Petroleum technology Books

Book SynopsisOil is the lifeblood of the modern world. Without it, there would be no planes, no plastic, no exotic produce, and a global political landscape few would recognise. Humanity’s dependence upon oil looks set to continue for decades to come, but what is it? Fully updated and packed with fascinating facts to fuel dinner party debate, Professor Vaclav Smil's Oil: A Beginner's Guide explains all matters related to the ‘black stuff’, from its discovery in the earth right through to the controversy that surrounds it today.Trade Review'“There is no author whose books I look forward to more than Vaclav Smil" -- Bill Gates'Smil's...ability to condense so much detail on a broad range of topics from science to economics in such a short work is as impressive as his command of the subject matter.' -- Jason P. Theriot - Energy and Environmental consultant'In a fluent, easy style [Smil] delves into the world of oil from its discovery on the ground through to its effect on prices at the petrol pumps, and to its impact on future generations.' * The Good Book Guide *'Everything most people — including most economists and investment advisors — should know about the physics and economics of oil.' * National Post *'A well-balanced, concise, and readable synthesis of oil-related facts and history.' * Technology and Culture *

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Book SynopsisIn 2010 BP’s Deepwater Horizon catastrophe spiraled into the worst human-made economic and ecological disaster in Gulf Coast history. In the most comprehensive account to date, senior systems engineers Earl Boebert and James Blossom show how corporate and engineering decisions, each one individually innocuous, interacted to create the disaster.Trade ReviewThis book offers an extremely methodical approach to the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill. It is written in a concise, no-nonsense style, and couched in terms that a layman can understand. It is a highly original work with a well-structured argument, providing insight into the BP oil spill unavailable elsewhere. A thoroughly recommended read not only for oilfield professionals, but for all concerned parties. -- Alastair R. Fleck, Shell Global SolutionsDeepwater Horizon: A Systems Analysis of the Macondo Disaster shines a spotlight on the very high-risk situations that demand a consistent systems approach at all levels and from all parties. It demonstrates that—however popular or trendy they are today—streamlined, agile approaches don’t work in all situations. This book will be of value to business and engineering audiences, as well as anyone interested in technology policy. -- Marjory S. Blumenthal, technology policy expertDeepwater Horizon is the definitive work on an event that not only had enormous ecological repercussions, but which also shook the oil industry to its foundations. Meticulously researched, the explanation of the disaster will be comprehensible to the interested layman, while numerous annotations add depth and detail for academics and professionals. The authors’ purpose is to analyze the event, detail the lessons learned, and thereby make everyone safer. The book fulfills the first two aims admirably, and the rest is up to us. -- Andrew Kay, independent oilfield consultantModern organization theory emphasizes the central role that organizational culture and structure play in outcomes, and though this book is not on organization theory per se, it is destined to be a classic case study in the field. A great deal of safety analysis focuses on searches for the root cause of accidents and disasters, but the Deepwater Horizon incident demonstrates that the causality of some disasters has a fundamentally multifactor nature. This book should be read by anyone concerned with safety of large complex systems. -- Herb Lin, Stanford UniversityReaders wanting to know just what happened and why in the Deepwater Horizon disaster will never find a better book. -- Steve Donoghue * Open Letters Monthly *Two senior systems engineers offer a comprehensive account of BP’s Deepwater Horizon oil spill, where escaping gas and oil destroyed the rig, killing 11, injuring dozens and creating the worst human-made ecological disaster ever in the Gulf of Mexico. The book sifts through the evidence, challenging the common explanation that the crew, under pressure to cut costs, made mistakes compounded by a safety device failure. Instead, individually innocuous corporate and engineering decisions combined to create the disaster. The complex interactions of technology, people and procedures involved in offshore drilling illustrate a systems approach that yields a better understanding of how to prevent similar disasters in the future. * ISE Magazine *Most accounts of the Deepwater Horizon disaster dwell on the drama of the rig’s last hours, as the crew struggled to cope with the well blowout and then fought to survive. Those events are also part of Boebert and Blossom’s story, but the scope of their narrative is broader. Much of the action takes place deep underground, where drilling technology meets the uncertainties of geology, or else miles away in BP’s Houston offices. Their approach is analytic rather than dramatic. Theirs is the account for readers who want to understand how such disasters come about and what strategies might have the best chance of preventing more of them. -- Brian Hayes * American Scientist *

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Book SynopsisFor 45 years, William Leffler's Petroleum Refining in Nontechnical Language has been the go-to best seller for anyone needing to know the fundamentals of refining. Fluid prose, easy-to-understand graphics, and helpful analogies (like the "beer bottle principle") make the refining processing schemes clear. Each chapter was carefully written in nontechnical language to give the reader a basic understanding of the refining industry. The book can be used for self-study, as a classroom textbook, or as a quick reference.As always, Leffler's classic unit-by-unit description follows the oil molecules from the oil patch through the refinery to the consumer. In this edition, the industry's technological progress is brought up to date. In addition, Leffler adds a new chapter on the impact of hydraulic fracking on oil price setting in refining markets and another on competitive positioning.

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Book SynopsisAuthors Don Burdick and Bill Leffler have completely rewritten this time-honored bestseller, now the definitive book for understanding the mysteries of the petrochemical industry.With chapters on all the base chemicals and derivatives, plus seven new ones covering the Fischer-Tropsch process, polyurethane, epoxy resins and more, this is broadest available look inside the industry.Still offering readers easy-to-understand diagrams, charts and tables, plus digestible chapter reviews - this classic delivers the information that every person in the industry needs.Table of Contents What you need to know about organic chemistry Processes and equipment Benzene Toluene and xylene Olefin plants, ethylene, and propylene Cyclohexane The C4 hydrocarbon family Cumene and phenol Ethylbenzene and styrene Ethylene dichloride, vinyl chloride and epichlorohydrin Ethylene oxide and ethylene glycol Propylene oxide and propylene glycol Ethanolamines and polyols Methanol and synthesis gas Fischer-Tropsche process Lots of other alcohols MTBE Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde Ketones Acids Maleic Acrylonitrile, acrylic acid, and acrylates Aniline and phosgene Bisphenol A Alpha olefins Making polymers Thermoplastics MDI and TDI Polyurethane Epoxy resins and polycarbonates Fibers and other resins

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Table of ContentsChapter 1: Introduction: Unconventional resources from exploration to production Chapter 2: Worldwide recoverable unconventional gas resources evaluation Chapter 3: Geochemistry applied to evaluation of unconventional resources Chapter 4: Characterization of shale by laboratory experimentations Chapter 5: Lithofacies and rock type classifications in unconventional formations Chapter 6: Resource assessment and ranking for unconventional plays Chapter 7: Finding production sweet spot in shale reservoirs by integrating seismic data and geology Chapter 8: Seismic anisotropy and fracture detections in unconventional resource plays Chapter 9: Pressure prediction in unconventional formations and impact on reservoir development Chapter 10: Geomechanics for unconventional reservoirs Chapter 11: Hydraulic fracturing in transverse isotropic media Chapter 12: Production data analysis in shale gas reservoirs Chapter 13: Transport properties in shale gas reservoirs: from nano-pores to reservoir scale Chapter 14: The challenges and recent advances in modeling transport, storage and PVT behavior in shale oil and gas reservoirs Chapter 15: Integrated reservoir modeling workflow for unconventional reservoirs Chapter 16: Integrated modeling of natural and hydraulic fracture networks Chapter 17: Microseismicity in unconventional reservoirs Chapter 18: Completion optimization in producing oil and gas from tight formations Chapter 19: Evaluating completion effectiveness and predicting well performances Chapter 20: Gas hydrate reservoir characterization and development Chapter 21: Fractured reservoirs in tight basement formations: From basin analysis to fracture modeling Chapter 22: Uncertainty analysis and pitfalls in developing unconventional reservoirs

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Fundamentals of Reservoir Fluid Behavior 2. Reservoir-Fluid Properties 3. Laboratory Analysis of Reservoir Fluids 4. Fundamentals of Rock Properties 5. Relative Permeability Concepts 6. Fundamentals of Reservoir Fluid Flow 7. Oil Well Performance 8. Gas Well Performance 9. Gas and Water Coning 10. Water Influx 11. Oil Recovery Mechanisms and the Material Balance Equation 12. Predicting Oil Reservoir Performance 13. Gas Reservoirs 14. Principles of Waterflooding 15. Vapor-Liquid Phase Equilibria 16. Analysis of Decline and Type Curves 17. Fractured Reservoirs 18. Enhanced Oil Recovery

