Philosophy and Religion Books

Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface xix Acknowledgement xxiii About the Companion Website xxv Part I Fundamentals of P&ID Development 1 1 What Is P&ID 3 1.1 Why Is P&ID Important? 3 1.2 What Is a P&ID? 4 1.3 P&ID Media 4 1.4 P&ID Development Activity 5 2 Management of P&ID Development 9 2.1 Project of Developing P&IDs 9 2.2 P&ID Milestones 9 2.3 Involved Parties in P&ID Development 11 2.4 P&ID Set Owner 12 2.5 Required Quality of the P&ID in Each Stage of Development 12 2.6 P&ID Evolution 12 2.7 Tracking Changes in P&IDs 12 2.8 Required Man‐Hours for the Development of P&IDs 13 3 Anatomy of a P&ID Sheet 15 3.1 Title Block 15 3.2 Ownership Block 15 3.3 Reference Drawing Block 15 3.4 Revision Block 15 3.5 Comments Block 16 3.6 Main Body of a P&ID 19 4 General Rules in Drawing of P&IDs 21 4.1 Items on P&IDs 21 4.1.1 Pipes or Other Flow Conductors 21 4.1.2 Equipment 21 4.1.3 Instruments 21 4.1.4 Signals 22 4.2 How to Show Them: Visual Rules 22 4.2.1 Line Crossing Over 24 4.2.2 Equipment Crossing 25 4.2.3 Off‐Page Connector 26 4.2.4 Color in P&IDs 26 4.3 Item Identifiers in P&IDs 26 4.3.1 Symbols 27 4.3.2 Tags 28 4.3.3 Name 29 4.3.4 Technical Information 29 4.4 Different Types of P&IDs 32 4.4.1 Legend P&IDs 33 4.4.2 System P&IDs 34 4.4.3 Network P&IDs 34 4.4.4 Interarea P&IDs 34 4.4.5 Detail P&IDs 36 4.5 A Set of P&IDs 39 4.6 P&IDs Prepared in Engineering Companies Compared to Manufacturing or Fabricating Companies 42 4.7 Dealing with Vendor or Licensor P&IDs 43 5 Principles of P&ID Development 45 5.1 Plant Stakeholders 45 5.2 The Hierarchy of P&ID Development Rules 45 5.3 Plant Operations 46 5.3.1 Process Parameters 46 5.3.2 Process Parameter Levels 47 5.3.2.1 Pressure Levels 48 5.3.2.2 Temperature Levels 49 5.3.2.3 Liquid/Solid Levels 49 5.3.2.4 Flow Levels 50 5.3.2.5 Analyte Levels 50 5.3.3 Parameter Levels versus Control System 50 5.3.4 Parameter Levels versus Safety 51 5.3.5 Parameter Levels versus Operator Role 52 5.3.6 General Procedure of P&ID Development 53 5.4 What Should a P&ID Address? 53 5.4.1 Normal Operation 53 5.4.2 Nonroutine Operation 53 5.4.2.1 Reduced Capacity Operation 54 5.4.3 Reduced Efficiency Operation 57 5.4.4 Start‐Up Operations 58 5.4.5 Shutdown 59 5.4.6 Inspection and Maintenance 60 5.4.6.1 Quantitative Approach to Maintenance Requirement 60 5.4.6.2 Qualitative Approach to Maintenance Requirement 60 5.4.7 Operability in Absence of One Item 61 5.4.8 Provision for the Future 61 5.5 Conflicting Check and Merging Opportunities Check 63 5.5.1 Conflict Check 63 5.5.2 Merging Opportunities Check 63 5.6 Dealing with Common Challenges in P&ID Development 64 5.7 Example: Development of P&ID of a Typical Pump 65 Part II Pipes and Equipment 69 6 Pipes 71 6.1 Fluid Conductors: Pipes, Tubes, and Ducts 71 6.2 Pipe Identifiers 71 6.2.1 Pipe Symbol 71 6.2.2 Pipe Tag 71 6.2.2.1 Do All Pipes Need to be Tagged? 73 6.2.2.2 Which Span of Pipe Route can be Considered One Piece of Pipe? 73 6.2.2.3 How is the Pipe Tag Shown on a P&ID? 73 6.2.3 Pipe Off‐Page Connector 74 6.3 Pipe Tag Anatomy 74 6.3.1 Area or Project Number 74 6.3.2 Commodity Acronym 74 6.3.3 Pipe Material Specification Code 74 6.3.4 Pipe Size 77 6.3.5 Pipe Sequential Number 78 6.3.6 Other Pipe Tag Information 78 6.4 Pipes Crossing “Borders” 79 6.4.1 Implementing Spec Break 80 6.4.2 Reasons for a Spec Break 82 6.5 Goal of Piping 82 6.5.1 Magnitude of Flow in Pipe 83 6.5.2 Direction of Flow in Pipe 84 6.5.3 Providing Fluid with Enough Pressure at the Inlet 84 6.6 Piping Arrangements 84 6.6.1 Backflow Prevention Systems 85 6.6.2 Diversion of Flow 87 6.6.3 Distribution of Flow 87 6.7 Pipe Route 88 6.7.1 Slope 88 6.7.2 No Liquid Pocket 89 6.7.3 No Gas Pocket 89 6.7.4 Free Draining (Self‐Draining) 89 6.7.5 Free Venting 90 6.7.6 Gravity Flow 90 6.7.7 Vertical or Horizontal Pipe 90 6.7.8 Straight Piping 90 6.7.9 Minimum or Maximum Length or Distance 90 6.7.10 Other Special Pipe Routes 91 6.8 Piping Movement 91 6.9 Dealing with Unwanted Two‐Phase Flow in Pipes 92 6.9.1 Liquid–Gas Two‐Phase Flow 92 6.9.2 Gas–Liquid Two‐Phase Flow 94 6.9.3 Solid–Liquid Two‐Phase Flow 94 6.10 Tubes 94 6.11 Double–Wall Pipes 95 6.12 Pipes for Special Arrangements 96 6.12.1 Piping for Bypassing 96 6.12.2 Piping for Recirculation 96 6.12.3 Piping for Units in Series 96 6.12.4 Piping for Units in Parallel 97 6.12.5 Piping for Pressure Equalization 97 6.13 Pipe Size Rule of Thumbs 97 6.14 Pipe Appurtenances 97 6.14.1 Pipe Fittings 98 6.14.1.1 Pipe Direction Change 98 6.14.1.2 Reducers (Enlargers) 98 6.14.1.3 Three‐Way Connections 100 6.14.1.4 Pipe Connections 100 6.14.1.5 End‐of‐Pipe Systems 100 6.14.2 Specialty Items 102 6.14.2.1 Flange‐Insulating Gasket 102 6.15 Other Approach about Piping 103 6.16 “Merging” Pipes 103 6.17 Wrapping–Up: Addressing Requirements of Pipe during the Life Span 103 6.18 Transferring Bulk Solid Materials 104 Reference 104 7 Manual Valves and Automatic Valves 105 7.1 Valve Naming 105 7.2 Valve Functions 105 7.3 Valve Structure 105 7.4 Classification of Valves 105 7.4.1 Valve Plug: Throttling vs. Blocking Valves 106 7.4.2 Valve Selection 108 7.4.3 Multi‐port Valves 108 7.4.4 Double‐Seated Valves 110 7.5 Valve Operators 110 7.6 Different Types of Actuators 111 7.7 Basis of Operation for Automatic Valves 112 7.8 Tagging Automatic Valves 113 7.9 Tagging Manual Valves 113 7.10 Valve Positions 113 7.10.1 Regular Position of Blocking Valves and Decision Methodology 113 7.10.2 Failure Position of Automatic Valves and Decision Methodology 114 7.10.3 More Concepts about Failure Position of Automatic Valves 115 7.11 Valve Arrangement 117 7.11.1 Valves in Series 118 7.11.2 Valves in Parallel 118 7.12 Control Valves and RO Combinations 119 7.13 Operating in the Absence of Valves 119 7.13.1 Operating in the Absence of Control Valves 119 7.13.2 Operating in the Absence of Switching Valves 122 7.14 Valves in Role of Unit Operation 122 7.15 Special Valves 123 7.15.1 Check Valves 123 7.15.2 Regulators 124 7.15.3 Safety‐Related Valves 125 7.16 Valve Combinations 126 7.17 End of Valve Arrangements 126 7.18 Valve Sizing Rule of Thumbs 127 7.19 Merging Valves 127 7.20 Wrapping Up: Addressing Requirements of Valve During the Life Span 127 References 128 8 Provisions for Ease of Maintenance 129 8.1 Introduction 129 8.2 Different Types of Equipment Care 129 8.3 In‐place In‐line Equipment Care 129 8.4 In‐place Off‐line Equipment Care 130 8.5 In‐workshop Off‐line Equipment Care 131 8.6 Preparing Equipment for Off‐line Care 131 8.7 Isolation 131 8.7.1 Requirement of an Isolation System 131 8.7.2 Type of Isolation System 132 8.7.3 Placement of an Isolation System 135 8.7.4 Inbound Versus Outbound Blind Location 135 8.7.5 Merging Isolation Valves 135 8.8 Bringing the Equipment to a Non‐harmful Condition 136 8.8.1 Cooling Down 136 8.8.2 Emptying and Then Draining/Venting 136 8.8.2.1 Location and Number of Drain/Vent Valves 137 8.8.2.2 Size of Drain/Vent Valves 138 8.8.2.3 Other Usages of Drain/Vent Valves 138 8.9 Cleaning 139 8.9.1 Solid/Semi‐Solid Removal Methods 139 8.9.2 Washing Systems 139 8.9.3 Purging Methods 140 8.10 Ultimate Destination of Dirty Fluids 140 8.11 Making Equipment Easy to Remove 141 8.12 Wrap‐up 142 9 Containers 143 9.1 Introduction 143 9.2 Selection of Containers 143 9.3 Containers Purposes 144 9.4 Transferring Fluids Between Containers 145 9.5 Container Positions 146 9.6 Container Shapes 147 9.6.1 Closing Parts of Containers 148 9.6.2 Open Top or Fully Enclosed Containers 148 9.7 Container Identifiers 148 9.7.1 Container Symbol 148 9.7.2 Container Tags 149 9.7.3 Container Call‐outs 149 9.7.3.1 Tank Call‐outs 149 9.7.3.2 Vessel Call‐outs 150 9.7.3.3 Tag of Container in Duty of Conversion 151 9.8 Levels in Non‐flooded Liquid Containers 151 9.9 Container Nozzles 151 9.9.1 Nozzle Duties 151 9.9.2 Nozzle Locations 152 9.9.3 Nozzle Elevation Versus Liquid Levels 153 9.9.4 The Size, Number, and Rating of Nozzles 155 9.9.5 Merging Nozzles 155 9.9.6 Nozzle Internal Assemblies 156 9.9.7 Nozzle Externals 157 9.10 Overflow Nozzles 157 9.11 Breathing of Non‐flooded Containers 158 9.12 Blanketed Tanks 160 9.13 Heating (or Cooling) in Containers 161 9.14 Mixing in Containers 162 9.15 Container Internals 162 9.16 Tank Roofs 162 9.17 Tank Floors 163 9.18 Container Arrangement 164 9.19 Merging Containers 164 9.20 Secondary Containment 165 9.21 Underground Storage Tanks 166 9.22 Sumps 167 9.23 Wrapping‐up: Addressing the Requirements of the Container During its Lifespan 167 10 Pumps and Compressors 169 10.1 Introduction 169 10.2 Fluid Mover Roles 169 10.3 Types of Fluid Movers 169 10.4 A Brief Discussion on the Function of Fluid Movers in a System 169 10.5 Fluid Mover Identifiers 171 10.5.1 Fluid Mover Symbol 171 10.5.2 Fluid Mover Tag 171 10.5.3 Fluid Mover Call‐out 173 10.6 Liquid Movers: Dynamic Pumps 173 10.6.1 Centrifugal Pumps 173 10.6.1.1 P&ID Development on the Suction Side 174 10.6.1.2 P&ID Development on the Discharge Side 175 10.6.2 Low Flow Intolerance and Minimum Flow Protection System 176 10.6.2.1 Which Pumps May Need a Minimum Flow Pipe 176 10.6.2.2 Where Should we Position the Recirculation Line? 177 10.6.2.3 Where Should the Destination Point of the Recirculation Pipe Be? 177 10.6.2.4 What Should the Size of the Recirculation Pipe Be? 178 10.6.2.5 What Should the Arrangement on the Recirculation Pipe Be? 178 10.6.3 Cavitation 180 10.6.4 Very Small Centrifugal Pumps 181 10.6.5 Different Types of Spare Pump 182 10.6.6 Centrifugal Pump Arrangements 182 10.6.6.1 Centrifugal Pumps in Parallel 183 10.6.6.2 Centrifugal Pumps in Series 184 10.6.7 Pump Warm‐up or Cool‐down System 185 10.6.8 Piping Spec. for Centrifugal Pumps 187 10.6.9 Centrifugal Pump Drives 187 10.6.10 (Liquid) Seal Systems in Centrifugal Pumps 187 10.6.11 Merging Pumps 189 10.7 Liquid Movers: PD Pumps 190 10.7.1 PD Pump P&ID Piping 191 10.7.1.1 Reciprocating Pumps P&ID Piping 191 10.7.1.2 Rotary Pumps P&ID Piping 192 10.7.2 PD Pump Arrangements 193 10.7.3 Merging PD Pumps 193 10.7.4 Tying Together Dissimilar Pumps 193 10.7.5 PD Pump Drives 193 10.7.6 Sealing Systems for PD Pumps 194 10.7.7 Metering Pumps (Dosing Pumps) 194 10.7.8 Liquid Transfer – Summary 195 10.7.9 Pumps: Duty Other than Pumping! 