Industrial chemistry and chemical engineering Books

Book Synopsis* This best selling text prepares students to formulate and solve material and energy balances in chemical process systems and lays the foundation for subsequent courses in chemical engineering. * The text provides a realistic, informative, and positive introduction to the practice of chemical engineering.Table of ContentsAbout the Authors iii Preface to the Fourth Edition iv Notes to Instructors v Digital Resources and WileyPLUS vi Postscript: Introduction to an Author vii Nomenclature viii Glossary of Chemical Process Terms x PART 1 Engineering Problem Analysis 1 CHAPTER 1 What Some Chemical Engineers Do for a Living 3 CHAPTER 2 Introduction to Engineering Calculations 5 2.0 Learning Objectives 5 2.1 Units and Dimensions 6 2.2 Conversion of Units 7 2.3 Systems of Units 8 2.4 Force and Weight 10 2.5 Numerical Calculation and Estimation 12 2.6 Dimensional Homogeneity and Dimensionless Quantities 19 2.7 Process Data Representation and Analysis 21 2.8 Summary 30 Problems 30 CHAPTER 3 Processes and Process Variables 35 3.0 Learning Objectives 35 3.1 Mass and Volume 36 3.2 Flow Rate 38 3.3 Chemical Composition 40 3.4 Pressure 47 3.5 Temperature 54 3.6 Summary 57 Problems 58 PART 2 Material Balances 67 CHAPTER 4 Fundamentals of Material Balances 69 4.0 Learning Objectives 69 4.1 Process Classification 70 4.2 Balances 71 4.3 Material Balance Calculations 75 4.4 Balances on Multiple-Unit Processes 94 4.5 Recycle and Bypass 100 4.6 Chemical Reaction Stoichiometry 107 4.7 Balances on Reactive Processes 118 4.8 Combustion Reactions 139 4.9 Some Additional Considerations about Chemical Processes 147 4.10 Summary 150 Problems 151 CHAPTER 5 Single-Phase Systems 160 5.0 Learning Objectives 161 5.1 Liquid and Solid Densities 162 5.2 Ideal Gases 164 5.3 Equations of State for Nonideal Gases 172 5.4 The Compressibility-Factor Equation of State 179 5.5 Summary 186 Problems 186 CHAPTER 6 Multiphase Systems 195 6.0 Learning Objectives 197 6.1 Single-Component Phase Equilibrium 198 6.2 The Gibbs Phase Rule 204 6.3 Gas–Liquid Systems: One Condensable Component 206 6.4 Multicomponent Gas–Liquid Systems 212 6.5 Solutions of Solids in Liquids 221 6.6 Equilibrium between Two Liquid Phases 229 6.7 Adsorption on Solid Surfaces 233 6.8 Summary 236 Problems 238 PART 3 Energy Balances 253 CHAPTER 7 Energy and Energy Balances 255 7.0 Learning Objectives 256 7.1 Forms of Energy: The First Law of Thermodynamics 257 7.2 Kinetic and Potential Energy 259 7.3 Energy Balances on Closed Systems 260 7.4 Energy Balances on Open Systems at Steady State 262 7.5 Tables of Thermodynamic Data 267 7.6 Energy Balance Procedures 272 7.7 Mechanical Energy Balances 275 7.8 Summary 280 Problems 282 CHAPTER 8 Balances on Nonreactive Processes 291 8.0 Learning Objectives 291 8.1 Elements of Energy Balance Calculations 292 8.2 Changes in Pressure at Constant Temperature 300 8.3 Changes in Temperature 301 8.4 Phase-Change Operations 313 8.5 Mixing and Solution 332 8.6 Summary 343 Problems 345 CHAPTER 9 Balances on Reactive Processes 363 9.0 Learning Objectives 364 9.1 Heats of Reaction 364 9.2 Measurement and Calculation of Heats of Reaction: Hess’s Law 369 9.3 Formation Reactions and Heats of Formation 371 9.4 Heats of Combustion 373 9.5 Energy Balances on Reactive Processes 374 9.6 Fuels and Combustion 389 9.7 Summary 399 Problems 401 CHAPTER 10 Balances on Transient Processes 416 10.0 Learning Objectives 416 10.1 The General Balance Equation . . . Again 416 10.2 Material Balances 421 10.3 Energy Balances on Single-Phase Nonreactive Processes 428 10.4 Simultaneous Transient Balances 433 10.5 Summary 436 Problems 437 APPENDIX A Computational Techniques 443 A.1 The Method of Least Squares 443 A.2 Iterative Solution of Nonlinear Algebraic Equations 446 A.3 Numerical Integration 459 APPENDIX B Physical Property Tables 463 B.1 Selected Physical Property Data 464 B.2 Heat Capacities 471 B.3 Vapor Pressure of Water 474 B.4 Antoine Equation Constants 476 B.5 Properties of Saturated Steam: Temperature Table 478 B.6 Properties of Saturated Steam: Pressure Table 480 B.7 Properties of Superheated Steam 486 B.8 Specific Enthalpies of Selected Gases: SI Units 488 B.9 Specific Enthalpies of Selected Gases: U.S. Customary Units 488 B.10 Atomic Heat Capacities for Kopp’s Rule 489 B.11 Integral Heats of Solution and Mixing at 25°C 489 Answers to Test Yourselves 490 Answers to Selected Problems 498 Index 500

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Book SynopsisPhillip C. Wankat, Clifton L. Lovell Distinguished Professor of Chemical Engineering Emeritus at Purdue University, has served as director of undergraduate degree programs at Purdue's School of Engineering Education. His research interests include adsorption, large-scale chromatography, simulated moving bed systems, distillation, and improvements in engineering education. His teaching, research, and service awards have included Purdue's College of Education's 2007 Distinguished Education Alumni Award, the Morrill award (Purdue University's highest faculty award), and the 2016 AIChE Warren K. Lewis award.Table of ContentsPreface xxiii Acknowledgments xxv About the Author xxvii Nomenclature xxix Chapter 1. Introduction to Separation Process Engineering 1 1.0 Summary—Objectives 1 1.1 Importance of Separations 1 1.2 Concept of Equilibrium 3 1.3 Mass Transfer Concepts 4 1.4 Problem-Solving Methods 5 1.5 Units 6 1.6 Computers and Computer Simulations 7 1.7 Prerequisite Material 7 1.8 Other Resources on Separation Process Engineering 9 References 10 Problems 11 Chapter 2. Flash Distillation 13 2.0 Summary—Objectives 13 2.1 Basic Method of Flash Distillation 13 2.2 Form and Sources of Equilibrium Data 15 2.3 Binary VLE 17 2.4 Binary Flash Distillation 26 2.5 Multicomponent VLE 32 2.6 Multicomponent Flash Distillation 36 2.7 Simultaneous Multicomponent Convergence 40 2.8 Three-Phase Flash Calculations 45 2.9 Size Calculation 45 2.10 Using Existing Flash Drums 50 References 51 Problems 52 Appendix A. Computer Simulation of Flash Distillation 62 Lab 1. Introduction to Aspen Plus 62 Lab 2. Flash Distillation 69 Appendix B. Spreadsheets for Flash Distillation 72 Chapter 3. Introduction to Column Distillation 75 3.0 Summary—Objectives 75 3.1 Developing a Distillation Cascade 75 3.2 Tray Column Distillation Equipment 82 3.3 Safety 85 3.4 Specifications 86 3.5 External Column Balances 88 References 92 Problems 92 Chapter 4. Binary Column Distillation: Internal Stage-by-Stage Balances 99 4.0 Summary—Objectives 99 4.1 Internal Balances 99 4.2 Binary Stage-by-Stage Solution Methods 103 4.3 Introduction to the McCabe-Thiele Method 109 4.4 Feed Line 113 4.5 Complete McCabe-Thiele Method 120 4.6 Profiles for Binary Distillation 123 4.7 Open Steam Heating 125 4.8 General McCabe-Thiele Analysis Procedure 129 4.9 Other Distillation Column Situations 134 4.10 Limiting Operating Conditions 141 4.11 Efficiencies 143 4.12 Subcooled Reflux and Superheated Boilup 145 4.13 Simulation Problems 146 4.14 New Uses for Old Columns 148 4.15 Comparisons between Analytical and Graphical Methods 149 References 150 Problems 150 Appendix A. Computer Simulation of Binary Distillation 165 Lab 3. Binary Distillation 165 Appendix B. Spreadsheet for Binary Distillation 169 Chapter 5. Introduction to Multicomponent Distillation 171 5.0 Summary—Objectives 171 5.1 Calculational Difficulties of Multicomponent Distillation 171 5.2 Profiles for Multicomponent Distillation 176 5.3 Stage-by-Stage Calculations for CMO 181 References 186 Problems 187 Appendix A. Simplified Spreadsheet for Stage-by-Stage Calculations for Ternary Distillation 192 Chapter 6. Exact Calculation Procedures for Multicomponent Distillation 195 6.0 Summary—Objectives 195 6.1 Introduction to Matrix Solution for Multicomponent Distillation 195 6.2 Component Mass Balances in Matrix Form 196 6.3 Initial Guesses for Flow Rates and Temperatures 200 6.4 Temperature Convergence 201 6.5 Energy Balances in Matrix Form 203 6.6 Introduction to Naphtali-Sandholm Simultaneous Convergence Method 206 6.7 Discussion 207 References 208 Problems 208 Appendix. Computer Simulations for Multicomponent Column Distillation 214 Lab 4. Simulation of Multicomponent Distillation 214 Lab 5. Pressure Effects and Tray Efficiencies 216 Lab 6. Coupled Columns 220 Chapter 7. Approximate Shortcut Methods for Multicomponent Distillation 223 7.0 Summary—Objectives 223 7.1 Total Reflux: Fenske Equation 223 7.2 Minimum Reflux: Underwood Equations 228 7.3 Gilliland Correlation for Number of Stages at Finite Reflux Ratios 231 References 234 Problems 235 Chapter 8. Introduction to Complex Distillation Methods 241 8.0 Summary—Objectives 241 8.1 Breaking Azeotropes with Hybrid Separations 241 8.2 Binary Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation Processes 243 8.3 Continuous Steam Distillation 251 8.4 Pressure-Swing Distillation Processes 257 8.5 Complex Ternary Distillation Systems 259 8.6 Extractive Distillation 266 8.7 Azeotropic Distillation with Added Solvent 272 8.8 Distillation with Chemical Reaction 274 References 277 Problems 278 Appendix A. Simulation of Complex Distillation Systems 292 Lab 7. Pressure-Swing Distillation for Separating Azeotropes 292 Lab 8. Binary Distillation of Systems with Heterogeneous Azeotropes 295 Lab 9. Simulation of Extractive Distillation 298 Appendix B. Spreadsheet for Distillation curve Generation for Constant Relative Volatility at Total Reflux 302 Chapter 9. Batch Distillation 303 9.0 Summary—Objectives 303 9.1 Introduction to Batch Distillation 303 9.2 Batch Distillation: Rayleigh Equation 305 9.3 Simple Binary Batch Distillation 307 9.4 Constant-Mole Batch Distillation 312 9.5 Batch Steam Distillation 314 9.6 Multistage Binary Batch Distillation 317 9.7 Multicomponent Simple Batch Distillation and Residue Curve Calculations 321 9.8 Operating Time 324 References 326 Problems 326 Appendix A. Calculations for Simple Multicomponent Batch Distillation and Residue Curve Analysis 334 Chapter 10. Staged and Packed Column Design 337 10.0 Summary—Objectives 337 10.1 Staged Column Equipment Description 338 10.2 Tray Efficiencies 344 10.3 Column Diameter Calculations 351 10.4 Balancing Calculated Diameters 356 10.5 Sieve Tray Layout and Tray Hydraulics 358 10.6 Valve Tray Design 364 10.7 Introduction to Packed Column Design 366 10.8 Packings and Packed Column Internals 366 10.9 Packed Column Design: HETP Method 368 10.10 Packed Column Flooding and Diameter Calculation 371 10.11 Economic Trade-Offs for Packed Columns 378 10.12 Choice of Column Type 379 10.13 Fire Hazards of Structured Packings 381 References 382 Problems 385 Appendix. Tray and Downcomer Design with Computer Simulator 392 Lab 10. Detailed Design 392 Chapter 11. Economics and Energy Efficiency in Distillation 397 11.0 Summary—Objectives 397 11.1 Equipment Costs 397 11.2 Basic Heat Exchanger Design 404 11.3 Design and Operating Effects on Costs 406 11.4 Changes in Plant Operating Rates 414 11.5 Energy Reduction in Binary Distillation Systems 415 11.6 Synthesis of Column Sequences for Almost Ideal Multicomponent Distillation 419 11.7 Synthesis of Distillation Systems for Nonideal Ternary Systems 425 11.8 Next Steps 429 References 430 Problems 431 Chapter 12. Absorption and Stripping 439 12.0 Summary—Objectives 440 12.1 Absorption and Stripping Equilibria 441 12.2 McCabe-Thiele Solution for Dilute Absorption 444 12.3 Stripping Analysis for Dilute Systems 446 12.4 Analytical Solution for Dilute Systems: Kremser Equation 447 12.5 Efficiencies 452 12.6 McCabe-Thiele Analysis for More Concentrated Systems 453 12.7 Column Diameter 457 12.8 Dilute Multisolute Absorbers and Strippers 458 12.9 Matrix Solution for Concentrated Absorbers and Strippers 460 12.10 Irreversible Absorption and Cocurrent Cascades 463 References 465 Problems 466 Appendix. Computer Simulations of Absorption and Stripping 474 Lab 11. Absorption and Stripping 474 Chapter 13. Liquid-Liquid Extraction 481 13.0 Summary—Objectives 481 13.1 Introduction to Extraction Processes and Equipment 481 13.2 Equilibrium for Dilute Systems and Solvent Selection 486 13.3 Dilute, Immiscible, Countercurrent Extraction 489 13.4 Immiscible Single-Stage and Crossflow Extraction 499 13.5 Concentrated Immiscible Extraction 502 13.6 Immiscible Batch Extraction 506 13.7 Extraction Equilibrium for Partially Miscible Ternary Systems 508 13.8 Mixing Calculations and the Lever-Arm Rule 511 13.9 Partially Miscible Single-Stage and Crossflow Systems 513 13.10 Partially Miscible Countercurrent Extraction 516 13.11 Relationship Between McCabe-Thiele and Triangular Diagrams for Partially Miscible Systems 522 13.12 Minimum Solvent Rate for Partially Miscible Systems 523 13.13 Extraction Computer Simulations 525 13.14 Design of Mixer-Settlers 526 References 537 Problems 538 Appendix. Computer Simulation of Extraction 545 Lab 12. Extraction 545 Chapter 14. Washing, Leaching, and Supercritical Extraction 551 14.0 Summary—Objectives 551 14.1 Generalized McCabe-Thiele and Kremser Procedures 551 14.2 Washing 552 14.3 Leaching 559 14.4 Introduction to Supercritical Fluid Extraction 565 References 568 Problems 568 Chapter 15. Introduction to Diffusion and Mass Transfer 575 15.0 Summary−Objectives 576 15.1 Molecular Movement Leads to Mass Transfer 577 15.2 Fickian Model of Diffusivity 578 15.3 Values and Correlations for Fickian Binary Diffusivities 593 15.4 Linear Driving-Force Model of Mass Transfer for Binary Systems 601 15.5 Correlations for Mass Transfer Coefficients 615 15.6 Difficulties with Fickian Diffusion Model 626 15.7 Maxwell-Stefan Model of Diffusion and Mass Transfer 627 15.8 Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Diffusion and Mass Transfer Models 641 15.9 Useful Approximate Values 642 References 642 Problems 643 Appendix. Spreadsheets for Examples 15-10 and 15-11 650 Chapter 16. Mass Transfer Analyses for Distillation, Absorption, Stripping, and Extraction 653 16.0 Summary—Objectives 653 16.1 HTU-NTU Analysis of Packed Distillation Columns 653 16.2 Relationship of HETP and HTU 661 16.3 Correlations for HTU Values for Packings 663 16.4 HTU-NTU Analysis of Absorbers and Strippers 670 16.5 HTU-NTU Analysis of Cocurrent Absorbers 675 16.6 Prediction of Distillation Tray Efficiency 677 16.7 Mass Transfer Analysis of Extraction 679 16.7.4.3 Conservative Estimation of Mass Transfer Coefficients for Extraction 689 16.8 Rate-Based Analysis of Distillation 690 References 693 Problems 695 Appendix. Computer Rate-Based Simulation of Distillation 702 Lab 13. Rate-Based Modeling of Distillation 702 Chapter 17. Crystallization from Solution 705 17.0 Summary–Objectives 706 17.1 Basic Principles of Crystallization from Solution 706 17.2 Continuous Cooling Crystallizers 712 17.3 Evaporative and Vacuum Crystallizers 722 17.4 Experimental Crystal Size Distribution 729 17.5 Introduction to Population Balances 734 17.6 Crystal Size Distributions for MSMPR Crystallizers 736 17.7 Seeding 750 17.8 Scaleup 755 17.9 Batch and Semibatch Crystallization 756 17.10 Precipitation 761 References 764 Problems 765 Appendix. Spreadsheet 772 Chapter 18. Melt Crystallization 773 18.0 Summary–Objectives 773 18.1 Equilibrium Calculations for Melt Crystallization 774 18.2 Suspension Melt Crystallization 780 18.3 Introduction to Solid-Layer Crystallization Processes: Progressive Freezing 793 18.4 Static Solid-Layer Melt Crystallization Process 808 18.5 Dynamic Solid-Layer Melt Crystallization 809 18.6 Zone Melting 819 18.7 Post-Crystallization Processing 824 18.8 Scaleup 827 18.9 Hybrid Crystallization–Distillation Processes 828 18.10 Predictions 833 References 834 Problems 836 Chapter 19. Introduction to Membrane Separation Processes 841 19.0 Summary—Objectives 844 19.1 Membrane Separation Equipment 844 19.2 Membrane Concepts 847 19.3 Gas Permeation (GP) 850 19.4 Osmosis and Reverse Osmosis (RO) 865 19.5 Ultrafiltration (UF)` 881 19.6 Pervaporation 891 19.7 Bulk Flow Pattern Effects 902 References 905 Problems 907 Appendix A. Spreadsheet for Crossflow GP 918 Chapter 20. Introduction to Adsorption, Chromatography, and Ion Exchange 923 20.0 Summary—Objectives 924 20.1 Adsorbents and Adsorption Equilibrium 924 20.2 Solute Movement Analysis for Linear Systems: Basics and Applications to Chromatography 935 20.3 Solute Movement Analysis for Linear Systems: Temperature and Pressure Swing Adsorption and Simulated Moving Beds 942 20.4 Nonlinear Solute Movement Analysis 963 20.5 Ion Exchange 970 References 978 Problems 980 Chapter 21. Mass Transfer Analysis of Adsorption, Chromatography, and Ion Exchange 991 21.0 Summary—Objectives 991 21.1 Mass and Energy Transfer in Packed Beds 991 21.2 Mass Transfer Solutions for Linear Systems 1000 21.3 Nonlinear Systems 1008 21.4 Checklist for Practical Design and Operation 1019 References 1021 Problems 1022 Appendix. Aspen Chromatography Simulator 1030 Lab AC1. Introduction to Aspen Chromatography 1031 Lab AC2. Convergence for Linear Isotherms 1035 Lab AC3. Convergence for Nonlinear Isotherms 1036 Lab AC4. Cycle Organizer 1038 Lab AC5. Flow Reversal 1041 Lab AC6. Ion Exchange 1045 Lab AC7. SMB and TMB 1048 Lab AC8. Thermal Systems 1051 Answers to Selected Problems 1057 Appendix A. Aspen Plus Troubleshooting Guide for Separations 1063 Appendix B. Instructions for Fitting VLE and LLE Data with Aspen Plus 1067 Appendix C. Unit Conversions and Physical Constants 1071 Appendix D. Data Locations 1073 Index

