapter 8 Ordinals and Order Types Transfinite Recursion Again Alephs Ordinal Operations Isomorphism Types Arithmetic of Order Types Ordinal Arithmetic Chapter 9 Special Topics Well-Founded Relations Natural Models Cofinality Appendix Notation, Logic, and Proofs Selected References for Further Study List of Axioms Index

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Book SynopsisIn this entertaining and challenging collection of logic puzzles, Raymond Smullyan-author of Forever Undecided-continues to delight and astonish us with his gift for making available, in the thoroughly pleasurable form of puzzles, some of the most important mathematical thinking of our time.Table of ContentsPART I - LOGIC PUZZLES; PART II - KNIGHTS, KNAVES, AND THE FOUNTAIN OF YOUTH; PART III - TO MOCK A MOCKINGBIRD; PART IV - SINGING BIRDS; PART V - THE MASTER FOREST; PART VI - THE GRAND QUESTION

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Book SynopsisAn Introduction to Proof Theory provides an accessible introduction to the theory of proofs, with details of proofs worked out and examples and exercises to aid the reader's understanding.Table of ContentsPreface 1 Introduction 2 Axiomatic calculi 3 Natural deduction 4 Normal deductions 5 The sequent calculus 6 The cut-elimination theorem 7 The consistency of arithmetic 8 Constructive ordinals and induction 9 The consistency of arithmetic, continued Appendices: A The Greek alphabet B Set-theoretic notation C Axioms, rules, and theorems of axiomatic calculi D Exercises on axiomatic derivations E Natural deduction F Sequent calculus G Outline of the cut elimination theorem

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Book SynopsisThe fourth edition of a classic book on logic has been thoroughly revised by the author's son. It is a fundamental guide to modern mathematical logic and to the construction of mathematical theories. The first half covers the elements of logic, and the second half covers the applications of logic in theory building. A short biographical sketch of Alfred Tarski is a newly-added section.Trade Review"For Tarski logic was not only an essential tool of mathematics but the very foundation of it. What is more, he credited logic with having even more general meaning and significance. This new edition of Tarski's classic book will certainly help a new generation of readers in this respect." -- Roman Murawski, Modern Logic, Vol 8, No 1/2 (January 1998 - April 2000) "For Tarski logic was not only an essential tool of mathematics but the very foundation of it. What is more, he credited logic with having even more general meaning and significance. This new edition of Tarski's classic book will certainly help a new generation of readers in this respect." -- Roman Murawski, Modern Logic, Vol 8, No 1/2 (January 1998 - April 2000)Table of ContentsFIRST PART: Elements of Logic. Deductive Method 1: On the Use of Variables 2: On the Sentential Calculus 3: On the Theory of Identity 4: On the Theory of Classes 5: On the Theory of Relations 6: On the Deductive Method SECOND PART: Applications of Logic and Methodology in Constructing Mathematical Theories 7: Construction of a Mathematical Theory: Laws of Order for Numbers 8: Construction of a Mathematical Theory: Laws of Addition and Subtraction 9: Methodological Considerations of the Constructed Theory 10: Extension of the Constructed Theory: Foundations of Arithmetic of Real Numbers

