Optical physics Books

Book SynopsisKingslake (lens design E. Kodak, retired, and optics, U. of Rochester emeritus) is a rarity-an expert among experts in lens history, theory and application. He briefly treats design, general history, recent refinements, before settling into a detailed description of the development of various lensTrade Review"This book is well illustrated, clearly written and a most useful source of knowledge about lenses. It will interest historians of photography, camera collectors and amateur photographers. For any first-time would-be buyer of a good camera, it will prove an invaluable aid." --NEW SCIENTIST "[Kingslake has written] an instructive and entertaining account of the development of lenses from the earliest simple double convex lens to the meniscus, to doublets and triplets, achromats and apochromats and even aspherics, and including the most elaborate telephoto and zoom lenses used today." --John N. Howard, OPTICS NEWS "Kingslake has done an outstanding job of writing a readable book.... Rudy Kingslake is today's first name in optics. His new book belongs in every camera collector's library." --SHUTTERBUG MAGAZINE "Rudolph Kingslake is eminently qualified to write this book...It is...a rich source of references to books, papers, and most importantly patents, where much of lens design knowledge is archived." --JOURNAL OF MODERN OPTICSTable of ContentsIntroduction. Meniscus Landscape Lenses. Portrait Lenses. Early Double Objectives. Optical Glass. The First Anastigmats. The Triplet Lens and its Modifications. Meniscus Anastigmats. Telephoto Lenses. Reversed Telephoto Lenses. Varifocal and Zoom Lenses. Catadioptric (Mirror) Systems. Lens Attachments. Brief Biographies. Appendix. A Glossary of Optical Terms.

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Book SynopsisThis fully updated second edition of Introduction to Holography provides a theoretical background in optics and holography with a comprehensive survey of practical applications. It is intended for the non-specialist with an interest in using holographic methods in research and engineering.The text assumes some knowledge of electromagnetism, although this is not essential for an understanding of optics, which is covered in the first two chapters. A descriptive approach to the history and principles of holography is followed by a chapter on volume holography. Essential practical requirements for successful holographic recording are explained in detail. Recording materials are considered with detailed discussions of those in common use. Properties peculiar to holographically reconstructed images are emphasised as well as applications for which holography is particularly suitable. Mathematical tools are introduced as and when required throughout the text with important results derived in detail. In this new edition, topics such as photopolymers, dynamic holographic displays, holographic optical elements, sensors, and digital holography are covered in greater depth. New topics have been added, including UV and infrared holography, holographic authentication and encryption, as well as particle beam, X-ray, and acoustic holography. Numerical problems are provided at the end of each chapter.This book is suitable for undergraduate courses and will be an important resource for those teaching optics and holography. It provides scientists and engineers with knowledge of a wide range of holographic applications in research and industry, as well as an understanding of holographyâs potential for future use.

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Book SynopsisThe second edition of this successful textbook provides an up-to-date account of the optical physics of solids. All of the chapters have been updated and improved, and new sections on optical control of spin, quantum dots, plasmonics, negative refraction, carbon nanostructures and diamond NV centres have been added.Trade ReviewEasy to read and understand ... many examples which make it easier to understand. I can highly recommend this book * Michaela Kogler, University of Innsbruck *This excellent book answers the questions of why and how the optical properties of solids differ from those of atoms. It is addressed to senior undergraduates, graduate students and researchers. The balance of physical explanation and mathematical description is very good. The text is supplemented by critical notes in the margins and integrated with self-explanatory figures. Several factors make this an excellent textbook. The problems with solutions augment the pedagogical value of the book, as do the chapter summaries, the further reading at the end of each chapter, the extensive and comprehensive appendices, the biography, the list of symbols and the index. * Barry R. Masters, OPN Optics & Photonics News 2011 *Table of ContentsAPPENDICES

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Book SynopsisThis book presents quantum mechanics from two of its most fundamental pillars, quantum interference and quantum entanglement. It also explains how to arrive at iconic principles, in a clear and transparent manner.Quantum Clear: Quantum Mechanics Free of Paradoxes offers a refreshing perspective on quantum mechanics. Unlike conventional approaches, this book illuminates iconic principles such as Born's rule with remarkable clarity and transparency. What sets it apart from typical quantum science books is its deliberate avoidance of sensationalized vocabulary like mystery, strange, weird, or paradox that often clouds understanding. Instead, readers embark on a journey beginning with a comprehensive historical introduction to quantum mechanics and its major developments.The author methodically dismantles common misconceptions, including: Why the EinsteinâPodolskyâRosen (EPR) argument incorrectly labeled quantum mechanics as an incomplete theory The philosophical and physical foundations of quantum entanglement Why the concept of wave function collapse is unnecessary when properly understanding quantum interference and entanglement How the so-called measurement problem dissolves when viewed through interferometric and entanglement perspectives The book then transitions to practical applications, explaining quantum communications, computing, cryptography, engineering, and teleportation in accessible language. Readers will glimpse the emerging world where quantum mechanical concepts become integrated into everyday engineering solutions.Though scientifically rigorous, Quantum Clear speaks to both scientific and general audiences, systematically unraveling the misunderstandings that have surrounded quantum mechanics for decadesâoffering clarity where confusion once reigned.

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Book SynopsisThis book is a science text about light for the general reader; it is also an adventure story and a detective story revealing how the secrets of light were uncovered. Readers can share in the thrill of each discovery and learn about some of the myriad applications opened up by these fascinating discoveries, including the telescope, fiber optics, the laser, and even the recent optical detection of gravitational waves from space.With Professor Fortson, distinguished experimental physicist, as your tour guide, follow the journey from the 17th century — when Descartes first calculated the size of the rainbow — to the 20th century, when the quantum theory of light was born. Learn how Huygens, Newton, Planck, Einstein and many other great scientists solved one mystery after another, from the reason underlying the law of refraction to the puzzle of the photoelectric effect. The journey ends with the solution to the most challenging mystery of all: that light is both a wave and a particle — a fascinating finale.

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Book SynopsisAnimal Eyes provides a comparative account of all known types of eye in the animal kingdom, outlining their structure and function with an emphasis on the nature of the optical systems and the physical principles involved in image formation. A universal theme throughout the book is the evolution and taxonomic distribution of each type of eye, and the roles of different eye types in the behaviour and ecology of the animals that possess them. In comparing the specific capabilities of eyes, it considers the factors that lead to good resolution of detail and the ability to function under a wide range of light conditions. This new edition is fully updated throughout, incorporating more than a decade of new discoveries and research.Trade ReviewAnimal Eyes is written in a vivid and clear style which will be understandable to both physicists and biologists. I highly recommend it to anyone, including amateurs, students and experienced researchers. * Optics & Photonics News *... fascinating and useful. * Pat Morris, Zoological Journal *Table of Contents1. The origin of vision ; 2. Light and vision ; 3. What makes a good eye? ; 4. Aquatic eyes: the evolution of the lens ; 5. Lens eyes on land ; 6. Mirrors in animals ; 7. Apposition compound eyes ; 8. Superposition eyes ; 9. Movements of the eyes

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"Kip S. Thorne, Co-Winner of the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physics""Roger D. Blandford, Co-Winner of the 2016 Crafoord Prize in Astronomy and Winner of the 2020 Shaw Prize in Astronomy"

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Book SynopsisA Practical Introduction to Electrical Circuits represents a fresh approach to the subject which is compact and easy to use, yet offers a comprehensive description of the fundamentals, including Kirchhoff's laws, nodal and mesh analysis, Thevenin and Norton's theorems, and maximum power transfer for both DC and AC circuits, as well as transient analysis of first- and second-order circuits. Advanced topics such as mutual inductance and transformers, operational amplifier circuits, sequential switching, and three-phase systems reinforce the fundamentals. Approximately one hundred solved examples are included within the printed copy. Extra features online include over two hundred additional problems with detailed, step-by-step solutions, and 40 self-service quizzes with solutions and feedback.Table of Contents1. Beginning Concepts and Resistive Circuits. 2. Nodal Analysis. 3. Operational Amplifier Circuits. 4. Mesh Analysis. 5. Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorems. 6. First-Order Circuits. 7. Second-Order Circuits. 8. Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis. 9. Frequency Response. APPENDIX A: Resistor Color Code. APPENDIX B: Sandard Values of 5% Resistors. APPENDIX C: Standard Values of 10% Capacitors. APPENDIX D: Electrolytic Capacitors. APPENDIX E: Electrolytic Capacitors. APPENDIX F: Complex Numbers. APPENDIX G: Cramer's Method.

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Book SynopsisThis book covers all the aspects of surface enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) including brief history of the discovery of SERS and development of the field, basic principles and enhancement mechanism of SERS. It covers first generation (plasmonic nanomaterials) /second generation (plasmonic hot spots)/third generation (via plasmonic engineering) substrate nanomaterials that are developed for SERS, single molecule SERS and designed SERS probes for ultrasensitive detection applications. It further discusses different SERS detection platforms, highlight the issues of poor signal reproducibility and how to minimize it.Features: Provides understanding on the role of electromagnetic hot spots in surface enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Reviews all types of surface enhanced Raman Spectroscopy substrates. Covers surface enhanced Raman Spectroscopy-based detection platforms and signal reproducibility issues. Includes developments of single molecule detection via surface enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Discusses chemical analysis, biomedical application, and all other related applications. This book is aimed at graduate students and researchers in spectroscopy, materials science, and engineering.