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsAbout the Authors iii Preface to the Fourth Edition v General Nomenclature xiii Dimensions and Units xvii 1. Separation Processes 1 1.0∗ Instructional Objectives 1 1.1∗ Industrial Chemical Processes 1 1.2∗ Basic Separation Techniques 3 1.3⚬ Separations by Phase Creation 4 1.4⚬ Separations by Phase Addition 6 1.5⚬ Separations by Barrier 7 1.6⚬ Separations by an External Field or Gradient 7 1.7∗ Brief Comparison of Common Separation Operations 8 1.8∗ Separation Processes, Product Purity, Component Recovery, and Separation Sequences 9 Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises 2. Thermodynamics of Separation Operations 16 2.0∗ Instructional Objectives 16 2.1∗ Phase Equilibria 16 2.2∗ Ideal-Gas, Ideal-Liquid-Solution Model 20 2.3⚬ Graphical Representation of Thermodynamic Properties 21 2.4⚬ Nonideal Thermodynamic Property Models 23 2.5⚬ P-v-T Equation-of-State (EOS) Models 23 2.6⚬ Highly Nonideal Liquid Solutions 27 2.7⚬ Gibbs Excess Free-Energy (gE) Models 29 2.8⚬ Predictive Models 34 2.9⚬ Electrolyte Solution Models 36 2.10⚬ Polymer Solution Models 36 2.11∗ K-Value Methods in Process Simulators 36 2.12∗ Exergy and Second-Law Analysis 37 Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises 3. Mass Transfer and Diffusion 46 3.0∗ Instructional Objectives 46 3.1∗ Steady-State, Ordinary Molecular Diffusion 47 3.2∗ Diffusion Coefficients (Diffusivities) 51 3.3∗ Steady-State and Unsteady-State Mass Transfer Through Stationary Media 58 3.4∗ Mass Transfer in Laminar Flow 60 3.5∗ Mass Transfer in Turbulent Flow 68 3.6∗ Models for Mass Transfer in Fluids with a Fluid–Fluid Interface 73 3.7∗ Two-Film Theory and Overall Mass-Transfer Coefficients 76 Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises 4. Single Equilibrium Stages and Flash Calculations 87 4.0∗ Instructional Objectives 87 4.1∗ Gibbs’ Phase Rule and Degrees of Freedom 88 4.2∗ Binary Vapor–Liquid Systems at Equilibrium 89 4.3∗ Equilibrium Two-Phase Flash Calculations 93 4.4∗ Ternary Liquid–Liquid Systems at Equilibrium 97 4.5⚬ Multicomponent Liquid–Liquid Systems 101 4.6∗ Liquid–Solid Systems 102 4.7∗ Gas–Liquid Systems 104 4.8∗ Gas–Solid Systems 105 4.9⦁ Three-Phase Equilibrium Systems 107 Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises 5. Multistage Cascades and Hybrid Systems 118 5.0∗ Instructional Objectives 118 5.1∗ Cascade Configurations 118 5.2∗ Single-Section Liquid–Liquid Extraction Cascades 119 5.3∗ Two-Section Distillation Cascades 121 5.4⚬ Membrane Cascades 123 5.5⚬ Hybrid Systems 125 5.6∗ Degrees of Freedom and Specifications for Cascades 125 Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises 6. Absorption and Stripping 137 6.0∗ Instructional Objectives 137 6.1⚬ Equipment for Vapor–Liquid Separations 138 6.2⚬ General Design Considerations 143 6.3∗ Graphical Method for Trayed Towers 144 6.4∗ Kremser Group Method for Multicomponent Absorption and Stripping 148 6.5∗ Stage Efficiency and Column Height for Trayed Columns 154 6.6∗ Flooding, Column Diameter, and Tray Layout for Trayed Columns 161 6.7∗ Rate-Based Method for Packed Columns 164 6.8∗ Packed-Column Liquid Holdup, Diameter, Flooding, Pressure Drop, and Mass-Transfer Efficiency 169 6.9⦁ Reactive (Chemical) Absorption 180 Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises 7. Distillation of Binary Mixtures 191 7.0∗ Instructional Objectives 191 7.1⚬ Equipment and Design Considerations 193 7.2∗ McCabe–Thiele Graphical Method for Trayed Towers 193 7.3⚬ Extensions of the McCabe–Thiele Method 203 7.4∗ Estimation of Tray Efficiency for Distillation 208 7.5∗ Column and Reflux-Drum Diameters 215 7.6∗ Rate-Based Method for Packed Distillation Columns 216 Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises 8. Liquid–Liquid Extraction with Ternary Systems 231 8.0∗ Instructional Objectives 231 8.1⚬ Equipment for Solvent Extraction 233 8.2⚬ General Design Considerations 239 8.3∗ Hunter–Nash Graphical Equilibrium-Stage Method 243 8.4⚬ Theory and Scale-Up of Extractor Performance 252 Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises 9. Approximate Methods for Multicomponent Distillation 267 9.0∗ Instructional Objectives 267 9.1∗ Fenske–Underwood–Gilliland (FUG) Method 267 9.2∗ Using the Shortcut (FUG) Method with Process Simulators 279 Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises 10. Equilibrium-Based Methods for Multicomponent Absorption, Stripping, Distillation, and Extraction 284 10.0∗ Instructional Objectives 284 10.1∗ Simple Model for a Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium Stage 284 10.2⦁ Evolution of Methods for Solving the Mesh Equations 286 10.3∗ Strategies for Applying Process-Simulator Methods 287 10.4∗ Main Mathematical Procedures 291 10.5∗ Bubble-Point (BP) and Sum-Rates (SR) Methods 294 10.6∗ Simultaneous-Correction Method 297 10.7∗ Inside-Out Method 304 10.8⦁ Rigorous Methods for Liquid–Liquid Extraction 309 Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises 11. Enhanced Distillation and Supercritical Extraction 320 11.0∗ Instructional Objectives 320 11.1∗ Use of Triangular Graphs 321 11.2∗ Extractive Distillation 332 11.3⦁ Salt Distillation 335 11.4⦁ Pressure-Swing Distillation 337 11.5⦁ Homogeneous Azeotropic Distillation 339 11.6∗ Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation 343 11.7⦁ Reactive Distillation 352 11.8⦁ Supercritical-Fluid Extraction 357 Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises 12. Rate-Based Models for Vapor–Liquid Separation Operations 368 12.0⦁ Instructional Objectives 368 12.1⦁ Rate-Based Model 370 12.2⦁ Thermodynamic Properties and Transport-Rate Expressions 372 12.3⦁ Methods for Estimating Transport Coefficients and Interfacial Area 375 12.4⦁ Vapor and Liquid Flow Patterns 375 12.5⦁ Method of Calculation 376 Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises 13. Batch Distillation 385 13.0∗ Instructional Objectives 385 13.1∗ Differential Distillation 385 13.2∗ Binary Batch Rectification 388 13.3⦁ Batch Stripping and Complex Batch Distillation 390 13.4⦁ Effect of Liquid Holdup 391 13.5∗ Stage-by-Stage Methods for Batch Rectification 391 13.6∗ Intermediate-Cut Strategy 400 13.7⦁ Optimal Control by Variation of Reflux Ratio 401 Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises ∗Suitable for an UG course ⚬Optional ⦁Advanced 14. Membrane Separations 408 14.0∗ Instructional Objectives 408 14.1⚬ Membrane Materials 410 14.2⚬ Membrane Modules 414 14.3∗ Mass Transfer in Membranes 416 14.4∗ Dialysis 430 14.5⚬ Electrodialysis 432 14.6∗ Reverse Osmosis 434 14.7∗ Gas Permeation 438 14.8⚬ Pervaporation 441 Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises 15. Adsorption, Ion Exchange, and Chromatography 451 15.0∗ Instructional Objectives 451 15.1∗ Sorbents 453 15.2∗ Equilibrium Considerations 461 15.3∗ Kinetic and Transport Rate Considerations 470 15.4⚬ Equipment for Sorption Operations 475 15.5∗ Slurry and Fixed-Bed Adsorption Systems 479 15.6∗ Continuous, Countercurrent Adsorption Systems 494 15.7⚬ Ion-Exchange Cycle 502 15.8∗ Chromatographic Separations 503 Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises Answers to Selected Exercises 519 Index 521