195 10.8 Gas Movers: Fans, Blowers, Compressors 196 10.8.1 Low Flow Intolerance and Anti‐Surge Systems 196 10.8.2 P&ID Development of Gas Movers 197 10.8.3 Gas Mover Drives 198 10.8.4 Auxiliary Systems Around Fluid Movers 198 10.8.5 Gas Transfer – Summary 199 10.9 Wrapping‐up: Addressing Requirements of Fluid Movers During the Life Span 200 Reference 200 11 Heat Transfer Units 201 11.1 Introduction 201 11.2 Main Types of Heat Transfer Units 201 11.3 Different Types of Heat Exchangers and Their Selection 202 11.4 Different Types of Heat Transfer Fluids and Their Selection 203 11.5 Heat Exchangers: General Naming 204 11.6 Heat Exchanger Identifiers 204 11.6.1 Heat Exchanger Symbol 204 11.6.2 Heat Exchanger Tag 204 11.6.3 Heat Exchanger Call‐Out 205 11.7 Heat Exchanger P&ID 206 11.7.1 Vents and Drains 206 11.7.2 Isolation Valves 207 11.7.3 Chemical Cleaning Valves 207 11.7.4 PSDs 207 11.8 Heat Exchanger Arrangement 207 11.8.1 Heat Exchangers in Series 207 11.8.2 Heat Exchangers in Parallel 209 11.9 Aerial Coolers 209 11.9.1 Aerial Cooler P&ID 210 11.9.2 Dealing with Extreme Temperatures 211 11.9.3 Aerial Cooler Arrangement 211 11.10 Merging Heat Exchangers 212 11.11 Wrapping‐up: Addressing the Requirements of a Heat Exchanger During its Life Span 212 11.12 Fired Heaters and Furnaces 213 11.12.1 Process Fluid Side 213 11.12.2 Flue Gas Side 213 11.12.3 Firing Side 214 11.13 Fire Heater Arrangement 215 11.14 Merging Fired Heaters 216 11.15 Wrapping‐up: Addressing the Requirements of Fired Heaters During their Lifespan 216 12 Pressure Relief Devices 217 12.1 Introduction 217 12.2 Why Pressure Is So Important? 217 12.3 Dealing with Abnormal Pressures 217 12.3.1 Active Versus Passive Solutions 219 12.3.2 Where Could Passive Solutions Be Used? 219 12.3.3 Where Should Active Solutions Be Used? 219 12.4 Safety Relief System 219 12.5 What Is an “Enclosure,” and Which “Side” Should Be Protected? 220 12.6 Regulatory Issues Involved in PRVs 220 12.6.1 Codes Versus Standards 221 12.7 PRD Structure 222 12.8 Six Steps to Providing a Protective Layer 222 12.9 Locating PRDs 223 12.10 Positioning PRDs 223 12.11 Specifying the PRD 225 12.12 Selecting the Right Type of PRD 225 12.12.1 Pressure Relief Valve Type 225 12.12.2 Rupture Disks 226 12.12.3 Decision General Rules 226 12.13 PRD Identifiers 226 12.13.1 PRD Symbols and Tags 226 12.13.2 PRD Technical Information 227 12.14 Selecting the Right Type of PRD Arrangement 228 12.15 Deciding on an Emergency Release Collecting Network 230 12.16 Deciding on a Disposal System 232 12.16.1 Liquid Disposal 232 12.16.2 Gas/Vapor Disposal 233 12.16.3 Two‐Phase Flow Handling 234 12.17 Protecting Atmospheric Containers 235 12.18 Merging PRDs 236 12.19 Wrapping‐Up: Addressing the Requirements of PRDs During their Lifespan 238 Part III Instrumentation and Control System 239 13 Fundamentals of Instrumentation and Control 241 13.1 What Is Process Control? 241 13.2 Components of Process Control Against Violating Parameters 241 13.3 Parameters Versus Steering/Protecting Components 242 13.4 How Many Steering Loops Are Needed? 242 13.5 ICSS System Technology 243 13.5.1 Use of PLC for a BPCS 243 13.5.2 Use of DCS for a SIS 244 13.5.3 Alarm Systems 244 13.5.4 ICSS System Symbology 244 13.6 ICSS Elements 245 13.7 Basic Process Control System (BPCS) 245 13.8 Instruments on P&IDs 247 13.8.1 Fundamental Terminology 247 13.8.2 Identifiers for Equipment and Instrumentation 247 13.9 Instrument Identifiers 248 13.9.1 Acronyms 248 13.9.2 Divider Types 249 13.9.3 Symbol Type 250 13.9.4 Additional Information and Tag Number 252 13.10 Signals: Communication Between Instruments 252 13.10.1 Signal Types 253 13.10.2 Signal Functions 253 13.10.3 Signal Math Functions 254 13.10.4 Signal Selectors 254 13.11 Different Instrument Elements 255 13.11.1 Primary Instruments 255 13.11.1.1 Temperature Measurement 256 13.11.1.2 Pressure Measurement 257 13.11.1.3 Level Measurement 258 13.11.1.4 Flow Measurement 258 13.11.1.5 Process Analyzers 260 13.11.2 Transmitters 262 13.11.3 Controllers 263 13.11.4 Indicators 263 13.11.5 Final Control Elements in a BPCS 263 13.11.5.1 Control Valves 264 13.11.5.2 Variable Speed Devices on Electric Motors 264 13.12 Simple Control Loops 264 13.12.1 Level Control Loops 265 13.12.2 Pressure Control Loops 265 13.12.3 Temperature Control Loops 265 13.12.4 Composition Control Loops 266 13.12.5 Flow Control Loops 266 13.13 Position of Sensor Regarding Control Valves 266 14 Application of Control Architectures 269 14.1 Introduction 269 14.2 Control System Design 269 14.3 Selecting the Parameter to Control 269 14.4 Identifying the Manipulated Stream 270 14.5 Determining the Set Point 271 14.6 Building a Control Loop 272 14.6.1 Feedback Versus Feedforward 272 14.6.2 Single‐ versus Multiple‐Loop Control 273 14.7 Multi‐Loop Control Architectures 274 14.7.1 Cascade Control 274 14.8 Feedforward Plus Feedback Control 276 14.8.1 Ratio or Relationship Control 279 14.8.2 Selective Control 280 14.8.3 Override and Limit Control 281 14.8.3.1 Override Control 283 14.8.3.2 Limit Control 286 14.8.4 Split Range and Parallel Control 286 14.8.5 Clarification of Confusion 288 14.8.5.1 Cascade Versus Ratio 288 14.8.5.2 Single Loop Versus Ratio 288 14.8.5.3 Selective Versus Override 288 14.9 Monitoring Parameters 289 14.9.1 Container Sensors 290 14.9.2 Fluid Mover Sensors 290 14.9.3 Heat Exchanger Sensors 291 14.9.4 Fired Heater Sensors 291 15 Plant Process Control 293 15.1 Introduction 293 15.2 Plant‐Wide Control 293 15.3 Heat and Mass Balance Control 293 15.4 Surge Control 295 15.4.1 Disturbances in Process Parameters 295 15.4.2 Disturbance Management 296 15.4.2.1 Absorption 296 15.4.2.2 Rejection 296 15.4.3 Disturbance Versus Fluid Phase 296 15.4.4 Dampening Gas/Vapor Flow Surge 297 15.4.5 Dampening Liquid Flow Surge 298 15.4.6 The Purpose of Containers in Process Plants 301 15.5 Equipment Control 302 15.5.1 Do We Need to Control at All? 302 15.5.2 Principles of Equipment‐wise Control 302 15.6 Pipe Control System 304 15.6.1 Control of a Single Pipe 304 15.6.1.1 Control of Pressure in a Pipe 304 15.6.1.2 Control of Flow in a Pipe 304 15.6.2 Controlling Multiple Pipes 306 15.6.2.1 Flow Merging 306 15.6.2.2 Flow Splitting 308 15.7 Fluid Mover Control System 309 15.7.1 Pump Control Systems 310 15.7.1.1 Centrifugal Pump Control 310 15.7.1.2 Positive Displacement (PD) Pump 314 15.7.2 Gas Mover Control Systems 316 15.7.2.1 Capacity Control Methods for Gas Movers 316 15.7.3 Anti‐Surge Control 319 15.7.4 Lead–Lag Operation of Fluid‐Movers 319 15.8 Heat Transfer Equipment Control 320 15.8.1 Heat Exchanger Control System 320 15.8.1.1 Direct Control System 320 15.8.1.2 Bypass Control System 321 15.8.1.3 Control of Heat Exchangers Experiencing Phase Change 324 15.8.2 Air Cooler Control 327 15.8.3 Heat Exchanger for Heat Recovery 327 15.8.4 Back Pressure Control of Heat Exchangers 328 15.8.5 Fired Heater Control 328 15.9 Container Control System 331 15.10 Blanket Gas Control Systems 332 Reference 332 16 Plant Interlocks and Alarms 333 16.1 Introduction 333 16.2 Safety Strategies 333 16.3 Concept of a SIS 333 16.4 SIS Actions and SIS Types 333 16.5 SIS Extent 336 16.6 Deciding on the Required SIS 336 16.7 The Anatomy of a SIS 336 16.7.1 SIS Element Symbols 336 16.7.1.1 SIS Primary Elements: Sensors 337 16.7.2 SIS Final Elements 337 16.7.2.1 Switching Valves 337 16.7.2.2 Switching Valve Actuator Arrangements 338 16.7.2.3 Valve Position Validation 338 16.7.2.4 Merging a Switching Valve and a Control Valve 338 16.7.2.5 On/off Action of Electric Motors 339 16.7.3 SIS Logic 339 16.8 Showing Safety Instrumented Functions on P&IDs 340 16.9 Discrete Control 343 16.10 Alarm System 344 16.10.1 Anatomy of Alarm Systems 345 16.10.2 Alarm Requirements 345 16.10.3 Alarm System Symbology 346 16.10.4 Concept of “Common Alarm” 347 16.11 Fire and Gas Detection System (FGS) 347 16.11.1 Manual Alarm 350 16.12 Electric Motor Control 351 16.12.1 Simple Motor Control 351 16.12.2 The Focal Element of Motor Control: mcc 351 16.12.3 All About Relationships with Electric Motors 351 16.12.4 P&ID Representation of Commands and Responses 352 16.12.5 P&ID Representation of Principal Arrangement for Inspection and Repair 353 16.12.6 Examples 355 Part IV Utilities 357 17 Utilities 359 17.1 Utility System Components 359 17.2 Developing P&IDs for Utility Systems 359 17.2.1 Identifying the Utility Users 359 17.2.2 Utility Distribution and Collection Network Topologies 359 17.2.3 Designing the Detail of a Utility Network 361 17.2.4 Placing Priority on Utility Users 362 17.2.5 Connection Details of Utility to Process 363 17.3 Different Utilities in Plants 363 17.4 Air as a Utility in Process Plants 363 17.4.1 Instrument Air (IA) 363 17.4.2 Utility Air (UA) or Plant Air (PA) 364 17.5 Water as a Utility in Process Plants 364 17.5.1 Utility Water (UW) or Plant Water (PW) 364 17.5.2 Potable Water 364 17.6 Heat Transfer Media 364 17.6.1 Steam 365 17.7 Condensate Collection Network 366 17.8 Fuel as Utility 366 17.8.1 Fuel Oil 366 17.8.2 Fuel Gas 366 17.9 Inert Gas 367 17.9.1 Blanket Gas 367 17.9.2 Purging Gas 367 17.10 Vapor Collection Network 367 17.11 Emergency Vapor/Gas Release Collection Network 368 17.12 Fire Water 368 17.13 Surface Drainage Collection Network or Sewer System 370 17.14 Utility Circuits 372 17.14.1 Air Circuit 372 17.14.2 Steam–Condensate Circuit 374 17.14.3 Cooling Water Circuit 375 17.14.4 Natural Gas Preparation System 375 17.15 Connection Between Distribution and Collecting Networks 375 Part V Additional Information and General Procedure 379 18 Ancillary Systems and Additional Considerations 381 18.1 Introduction 381 18.2 Safety Issues 381 18.2.1 Different Types of Hazards 381 18.2.2 Hazards and Injuries 381 18.2.3 Mechanical Hazards 381 18.2.4 Chemical Hazards 382 18.2.5 Energy Hazards 382 18.2.5.1 Noise Barrier 382 18.2.5.2 Burning Prevention 382 18.2.6 Safety Showers and Eye Washers 383 18.3 Dealing with Environment 384 18.3.1 Arrangements for Maintaining the Temperature of the Process 384 18.3.2 Winterization 385 18.3.3 Deciding on the Extent of Insulation 389 18.3.4 Summary of Insulation 390 18.4 Utility Stations 390 18.5 Off‐Line Monitoring Programs 392 18.5.1 The Program Component 392 18.5.2 Sampling System 393 18.5.3 Sample Extraction Device 393 18.5.4 Sample Transferring Tube 394 18.5.5 Sample Conditioning System 394 18.5.6 Sample Hand‐Over System 395 18.5.7 Waste Sample Collection System 395 18.5.8 Sampling Station Structural Frame 395 18.5.9 Showing a Sampling System on P&IDs 396 18.5.10 Sampling System for Process Analyzers 396 18.6 Corrosion Monitoring Program 396 18.7 Impact of the Plant Model on the P&ID 397 18.8 Design Pressure and Temperature Considerations 398 18.8.1 Decision on “Design Pressure @ Design Temperature” Pair 399 18.8.1.1 Deciding on “Design Pressure” 399 18.8.1.2 Deciding on “Design Temperature” 399 18.8.2 Sources of Rebel Pressures 400 18.8.3 Sources of Rebel Temperatures 400 18.8.4 Design Pressure and Design Temperature of Single Process Elements 400 18.8.5 Design Pressure of Connected Items 401 18.8.5.1 Design Pressure of Connected Equipment–Equipment 402 18.8.5.2 Design Pressure of Connected Equipment–Sensor 403 19 General Procedures 405 19.1 Introduction 405 19.2 General Procedure for P&ID Development 405 19.2.1 P&ID Development: Piping and Equipment 405 19.2.2 P&ID Development: Control and Instruments 406 19.3 P&ID Reviewing and Checking 409 19.3.1 Format Check 409 19.3.2 Demonstration Rules Check 410 19.3.3 Technical Check 410 19.3.4 Design Check 412 19.4 Methods of P&ID Reviewing and Checking 412 19.4.1 Systematic Approach 412 19.4.2 Scanning Approach 412 19.5 Required Quality of P&IDs at Each Stage of Development 413 20 Examples 417 Index 453