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Book SynopsisOptical Activity: Basic Properties provides a clear explanation of the phenomenon of optical rotation. It covers the macroscopic as well as the microscopic. The connection between the macroscopic and microscopic description is discussed and particularly the relation between various physical parameters is explored. The focus is on the order-of-magnitude of these values and in particular why optical activity is not observed in many dielectric materials. The possible role of quantum-mechanical effects for explaining optical activity is also explored. Optical Activity is written at an intermediate level and only requires knowledge at the junior or senior undergraduate level. Bridging the gap between existing textbooks and the in-depth treatment found in review articles, this book presents as a further-reader resource for physics, chemistry, and engineering students.Key Features: Detailed explanations of how the mathematical formalism relates to underlying physical mechanisms. Careful discussion of why optical activity can only be found in systems [molecules] without inversion symmetry. Exploration of the underlying quantum-mechanical origin of optical activity.

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Book SynopsisProvides fully updated coverage of new experiments in quantum optics This fully revised and expanded edition of a well-established textbook on experiments on quantum optics covers new concepts, results, procedures, and developments in state-of-the-art experiments. It starts with the basic building blocks and ideas of quantum optics, then moves on to detailed procedures and new techniques for each experiment. Focusing on metrology, communications, and quantum logic, this new edition also places more emphasis on single photon technology and hybrid detection. In addition, it offers end-of-chapter summaries and full problem sets throughout. Beginning with an introduction to the subject, A Guide to Experiments in Quantum Optics, 3rd Edition presents readers with chapters on classical models of light, photons, quantum models of light, as well as basic optical components. It goes on to give readers full coverage of lasers and amplifiers, and examines numerous photodetection techniques being used today. Other chapters examine quantum noise, squeezing experiments, the application of squeezed light, and fundamental tests of quantum mechanics. The book finishes with a section on quantum information before summarizing of the contents and offering an outlook on the future of the field. -Provides all new updates to the field of quantum optics, covering the building blocks, models and concepts, latest results, detailed procedures, and modern experiments -Places emphasis on three major goals: metrology, communications, and quantum logic -Presents fundamental tests of quantum mechanics (Schrodinger Kitten, multimode entanglement, photon systems as quantum emulators), and introduces the density function -Includes new trends and technologies in quantum optics and photodetection, new results in sensing and metrology, and more coverage of quantum gates and logic, cluster states, waveguides for multimodes, discord and other quantum measures, and quantum control -Offers end of chapter summaries and problem sets as new features A Guide to Experiments in Quantum Optics, 3rd Edition is an ideal book for professionals, and graduate and upper level students in physics and engineering science. Table of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgments xix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Optics in Modern Life 1 1.2 The Origin and Progress of Quantum Optics 3 1.3 Motivation Through Simple and Direct Teaching Experiments 7 1.4 Consequences of Photon Correlations 12 1.5 How to Use This Guide 14 References 16 2 Classical Models of Light 19 2.1 Classical Waves 20 2.1.1 Mathematical Description of Waves 20 2.1.2 The Gaussian Beam 21 2.1.3 Quadrature Amplitudes 24 2.1.4 Field Energy, Intensity, and Power 25 2.1.5 A Classical Mode of Light 26 2.1.6 Light Carries Information 28 2.1.7 Modulations 30 2.2 Optical Modes and Degrees of Freedom 32 2.2.1 Lasers with Single and Multiple Modes 32 2.2.2 Polarization 33 2.2.2.1 Poincaré Sphere and Stokes Vectors 35 2.2.3 Multimode Systems 36 2.3 Statistical Properties of Classical Light 37 2.3.1 The Origin of Fluctuations 37 2.3.1.1 Gaussian Noise Approximation 38 2.3.2 Noise Spectra 39 2.3.3 Coherence 40 2.3.3.1 Correlation Functions 44 2.4 An Example: Light from a Chaotic Source as the Idealized Classical Case 46 2.5 Spatial Information and Imaging 50 2.5.1 State-of-the-Art Imaging 50 2.5.2 Classical Imaging 52 2.5.3 Image Detection 55 2.5.4 Scanning 56 2.5.5 Quantifying Noise and Contrast 58 2.5.6 Coincidence Imaging 59 2.5.7 Imaging with Coherent Light 60 2.5.8 Image Reconstruction with Structured Illumination 60 2.5.9 Image Analysis and Modes 61 2.5.10 Detection Modes and Displacement 61 2.6 Summary 62 References 63 Further Reading 64 3 Photons: The Motivation to Go Beyond Classical Optics 65 3.1 Detecting Light 65 3.2 The Concept of Photons 68 3.3 Light from a Thermal Source 70 3.4 Interference Experiments 73 3.5 Modelling Single-Photon Experiments 78 3.5.1 Polarization of a Single Photon 79 3.5.1.1 Some Mathematics 80 3.5.2 Polarization States 81 3.5.3 The Single-Photon Interferometer 83 3.6 Intensity Correlation, Bunching, and Anti-bunching 84 3.7 Observing Photons in Cavities 88 3.8 Summary 90 References 90 Further Reading 92 4 Quantum Models of Light 93 4.1 Quantization of Light 93 4.1.1 Some General Comments on Quantum Mechanics 93 4.1.2 Quantization of Cavity Modes 94 4.1.3 Quantized Energy 95 4.1.4 The Creation and Annihilation Operators 97 4.2 Quantum States of Light 97 4.2.1 Number or Fock States 97 4.2.2 Coherent States 99 4.2.3 Mixed States 101 4.3 Quantum Optical Representations 102 4.3.1 Quadrature Amplitude Operators 102 4.3.2 Probability and Quasi-probability Distributions 104 4.3.3 Photon Number Distributions 108 4.3.4 Covariance Matrix 111 4.3.4.1 Summary of Different Representations of Quantum States and Quantum Noise 112 4.4 Propagation and Detection of Quantum Optical Fields 113 4.4.1 Quantum Optical Modes in Free Space 114 4.4.2 Propagation in Quantum Optics 115 4.4.3 Detection in Quantum Optics 117 4.4.4 An Example: The Beamsplitter 118 4.5 Quantum Transfer Functions 120 4.5.1 A Linearized Quantum Noise Description 121 4.5.2 An Example: The Propagating Coherent State 123 4.5.3 Real Laser Beams 123 4.5.4 The Transfer of Operators, Signals, and Noise 124 4.5.5 Sideband Modes as Quantum States 126 4.5.6 Another Example: A Coherent State Pulse Through a Frequency Filter 129 4.5.7 Transformation of the Covariance Matrix 130 4.6 Quantum Correlations 131 4.6.1 Photon Correlations 131 4.6.2 Quadrature Correlations 132 4.6.3 Two-Mode Covariance Matrix 133 4.7 Summary 134 4.7.1 The Photon Number Basis 134 4.7.2 Quadrature Representations 135 4.7.3 Quantum Operators 135 4.7.4 The Quantum Noise Limit 136 References 136 Further Reading 137 5 Basic Optical Components 139 5.1 Beamsplitters 140 5.1.1 Classical Description of a Beamsplitter 140 5.1.1.1 Polarization Properties of Beamsplitters 142 5.1.2 The Beamsplitter in the Quantum Operator Model 143 5.1.3 The Beamsplitter with Single Photons 144 5.1.4 The Beamsplitter and the Photon Statistics 146 5.1.5 The Beamsplitter with Coherent States 149 5.1.5.1 Transfer Function for a Beamsplitter 149 5.1.6 Comparison Between a Beamsplitter and a Classical Current Junction 151 5.1.7 The Beamsplitter as a Model of Loss 152 5.2 Interferometers 153 5.2.1 Classical Description of an Interferometer 154 5.2.2 Quantum Model of the Interferometer 155 5.2.3 The Single-Photon Interferometer 156 5.2.4 Transfer of Intensity Noise Through the Interferometer 156 5.2.5 Sensitivity Limit of an Interferometer 157 5.2.6 Effect of Mode Mismatch on an Interferometer 160 5.3 Optical Cavities 162 5.3.1 Classical Description of a Linear Cavity 164 5.3.2 The Special Case of High Reflectivities 169 5.3.3 The Phase Response 170 5.3.4 Spatial Properties of Cavities 172 5.3.4.1 Mode Matching 172 5.3.4.2 Polarization 174 5.3.4.3 Tunable Mirrors 175 5.3.5 Equations of Motion for the Cavity Mode 175 5.3.6 The Quantum Equations of Motion for a Cavity 176 5.3.7 The Propagation of Fluctuations Through the Cavity 177 5.3.8 Single Photons Through a Cavity 180 5.3.9 Multimode Cavities 181 5.3.10 Engineering Beamsplitters, Interferometers, and Resonators 182 5.4 Other Optical Components 184 5.4.1 Lenses 184 5.4.2 Holograms and Metasurfaces 185 5.4.3 Crystals and Polarizers 187 5.4.4 Optical Fibres and Waveguides 188 5.4.5 Modulators 