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Book SynopsisDavid M. Himmelblau was Paul D. and Betty Robertson Meek and American Petrofina Foundation Centennial Professor Emeritus in Chemical Engineering at the University of Texas, where he taught for forty-two years. He authored eleven books and more than two hundred articles on process analysis, fault detection, and optimization. He was president of the CACHE Corporation, and director of AIChE. James B. Riggs was a university professor for thirty years. Twenty-five of those years were spent at Texas Tech University, where he founded and directed the Texas Tech Process Control and Optimization Consortium. He authored several popular textbooks, including Computational Methods for Engineers with MATLAB Applications, Thirteenth Edition; Programming with MATLAB for Engineers, Fourteenth Edition; and Chemical and Bio-Process Control, Fifth Edition.Table of ContentsPreface xv How to Use This Book xvii Acknowledgments xxi About the Authors xxiii Part I: Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Introduction to Chemical Engineering 3 1.1 A Brief History of Chemical Engineering 3 1.2 Types of Jobs Chemical Engineers Perform 6 1.3 Industries in Which Chemical Engineers Work 8 1.4 Sustainability 10 1.5 Ethics 24 Chapter 2: Introductory Concepts 29 2.1 Units of Measure 29 2.2 Unit Conversions 35 2.3 Equations and Units 41 2.4 Measurement Errors and Significant Figures 47 2.5 Validation of Results 53 2.6 Mass, Moles, and Density 55 2.7 Process Variables 75 Part II: Material Balances 125 Chapter 3: Material Balances 127 3.1 The Connection between a Process and Its Schematic 129 3.2 Introduction to Material Balances 134 3.3 A General Strategy for Solving Material Balance Problems 145 3.4 Material Balances for Single Unit Systems 164 3.5 Vectors and Matrices 188 3.6 Solving Systems of Linear Equations with MATLAB 190 3.7 Solving Systems of Linear Equations with Python 196 Chapter 4: Material Balances with Chemical Reaction 225 4.1 Stoichiometry 226 4.2 Terminology for Reaction Systems 235 4.3 Species Mole Balances 248 4.4 Element Material Balances 268 4.5 Material Balances for Combustion Systems 276 Chapter 5: Material Balances for Multiunit Processes 313 5.1 Preliminary Concepts 314 5.2 Sequential Multiunit Systems 317 5.3 Recycle Systems 340 5.4 Bypass and Purge 357 5.5 The Industrial Application of Material Balances 367 Part III: Gases, Vapors, and Liquids 401 Chapter 6: Ideal and Real Gases 403 6.1 Ideal Gases 405 6.2 Real Gases: Equations of State 422 6.3 Real Gases: Compressibility Charts 436 6.4 Real Gas Mixtures 444 Chapter 7: Multiphase Equilibrium 473 7.1 Introduction 473 7.2 Phase Diagrams and the Phase Rule 475 7.3 Single-Component Two-Phase Systems (Vapor Pressure) 487 7.4 Two-Component Gas/Single-Component Liquid Systems 504 7.5 Two-Component Gas/Two-Component Liquid Systems 523 7.6 Multicomponent Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium 536 Part IV: Energy Balances 559 Chapter 8: Energy Balances without Reaction 561 8.1 Terminology Associated with Energy Balances 564 8.2 Overview of Types of Energy and Energy Balances 569 8.3 Energy Balances for Closed, Unsteady-State Systems 574 8.4 Energy Balances for Open, Steady-State Systems 597 8.5 Mechanical Energy Balances 627 8.6 Energy Balances for Special Cases 640 Chapter 9: Energy Balances with Reaction 681 9.1 The Standard Heat (Enthalpy) of Formation 682 9.2 The Heat (Enthalpy) of Reaction 688 9.3 Integration of Heat of Formation and Sensible Heat 700 9.4 The Heat (Enthalpy) of Combustion 726 Part V: Combined Material and Energy Balances 747 Chapter 10: Humidity (Psychrometric) Charts 749 10.1 Terminology 751 10.2 The Humidity (Psychrometric) Chart 755 10.3 Applications of the Humidity Chart 765 Chapter 11: Unsteady-State Material and Energy Balances 781 11.1 Unsteady-State Balances 783 11.2 Numerical Integration of ODEs 790 11.3 Examples 799 Supplemental online materials: Chapter 12: Heats of Solution and Mixing 825 Chapter 13: Liquids and Gases in Equilibrium with Solids 845 Chapter 14: Solving Material and Energy Balances Using Process Simulators (Flowsheeting Codes) 857 Part VI: Supplementary Material--Appendixes 889 Appendix A: Atomic Weights and Numbers 893 Appendix B: Tables of the Pitzer Z^0 and Z^1 Factors 894 Appendix C: Heats of Formation and Combustion 899 Appendix D: Answers to Selected Problems 903 Supplemental online materials: Appendix E: Physical Properties of Various Organic and Inorganic Substances 908 Appendix F: Heat Capacity Equations 920 Appendix G: Vapor Pressures 924 Appendix H: Heats of Solution and Dilution 925 Appendix I: Enthalpy-Concentration Data 926 Appendix J: Thermodynamic Charts 933 Appendix K: Physical Properties of Petroleum Fractions 940 Appendix L: Solution of Sets of Equations 949 Appendix M: Fitting Functions to Data 971 Index 975

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Book SynopsisChemical reaction engineering is concerned with the exploitation of chemical reactions on a commercial scale. Ita s goal is the successful design and operation of chemical reactors. This text emphasizes qualitative arguments, simple design methods, graphical procedures, and frequent comparison of capabilities of the major reactor types.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: Overview of Chemical Reaction Engineering. HOMOGENEOUS REACTIONS IN IDEAL REACTORS. Introduction to Reactor Design. Design for Single Reactions. Design for Parallel Reactions. Potpourri of Multiple Reactions. NON IDEAL FLOW. Compartment Models. The Dispersion Model. The Tank-in-Series Model. REACTIONS CATALYZED BY SOLIDS. Solid Catalyzed Reactions. The Packed Bed Catalytic Reactor. Deactivating Catalysts. HETEROGENEOUS REACTIONS. Fluid-Fluid Reactions: Kinetics. Fluid-Particle Reactions: Design. BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS. Enzyme Fermentation. Substrate Limiting Microbial Fermentation. Product Limiting Microbial Fermentation. Appendix. Index.