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Book SynopsisAn introductory guide that enables students to grasp the essential elements of their subject, the methods used to study it, and the key concepts and debates within itTrade Review‘An exciting new series that will provide orientation and essential information for students at the beginning of a course, in an attractive and readable format. From here the student will be well placed to move on to classic texts and larger handbooks.’ * John Barton, Professor of the Interpretation of Holy Scripture, University of Oxford *Thiselton’s genius lies in his extraordinary capacity to help us see familiar issues afresh and deepen our sense of truth. Thiselton’s method. . . is to guide the student or reader, giving him or her new vistas, insights and nourishment for the intellectual journey ahead. * Church Times *It is ideal not only as an introductory guide for students but as a stimulating survey of the subject that should appeal to any interested, intelligent reader * Church of England Newspaper *

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Book SynopsisIncludes a directory of useful contacts, Web sites, and organisations to get you started Everything you need to know to build your ideal home Why compromise when you can get the home you've always dreamed of? Self-Build and Renovation For Dummies is the comprehensive guide that shows you how.Trade Review"Full of info, it demystifies impenetrable technical jargon." (Grand Designs, January 2007) "…a great introduction." (Build IT, January 2007) “This is a great reference for anyone seriously considering a self build.” (Self Build And Design, March 2007) "...provides the concrete know-how on all the regulations, design and financial implications of self build and renovation projects." (Self Build & Design, November 2007)Table of ContentsIntroduction 1 Part I: Preparing to Create the Perfect Home 7 Chapter 1: The Basics of Self-Build 9 Chapter 2: Forking Out the Finances 15 Chapter 3: Finding and Assessing the Building Plot 25 Chapter 4: The Legal Stuff 39 Part II: Before the Build: Getting Everything into Place 47 Chapter 5: Designing Your Home 49 Chapter 6: The Green Light: Getting Permissions and Approvals 59 Chapter 7: Construction Management, Builders, and Subcontractors 77 Chapter 8: Buying Materials 99 Chapter 9: Getting Connected to Services 111 Part III: Structurally Speaking: Understanding Construction 123 Chapter 10: Preparing the Ground 125 Chapter 11: Holding up the House: Walls and Structures 139 Chapter 12: An Open and Shut Case: Windows, Doors, Insulation, and Partitions 157 Chapter 13: Floors and Stairs 177 Chapter 14: Raising the Roof 187 Part IV: The Inside Story 207 Chapter 15: Forming the Landscape 209 Chapter 16: Putting in the Pipes and Wrapping Up Warm 229 Chapter 17: Let There Be Light (And Power and Communications) 249 Chapter 18: Kitchens and Bathrooms 263 Part V: Renovating, Extending, and Converting 275 Chapter 19: Internal Finishes 277 Chapter 20: Upgrading Old Houses 289 Chapter 21: Adding Space 305 Chapter 22: Buying a Property for Conversion or Replacement – the Opportunities and Dangers 317 Part VI: The Part of Tens 327 Chapter 23: Ten Good Reasons for Building Your Own Home 329 Chapter 24: Ten Good Reasons to Renovate 337 Chapter 25: Ten Things You Must Do Before Starting to Build 343 Appendix: Directory of Directories 351 Index 359