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Book SynopsisKurt Gödel (1906 - 1978) was the most outstanding logician of the twentieth century, famous for his hallmark works on the completeness of logic, the incompleteness of number theory, and the consistency of the axiom of choice and the continuum hypothesis. He is also noted for his work on constructivity, the decision problem, and the foundations of computability theory, as well as for the strong individuality of his writings on the philosophy of mathematics. He is less well known for his discovery of unusual cosmological models for Einstein''s equations, in theory permitting time travel into the past. The Collected Works is a landmark resource that draws together a lifetime of creative thought and accomplishment. The first two volumes were devoted to Gödel''s publications in full (both in original and translation), and the third volume featured a wide selection of unpublished articles and lecture texts found in Gödel''s Nachlass. These long-awaited final two volumes contain Gödel''s corTrade ReviewThe whole enterprise is superbly coordinated and assembled under the direction of Solomon Feferman ... The book is a tour de force and a labour of love. Superbly crafted and presented, what a bargain, given the many gems it contains! * The Mathematical Gazette *The books are carefully and beautifully produced and offer rich material, illuminating not only the outstanding work of Gödel, but also the whole mathematical logic of the twentieth century, including some philosophical and historical aspects. * EMS *Table of ContentsGödel's life and workSolomon Feferman: A Gödel chronologyJohn W. Dawson, Jr.: Gödel 1929: Introductory note to 1929, 1930 and 1930aBurton Dreben and Jean van Heijenoort: Über die Vollständigkeit des Logikkalküls On the completeness of the calculus of logic Gödel 1930: (See introductory note under Gödel 1929.) Die Vollständigkeit der Axiome des logischen Funktionenkalküls The completeness of the axioms of the functional calculus of logic Gödel 1930a: (See introductory note under Gödel 1929.) Über die Vollständigkeit des Logikkalküls On the completeness of the calculus of logic Gödel 1930b: Introductory note to 1930b, 1931 and 1932bStephen C. Kleene: Einige metamathematische Resultate über Entscheidungs-definitheit und Widerspruchsfreiheit Some metamathematical results on completeness and consistency Gödel 1931: (See introductory note under Gödel 1930b.) Über formal unentscheidbare Sätze der Principia mathematica und verwandter Systeme I On formally undecidable propositions of Principia mathematica and related systems I Gödel 1931a: Introductory note to 1931a, 1932e, f and gJohn W. Dawson, Jr.: Diskussion zur Grundlegung der Mathematik Discussion on providing a foundation for mathematics Gödel 1931b: Review of Neder 1931 Gödel 1931c: Introductory note to 1931cSolomon Feferman: Review of Hilbert 1931 Gödel 1931d: Review of Betsch 1926 Gödel 1931e: Review of Becker 1930 Gödel 1931f: Review of Hasse and Scholz 1928 Gödel 1931g: Review of von Juhos 1930 Gödel 1932: Introductory note to 1932A. S. Troelstra: Zum intuitionistischen aussagenkalkül On the intuitionistic propositional calculus Gödel 1932a: Introductory note to 1932a, 1933i and lWarren D. Goldfarb: Ein Spezialfall des Enscheidungsproblems der theoretischen Logik A special case of the decision problem for theoretical logic Gödel 1932b: (See introductory note under Gödel 1930b.) Über Vollständigkeit und Widerspruchsfreiheit On completeness and consistency Gödel 1932c: Introductory note to 1932cW. V. Quine: Eine Eigenschaft der Realisierungen des Aussagenkalküls A property of the realizations of the propositional calculus Gödel 1932d: Review of Skolem 1931 Gödel 1932e: (See introductory note under Gödel 1931a.) Review of Carnap 1931 Gödel 1932f: (See introductory note under Gödel 1931a.) Review of Heyting 1931 Gödel 1932g: (See introductory note under Gödel 1931a.) Review of von Neumann 1931 Gödel 1932h: Review of Klein 1931 Gödel 1932i: Review of Hoensbroech 1931 Gödel 1932j: Review of Klein 1932 Gödel 1932k: Introductory note to 1932k, 1934e and 1936bStephen C. Kleene: Review of Church 1932 Gödel 1932l: Review of Kalmár 1932 Gödel 1932m: Review of Huntington 1932 Gödel 1932n: Review of Skolem 1932 Gödel 1932o: Review of Dingler 1931 Gödel 1933: Introductory note to 1933W. V. Quine: [[Über die Parryschen Axiome]] [[On Parry's axioms]] Gödel 1933a: Introductory note to 1933aW. V. Quine: Über Unabhängigkeitsbeweise im Aussagenkalkül On independence proofs in the propositional calculus Gödel 1933b: Introductory note to 1933b, c, d, g and hJudson Webb: Über die metrische Einbettbarkeit der Quadrupel des R[3 in Kugelflächen On the isometric embeddability of quadruples of points of R[3 in the surface of a sphere Gödel 1933c: (See introductory note under Gödel 1933b.) Über die Waldsche Axiomatik des Zwichenbegriffes On Wald's axiomization of the notion of betweenness Gödel 1933d: (See introductory note under Gödel 1933b.) Zur Axiomatik der elementargeometrischen Verknüpfungs-relationen On the axiomatization of the relations of connection in elementary geometry Gödel 1933e: Introductory note to 1933eA. S. Troelstra: Zur institutionistischen Arithmetik und Zahlentheorie On intuitionistic arithmetic and number theory Gödel 1933f: Introductory note to 1933fA. S. Troelstra: Eine Interpretation des institutionistischen Aussagenkalküls An interpretation of the intuitionistic propositional calculus Gödel 1933g: (See introductory note under Gödel 1933b.) Bemerkung über projektive Abbildungen Remark concerning projective mappings Gödel 1933h: (See introductory note under Gödel 1933b.) Diskussion über koordinatenlose Differentialgeometrie Discussion concerning coordinate-free differential geometry Gödel 1933i: (See introductory note under Gödel 1932a.) Zum Enscheidungsproblem des logischen Funktionenkalküls On the decision probelm for the functional calculus of logic Gödel 1933j: Review of Kaczmarz 1932 Gödel 1933k: Review of Lewis 1932 Gödel 1933l: (See introductory note under Gödel 1932a.) Review of Kalmár 1933 Gödel 1933m: Review of Hahn 1932 Gödel 1934: Introductory note to 1934Stephen C. Kleene: On undecidable propositions of formal mathematical systems Gödel 1934a: Review of Skolem 1933 Gödel 1934b: Introductory note to 1934bW. V. Quine: Review of Quine 1933 Gödel 1934c: Introductory note to 1934c and 1935Robert L. Vaught: Review of Skolem 1933a Gödel 1934d: Review of Chen 1933 Gödel 1934e: (See introductory note under Gödel 1932k.) Review of Church 1933 Gödel 1934f: Review of Notcutt 1934 Gödel 1935: (See introductory note under Gödel 1934c.) Review of Skolem 1934 Gödel 1935a: Introductory note to 1935aW. V. Quine: Review of Huntington 1934 Gödel 1935b: Review of Carnap 1934 Gödel 1935c: Review of Kalmár 1934 Gödel 1936: Introductory note to 1936John W. Dawson, Jr.: Diskussionsbemerkung Discussion remark Gödel 1936a: Introductory note to 1936aRohit Parikh: Über die Länge von Beweisen On the length of proofs Gödel 1936b: (See introductory note under Gödel 1932k.) Review of Church 1935 Textual notes References Index