189 5.4.5.1 Phase and Amplitude Modulators 191 5.4.6 Spatial Light Modulators 193 5.4.7 Optical Noise Sources 195 5.4.8 Non-linear Processes 195 References 196 6 Lasers and Amplifiers 199 6.1 The Laser Concept 199 6.1.1 Technical Specifications of a Laser 201 6.1.2 Rate Equations 203 6.1.3 Quantum Model of a Laser 207 6.1.4 Examples of Lasers 209 6.1.4.1 Classes of Lasers 209 6.1.4.2 Dye Lasers and Argon Ion Lasers 209 6.1.4.3 The CW Nd: YAG Laser 210 6.1.4.4 Diode Lasers 213 6.1.4.5 Limits of the Single-Mode Approximation in Diode Lasers 213 6.1.5 Laser Phase Noise 214 6.1.6 Pulsed Lasers 215 6.2 Amplification of Optical Signals 215 6.3 Parametric Amplifiers and Oscillators 218 6.3.1 The Second-Order Non-linearity 219 6.3.2 Parametric Amplification 220 6.3.3 Optical Parametric Oscillator 221 6.3.3.1 Noise Spectrum of the Parametric Oscillator 222 6.3.4 Pair Production 223 6.4 Measurement-Based Amplifiers 224 6.4.1 Deterministic Measurement-Based Amplifiers 225 6.4.2 Heralded Measurement-Based Amplifiers 228 6.5 Summary 230 References 231 7 Photon Generation and Detection 233 7.1 Photon Sources 236 7.1.1 Deterministic Photon Sources 239 7.2 Photon Detection 240 7.2.1 Detecting Individual Photons 240 7.2.1.1 Photochemical Detectors 241 7.2.1.2 Photoelectric Detectors 241 7.2.1.3 Photo-thermal Detectors 243 7.2.1.4 Multipixel and Imaging Devices 243 7.2.2 Recording Electrical Signals from Individual Photons 245 7.3 Generating, Detecting, and Analysing Photocurrents 247 7.3.1 Properties of Photocurrents 247 7.3.1.1 Beat Measurements 247 7.3.1.2 Intensity Noise and the Shot Noise Level 248 7.3.1.3 Quantum Efficiency 249 7.3.1.4 Photodetector Materials 250 7.3.2 Generating Photocurrents 251 7.3.2.1 Photodiodes and Detector Circuit 251 7.3.2.2 Amplifiers and Electronic Noise 252 7.3.2.3 Detector Saturation 254 7.3.3 Recording of Photocurrents 255 7.3.4 Spectral Analysis of Photocurrents 257 7.3.4.1 Digital Fourier Transform 257 7.3.4.2 Analogue Fourier Transform 258 7.3.4.3 From Optical Sidebands to the Current Spectrum 258 7.3.4.4 The Operation of an Electronic Spectrum Analyser 259 7.3.4.5 Detecting Signal and Noise Independently 260 7.3.4.6 The Decibel Scale 261 7.3.4.7 Adding Electronic AC Signals 262 7.4 Imaging with Photons 263 References 264 Further Reading 267 8 Quantum Noise: Basic Measurements and Techniques 269 8.1 Detection and Calibration of Quantum Noise 269 8.1.1 Direct Detection and Calibration 269 8.1.1.1 White Light Calibration 273 8.1.2 Balanced Detection 273 8.1.3 Detection of Intensity Modulation and SNR 275 8.1.4 Homodyne Detection 275 8.1.4.1 The Homodyne Detector for Classical Waves 275 8.1.5 Heterodyne Detection 279 8.1.5.1 Measuring Other Properties 280 8.2 Intensity Noise 281 8.2.1 Laser Noise 281 8.3 The Intensity Noise Eater 282 8.3.1 Classical Intensity Control 282 8.3.2 Quantum Noise Control 285 8.3.2.1 Practical Consequences 289 8.4 Frequency Stabilization and Locking of Cavities 290 8.4.1 Pound–Drever–Hall Locking 292 8.4.2 Tilt Locking 293 8.4.3 The PID Controller 294 8.4.4 How to Mount a Mirror 295 8.4.5 The Extremes of Mirror Suspension: GW Detectors 296 8.5 Injection Locking 296 References 299 9 Squeezed Light 303 9.1 The Concept of Squeezing 303 9.1.1 Tools for Squeezing: Two Simple Examples 303 9.1.1.1 The Kerr Effect 304 9.1.1.2 Four-Wave Mixing 307 9.1.2 Properties of Squeezed States 310 9.1.2.1 What Are the Uses of These Various Types of Squeezed Light? 312 9.2 Quantum Model of Squeezed States 314 9.2.1 The Formal Definition of a Squeezed State 314 9.2.2 The Generation of Squeezed States 317 9.2.3 Squeezing as Correlations Between Noise Sidebands 319 9.3 Detecting Squeezed Light 322 9.3.1 Detecting Amplitude Squeezed Light 322 9.3.2 Detecting Quadrature Squeezed Light 322 9.3.3 Using a Cavity to Measure Quadrature Squeezing 324 9.3.4 Summary of Different Representations of Squeezed States 325 9.3.5 Propagation of Squeezed Light 325 9.4 Early Demonstrations of Squeezed Light 330 9.4.1 Four Wave Mixing 330 9.4.2 Optical Parametric Processes 333 9.4.3 Second Harmonic Generation 339 9.4.4 The Kerr Effect 343 9.4.4.1 The Response of the Kerr Medium 343 9.4.4.2 Optimizing the Kerr Effect 345 9.4.4.3 Fibre Kerr Squeezing 346 9.4.4.4 Atomic Kerr Squeezing 348 9.4.4.5 Atomic Polarization Self-Rotation 349 9.5 Pulsed Squeezing 349 9.5.1 Quantum Noise of Optical Pulses 349 9.5.2 Pulsed Squeezing Experiments with Kerr Media 352 9.5.3 Pulsed SHG and OPO Experiments 353 9.5.4 Soliton Squeezing 354 9.5.5 Spectral Filtering 355 9.5.6 Non-linear Interferometers 356 9.6 Amplitude Squeezed Light from Diode Lasers 358 9.7 Quantum State Tomography 360 9.8 State of the Art of CW Squeezing 363 9.9 Squeezing of Multiple Modes 365 9.9.1 Twin-Photon Beams 365 9.9.2 Polarization Squeezing 367 9.9.3 Degenerate Multimode Squeezers 368 9.10 Summary: Quantum Limits and Enhancement 370 References 371 Further Reading 376 10 Applications of Quantum Light 377 10.1 Quantum Enhanced Sensors 377 10.1.1 Coherent Sensors and Sensitivity Scaling 377 10.1.2 Practical Examples of Sensors 380 10.1.3 Ultimate Sensing Limits 382 10.1.4 Adaptive Phase Estimation 384 10.2 Optical Communication 384 10.3 Gravitational Wave Detection 389 10.3.1 The Origin and Properties of GW 389 10.3.1.1 Concept and Design of an Optical GW Detector 392 10.3.2 Quantum Properties of the Ideal Interferometer 393 10.3.2.1 Configurations of Interferometers 396 10.3.2.2 Recycling 397 10.3.2.3 Modulation Techniques 398 10.3.3 The Sensitivity of GW Observatories 400 10.3.3.1 Enhancement Below the SQL 402 10.3.4 Interferometry with Squeezed Light 405 10.3.4.1 Quantum Enhancement Beyond the SQL 410 10.4 Quantum Enhanced Imaging 411 10.4.1 Imaging with Photons on Demand 411 10.4.2 Quantum Enhanced Coincidence Imaging 412 10.5 Multimode Squeezing Enhancing Sensors 414 10.5.1 Spatial Multimode Squeezing 414 10.6 Summary and Outlook 419 References 419 11 QND 425 11.1 QND Measurements of Quadrature Amplitudes 425 11.2 Classification of QND Measurements 427 11.3 Experimental Results 430 11.4 Single-Photon QND 432 11.4.1 Measurement-Based QND 434 References 437 12 Fundamental Tests of Quantum Mechanics 441 12.1 Wave–Particle Duality 441 12.2 Indistinguishability 446 12.3 Non-locality 453 12.3.1 Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen Paradox 453 12.3.2 Characterization of Entangled Beams via Homodyne Detection 458 12.3.2.1 Logarithmic Negativity and Two-Mode Squeezing 459 12.3.2.2 Entanglement of Formation 460 12.3.3 Bell Inequalities 461 12.3.3.1 Long-Distance Bell Inequality Violations 466 12.3.3.2 Loophole-Free Bell Inequality Violations 466 12.4 Summary 468 References 468 13 Quantum Information 473 13.1 Photons as Qubits 473 13.1.1 Other Quantum Encodings 475 13.2 Post-selection and Coincidence Counting 475 13.3 True Single-Photon Sources 477 13.3.1 Heralded Single Photons 477 13.3.2 Single Photons on Demand 480 13.4 Characterizing Photonic Qubits 482 13.5 Quantum Key Distribution 484 13.5.1 QKD Using Single Photons 485 13.5.2 QKD Using Continuous Variables 489 13.5.3 No Cloning 492 13.6 Teleportation 492 13.6.1 Teleportation of Photon Qubits 493 13.6.2 Continuous Variable Teleportation 495 13.6.3 Entanglement Swapping 502 13.6.4 Entanglement Distillation 502 13.7 Quantum Computation 505 13.7.1 Dual-Rail Quantum Computing 506 13.7.1.1 Quantum Circuits with Linear Optics 507 13.7.1.2 Cluster States 511 13.7.1.3 Quantum Gates with Non-linear Optics 513 13.7.2 Single-Rail Quantum Computation 514 13.7.2.1 Quantum Random Walks 515 13.7.2.2 Boson Sampling 516 13.7.3 Continuous Variable Quantum Computation 518 13.7.3.1 Cat State Quantum Computing 519 13.7.3.2 Continuous Variable Cluster States 521 13.7.4 Large-Scale Quantum Computation 522 13.8 Summary 525 References 526 Further Reading 531 14 The Future: From Q-demonstrations to Q-technologies 533 14.1 Demonstrating Quantum Effects 533 14.2 Matter Waves and Atoms 535 14.3 Q-Technology Based on Optics 537 14.3.1 Applications of Squeezed Light 537 14.3.2 Quantum Communication and Logic with Photons 539 14.3.3 Cavity QED 542 14.3.4 Extending to Other Wavelengths: Microwaves and Cryogenic Circuits 542 14.3.5 Quantum Optomechanics 542 14.3.6 Transfer of Quantum Information Between Different Physical Systems 543 14.3.7 Transferring and Storing Quantum States 544 14.4 Outlook 544 References 545 Further Reading 547 Appendices 549 Appendix A: List of Quantum Operators, States, and Functions 549 Appendix B: Calculation of the Quantum Properties of a Feedback Loop 551 Appendix C: Detection of Signal and Noise with an ESA 552 Reference 554 Appendix D: An Example of Analogue Processing of Photocurrents 554 Appendix E: Symbols and Abbreviations 556 Index 559