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Introduction 2. The Physical and Chemical Properties of Petroleum 3. Methods of Exploration 4. The Subsurface Environment 5. Generation and Migration of Petroleum 6. The Reservoir 7. Traps and Seals 8. Sedimentary Basins and Petroleum Systems 9. Nonconventional Petroleum Resources 10. Conclusions

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. General Information 2. Construction 3. Pipe Design 4. Electrical Design 5. Hydrostatic Testing 6. Pipeline Drying 7. Control Valves 8. Corrosion/Coatings 9. Gas-General 10. Gas-Compression 11. Gas-Hydraulics 12. Liquids-General 13. Liquids-Hydraulics 14. Pumps 15. Measurement 16. Instrumentation 17. Inspection, Maintenance, and Risk Evaluation 18. Tanks 19. Economics 20. Costs 21. Safety and Environment

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Book SynopsisMichael J. Economides is professor of engineering at the University of Houston. His work focuses on optimizing hydrocarbon production from reservoir to market. A leading energy analyst, he is editor-in-chief of Energy Tribune and the Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering.   A. Daniel Hill is professor in the Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering at Texas A&M University, holds the R.L. Whiting endowed chair, and is a Distinguished Member of the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE).   Christine Ehlig-Economides is professor in the Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering at Texas A&M University and holds the A.B. Stevens endowed chair. She is a member of the U.S. National Academy of Engineering.   Ding Zhu, is associate professor in the Harold Vance Department Table of Contents Foreword Preface About the Authors Chapter 1: The Role of Petroleum Production Engineering Chapter 2: Production from Undersaturated Oil Reservoirs Chapter 3: Production from Two-Phase Reservoirs Chapter 4: Production from Natural Gas Reservoirs Chapter 5: Production from Horizontal Wells Chapter 6: The Near-Wellbore Condition and Damage Characterization; Skin Effects Chapter 7: Wellbore Flow Performance Chapter 8: Flow in Horizontal Wellbores, Wellheads, and Gathering Systems Chapter 9: Well Deliverability Chapter 10: Forecast of Well Production Chapter 11: Gas Lift Chapter 12: Pump-Assisted Lift Chapter 13: Well Performance Evaluation Chapter 14: Matrix Acidizing: Acid/Rock Interactions Chapter 15: Sandstone Acidizing Design Chapter 16: Carbonate Acidizing Design Chapter 17: Hydraulic Fracturing for Well Stimulation Chapter 18: The Design and Execution of Hydraulic Fracturing Treatments Chapter 19: Sand Management Appendix A: Appendix B: Appendix C: Index

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Sedimentary and tectonic development of the Ordos Basin and its hydrocarbon potential Section A Relationships between tectonics, sedimentology, diagenesis, and hydrocarbon reservoirs 2. The collision between the North China Block and the South China Block, and the resulting event beds in the Triassic Yanchang Formation (southern Ordos Basin, China) 3. Origin and evolution of dolomite reservoirs in the Ordovician Majiagou Formation, Central and Eastern Ordos Basin, NW China 4. Depositional model and diagenetic evolution of hydrocarbon reservoirs in deep dolomites of the Ordos Basin, China 5. Facies shifts in the Ordos Basin (China) along the southern and western margins of the North China Plate as a result of plate tectonics 6. Evolution during the Permian from a marine to a continental setting, south-eastern Ordos Basin, China 7. Hydrocarbon accumulations in the Permian Shanxi Formation (Ordos Basin, China) as controlled by sedimentary heterogeneities 8. Subsidence of the Mesozoic Ordos Basin and resulting migration of depocenters Section B The role of diagenesis in gas fields 9. Chlorite coatings of quartz grains and the implications for Permian gas reservoirs in the Ordos Basin (China) 10. Gas geochemistry indicates Ordovician marine micrites as the main source rock of natural gas in a weathered limestone reservoir (Jingbian Gas Field, Ordos Basin, China) 11. The influence of diagenesis on low-porosity, low-permeability gas reservoirs in the Sulige Gas Field (Ordos Basin, China) 12. Diagenetically induced heterogeneity of tight gas reservoirs near Zizhou (Ordos Basin, eastern China) Section C Understanding facies problems 13. Facies distribution in the Ordovician Pingliang Formation (southern Ordos Basin, China) and the role of turbidity currents 14. When turbidity currents cross contour currents: a struggle for life in the Ordovician along the southern margin of the Ordos Basin (China) 15. Predicting the spatial distribution of sandy mass-flow deposits in deep basins by analysis of mud-coated structures Section D Focus on the Yanchang Formation 16. Lacustrine sequence stratigraphy: New insights from the study of the Yanchang Formation (Middle-Late Triassic), Ordos Basin, China 17. The origin of hyperpycnites in the Middle-Late Triassic Yanchang Fm. (Ordos Basin, China) and their significance for the formation of unconventional hydrocarbons 18. Influence of diagenesis on reservoir properties of the Chang 2 Oil Member of the Yanchang Formation in the Zhidan Oil Field (Ordos Basin, China) 19. Slurry deposits in cores from the Middle-Late Triassic Yanchang Formation (Ordos Basin, China) 20. Late Triassic tectono-volcanic activity and resulting soft-sediment deformation structures in the Yanchang Formation (Ordos Basin, China) 21. Middle-Late Triassic muddy gravity-flow deposits in the Ordos Basin (China) 22. Debrite/turbidite transitions in the Chang 6 Oil Member of the Yanchang Formation (Ordos Basin, China) 23. Reservoir quality of the Middle-Late Triassic Yanchang Formation (Ordos Basin) as controlled by sedimentology and diagenesis 24. The significance for unconventional petroleum exploration of a good classification system for gravity-flow deposits, with examples from the Yanchang Formation 25. Quality of tight sandstone reservoirs in gravity-flow deposits of the deep-lacustrine Yanchang Formation (Ordos Basin, China) as controlled by diagenesis

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Book SynopsisModeling and Simulation of Catalytic Reactors for Petroleum Refining deals with fundamental descriptions of the main conversion processes employed in the petroleum refining industry: catalytic hydrotreating, catalytic reforming, and fluid catalytic cracking.Trade Review"The text can serve as a reference for chemical and process engineers, computational chemists and modelers, catalysis researchers, and professionals in petroleum refining. It can also be used as a textbook either for a full course in reaction engineering or as a supplement in related courses". (Booknews, 1 June 2011Table of ContentsPREFACE. ABOUT THE AUTHOR. 1 Petroleum Refining. 1.1 Properties of Petroleum. 1.2 Assay of Crude Oils. 1.3 Separation Processes. 1.4 Upgrading of Distillates. 1.5 Upgrading of Heavy Feeds. 2 Reactor Modeling in Petroleum Refining Industry. 2.1 Description of Reactors. 2.2 Deviation from an Ideal Flow Pattern. 2.3 Kinetic Modeling Approaches. 2.4 Reactor Modeling. 3. Modeling of Catalytic Hydrotreating. 3.1 The Hydrotreating Process. 3.2 Fundamentals of Hydrotreating. 3.3 Reactor Modeling. 4. Modeling of Catalytic Reforming. 4.1 The Catalytic Reforming Process. 4.2 Fundamentals of Catalytic Reforming. 4.3 Reactor Modeling. 5. Modelling and Simulation of the Fluidised-Bed Catalytic Cracking Converter (Rafael Maya-Yescas). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Reaction Mechanism of Catalytic Cracking. 5.3 Simulation to Estimate Kinetic Parameters. 5.4 Simulation to Find Controlling Reaction Steps During Catalytic Cracking. 5.5 Simulation of Steady Operation of the Riser Reactor. 5.6 Simulation to Scale-Up Kinetic Factors. 5.7 Simulation of the Regenerator Reactor. 5.8 Modelling of the Catalyst Stripper. 5.9 Simulation of the Controlled FCC Unit. 5.10 Technological Improvements and Modifications. 5.11 Conclusions. INDEX.