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Book SynopsisKurt Gödel (1906 - 1978) was the most outstanding logician of the twentieth century, famous for his hallmark works on the completeness of logic, the incompleteness of number theory, and the consistency of the axiom of choice and the continuum hypothesis. He is also noted for his work on constructivity, the decision problem, and the foundations of computability theory, as well as for the strong individuality of his writings on the philosophy of mathematics. He is less well known for his discovery of unusual cosmological models for Einstein''s equations, in theory permitting time travel into the past. The Collected Works is a landmark resource that draws together a lifetime of creative thought and accomplishment. The first two volumes were devoted to Gödel''s publications in full (both in original and translation), and the third volume featured a wide selection of unpublished articles and lecture texts found in Gödel''s Nachlass. These long-awaited final two volumes contain Gödel''s corTrade Review"The book....will certainly enlarge our appreciation of Gödel's scientific and philosophical thought as well as our understanding of his motivations. With great impatience we await now the succeeding volume...." --Mathematical Reviews"As a whole this volume is as indispensable as the two former ones for any serious student of Godel's ideas and achievements, but in this case it is also indispensable for philosophers interested in logic and mathematics. The fourth (and last?) volume of this formidable series will be devoted to Godel's correspondance, so we should look forward to having it to study."--Modern Logic"On the whole....the editors are to be wholeheartedly congratulated on bringing to the public work whi deserves careful study and which ought to do something to revitalise the philosophy of mathematics by presenting a point of view that, unusualy, combines intellectual rogour with a willingness to make bold and sweeping metaphysical claims." --Times Higher Education Supplement"This is the third volume of a comprehensive and critical edition of the works of Kurt Gödel. . .All these essays and lectures are most carefully written and remarkably rich. They give considerable insight into Gödel's own achievements in logic, set theory and physics and also into his philosophical views. . . .This volume was a desideratum for a long time. We also hope very strongly that volume 3 is not the last volume." --Vienna Circle Institute Yearbook 1997 contains unpublished materialTable of Contents1. The Nachlass of Kurt Godel: an overview ; 2. Godel's Gabelsberger shorthand ; 3. Godel *1930c: Introductory note to *1930c ; 4. Lecture on completeness of the functional calculus ; 5. Godel *1931?: Introductory note to *1931? ; 6. On undecidable sentences ; 7. Godel *1933c: Introductory note to *1933c ; 8. The present situation in the foundations of mathematics ; 9. Godel *1933?: Introductory note to *1933? ; 10. Simplified proof of a theorem of Steinitz ; 11. Godel *1938a: Introductory note to *1938a ; 12. Lecture at Zilsel's ; 13. Godel *1939b: Introductory note to *1939b and *1940a ; 14. Lecture at Gottingen ; 15. Godel *193?: Introductory note to *193? ; 16. Undecidable diophantine propositions ; 17. Godel *1940a ; 18. Lecture on the consistency of the continuum hypothesis ; 19. Godel *1941: Introductory note to *1941 ; 20. In what sense is intuitionistic logic constructive? ; 21. Godel *1946/9: Introductory note to *1946/9 ; 22. Some observations about the relationship between theory of relativity and Kantian philosophy ; 23. Godel *1949b: Introductory note to *1949b ; 24. Lecture on rotating universes ; 25. Godel *1951: Introductory note to *1951 ; 26. Some basic theorems on the foundations of mathematics and their implications ; 27. Godel *1953/9: Introductory note to *1953/9 ; 28. Is mathematics syntax of language? Version III ; 29. Is mathematics syntax of language? Version V ; 30. Godel *1961/?: Introductory note to *1961/? ; 31. The modern development of the foundations of mathematics in the light of philosophy ; 32. Godel *1970: Introductory note to *1970 ; 32. Ontological proof ; 33. Godel *1970a: Introductory note to *1970a, *1970b and *1970c ; 34. Some considerations leading to the probable conclusion that the true power of the continuum is N[2 ; 35. Godel *1970b ; 36. A proof of Cantor's continuum hypothesis from a highly plausible axiom about orders of growth ; 37. Godel *1970c ; 38. Unsent letter to Alfred Tarski ; Appendix A: Excerpt from *1946/9-A ; Appendix B: Texts relating to the ontological proof