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Book SynopsisLess invasive than a traditional poured foundation, using helical piles as a foundation gains points in the USGBC's LEED rating system, making this an important green building technology. Helical Pile Sourcebook offers a practical, real-world approach to the design and installation of helical piles.Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. Acknowledgments. Chapter 1 Introduction. 1.1 Basic Features. 1.2 Terminology. 1.3 Invention. 1.4 Early U.S. Patents. 1.5 Periods of Use. 1.6 Modern Applications. 1.7 Environmental Sustainability. Chapter 2 Installation. 2.1 Equipment. 2.2 General Procedures. 2.3 Special Procedures. 2.4 Installation Safety. 2.5 Torque Measurement. 2.6 Torque Calibrations. 2.7 Field Inspection. Chapter 3 Basic Geotechnics. 3.1 Subsurface Exploration. 3.2 Field Penetration Resistance. 3.3 Soil Classification. 3.4 Bedrock. 3.5 Site Suitability. 3.6 Shear Strength. Chapter 4 Bearing Capacity. 4.1 Helix Spacing. 4.2 Individual Bearing Method. 4.3 Cylindrical Shear Method. 4.4 Limit State Analysis. 4.5 Shaft Adhesion. 4.6 LCPC Method. 4.7 Pile Deflection. 4.8 Simple Buckling. 4.9 Advanced Buckling. 4.10 Down Drag. Chapter 5 Pullout Capacity. 5.1 Theoretical Capacity. 5.2 Minimum Embedment. 5.3 Effect of Groundwater. 5.4 Group Efficiency. 5.5 Structural Capacity. 5.6 Cyclic Loading. Chapter 6 Capacity-to-Torque Ratio. 6.1 Early Empirical Work. 6.2 New Emperical Justification. 6.3 Energy Model. 6.4 Simple Shaft Friction Model. 6.5 Other Theoretical Methods. 6.6 Precautions. 6.7 Exploration with Helical Pile. Chapter 7 Axial Load Testing. 7.1 Compression. 7.2 Tension. 7.3 Loading Procedures. 7.4 Interpretation of Results. 7.5 Other Interpretations. Chapter 8 Reliability and Sizing. 8.1 Factor of Safety. 8.2 Helix Sizing. 8.3 Computer-Aided Sizing. 8.4 Statistics. 8.5 Field Adjustments. 8.6 Reliability. Chapter 9 Expansive Soil Resistance. 9.1 Expansive Soils. 9.2 Foundations on Expansive Soils. 9.3 Active Zone. 9.4 Pile Design. 9.5 Early Refusal Condition. Chapter 10 Lateral Load Resistance. 10.1 Rigid Pile Analysis. 10.2 Flexible Pile Analysis. 10.3 Pile Groups. 10.4 Effect of Helical Bearing Plates. 10.5 Effect of Couplings. 10.6 Lateral Load Tests. 10.7 Emperical Results. 10.8 Lateral Restraining Systems. 10.9 Seismic Resistance. Chapter 11 Corrosion and Life Expectancy. 11.1 Corrosion Basics. 11.2 Galvanic Corrosion. 11.3 Zinc Coatings. 11.4 Passivity. 11.5 Powder Coating. 11.6 Design Life. 11.7 Sacrificial Anodes. 11.8 Special Topics. Chapter 12 Foundation Systems. 12.1 Basic Foundation Plan. 12.2 Foundation Loads. 12.3 Pile Cap Design. 12.4 Manufactured Pile Caps. 12.5 Bridges and Boardwalks. 12.6 Concreteless Design. 12.7 Lateral Bracing. Chapter 13 Earth Retention Systems. 13.1 Lateral Earth Pressure. 13.2 Retaining Walls. 13.3 Excavation Shoring. 13.4 Timber Lagging. 13.5 Helical Soil Nails. 13.6 Grading and Drainage. 13.7 Post-Tensioning. 13.8 Wall Repair. Chapter 14 Underpinning Systems. 14.1 Foundation Repair. 14.2 Underpinning Brackets. 14.3 Rotational Bracing. 14.4 Floor Slab Support. 14.5 Braced Excavations. Chapter 15 Economics. 15.1 Cost and Availability. 15.2 Foundation Economics. 15.3 Measurement and Payment. Chapter 16 Proprietary Systems. 16.1 Grouting Systems. 16.2 Ground Anchors. 16.3 Special Helix Shapes. 16.4 Underpinning Systems. 16.5 Enhanced Lateral Resistance. 16.6 Composite Piles. 16.7 Special Couplings. 16.8 Future Development. Chapter 17 Building Codes. 17.1 IBC 2006. 17.2 IBC 2009. 17.3 Product Evaluation Reports. 17.4 AC358 Criteria Development. 17.5 New Evaluation Criteria. 17.6 Forthcoming Codes. Appendix A. Common Symbols and Abbreviations. Appendix B. Summary of Prior Art. Appendix C. Load Tests Results. Appendix D. Nomenclature. Glossary of Terms. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisProvides a complete overview of low energy cooling systems for buildings. An excellent data source on cooling performance for a wide range of sustainable energy technologies, such as energy reduction and thermal protection. It will appeal to a wide audience of engineers.Table of ContentsPreface. About the Author. 1 Energy Demand of Buildings. 1.1 Residential Buildings. 1.1.1 Heating Energy. 1.1.2 Domestic Hot Water. 1.1.3 Electricity Consumption. 1.2 Office Buildings. 1.2.1 Heating Energy. 1.2.2 Electricity Consumption. 1.2.3 Air Conditioning. 1.3 Conclusions. 2 Façades and Summer Performance of Buildings. 2.1 Review of Façade Systems and Energy Performance. 2.1.1 Single Façades. 2.1.2 Double Façades. 2.1.3 Modelling of Ventilated Façades. 2.2 Experimental Results on Total Energy Transmittance. 2.2.1 Laboratory Experiments. 2.2.2 Building Experiments. 2.3 Cooling Loads through Ventilation Gains. 2.3.1 Double Façade Experiments. 2.3.2 Parameter Study Using Simulation. 2.4 Energy Production from Active Façades. 2.4.1 Thermal and Electrical Energy Balance of the Façade. 2.5 Conclusions on Façade Performance. 3 Passive Cooling Strategies. 3.1 Building Description and Cooling Concepts. 3.1.1 Lamparter Building, Weilheim. 3.1.2 Rehabilitated Office Building in Tübingen. 3.1.3 Low-energy Office Building in Freiburg. 3.2 Passive Night Ventilation Results. 3.2.1 Internal Loads and Temperature Levels. 3.2.2 Air Changes and Thermal Building Performance. 3.2.3 Simulation of Passive Cooling Potential. 3.2.4 Active Night Ventilation. 3.3 Summary of Passive Cooling. 4 Geothermal Cooling. 4.1 Earth Heat Exchanger Performance. 4.1.1 Earth to Air Heat Exchanger in a Passive Standard Office Building. 4.1.2 Performance of Horizontal Earth Brine to Air Heat Exchanger in the ebök Building. 4.1.3 Performance of Vertical Earth Brine to Air Heat Exchanger in the SIC Building. 4.1.4 Modelling of Geothermal Heat Exchangers. 4.1.5 Conclusions on Geothermal Heat Exchangers for Cooling. 5 Active Thermal Cooling Technologies. 5.1 Absorption Cooling. 5.1.1 Absorption Cycles. 5.1.2 Solar Cooling with Absorption Chillers. 5.2 Desiccant Cooling. 5.2.1 Desiccant Cooling System in the Mataró Public Library. 5.2.2 Desiccant Cooling System in the Althengstett Factory. 5.2.3 Monitoring Results in Mataró. 5.2.4 Monitoring Results in Althengstett. 5.2.5 Simulation of Solar-Powered Desiccant Cooling Systems. 5.2.6 Cost Analysis. 5.2.7 Summary of Desiccant Cooling Plant Performance. 5.3 New Developments in Low-Power Chillers. 5.3.1 Development of a Diffusion–Absorption Chiller. 5.3.2 Liquid Desiccant Systems. 6 Sustainable Building Operation Using Simulation. 6.1 Simulation of Solar Cooling Systems. 6.1.1 Component and System Models. 6.1.2 Building Cooling Load Characteristics. 6.1.3 System Simulation Results. 6.1.4 Influence of Dynamic Building Cooling Loads. 6.1.5 Economic Analysis. 6.1.6 Summary of Solar Cooling Simulation Results. 6.2 Online Simulation of Buildings. 6.2.1 Functions and Innovations in Building Management Systems. 6.2.2 Communication Infrastructure for the Implementation of Model-Based Control Systems. 6.2.3 Building Online Simulation in the POLYCITY Project. 6.3 Online Simulation of Renewable Energy Plants. 6.3.1 Photovoltaic System Simulation. 6.3.2 Communication Strategies for Simulation-Based Remote Monitoring. 6.3.3 Online Simulation for the Commissioning and Operation of Photovoltaic Power Plants. 6.3.4 Summary of Renewable Energy Plant Online Simulation. 7 Conclusions. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisIt is often said that in order to know where we are going, we need to know where we have been. For some years the construction industry has been challenged to deliver better performance in terms of value for money, timelier construction and defect free building. Behind this remodelling of an industry is Government. The interest by Government is not new, and report after report in the post war period has exhorted the industry to perform better. This book documents how Government, through influential reports, has sought to shape the performance and attitudes of parties to the construction industry. It provides a critical review of 12 of the most significant, setting these against their political, social and economic background, and offers a ready reference and critique for researchers of construction management, government and economics.Trade Review"The tabular comparison between the reports is excellent. A useful text for those wanting an overview of any of the featured reports and not wishing to read through the full version. One for recommendation to students and practitioners undertaking research into the future direction and prospects of the industry." Richard Davis Msc MRICS ACIArb, Building Engineer 'I must report that the book is exceedingly well written and readable. ...I would class this as an essential primer for any student at Masters level or at research degree level who was looking to produce any significant piece of research on virtually any aspect of our industry. 'An excellent piece of work... should be on the shelf of every serious researcher and teacher in our field.' Construction Management and Economics October 2003.Table of ContentsList of contributors; Foreword; Preface; Introduction; The placing and management of contracts: (Simon Report 1944); The Ministry of Works party report on building (Philips Report 1950); Survey of the problems before the construction industry (Emmerson Report 1962); The placing and management of contracts for building and civil engineering work (Banwell Report 1964); Tavistock studies into the building industry (Communications in the building industry 1965 & interdependence and uncertainty 1966); Large industrial sites report (NEDC 1970); The public client and the construction industries (Wood Report 1975); Faster building for Industry (NEDO Report 1983); Faster Building for Commerce (NEDO Report 1988); Constructing the team (Latham Report 1994); Technology foresight - progress through partnership (OST Report 1995); Rethinking Construction (Egan Report 1998); Conclusions; Index

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsA note on quotations I. Socinianism A. Introduction B. The history of anti-Nicene churches C. Socinian thought D. What is a Socinian? II. Socinianism interpreted (1680-1715) A. Introduction B. Socinian self-interpretation C. Catholic interpretation of Socinianism D. 'Socinian' as a term of abuse E. Summary III. Voltaire's religion and Socinianism before his English exile A. Childhood and youth B. Literary success C. The Netherlands, 1722 D. The road to England (1722-1726); Digression E. Summary IV. Voltaire in England A. The visit B. Contacts with Socinians and Socinianism C. Other contacts with English religion D. The Henriade E. Summary V. Socinians in the Lettres philosophiques A. Introduction B. The Socinians C. The seventh Lettre philosophique, 'Sur les Sociniens, ou Ariens, ou anti-Trinitaires' D. 1734: Voltaire a Socinian? VI. Voltaire and Socinianism: The quiet years (1734-1754) A. Diffused influences B. Explicit references C. Conclusion VII. Voltaire decides the Swiss are Socinians (1754-1756) A. The road to Switzerland B. Geneva and Voltaire: the beginnings C. Voltaire and Lausanne VIII. Quarrels about Socinianism at Geneva (1756-1758) A. L'âme atroce B. The 'Genève' article in the Encyclopédie IX. Later reflections on Socinianism in Geneva (1758-1777) A. Rousseau (1758-1759) B. Alembert (1759) C. Vernet D. Rousseau and Vernet (1764-1766) E. Charles Bonnet F. Voltaire (1759-1777) X. Voltaire and Socinianism outside Geneva (1758-1778) General summary XI. Appendix A: Genevese letters from the âme atroce affair XII. Appendix B: Extracts from the Dupan-Freudenreich correspondence about the 'Genève' article controversy Bibliographical abbreviations List of works cited

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsAbbreviations Introduction 1. The eucharist Exodus The New Testament Fathers Ambrose Augustine Paschase Ratramn Berengar Lanfranc Guitmund Thomas Wyclif Luther Trent The seventeenth century The Calvinists Descartes Frequent communion The refusal of last rites Eucharistic dogma 2. Voltaire and the eucharist The earliest satire The rites controversy Colmar Essai sur les mœurs The late fifties and early sixties The Easter communion of 1768 Easter in 1769 The publications of 1768 and 1769 Last writings Voltaire's interest in the eucharist Works cited Index

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsAvant-propos Introduction i. Jubé avant le sejour en Russie ii. L’union des Eglises iii. Pierre Ier et le mémoire de la Sorbonne sur la réunion des Eglises iv. La mission de Jubé en Russie v. Le retour en Hollande. Les dernières années de la vie de Jubé vi. Bilan de la mission de Jubé en Russie vii. Le récit de voyage de Jubé La Religion, les Mœurs, et les Usages des Moskovites, avec quelques particularités par rapport à leur schisme, dans la vue de les réunir à l’Eglise Latine Bibliographie Index