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Book SynopsisThis monograph overviews classic and recent developments in theoretical statistical optics in connection with stationary and non-stationary (pulsed) optical source characterization and modeling, discusses various phenomena occurring with random light propagating in free space, on its interaction with optical systems, extended media and particulate collections. The text includes scalar, beam-like and general electromagnetic treatment of light. A brief statistical description of four fundamental experiments relating to random light: spatial and temporal field interference, intensity interferometry and phase conjugation, is also included in order to relate the analytical descriptions with practical observations.Rigorous mathematical methods for statistical manipulation of light sources useful for remote shaping of its various average properties, enhanced image resolution, optimized transmission in random media and for other applications are introduced. For illustration of efficient ways for manipulation of light polarization the generalized Stokes-Mueller calculus is applied for description of interaction of beam-like fields with classic and currently popular devices of polarization optics, including a spatial light modulator.Random light plays a special role in the image formation process. Three imaging modalities including the classic intensity-based system with structured source correlations, the polarization-based imaging system and the ghost interference approach are discussed in detail.Theoretical aspects of potential scattering of light from weakly scattering media are considered under a very broad range of assumptions: scalar/electromagnetic incident light, deterministic/random light/media, single/particulate media. Then, problems and methods in light characterization on interaction with extended, turbulent-like natural media, such as the Earth's atmosphere, oceans and soft bio-tissues that are currently widely used for communication, remote sensing and imaging purposes in these media, are provided.

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Book SynopsisThe emphasis of the book is given in how to construct different types of solutions (exact, approximate analytical, numerical, graphical) of numerous nonlinear PDEs correctly, easily, and quickly. The reader can learn a wide variety of techniques and solve numerous nonlinear PDEs included and many other differential equations, simplifying and transforming the equations and solutions, arbitrary functions and parameters, presented in the book). Numerous comparisons and relationships between various types of solutions, different methods and approaches are provided, the results obtained in Maple and Mathematica, facilitates a deeper understanding of the subject. Among a big number of CAS, we choose the two systems, Maple and Mathematica, that are used worldwide by students, research mathematicians, scientists, and engineers. As in the our previous books, we propose the idea to use in parallel both systems, Maple and Mathematica, since in many research problems frequently it is required to compare independent results obtained by using different computer algebra systems, Maple and/or Mathematica, at all stages of the solution process. One of the main points (related to CAS) is based on the implementation of a whole solution method (e.g. starting from an analytical derivation of exact governing equations, constructing discretizations and analytical formulas of a numerical method, performing numerical procedure, obtaining various visualizations, and comparing the numerical solution obtained with other types of solutions considered in the book, e.g. with asymptotic solution).Trade ReviewFrom the reviews:“The authors consider the problem of constructing closed-form and approximate solutions to nonlinear partial differential equations with the help of computer algebra systems. … The book will be useful for readers who want to try modern methods for solving nonlinear partial differential equations on concrete examples without bothering too much about the mathematics behind the methods. Thus it is mainly of interest for applied scientists. Mathematicians may use it in connection with more theoretical works; some references are given throughout the book.” (Werner M. Seiler, Zentralblatt MATH, Vol. 1233, 2012)Table of Contents1 Introduction 1.1 Basic Concepts 2 Algebraic Approach 2.1 Point Transformations 2.2 Contact Transformations 2.3 Transformations Relating Differential Equations 2.4 Linearizing and Bilinearizing Transformations 2.5 Reductions of Nonlinear PDEs 2.6 Separation of Variables 2.7 Transformation Groups 2.8 Nonlinear Systems 3 Geometric-Qualitative Approach 3.1 Method of Characteristics 3.2 Generalized Method of Characteristics 3.3 Qualitative Analysis 4 General Analytical Approach. Integrability 4.1 Painlevé Test and Integrability 4.2 Complete Integrability. Evolution Equations 4.3 Nonlinear Systems. Integrability Conditions 5 Approximate Analytical Approach 5.1 Adomian Decomposition Method 5.2 Asymptotic Expansions. Perturbation Methods 6 Numerical Approach 6.1 Embedded Numerical Methods 6.2 Finite DifferenceMethods 7 Analytical-Numerical Approach 7.1 Method of Lines 7.2 Spectral Collocation Method; A Brief Description of Maple A.1 Introduction A.2 Basic Concepts A.3 Maple Language B Brief Description of Mathematica B.1 Introduction B.2 Basic Concepts B.3 Mathematica Language; References, Index

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents 1: A Brief History 2: Wave Motion 3: Electromagnetic Theory, Photons, and Light 4: The Propagation of Light 5: Geometrical Optics 6: More on Geometrical Optics 7: The Superposition of Waves 8: Polarization 9: Interference 10: Diffraction 11: Fourier Optics 12: Basics of Coherence Theory 13: Modern Optics: Lasers and Other Topics

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Book SynopsisClassical and Quantum Parametric Phenomena provides an overview of the phenomena arising when parametric pumping is applied to oscillators. These phenomena include parametric amplification, noise squeezing, spontaneous symmetry breaking, activated switching, cat states, and synthetic Ising spin lattices. To understand these effects, topics such as nonlinear and stochastic dynamics, coupled systems, and quantum mechanics are introduced. Throughout the book, introductions are kept as succinct as possible and attention is focused on understanding parametric oscillators. As a result, the text helps readers to familiarize themselves with many aspects of parametric systems and understand the common theoretical origin of nanomechanical sensors, optical amplifiers, and superconducting qubits.Parametric phenomena have enabled important scientific breakthroughs over the last decades and are still at the focus of intense research efforts. This book provides a resource for experimental and theoretTrade ReviewIt is a good time to publish this book because the importance of parametric resonators is again growing reflecting the various practical applications. The included Python code is very nice and useful for the students who start to learn the detailed physics behind the theory. * Hiroshi Yamaguchi, NTT Basic Research Laboratories, Kanagawa *The book is timely and will be appreciated by physicists working in different areas from condensed matter physics to quantum information, as well as people working in mechanical and electrical engineering. It will be used not only as a textbook, but also as a reference. * Mark Dykman, Michigan State University *A fantastic addition to the literature. * Guillermo Villanueva, EPF Lausanne *The book contains a cogent discussion of the different subjects in the context of exercises based on numerical Python codes; this will be especially useful for self-teaching. * Christian Brosseau, Optica Fellow and Professor of Physics, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France *Table of ContentsIntroduction 0.1: Historical Review 0.2: Present and Future 1 The Harmonic Resonator 1.1: Newton's Equation of Motion 1.2: Response of the Driven Resonator 1.3: Matrix Formulation 1.4: Parametric Modulation 1.5: Floquet Theory 1.6: Summary of Chapter 1 1.7: Exercises for Chapter 1 2 The Duffing Resonator 2.1: The Quartic Potential 2.2: The Cubic Potential 2.3: Summary of Chapter 2 2.4: Exercises for Chapter 2 3 Degenerate Parametric Pumping 3.1: The Nonlinear Parametric Resonator 3.2: Parametric Pumping via Three-Wave Mixing 3.3: Summary of Chapter 3 3.4: Exercises for Chapter 3 4 Dissipation and Force Fluctuations 4.1: The Role of Force Noise 4.2: The Fluctuation-Dissipation Theorem 4.3: The Probability Distribution Approach 4.4: Summary of Chapter 4 4.5: Exercises for Chapter 4 5 Parametric Resonators with Force Noise 5.1: Multistability and Quasi-Stable Solutions 5.2: Parametric Amplification Below Threshold 5.3: Parametric Pumping Above Threshold 5.4: Hierarchy of Relevant Timescales 5.5: Summary of Chapter 5 5.6: Exercises for Chapter 5 6 Coupled Harmonic Resonators 6.1: Static Coupling 6.2: Nondegenerate Three-Wave Mixing 6.3: Alternative Types of Coupling 6.4: Summary of Chapter 6 6.5: Exercises for Chapter 6 7 Coupled Parametric Oscillators 7.1: Equations for N Coupled Parametric Oscillators 7.2: Examples for N = 2 7.3: Networks with N > 2 7.4: Summary of Chapter 7 7.5: Exercises for Chapter 7 8 The Quantum Harmonic Oscillator 8.1: From Classical to Quantum Fluctuations 8.2: From First to Second Quantization 8.3: Quantum State Representations 8.4: Summary of Chapter 8 8.5: Exercises for Chapter 8 9 From Closed to Open Quantum Systems 9.1: Coupling to a Thermal Environment 9.2: The Driven Quantum Resonator 9.3: Summary of Chapter 9 9.4: Exercises for Chapter 9 10 The Quantum Parametric Oscillator 10.1: General Hamiltonian 10.2: Quantum Parametric Phenomena 10.3: Coupled Quantum Parametric Oscillators 10.4: Summary of Chapter 10 10.5: Exercises for Chapter 10 11 Experimental Systems 11.1: Mechanical Resonator Example 11.2: Electrical Resonator Example 11.3: Optical Resonator Example 11.4: Rescaling of the Numerical Values 11.5: Summary of Chapter 11 11.6: Exercises for Chapter 11 List of Important Symbols