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Book SynopsisDue to the rise in petroleum prices as well as increasing environmental concerns, there is a need to develop biochemicals and bioproducts that offer realistic alternatives to their traditional counterparts; this book will address the lack of a centralized resource of information on lubricants and greases from renewable sources, and will be useful to a wide audience in industry and academia. It is based on 20 years of research and development at the UNI-NABL Center, and discusses the various types of vegetable oils available, comparing their characteristics, properties and benefits against those of typical petroleum oils as well as discussing common evaluation tests and giving examples and case studies of successful applications of biobased lubricants and greases. Whilst scientific and engineering research data is included, the book is written in an accessible manner and is illustrated throughout. Focuses on an industrial application of lubrication technology undergoing Trade Review"All in all this book gives a very specific insight on the options and production of bio-based lubricants from a technical and chemical view, unfortunately the economic aspects are not shown." (Encyclopedia of Industrial Biotechnology, 30 August 2011) "This reference can be useful to a wide audience in industry and academia, and includes case studies on lubricants and greases from renewable sources, test results, new developments and more. " (Lubes & Greases Magazine, 2011) Table of ContentsAbout the Authors. Preface. Series Preface. Acknowledgements. Summary. Introduction. 1 Historical Development of Vegetable Oil-based Lubricants. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Pioneering Industrial Uses of Vegetable Oils. 1.3 Petroleum. 2 Chemistry of Lubricants. 2.1 The Nature of the Carbon Atom. 2.2 Carbon and Hydrocarbons. 2.2.1 Pointers for Non-Chemists on Vegetable oil and General Chemistry. 3 Petroleum-based Lubricants. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Basic Chemistry of Crude Oils. 3.2.1 The Paraffinic Oils. 3.2.2 The Naphthenic Oils. 3.2.3 The Aromatic Oils. 4 Plant Oils. 4.1 Chemistry of Vegetable Oils Relating to Lubricants. 4.2 Triglycerides. 4.3 Properties of Vegetable Oils. 4.4 Vegetable Oil Processing. 4.4.1 Degumming. 4.4.2 Bleaching. 4.4.3 Refining. 4.4.4 Deodorizing. 4.4.5 Interesterification. 4.5 Oxidation. 4.5.1 Reducing Oxidation. 4.5.2 Hydrogenation. 4.6 Winterization. 4.7 Chemical Refining. 4.8 Conventional Crop Oils. 4.8.1 Soybean. 4.8.2 Palm Oil. 4.8.3 Rapeseed. 4.8.4 Sunflower Oil. 4.8.5 Corn. 4.8.6 Safflower. 5 Synthetic Based Lubricants: Petroleum-Derived and Vegetable Oil-Derived. 5.1 Esters. 5.2 Esters for Biofuels. 5.3 Complex Esters. 5.4 Estolides. 5.5 Other Chemical Modifications. 5.5.1 Metathesis. 5.5.2 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Fatty Acids. 6 Genetic Modification and Industrial Crops. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Industrial Crops. 6.2.1 Camelina. 6.2.2 Babassu. 6.2.3 Cuphea. 6.2.4 Castor. 6.2.5 Rice Bran. 6.2.6 Jatropha. 6.2.7 Neem. 6.2.8 Karanja (Pongam). 6.2.9 Poppy. 6.2.10 Sesame. 6.2.11 Jojoba. 6.2.12 Coconut. 6.2.13 Lesquerella. 6.2.14 Hemp. 6.2.15 Flaxseed oil. 6.2.16 Safflower. 6.3 Future and Industrial Crops. 7 Biobased Lubricants Technology. 7.1 Determination of Oxidation Stability. 7.1.1 Active Oxygen Method (AOCS Method Cd 12-57). 7.1.2 Peroxide Value (AOCS Method 8b-90). 7.1.3 Oil Stability Instrument (AOCS Method Cd 1 2b-92). 7.1.4 Rancimat. 7.1.5 Viscosity Change as a Measure of Oxidation. 7.2 Applications. 7.3 Petroleum White Oils and Food Grade Lubricants. 8 Performance Properties of Industrial Lubricants. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Common Performance Requirements. 8.2.1 Viscosity. 8.2.2 Flash and Fire Points. 8.2.3 Boiling Range. 8.2.4 Volatility. 8.2.5 Cold Temperature Properties. 8.2.6 Density. 8.2.7 Foaming Properties. 8.2.8 Copper Strip Corrosion. 8.2.9 Copper Strip Corrosion Test. 8.2.10 Rust Prevention. 8.2.11 Test Purpose. 8.2.12 Neutralization Number. 8.2.13 Solubility. 8.2.14 Aniline Point. 8.3 Heat Transfer Properties. 8.4 Dielectric Properties. 8.5 Fluid Quality. 8.6 Fluid Compatibility. 8.7 Hydrostatic Stability. 8.8 Demulsibility. 8.9 Oxidation Stability. 8.10 Oxidation Stability for Mineral Oils. 8.10.1 Aromatic Content of Mineral Oils. 8.11 Elemental Analysis. 8.12 Cleanliness. 8.13 Storage and Shipping Temperatures. 8.14 Tribological Performance of Biobased Lubricants. 8.14.1 Four Ball Wear Test: ASTM D 4172. 8.14.2 Four Ball Extreme Pressure Test. 8.14.3 Timken O.K. Load Test – ASTM D 2509. 8.14.4 FZG Rating. 8.15 Metalworking Fluids. 8.16 Biobased Engine Oils. 8.16.1 Stationary Diesel Engines for CORS. 8.16.2 Test Results. 9 Biobased and Petroleum-Based Greases. 9.1 How to Make Soap. 9.2 Basic Process for Manufacturing Grease. 9.2.1 Simple (Soap-Based) Greases. 9.2.2 Complex (Soap–Salt) based Greases. 9.2.3 Non-Soap-Based Greases. 9.2.4 Preformed Soaps. 9.2.5 Preformed Dehydrated Soap for Biobased Greases. 9.2.6 Microparticle Dispersion of Lithium Hydroxide. 9.2.7 Polymer-thickened Greases Using Bio-based Base Oil. 9.3 Continuous Grease Manufacturing Process. 9.4 Use of High Pressure-High, Shear Reaction Chambers (Contactor). 9.5 Vegetable Oil-based Greases. 9.5.1 Alternative Heating Methods. 9.5.2 Heating Method and Impact on Oxidation Stability. 9.6 Grease Consistency. 9.7 Grease Specifications. 9.7.1 ASTM D4950 Specification. 9.7.2 Service Category "L" Chassis (and Universal Joint) Grease. 9.7.3 Service Category "G" Wheel Bearing Grease. 9.7.4 Multi-purpose Category. 9.7.5 Dropping Point. 9.7.6 Water Washout. 9.7.7 Water Spray-Off. 9.7.8 Bearing Oxidation Test. 9.7.9 Grease Cleanliness and Noise. 9.7.10 Grease Mobility Test. 9.7.11 Evaporation. 9.7.12 Oxidation Stability for Storage of Biobased Greases. 9.7.13 Oxidation Stability in Service. 9.8 Friction and Wear Tests. 9.8.1 Four-ball Wear Test and Four-ball EP. 9.9 Application Examples of Biobased Greases. 9.9.1 Rail Curve Greases. 9.9.2 Solid Lubricants. 9.9.3 Truck Greases. 10 Factors Affecting the Environment. 10.1 Biodegradable and Biobased. 10.2 REACH. 10.3 Biodegradation of Oils. 10.3.1 Biodegradability Test. 10.3.2 Electrolytic Respirometer. 10.4 Toxicity Types and Testing Methods. 10.5 Chronic Toxicity. 10.6 Terrestrial Plant Toxicity. References. List of Useful Organizations. Useful Test Methods. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe Downstream volume of this definitive reference, provides the most authoritative and up-to-date review of the latest technology used within the downstream side of the international petroleum industry. It looks at refining the raw material, and producing and supplying the end product ie from ref ineries, road tankers to service stations.Table of ContentsContributors. Volume Editor's Foreword. Introduction (P. Jones). The Oil Refinery: Types, Structure and Configuration (J. Robinson and R. Faulkner). Crude Oil (J. Davies). Crude Oil Processing (Y. Hori). Catalytic Cracking (T. Johnson). Hydrocracking: Hydrogen Processing (A. Bridge). Thermal Cracking, Visbreaking and Coking (M. McGrath). Solvent Deasphalting (H. Sloan). Gasification by Non-Catalytic Partial Oxidation of Refinery Residues (W. Liebner). Gasoline Processes (A. Cluer). Kerosine and Gasoil Manufacture (G. Heinrich and D. Duee). Base Oil Processes (R. Savory). Bitumen Manufacture (G. van Gooswilligen). The Petrochemical Interface (D. Glass). Etherification (H. Jarvelin). Refinery Utilities (D. North). Control and Optimization (A. Ogden-Swift). Environmental Protection (E. Martin). An Introduction to Fuels Technology (D. Blackmore). Gasoline and Related Fuels (D. Blackmore). Automotive Gas Oil (J. Eyre). Distillates and Residual Fuels for Heating and Engines (J. Charlot and G. Claus). Aviation Turbine Fuels (P. Wolveridge). Liquefied Petroleum Gas (T. Ritter). General Elements of Lubricant Technology (R. Landells). Base Oil Quality (B. Deane). Gasoline Engine Lubricants (R. Mortier). Diesel Engine Oils (M. Dowling, et al.). Industrial Lubricants (J. Bolard). Gas Engine Lubricants (J. Bolard). White Mineral Oil (A. Banaszewski and J. Blythe). Grease (H. Mead). Bitumen (G. van Gooswilligen). Wax (F. Richter). Marketing Operations: Storage and Distribution (J. Richardson and C. Ward). Standards, Specifications, Test Methods and Codes of Practice (C. Bartlett). Index.