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Book SynopsisDas grundlegende Lehrbuch der Technischen Chemie mit hohem Praxisbezug in der dritten Auflage: * beschreibt didaktisch äußerst gelungen die Bereiche - chemische Reaktionstechnik, Grundoperationen, Verfahrensentwicklung sowie chemische Prozesse * alle Kapitel wurden komplett überarbeitet und aktualisiert * zahlreiche Fragen als Zusatzmaterial für Studenten online auf Wiley-VCH erhältlich * unterstützt das Lernen durch zahlreiche im Text eingestreute Rechenbeispiele, inklusive Lösung * setzt neben einem grundlegenden chemischen Verständnis und Grundkenntnissen der Physikalischen Chemie und Mathematik kein Spezialwissen voraus *NEU: Neue Technologien und Rohstoffe relevant für moderne industrielle Prozesse Ideal für Studierende der Chemie, des Chemieingenieurwesens und der Verfahrenstechnik in Bachelor- und Masterstudiengängen.Table of ContentsVorwort zur 3. Auflage xv Vorwort zur 2. Auflage xvii Vorwort zur 1. Auflage xix Die Autoren xxiii Enzyklopädien und Nachschlagewerke zur technischen Chemie xxvii Symbolverzeichnis für häufig benutzte Formelzeichen xxix Teil I Einführung in die technische Chemie 1 1 Chemische Prozesse und chemische Industrie 3 1.1 Besonderheiten chemischer Prozesse 3 1.2 Chemie und Umwelt 4 1.3 Chemiewirtschaft 5 1.3.1 Einteilung der Chemieprodukte 5 1.3.2 Chemiefirmen werden Großunternehmen – ein historischer Rückblick 6 1.3.3 Strukturwandel in der Chemieindustrie 8 1.4 Struktur von Chemieunternehmen 9 1.5 Bedeutung von Forschung und Entwicklung für die chemische Industrie 10 1.5.1 Wissenschaft und chemische Technik 10 1.5.2 Betriebsinterne Forschung 11 1.6 Entwicklungstendenzen und Zukunftsaussichten der chemischen Industrie 13 Literatur 15 2 Charakterisierung chemischer Produktionsverfahren 17 2.1 Laborverfahren und technische Verfahren 17 2.1.1 Chlorierung von Benzol 17 2.1.2 Oxychlorierung von Benzol 19 2.1.3 Herstellung von Azofarbstoffen 19 2.1.4 Zusammenfassung 20 2.2 Gliederung chemischer Produktionsverfahren 20 2.3 Darstellung chemischer Verfahren und Anlagen durch Fließschemata 23 2.3.1 Grundfließschema 24 2.3.2 Verfahrensfließschema 24 2.3.3 Rohrleitungs-und Instrumenten (RI)-Fließschema 25 2.3.4 Mess-und Regelschema 26 2.3.5 Spezielle Schemata 26 Literatur 28 3 Katalyse als Schlüsseltechnologie der chemischen Industrie 29 3.1 Was ist Katalyse? 29 3.2 Arten von Katalysatoren 32 3.2.1 Heterogene Katalyse 32 3.2.2 Homogene Katalyse 36 3.2.3 Spezielle Aspekte in der Katalyse 44 3.2.4 Biokatalyse 47 3.2.5 Elektrokatalyse 51 3.2.6 Photokatalyse 54 Literatur 55 Teil II Chemische Reaktionstechnik 59 4 Grundlagen der Chemischen Reaktionstechnik 61 4.1 Grundbegriffe und Grundphänomene 61 4.1.1 Klassifizierung chemischer Reaktionen 61 4.1.2 Grundbegriffe und Definitionen 62 4.1.3 Stöchiometrie chemischer Reaktionen 64 4.2 Chemische Thermodynamik 72 4.2.1 Reaktionsenthalpie 72 4.2.2 Gleichgewichtsumsatz 74 4.2.3 Simultangleichgewichte 77 4.3 Stoff- und Wärmetransportvorgänge 81 4.3.1 Molekulare Transportvorgänge 81 4.3.2 Diffusion in porösen Medien 87 4.3.3 Wärmeleitfähigkeit in porösen Feststoffen 92 4.3.4 Stoff- und Wärmetransport an Phasengrenzflächen 93 4.3.5 Wärmeübertragung in Mehrphasenreaktoren 96 Literatur 101 5 Kinetik chemischer Reaktionen 103 5.1 Mikrokinetik chemischer Reaktionen 104 5.1.1 Einführung 104 5.1.2 Kinetik homogener Gas- und Flüssigkeitsreaktionen 106 5.1.3 Kinetik heterogen katalysierter Reaktionen 112 5.1.4 Kinetik der Desaktivierung heterogener Katalysatoren 117 5.1.5 Kinetik von Gas-Feststoff-Reaktionen 118 5.1.6 Kinetik homogen und durch gelöste Enzyme katalysierter Reaktionen 119 5.2 Ermittlung der Kinetik chemischer Reaktionen 125 5.2.1 Zielsetzungen kinetischer Untersuchungen 125 5.2.2 Betriebsweise und Bauart von Laborreaktoren für kinetische Untersuchungen 126 5.2.3 Planung und Auswertung kinetischer Messungen zur Ermittlung von Geschwindigkeitsgleichungen 144 5.3 Makrokinetik chemischer Reaktionen – Zusammenwirken von chemischer Reaktion und Transportvorgängen 170 5.3.1 Heterogen katalysierte Gasreaktionen 170 5.3.2 Fluid-Fluid-Reaktionen 189 5.3.3 Gas-Feststoff-Reaktionen 196 Literatur 202 6 Chemische Reaktoren und deren reaktionstechnische Modellierung 209 6.1 Allgemeine Stoff- und Energiebilanzen 209 6.2 Absatzweise betriebene Rührkesselreaktoren 210 6.2.1 Stoffbilanz 211 6.2.2 Wärmebilanz 214 6.3 Halbkontinuierlich betriebene Rührkesselreaktoren 218 6.4 Kontinuierlich betriebener idealer Rührkesselreaktor 221 6.4.1 Stoffbilanz des kontinuierlich betriebenen Rührkesselreaktors 221 6.4.2 Wärmebilanz des kontinuierlich betriebenen Rührkesselreaktors 225 6.5 Ideale Strömungsrohrreaktoren 229 6.5.1 Stoffbilanz 230 6.5.2 Wärmebilanz 231 6.6 Kombination idealer Reaktoren 233 6.6.1 Kaskade kontinuierlich betriebener Rührkesselreaktoren 233 6.6.2 Strömungsrohrreaktor mit Rückführung 236 6.7 Reale homogene und quasihomogene Reaktoren 238 6.7.1 Verweilzeitverteilung in chemischen Reaktoren 239 6.7.2 Experimentelle Bestimmung der Verweilzeitverteilung 240 6.7.3 Verweilzeitverteilung in idealen Reaktoren 243 6.7.4 Verweilzeitmodelle realer Reaktoren 246 6.7.5 Verweilzeitverhalten realer Reaktoren 252 6.7.6 Einfluss der Verweilzeitverteilung und der Vermischung auf die Leistung realer Reaktoren 256 6.7.7 Vermischung in realen Reaktoren 259 6.8 Reale Mehrphasenreaktoren 263 6.8.1 Fluid-Feststoff-Systeme 263 6.8.2 Fluid-Fluid-Systeme 270 6.8.3 Gasförmig-flüssig-fest-Systeme 275 Literatur 278 7 Auswahl und Auslegung chemischer Reaktoren 283 7.1 Reaktorauswahl und reaktionstechnische Optimierung 283 7.1.1 Einfache Reaktionen (Umsatzproblem) 284 7.1.2 Komplexe Reaktionen (Ausbeuteproblem) 301 7.2 Thermische Prozesssicherheit 317 7.2.1 Theorie der Wärmeexplosion 318 7.2.2 Parametrische Sensitivität 322 7.2.3 Halbkontinuierlich betriebene Rührkesselreaktoren 324 7.2.4 Kontinuierlich betriebene Rührkesselreaktoren 329 7.2.5 Strömungsrohrreaktoren 329 7.3 Mikrostrukturierte Reaktoren 329 7.3.1 Homogene Reaktionen 330 7.3.2 Feststoffkatalysierte Fluidreaktionen 338 7.3.3 Fluid-Fluid-Reaktionen 339 Literatur 340 Teil III Grundoperationen 345 8 Thermodynamische Grundlagen für die Berechnung von Phasengleichgewichten 347 8.1 Phasengleichgewichtsbeziehung 349 8.2 Dampf-Flüssig-Gleichgewicht 350 8.2.1 Anwendung von Zustandsgleichungen 351 8.2.2 Virialgleichung 353 8.2.3 Assoziation in der Gasphase 355 8.2.4 Weitere Zustandsgleichungen 356 8.2.5 Anwendung von Aktivitätskoeffizientenmodellen 357 8.2.6 Aktivitätskoeffizientenmodelle 359 8.3 Vorausberechnung von Phasengleichgewichten 363 8.4 Konzentrationsabhängigkeit des Trennfaktors binärer Systeme 366 8.4.1 Bedingung für das Auftreten azeotroper Punkte 366 8.4.2 Rückstandslinien, Grenzdestillationslinien und Destillationsfelder 369 8.5 Flüssig-Flüssig-Gleichgewicht 371 8.6 Gaslöslichkeit 374 8.7 Fest-Flüssig-Gleichgewicht 377 8.8 Phasengleichgewicht für die überkritische Extraktion 381 8.9 Adsorptionsgleichgewichte 382 8.10 Osmotischer Druck 385 Literatur 386 9 Auslegung thermischer Trennverfahren 389 9.1 Grundlagen der Wärmeübertragung 389 9.1.1 Wärmetransport durch Leitung 390 9.1.2 Konvektiver Wärmetransport 391 9.1.3 Wärmeübergang bei Kondensation 392 9.1.4 Wärmeübergang bei Verdampfung 393 9.1.5 Wärmedurchgang 394 9.1.6 Wärmetransport durch Strahlung 394 9.2 Technischer Wärmetransport 395 9.2.1 Einteilung der Wärmeübertrager 395 9.2.2 Technisch wichtige Wärmeübertrager 396 9.3 Konzept der idealen Trennstufe für die Destillation 403 9.4 Realisierung mehrerer Trennstufen 403 9.5 Kontinuierliche Rektifikation 405 9.5.1 Rektifikationskolonne 405 9.5.2 Ermittlung der Zahl theoretischer Trennstufen 406 9.5.3 Konzept der Übertragungseinheit 429 9.6 Trennung azeotroper und engsiedender Systeme 431 9.6.1 Rektifikative Trennung azeotroper und engsiedender Systeme ohne Zusatzstoff 432 9.6.2 Rektifikation mit Hilfsstoffen 436 9.6.3 Wasserdampfdestillation 440 9.7 Reaktive Rektifikation 441 9.8 Zahl der Kolonnen und mögliche Trennsequenzen 442 9.8.1 Energieeinsparung 444 9.8.2 Trennwandkolonnen 445 9.9 Diskontinuierliche Rektifikation 447 9.9.1 Einfache diskontinuierliche Destillation 448 9.9.2 Mehrstufige diskontinuierliche Rektifikation 449 9.10 Auslegung von Rektifikationskolonnen 450 9.10.1 Bodenkolonnen 451 9.10.2 Packungskolonnen 454 9.11 Absorption 459 9.11.1 Lösemittelauswahl 460 9.11.2 McCabe-Thiele-Verfahren 460 9.11.3 Kremser-Gleichung 464 9.11.4 Chemische Absorption 466 9.11.5 Absorberbauarten 466 9.12 Flüssig-Flüssig-Extraktion 467 9.12.1 Auswahl des Extraktionsmittels 469 9.12.2 McCabe-Thiele-Verfahren 469 9.12.3 Kremser-Gleichung 471 9.12.4 Anwendung von Dreiecksdiagrammen 471 9.12.5 Extraktoren 473 9.13 Fest-Flüssig-Extraktion 477 9.14 Extraktion mit überkritischen Fluiden 478 9.15 Kristallisation 478 9.15.1 Kristallisationsprozess 479 9.15.2 Kristallisatoren 481 9.16 Adsorption 485 9.16.1 Adsorptionsmittel 486 9.16.2 Adsorptions- und Desorptionsschritt 487 9.16.3 Adsorberbauarten 488 9.17 Entfernung der Restfeuchten, Entwässern und Trocknen 491 9.17.1 Trocknungsgüter und Trocknungsarten 491 9.17.2 Kriterien zur Auslegung von Trocknern 491 9.17.3 Apparate zum technischen Trocknen 491 9.18 Membrantrennverfahren 494 9.18.1 Trennprinzip und Arbeitsweise 494 9.18.2 Arten von Membrantrennverfahren 497 9.18.3 Membranmodule 499 9.18.4 Ionenleitende Membranen 501 Literatur 501 10 Mechanische Grundoperationen 505 10.1 Strömungslehre – Fluiddynamik in Reaktoren, Kolonnen und Rohrleitungen 505 10.1.1 Strömungsarten, Reynolds’sche Ähnlichkeit 505 10.1.2 Strömungsgesetze 506 10.1.3 Strömungsbedingter Druckverlust 511 10.2 Erzeugen von Förderströmen – Pumpen, Komprimieren, Evakuieren 514 10.2.1 Pumpencharakteristika und Pumpenwirkungsgrade 514 10.2.2 Pumpen – Apparate zum Fördern von Flüssigkeiten 516 10.2.3 Verdichten von Gasen 518 10.2.4 Vakuumerzeugung 523 10.3 Mischen fluider Phasen 525 10.3.1 Mischen in flüssiger Phase 525 10.3.2 Flüssigkeitsverteilung in der Gasphase 533 10.4 Mechanische Trennverfahren 537 10.4.1 Partikelabtrennung aus Flüssigkeiten 537 10.4.2 Partikelabscheidung aus Gasströmen 546 10.4.3 Trennen weiterer disperser Systeme 551 10.5 Verarbeiten von Feststoffen 553 10.5.1 Zerkleinern von Feststoffen 553 10.5.2 Klassieren und Sortieren 559 10.5.3 Formgebung 565 Literatur 568 Teil IV Verfahrensentwicklung 571 11 Gesichtspunkte der Verfahrensauswahl 573 11.1 Das Konzept der Nachhaltigkeit 573 11.2 Stoff​liche Gesichtspunkte (Rohstoffauswahl und Syntheseroute) 575 11.2.1 Nachhaltigkeit am Beispiel des Phenols – sieben technische Synthesewege 575 11.2.2 Phenol aus nachwachsenden Rohstoffen 580 11.2.3 Vergleich der Phenolverfahren 580 11.2.4 Zusammenfassung 581 11.3 Energieaufwand 581 11.3.1 Energiearten und Energienutzung 581 11.3.2 Wasserstoff 582 11.4 Sicherheit 588 11.4.1 Exotherme Reaktionen 589 11.4.2 Druckerhöhung 591 11.4.3 Brennbare und explosive Stoffe und Stoffgemische 592 11.4.4 Toxische Stoffe 594 11.4.5 Zusammenfassung und Folgerungen 595 11.5 Umweltschutz im Sinne der Nachhaltigkeit 595 11.5.1 Luftverunreinigungen 596 11.5.2 Abwasserbelastungen 598 11.5.3 Abfälle 603 11.5.4 Zusammenfassung und Folgerungen 605 11.6 Betriebsweise 606 11.6.1 Beispiel: Hydrierung von Doppelbindungen 606 11.6.2 Unterschiede zwischen diskontinuierlichen und kontinuierlichen Verfahren 608 11.6.3 Entscheidungskriterien 610 Literatur 611 12 Verfahrensgrundlagen 615 12.1 Ausgangssituation und Ablauf 615 12.2 Verfahrensinformationen 617 12.2.1 Übersicht 617 12.2.2 Sicherheitstechnische Kenndaten 617 12.2.3 Toxikologische Daten 620 12.3 Stoff- und Energiebilanzen 622 12.3.1 Stoff- und Energiebilanzen – Werkzeuge in Verfahrensentwicklung und Anlagenprojektierung 622 12.3.2 Stoffbilanzen 622 12.3.3 Energiebilanzen 628 12.4 Versuchsanlagen 629 12.4.1 Notwendigkeit und Aufgaben 629 12.4.2 Typen von Versuchsanlagen 629 12.4.3 Planung einer Versuchsanlage 631 12.4.4 Modularer Planungsansatz 631 12.5 Auswertung und Optimierung 631 12.5.1 Versuchsplanung und Auswertung 631 12.5.2 Prozesssimulation und Prozessoptimierung 632 Literatur 633 13 Wirtschaftlichkeit von Verfahren und Produktionsanlagen 637 13.1 Erlöse, Kosten und Gewinn 637 13.2 Herstellkosten 638 13.2.1 Vorkalkulation und Nachkalkulation 638 13.2.2 Ermittlung des Kapitalbedarfs 639 13.2.3 Ermittlung der Herstellkosten 642 13.3 Kapazitätsauslastung und Wirtschaftlichkeit 644 13.3.1 Erlöse und Gewinn 644 13.3.2 Fixe Kosten und veränderliche Kosten 646 13.3.3 Gewinn bzw. Verlust in Abhängigkeit von der Kapazitätsauslastung 646 13.4 Wirtschaftlichkeit von Projekten 648 13.4.1 Rentabilität als Maß für die Wirtschaftlichkeit 648 13.4.2 Investitionsertrag und Kapitalrückflusszeit 648 13.4.3 Andere Methoden der Rentabilitätsbewertung 649 13.4.4 Entscheidung zwischen Alternativen 650 Literatur 653 14 Planung und Bau von Anlagen 655 14.1 Projektablauf 655 14.2 Projektorganisation 656 14.3 Genehmigungsverfahren für Chemieanlagen 658 14.4 Anlagenplanung 660 14.5 Projektabwicklung 662 14.5.1 Ablaufplanung und -überwachung 662 14.5.2 Bau und Montage 664 Literatur 666 Teil V Chemische Prozesse 669 15 Organische Rohstoffe 671 15.1 Erdöl 671 15.1.1 Zusammensetzung und Klassifizierung 671 15.1.2 Bildung und Vorkommen 672 15.1.3 Förderung und Transport 674 15.1.4 Erdölraffinerien 677 15.1.5 Thermische Konversionsverfahren 682 15.1.6 Katalytische Konversionsverfahren 684 15.2 Erdgas 689 15.2.1 Zusammensetzung und Klassifizierung 689 15.2.2 Förderung und Transport 689 15.2.3 Weiterverarbeitung 691 15.3 Kohle 691 15.3.1 Zusammensetzung und Klassifizierung 691 15.3.2 Vorkommen 693 15.3.3 Förderung 693 15.3.4 Verarbeitung 694 15.4 Nachwachsende Rohstoffe 703 15.4.1 Bedeutung der nachwachsenden Rohstoffe 703 15.4.2 Fette und Öle 704 15.4.3 Kohlenhydrate 713 Literatur 721 16 Organische Grundchemikalien 725 16.1 Alkane 726 16.1.1 Herstellung 726 16.1.2 Verwendung 726 16.2 Alkene 729 16.2.1 Herstellung 729 16.2.2 Verwendung 738 16.3 Aromaten 742 16.3.1 Herstellung 742 16.3.2 Verwendung 745 16.4 Ethin 749 16.4.1 Herstellung 749 16.4.2 Verwendung 751 16.5 Synthesegas 752 16.5.1 Herstellung 752 16.5.2 Verwendung von Synthesegas 755 16.5.3 Kohlenmonoxid 756 Literatur 757 17 Organische Zwischenprodukte 761 17.1 Sauerstoffhaltige Verbindungen 761 17.1.1 Alkohole 761 17.1.2 Phenole 774 17.1.3 Ether 775 17.1.4 Epoxide 777 17.1.5 Aldehyde 780 17.1.6 Ketone 787 17.1.7 Carbonsäuren 789 17.2 Stickstoffhaltige Verbindungen 801 17.2.1 Amine 801 17.2.2 Lactame 804 17.2.3 Nitrile 805 17.2.4 Isocyanate 807 17.3 Halogenhaltige Verbindungen 808 17.3.1 Chlormethane 808 17.3.2 Chlorderivate höherer Aliphaten 809 17.3.3 Chloraromaten 812 17.3.4 Fluorverbindungen 813 Literatur 816 18 Anorganische Grund- und Massenprodukte 821 18.1 Anorganische Schwefelverbindungen 821 18.1.1 Schwefel und Sulfide 821 18.1.2 Schwefeldioxid 821 18.1.3 Schwefeltrioxid und Schwefelsäure 822 18.2 Anorganische Stickstoffverbindungen 823 18.2.1 Ammoniak 823 18.2.2 Salpetersäure 827 18.2.3 Harnstoff und Melamin 828 18.3 Chlor und Alkalien 829 18.3.1 Chlor und Alkalilauge durch Alkalichloridelektrolyse 829 18.3.2 Natronlauge und Soda 831 18.4 Phosphorverbindungen 832 18.4.1 Elementarer Phosphor 832 18.4.2 Phosphorsäure und Phosphate 833 18.5 Technische Gase 834 18.5.1 Sauerstoff und Stickstoff 834 18.5.2 Edelgase 837 18.5.3 Kohlendioxid 838 18.6 Düngemittel 839 18.6.1 Bedeutung der Düngemittel 839 18.6.2 Stickstoffdüngemittel 840 18.6.3 Phosphordüngemittel 840 18.6.4 Kalidüngemittel 841 18.6.5 Mehrnährstoffdünger 841 18.6.6 Wirtschaftliche Betrachtung 841 18.7 Metalle 842 18.7.1 Gusseisen 842 18.7.2 Stähle 843 18.7.3 Nichteisenmetalle und ihre Legierungen 844 18.7.4 Korrosion und Korrosionsschutz 845 Literatur 846 19 Chemische Endprodukte 851 19.1 Polymere 851 19.1.1 Aufbau und Synthese von Polymeren 851 19.1.2 Polymerisationstechnik 857 19.1.3 Massenkunststoffe 861 19.1.4 Fasern 867 19.1.5 Klebstoffe 868 19.1.6 Hochtemperaturfeste Kunststoffe 868 19.1.7 Elektrisch leitfähige Polymere 869 19.1.8 Flüssigkristalline Polymere 869 19.1.9 Biologisch abbaubare Polymere 870 19.2 Tenside und Waschmittel 871 19.2.1 Aufbau und Eigenschaften 871 19.2.2 Anionische Tenside 871 19.2.3 Kationische Tenside 874 19.2.4 Nichtionische Tenside 874 19.2.5 Amphotere Tenside 876 19.2.6 Vergleich der Tensidklassen 877 19.2.7 Anwendungsgebiete 878 19.3 Farbstoffe 883 19.3.1 Übersicht 883 19.3.2 Azofarbstoffe 884 19.3.3 Carbonylfarbstoffe 885 19.3.4 Methinfarbstoffe 886 19.3.5 Phthalocyanine 887 19.3.6 Färbevorgänge 888 19.4 Pharmaka 889 19.4.1 Allgemeines 889 19.4.2 Arten pharmazeutischer Produkte 890 19.4.3 Wirkstoffherstellung durch chemische Synthese 895 19.4.4 Wirkstoffherstellung mit Biokatalysatoren 896 19.4.5 Wirkstoffherstellung durch Fermentationsverfahren 898 19.4.6 Sonstige Verfahren zur Wirkstoffherstellung 901 19.4.7 Entwicklung neuer Pharmawirkstoffe 901 19.5 Pflanzenschutzmittel 902 19.5.1 Bedeutung des Pflanzenschutzes 902 19.5.2 Insektizide 902 19.5.3 Herbizide 904 19.5.4 Fungizide 905 19.5.5 Marktdaten und Entwicklungstrends 906 19.6 Metallorganische Verbindungen 907 19.7 Silicone 909 19.7.1 Struktur und Eigenschaften 909 19.7.2 Herstellung der Ausgangsverbindungen 910 19.7.3 Herstellung der Silicone 911 19.7.4 Technische Siliconerzeugnisse 913 19.8 Zeolithe 914 Literatur 915 Anhang A Größen zur Charakterisierung von Reaktionen, Verfahren und Anlagen 921 Anhang B Tabellen zu Reinstoffdaten 923 Anhang C Graphische Symbole für Fließschemata nach EN ISO 10628-2012 927 Stichwortverzeichnis 933