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Book SynopsisLa place de la Bible dans la correspondance de Voltaire a été jusqu'à présent largement sous-estimée: si les citations sont le plus souvent aisément repérables, les allusions et l’utilisation, plus diffuse, de tout un langage scripturaire n’avaient jamais fait l’objet d’un recensement.Trade Review'By seeing more of the Bible and seeing it more clearly than Besterman, Bessire proves that it obsesses Voltaire the correspondent. Much of this biblical erudition had gone unnoticed because of the way in which Voltaire twists and dislocates it. Bessire shows how Voltaire not only preys overtly on religious folly, but becomes a cuckoo in the clerical nest, feeding on biblical idioms for his own epistles of reason.'Times Literary Supplement'The strength of this book is the animating presence of Voltaire’s letters. Punctuating nearly every page of his study with numerous examples, Bessire demonstrates that the Bible is unquestioningly the most important intertext in Voltaire’s correspondence.'Eighteenth-Century Studies, 34:3Table of ContentsListe des abréviationsNote liminaireIntroduction1. La fréquence et l’étendue de la référence biblique2. L’usage universal de la référence biblique3. De l’esprit sur la Bible4. La Bible considérée comme de la littérature5. La critique biblique dans la correspondanceConclusionAnnexes analytiques1. Lettres comportant des références bibliques, par année2. Lettres de Voltaire comportant des références bibliques, par destinataire3. Lettres à ou sur Voltaire comportant des références bibliques, par auteur4. Références bibliques, par livre5. Auteurs d’ouvrages sur la Bible cités dans la correspondance6. Termes et notions bibliques cités dans la correspondance7. Personnages bibliques cités dans la correspondance8. Toponymes bibliques cités dans la correspondanceBibliographieSommaire du texteIndex des noms de personnes

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Book SynopsisThe most comprehensive attempt to anthologise the key Ranter writings - bringing together some remarkable, visionary and unforgettable texts.Trade Review'As a primer in the strangeness of radical thought during the period, as well as a wildly entertaining (if slightly crazed) read' -- Times Literary Supplement'Nigel Smith is to be congratulated for bringing these writings together for the first time in one volume' -- History Today'This splendid edition of Ranter writings covers the whole range of their politics and theology and shows the movement developing over time. Smith preserves the Ranters' highly distinctive spelling and orthography ... A fascinating and exhilarating read' -- Edinburgh Review'Admirable and lively' -- The TabletTable of ContentsForeword Foreword to First Edition, 1983 by John Carey Preface Abbreviations Introduction Further Reading 1. Abiezer Coppe Preface to 'John the Divine's Divinity' (1648) 'Some Sweet Sips, of some Spiritual Wine' (1649) 'An Additional and Preambular Hint' to Richard Coppin's 'Divine Teachings' (1649) 'A Fiery Flying Roll' and 'A Second Fiery Flying Roule' (1649) Letter from Coppe to Salmon and Wyke (c. April-June 1650) 'Divine Fire-Works' (1657) 2. Laurence Clarkson 'A Single Eye All Light, No Darkness' (1650) Letter from Clarkson to William Rawlinson (mid-July-Oct 1650) From 'The Lost Sheep Found' (1660) 3. Joseph Salmon 'A Rout, A Rout' (1649) Letter from Salmon to Thomas Webbe (3 April 1650) 'Heights in Depths' (1651) 4. Jacob Bauthumley 'The Light and Dark Sides of God' (1650) Index Index of Biblical References

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisPressure on space and changes in planning law mean that loft conversions are now at the forefront in the race to improve the performance of Britain''s ageing housing stock. Since 1990, roof space conversions have increased UK housing capacity by more than 200 million square feet - a living area equivalent to a medium-sized city - without the loss of a single square foot of greenfield land.Loft Conversions is the definitive technical guide to the conversion of roof spaces in single family dwellings. It brings together a wealth of practical and regulatory guidance in a form that is easy to read and comprehensively illustrated.This fully revised and updated second edition is intended primarily for architects, builders, surveyors and others professionally involved in the process of loft conversion. The insights it provides are also invaluable to self-builders and to householders wishing to achieve a deeper understanding of what a loft conversion involves.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgements xiv 1 Planning and legal considerations 1 Permitted development 1 Permitted development law 1 Commentary on permitted development provisions – England 4 Permitted development restrictions 10 Curtilage: raising party walls 10 Conservation areas 10 Article IV directions 11 Planning conditions affecting permitted development 11 Listed buildings 11 Other conditions affecting development 12 Restrictive covenants 12 Mortgage lenders 12 Buildings and contents insurance 12 Tree preservation orders 12 Bats 12 Lawful Development Certificate 13 Planning permission 13 Planning applications 13 Sources of planning guidance 15 Supplementary planning guidance 16 Supplementary planning documents 16 Design guides 16 Design codes 16 Local Development Framework 16 Unitary Development Plan 16 The Party Wall etc. Act 1996 16 Procedure 17 Disputes 18 2 The Building Regulations and building control 19 The Building Act 1984 19 The Building Regulations 19 Approved Document guidance 20 Compliance guides 21 Relationship between the Building Regulations and the Approved Documents 21 Building control 21 Local authority building control 22 Full plans 22 Building notice 24 Notification and inspection of work 25 Resolving Building Regulations disputes 26 Electronic building control applications 28 Approved inspector building control 28 3 External forms 30 Primary influences on form 30 Planning considerations 30 Pitch, plan and headroom 31 Stair access 31 Shallow-pitched roofs 31 Existing roof type 31 Conversion forms 33 Roof space only conversion 33 Box dormer conversion 33 Front box dormer conversion 34 Hip-to-gable conversion 34 Side dormer conversion 35 Full-width dormer with masonry flanks 35 Mansard conversion 36 Lean-to conversion 38 Half dormer 38 Existing attic rooms 38 Galleries and platforms 39 Traditional dormer forms 39 Gabled dormer 40 Hipped dormer 40 Flat dormer (small) 40 Cat slide dormer 42 Recessed dormer 42 Eyebrow dormer 42 Arched dormer 42 Segmental dormer 42 Pedimented dormer 42 Canted bay dormer 43 Design considerations 43 Fenestration 43 Roof detail 43 Vertical cladding and roofing materials 44 Chimney positions 45 Drainage 45 4 Fire safety 47 Regulatory framework 47 Main changes to Approved Document B (2006) 47 Fire resistance: basic requirements 49 Warning and escape 50 Floor height rules 51 Storey and floor numbering rules 51 Fire safety: common configurations – floor not more than 4.5 m above lowest ground level 52 Means of warning 52 Means of escape 52 One floor more than 4.5 m above ground level 54 Means of warning 54 First floor fire resistance 54 New floor (conversion) 54 Escape windows 54 Means of escape 55 More than one floor over 4.5 m above ground level 59 Galleries 59 Elements and terminology 62 Access room 62 AFD 62 Air circulation systems 62 Alternative escape route 62 Automatic self-closing devices (self closers) 63 Balconies and flat roofs 63 Cavity barriers 63 Doors – glazing in final exit 63 Emergency egress (escape) windows and external doors 64 Escape route 64 Final exit 64 Fire curtains 65 Fire detection and fire alarm systems 65 Fire doors 67 Fire stopping and the protection of openings 67 Habitable room 69 Inner room 69 Inner inner room 69 Loft conversion 69 Modified 30-minute protection 69 Open plan layouts 70 Passenger lifts 71 Sprinkler systems 71 Storey exit 71 Storey height measurement 71 Fire safety in context 72 5 Conversion survey 73 Survey procedure 73 Outline of survey elements 74 Survey elements in detail 76 Age of the building 76 Headroom and floor-to-ceiling height 76 External relationships 77 Internal layout 77 Roof form 77 Roof structure 77 Roof condition 79 Walls 80 Foundations 82 Internal walls and partitions 83 Floor and ceiling structure 84 Strength of existing timber elements 85 Water tanks 85 Drainage and services 86 Chimneys 87 6 Beams and primary structure 88 Approved Document guidance 88 Beam position relative to existing structure 88 Beam characteristics 89 Common structural steel sections 89 Engineered timber beams 91 Fire resistance of beams 94 Beam bearings 94 Mild steel bearing plates 95 Padstones 96 Beam penetration 98 Beam splices 98 Flange and web plate splice 98 End plate beam splices 99 Splice box 99 Inline box 99 PFC bearing 100 Beam-to-beam connections 101 Bolted connections 101 Grade 4.6 bolts 103 Grade 8.8 ‘high-strength’ bolts 103 HSFG bolt assemblies 104 Toothed plate connectors 105 Timber to masonry connections 105 Tension straps 105 Expansion bolts 105 Chemical anchoring 107 Disproportionate collapse 107 7 Floor structure 109 Role of the conversion floor 109 Elements of loft conversion floor design 110 Room height in the conversion (headroom) 111 Methods of support for floors 111 Beam-supported floors 112 Wall-supported floors 115 Floor joist selection 117 Joist spacing 117 Timber supplies 118 Machined (regularised) joist sections 118 Holes and notches in joists 119 Binders 119 New floor joist/existing ceiling clearance 122 Strutting 122 Trimming 123 Lateral support by floors 125 Floor fire resistance 128 Conversion floor (fire and sound resistance) 128 Floor materials and fixing 129 Conditioning 130 Staggered joints 130 Moisture and sound resistance 130 Fixing 131 T&G floor panels 131 Timber floorboards 131 Stairs 131 Headroom 131 Landings 132 Stair configuration 132 Structural implications 136 Stair provision: practical aspects 136 8 Wall structure 138 External stud walls 138 Stud arrangement and spacing 138 Elements of stud wall construction 141 Terminology 141 Openings 146 Supporting structural steel in stud walls 146 Vertical cladding 146 Fire resistance of dormer stud walls 148 Masonry walls (external) 149 Hip-to-gable conversion 150 Safety considerations during construction 151 Lateral restraint of flank gable walls 151 Brick selection and size 151 Solid blockwork 153 Mortar and brickwork 154 Parapet walls in loft conversions 155 Integrating new and old 155 Chimney cowls 159 Compartment (party) walls 159 Internal partitions 160 Window and door safety 160 Windows 161 Juliet balconies and balustrades 161 Glazing requirements for doors 162 Cleaning 162 Replacement windows 162 9 Roof structure 163 Roof types 163 The cut roof (common to about 1950) 163 The TDA roof truss (common 1947–1980) 163 Trussed rafter roofs (1965 to present) 165 Cut roof: structural forms 165 Single roofs 165 Double roofs 166 Cut roof: structural elements 167 Purlin 167 Ridge and rafters 170 Wall plates 172 Ceiling joists and collars 172 Cut roof: common conversion alterations 172 Modification of the roof structure 172 Reasons to remove a purlin 174 Replacement support for purlins 174 Rafters 176 Trimming 176 Sizing and loading of rafters 183 Hip-to-gable conversion 183 Notches and holes 184 Lateral support for gables 184 Replacement roof coverings 185 Flat roof: basic structure 186 Flat roof – warm deck (unventilated) 188 Flat roof – cold deck (ventilated) 189 Flat roof – hybrid warm roof (unventilated) 189 Roof ventilation 189 Continuity of airflow around roof windows 191 Ventilation – possible exemptions from the requirement 191 Approved Document guidance 192 Attic trusses 192 10 Energy performance 195 Methods of compliance 195 The reference method (elemental approach) 195 Area-weighted U-value method (optional approach) 196 Whole dwelling calculation method (optional approach) 197 Walls and roofs – performance requirements 197 U-values for new thermal elements 198 U-values for retained thermal elements 198 Standards for replacement thermal elements in an existing dwelling 199 Standards for renovation of thermal elements 199 Energy conservation – practical approaches 200 Insulation materials 200 Fixing internal insulation 201 Airtightness 203 Thermal bridging 204 Insulation for wall and roof elements 204 Existing (retained) solid brick masonry walls 204 New solid brick masonry walls 205 New solid blockwork walls 205 Existing (retained) cavity masonry walls 206 New cavity masonry walls 207 New tile hung stud walls 208 Existing (retained) or new pitched roof 208 New flat warm roof 209 New flat cold deck 210 Windows and other openings 210 Area of windows 213 Risks associated with insulation 213 Surface condensation 213 Interstitial condensation – all elements 214 Spalling risk – masonry walls 214 Electric lighting 214 Practical implications 214 Heating and hot water systems 215 Providing information about energy efficiency 216 Loft insulation when a loft is not converted 216 Ventilation for occupants 216 Background ventilation 217 Purge (rapid) ventilation 217 Extract ventilation 218 Ventilation – practical measures 218 All rooms 218 Habitable room (with external wall) 219 Habitable room (with no external wall) 219 Bathroom (with external wall) 219 Bathroom (with no external wall) 219 WC (with external wall) 220 WC (with no external wall) 220 Providing information about ventilation 220 11 Lofts in context 221 Why convert? 221 Loft conversion statistics 222 Underlying trends 222 The nature of the housing stock 222 Practical sustainability 223 Renewable energy 223 Reducing solar gain 224 Green roofs 225 Water conservation 225 Reducing construction waste and re-using materials 226 Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs) and insulating to a higher standard 227 Towards zero carbon 228 The Zero Carbon Loft 229 Appendix A Specification 233 Appendix B The Building Regulations: appeals and determinations 239 Appendix C Planning and curtilage 249 Glossary 252 Bibliography and useful contacts 260 Index 264 A colour plate section falls between pages 162 and 163