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Book SynopsisThe Quine-Putnam indispensability argument in the philosophy of mathematics urges us to place mathematical entities on the same ontological footing as other theoretical entities essential to our best scientific theories. Recently, the argument has come under serious scrutiny, with many influential philosophers unconvinced of its cogency. This book not only outlines the indispensability argument in considerable detail but also defends it against various challenges.Trade ReviewOverall, the book presents a clear picture of the Quinean world view. * Mathematical Reviews *

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Book SynopsisMathematics and logic have been central topics of concern since the dawn of philosophy. Since logic is the study of correct reasoning, it is a fundamental branch of epistemology and a priority in any philosophical system. Philosophers have focused on mathematics as a case study for general philosophical issues and for its role in overall knowledge- gathering. Today, philosophy of mathematics and logic remain central disciplines in contemporary philosophy, as evidenced by the regular appearance of articles on these topics in the best mainstream philosophical journals; in fact, the last decade has seen an explosion of scholarly work in these areas. This volume covers these disciplines in a comprehensive and accessible manner, giving the reader an overview of the major problems, positions, and battle lines. The 26 contributed chapters are by established experts in the field, and their articles contain both exposition and criticism as well as substantial development of their own positionsTrade Review"The Oxford Handbook of the Philosophy of Mathematics and Logic is most certainly here to stay for a very long time. The quality of each of the contributions is reflected in the authors' stimulating writing. The handbook can add substantially to the emerging thoughts and studies on the subject."--Current Engineering Practice"The Oxford Handbook of the Philosophy of Mathematics and Logic is a very accessible, wide ranging work that serves not only to indicate the 'state of the art' in the given area, but, remarkably, also serves as a very fine introduction to the field. I recommend it highly, both to workers in the given field and, equally, to the 'general philosopher,' regardless of one's main area." --Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews