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Book SynopsisCovering the chemical structures and properties of fuels and fuel additives, Fuels and Fuels-Additives provides the science and technology involved in the production of energy efficient and environmentally friendly fuels and the role that fuel additives have in this process.Trade Review“The extensive and varied list of references will be of value to those working in the field even though some of the material listed appears to be from rather inaccessible sources.” (Energy Technology, 1 October 2014)Table of ContentsPreface ix 1 Petroleum-Based Fuels – An outlook 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Environmental Issues 4 1.3 Classification of Fuels 6 References 8 2 Emission Regulation of Automotive Vehicles and Quality of Automotive Fuels 11 2.1 Direct Regulation of Emissions 11 2.1.1 Emission Standards in Europe 13 2.1.2 US (EPA) Emission Standards 14 2.1.3 Emission Regulation in Japan 25 2.1.4 Emission Standards in India 25 2.1.5 Emission Standards in China 33 2.2 Indirect Emission Regulations (International Standards) 34 References 45 3 Fuels from Crude Oil (Petroleum) 48 3.1 Crude Oil 48 3.2 Crude Oil Refining 52 3.2.1 Separation and Extraction Processes 52 3.2.2 Change of Quality and Yield of Hydrocarbon Fractions 57 References 105 4 Alternative Fuels 121 4.1 Light (Gaseous) Hydrocarbons 123 4.2 Propane-Butane Gas 123 4.3 Mixtures of Synthetic Liquid Hydrocarbons 127 4.3.1 Liquid Synthetic Hydrocarbon Mixtures from Synthesis Gas 128 4.3.2 Biogas Oils from Triglycerides 133 4.3.3 Production of Bioparaffins from Lignocellulose and Carbohydrates 136 4.4 Oxygen-Containing Engine Fuels and Blending Components 136 4.4.1 Alcohols 137 4.4.2 Ethers 144 4.4.3 Vegetable Oils and Their Oxygen-Containing Derivatives 145 4.5 Hydrogen 152 4.5.1 Production of Hydrogen 152 4.5.2 Main Characteristic of Hydrogen 156 4.5.3 Hydrogen Storage on Vehicle and Reloading 157 References 159 5 Fuel Additives 177 5.1 Consumption of Additives (Demands) 182 5.2 Engine Deposits and their Control 184 5.2.1 Deposits in Gasoline Engines 184 5.2.2 Deposit Control Additives (Detergent Dispersants) 188 5.2.3 Deposits and Their Control in Diesel Engines 201 5.2.4 Detergent Additives and Exhaust Emissions 204 5.2.5 Tests for DD Additives in Engines 205 5.2.6 Advantages of using DD Additives in Fuels 208 5.3 Antiknock Additives (Octane Number Improvers) 209 5.3.1 “Knocking” 209 5.3.2 Octane Number 209 5.3.3 Octane Number Improver Additives 210 5.4 Cetane Number Improver 213 5.4.1 Cetane Number Improver Additives 215 5.4.2 Cetane Number Measurement 217 5.4.3 Cetane Index 217 5.5 Fuel Antioxidants (Stabilizers) 217 5.5.1 Increasing Storage Stability 218 5.5.2 Oxidation of Fuels 218 5.5.3 Chemical Mechanism of Antioxidants 219 5.5.4 Types of Antioxidants 220 5.6 Metal Deactivators/Passivators 223 5.7 Corrosion Inhibitors 225 5.7.1 Mechanism of Rusting/Corrosion 225 5.7.2 Anticorrosion Compounds 227 5.8 Antistatic Agents 228 5.9 Lubricity Improvers 229 5.10 Friction Modifiers 233 5.11 Dehazer and Demulsifiers 237 5.12 Combustion Improvers 238 5.12.1 Conventional Approaches 239 5.12.2 Unconventional Approaches 242 5.13 Flow Improvers and Paraffin Dispersants of Fuels 243 5.13.1 Characteristics of Middle Distillate Fuel at Low Temperatures 245 5.13.2 Pour Point Depressants 246 5.13.3 Flow Improver Additives 247 5.13.4 Paraffin Dispersants 248 5.13.5 Distillate Operability Test (DOT Test) 253 5.14 Drag Reducers 253 5.15 Anti-icing Additives 255 5.16 Antifoam Additives 255 5.17 Biocides 256 5.18 Coloring Matters and Markers 256 5.19 Additive Compositions 256 References 257 6 Blending of Fuels 270 6.1 Blending of Gasolines 270 6.2 Blending of Diesel Gasoils 271 7 Properties of Motor Fuels and Their Effects on Engines and the Environment 277 7.1 Effects of Gasoline Properties on Engines and the Environment 277 7.1.1 Combustion Process (Octane Number) 278 7.1.2 Volatility of Engine Gasolines 286 7.1.3 Stability of Gasolines 290 7.1.4 Corrosive Properties 293 7.1.5 Chemical Composition 294 7.1.6 Other Properties 297 7.2 Effects of Properties of Diesel Gasoils on Engines and the Environment 299 7.2.1 Ignition and Combustion Properties of Diesel gasoils 300 7.2.2 Density and Energy Content of Diesel Gasoils 300 7.2.3 Distillation Properties of Diesel Fuels 301 7.2.4 Chemical Composition 303 7.2.5 Stability of Diesel Gasoils 303 7.2.6 Corrosion Properties 305 7.2.7 Lubricating Properties 305 7.2.8 Low-Temperature Flow Properties 306 7.2.9 Effects of Chemical Composition on Emissions 306 7.2.10 Other Properties 310 References 311 8 Aviation Fuels 316 8.1 Aviation Gasolines 316 8.1.1 Aviation Gasoline Grades 317 8.1.2 Aviation Gasoline Additives 317 8.1.3 Automotive Gasoline for Aircraft 319 8.2 Jet Fuels 320 8.2.1 Main Quality Requirements and Properties of Jet Fuels 320 8.2.2 Aviation Turbine Fuel Specifications 321 8.2.3 Production of Aviation Turbine Fuels 324 8.2.4 Additives of Jet fuel 328 References 331 9 Fuel Oils and Marine Fuels 333 9.1 Classification of Fuel Oils 334 9.1.1 Characteristics of Fuel Oils 335 9.1.2 Classification of Heating Fuels for Power Plants 336 9.1.3 Classification of Bunker Fuels 338 9.2 Production of Fuel Oils 341 9.3 Fuel Oil Stability and Compatibility 346 9.4 Additives for Residual Fuels 347 References 348 Glossary: Common terminology in Fuels and additives 351 Index 359