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Book SynopsisThis is an introduction to the quantum theory of light and its broad implications and applications. The book covers material with direct relevance to current basic and applied research, such as quantum fluctuations and their role in laser physics and the theory of forces between macroscopic bodies. Includes many exercises and historical sidelights.Trade ReviewFor the student who requires a broader understanding of quantum optics beyond a first course, this book is a treasure trove that will reward many hours of independent study beyond the introductory course. * Jonathan Blakely, , Contemporary Physics *Peter Milonnis text is a masterpiece of scholarship and clarity. The wide range of topics covered and the lucidity of the presentation will delight students and experts alike. * Stephen M. Barnett, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow *Table of Contents1: Elements of Classical Electrodynamics 2: Atoms in Light: Semiclassical Theory 3: Quantum Theory of the Electromagnetic Field 4: Interaction Hamiltonian and Spontaneous Emission 5: Atoms and Light: Quantum Theory 6: Fluctuations, Dissipation, and Noise 7: Dipole Interactions and Fluctuation-Induced Forces

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Book SynopsisModern Magnetooptics and Magnetooptical Materials provides a comprehensive account of the principles and applications of magnetooptics, bridging the gap between textbooks and specialist accounts in the research and review literature. The book is aimed at the graduate physicist and electrical engineer, but assumes no specialist knowledge of magnetooptics. Chapters have been designed to be reasonably independent, so that readers in search of information on a particular topic can go straight to the appropriate place in the book, with only occasional reference to material elsewhere.Divided into three main parts, the book begins with the principles of magnetooptics to provide the necessary theoretical background. This section''s emphasis is on introducing practical considerations through examples taken from real-life situations. The next part surveys a wide range of magnetooptic materials, including metals, alloys, and granular structures. The final part explores applications of magTrade Review"… a useful introduction to the main concepts of magnetooptics covering both theory and experiment, and aimed at engineers researchers and students in … solid state physics, opto-electronics, communications, and materials science." -Aslib Book Guide "… [the] magnetooptical materials … coverage is impressive [and] the authors have presented a good overview of the subject … a very fine reference book … plays a very useful role and I would recommend it for your science libraries." -Australian & New Zealand PhysicistTable of ContentsIntroduction. Part 1: Physics. Polarized light and gyrotropic media. Magnetooptical effects. Light waveguiding in thin magnetic films. Microscopical mechanisms of magnetooptical activity. Magnetooptical effects in the x-ray region. Domain structure. Part 2: Magnetooptical Methods. Dielectrics. Ferrimagnetic garnets. Metals and alloys. Semimagnetic semiconductors. Bilayer, multilayer, superlattice and granular structures. Part 3: Applied Magnetooptics. Thin -film magnetooptical devices. Magnetooptical memories, disks and tapes. Integrated magnetooptics. Integrated magnetooptical devices. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book describes the optical structure and optical properties of the human eye. It is divided into a number of short chapters with each chapter dedicated to a single theme. For ease of reference, the most commonly useful topics are at the beginning and topics with narrower appeal, such as ocular aberrations, are placed towards the end.Table of Contents1. The Human Eye: An Overview. 2. Refracting Components: Cornea and Lens. 3. The Pupil. 4. Axes of The Eyes. Chapter 5. Paraxial Schematic Eyes. 6. Image Formation: The Focused Paraxial Image. 7. Refractive Anomalies. 8 Measuring Refractive Errors. Chapter 9. Image Formation: The Defocused Paraxial Image. 10. Some Optical Effects of Ophthalmic Lenses. 11. Light and The Eye: Introduction. 12 Passage of Light into The Eye 13. Light Level at The Retina. 14. Light Interaction with The Fundus. 15. Monochromatic Aberrations. 16. Monochromatic aberrations of optical model eyes . 17. Chromatic Aberration. 18. Retinal Image Quality.19. Depth-Of-Field. 20. The Aging Eye. Appendix 1. Paraxial optics. Appendix 2. Seidel aberration theory. Appendix 3. Schematic eyes. Appendix 4. Refraction powers across the pupil. Appendix 5. Calculation of PSF and OTF from aberrations of an optical system.

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Book SynopsisThis comprehensive handbook gives a fully updated guide to lasers and laser technologies, including the complete range of their technical applications. This third volume covers modern applications in engineering and technology, including all new and updated case studies spanning telecommunications and data storage to medicine, optical measurement, defense and security, nanomaterials processing and characterization.Key Features: â Offers a complete update of the original, bestselling work, including many brand-new chapters.â Deepens the introduction to fundamentals, from laser design and fabrication to host matrices for solid-state lasers, energy level diagrams, hosting materials, dopant energy levels, and lasers based on nonlinear effects.â Covers new laser types, including quantum cascade lasers, silicon-based lasers, titanium sapphire lasers, terahertz lasers, bismuth-doped fiber lasers, and diode-pumped alkali lasers.â Discusses the latest appli

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Book SynopsisThis edition aims to expand on the first edition and take the reader through to the wave equation on coaxial cable and free-space by using Maxwell's equations. The new chapters include time varying signals and fundamentals of Maxwell''s equations. This book will introduce and discuss electromagnetic fields in an accessible manner. The author explains electroconductive fields and develops ideas relating to signal propagation and develops Maxwell's equations and applies them to propagation in a planar optical waveguide. The first of the new chapters introduces the idea of a travelling wave by considering the variation of voltage along a coaxial line. This concept will be used in the second new chapter which solves Maxwell's equations in free-space and then applies them to a planar optical waveguide in the third new chapter. As this is an area that most students find difficult, it links back to the earlier chapters to aid understanding. This book is intended for first- and seTable of Contents1. Introduction. 2. Electrostatic Fields. 3. Electromagnetic Fields. 4. Electroconductive Fields. 5. Comparison of Field Equations. 6. Dielectrics. 7. Ferromagnetic Materials and Components. 8. Waves in Transmission Lines. 9. Maxwell’s Equations and Electromagnetic Waves. 10. The Planar Optical Waveguide. Problems Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisThis book is a comprehensive guide to the current state-of-the-art science and technology involved in the analysis and development of gamma-ray nuclear materials for commercial, medical, industrial, military and space applications. It reviews the current and upcoming materials and material-based technologies for gamma-ray detectors, as well as their growth process in various forms, such as single crystals, films, and ceramics. Thoroughly compiled, it is ideal for graduate students, engineers, technicians, scientists and managers. It brings to both novice and advanced readers all the topics required to jump-start investigations on gamma-ray materials and their growth. Key Features:  Provides the state-of-the-art in this rapidly evolving domain with a focus on third generation crystals for nuclear radiation detectors  The only book to cover fundamentals, applicati

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Book SynopsisThe book explains to the reader the necessary considerations and modelling ideas required for the successful design of optical imaging systems incorporating diffractive surfaces.

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Book SynopsisThe promise of MEMS for aerospace applications has been germinating for years, and current advances bring the field to the very cusp of fruition. Reliability is chief among the challenges limiting the deployment of MEMS technologies in space, as the requirement of zero failure during the mission is quite stringent for this burgeoning field. MEMS and Microstructures in Aerospace Applications provides all the necessary tools to overcome these obstacles and take MEMS from the lab bench to beyond the exosphere.The book begins with an overview of MEMS development and provides several demonstrations of past and current examples of MEMS in space. From this platform, the discussion builds to fabrication technologies; the effect of space environmental factors on MEMS devices; and micro technologies for space systems, instrumentation, communications, thermal control, guidance navigation and control, and propulsion. Subsequent chapters explore factors common to all of the described sysTrade Review"This is the first book I've seen that presents such a rounded and complete overview of the field."-Books-on-LineTable of ContentsOverview of Microelectromechanical Systems and Microstructures in Aerospace Applications. Vision for Micro Technology Space Missions. Fabrication Technologies for Micro Technologies. Impact of Space Environmental Factors on Micro-Technologies. Space Radiation Effects and Microelectromechanical Systems. Micro Technologies for Space Systems. Micro Technologies for Science Instrumentation Applications. Microelectromechanical Systems for Spacecraft Communications. Microsystems in Spacecraft Thermal Control. Microsystems in Spacecraft Guidance, Navigation, and Control. Micro Propulsion Technologies. MEMS Packaging for Space Applications. Handling and Contamination Control Considerations for Critical Space Applications. Material Selection for Applications of MEMS. Reliability Practices for Design and Application of Space Based MEMS. Assurance Practices for Micro Electro Mechanical Systems and Microstructures in Aerospace. Index.