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Book SynopsisIt's often said that the construction professional has to be a jack of all trades, and master of all. This text covers a wide range of subjects, reflecting the breadth of knowledge needed to understand the dynamics of this large and complex industry. This edition includes updated chapters on planning and scheduling, a new chapter addressing linear scheduling methods, material regarding the historical background of construction as a profession, and includes an Instructor Resource of solutions to the end-of-chapter review exercises. This text has become a standard course text at many universities. The first four editions have enjoyed wide success as an introductory treatment of the subjects which are critical to success in the construction industry. This fifth edition preserves the features that have been most appreciated by its users throughout the years, and adds suggestions provided by instructors and students through formal surveys and informal feedback to the authors.Table of ContentsAbout the Authors v Preface vii 1 History and Basic Concepts 1 1.1. Bridges and History 1 1.2. The Historical Impact of Construction 2 1.3. Great Captains of Construction 3 1.4. Panama Canal 5 1.5. Other Historic Projects 8 1.6. Construction versus Manufacturing Processes 9 1.7. Project Format 10 1.8. Project Development 11 1.9. Construction Technology and Construction Management 12 1.10. Construction Management Is Resource Driven 13 1.11. Construction Industry 14 1.12. Structure of the Construction Industry 14 1.13. Differing Approaches to Industry Breakdown 15 1.14. Management Levels of Construction 16 Review Questions and Exercises 18 2 Preparing the Bid Package 19 2.1. Project Concept and Need 19 2.2. Establishing Need 20 2.3. Formal Need Evaluation 21 2.4. Conceptual Drawings and Estimates 22 2.5. Preliminary and Detail Design 27 2.6. Notice to Bidders 28 2.7. Bid Package 28 2.8. General Conditions 33 2.9. Supplementary Conditions 34 2.10. Technical Specifications 34 2.11. Addenda 38 2.12. Decision to Bid 38 2.13. Prequalification 39 2.14. Subcontractor and Vendor Quotations/Contracts 39 2.15. Bid Bond 40 2.16. Performance and Payments Bonds 41 2.17. Cost and Requirements for Bonds 42 Review Questions and Exercises 3 Issues During Construction 45 3.1. Acceptance Period/Withdrawal 45 3.2. Award of Contract/Notice to Proceed 46 3.3. Contract Agreement 47 3.4. Time Extensions 47 3.5. Change Orders 48 3.6. Changed Conditions 49 3.7. Value Engineering 50 3.8. Suspension, Delay, or Interruption 51 3.9. Liquidated Damages 53 3.10. Progress Payments and Retainage 54 3.11. Progress Reporting 55 3.12. Acceptance and Final Payment 55 3.13. Summary 57 Review Questions and Exercises 4 Contracts 59 4.1. Contract Environment 59 4.2. Process of Purchasing Construction 60 4.3. Major Construction Contract Types 61 4.4. Competitively Bid Contracts 61 4.5. Stipulated-Sum Contracts 62 4.6. Unit-Price Contracts 63 4.7. Negotiated Contracts 66 4.8. Project Delivery Methods 68 4.9. Design-Build Contracts 69 4.10. Design-Build in a Consortium Format 70 4.11. Construction Management Contracts 71 4.12. Construction Management At-Risk 72 4.13. Comparing Project Delivery Methods 72 Review Questions and Exercises 73 5 Legal Structure 75 5.1. Types of Organization 75 5.2. Legal Business Forms 75 5.3. Proprietorship 76 5.4. Partnership 77 5.5. Corporation 78 5.6. Comparison of Legal Structures 82 5.7. Joint Venturing 84 Review Questions and Exercises 85 6 Impact of Taxes 86 6.1. Society and Taxation 86 6.2. Business Impact of Taxation 87 6.3. Why Taxes? 88 6.4. Types of Taxes 88 6.5. Income Tax Systems 88 6.6. Taxation of Businesses 89 6.7. Business Deductions in General 91 6.8. Taxable Income: Individuals 91 6.9. Itemized Deductions, Standard Deductions, and Personal Exemptions 92 6.10. The Tax Significance of Depreciation 93 6.11. Marginal Tax Rates 93 6.12. Tax Credits 95 6.13. Tax Payroll Withholding 96 6.14. Tax Payment Schedules 96 6.15. Marginal, Average, and Effective Tax Rates 97 6.16. Summary 97 Review Questions and Exercises 98 7 Project Planning 99 7.1. Introduction 99 7.2. Work Breakdown Structure 100 7.3. Developing the Work Breakdown Structure 102 7.4. A Work Breakdown Example 102 7.5. Work Packages for the Gas Station Project 103 7.6. Determining Sequence of Work Packages 104 7.7. Estimate Development and Cost Control Related to the Work Breakdown Structure 106 7.8. Role of Code of Accounts 108 7.9. Summary 109 Review Questions and Exercises 109 8 Project Scheduling 111 8.1. Introduction 111 8.2. Estimating Activity Durations 112 8.3. Using Historic Productivity Data 113 8.4. Bar Charts 113 8.4.1. Description 113 8.5. Scheduling Logic 116 8.6. Scheduling Networks 119 8.7. The Critical Path Method 119 8.8. Forward Pass 120 8.9. Backward Pass 122 8.10. Activity Floats 123 8.11. Working to Calendar Dates 125 8.12. Example: Scheduling the Small Gas Station 127 8.13. Summary 130 Review Questions and Exercises 130 9 Scheduling: Program Evaluation and Review Technique Networks and Linear Operations 134 Review Questions and Exercises 148 10 Resource-Related and Advanced Linear Scheduling Techniques 152 10.1. Resource Scheduling 152 10.2. Resource Allocation 152 10.3. Resource Leveling 153 10.4. Time–Cost Trade-off 155 10.5. Linear and Repetitive Scheduling Techniques 156 10.6. Linear Scheduling Method 158 10.7. Case Study of a Linear Project 160 Review Questions and Exercises 163 11 The Mathematics of Money 164 11.1. Introduction 165 11.2. Time Value of Money 165 11.3. Factors Determining the Time Value of Money 166 11.4. Simple and Compound Interest 166 11.4.1. Simple Interest 166 11.4.2. Compound Interest 167 11.5. Nominal and Effective Rate 167 11.6. Equivalence and Minimum Attractive Rate of Return 168 11.7. Discount Rate 169 11.8. Sunk Costs 169 11.9. Cash Flow Diagrams 169 11.10. Annuities 170 11.11. Conditions for Annuity Calculations 170 11.11.1. Present Value of an Annuity: Finding P Given A 171 11.11.2. Installments Paying for an Item: Finding A Given P 172 11.12. Future Value of a Series of Payments: Finding F Given A 172 11.13. Annuity Required to Reach a Goal Amount: Finding A Given F 173 11.14. Summary of Equivalence Formulas 173 11.15. Worth Analysis Techniques: Rationale and Vocabulary 175 11.16. Present Worth Analysis 175 11.16.1. Example: Small Excavator 175 11.17. Equivalent Annual Worth 176 11.17.1. Example: Best Job Offer 176 11.18. Internal Rate of Return 176 11.19. Limitations of the Internal Rate of Return Method 177 11.20. A Practical Example Using Present Worth Analysis 177 11.21. Comparison Using Equivalent Annual Worth 179 11.22. Summary 181 Review Questions and Exercises 181 12 Project Cash Flow 183 12.1. Cash Flow Projection 183 12.2. Cash Flow to the Contractor 184 12.3. Overdraft Requirements 186 12.4. Comparison of Payment Schemes 188 Review Questions and Exercises 192 13 Project Funding 194 13.1. Money: A Basic Resource 194 13.2. Construction Financing Process 195 13.3. Long-Term Pro Forma Example 195 13.4. Mortgage Loan Commitment 198 13.5. Construction Loan 199 13.6. Owner Financing Using Bonds 201 13.7. Build, Operate, and Transfer 203 Review Questions and Exercises 204 14 Equipment Ownership 205 14.1. General 205 14.2. Equipment Ownership and Operating Costs 206 14.3. Depreciation of Equipment 207 14.4. Straight-Line Method 209 14.5. Declining Balance 211 14.6. Production Method 213 14.7. Depreciation Based on Current Law 213 14.8. Depreciation versus Amortization 215 14.9. Interest, Insurance, and Tax Costs 215 14.10. Operating Costs 217 14.11. Overhead and Markup 219 Review Questions and Exercises 219 15 Equipment Productivity 221 15.1. Need for Heavy Equipment 221 15.2. Productivity Concepts 222 15.3. Cycle Time and Power Requirements 225 15.4. Power Available 227 15.5. Usable Power 232 15.6. Equipment Balance 235 15.7. Random Work Task Durations 239 Review Questions and Exercises 241 16 Construction Labor 243 16.1. The Labor Resource 243 16.2. Short History of Labor Organizations 244 16.3. Early Labor Legislation 245 16.4. Norris-LaGuardia Act 246 16.5. Davis-Bacon Act 246 16.6. National Labor Relations Act 247 16.7. Fair Labor Standards Act 248 16.8. Union Growth 248 16.9. Labor Management Relations Act 249 16.10. Other Labor Legislation 251 16.11. Vertical versus Horizontal Labor Organization Structure 252 16.12. Jurisdictional Disputes 253 16.13. Union Structure 254 16.14. National Unions 256 16.15. State Federations and City Centrals 256 16.16. Union Locals 256 16.17. Union Hiring Halls 16.18. Secondary Boycotts 257 16.19. Open-Shop and Double-Breasted Operations 259 16.20. Labor Agreements 259 16.21. Labor Costs 260 16.22. Average Hourly Cost Calculation 264 Review Questions and Exercises 266 17 Estimating Process 268 17.1. Estimating Construction Costs 268 17.2. Types of Estimates 268 17.3. Detailed Estimate Preparation 271 17.4. Definition of Cost Centers 274 17.5. Quantity Takeoff 274 17.6. Methods of Detailed Cost Determination 278 17.7. Problems with Unit-Cost Method 280 17.8. Resource Enumeration 282 17.9. Work Package or Assembly-Based Estimating 284 17.10. Summary 286 Review Questions and Exercises 288 18 Cost Control 289 18.1. Cost Control as a Management Tool 289 18.2. Project Cost Control Systems 289 18.3. Cost Accounts 290 18.4. Cost Coding Systems 292 18.5. Project Cost Code Structure 292 18.6. Cost Accounts for Integrated Project Management 296 18.7. Earned Value Method 299 18.8. Labor Cost Data Collection 305 18.9. Charges for Indirect and Overhead Expense 307 18.10. Project Indirect Costs 309 18.11. Fixed Overhead 309 18.12. Considerations in Establishing Fixed Overhead 310 Review Questions and Exercises 312 19 Materials Management 314 19.1. Material Management Process 314 19.2. The Order 315 19.3. Approval Process 320 19.4. Fabrication and Delivery Process 322 19.5. Installation Process 323 19.6. Material Types 324 Review Questions and Exercises 326 20 Safety 327 20.1. Need for Safe Practice 327 20.2. Humanitarian Concerns 328 20.3. Economic Costs and Benefits 328 20.4. Uninsured Accident Costs 331 20.5. Federal Legislation and Regulation 332 20.6. Occupational Safety and Health Administration Requirements 334 20.7. How the Law Is Applied 334 20.8. Safety Record Keeping 337 20.9. Safety Program 338 Review Questions and Exercises 345 Appendices 347 Appendix A Typical Considerations Affecting the Decision to Bid 348 Appendix B Performance and Payment Bonds 351 Appendix C Arrow Notation Scheduling Calculations 356 Appendix D Generalized Network Relationships 362 Appendix E Productivity Scheduling Method Using Singularity Functions 368 Appendix F Plans for Small Gas Station 371 Appendix G Compound Interest Table 374 Appendix H Site Reconnaissance Checklist 375 Appendix I The Cumulative Normal Distribution Function 377 Bibliography 381 Index 385