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface to the First Edition xix Preface to the Second Edition xxi Nomenclature xxiii Part I Methodology 1 1 Fundamentals 3 1.1 System of Units 3 1.2 Fluid Properties 4 1.2.1 Pressure 4 1.2.2 Temperature 5 1.2.3 Density 6 1.2.4 Viscosity 6 1.2.5 Energy 7 1.2.6 Heat 7 1.3 Velocity 8 1.4 Important Dimensionless Ratios 8 1.4.1 Reynolds Number 8 1.4.2 Relative Roughness 9 1.4.3 Loss Coefficient 9 1.4.4 Mach Number 9 1.4.5 Froude Number 9 1.4.6 Reduced Pressure 10 1.4.7 Reduced Temperature 10 1.4.8 Ratio of Specific Heats 10 1.5 Equations of State 10 1.5.1 Equation of State of Liquids 10 1.5.2 Equation of State of Gases 11 1.5.3 Two-Phase Mixtures 11 1.6 Flow Regimes 12 1.7 Similarity 12 1.7.1 The Principle of Similarity 12 1.7.2 Limitations 13 References 13 Further Reading 13 2 Conservation Equations 15 2.1 Conservation of Mass 15 2.2 Conservation of Momentum 15 2.3 The Momentum Flux Correction Factor 17 2.4 Conservation of Energy 18 2.4.1 Potential Energy 18 2.4.2 Pressure Energy 19 2.4.3 Kinetic Energy 19 2.4.4 Heat Energy 19 2.4.5 Mechanical Work Energy 20 2.5 General Energy Equation 20 2.6 Head Loss 21 2.7 The Kinetic Energy Correction Factor 21 2.8 Conventional Head Loss 22 2.9 Grade Lines 23 References 23 Further Reading 23 3 Incompressible Flow 25 3.1 Conventional Head Loss 25 3.2 Sources of Head Loss 26 3.2.1 Surface Friction Loss 26 3.2.1.1 Laminar Flow 26 3.2.1.2 Turbulent Flow 26 3.2.1.3 Reynolds Number 27 3.2.1.4 Friction Factor 27 3.2.2 Induced Turbulence 29 3.2.3 Summing Loss Coefficients 31 References 31 Further Reading 32 4 Compressible Flow 33 4.1 Introduction 33 4.2 Problem Solution Methods 34 4.3 Approximate Compressible Flow using Incompressible Flow Equations 34 4.3.1 Using Inlet or Outlet Properties 35 4.3.2 Using Average of Inlet and Outlet Properties 35 4.3.2.1 Simple Average Properties 35 4.3.2.2 Comprehensive Average Properties 36 4.3.3 Using Expansion Factors 37 4.4 Adiabatic Compressible Flow with Friction: Ideal Equations 39 4.4.1 Shapiro’s Adiabatic Flow Equation 39 4.4.1.1 Solution when Static Pressure and Static Temperature Are Known 39 4.4.1.2 Solution when Static Pressure and Total Temperature Are Known 41 4.4.1.3 Solution when Total Pressure and Total Temperature Are Known 41 4.4.1.4 Solution when Total Pressure and Static Temperature Are Known 42 4.4.2 Turton’s Adiabatic Flow Equation 42 4.4.3 Binder’s Adiabatic Flow Equation 43 4.5 Isothermal Compressible Flow with Friction: Ideal Equation 43 4.6 Isentropic Flow: Treating Changes in Flow Area 44 4.7 Pressure Drop in Valves 45 4.8 Two-Phase Flow 45 4.9 Example Problems: Adiabatic Flow with Friction using Guess Work 45 4.9.1 Solve for p2 and t2 − K, p1 , t1 , and ẇ are Known 46 4.9.1.1 Solve Using Expansion Factor Y 46 4.9.1.2 Solve Using Shapiro’s Equation 47 4.9.1.3 Solve Using Binder’s Equation 47 4.9.1.4 Solve Using Turton’s Equation 47 4.9.2 Solve for ẇ and t2 − K, p1 , t1 , and p2 are Known 48 4.9.2.1 Solve Using Expansion Factor Y 48 4.9.2.2 Solve Using Shapiro’s Equation 48 4.9.2.3 Solve Using Binder’s Equation 49 4.9.2.4 Solve Using Turton’s Equation 49 4.9.3 Observations 49 4.10 Example Problem: Natural Gas Pipeline Flow 50 4.10.1 Ground Rules and Assumptions 50 4.10.2 Input Data 50 4.10.3 Initial Calculations 50 4.10.4 Solution 50 4.10.5 Comparison with Crane’s Solutions 51 References 51 Further Reading 51 5 Network Analysis 53 5.1 Coupling Effects 53 5.2 Series Flow 54 5.3 Parallel Flow 54 5.4 Branching Flow 55 5.5 Example Problem: Ring Sparger 56 5.5.1 Ground Rules and Assumptions 56 5.5.2 Input Parameters 57 5.5.3 Initial Calculations 57 5.5.4 Network Flow Equations 57 5.5.4.1 Continuity Equations 57 5.5.4.2 Energy Equations 57 5.5.5 Solution 59 5.6 Example Problem: Core Spray System 59 5.6.1 New, Clean Steel Pipe 60 5.6.1.1 Ground Rules and Assumptions 60 5.6.1.2 Input Parameters 60 5.6.1.3 Initial Calculations 62 5.6.1.4 Adjusted Parameters 62 5.6.1.5 Network Flow Equations 63 5.6.1.6 Solution 63 5.6.2 Moderately Corroded Steel Pipe 64 5.6.2.1 Ground Rules and Assumptions 64 5.6.2.2 Input Parameters 64 5.6.2.3 Adjusted Parameters 64 5.6.2.4 Network Flow Equations 65 5.6.2.5 Solution 65 5.7 Example Problem: Main Steam Line Pressure Drop 65 5.7.1 Ground Rules and Assumptions 65 5.7.2 Input Data 66 5.7.3 Initial Calculations 67 5.7.4 Loss Coefficient Calculations 67 5.7.4.1 Individual Loss Coefficients 67 5.7.4.2 Series Loss Coefficients 68 5.7.5 Pressure Drop Calculations 68 5.7.5.1 Steam Dome to Steam Drum 68 5.7.5.2 Steam Drum to Turbine Stop Valves Pressure Drop 69 5.7.6 Predicted Pressure at Turbine Stop Valves 70 References 70 Further Reading 70 6 Transient Analysis 71 6.1 Methodology 71 6.2 Example Problem: Vessel Drain Times 72 6.2.1 Upright Cylindrical Vessel with Flat Heads 72 6.2.2 Spherical Vessel 73 6.2.3 Upright Cylindrical Vessel with Elliptical Heads 74 6.3 Example Problem: Positive Displacement Pump 75 6.3.1 No Heat Transfer 76 6.3.2 Heat Transfer 76 6.4 Example Problem: Time Step Integration 77 6.4.1 Upright Cylindrical Vessel Drain 77 6.4.1.1 Direct Solution 78 6.4.1.2 Time Step Solution 78 References 78 Further Reading 78 7 Uncertainty 79 7.1 Error Sources 79 7.2 Pressure Drop Uncertainty 81 7.3 Flow Rate Uncertainty 81 7.4 Example Problem: Pressure Drop 81 7.4.1 Input Data 81 7.4.2 Solution 82 7.5 Example Problem: Flow Rate 82 7.5.1 Input Data 83 7.5.2 Solution 83 Further Reading 84 Part II Loss Coefficients 85 8 Surface Friction 87 8.1 Reynolds Number and Surface Roughness 87 8.2 Friction Factor 87 8.2.1 Laminar Flow Region 87 8.2.2 Critical Zone 88 8.2.3 Turbulent Flow Region 88 8.2.3.1 Smooth Pipes 88 8.2.3.2 Rough Pipes 88 8.3 The Colebrook–White Equation 88 8.4 The Moody Chart 89 8.5 Explicit Friction Factor Formulations 89 8.5.1 Moody’s Approximate Formula 89 8.5.2 Wood’s Approximate Formula 90 8.5.3 The Churchill 1973 and Swamee and Jain Formulas 90 8.5.4 Chen’s Formula 90 8.5.5 Shacham’s Formula 90 8.5.6 Barr’s Formula 90 8.5.7 Haaland’s Formulas 90 8.5.8 Manadilli’s Formula 90 8.5.9 Romeo’s Formula 91 8.5.10 Evaluation of Explicit Alternatives to the Colebrook– White Equation 91 8.6 All-Regime Friction Factor Formulas 91 8.6.1 Churchill’s 1977 Formula 91 8.6.2 Modifications to Churchill’s 1977 Formula 92 8.7 Absolute Roughness of Flow Surfaces 93 8.8 Age and usage of Pipe 94 8.8.1 Corrosion and Encrustation 95 8.8.2 The Relationship Between Absolute Roughness and Friction Factor 95 8.8.3 Inherent Margin 95 8.9 Noncircular Passages 97 References 97 Further Reading 98 9 Entrances 101 9.1 Sharp-Edged Entrance 101 9.1.1 Flush Mounted 101 9.1.2 Mounted at a Distance 102 9.1.3 Mounted at an Angle 102 9.2 Rounded Entrance 103 9.3 Beveled Entrance 104 9.4 Entrance Through an Orifice 104 9.4.1 Sharp-Edged Orifice 105 9.4.2 Round-Edged Orifice 105 9.4.3 Thick-Edged Orifice 105 9.4.4 Beveled Orifice 106 References 111 Further Reading 111 10 Contractions 113 10.1 Flow Model 113 10.2 Sharp-Edged Contraction 114 10.3 Rounded Contraction 115 10.4 Conical Contraction 116 10.4.1 Surface Friction Loss 117 10.4.2 Local Loss 118 10.5 Beveled Contraction 119 10.6 Smooth Contraction 119 10.7 Pipe Reducer – Contracting 120 References 125 Further Reading 125 11 Expansions 127 11.1 Sudden Expansion 127 11.2 Straight Conical Diffuser 128 11.3 Multi-Stage Conical Diffusers 131 11.3.1 Stepped Conical Diffuser 132 11.3.2 Two-Stage Conical Diffuser 132 11.4 Curved Wall Diffuser 135 11.5 Pipe Reducer – Expanding 136 References 142 Further Reading 142 12 Exits 145 12.1 Discharge from a Straight Pipe 145 12.2 Discharge from a Conical Diffuser 146 12.3 Discharge from an Orifice 146 12.3.1 Sharp-Edged Orifice 147 12.3.2 Round-Edged Orifice 147 12.3.3 Thick-Edged Orifice 147 12.3.4 Bevel-Edged Orifice 148 12.4 Discharge from a Smooth Nozzle 148 13 Orifices 153 13.1 Generalized Flow Model 154 13.2 Sharp-Edged Orifice 155 13.2.1 In a Straight Pipe 155 13.2.2 In a Transition Section 156 13.2.3 In a Wall 157 13.3 Round-Edged Orifice 157 13.3.1 In a Straight Pipe 157 13.3.2 In a Transition Section 158 13.3.3 In a Wall 159 13.4 Bevel-Edged Orifice 159 13.4.1 In a Straight Pipe 159 13.4.2 In a Transition Section 160 13.4.3 In a Wall 160 13.5 Thick-Edged Orifice 161 13.5.1 In a Straight Pipe 161 13.5.2 In a Transition Section 162 13.5.3 In a Wall 163 13.6 Multi-Hole Orifices 163 13.7 Non-Circular Orifices 164 References 169 Further Reading 170 14 Flow Meters 173 14.1 Flow Nozzle 173 14.2 Venturi Tube 174 14.3 Nozzle/Venturi 175 References 177 Further Reading 177 15 Bends 179 15.1 Overview 179 15.2 Bend Losses 180 15.2.1 Smooth-Walled Bends 181 15.2.2 Welded Elbows and Pipe Bends 182 15.3 Coils 185 15.3.1 Constant Pitch Helix 185 15.3.2 Constant Pitch Spiral 185 15.4 Miter Bends 186 15.5 Coupled Bends 187 15.6 Bend Economy 187 References 192 Further Reading 193 16 Tees 195 16.1 Overview 195 16.1.1 Previous Endeavors 195 16.1.2 Observations 197 16.2 Diverging Tees 197 16.2.1 Diverging Flow Through Run 197 16.2.2 Diverging Flow Through Branch 199 16.2.3 Diverging Flow from Branch 202 16.3 Converging Tees 202 16.3.1 Converging Flow Through Run 202 16.3.2 Converging Flow Through Branch 204 16.3.3 Converging Flow into Branch 207 16.4 Full-Flow Through Run 208 References 226 Further Reading 226 17 Pipe Joints 229 17.1 Weld Protrusion 229 17.2 Backing Rings 230 17.3 Misalignment 231 17.3.1 Misaligned Pipe 231 17.3.2 Misaligned Gasket 231 18 Valves 233 18.1 Multiturn Valves 233 18.1.1 Diaphragm Valve 233 18.1.2 Gate Valve 234 18.1.3 Globe Valve 234 18.1.4 Pinch Valve 235 18.1.5 Needle Valve 235 18.2 Quarter-Turn Valves 236 18.2.1 Ball Valve 236 18.2.2 Butterfly Valve 236 18.2.3 Plug Valve 236 18.3 Self-Actuated Valves 237 18.3.1 Check Valve 237 18.3.2 Relief Valve 238 18.4 Control Valves 239 18.5 Valve Loss Coefficients 239 References 240 Further Reading 240 19 Threaded Fittings 241 19.1 Reducers: Contracting 241 19.2 Reducers: Expanding 241 19.3 Elbows 242 19.4 Tees 242 19.5 Couplings 242 19.6 Valves 243 Reference 243 Further Reading 243 Part III Flow Phenomena 245 20 Cavitation 247 20.1 The Nature of Cavitation 247 20.2 Pipeline Design 248 20.3 Net Positive Suction Head 248 20.4 Example Problem: Core Spray Pump NPSH 249 20.4.1 New, Clean Steel Pipe 250 20.4.1.1 Input Parameters 250 20.4.1.2 Solution 250 20.4.1.3 Results 250 20.4.2 Moderately Corroded Steel Pipe 251 20.4.2.1 Input Parameters 251 20.4.2.2 Solution 251 20.4.2.3 Results 251 20.5 Example Problem: Pipe Entrance Cavitation 252 20.5.1 Input Parameters 252 20.5.2 Calculations and Results 253 Reference 253 Further Reading 254 21 Flow-induced Vibration 255 21.1 Steady Internal Flow 255 21.2 Steady External Flow 255 21.3 Water Hammer 256 21.4 Column Separation 258 References 258 Further Reading 258 22 Temperature Rise 261 22.1 Head Loss 261 22.2 Pump Temperature Rise 261 22.3 Example Problem: Reactor Heat Balance 262 22.4 Example Problem: Vessel Heat-Up 262 22.5 Example Problem: Pumping System Temperature 262 References 263 23 Flow to Run Full 265 23.1 Open Flow 265 23.2 Full Flow 266 23.3 Submerged Flow 268 23.4 Example Problem: Reactor Application 269 Further Reading 270 24 Jet Pump Performance 271 24.1 Performance Characteristics 271 24.2 Mixing Section Model 272 24.2.1 Momentum Balance 273 24.2.2 Drive Flow Mixing Coefficient 273 24.2.3 Suction Flow Mixing Coefficient 273 24.2.4 Discharge Flow Density 274 24.2.5 Discharge Flow Viscosity 274 24.3 Component Flow Losses 274 24.3.1 Surface Friction 274 24.3.2 Loss Coefficients 274 24.4 Hydraulic Performance Flow Paths 276 24.4.1 Drive Flow Path 276 24.4.2 Suction Flow Path 276 24.5 Flow Model Validation 276 24.6 Example Problem: Water–Water Jet Pump 278 24.6.1 Flow Conditions 278 24.6.2 Jet Pump Geometry 278 24.6.3 Preliminary Calculations 278 24.6.4 Loss Coefficients 279 24.6.5 Predicted Performance 280 24.7 Parametric Studies 281 24.7.1 Surface Finish Differences 281 24.7.2 Nozzle to Throat Area Ratio Variation 282 24.7.3 Density Differences 282 24.7.4 Viscosity Differences 282 24.7.5 Straight Line and Parabolic Performance Representations 283 24.8 Epilogue 283 References 283 Further Reading 283 Appendix A Physical Properties of Water at 1 Atmosphere 287 Appendix B Pipe Size Data 291 Appendix C Physical Constants and Unit Conversions 299 Appendix D Compressibility Factor Equations 311 D.1 The Redlich–Kwong Equation 311 D.2 The Lee–Kesler Equation 312 D.3 Important Constants for Selected Gases 314 D.4 Compressibility Chart 314 Appendix E Adiabatic Compressible Flow with Friction Using Mach Number as a Parameter 319 E.1 Solution when Static Pressure and Static Temperature are Known 319 E.2 Solution when Static Pressure and Total Temperature are Known 322 E.3 Solution when Total Pressure and Total Temperature are Known 322 E.4 Solution when Total Pressure and Static Temperature are Known 324 References 325 Appendix F Velocity Profile Equations 327 F.1 Benedict Velocity Profile Derivation 327 F.2 Street, Watters, and Vennard Velocity Profile Derivation 329 References 330 Appendix G Speed of Sound in Water 331 Appendix H Jet Pump Performance Program 333 Index 343