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Book SynopsisRanging from fundamental theoretical concepts to advanced device technologies, this reference/text explores the engineering, characteristics, and performance of specific semiconductor lasers. It defines key principles in electromagnetics, optoelectronics, and laser implementation for novel applications in optical communications, storage, processing, measurement, and sensing. This text prepares students for advanced experimental and theoretical research in semiconductor laser technology and provides the only comprehensive, systematic, and concise description of semiconductor lasers available for an understanding of the physics and parameters of laser operation and function.Table of ContentsIntroduction, Fundamental Quantum Theory, Stimulated Emission in Semiconductor Lasers, Theory of Amplification, Passive Optical Characteristics of Performance, Rate Equation Resonators, Distributed Semiconductor Lasers, Semiconductor Laser Amplifiers, Appendix. Index.

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Book SynopsisPhotonic Instrumentation: Sensing and Measuring with Lasers is designed as a source for university-level courses covering the essentials of laser-based instrumentation, and as a useful reference for working engineers. Photonic instruments have very desirable features like non-contact operation and unparalleled sensitivity. They have quickly become a big industrial success, passing unaffected through the bubble years and, not any less important, well-established methods in measurement science. This book offers coverage of the most proven instruments, with a balanced treatment of the optical and electronic aspects involved. It also attempts to present the basic principles, develop the guidelines of design and evaluate the ultimate limits of performances set by noise.The instruments surveyed include: alignment instruments, such as wire diameter and particle size analyzers, telemeters, laser interferometers and self-mixing interferometers, Table of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction. Chapter 2. Alignment, Pointing, and Sizing Instruments. Chapter 3. Laser Telemeters. Chapter 4. Laser Interferometry. Chapter 5. Self-Mixing Interferometry. Chapter 6. Speckle-Pattern and Applications. Chapter 7. Velocimeters. Chapter 8. Gyroscopes. Chapter 9. Optical Fiber Sensors. Chapter 10. Quantum Sensing. Appendix A0. Nomenclature. Appendix A1. Lasers for Instrumentation. Appendix A2. Optical Interferometers. Appendix A3. Propagation through the Atmosphere. Appendix A4. Propagation and Diffraction. Appendix A5. Source of Information on Photonic Instrumentation. Index.

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Book SynopsisTopographic Laser Ranging and Scanning, Second Edition, provides a comprehensive discussion of topographic LiDAR principles, systems, data acquisition, and data processing techniques. This edition presents an introduction and summary of various LiDAR systems and their principles and addresses the operational principles of the different components and ranging methods of LiDAR systems. It discusses the subsequent geometric processing of LiDAR data, with particular attention to quality, accuracy, and meeting standards and addresses the theories and practices of information extraction from LiDAR data, including terrain surface generation, forest inventory, orthoimage generation, building reconstruction, and road extraction. Written by leaders in the field, this comprehensive compilation is a must-have reference book for senior undergraduate and graduate students majoring or working in diverse disciplines, such as geomatics, geodesy, natural resourTrade Review"This book is a must-have resource for students, educators and users of LiDAR data. Comprehensive in scope and newly updated, the book is a key reference for all aspects of LiDAR. This masterful compilation, written by the leaders in the field, captures the latest developments in the rapidly growing field of laser ranging and scanning."—Timothy A. Warner, West Virginia University, USA"With the significant recent developments in LiDAR technology, such as single-photon and Geiger-mode LiDAR, the publication of this substantially updated Second Edition is a welcome addition to the geomatics literature. Descriptions of applications have been expanded to cover recent technological developments such as integrated mobile mapping systems and sensors mounted upon unmanned aerial systems, with there also being expanded coverage of automated feature extraction, 3D building extraction and modelling, and the application of LiDAR for forest inventory and management. The comprehensiveness of this book makes it an ideal textbook, as well as a valuable reference source for university students, researchers and practitioners of LiDAR technology." —Clive S. Fraser, University of Melbourne, Australia"There are few in-depth references on this important source of geospatial data, and this text fills an important void. While one can find many articles in scientific journals, there is no comprehensive treatment of the subject equal to that found in this book. It will be a seminal resource for new professionals entering the field and for seasoned professionals seeking to keep their knowledge current. As a remote sensing educator at a leading university, I consider this publication to be an essential addition to the library of any serious student or practitioner in the geospatial field." —Karen Schuckman, Pennsylvania State University, USA"This second edition of Topographic Laser Ranging and Scanning (2009) arrives none too soon, as the pace of innovation and accelerated use of LiDAR instruments has rapidly expanded into new applications areas. The nine chapters, written by recognized leaders in the field, covers a full range of Lidar systems, including strategic revisions and updates to accommodate new applications and capabilities. This volume, like its predecessor, provides ample graphics, carefully tailored to clearly illustrate key concepts presented by the text. This edition is valuable as an authoritative text, assessable to students, but also as an important reference for practitioners, scientists, and faculty. It is effectively organized, concise, and clearly presented with ample references, forming a valuable asset to prepare analysts in all aspects of Lidar systems."—James B. Campbell, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA"Since the publication of the 1st edition, this book is one of top LiDAR references for research and teaching. Thus, the 2nd edition is highly welcomed to keep its readers and followers updated with the most recent technologies in this fascinating field. …the book gives an excellent overview of the state-of-the art of data collection and data processing. It is recommended to all students, academics and practitioners dealing with LiDAR technologies and its applications."— Dieter Fritsch, University of Stuttgart, Germany"This second edition of the book offers comprehensive coverage of principles, technology and applications, like its predecessor. About half of the 19 chapters have been amply expanded and improved to cover recent developments like lidars based on single-photon avalanche detectors (SPADs), integrated mobile mapping, 3-D measurements on buildings, developments of lidar data processing techniques, and remote sensing of forest inventory."— Silvano Donati, University of Pavia, ItalyTable of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition. Preface to the First Edition. Editors. Contributors. Introduction to Laser Ranging, Profiling, and Scanning. Terrestrial Laser Scanners. Airborne and Spaceborne Laser Profilers and Scanners.LiDAR Systems and Calibration. Pulsed Laser Altimeter Ranging Techniques and Implications for Terrain Mapping. Georeferencing Component of LiDAR Systems. Full-Waveform Analysis for Pulsed Laser Systems. Strip Adjustment. Accuracy, Quality Assurance, and Quality Control of Light Detection and Ranging Mapping. Data Management of Light Detection and Ranging. LiDAR Data Filtering and Digital Terrain Model Generation. Forest Inventory Using Laser Scanning. Integration of LiDAR and Photogrammetric Data: Triangulation and Orthorectification. Feature Extraction from Light Detection and Ranging Data in Urban Areas. Global Solutions to Building Segmentation and Reconstruction. Building and Road Extraction from LiDAR Data. Progressive Modeling of 3D Building Rooftops from Airborne LiDAR and Imagery. A Framework for Automated Construction of Building Models from Airborne LiDAR Measurements. Quality of Buildings Extracted from Airborne Laser Scanning Data—Results of an Empirical Investigation on 3D Building Reconstruction. Index.

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Book SynopsisNow in its second edition, this book has been thoroughly updated to provide a current overview of the theoretical and experimental concepts needed to understand and work in nano-optics. This is an invaluable reference for graduate students entering the field, as well as for researchers and course teachers.Trade Review'The reader will appreciate its scope and depth, as it covers topics ranging from resolution and microscopy to metamaterials and optical antennas. This book provides an integrated approach to the entire field, and the format breaks the material into accessible sub-units. The physical and mathematical rigor is high, and approximations and limitations of the theory and the experimental devices are clearly stated. The material is highly recommended for a graduate course.' Barry R. Masters, Optics and Photonics News'This text responds to the growing importance of nanoscience, and presents a rare collection of topics across optics and microscopy at the nanoscale. A major goal of nano-optics is to extend the use of optical techniques to length scales beyond the diffraction limit. Notably, the book features a valuable discussion of resolution, localization and position accuracy in microscopy. A non-exhaustive list of subjects covered in later chapters includes near- and far-field microscopy techniques, quantum emitters and surface plasmons in nanostructures.' Lukas Novotny and Bert Hecht, 'All-Time Favourites', Nature PhotonicsTable of ContentsPreface; 1. Introduction; 2. Theoretical foundations; 3. Propagation and focusing of optical fields; 4. Resolution and localization; 5. Nanoscale optical microscopy; 6. Near-field optical probes; 7. Probe-sample distance control; 8. Optical interactions; 9. Quantum emitters; 10. Dipole emission near planar interfaces; 11. Photonic crystals, resonators, and cavity optomechanics; 12. Surface plasmons; 13. Optical antennas; 14. Forces in confined fields; 15. Fluctuation-induced interactions; 16. Theoretical methods in nano-optics; Appendices; Index.