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface to the Fifth Edition xi How to Use This Book xiii Acknowledgments xvii Part One Context for Building 1 Chapter 1 The Context for Residential Construction 3 1.1 History 4 1.2 A Culture of Building 7 1.3 Construction Systems 10 1.4 Types of Residential Development 12 1.5 Zoning Ordinances, Building Codes, and Other Legal Constraints 19 1.6 Building Costs and Financing 21 1.7 Building a House: The Typical Process 24 1.8 MasterFormat 29 Chapter 2 Sustainability Aspects of Construction 35 2.1 Why Sustainability Matters for Buildings 36 2.2 Environmental Responsibility: Building Green 39 2.3 Comprehensive Certification Systems 49 2.4 Resiliency 49 Chapter 3 The Construction Community: Builders, Contractors, and Developers 57 3.1 History 58 3.2 Builders and Contractors 60 3.3 Obtaining Work 65 3.4 The Residential Developer 67 3.5 Green Builders, Contractors, Remodelers, and Developers 72 3.6 Training the Construction Community 73 3.7 Tools of the Trade 74 3.8 Safety 77 Chapter 4 The Design Community: Architects, Designers, and Consultants 83 4.1 History 84 4.2 Residential Designers 84 4.3 Consultants 87 4.4 The Design Process 90 4.5 Design Sources 95 4.6 Communication between Designer and Builder 98 4.7 High- Performance House Designers 101 Part Two Materials 105 Chapter 5 Wood, Wood Products, and Plastics 107 5.1 Building with Wood 108 5.2 Lumber 110 5.3 Wood Products 122 5.4 Protection and Treatment 135 5.5 Wood Fasteners 137 5.6 Wood- Based Building Components 143 5.7 Types of Wood Construction 143 5.8 Plastics in Construction 145 Chapter 6 Masonry 155 6.1 Building with Stone 156 6.2 Mortar 158 6.3 Concrete Masonry 160 6.4 Brick Masonry 170 6.5 Stone Masonry 180 6.6 Other Types of Masonry Units 186 6.7 Special Considerations for Masonry Construction 187 Chapter 7 Concrete and Metals 193 7.1 Building with Concrete and Metals 194 7.2 Cement and Concrete 196 7.3 Making and Placing Concrete 199 7.4 Formwork 203 7.5 Reinforcing 203 7.6 Metals in Construction 210 Part Three Wood Light Frame House Construction 221 Chapter 8 Rough Site Work 223 8.1 Design Considerations 224 8.2 Organizing the Site for Construction 225 8.3 Site Preparation 225 8.4 Excavation 227 8.5 Site Utilities 229 8.6 Surface Water Drainage 234 8.7 Grading 236 Chapter 9 Foundations 245 9.1 Foundation Loads 246 9.2 Foundation Settlement 246 9.3 Soils 247 9.4 Designing Foundations 248 9.5 Footings 251 9.6 Concrete Foundation Walls 253 9.7 Concrete Masonry Foundation Walls 256 9.8 Concrete Slab Foundations 258 9.9 Wood Foundations 264 9.10 Precast Concrete Foundations 264 9.11 Pier Foundations 265 9.12 Anchor Bolts and Hold- Downs 265 9.13 Drainage and Waterproofing 267 9.14 Foundation Insulation 268 9.15 Backfilling 270 9.16 Foundation Design and the Building Codes 271 Chapter 10 Floor and Wall Framing 275 10.1 History 276 10.2 The Platform Frame 277 10.3 Building the Frame 279 Chapter 11 Roof Framing 307 11.1 History 308 11.2 Roof Types and Parts 309 11.3 Building the Roof 311 11.4 Wood Framing and the Building Codes 327 11.5 The Uniqueness of Wood Light Frame Construction 332 Chapter 12 Finishing the Roof 337 12.1 Preparation for Roofing 338 12.2 Roof Slope 338 12.3 Steep Roofs 340 12.4 Low- Slope Roofs 350 12.5 Roof Edge Details 358 12.6 Roof Drainage 358 12.7 Roofing and the Building Codes 362 Chapter 13 Windows and Exterior Doors 369 13.1 Windows 370 13.2 Exterior Doors 379 Chapter 14 Finishing the Exterior Walls 393 14.1 The Weather Barrier Membrane 395 14.2 Exterior Trim 396 14.3 Siding 396 14.4 Exterior Paints and Coatings 405 14.5 Ladders and Scaffolds 412 Chapter 15 Plumbing 419 15.1 Plumbing Basics 420 15.2 Planning for Pipes 424 15.3 Rough- in Plumbing 425 15.4 Finish Plumbing 428 15.5 Plumbing Codes 428 15.6 Other Piping Systems 429 Chapter 16 Heating, Cooling, and Ventilation 439 16.1 Choosing a System 440 16.2 Forced- Air Systems 442 16.3 Radiant Panel Systems 447 16.4 Other Hydronic Heating Systems 453 16.5 Mini- Split Heat Pumps 453 16.6 Local Source Heaters and Air- Conditioners 454 16.7 Ventilation Systems 458 16.8 Finishing the HVAC System 459 16.9 Heating, Cooling, and Ventilation Systems and the Building Codes 460 Chapter 17 Fireplaces and Stoves 467 17.1 Selecting a Fireplace or Stove 468 17.2 Planning for Fireplace or Stove Construction 470 17.3 The Masonry Fireplace 470 17.4 Masonry Heaters 479 17.5 Factory- Built Fireplaces 481 17.6 Freestanding Stoves 484 17.7 Fireplaces and Stoves and the Building Codes 485 Chapter 18 Electrical Wiring 493 18.1 Wiring Basics 494 18.2 Electrical System Design 499 18.3 Rough- in Electrical Installation 503 18.4 Finish Electrical Work 505 18.5 Electrical Wiring and the Building Codes 506 18.6 Low- Voltage Wiring 506 Chapter 19 Thermal Insulation, Air-and Vapor-Control 513 19.1 The Thermal Envelope and Its Components 515 19.2 Thermal Insulation Materials 520 19.3 How Much Insulation? 525 19.4 Installation of Insulation 527 19.5 Control of Water Vapor 528 19.6 Ventilation of Cavities 530 19.7 Control of Air Infiltration 534 Chapter 20 Interior Surfaces 543 20.1 Wall and Ceiling Finish 544 20.2 Finish Flooring 552 Chapter 21 Finishing the Interior 567 21.1 Interior Doors 568 21.2 Cabinets 571 21.3 Finish Carpentry and Trim 579 21.4 Paints and Coatings 581 Chapter 22 Finish Sitework 591 22.1 Paving Systems 592 22.2 Level Changes 594 22.3 Porches, Decks, and Structures 599 22.4 Finish Grading 600 22.5 Fencing 601 22.6 Outdoor Lighting 604 22.7 Irrigation 604 22.8 Planting 605 Part Four Alternative Construction Systems 611 Chapter 23 Panelized and Prefabricated Off-Site Construction 613 23.1 The Concept of Off- Site Construction 614 23.2 Types of Construction Systems 614 23.3 Framed Panel Systems 616 23.4 Structural Insulated Panels 618 23.5 Prefabricated (Factory- Built) House Construction 628 Chapter 24 Timber Frame Construction 641 24.1 The Uniqueness of the Timber Frame 643 24.2 Materials and Structure of the Timber Frame 647 24.3 Building a Timber Frame House 650 24.4 Timber Framing and the Building Codes 653 Chapter 25 Loadbearing Masonry and Concrete Construction 661 Part Five Multifamily Building Construction 725 25.1 Loadbearing Masonry 662 25.2 Insulating Concrete Forms 668 Chapter 26 Light-Gauge Steel Construction 679 26.1 Light- Gauge Steel Frame Construction 680 26.2 Hybrid Uses of Light- Gauge Steel 690 26.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Light- Gauge Steel Framing 690 Chapter 27 Low- Tech, Low- Energy Construction 697 27.1 Earthen Construction 698 27.2 Stacked Log Construction 706 27.3 Straw Bale Construction 712 Chapter 28 Multifamily Construction Systems 727 28.1 History 728 28.2 Special Considerations 731 28.3 Foundations 731 28.4 Framing 737 28.5 Acoustical Separation 749 28.6 Fire Protection 752 28.7 Systems 754 28.8 Accessibility 756 28.9 Site Management 757 Glossary 767 Index 793