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Book SynopsisStewart Shapiro presents a distinctive and persuasive view of the foundations of mathematics, arguing controversially that second-order logic has a central role to play in laying these foundations. To support this contention, he first gives a detailed development of second-order and higher-order logic, in a way that will be accessible to graduate students. He then demonstrates that second-order notions are prevalent in mathematics as practised, and that higher-order logic is needed to codify many contemporary mathematical concepts. Throughout, he emphasizes philosophical and historical issues that the subject raises. Foundations without Foundationalism is a key contribution both to philosophy of mathematics and to mathematical logic. ''In this excellent treatise Shapiro defends the use of second-order languages and logic as framework for mathematics. His coverage of the wide range of logical and philosophical topics required for understanding the controversy over second-order logic is Trade ReviewContains more on second-order logic than is readily available in any other textbook or survey. Philosophically, the book also contains many words of wisdom. * Journal of Symbolic Logic *Table of ContentsPART I: ORIENTATION; 1. TERMS AND QUESTIONS; 2. FOUNDATIONALISM AND FOUNDATIONS OF MATHEMATICS; PART II: LOGIC AND MATHEMATICS; 3. THEORY; 4. METATHEORY; 5. SECOND-ORDER LOGIC AND MATHEMATICS; 6. ADVANCED METATHEORY; PART III: HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY; 7. THE HISTORICAL 'TRIUMPH' OF FIRST-ORDER LANGUAGES; 8. SECOND-ORDER LOGIC AND RULE-FOLLOWING; 9. THE COMPETITION; REFERENCES; INDEX

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Book SynopsisSet theory is concerned with the foundation of mathematics. In the original formulations of set theory, there were paradoxes contained in the idea of the set of all sets. Current standard theory (Zermelo-Fraenkel) avoids these paradoxes by restricting the way sets may be formed by other sets, specifically to disallow the possibility of forming the set of all sets. In the 1930s, Quine proposed a different form of set theory in which the set of all sets - the universal set - is allowed, but other restrictions are placed on these axioms. Since then, the steady interest expressed in these non-standard set theories has been boosted by their relevance to computer science.The second edition still concentrates largely on Quine''s New Foundations, reflecting the author''s belief that this provides the richest and most mysterious of the various systems dealing with set theories with a universal set. Also included is an expanded and completely revised account of the set theories of Church-Oswald and Mitchell, with descriptions of permutation models and extensions that preserve power sets. Dr Foster here presents the reader with a useful and readable introduction for those interested in this topic, and a reference work for those already involved in this area.Trade Review...a lively introductin to the current research on NF' * Maruice Boffa, Modern Logic *Table of Contents1. Introduction ; 2. NF and related systems ; 3. Permutation models ; 4. Church-Oswald models ; 5. Open problems ; 6. Bibliography

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Book SynopsisThe ability to reason and think in a logical manner forms the basis of learning for most mathematics, computer science, philosophy and logic students. Based on the author''s teaching notes at the University of Maryland and aimed at a broad audience, this text covers the fundamental topics in classical logic in an extremely clear, thorough and accurate style that is accessible to all the above. Covering propositional logic, first-order logic, and second-order logic, as well as proof theory, computability theory, and model theory, the text also contains numerous carefully graded exercises and is ideal for a first or refresher course.Trade Review'a clear and unifying treatment of fundamental concepts underlying Computer Sciences and Foundations of Mathematics' Professor Boris Zilber (Professor of Mathematical Logic, University of Oxford)'an excellent book' Professor Dov Gabbay (King's College, London)Table of ContentsPreliminaries ; 1. Propositional Logic ; 2. Structures and First-Order Logic ; 3. Proof Theory ; 4. Properties of First-Order Logic ; 5. First-Order Theories ; 6. Models of Countable Theories ; 7. Computability and Complexity ; 8. The Incompleteness Theorems ; 9. Beyond First-Order Logic ; 10. Finite Model Theory ; Bibliography ; Index