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Book SynopsisSuperconducting quantum circuits are among the most promising solutions for the development of scalable quantum computers. Built with sizes that range from microns to tens of metres using superconducting fabrication techniques and microwave technology, superconducting circuits demonstrate distinctive quantum properties such as superposition and entanglement at cryogenic temperatures. This book provides a comprehensive and self-contained introduction to the world of superconducting quantum circuits, and how they are used in current quantum technology. Beginning with a description of their basic superconducting properties, the author then explores their use in quantum systems, showing how they can emulate individual photons and atoms, and ultimately behave as qubits within highly connected quantum systems. Particular attention is paid to cutting-edge applications of these superconducting circuits in quantum computing and quantum simulation. Written for graduate students and junior researTable of Contents1. Introduction; 2. Quantum Mechanics; 3. Superconductivity; 4. Quantum circuit theory; 5. Microwave protons; 6. Superconducting qubits; 7. Qubit-photon interaction; 8. Quantum computing; 9. Adiabatic quantum computing; Appendix A; Appendix B; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisDiscover how mid-infrared and terahertz photonics has been revolutionized in this comprehensive overview of state-of-the art quantum cascade lasers (QCLs). Combining real-world examples with expert guidance, it provides a thorough treatment of practical applications, including high-power continuous-wave QCLs, frequency-comb devices, quantum-electronic transport and thermal transport modeling, and beam shaping in QCLs. With a focus on recent developments, such as frequency noise and frequency stabilization of QCLs, grating-outcoupled surface-emitting mid-infrared QCLs, coherent-power scaling of mid-IR and THz QCLs, metasurface-based surface-emitting THz QCLs, self-mixing in QCLs, and THz QCL sources based on difference-frequency generation, it also features detailed theoretical explanations of means for efficiency maximization, design criteria for high-power continuous-wave operation of QCLs, and QCL thermal modeling, enabling you to improve performance of current and future devices. PaTable of ContentsPart I. Bandstructure Engineering, Modeling and State-of-the-art QCLs: 1. Basic physics of intersubband radiative and nonradiative processes Jacob B. Khurgin; 2. State-of-the-art mid-infrared QCLs: elastic scattering, high CW power and coherent-power scaling Dan Botez and Luke J. Mawst; 3. Long wavelength mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers Alexei Baranov, Michael Bahriz and Roland Teissier; 4. Overview of the state-of-the-art terahertz QCL designs Qi Jie Wang and Yongquan Zeng; 5. Simulating quantum cascade lasers: the challenge to quantum theory Andreas Wacker; 6. Coupled simulation of quantum electronic transport and thermal transport in mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers Michelle L. King, Farhad Karimi, Sina Soleimanikahnoj, Suraj Suri, Song Mei, Yanbing Shi, Olafur Jonasson and Irena Knezevic; Part II. Active Research Topics: 7. Quantum cascade laser frequency combs Jérôme_Faist and Giacomo Scalari; 8. Frequency noise and frequency stabilization of QCLs Miriam Serena Vitiello, Luigi Consolino and Paolo De Natale; 9. Distributed-feedback and beam shaping in monolithic terahertz QCLs Yuan Jin and Sushil Kumar; 10. Metasurface based THz quantum-cascade lasers Benjamin S. Williams and Christopher A. Curwen; 11. Terahertz quantum cascade laser sources based on intra-cavity difference-frequency generation Mikhail A. Belkin; Part III. Applications: 12. QCL applications in scientific research, commercial, and defense and security markets Jeremy Rowlette, Eric Takeuchi and Timothy Day; 13. QCL-based gas sensing with photoacoustic spectroscopy Vincenzo Spagnolo, Pietro Patimisco, Angelo Sampaolo and Marilena Giglio; 14. Multiheterodyne spectroscopic sensing and applications of mid-infrared and terahertz quantum cascade laser combs; Gerard Wysocki, Jonas Westberg and Lukasz Sterczewski; 15. Self-mixing in quantum cascade lasers: theory and applications Paul Dean, Jay Keeley, Yah Leng Lim, Karl Bertling, Thomas Taimre, Pierluigi Rubino, Dragan Indjin and Aleksandar Rakic; 16. Applications of terahertz quantum cascade lasers Pierre Gellie; Index.

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Book SynopsisCovers modern photonics accessibly and discusses the basic physical principles underlying all the applications and technology of photonics.This volume covers the basic physical principles underlying the technology and all applications of photonics from statistical optics to quantum optics. The topics discussed in this volume are: Photons in perspective; Coherence and Statistical Optics; Complex Light and Singular Optics; Electrodynamics of Dielectric Media; Fast and slow Light; Holography; Multiphoton Processes; Optical Angular Momentum; Optical Forces, Trapping and Manipulation; Polarization States; Quantum Electrodynamics; Quantum Information and Computing; Quantum Optics; Resonance Energy Transfer; Surface Optics; Ultrafast Pulse Phenomena. Comprehensive and accessible coverage of the whole of modern photonics Emphasizes processes and applications that specifically exploit photon attributes of light Deals with tTable of ContentsFor the Table of Contents please see the listing on the individual volume's webpage:Volume 1http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1118225546.htmlVolume 2http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1118225511.htmlVolume 3http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1118225538.htmlVolume 4http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1118225554.html

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Book SynopsisFrom the early wave-particle arguments to the mathematical theory of electromagnetism to Einstein's work on the quantization of light, different descriptions of what constitutes light have existed for over 300 years. Light The Physics of the Photon examines the photon phenomenon from several perspectives. It demonstrates the importance of studying the photon as a concept belonging to a global vacuum (matter-free space).Divided into eight parts, the book begins with exploring aspects of classical optics in a global vacuum on the basis of free-space Maxwell equations. It then describes light rays and geodesics and presents a brief account of the Maxwell theory in general relativity. After discussing the theory of photon wave mechanics, the author gives a field-quantized description of the electromagnetic field, emphasizing single-photon quantum optics in Minkowskian space. He next focuses on photon physics in the rim zone of matter, paying particular atTrade Review"Everything you wanted to know about the modern photon by way of mathematical formalisms is available in [this book] … a delightful book for theoretically inclined advanced students and scientists specializing in optical science."—American Journal of Physics, March 2015"The material is presented in a clear structure and with full mathematical rigour."—Contemporary Physics, 2014"This important book will help readers accomplish the arduous task of understanding the photon, and provides deeper knowledge of the nature of light."—Barry R. Masters, Optics & Photonics News, 2014Table of ContentsClassical Optics in Global Vacuum. Light Rays and Geodesics. Maxwell Theory in General Relativity. Photon Wave Mechanics. Single-Photon Quantum Optics in Minkowskian Space. Photon Embryo States. Photon Source Domain and Propagators. Photon Vacuum and Quanta in Minkowskian Space. Two-Photon Entanglement in Space-Time. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisDiffractive Nanophotonics demonstrates the utility of the well-established methods of diffractive computer optics in solving nanophotonics tasks. It is concerned with peculiar properties of laser light diffraction by microoptics elements with nanoscale features and light confinement in subwavelength space regions. Written by recognized experts in this field, the book covers in detail a wide variety of advanced methods for the rigorous simulation of light diffraction. The authors apply their expertise to addressing cutting-edge problems in nanophotonics.Chapters consider the basic equations of diffractive nanophotonics and related transformations and numerical methods for solving diffraction problems under strict electromagnetic theory. They examine the diffraction of light on two-dimensional microscopic objects of arbitrary shape and present a numerical method for solving the problem of diffraction on periodic diffractive micro- and nanostructures. This methTrade Review"The authors have offered a comprehensive and accessible reference for computational methods in difractive nanophotonics."—Axel Mainzer in Optics & Photonics NewsTable of ContentsBasic equations of diffractive nanophotonics. Numerical methods for diffraction theory. Diffraction on cylindrical inhomogeneities comparable to the wavelength. Modelling of periodic diffractive micro- and nanostructures. Photonic crystals and light focusing. Photonic crystal fibres. Singular optics and superresolution. Optical trapping and manipulation of micro- and nano-objects. Conclusion. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book, the first English-language translation of Acoustique des instruments de musique, Second Edition, presents the necessary foundations for understanding the complex physical phenomena involved in musical instruments.Trade Review“This book is a great repository of state of the art knowledge. It is a handbook for looking-up concepts, derivations and mathematical methodologies currently developed and employed in the field of musical acoustics. … This book is a handbook and a great reference for researchers and PhD level graduate students … . This book will definitely become a classic like the one by Fletcher and Rossing … .” (Wilfried Kausel, Euracoustics.org, April, 2017)“Antoine Chaigne and Jean Kergomard have applied mathematical rigor with comprehensive scope, and the result is remarkable. … The text and math are lucid throughout and should be easily understood by readers with a basic grasp of mechanics. The authors are justified in recommending the book to ‘students at master’s and doctorate levels [and] researchers, engineers and other physicists with a strong interest in music’–each of those groups will find the information they need in Acoustics of Musical Instruments.” (Barry Greenhut, Physics Today, April, 2017)“Each author has extensive research experience, a publication record of note, familiarity with the literature, and interaction with French and international colleagues. … Acoustics of Musical Instruments provides a quantitative analysis of many instruments found in the classical repertoire. The text will be of use to players, including students and instructors, and those concerned with the physical production of sound from these instruments, including makers of real and simulated instruments.” (William Strong, Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, Vol. 65 (1-2), January, 2017)Table of ContentsPart I - Basic Equations and Oscillators.- 1. Continuous models. 1.1 Strings, membranes, bars, plates and shells. 1.2 3D acoustic waves. 1.3 Energy, intensity, power.- 2. Single-degree-of-freedom oscillator. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Solution with and without a source. Green's function. 2.3 Examples of free and forced oscillations.- Part II - Waves and modes.- 3. Modes. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Time scale. Transition from wave to mode. 3.3 Definitions and basic properties of the eigenmodes.- 4. Waves. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Solutions without source, first reflection. 4.3 Successive reflections of waves produced by a pulse source.- 5. Dissipation and damping. 5.1 Introduction: dissipative phenomena in musical acoustics. 5.2 Generalizing the concept of mode. 5.3 Damping mechanisms in solid materials.- 6. Coupled systems. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Structure-cavity interaction. 6.3 Coupling of piano strings.- 7. Wind Instruments: variable cross section and toneholes. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Pipes with variable cross section: general equations. 7.3 Pipes with cross section discontinuities: first approximation.- Part III - Nonlinearities and self-oscillations.- 8. Nonlinearities. 8.1 An example of asymmetry: the interrupted pendulum. 8.2 Duffing equation. 8.3 Nonlinear vibration of strings.- 9. Reed instruments. 9.1 Background on self-sustained oscillations. 9.2 Reed-instruments models. 9.3 Behavior of the two-equation model (regimes, existence and stability, transients) without reed dynamics.- 10. Flute-like instruments. 10.1 An introduction and general description. 10.2 A global model for the instrument. 10.3 A modeling for the jet oscillation.- 11. Bowed string instruments. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Bow-string interaction. 11.3 Bow models.- Part IV - Radiation and sound-structure interaction. - 12. Elementary sources and multipoles. 12.1 Introduction: acoustical radiation of musical instruments. 12.2 Elementary sources. 12.3 Pulsating sphere.- 13. Radiation of vibrating structures. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Basic concepts in structural acoustics. 13.3 Radiation of an infinite thin plate.- 14. Radiation of complex systems. 14.1 Example of the vibraphone. 14.2 Example of the kettledrum. 14.3 Example of the guitar.- Glossary.- Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book is a reference for researchers who want to learn about resonant periodic structures for applications in microstrip circuits. The readers can learn simple methods to analyze these structures using commercially available software and equivalent circuit modelling. The application examples demonstrated in the book will open up new research ideas in this field.Table of ContentsIntroduction to Periodic Structures in Electromagnetics. Planar Periodic Structures as Electromagnetic Bandgap (EBG) Surfaces. Compact Planar Periodic Structure as Band-Rejection Filter. Reconfigurable Periodic Structures. Application of Compact Planar Periodic Structure in Bandpass Filters and Diplexers. Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) Application.