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Book SynopsisModularization A practical, hands-on guide to offsite preassembly, beginning with the project as just a concept gleam in the CEO's eye and winding all the way through implementation at the construction site. Modularization is a philosophy change! And along with that change, comes the need to understand the implementation requirements and project mindset adjustments that impact and influence all aspects of the modular project. To accomplish this, the book provides a complete (from beginning to end) identification and evaluation of the differences that make a modular project unique, starting with the very basics in terms of definitions and setting the groundwork of expectations by identifying benefits and challenges. Then, because the journey is as important as the destination, the reader is guided through the various project phases in a manner that reflects how they would be addressed in the workplace. From the very earliest identification of concepts, through early assessment and selection of the optimal choice to be finally carried into detailed design, the reader is acquainted with each phase of the development process, including explanations and relevant suggestions for many of the questions and issues that typically come up. A perfect reference for professional and technical leaders when developing the early, critical planning phases of modular projects, this guide offers useful examples and details on the fundamentals required to get a modular project started correctly and keep it on track. And, for those whom this is not their first foray into modular project management, this guide includes suggestions, examples, and/or lessons learned to make the subsequent module projects easier to implement. Recognized industry experts Michael Kluck and Dr. Jin Ouk Choi have authored this guide to modularization that is ideal for owners, contractors, project management, engineers, project controls, and procurementin fact, anyone interested in improving current construction project management practices. In addition, its thought-provoking examples and project case studies provide the perfect platform for its instructional use in teaching modular concepts. Written from the perspective of both the Client/Owner and the EPC Contractor, this guide provides useful information needed for initial project management setup and technical details useful to working functional groups within the project. As such, it is truly a universal guide that can provide personnel at all levels within the project with the information needed to make project implementation more seamless. This book is written in terms of the large-scale industrial modularization project, but the steps and process are equally applicable to small-scale projects and projects outside the industrial construction realm. Some of the topics covered in this guide include: The basics (to set a basis for major topic presentations)Module configurations (good, bad, and ugly)A deep dive into modularization business case Module team and project interactionsModule execution planning and timingSuccess factors, pitfalls and avoidanceA walk through the module project A modular project case exercise tying it all togetherStandardization the next stepWhat the future holdsTable of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgements xi Introduction xiii Chapter 1 What Is Modularization? 1 Chapter 2 Advantages and Challenges of Modularization 17 Chapter 3 Industry Status on Modularization 31 Chapter 4 What Is a Module? 45 Chapter 5 The Business Case for Modularization 63 Chapter 6 The Module Team and Execution Plan Differences 95 Chapter 7 Key Critical Success Factors for Modular Project Success 109 Chapter 8 The Fabrication Yard 119 Chapter 9 Module Considerations by Project Group 129 Chapter 10 A Practical Module Development Process 151 Chapter 11 Modularization Application Case Study Exercise 177 Chapter 12 Standardization 187 Chapter 13 Innovative Technologies for Modularization 197 Chapter 14 Moving Forward 207 Chapter 15 Key Literature and Resources on Modularization 213 Abbreviations 221 Contributors 223 Index 225

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Book SynopsisAn incisive guide to navigating the construction industry and dealing with the people who work in it In the newly revised second edition of The Human Side of Construction: How to Ensure a Successful, Sustainable and Profitable Career as an AEC Professional, renowned construction professional Angelo Suntres delivers an insightful discussion of the root cause of many of the issues plaguing the construction industry todaythe lack of human connection. Suntres explains that, in an industry undergoing dramatic changes driven by technology, innovation, and new ways of working, construction professionals will need to make a fundamental shift in the way they think and operate. The book walks you through how to connect and collaborate with others in the industry and how to address the most common challenges you''ll face every day in construction. You''ll find: A thorough introduction to relationship building and effective communication with construction industry p

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Book SynopsisIn this series of teachings and conversations, Chökyi Nyima Rinpoche, a revered abbot, Tibetan meditation master, and author conveys the indispensable principles for arriving at the heart of Buddhist practice in his characteristic style. Filled with humor, candor, and wit. Indisputable Truth contains fresh clarifications on the trademark of all buddhas, four basic principles that mark the teachings of any enlightened being — impermanence, suffering, egolessness, and peace; unveiling the genuine view, reality as it is. Present Fresh Wakefulness is more than a set of general instructions on how to practice, it is the quintessential advice of an experienced, living master on what he considers to be the absolute necessities for today’s yogis to arrive at liberation and complete enlightenment.

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Book SynopsisIn Making Wonderful, Martin M. Tweedale tells how an ideology in the West energized an economic expansion that has led to ecological disaster. He takes us back to the rise of cities and autocratic rulers, analyzing how respect for custom and tradition gave way to the dominance of top-down rational planning and organization. Then in response came a highly attractive myth of an eventual future rid of all of humankind's ills, one in which life would be “made wonderful.” Originating in Zoroastrianism and, through Jewish apocalyptic works, flowing into early Christianity, this myth produced utopian beliefs that set the West apart from the other civilizations. Tweedale shows how these beliefs became popular among Western elites in the early modern period and eventually resulted in the distinctly Western doctrine of progress. This doctrine, an almost religious faith in the capacity of science and technology to improve human life, released economic expansion from traditional constraints and has led to our current environmental emergency. Exploring sources from philosophy, religion, and the history of ideas, Making Wonderful is for all readers who are intellectually curious about the roots of our eco-catastrophe.Trade Review"Making Wonderful is a vast, multi-disciplinary analysis of the ideological roots of the prevailing “eco-catastrophe” that locates it in certain dramatic shifts in the climate of ideas in European and European-colonial cultures. Martin M. Tweedale makes a compelling claim for the power of ideology and its cultural imaginary in his account of the roots of the ecological crisis." Jason M. Wirth, Seattle University"Making Wonderful stands out both for the breadth of historical scholarship and for the masterful manner in which Martin M. Tweedale shows how a plurality of distinct ideas came together to form an ideational whole whose effects far exceed those of its parts." Philip Rose, University of Windsor"The madness that drove us to the brink of making the only planet we have unlivable for our descendants has its ultimate origin, Tweedale tells us, in the rise of cities in Mesopotamia some 6,000 years ago.... Tweedale’s argument makes a lot of sense." Alex Rettie, Alberta Views Magazine, January 1, 2024Table of ContentsAcknowledgments | ix Preface | xi Introduction | xvii 1 Human Life before There Were Cities | 1 2 The Trauma of Urban-Dominated Civilization | 19 3 Designers of the Inner Self | 39 4 From Zarathustra to Revolutionary Millennialism | 77 5 Apocalyptic Thought in the Medieval West | 139 6 Reformation and Utopia | 167 7 Secularizing the Millennium | 225 8 The Cult of Science | 277 9 The Vulgarization of the Millennium | 317 Conclusion Unleashing the Western Gesellschaft | 359 Notes | 381 Works Cited | 411 Index | 417

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Book SynopsisThe book of peace that will open doors to new realities. Written in poetry form, short stories, a book of spells, bringing back old folk heroes Robin Hood and little Miss Riding Hood, along with shamans, angels, wizards and magicians. Questioning the way of life and its current state of affairs, whilst creating an opening for the reader to question their own mind and existence. The reader will be left with a personal choice as they enter a new future.

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Book SynopsisMaimonides ends each book of his legal code the Mishneh torah with a moral or philosophical reflection, in which he lifts his eyes, as it were, from purely halakhic concerns and surveys broader horizons. Menachem Kellner and David Gillis analyse these concluding paragraphs, examining their verbal and thematic echoes, their adaptation of rabbinic sources, and the way in which they coordinate with the Mishneh torah’s underlying structures, in order to understand how they might influence our interpretation of the code as a whole—and indeed our view of Maimonides himself and his philosophy. Taking this unusual cross-section of the work, Kellner and Gillis conclude that the Mishneh torah presents not only a system of law, but also a system of universal values. They show how Maimonides fashions Jewish law and ritual as a programme for attaining ethical and intellectual ends that are accessible to all human beings, who are created equally in the image of God.Many reject the presentation of Maimonides as a universalist. The Mishneh torah especially is widely seen as a particularist sanctuary. This study shows how profoundly that view must be revised.Trade ReviewReviews'Kellner and Gillis have written an impressive book that enables readers to enter more deeply into Rambam’s religious worldview. At a time when Rambam is subject to so much misrepresentation and misunderstanding, it is heartening to read a book that seeks to present Rambam’s teachings in a clear, genuine and convincing manner.'Rabbi Marc D. Angel, Jewish Ideas'This book belongs in the hands of anyone who teaches the philosophic halakhah of Maimonides, anyone who teaches topics such as slavery, ethics, or messianism in Maimonidean philosophic law. This book should be a valuable part of the essential library of the High School rabbi or pulpit rabbi looking to give a universalist defense of Judaism. The authors of this book have a sharp eye and acute ear for parallels between passages and echoes to discussions elsewhere in the text. As a literary reading of Maimonides the book is without equal.'Alan Brill, Kavvanah'The book most reads easily, making it accessible to readers not intimately acquainted with Mishneh Torah. And the book’s extensive cross-references to Rambam’s other works a are source of delight to scholars of Maimonidean studies.'Eugene Korn, H-Judaic'By treating these sermonettes to an in-depth study, the authors reveal how they can enhance our understanding of the MT itself and of Maimonides’ philosophical outlook. [...] Kellner and Gillis demonstrate that the reflective endings of MT reveal his understanding of Judaism as an ever-expanding intellectual horizon upon which halakhah was the means not the end in itself. Highly recommended for all libraries.'David B Levy, Association of Jewish Libraries News and Reviews 'This is a valuable book that takes its place among other important recent works of Maimonidean scholarship. A special treat awaits readers as well—namely, the appendix devoted to Maimonides’s cosmic paradigm complete with a helpful illustration of the intellects and the spheres.'Marc B. Shapiro, The Journal of Religion'Offers an inclusive and ethical vision of spiritual life ... Kellner and Gillis also provide fresh, incisive and detailed readings that integrate all of Maimonides’ works and provide the most extensive translations of his messianic writings.' Rabbi Baruch Frydman-Kohl, Canadian Jewish News‘The book’s central thesis is convincing and well argued: that the codas to each book of the Mishneh Torah present a focus of vision that is moral and universal in nature… Maimonides the Universalist offers a provocative and intriguing invitation and guide to that masterwork, highlighting themes of universal resonance and significance.’ Diana Lobel, SpeculumTable of ContentsNote on Transliteration Introduction1. Knowledge: To Know Is To Love2. Love: Abraham, Moses, and the Meaning of Circumcision3. Seasons: Hanukah and Purim Reconfigured4. Women: Marital and Universal Peace5. Holiness: Commandments as Instruments6. Asseverations: Social Responsibility and Sanctifying God's Name7. Agriculture: Sanctifying All Human Beings8. Temple Service: The Divinity of the Commandments9. Offerings: The Morality of the Commandments10. Ritual Purity: Intellectual and Moral Purity11. Damages: Who Is a Jew?12. Acquisition: Slavery versus Universal Humanity13. Civil Laws: God of Aristotle in the God of Abraham14. Judges: Messianic Universalism ConclusionAppendix: Maimonides' Cosmic ParadigmBibliographyIndex of CitationsIndex of Subjects

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