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Book Synopsis'Oxford Logic Guide provides comprehensive coverage of a new research area in algebra and model theory. Model theoretical and group theoretical notions are explained in detail, and almost all the known results in the area are included. Aimed at the needs of the graduate student, there are many exercises (with hints) and carefully chosen examples.Table of Contents1. Basic Group Theory ; 2. Definability ; 3. Interpretability ; 4. Ranked Universe ; 5. Basic Properties ; 6. Nilpotent Groups ; 7. Semisimple Groups ; 8. Fields and Rings ; 9. Solvable Groups ; 10. 2-Sylow Theory ; 11. Permutation Groups ; 12. Gepometrics ; 13. bad Groups ; 14. CN and CIT-Groups ; A. Miscellaneous Results ; B. Open Problems ; C. Link with Model Theory ; D. Hints to the Exercises ; Bibliography ; Index

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Book SynopsisTechniques for reasoning about actions an change in the physical world is one of the classical research topics in artificial intelligence. It is motivated by the needs of autonomous robots which must be able to anticipate their immediate future, to plan their future actions, and to figure out what went wrong in case of problems. It is also motivated by the needs of common-sense reasoning for example in the understanding of natural language texts, where processes and change over time is an ever-present phenomenon. The same set of problems arises in several other areas of computing such as in conceptual modelling for data bases, and in the rapidly growing area of intelligent control.The present research monograph presents and uses a novel methodology for reasoning about actions and change. Traditional research contributions have proposed new logic variants which were only supported by episodical examples. THe work described here uses a systematic methodology for identifying the exact ranTrade ReviewThe book presents deep and serious insight into inert and inhabited dynamical systems (IDS). * Zentralblatt fur Mathematik *Those working in nonmonotonic reasoning, planning, temporal logic, reasoning about actions and change, and related areas will find this book worth reading. * Computing Reviews *Table of ContentsInert and inhabited dynamical systems ; Inference operations on scenario descriptions ; Underlying semantics for IDS worlds ; Elementary feature logic and meta-logical concepts ; Lexical-domain object-feature logic ; Temporal feature logic for discrete time domains ; Chronicle completion in k-IA ; Intended models for chronicles in k-IA ; Entailment methods for k-IA using DFL-1 ; Duration constraints ; Entailment methods for k-OA using occlusion ; Composite actions ; Upper applicability bounds and assessment of soundness ; Future directions ; Terms index ; Notation ; References to related work

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Book SynopsisIntermediate Logic is an ideal text for anyone who has taken a first course in logic and is progressing to further study. It examines logical theory, rather than the applications of logic, and does not assume any specific technical grounding. The author introduces and explains each concept and term, ensuring that readers have a firm foundation for study. He provides a broad, deep understanding of logic by adopting and comparing a variety of different methods and approaches.In the first section, Bostock covers such fundamental notions as truth, validity, entailment, qualification, and decision procedures. Part Two lays out a definitive introduction to four key logical tools or procedures: semantic tableaux, axiomatic proofs, natural deduction, and sequent calculi. The final section opens up new areas of existence and identity, concluding by moveing from orthodox logic to an examination of `free logic''.Intermediate Logic provides an ideal secondary course in logic for university studentTrade ReviewThis textbook covers the fundamental proof-theoretical and model-theoretical aspects of classical propositional and first-order logic. . . .The book is clearly written and ideally suited for an intermediate course on the subject, requiring just some elementary knowledge of proof theory and model theory. * Mathematical Reviews *