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Book SynopsisShows how everything from the rising price of groceries to the subprime mortgage crisis has been exacerbated by the shrinking supply - and growing price - of oil.Trade ReviewOne of Choice's Outstanding Academic Titles for 2002 Honorable Mention for the 2001 Award for Best Professional/Scholarly Book in Geography and Earth Science, Association of American Publishers Praise for the previous edition: "Deffeyes has reached a conclusion with far-reaching consequences for the entire industrialized world... The 100-year reign of King Oil will be over."--Fred Guterl, Newsweek Praise for the previous edition: "Deffeyes makes a persuasive case... This is an oilman and geologist's assessment of the future, grounded in cold mathematics. And it's frightening."--Paul Raeburn, Scientific American Praise for the previous edition: "Deffeyes writes with the taut reasoning of a scientist and the passion of someone raised in the industry. His background is ideal for this subject, and the book is a gem... Read Hubbert's Peak--it's better to know what lies ahead than to be surprised too late to respond."--Brian J. Skinner, American Scientist Praise for the previous edition: "A persuasive prophecy. Hubbert's story is important and needs to be told. I suspect that historians in years to come will recognise Hubbert's Peak as a historical turning point."--Tim Burnhill, New Scientist Praise for the previous edition: "A most readable handbook... If [Deffeyes] is right we have, at most, two or three years in which to prepare for yet another price shock, and to accelerate our move away from oil as fuel. The strength of the book lies in its solid background and well-explained basis for that single prediction."--Stuart Young, Nature Praise for the previous edition: "An important new book."--Robert Kuttner, Boston Globe Praise for the previous edition: "[Some] experts ... worry that the global peak in production will come in the next decade... A heavyweight has now joined this gloomy chorus. Kenneth Deffeyes argues in a lively new book that global oil production could peak as soon as 2004."--The Economist Praise for the previous edition: "Deffeyes, using Hubbert's methodology, shows that the trajectory of world reserves is closely following the pattern of U.S. discovery and depletion, with just a few decades' lag. Drilling deeper, in more remote locations, and with more elaborate technologies won't tap reserves that don't exist... America's energy policy needs to tilt away from oil and in favor of conservation, new technology, and domestic renewables. The time to act is now, before the next wave of gas lines and rationing is upon us."--Robert Kuttner, Business Week Praise for the previous edition: "There are few things as important nowadays as the energy system, and few books on the subject as thought provoking as this one."--J.R. McNeill, Wilson Quarterly Praise for the previous edition: "We have long been told that fossil fuels wouldn't last forever, but Deffeyes hypothesis is still startling: Sometime during the next decade, the supply of oil won't keep up with the demand. Because of its broad impact Hubbert's Peak is a must-read for almost everyone--scientists, policy-makers, environmentalists, people who buy cars."--Ann Wagner, NationalJournal.com Praise for the previous edition: "An ideal freshman reading assignment in any geology course concerned with energy, geological resources, public policy, general science applications in our modern world, or similar topics. All teachers, from high school through graduate level, in all natural sciences, political science, government, business, and engineering courses should read this book and encourage their students to consider its ramifications in their fields."--C. John Mann, Journal of Geoscience Praise for the previous edition: "[A] small and delightfully readable book."--Choice Praise for the previous edition: "Deffeyes's unsettling message is that, although society has been slow to respond to the Hubbert's Peak forecast of world oil decline, a permanent drop in oil production will nevertheless begin within the next decade. Humanity has a brief period in which to wean itself from crude oil, increase energy conservation, and design alternative energy sources."--Dan Johnson, The Futurist Praise for the previous edition: "I commend this book ... to anyone concerned about the future development of planet Earth."--John Parker, Geoscientist Praise for the previous edition: "This book sends a message loud and clear: World petroleum production is going to peak within this decade, maybe as early as 2005, but no later than 2009 and there is hardly any way of escaping from this truth... The book is accessible, easy to read and informative."--Subhes C. Bhattacharyya, Natural Resources Forum Praise for the previous edition: "In the politics of oil, the left is passionately, sentimentally, tree-huggingly pro-environment, while the right shrugs as it climbs into its official mascot, the biggest sport utility vehicle available... In the slide down Hubbert's Peak, political differences will matter less. If those who planned the Sept. 11 attacks know as much about economics as they do about aeronautics, their next target may be the Saudi Arabian oil fields, on which America, Asia, and Europe are overly dependent."--Martin Nolan, The Boston Globe Praise for the previous edition: "An intelligent, briskly written and refreshingly nontechnical book."--John R. Alden, Baltimore Sun Praise for the previous edition: "This book ... should be read ... by all politicians, by all students, no matter what their discipline, and indeed by anyone concerned about their grandchildren's welfare. Reading Hubbert's Peak is the intellectual equivalent of bungee jumping, being simultaneously exhilarating and terrifying."--R. C. Selley, Geological MagazineTable of ContentsPreface to the 2008 Edition ix Acknowledgments xv CHAPTER 1: Overview 1 CHAPTER 2: The Origin of Oil 14 CHAPTER 3: Oil Reservoirs and Oil Traps 40 CHAPTER 4: Finding It 70 CHAPTER 5: Drilling Methods 88 CHAPTER 6: Size and Discoverability of Oil Fields 113 CHAPTER 7: Hubbert Revisited 133 CHAPTER 8: Rate Plots 150 CHAPTER 9: The Future of Fossil Fuels 159 CHAPTER 10: Alternative Energy Sources 176 CHAPTER 11: A New Outlook 186 Notes 191 Index 205

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Book SynopsisThis study... makes a significant contribution to the literature of international political economy. The book also is a useful point of departure for further exploration by historians of finance, economics, and business. The data on capital flows alone constitute a valuable resource for all analysts.... The book is closely argued within the author''s established methodological framework. It engages the reader in lively argument. Michael R. Adamson ? Business History ReviewBetween 1973 and 1980, the cost of crude oil rose suddenly and dramatically, precipitating convulsions in international politics. Conventional wisdom holds that international capital markets adjusted automatically and remarkably well: enormous amounts of money flowed into oil-rich states, and efficient markets then placed that new money in cash-poor Third World economies.David Spiro has followed the money trail, and the story he tells contradicts the accepted beliefs. Most of the sudden Trade ReviewThe book provides a good panorama of the global situation after OPEC increased the price of oil in the early 1970s. No previous knowledge of the issue is required, as it is very well explained and the book is well organized. In addition it looks not only at the protagonist countries, the USA and Saudi Arabia, but also includes all the surrounding political actors, and the role they played regarding their own interests. -- Gabriela Cano * Journal of Energy Literature *This study... makes a significant contribution to the literature of international political economy. The book also is a useful point of departure for further exploration by historians of finance, economics, and business. The data on capital flows alone constitute a valuable resource for all analysts.... The book is closely argued within the author's established methodological framework. It engages the reader in lively argument. -- Michael R. Adamson * Business History Review *

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Book SynopsisThe real story of global oil over the past twenty-five years is not about the spillover effects of Palestinians fighting Israelis, or terrorist attacks on U.S. forces in Saudi Arabia and Yemen, or Iraq''s stormy relationship with Kuwait. It is not even about periodic small- and large-scale U.S. attacks on Iraq. Rather, the real story is about longer-term developments that have changed the international relations of the Middle East, politics at the global level, and world oil markets. These developments have increased oil stability.from the IntroductionThirty years after OAPEC shattered world markets for oil, the Western world remains profoundly dependent on foreign, particularly Middle Eastern, sources of petroleum. U.S. political rhetoric is suffused with claims about the vulnerability caused by this dependence. Hence, many political analysts assume that a search for stability of petroleum supplies is an important element of contemporary American foreign policy.Steve Trade ReviewCrude Awakenings is smart, practical, and convincing.... Yetiv argues that while trade and 'dependency' may put nations into conflict, it also pulls them together.... We must deal with the owners of energy just as people in cities must rely on farmers for food.... In an interdependent world, Mr. Yetiv notes, it is impossible for the U.S. to withdraw from the Mideast. In fact, the real 'nightmare scenario' would be if 'modest acts of terrorism were to drive the United States from the Gulf or to scale back its presence.' The power vacuum would be far more dangerous to us and everyone else than our current level of engagement. * Wall Street Journal *Yetiv provides an invaluable guide to the realities that surround the supply of global oil to the world economy. At a time when political analysts and policy makers agree that threats to the global supply of oil have never been greater, Yetiv asserts that such assumptions about oil markets are misleading and wrong.... This fine piece of scholarship clearly enhances understanding of global oil security. * Choice *

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Book SynopsisThis book provides an overview of crude oil refining processes and presents a deep analysis of the current context and challenges imposed on players in the downstream industry. Crude Oil Refining: A Simplified Approach covers traditional processes of the refining industry, the impact of current trends, and technological routes available to help these players survive in a highly competitive environment.FEATURES Offers a simplified approach to crude oil refining processes Discusses economic information related to the downstream business, including refining margins and profitability Introduces newer trends in the industry, such as petrochemical integration, crude-to-chemicals refineries, and renewables coprocessing in crude oil refineries Presents the challenges related to these new trends and offers technological solutions to overcome them for profitable and sustainable operations Describes how the use of biofuels can minimize the environmental impact of transportation fuel in nations of high demand like Brazil Offering a contemporary view of current challenges and opportunities in the downstream oil and gas business, this practical book is aimed at readers working in the fields of petroleum and chemical engineering.