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Book SynopsisProvides students and practitioners with a comprehensive understanding of the theory of spectroscopy and the design and use of spectrophotometers In this book, you will learn the fundamental principles underpinning molecular spectroscopy and the connections between those principles and the design of spectrophotometers. Spectroscopy, along with chromatography, mass spectrometry, and electrochemistry, is an important and widely-used analytical technique. Applications of spectroscopy include air quality monitoring, compound identification, and the analysis of paintings and culturally important artifacts. This book introduces students to the fundamentals of molecular spectroscopy including UV-visible, infrared, fluorescence, and Raman spectroscopy in an approachable and comprehensive way. It goes beyond the basics of the subject and provides a detailed look at the interplay between theory and practice, making it ideal for courses in quantitative analysis, instrumeTable of ContentsABOUT THE COVER ix PREFACE xi 1. Fundamentals of Spectroscopy 1 1.1 Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation 1 1.1.1 Speed, c 2 1.1.2 Amplitude, A 2 1.1.3 Frequency, υ 3 1.1.4 Wavelength, λ 3 1.1.5 Energy, E 3 1.1.6 Wavenumber, 6 1.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 7 1.2.1 Radio‐Frequency Radiation (10−27 to 10−21 J/photon) 8 1.2.2 Microwave Radiation (10−23 to 10−22 J/photon) 10 1.2.3 Infrared Radiation (10−22 to 10−19 J/photon) 11 1.2.4 Ultraviolet and Visible Radiation (10−19 to 10−18 J/photon) 12 1.2.5 X‐Ray Radiation (10−15 to 10−13 J/photon) 13 1.2.6 Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Radiation (10−13 to 10−11 J/photon and Higher) 13 1.3 The Perrin–Jablonski Diagram 15 1.3.1 Timescales of Events 18 1.3.2 Summary of Radiative and Nonradiative Processes 19 1.4 Temperature Effects on Ground and Excited State Populations 19 1.5 More Wave Characteristics 21 1.5.1 Adding Waves Together 21 1.5.2 Diffraction 21 1.5.3 Reflection 25 1.5.4 Refraction 28 1.5.5 Scattering 29 1.5.6 Polarized Radiation 31 1.6 Spectroscopy Applications 34 1.7 Summary 34 Problems 34 References 36 Further Reading 38 2. UV‐Visible Spectrophotometry 39 2.1 Theory 40 2.1.1 The Absorption Process 40 2.1.2 The Beer–Lambert Law 43 2.1.3 Solvent Effects on Molar Absorptivity and Spectra 49 2.2 UV‐Visible Instrumentation 52 2.2.1 Sources of Visible and Ultraviolet Light 54 2.2.2 Wavelength Selection: Filters 58 2.2.3 Wavelength Selection: Monochromators 61 2.2.4 Monochromator Designs: Putting It All Together 75 2.2.5 Detectors 79 2.3 Spectrophotometer Designs 85 2.3.1 Single‐Beam Spectrophotometers 85 2.3.2 Scanning Double‐Beam Instruments 89 2.3.3 Photodiode Array Instruments 93 2.4 The Practice of Spectrophotometry 98 2.4.1 Types of Samples That Can Be Analyzed 99 2.4.2 Preparation of Calibration Curves 100 2.4.3 Deviations from Beer’s Law 103 2.4.4 Precision: Relative Concentration Error 111 2.4.5 The Desirable Absorbance Range 114 2.5 Applications and Techniques 116 2.5.1 Simultaneous Determinations of Multicomponent Systems 116 2.5.2 Difference Spectroscopy 117 2.5.3 Derivative Spectroscopy 118 2.5.4 Titration Curves 119 2.5.5 Turbidimetry and Nephelometry 121 2.6 A Specific Application of UV‐Visible Spectroscopy: Enzyme Kinetics 122 2.6.1 Myeloperoxidase, Immune Responses, Heart Attacks,and Enzyme Kinetics 122 2.6.2 Possible Mechanism for Myeloperoxidase Oxidation of LDL via Tyrosyl Radical Intermediates 123 2.7 Summary 127 Problems 127 References 132 Further Reading 134 3. Molecular Luminescence: Fluorescence, Phosphorescence, and Chemiluminescence 135 3.1 Theory 135 3.1.1 Absorbance Compared to Fluorescence 136 3.1.2 Factors That Affect Fluorescence Intensity 141 3.1.3 Quenching 146 3.1.4 Quantum Yield and Fluorescence Intensity 147 3.1.5 Linearity and Nonlinearity of Fluorescence: Quenching and Self-Absorption 149 3.2 Instrumentation 153 3.2.1 Instrument Design 154 3.2.2 Sources 154 3.2.3 Filters and Monochromators 157 3.2.4 Component Arrangement 158 3.2.5 Fluorometers 158 3.2.6 Spectrofluorometers 159 3.2.7 Cells and Slit Widths 164 3.2.8 Detectors 166 3.3 Practice of Luminescence Spectroscopy 167 3.3.1 Considerations and Options 167 3.3.2 Fluorescence Polarization 168 3.3.3 Time‐Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy 172 3.4 Fluorescence Microscopy 173 3.4.1 Fluorescence Microscopy Resolution 175 3.4.2 Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy 175 3.5 Phosphorescence and Chemiluminescence 177 3.5.1 Phosphorescence 177 3.5.2 Chemiluminescence 177 3.6 Applications of Fluorescence: Biological Systems and DNA Sequencing 179 3.7 Summary 186 Problems 186 References 190 Further Reading 192 4. Infrared Spectroscopy 193 4.1 Theory 193 4.1.1 Bond Vibrations 196 4.1.2 Other Types of Vibrations 198 4.1.3 Modeling Vibrations: Harmonic and Nonharmonic Oscillators 200 4.1.4 The 3N−6 Rule 207 4.2 FTIR Instruments 209 4.2.1 The Michelson Interferometer and Fourier Transform 210 4.2.2 Components of FTIR Instruments: Sources 224 4.2.3 Components of FTIR Instruments: DTGS and MCT Detectors 226 4.2.4 Sample Handling 227 4.2.5 Reflectance Techniques 231 4.3 Applications of IR Spectroscopy, Including Near‐IR and Far‐IR 234 4.3.1 Structure Determination with Mid‐IR Spectroscopy 235 4.3.2 Gas Analysis 235 4.3.3 Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) 236 4.3.4 Far‐Infrared Spectroscopy (FIR) 245 4.4 Summary 248 Problems 248 References 251 Further Reading 254 5. Raman Spectroscopy 255 5.1 Energy-Level Description 255 5.2 Visualization of Raman Data 258 5.3 Molecular Polarizability 259 5.4 Brief Review of Molecular Vibrations 261 5.5 Classical Theory of Raman Scattering 262 5.6 Polarization of Raman Scattering 265 5.6.1 Depolarization Ratio 266 5.7 Instrumentation and Analysis Methods 266 5.7.1 Filter Instruments 267 5.7.2 Dispersive Spectrometers 270 5.7.3 Fourier Transform Raman Spectrometers 271 5.7.4 Confocal Raman Instruments 271 5.7.5 Light Sources 273 5.8 Quantitative Analysis Methods 274 5.8.1 Calibration Curves 274 5.8.2 Curve Fitting 274 5.8.3 Ordinary Least Squares 275 5.8.4 Classical Least Squares 277 5.8.5 Implicit Analytical Methods 277 5.9 Applications 277 5.9.1 Art and Archeology 277 5.9.2 Pharmaceuticals 278 5.9.3 Forensics 279 5.9.4 Medicine and Biology 279 5.10 Signal Enhancement Techniques 282 5.10.1 Resonance Raman Spectroscopy 283 5.10.2 Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy 283 5.10.3 Nonlinear Raman Spectroscopy 284 5.11 Summary 286 Problems 286 References 288 Further Reading 289 SOLUTIONS 291 INDEX 315

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Book SynopsisWritten by a highly regarded author with industrial and academic experience, this new edition of an established bestselling book provides practical guidance for students, researchers, and those in chemical engineering.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgements xv Nomenclature xvii 1 The Nature of Chemical Process Design and Integration 1 2 Process Economics 19 3 Optimization 37 4 Chemical Reactors I – Reactor Performance 59 5 Chemical Reactors II – Reactor Conditions 81 6 Chemical Reactors III – Reactor Configuration 107 7 Separation of Heterogeneous Mixtures 125 8 Separation of Homogeneous Fluid Mixtures I – Distillation 139 9 Separation of Homogeneous Fluid Mixtures II – Other Methods 185 10 Distillation Sequencing 221 11 Distillation Sequencing for Azeotropic Distillation 247 12 Heat Exchange 275 13 Pumping and Compression 349 14 Continuous Process Recycle Structure 377 15 Continuous Process Simulation and Optimization 393 16 Batch Processes 417 17 Heat Exchanger Networks I – Network Targets 457 18 Heat Exchanger Networks II – Network Design 501 19 Heat Exchanger Networks III – Stream Data 543 20 Heat Integration of Reactors 555 21 Heat Integration of Distillation 563 22 Heat Integration of Evaporators and Dryers 577 23 Steam Systems and Cogeneration 583 24 Cooling and Refrigeration Systems 647 25 Environmental Design for Atmospheric Emissions 687 26 Water System Design 721 27 Environmental Sustainability in Chemical Production 781 28 Process Safety 811 Appendix A Physical Properties in Process Design 827 Appendix B Materials of Construction 853 Appendix C Annualization of Capital Cost 861 Appendix D The Maximum Thermal Effectiveness for 1–2 Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers 863 Appendix E Expression for the Minimum Number of 1–2 Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers for a Given Unit 865 Appendix F Heat Transfer Coefficient and Pressure Drop in Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers 867 Appendix G Gas Compression Theory 875 Appendix H Algorithm for the Heat Exchanger Network Area Target 881 Index 883

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Book SynopsisHydroquinone has a variety of uses principally associated with its action as a reducing agent which is soluble in water. It is a major component in most photographic developers for film and paper, and is used as a topical application in skin whitening to reduce the colour of skin. In this book, the authors present current research in the production, uses and health effects of hydroquinone. Topics discussed include the cellular effects of hydroquinone; the involvement of cigarette smoke-related hydroquinone in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration; hydroquinone solubility and separation processes; the transport and transfer processes of poly(o-aminophenol)film electrodes in the presence of the hydroquinone/p-benzoquinone redox couple and the detection of thiols using hydroquinone on gold surfaces.

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Book SynopsisThis established textbook covers every aspect of drug properties from the design of dosage forms to their delivery by all routes to sites of action in the body.Trade Review"The text is highly illustrated throughout and includes key points and appropriate examples, providing clinicians with some easily accessible and relevant information. Some examples of adverse events due to excipients, impurities, the influence of dosage forms, materials in delivery devices and even light-induced effects are also included. Although the detection of adverse events is not an easy task, these examples may assist clinicians in asking the right questions to predict or identify adverse effects. The new focus on applications to clinical practice in this edition has extended its usefulness from pharmacy and pharmaceutical scientist courses to clinicians seeking an understanding of formulations, especially for children and older people, and in identifying the cause of adverse events."Beverley Glass, Australian Prescriber October 2016 -- Beverley Glass * Australian Prescriber *

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Book SynopsisThe book introduces the reader to the concepts of Scientific Molding and Scientific Processing for Injection Molding, geared towards developing a robust, repeatable, and reproducible (3Rs) molding process.The effects of polymer morphology, thermal transitions, drying, and rheology on the injection molding process are explained in detail. The development of a robust molding process is broken down into two sections and is described as the Cosmetic Process and the Dimensional Process. Scientific molding procedures to establish a 3R process are provided.The concept of Design of Experiments (DOEs) for and in injection molding is explained, providing an insight into the cosmetic and dimensional process windows. A plan to release qualified molds into production with troubleshooting tips is also provided. Topics that impact a robust process such as the use of regrind, mold cooling, and venting are also described.Readers will be able to utilize the knowledge gained from the book in their day-to-day operations immediately.The second edition includes a completely new chapter on Quality Concepts, as well as much additional material throughout the book, covering fountain flow, factors affecting post mold shrinkage, and factor selections for DOEs. There are also further explanations on several topics, such as in-mold rheology curves, cavity imbalances, intensification ratios, gate seal studies, holding time optimization of hot runner molds, valve gated molds, and parts with large gates. A troubleshooting guide for common molded defects is also provided.With the purchase of this book, you also receive a free personal access code to download the eBook.