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Book SynopsisThe proceedings of the 2017 Symposium on Chaos, Complexity and Leadership illuminate current research results and academic work from the fields of physics, mathematics, education, economics, as well as management and social sciences. The text explores chaotic and complex systems, as well as chaos and complexity theory in view of their applicability to management and leadership.This proceedings explores non-linearity as well as data-modelling and simulation in order to uncover new approaches and perspectives. Effort will not be spared in bringing theory into practice while exploring leadership and management-laden concepts. This book will cover the analysis of different chaotic developments from different fields within the concepts of chaos and complexity theory. Researchers and students in the field will find answers to questions surrounding these intertwined and compelling fields.Table of Contents

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Book SynopsisMotivates students by challenging them with real-life applications of the somtimes esoteric aspects of quantum mechanics that they are learning. Offers completely original excerices developed at teh Ecole Polytechnique in France, which is know for its innovative and original teaching methods. Problems from modern physics to help the student apply just-learnt theory to fields such as molecular physics, condensed matter physics or laser physics.Table of ContentsPart I Elementary Particles, Nuclei and Atoms. 1 Matter-wave Interferences with Molecules. 2 Neutron Interferometry. 3 Analysis of a Stern–Gerlach Experiment. 4 Spectroscopic Measurements on a Neutron Beam. 5 Measuring the Electron Magnetic Moment Anomaly. 6 Atomic Clocks. 7 The Spectrum of Positronium. 8 Neutrino Transformations in the Sun. 9 The Hydrogen Atom in Crossed Fields. 10 Energy Loss of Ions in Matter. Part II Quantum Entanglement and Measurement. 11 The EPR Problem and Bell’s Inequality. 12 Quantum Correlations in a Multi-Particle System. 13 A Non-Destructive Bomb Detector. 14 Direct Observation of Field Quantization. 15 Schrödinger’s Cat. 16 Quantum Cryptography. 17 Ideal Quantum Measurement. 18 The Quantum Eraser. 19 A Quantum Thermometer. 20 Laser Cooling and Trapping. Part III Complex Systems. 21 Exact Results for the Three-Body Problem. 22 Properties of a Bose–Einstein Condensate. 23 Quantized Vortices. 24 Motion in a Periodic Potential and Bloch Oscillations. 25 Magnetic Excitons. 26 A Quantum Box. 27 Colored Molecular Ions. 28 Hyperfine Structure in Electron Spin Resonance. 29 Probing Matter with Positive Muons. 30 Quantum Reflection of Atoms from a Surface. Part IV Appendix. 31 Memento of Quantum Mechanics.

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Book Synopsis. The main aim of this book is to shine a spotlight on key experiments and their crucial importance for advancing our understanding of physics. Physics is an empirical science, and experiments have always been a driving force in the development of our understanding of nature. Facts matter. In that sense, the book attempts to be complementary to the many popularizations of theoretical physics, and to counterbalance the frequent emphasis there on more speculative ideas.Experimental physics is also an essential pillar in physics teaching, as well as helping broader audiences to better understand important concepts, particularly in challenging fields such as relativity or quantum physics, where our common sense intuition often fails.Readers are taken on an historical journey, starting with “Free Fall” and culminating in “Spooky Action at a Distance”. En route they will encounter many important branches of physics, whose main ideas and theoretical description will be given a more empirical meaning. At the end, the reader is invited to reflect on what could be exciting and important directions for fundamental physics. All readers with an undergraduate degree in physical sciences or engineering will enjoy and learn much from this stimulating and original text.Table of Contents1 The Winners Are . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Free Fall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.1 Equality of Gravitational and Inertial Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.2 Galileo’s Experiments on Free Fall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112.3 Newton’s Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132.3.1 Looking up at the Sky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132.3.2 Newton’s Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152.4 Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Electromagnetic and Optical Unification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213.1 Electromagnetic Phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213.2 Induction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233.3 The Field Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253.4 Electromagnetic Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273.5 Unification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 Looking at Fluctuations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314.1 Natural Philosophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314.2 Atoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324.3 Limit theorems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344.4 Brownian Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374.4.1 The Random Walk as a Diffusion Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394.4.2 Sutherland–Einstein Relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414.5 Perrin’s Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424.6 Fluctuation–Dissipation Relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435 Quantization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455.1 Standard Hydrogen Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465.2 Black Body Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525.3 Photoelectric Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54xixii Contents5.4 Compton Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585.5 Specific Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605.6 Spin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636 Wave-like Nature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676.1 Early light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696.1.1 Young’s Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696.1.2 On the French side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716.1.3 Interacting Newton Bullets? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736.2 X-rays and Bragg Scattering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746.3 Davisson–Germer Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766.4 Wavy Electrons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807 Finding Structure: Scattering and Fission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 857.1 Light Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 857.2 Particle Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887.2.1 Geiger–Marsden–Rutherford Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887.2.2 Standard Model Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 937.3 Nuclear Chain Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 948 Light in the Universe and the Invariance of Proper Time . . . . . . . . . . . 978.1 Michelson–Morley Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 988.2 Special Relativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1018.2.1 Popular Relativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1028.2.2 Minkowski Spacetime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1038.2.3 Twin Paradox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1058.2.4 NonEuclidean Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1068.3 And More Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1069 Dynamical Activity of the Vacuum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1099.1 Beginnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1109.2 Lamb Shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1129.2.1 Lamb–Retherford Experiment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1129.2.2 Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1159.3 Fluctuation Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1169.4 Casimir Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1179.5 Frenesy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11810 Phase Transitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12110.1 The Dream of Anaximenes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12310.2 Percolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12410.3 Criticality and Universality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12710.4 Superconductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13110.5 Superfluidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13210.6 Bose–Einstein Condensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133Contents xiii11 Nonlocality: Spooky Action at a Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13511.1 About Alice, Living Far away from Bob . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13711.2 Einstein’s Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13911.3 Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen Argument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14011.4 Bell’s Inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14211.5 Bell Test Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14412 Future Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14712.1 Around 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14812.1.1 The Statistical Mechanics of Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15112.1.2 Relativity versus Quantum Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15212.1.3 Quantum Statistical Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15312.2 Into the next hundred years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15512.2.1 Computational and Neuro(nal) Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15512.2.2 Physics of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15712.2.3 Many-Body Nonequilibrium Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15912.2.4 Climate and Planetary Sciences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

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