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Book SynopsisFocusing on trends in energy supply and demand, this text provides students with a comprehensive account of the subject and an understanding of how to use data analysis and modeling to make future projections and study climate impacts. Developments in technology and policy are discussed in depth, including the role of coal, the fracking revolutions for oil and gas, the electricity grid, wind and solar power, battery storage, and biofuels. Trends in demand are also detailed, with analysis of industrial demands such as LEDs, air conditioning, heat pumps, and information technology, and the transportation demands of railroads, ships, and cars (including electric vehicles). The environmental impacts of the energy industry are considered throughout, and a full chapter is dedicated to climate change. Real-life case studies and examples add context, and over 400 full-color figures illustrate key concepts. Accompanied by a package of online resources including solutions, video examples, sampleTrade Review'Filled with relevant facts, this book gives a unique insight into the many feedback mechanisms in the global energy balance. The connection to historical events and specific technological milestones, such as the invention of oral contraceptives, is eye-opening. Clear and no-nonsense data analysis teaches the reader a critical and quantitative approach to understanding energy supply and demand, and brings the topic to a personal level.' Zoya Popovic, University of Colorado, Boulder'Rutledge's book provides a thorough coverage of developments in technology, trends in demand, and the environmental impacts of the energy industry. Unlike traditional texts, topics are explained with real-life case studies and remarkable details of history. Amazingly illustrated with photos and pictures, this is the most comprehensive textbook that I know.' Birce Dikici, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Florida'The historical background that is given in Energy: Supply and Demand is interesting and provides insight into how our energy industry has developed. This adds important context to the excellent quantitative and analytic approach to energy found throughout the book. I highly recommend Energy: Supply and Demand.' Michael Elmore, State University of New York at Binghamton'Profusely illustrated with charts, photographs, and maps, David B. Rutledge's book is a delightful exposition of the technical, social, political, and environmental aspects of energy supply and demand. Interspersing historical data, biographical vignettes, and the elements of statistical analysis and engineering concepts, it takes the reader on a journey that details how we have utilized energy and exploited our natural resources over the last two centuries.' Joe Shepherd, California Institute of Technology'Energy: Supply and Demand is a fascinating journey across time, space, and energy resources. Chapter by chapter, Professor Rutledge grasps the students' and the general readers' attention with historical perspectives and then takes them through fundamental physics, engineering, and economics arguments. A modern guide to navigating a changing energy world where supply and demand will no longer be what they used to.' Pierluigi Mancarella, University of Manchester and University of MelbourneTable of Contents1. Preliminaries; 2. Horses, whales, and wood; 3. Models; 4. Coal; 5. Hydrocarbons; 6. Farming and fishing; 7. Electricity and the alternatives; 8. Stationary demand; 9. Transportation demand; 10. Climate change.

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Book SynopsisSeismic hazard and risk analyses underpin the loadings prescribed by engineering design codes, the decisions by asset owners to retrofit structures, the pricing of insurance policies, and many other activities. This is a comprehensive overview of the principles and procedures behind seismic hazard and risk analysis. It enables readers to understand best practises and future research directions. Early chapters cover the essential elements and concepts of seismic hazard and risk analysis, while later chapters shift focus to more advanced topics. Each chapter includes worked examples and problem sets for which full solutions are provided online. Appendices provide relevant background in probability and statistics. Computer codes are also available online to help replicate specific calculations and demonstrate the implementation of various methods. This is a valuable reference for upper level students and practitioners in civil engineering, and earth scientists interested in engineering seTrade Review'An enormously valuable contribution, which teachers and students of seismic hazard analysis have been crying out for. Baker, Bradley and Stafford have produced a clear and comprehensive textbook for students, practitioners and end-users that I predict will lead to a significant and lasting improvement in the state-of-practice over the coming years.' Dr Julian J Bommer, Seismic Hazard and Risk Consultant'Seismic hazard and risk analysis has become so complex as to be regarded by many as an opaque, mysterious topic only to be understood by a small group of specialists. With this book, the veil has been lifted. It should be on the shelves of all serious students, practitioners, and researchers in the areas of seismic hazard analysis, earthquake engineering, and risk analysis.' Professor Steve Kramer, University of Washington'The authors' profound knowledge and understanding of the interdisciplinary fields used in seismic hazard and risk analysis, and their own remarkable contributions to it, have yielded a comprehensive foundation for its more uniform, rigorous and advanced practice worldwide.' Dr Paul Somerville, AECOM, Los Angeles'The authors of this valuable new tome are all accomplished professors, and their experience in teaching these subjects is apparent in the structure and organization of the book—each chapter beginning with an opening statement and a list of learning objectives. Each chapter also concludes with some expertly designed exercises, which serve to illustrate the practical application of concepts presented in the chapter and to bring to life the lessons learnt through connection to the stated learning objectives … I sincerely hope that the tremendous contribution that Baker, Bradley, and Stafford have made through writing their outstanding book on Seismic Hazard and Risk Analysis will be widely disseminated and studied, because it will be a powerful device to improve the state of practice in these fields.' Julian J. Bommer, Seismological Research Letters'A very timely and important contribution to the earth science and earthquake engineering professions. Given the general applicability of many of the concepts it presents, it should be of great use to readers involved with other natural hazards as well. The book contains a tremendous wealth of information all presented and supported in a rigorous and detailed manner. Writing the first book on a particular topic requires many difficult decisions about scope, content, and organization, and the authors have succeeded admirably in simultaneously providing breadth and depth with respect to both hazards and risk.' Steven L. Kramer, Earthquake Spectra'[an] inherently readable and informative textbook on the subject. Concepts are clearly explained, and advanced mathematics is kept in the background (the appendixes pertain) so readers will not get bogged down while trying to understand the important ideas. Numerous figures and tables support the text, all expertly presented … The authors provide an accompanying website to supplement the material in the book and extend readers' learning experience. There could not be a better purchase for learning about seismic hazards and how to assess them at any price … Highly recommended.' M. S. Field, Choice ConnectTable of Contents1. Introduction; Part I: Hazard Inputs; 2. Seismic Source Characterization; 3. Characterization of Earthquake Rates and Rupture Scenarios; 4. Empirical Ground-Motion Characterization; 5. Physics-Based Ground-Motion Characterization; Part II: Hazard Calculation; 6. PSHA Calculation; 7. PSHA Products; 8. Non-Ergodic Hazard Analysis; Part III: Risk; 9. Seismic Risk; 10. Ground-Motion Selection; 11. Spatially Distributed Systems; 12. Validations; Appendix A Basics of Probability; Appendix B Basics of Statistics for Model Calibration; References; List of Symbols; Notation Conventions; Index.

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Book SynopsisThe perfect primer for both the layperson and the engineer, for the new hire and the old hand, describing, in easy-to-understand language, one of the biggest and most lucrative industries in the world. There is only one substance known to mankind that can cause wars, influence global economies, and make entire countries rich: petroleum. One teaspoon of the stuff carries enough energy to power a ton truck up a hill. It''s in the news every single day, it influences our lives in ways that we cannot fathom, and it is the most important commodity in the world. But how much does the average person, even the average engineer, know about it? This book describes the petroleum industry, in easy-to-understand language, for both the layperson and engineer alike. From the economics of searching for oil and gas to the pitfalls of drilling and production, getting it out of the ground, into pipelines, into refineries, and, finally, into your gas tank, this book covers the petroleum iTable of ContentsPreface ix 1. History and Terminology of Crude Oil 1 1.1 Historical Perspectives 3 1.2 Modern Perspectives 14 1.3 Oil Companies 15 1.4 Definitions and Terminology 17 1.5 References 28 2. Origin and Occurrence of Oil 31 2.1 The Formation of Oil 35 2.2 Reservoirs 36 2.3 Reservoir Classification 45 2.4 Reservoir Evaluation 49 2.5 Estimation of Reserves in Place 52 2.6 Reserves 55 2.7 References 62 3. Exploration, Recovery, and Transportation 65 3.1 Exploration 66 3.2 Drilling 70 3.3 Recovery 75 3.4 Bitumen Recovery 86 3.5 Transportation 91 3.6 Products and Product Quality 97 3.7 References 100 4. Crude Oil Classification and Benchmarks 103 4.1 Crude Oil Classification 105 4.2 Classification of Reserves 111 4.3 Benchmark Crude Oils 126 4.4 References 132 5. The Petroleum Culture 135 5.1 The Petroleum Culture 138 5.2 Oil in Perspective 138 5.3 The Seven Sisters 145 5.4 Reserve Estimates 148 5.5 References 156 6. Oil Prices 159 6.1 Oil Price History 161 6.2 Pricing Strategies 164 6.3 Oil Price and Analysis 168 6.4 The Anatomy of Crude Oil Prices 172 6.5 The Anatomy of Gasoline Prices 175 6.6 Effect of Refining Capacity 178 6.7 Outlook 187 6.8 References 191 7. The Crude Oil Market 193 7.1 The Crude Oil Market 195 7.2 Global Oil Consumption 199 7.3 Refining and The Markets 205 7.4 Profitability 211 7.5 References 212 8. Oil Supply 215 8.1 Physical Factors 216 8.2 Technological Factors 220 8.3 Economic Factors 223 8.4 Geopolitical Factors 228 8.5 Peak Oil231 8.6 The Impact of Heavy Oil and Tar Sand Bitumen 237 8.7 References 242 9. The Future 245 9.1 Undiscovered Oil 249 9.2 Coal 252 9.3 Oil Shale 255 9.4 Liquids from Biomass 260 9.5 Energy Independence 264 9.6 Energy Security 270 9.7 References 275 Conversion Factors 281 Glossary 283 Index 311