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Book SynopsisIntroduction to Chemical Processes: Principles, Analysis, Synthesis is intended for use in an introductory, one-semester course for students in chemical engineering and related disciplines. This title strives to give students a flavor of how chemical processes convert raw materials to useful products and provides students with an appreciation for the ways in which chemical engineers make decisions and balance constraints to come up with new processes and products.The new edition of this title is available in Connect with SmartBook, including End of Chapter content. Instructor Resources include: Instructor Solutions Manual, Textbook Images, and Sample Syllabi.Table of Contents1 Converting the Earth’s Resources into Useful Products2 Process Flows: Variables, Diagrams, Balances3 Mathematical Analysis of Material Balance Equations and Process Flow Sheets4 Synthesis and Analysis of Reactor Flow Sheets5 Why Reactors Aren’t Perfect: Reaction Equilibrium and Reaction Kinetics6 Selection of Separation Technologies and Synthesis of Separation Flow Sheets7 Equilibrium-Based Separation Technologies8 Process Energy Calculations and Synthesis of Safe and Efficient Energy Flow Sheets9 A Process Energy Sampler

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Book SynopsisFor Future Leaders in Safety and EngineeringYou've chosen to become a leader in occupational health and safety. Practical Leadership Skills for Safety Professionals and Project Engineers can show you how. Purposely oriented toward the art and science of leadership, this book is designed to provide insight and outline development techniques for the budding young professional. Aimed squarely at college students and early career professionals, it parallels the steps that a student or recent graduate needs to take (from pre-professional to professional); it moves the reader from the classroom and then on through to early managerial years. The book covers basic office protocol and etiquette, understanding diversity and cultural nuance, and ethical considerations, and addresses most ABET-accredited engineering and safety programs with similar curricula. It also considers special cases that include toxic leadership; environmenTrade Review"Gary Winn over the years has developed a very good perspective concerning the importance of leadership in driving cultural change to improve safety performance. Procedures and regulations will always have their place in providing a safe work environment. However, procedures and regulations are worthless if leadership is not engaged and accountable and responsible for driving company safety performance. Gary’s understanding of leadership principles and skillfully providing readers with many pertinent examples make this book a "must have" for every safety professional."—Andrew D. Peters, Senior Vice President, Chief Safety Officer, AECOM"This book addresses a critical need that is far too often overlooked in our colleges and universities, that being how to take charge when you are in charge. We spend a significant amount of effort teaching students how to be engineers and technical experts, then assume they will know what to do when they are placed in a position of responsibility. As Dr. Winn points out, in the field of engineering safety, a failure of leadership can be fatal. Reading this book will help emerging leaders learn what it truly means to lead, and how to become a boss everyone wants to work for." —Dave Miller, Ph.D., Colonel, U.S. Army (retired)"Gary Winn has written an engaging, personal interchange to challenge the audience to grow professionally over a lifetime. His easy, funny style anticipates questions and critiques - inspiring students and young professionals on this most important journey of leadership development."—Jeremy Slagley, West Point Class of 1992 & Assistant Professor at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, USA"Safety professionals must be leaders not followers. This book applies to both safety professionals and students enrolled in safety programs at institutions of higher education. It will enhance the reader’s knowledge of the application of leadership skills."—Joseph Cali, Ed. D Chairperson, Department of Safety Management, Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania, USA"I found the book to be well-organized and readable. The author uses his own experience, as well as recent leadership research to illustrate his points. The practical application of the author’s experience makes his perspective on safety leadership credible.To sum up, this book is a good introduction to the concept of safety and process safety leadership. The author’s goals were to introduce the subjects of professionalism and crisis and non-crisis leadership. He certainly accomplishes these goals. Leadership skills, however, are developed by experience and success in leadership positions. I recommend this book to all process safety professionals who wish to enhance their leadership competency."—John F. Murphy, AIChE -Process Safety Progress, January 2017 Issue"Gary Winn over the years has developed a very good perspective concerning the importance of leadership in driving cultural change to improve safety performance. Procedures and regulations will always have their place in providing a safe work environment. However, procedures and regulations are worthless if leadership is not engaged and accountable and responsible for driving company safety performance. Gary’s understanding of leadership principles and skillfully providing readers with many pertinent examples make this book a "must have" for every safety professional."—Andrew D. Peters, Senior Vice President, Chief Safety Officer, AECOM"This book addresses a critical need that is far too often overlooked in our colleges and universities, that being how to take charge when you are in charge. We spend a significant amount of effort teaching students how to be engineers and technical experts, then assume they will know what to do when they are placed in a position of responsibility. As Dr. Winn points out, in the field of engineering safety, a failure of leadership can be fatal. Reading this book will help emerging leaders learn what it truly means to lead, and how to become a boss everyone wants to work for." —Dave Miller, Ph.D., Colonel, U.S. Army (retired)"Gary Winn has written an engaging, personal interchange to challenge the audience to grow professionally over a lifetime. His easy, funny style anticipates questions and critiques - inspiring students and young professionals on this most important journey of leadership development."—Jeremy Slagley, West Point Class of 1992 & Assistant Professor at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, USA"Safety professionals must be leaders not followers. This book applies to both safety professionals and students enrolled in safety programs at institutions of higher education. It will enhance the reader’s knowledge of the application of leadership skills."—Joseph Cali, Ed. D Chairperson, Department of Safety Management, Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania, USA"I found the book to be well-organized and readable. The author uses his own experience, as well as recent leadership research to illustrate his points. The practical application of the author’s experience makes his perspective on safety leadership credible.To sum up, this book is a good introduction to the concept of safety and process safety leadership. The author’s goals were to introduce the subjects of professionalism and crisis and non-crisis leadership. He certainly accomplishes these goals. Leadership skills, however, are developed by experience and success in leadership positions. I recommend this book to all process safety professionals who wish to enhance their leadership competency."—John F. Murphy, AIChE -Process Safety Progress, January 2017 IssueTable of ContentsIntroduction. Why Leadership and Why Now? Self-Discovery Comes First. Further Becoming a Professional: It Takes Effort Outside the Classroom. Further Becoming a Professional. Core Values Underlie Leadership. Culture, Safety, and Engineering. How We Can Change Organizational Values and Why It’s Important. A Values-Based Leadership Model for use in Depleted Environments. Case studies in ethical considerations. Crisis and Noncrisis Leadership Models. What is “toxic leadership?” Experiential Training: It’s Mot What We’ve Been Teaching in Class. How Authentic Leaders Handle the Death Event. Stress and Morale Challenges for Leaders in Safety and Engineering. Gender in Safety and Engineering. How Authentic Leaders Handle the Issue of Discipline for Difficult Employees. Organizational Protocol for Safety and Engineering Professionals: A Brief Introduction. Summary of this Book’s Key Concepts. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book aims to introduce the reader to the design, development, and evaluation processes of new Green Chemistry methodologies. A comprehensive introductory text, it takes a broad view of the subject and integrates a wide variety of topics. Topics covered include: alternative feedstocks, environmentally benign synthetic methodologies, designing safer chemical products, new reaction conditions, alternative solvents and catalyst development, and the use of biosynthesis and biomimetic principles. The reader is introduced to the new evaluation process that encompasses the health and environmental impact of a synthetic pathway from choice of starting materials through to target molecule. Throughout the text, comparisons and contrasts with classical methodologies are offered as illustrative examples. This accessible text is aimed at all those involved with the design, manufacture, use and disposal of chemicals and their products - especially synthetic chemicals at the graduate and professiTrade ReviewAs the summary of a vision, the book is brilliant. One can feel the enthusiasm of the authors throughout...I see it as a vehicle for initiating a fruitful dialogue between chemical producers and regulatory enforcers without the confrontation, which often characterizes such interactions. * Martyn Poliakoff, Green Chemistry, February *Its is an introductory text taking a broad view and intergrating a wide range of topics including synthetic methodologies, alternative solvents and catalysts, biosynthesis and alternative feedstocks. There are exercises for students and the last chapter deals with future trends' AslibTable of Contents1. Introduction ; 2. What is Green Chemistry? ; 3. Tools of Green Chemistry ; 4. Principles of Green Chemistry ; 5. Evaluating the Impacts of Chemistry ; 6. Evaluating Feedstocks and Starting Materials ; 7. Evaluating Reaction Types ; 8. Evaluation of Methods to Design Safer Chemicals ; 10. Future Trends in Green Chemistry

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Book SynopsisGuide to the properties and uses of Southern African Wood is a fully illustrated, scientifically accurate guide to the characteristics, properties and uses of wood from 140 Southern African tree species. Species treatments include information on conservation status, uses, mechanical properties, durability, identification features, woodworking properties and comments from wood users on workability. Photographs of tree bark, untreated and treated wood, end-grain macrographs, as well as worked items. Provides information on historical uses, where trees grow, availability and sustainability of the woods and the practicalities of harvesting and processing. Superior quality text and excellent reproduction and printing. The only commercially available book which focuses on the properties of Southern African wood, written in a style that will appeal to a wide audience: professional woodworkers, designers, architects, wood dealers and wood collectors, hobbyists, botanists and anyone interested in trees and wood. A must-have for all who love wood and trees!

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Book SynopsisMedicinal Natural Products: A Biosynthetic Approach, Third Edition, provides a comprehensive and balanced introduction to natural products from a biosynthetic perspective, focussing on the metabolic sequences leading to various classes of natural products.Trade Review"Students should be empowered for a deductive analysis of the presented substances." (Arzneimittelforschung, December 2009) "This new edition is an excellent text that is unrivaled in both its scope and overall coverage of natural products biosynthesis." (Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, August 2009) "There is no question that this is the best book available on the biosynthesis and bio-organic chemistry of medicinally important natural products." (Education in Chemistry, September 2009)Table of Contents1 About this book, and how to use it 1 The subject 1 The aim 1 The approach 2 The topics 2 The figures 2 Further reading 3 What to study 3 What to learn 3 Nomenclature 3 Conventions regarding acids, bases, and ions 4 Some common abbreviations 4 Further reading 5 2 Secondary metabolism: the building blocks and construction mechanisms 7 Primary and secondary metabolism 7 The building blocks 8 The construction mechanisms 11 Alkylation reactions: nucleophilic substitution 12 Alkylation reactions: electrophilic addition 12 Wagner–Meerwein rearrangements 15 Aldol and Claisen reactions 15 Imine formation and the Mannich reaction 18 Amino acids and transamination 20 Decarboxylation reactions 22 Oxidation and reduction reactions 24 Dehydrogenases 24 Oxidases 26 Monooxygenases 26 Dioxygenases 26 Amine oxidases 27 Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenases 27 Phenolic oxidative coupling 28 Halogenation reactions 28 Glycosylation reactions 31 Elucidating biosynthetic pathways 34 Further reading 38 3 The acetate pathway: fatty acids and polyketides 39 Fatty acid synthase: saturated fatty acids 39 Unsaturated fatty acids 44 Uncommon fatty acids 53 Prostaglandins 58 Thromboxanes 64 Leukotrienes 64 Polyketide synthases: generalities 66 Polyketide synthases: macrolides 68 Polyketide synthases: linear polyketides and polyethers 90 Diels–Alder cyclizations 96 Polyketide synthases: aromatics 96 Cyclizations 99 Post-polyketide synthase modifications 103 Starter groups 116 Further reading 131 4 The shikimate pathway: aromatic amino acids and phenylpropanoids 137 Aromatic amino acids and simple benzoic acids 137 Phenylpropanoids 148 Cinnamic acids and esters 148 Lignans and lignin 152 Phenylpropenes 156 Benzoic acids from C6C3 compounds 157 Coumarins 161 Aromatic polyketides 166 Styrylpyrones, diarylheptanoids 166 Flavonoids and stilbenes 167 Flavonolignans 173 Isoflavonoids 174 Terpenoid quinones 178 Further reading 184 5 The mevalonate and methylerythritol phosphate pathways: terpenoids and steroids 187 Mevalonic acid and methylerythritol phosphate 188 Hemiterpenes (C5) 192 Monoterpenes (C10) 193 Irregular monoterpenes 204 Iridoids (C10) 206 Sesquiterpenes (C15) 210 Diterpenes (C20) 223 Sesterterpenes (C25) 234 Triterpenes (C30) 234 Triterpenoid saponins 242 Steroids 247 Stereochemistry and nomenclature 247 Cholesterol 248 Phytosterols 251 Vitamin D 256 Steroidal saponins 259 Cardioactive glycosides 265 Bile acids 275 Adrenocortical hormones/corticosteroids 277 Semi-synthesis of corticosteroids 277 Progestogens 287 Oestrogens 290 Androgens 296 Tetraterpenes (C40) 298 Higher terpenoids 306 Further reading 306 6 Alkaloids 311 Alkaloids derived from ornithine 311 Polyamines 311 Pyrrolidine and tropane alkaloids 312 Pyrrolizidine alkaloids 324 Alkaloids derived from lysine 326 Piperidine alkaloids 326 Quinolizidine alkaloids 328 Indolizidine alkaloids 330 Alkaloids derived from nicotinic acid 331 Pyridine alkaloids 331 Alkaloids derived from tyrosine 336 Phenylethylamines and simple tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids 336 Modified benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids 346 Phenethylisoquinoline alkaloids 359 Terpenoid tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids 363 Amaryllidaceae alkaloids 365 Alkaloids derived from tryptophan 366 Simple indole alkaloids 366 Simple β-carboline alkaloids 369 Terpenoid indole alkaloids 369 Quinoline alkaloids 380 Pyrroloindole alkaloids 385 Ergot alkaloids 387 Alkaloids derived from anthranilic acid 395 Quinazoline alkaloids 395 Quinoline and acridine alkaloids 396 Alkaloids derived from histidine 398 Imidazole alkaloids 398 Alkaloids derived by amination reactions 400 Acetate-derived alkaloids 401 Phenylalanine-derived alkaloids 401 Terpenoid alkaloids 406 Steroidal alkaloids 406 Purine alkaloids 413 Caffeine 413 Saxitoxin and tetrodotoxin 416 Further reading 417 7 Peptides, proteins, and other amino acid derivatives 421 Peptides and proteins 421 Ribosomal peptide biosynthesis 422 Peptide hormones 426 Thyroid hormones 426 Hypothalamic hormones 427 Anterior pituitary hormones 429 Posterior pituitary hormones 430 Pancreatic hormones 432 Interferons 433 Opioid peptides 434 Ribosomal peptide toxins 434 Enzymes 438 Non-ribosomal peptide biosynthesis 438 Modified peptides: penicillins, cephalosporins, and other β-lactams 458 Penicillins 458 Cephalosporins 465 Other β-lactams 469 Cyanogenic glycosides 476 Glucosinolates 477 Cysteine sulfoxides 480 Further reading 481 8 Carbohydrates 485 Monosaccharides 485 Oligosaccharides 490 Polysaccharides 493 Aminosugars and aminoglycosides 498 Further reading 507 Index 509

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Book SynopsisVitamin E -- a family of eight natural structurally related tocopherols and tocotrienols compounds expressed generally as a-tocopherol -- represents an essential component in human nutrition required for the preservation of lipids in stable form in biological systems and also in foods. In commonly consumed foods, vitamin E appears among the main antioxidants together with vitamins A and C and minerals like copper, zinc and selenium. The effect of gamma irradiation on the level of nutritional factors has been investigated. This book examines the study of the effects of vitamin E on the formation of end products of radiation-induced free-radicals transformation, which shows that the vitamin is able to oxidise a-hydroxyl-containing radical, yielding the respective carbonyl or to reduce them to the initial molecules.