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Book SynopsisHow strongly should you believe the various propositions that you can express?That is the key question facing Bayesian epistemology. Subjective Bayesians hold that it is largely (though not entirely) up to the agent as to which degrees of belief to adopt. Objective Bayesians, on the other hand, maintain that appropriate degrees of belief are largely (though not entirely) determined by the agent''s evidence. This book states and defends a version of objective Bayesian epistemology. According to this version, objective Bayesianism is characterized by three norms: Probability - degrees of belief should be probabilities Calibration - they should be calibrated with evidence Equivocation - they should otherwise equivocate between basic outcomesObjective Bayesianism has been challenged on a number of different fronts. For example, some claim it is poorly motivated, or fails to handle qualitative evidence, or yields counter-intuitive degrees of belief after updating, or suffers from a failureTable of ContentsPreface ; 1. Introduction ; 2. Objective Bayesianism ; 3. Motivation ; 4. Updating ; 5. Predicate Languages ; 6. Objective Bayesian Nets ; 7. Probabilistic Logic ; 8. Judgement Aggregation ; 9. Languages and Relativity ; 10. Objective Bayesianism in Perspective ; References ; Index

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Book SynopsisCategory theory is a branch of abstract algebra with incredibly diverse applications. This text and reference book is aimed not only at mathematicians, but also researchers and students of computer science, logic, linguistics, cognitive science, philosophy, and any of the other fields in which the ideas are being applied. Containing clear definitions of the essential concepts, illuminated with numerous accessible examples, and providing full proofs of all important propositions and theorems, this book aims to make the basic ideas, theorems, and methods of category theory understandable to this broad readership. Although assuming few mathematical pre-requisites, the standard of mathematical rigour is not compromised. The material covered includes the standard core of categories; functors; natural transformations; equivalence; limits and colimits; functor categories; representables; Yoneda''s lemma; adjoints; monads. An extra topic of cartesian closed categories and the lambda-calculus is also provided - a must for computer scientists, logicians and linguists!This Second Edition contains numerous revisions to the original text, including expanding the exposition, revising and elaborating the proofs, providing additional diagrams, correcting typographical errors and, finally, adding an entirely new section on monoidal categories. Nearly a hundred new exercises have also been added, many with solutions, to make the book more useful as a course text and for self-study.Trade ReviewThe book is well organised and very well written. The presentation of the material is from the concrete to the abstract, proofs are worked out in detail and the examples and the exercises spread throughout the text mark a pleasant rhythm for its reading. In all, Awodey's Category Theory is a very nice and recommendable introduction to the subject. * Pere Pascual, EMS Newsletter *Table of ContentsPreface ; 1. Categories ; 2. Abstract Structures ; 3. Duality ; 4. Groups and Categories ; 5. Limits and Colimits ; 6. Exponentials ; 7. Naturality ; 8. Categories of Diagrams ; 9. Adjoints ; 10. Monads and Algrebras ; References ; Solutions to Selected Exercises ; Index

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Book SynopsisBob Hale and Crispin Wright draw together here the key writings in which they have worked out their distinctive neo-Fregean approach to the philosophy of mathematics. The two main components in Frege''s mathematical philosophy were his platonism and his logicism -- the claims, respectively, that mathematics is a body of knowledge about independently existing objects, and that this knowledge may be acquired on the basis of general logical laws and suitable definitions. The central thesis of this collection is that Frege was -- his own eventual recantation notwithstanding -- substantially right in both claims. Where neo-Fregeanism principally differs from Frege is in taking a more optimistic view of the kind of contextual explanation (proceeding via what are now commonly called abstraction principles) of the fundamental concepts of arithmetic and analysis which Frege considered and rejected. On this basis, neo-Fregeanism promises defensible and attractive answers to some of the most impoTable of ContentsI. ONTOLOGY AND ABSTRACTION PRINCIPLES ; II. RESPONSES TO CRITICS ; III. HUME'S PRINCIPLE ; IV. ON THE DIFFERENTIATION OF ABSTRACTA ; V. BEYOND NUMBER-THEORY

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