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Book SynopsisCan green petroleum reverse global warming and bring down high gasoline prices? Written in non-technical language for the layperson, this book investigates and details how the oil and gas industry can go green with new processes and technologies, thus bringing the world''s most important industry closer to environmental and economic sustainability. This book unravels the mysteries of the current energy crisis and argues that solutions to global warming will come only from the development of new technologies. Discussed here are the reasons why petroleum operations, as they are now, are not sustainable; how each practice treads an inherently implosive path; and how each spells irreversible damage to the planet''s ecosystem. Fossil fuel consumption is not the culprit; rather, the practices involved, from exploration to refining and processing, are responsible for the current damage to the environment.Table of ContentsPreface Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: From the Pharaonic Age to the Information Age: Have We Progressed in Technology Development Skills? Chapter 3: How long has this ‘technological disaster’ been in the making? Delinearized History of Civilization and Technology Development Chapter 4: Is Modern Science Capable of Discerning Between True and False? Chapter 5: Fundamentals of Mass and Energy Balance Chapter 6: A True Sustainability Criterion and Its Implications Chapter 7: What is Truly Green Energy? Chapter 8: Good Light and Bad Light Chapter 9: Do You Believe in Global Warming? Chapter 10: Is the 3R’s mantra sufficient? Chapter 11: Truly Green Refining and Gas Processing Chapter 12: Greening of Flow Operations Chapter 13: The Greening of Enhanced Oil Recovery Chapter 14: Deconstruction of Engineering Myths Prevalent in the Energy Sector Chapter 15: Conclusions References

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Book SynopsisMuch of the world s petroleum is located on continental margins, and any further development of these offshore deposits would be impossible without new technologies and new methods contained in this volume.Table of ContentsIntroduction 11 1. Methodological Support of the Zonal Forecasting 15 1.1 Zonal oil and gas potential forecast in an aquatory environment 15 1.2 Study of the proved oil- and gas-accumulation zones 21 2. Some Specifics in Structure, Evolution and Oil and Gas Occurrences of the Continental Margins 25 2.1 The doctrine of continental margins 25 2.2 Continental margin structure and evolution 28 2.3 Oil and gas occurrences of the continental margins 39 3. Zonal Hydrocarbon Accumulations on the Subsurface of the Pacific Group Continental Margins 49 3.1 Oil- and gas-accumulation zones subsurface the island arc margins 50 3.2 Oil- and gas-accumulation zones over the Pacific margins of North and South America 101 4. Zonal Hydrocarbon Accumulation in the Subsurface of Atlantic Group Continental Margins 163 4.1 Oil- and gas-accumulation zones at the rift (preceding) stage of continental margin evolution 164 4.2 Early- and syn-oceanic continental margin evolution stage. Oil- and gas-accumulation zones 175 4.3 Transitional (Mediterranean) continental margin evolution state. Oil- and gas-accumulation zones 270 5. General Patterns in Formation and Distribution of Oil- and Gas-Accumulation Zones in Subsurface the Continental Margins 327 5.1 Parameters and general characteristics of oil- and gas-accumulation zones 327 5.2 Specifics of the spatial distribution 342 5.3 Hydrocarbon concentration zones phase specialization 347 5.4 Most important factors in the formation and distribution of oil and gas accumulation zones 356 6. Zonal Oil and Gas Potential Forecast for the Russia’s Offshore Areas. Initial Results 383 6.1 Offshore extension of the Timan-Pechora Province 383 6.2 Kara Sea 398 6.3 NE Sakhalin Shelf (North Sakhalin oil and gas basin) 409 Conclusions 415 Literature 417