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Book SynopsisProviding a systematic and self-contained treatment of excitation, propagation and re- emission of electromagnetic waves guided by density ducts in magnetized plasmas, this book describes in detail the theoretical basis of the electrodynamics of ducts. The classical dielectric-waveguide theory in open guiding systems in magnetoplasma is subjected to rigorous generalization. The authors emphasize the conceptual physical and mathematical aspects of the theory, while demonstrating its applications to problems encountered in actual practice. The opening chapters of the book discuss the underlying physical phenomena, outline some of the results obtained in natural and artificial density ducts, and describe the basic theory crucial to understanding the remainder of the book. The more specialized and complex topics dealt with in subsequent chapters include the theory of guided wave propagation along axially uniform ducts, finding the field excited by the source in the presence of a duct, excitation of guided modes, the asymptotic theory of wave propagation along axially nonuniform ducts, and mode re-emission from a duct. The full wave theory is used throughout most of the book to ensure consistency, and the authors start with simpler cases and gradually increase the complexity of the treatment.Table of Contents1. The Basic Equations 2. Integral Representation of Source-excited Fields on a Duct 3. Modal Representation of Source-excited Fields on a Duct 4. Wave Re-emission from a Density Duct 5. Modes in Axially Uniform Ducts 6. Radiation from Given Sources in a Uniform Unbounded Magnetoplasma 7. Wave Propagation Along Axially Non-uniform Ducts

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Book SynopsisThis guide brings together the varied and multiple skills and activities required of pest control practitioners, including biology, chemistry, architecture, engineering, sales, logistics, legal and accounting, presented with a primary emphasis on pest organisms at its core. This book provides information and tips on all of these aspects and: explores the business of controlling pests (including trends in the industry, pest control tools, and sustainable pest control); covers biological information on each pest in addition to information on control and management, monitoring and follow-up; focusses particularly on globally significant pests with internationally-applicable use and guidance; and provides practical and hands-on experience, drawing on original case studies This is a key resource for pest control practitioners, as well as in-house staff of companies or buildings involved in household or urban pest control. It is also a valuable reference for researchers, and sanitation and building managers.Table of ContentsChapter 1: Understanding the business of controlling pests Chapter 2: Household pests and their control – Cockroach Chapter 3: Household pests and their control – Flies Chapter 4: Household pests and their control – Mosquito Chapter 5: Household pests and their control – Bed bug Chapter 6: Household pests and their control – Termite Chapter 7: Sporadic pests and their control Chapter 8: Stored product pests Chapter 9: Vertebrate pest and their control – Rats Chapter 10: Methodology in pest control – Insecticide formulations Chapter 11: Methodology in pest control – Insecticide baits and baiting Chapter 12: Sift to Integrated pest management (IPM) Chapter 13: Handling pesticide

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Book SynopsisThere is hardly any technical library in the world in which the volumes of the Chemical Formulary (Volumes 1-34) do not occupy a prominent place. Chemists both experienced and beginner, continually refer to them. It does not duplicate any of the formulas included in previous volumes, but lists a wide array of modern and salable products from all branches of the chemical industries. An excellent reference for formulation problems. PREFACE - Chemistry, as taught in our schools and colleges, concerns chiefly synthesis, analysis, and engineering-and properly so. It is part of the right foundation for the education of the chemist. Many a chemist entering an Industry soon finds that most of the products manufactured by his concern are not synthetic or definite complex compounds, but are mixtures, blends, or highly complex compounds of which he knows little or nothing. The literature in this field, if any, may be meager, scattered, or obsolete. Even chemists with years of experience In one or

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Book SynopsisThis book provides the background needed to understand not only the wide field of polymer processing, but also the emerging technologies associated with the plastics industry in the 21st Century. It combines practical engineering concepts with modeling of realistic polymer processes. Divided into three sections, it provides the reader with a solid knowledge base in polymer materials, polymer processing, and modeling.Understanding Polymer Processing is intended for the person who is entering the plastics manufacturing industry and as a textbook for students taking an introductory course in polymer processing. It also serves as a guide to the practicing engineer when choosing a process, determining important parameters and factors during the early stages of process design, and when optimizing such a process. Practical examples illustrating basic concepts are presented throughout the book.New in the second edition is a chapter on additive manufacturing, together with associated examples, as well as improvements and corrections throughout the book.With the purchase of this book, you also receive a free personal access code to download the eBook.Table of Contents Part I - Polymeric Materials This section gives a general introduction tpolymers, including mechanical behavior of polymers and melt rheology Part II Polymer Processing The major polymer processes are introduced in this section, including extrusion, mixing, injection molding, thermoforming, blow molding, film blowing, and many others. Part III Modeling This last section delivers the tools tallow the engineer tsolve back-of-the-envelope polymer processing models It includes dimensional analysis and scaling, transport phenomena in polymer processing, and modeling polymer processes.

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Book SynopsisAuthors Don Burdick and Bill Leffler have completely rewritten this time-honored bestseller, now the definitive book for understanding the mysteries of the petrochemical industry.With chapters on all the base chemicals and derivatives, plus seven new ones covering the Fischer-Tropsch process, polyurethane, epoxy resins and more, this is broadest available look inside the industry.Still offering readers easy-to-understand diagrams, charts and tables, plus digestible chapter reviews - this classic delivers the information that every person in the industry needs.Table of Contents What you need to know about organic chemistry Processes and equipment Benzene Toluene and xylene Olefin plants, ethylene, and propylene Cyclohexane The C4 hydrocarbon family Cumene and phenol Ethylbenzene and styrene Ethylene dichloride, vinyl chloride and epichlorohydrin Ethylene oxide and ethylene glycol Propylene oxide and propylene glycol Ethanolamines and polyols Methanol and synthesis gas Fischer-Tropsche process Lots of other alcohols MTBE Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde Ketones Acids Maleic Acrylonitrile, acrylic acid, and acrylates Aniline and phosgene Bisphenol A Alpha olefins Making polymers Thermoplastics MDI and TDI Polyurethane Epoxy resins and polycarbonates Fibers and other resins

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Book SynopsisThis valuable handbook details the various monolithic refractories currently in use, and pays particular attention to their chemical and physical behaviors during manufacturing, installation, and the duty cycle. It addresses, from the practitioner's point of view, the critical aspects of reactions involved with the refractory body as it approaches the used temperature with the processing environment. To ensure optimum performance, it describes the application, installation, and design of refractory components. The handbook includes suitable tables and figures, and provides an historical perspective on the evolution of the refractory industry. Practicing ceramic engineers, scientists, raw material suppliers, and research and development personnel in the refractory manufacturing industry will find this book invaluable. Also suitable as a reference for courses in ceramic engineering specializing in refractories.Table of ContentsRaw Materials. Castable Refractories. Pumpable Castables. Plastic Refractories. Ramming Mixes. Gunning Mixes. Mortars. Coatings. Dry Vibratables. Wear Mechanisms. Manufacturing. Application Designs. Evaluation and Tests. Lining. Index.

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Book SynopsisBased on a former popular course of the same title, Concepts of Chemical Engineering for Chemists outlines the basic aspects of chemical engineering for chemistry professionals. It clarifies the terminology used and explains the systems methodology approach to process design and operation for chemists with limited chemical engineering knowledge. The book provides practical insights into all areas of chemical engineering with well explained worked examples and case studies. The new edition contains a revised chapter on Process Analysis and two new chapters "Process and Personal Safety" and "Systems Integration and Experimental Design", the latter drawing together material covered in the previous chapters so that readers can design and test their own pilot process systems. This book is a guide for chemists (and other scientists) who either work alongside chemical engineers or who are undertaking chemical engineering-type projects and who wish to communicate with their colleagues and understand chemical engineering principles.Table of ContentsProcess Analysis - The Importance of Mass and Energy Balances; Introduction to Chemical Reaction Engineering; Concepts of Fluid Flow; An Introduction to Heat Transfer; An Introduction to Mass-Transfer Operations; Scale-Up in Chemical Engineering; An Introduction to Particle Systems; An Introduction to Process Control; Economic Appraisal of Large Projects; Process and Personal Safety; Engineering Statistics. Process Integration, and Experimental Design; Subject Index

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Book SynopsisThe latest methods for troubleshooting and maintaining process equipmentThis extensively revised and updated practical resource fully explains how to diagnose, troubleshoot, and correct problems across a broad range of industriesâall without complex equations and without ever losing sight of the importance of direct field measurements and observations. This fifth edition features new and expanded coverage of: Causes and Effects of Wet Steam on Turbines and Strippers Distillation Design Errors and Inspecting Tower Internals Setting Pressure Relief Valves on Vessels and Heat Exchangers Reduction of Flare Losses Safer Procedures for Sampling Hazardous Material Taking Field Measurements Safely and Effectively Filled with real-world examples and illustrations, A Working Guide to Process Equipment, Fifth Edition clearly demonstrates how theory applies to solving real-world plant operation prob

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Book SynopsisVaccine Production and Manufacturing is a valuable reference on how to produce a vaccine, from beginning to end. It addresses all classes of vaccines from a processing, production, and regulatory viewpoint. It covers everything from fermentation, purification, and formulation to regulatory filing and facility design.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments vii Preface ix Contributors xi 1 History of Vaccine Process Development 1Narahari S. Pujar, Sangeetha L. Sagar, and Ann L. Lee 2 The Production of Plasmid DNA Vaccine in Escherichia coli: A Novel Bacterial-Based Vaccine Production Platform 25Michel Chartrain 3 Fungal Expression Systems for Vaccine Production 51Karl Melber, Volker Jenzelewski, Roland Weyhenmeyer, and Zbigniew Janowicz 4 Novel Expression Systems for Vaccine Production 81Shailaja Rabindran and Vidadi Yusibov 5 Viral Vaccines Purification 97Bernd Kalbfuss-Zimmermann and Udo Reichl 6 Protein Subunit Vaccine Purification 181Yan-ping Yang and Tony D’Amore 7 Conjugate Vaccine Production Technology 217Sudha Chennasamudram and Willie F. Vann 8 Stabilization and Formulation of Vaccines 237Timothy S. Priddy and C. Russell Middaugh 9 Lyophilization in Vaccine Processes 263Alexis Wasserman, Ranjit Sarpal, and Bret R. Phillips 10 Strategies for Heat-Stable Vaccines 287Satoshi Ohtake, David Lechuga-Ballesteros, Vu Truong-Le, and Eric J. Patzer 11 Production and Characterization of Aluminum-Containing Adjuvants 319Stanley L. Hem and Cliff T. Johnston 12 The Biologics License Application (BLA) in Common Technical Document (CTD) Format 347R.S. Robin Robinett 13 The Original New Drug Application (Investigational New Drug) 373R.S. Robin Robinett 14 Facility Design for Vaccine Manufacturing—Regulatory, Business, and Technical Considerations and A Risk-Based Design Approach 393Anand Ekambaram and Abraham Shamir 15 Vaccine Production Economics 413Andrew Sinclair and Peter Latham Index 437

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Introduction to design 2. Fundamentals of material balances 3. Fundamentals of energy balances (and energy utilisation) 4. Flow-sheeting 5. Piping and instrumentation 6. Costing and project evaluation 7. Materials of construction 8. Design information and data 9. Safety and loss prevention 10. Equipment selection, specification and design 11. Separation columns (distillation, absorption and extraction) 12. Heat-transfer equipment 13. Mechanical design of process equipment 14. General site considerations

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Book SynopsisColour in art - as in life - is both inspiring and uplifting, but where does it come from? How have artists found new hues, and how have these influenced their work? Beginning with the ancients - when just a handful of pigments made up the artist''s palette - and charting the discoveries and developments that have led to the many splendoured rainbow of modern paints, Bright Earth brings the story of colour spectacularly alive. Packed with anecdotes about lucky accidents and hapless misfortunes in the quests for new colours, it provides an entertaining and fascinating new perspective on the science of art.Trade ReviewBrilliant...in every sense. Ball's book is the volume that has been missing from my library * Guardian *Brings the mysterious subject of colour wonderfully alive. Quite literally an eye-opener * Economist *A succinct and elegantly structured new survey of Western painting. Ball pitches his learning just right between academic history and a highly readable series of anecdotes and biographical sketches * Daily Mail *Full of fascinating vignettes. Philip Ball writes engagingly on complicated topics * Sunday Telegraph *Scattered with attractive particles, sparkles with redolent names... A solid, well-researched compendium of information * TLS *

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsINTRODUCTION 1. Case Histories and Their Use in Enhancing Process Safety Knowledge 2. Bhopal 3. Opportunities for Reflection MAINTENANCE AND OPERATIONS 4. Maintenance: Preparation and Performance 5. Operating Methods 6. Entry to Vessels and Other Confined Spaces 7. Accidents Said to Be Due to Human Error 8. Labeling 9. Testing of Trips and Other Protective Systems 10. Opportunities for Reflection EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION 11. Storage Tanks 12. Stacks 13. Pipes and Vessels 14. Tank Trucks and Tank Cars 15. Other Equipment 16. Materials of Construction 17. Opportunities for Reflection HAZARDS AND LOSS OF CONTAINMENT 18. Leaks 19. Liquefied Flammable Gases 20. Hazards of Common Materials 21. Static Electricity 22. Reactions – Planned and Unplanned 23. Explosions 24. Opportunities for Reflection KNOWLEDGE AND COMMUNICATION 26. Poor Communication 27. Accidents in Other Industries 28. Accident Investigation – Missed Opportunities 29. Opportunities for Reflection DESIGN AND MODIFICATIONS 30. Inherently Safer Design 31. Changing Procedures Instead of Designs 32. Both Design and Operations Could Have Been Better 33. Modifications: Changes to Equipment and Processes 34. Modifications: Changes in Organization 35. Reverse Flow, Other Unforeseen Deviations, and Hazop 36. Control 37. Opportunities for Reflection CONCLUSION 38. An Accident That May Have Affected the Future of Process Safety 39. An Accident That Did Not Occur 40. Summary of Lessons Learned APPENDICES 1. Relative Frequencies of Incidents 2. Why Should We Publish Accident Reports? 3. Some Tips for Accident Investigators 4. Recommended Reading 5. Afterthoughts

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