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Book SynopsisThis bookshares the technical knowhow in the field of HSE management, as applied to oil and gas industries and explains concepts through a simple and straightforward approach. The first chapter highlights safety assurance and assessment, emphasizing need for safety.Table of ContentsPreface xiii About the author xiv Chapter 1: Safety Assurance and Assessment 1 Introduction to Safety, Health, and Environment Management 11.1 Importance of Safety 2 1.2 Basic terminologies in HSE 21.2.1 What Is Safety? 5 1.2.2 Why Is Safety Important? 5 1.3 Importance of safety in offshore and petroleum industries 5 1.4 Objectives of HSE 7 1.5 Scope of HSE guidelines 8 1.6 Need for safety 9 1.7 Organizing safety 10 1.7.1 Ekofisk B Blowout 10 1.7.2 Enchova Blowout 11 1.7.3 West Vanguard Gas Blowout 12 1.7.4 Ekofisk A riser rupture 13 1.7.5 Piper A explosion and fire 14 1.8 Risk 14 1.9 Safety assurance and assessment 15 1.10 Frank and Morgan Logical Risk analysis 16 1.11 Defeating accident process 23 1.12 Acceptable risk 24 1.13 Risk assessment 24 1.13.1 Hazard identification 25 1.13.2 Dose-response assessment 25 1.13.3 Exposure assessment 25 1.13.4 Risk characterization 25 1.14 Application issues of risk assessment 26 1.15 Hazard classification and assessment 26 1.15.1 Hazard identification 27 1.15.2 Hazard identification methods 28 1.16 Hazard identification during operation (HaZOP) 29 1.16.1 HaZOP objectives 29 1.16.2 Common application areas of HaZOP 30 1.16.3 Advantages of HaZOP 31 1.17 Steps in HaZOP 45 1.18 Backbone of HaZOP 311.18 Backbone of HAZOP 32 1.19 HaZOP flow chart 35 1.20 Full recording versus recording by exception 35 1.21 Pseudo secondary words 36 1.22 When to do HaZOP? 37 1.22.1 Types of HaZOP 38 1.23 Case study: Example problem of Group Gathering Station 38 1.24 Accidents in offshore platforms 47 1.24.1 Sliepner A Platform 47 1.24.2 Thunder Horse Platform 49 1.24.3 Timor Sea Oil Rig 50 1.24.4 Bombay High North in Offshore Mumbai 50 1.25 Hazard evaluation and control 51 1.25.1 Hazard evaluation 52 1.25.2 Hazard classification 52 1.25.3 Hazard control 53 1.25.4 Monitoring 54 Exercises 1 54Model Paper 66 Chapter 2 Environmental issues and Management 68 2.1 Primary environmental issues 68 2.1.1 Visible consequences 68 2.1.2 Trends in oil and gas resources 68 2.1.3 World’s energy resources 69 2.1.4 Anthropogenic impact of Hydrosphere 69 2.1.5 Marine pollution 70 2.1.6 Marine pollutants 73 2.1.7 Consequence of marine pollutants 73 2.2 Impact of oil and gas industries on marine environment 74 2.2.1 Drilling operations and consequences 74 2.2.2 Main constituents of oil based drilling fluid 75 2.2.3 Pollution due to produced waters during drilling 77 2.3 Drilling accidents 78 2.3.1 Underwater storage reservoirs 78 2.4 Pipelines 78 2.5 Impact on marine pollution 79 2.6 Oil hydrocarbons: Composition and Consequences 79 2.6.1 Crude oil 79 2.7 Detection of oil content in marine pollution 80 2.8 Oil spill: Physical review 80 2.8.1 Environmental impact of oil spill 80 2.9 Oil: A multi-component toxicant 81 2.9.1 Oil spill 81 2.10 Chemicals and wastes from offshore oil industry 81 2.10.1 Drilling discharges 81 2.11 Control of oil spill 82 2.12 Environmental management issues 83 2.12.1 Environmental protection: Principles applied to oil and gas activities 83 2.12.2 Environmental Management: Standards and Requirements 84 2.13 Ecological monitoring 84 2.13.1 Ecological monitoring stages 84 2.14 Atmospheric pollution 85 2.14.1 Release and dispersion models 85 2.14.2 Continuous release and instantaneous release (Plume and Puff models) 85 2.14.3 Factors affecting dispersion 86 2.15 Dispersion models for neutrally and positively buoyancy gas 89 2.15.1 Plume dispersion models 89 2.15.2 Maximum plume concentration 90 2.16 Puff dispersion model 91 2.16.1 Maximum Puff concentration 92 2.17 Isopleths 92 2.18 Estimate of dispersion coefficients 93 2.18.1 Estimates from equations 93 2.19 Dense gas dispersion 96 2.19.1 Britter-Mcquiad dense gas dispersion model 96 2.20 Evaluation of toxic effects of dispersed liquid and gas 97 2.21 Hazard Assessment and Accident Scenarios 99 2.21.1 Damage estimate modelling: Probit model 99 2.21.2 Probit correlations for various damages 102 2.22 Fire and Explosion models 102 Exercises 2 105 3. Accident Modeling, Risk assessment and Management 109 3.1 Introduction 109 3.2 Dose Versus response 109 3.2.1 Various types of doses 110 3.2.2 TLV concentration 111 3.3 Industrial Hygiene 112 3.4 Fire and explosion modelling 112 3.4.1 Fundamentals of fire and explosion 1143.4.2 Flammability Characteristics of Vapor and Gases 115 3.5 Fire and explosion characteristics of materials 115 3.6 Estimation of flammability limits using stoichiometric balance 115 3.6.1 Stoichiometric balance 116 3.6.2 Estimation of Limiting Oxygen concentration (LOC) 116 3.7 Flammability diagram for hydrocarbons 117 3.7.1 Constructing flammability diagram 117 3.8 Ignition energy 119 3.9 Explosions 120 3.10 Explosion characteristics 120 3.11 Explosion modelling 120 3.12 Damage consequences of explosion damage 121 3.13 Energy in chemical explosions 124 3.14 Explosion energy in physical explosions 124 3.15 Dust and Gaseous explosion 124 3.16 Explosion damage estimate 125 3.17 Fire and explosion preventive measures 126 3.17.1 Inerting and purging 126 3.18 Use of flammability diagram 131 3.18.1 Placing a vessel out of service 131 3.18.2 Placing a vessel into service 132 3.19 NFPA 69 recommendations 132 3.20 Explosion proof equipments 133 3.20.1 Class systems 133 3.20.2 Group systems 134 3.20.3 Division systems 134 3.21 Ventilation for storage and process areas 134 3.21.1 Storage areas 134 3.21.2 Process areas 134 3.22 Sprinkler systems 135 3.22.1 Anti-freeze sprinkler system 135 3.22.2 Deluge sprinkler system 135 3.22.3 Dry pipe sprinkler system 135 3.22.4 Wet pipe sprinkler system 135 3.23 Toxic release and dispersion modelling 136 3.23.1 Threshold limit values (TLVs ) 136 3.24 Industrial Hygiene 136 3.25 Exposure evaluation: Chemical Hazard 137 3.25.1 Time weighted average method 137 3.25.2 Overexposure at work place 138 3.25.3 TLV-TWA Mix 138 3.26 Exposure evaluation: physical hazards 138 3.27 Industrial Hygiene Control 138 3.27.1 Environmental control 139 3.27.2 Personal protection 139 3.28 Ventilation hoods to reduce hazards 139 3.29 Elements to control Process Accidents 140 3.30 Methods for chemical risk analysis 141 3.30.1 Qualitative risk analysis 141 3.30.2 Quantitative risk analysis 141 3.31 Safety review 142 3.32 Process Hazards Checklists 142 3.33 Hazard surveys 142 3.34 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines (ERPG) 142 3.35 Chemical Exposure Index 143 3.36 Guidelines for Estimating Amount of Material becoming Airborne following a Release 151 3.36.1 Example problem on Ammonia release 151 3.36.2 Example problem in chlorine release 153 3.37 Quantified Risk Assessment 154 3.38 Hazard Identification (HAZID) 154 3.39 Cause analysis 155 3.40 Fault tree analysis (FTA) 155 3.41 Event Tree Analysis (ETA) 157 3.42 Disadvantages of QRA 157 3.43 Risk Acceptance criteria 157 3.44 Hazard Assessment 159 3.45 Identify hazards 159 3.45.1 Prioritizing hazards 159 3.46 Risk Assessment 160 3.46.1 Identify and implement hazard controls 160 3.46.2 Communicate 160 3.47 Evaluate effectivenes 161 3.48 Fatality risk assessment 161 3.48.1 Statistical Analysis 161 3.48.2 Phenomena based analysis 161 3.48.3 Averaging of FAR values 162 3.49 Marine Systems Risk Modelling 162 3.49.1 Ballast system failure 162 3.50 Risk Picture: Definitions and Characteristics 162 3.51 Fatality risk 163 3.51.1 Platform fatality risk 163 3.51.2 Individual risk 163 3.52 Societal risk 164 3.53 Impairment Risk 164 3.54 Environment Risk 166 3.55 Asset Risk 166 3.56 Risk Assessment and Management 167 3.57 Probabilistic Risk Assessment 167 3.58 Risk Management 167 3.58.1 Risk Preference 168 Exercises 3 168 4. Safety measures in design and operation 177 4.1 Introduction 177 4.2 Inerting or purging 178 4.3 Terminologies 178 4.4 Factors affecting purging 180 4.5 Causes of Dilution or Mixing 180 4.5.1 Area of contact 181 4.5.2 Time of contact 181 4.5.3 Input velocities 181 4.5.4 Densities of gases 182 4.5.5 Temperature effects 182 4.6 Methods of Purging 183 4.6.1 Siphon Purging 183 4.6.2 Vacuum purging 183 4.6.3 Pressure Purging 184 4.6.4 Sweep-Through Purging 184 4.6.5 Fixed-Rate Purging 184 4.6.6 Variable-Rate or Demand Purging 185 4.7 Limits of Flammability of Gas Mixtures 185 4.8 Protection System Design and Operation 185 4.9 Explosion prevention systems 186 4.10 Safe Work Practices 186 4.10.1 Load lifting 186 4.10.2 Confined space, excavations, and hazardous environments 187 4.10.3 Lockout/Tagout 187 4.10.4 Well Pumping Units 188 4.11 Hot work permit 188 4.12 Welding Fumes and Ventilation 190 4.13 Critical equipments 190 4.13.1 Changes to critical equipment 190 4.14 Fire prevention 191 4.15 Fire protection 191 4.16 Grounding and bonding 192 4.17 Other general requirements 192 4.17.1 Performance-Based Design 192 4.17.2 Inspection of protection systems 195 4.18 Process Safety Management (PSM) at Oil and Gas Operations 196 4.18.1 Process safety information 197 4.18.2 Process safet information 197 4.19 Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) 198 4.20 safe operating procedures 199 4.21 Safe Work Practice Procedures 200 4.21.1 Training 200 4.21.2 Pre-Startup Review 200 4.22 Mechanical Integrity 201 4.23 Management of Change 201 4.24 Incident investigations 202 4.25 Compliance Audits 202 4.26 Software used in HSE management 203 4.26.1 CMO COMPLIANCE 203 4.26.2 Spiramid’s HSE Software 203 4.26.3 Integrum 204 4.26.4 Rivo HSE Management Software 204 Exercises 4 204 Application problem: Quantified Risk assessment of LPG filling station 210 References 220Index 226

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Book SynopsisOil and Gas Exploration:Methods and Applicationpresents a summary of new results related to oil and gas prospecting that are useful for theoreticians and practical professionals. The study of oil and gas complexes and intrusions occurring in sedimentary basins is crucial for identifying the location of oil and gas fields and for making accurate predictions on oil findings. Volume highlights include: Advanced geophysical techniques for achieving hydrocarbon exploration efficiency from beneath the EarthDiscussion of theoretical and practical approaches in solving problems related to exploring and mining new oil and gas depositsNew geological concepts forpredictingpotential hydrocarbon targetsNovel methods of control of the outworking of these deposits using different geophysical methods, significant for optimization of mining hydrocarbon and carbonate depositsEstimation of the degree of outworking of oil and gas deposits, to facilitate the use of space-time monitoring of different kinds of fieldsAnalysis of exploration data by an efficient processing system, based on strong methods proven mathematically Oil and Gas Explorationis a valuable resource for exploration geophysicists, petroleum engineers, geoengineers, petrologists, mining engineers, and economic geologists, who will gain insights into exploring new methods involved in finding natural resources from our Earth. Read an interview with the editors to find out more:https://eos.org/editors-vox/where-and-how-can-we-find-new-sources-of-oil-and-gasTable of ContentsContributor List v Preface vii Acknowledgments xi 1 Experience of Regional Prediction of Hydrocarbon Deposits Prospecting in the Vicinity of Ural Oil and Gas Provinces 1Vladimir S. Druzhinin, Vjacheslav Osipov, and Nikolay Nachapkin 2 Wavelet‐Based Multifractal Analysis of Landsat 8 Images: Applications to Mineral Deposits and Shale Gas Reservoirs 19Orietta Nicolis 3 Seismic Signal Denoising Using Empirical Mode Decomposition 47Said Gaci 4 A Lithological Segmentation Technique From Well Logs Using the Hilbert‐Huang Transform 61Said Gaci 5 Seismic UNIX and GNU Octave for VSP Data Processing and Interpretation 73Mohammed Farfour and Wang Jung Yoon 6 Seismic Spectral Decomposition Applications in Seismic: A Review and Application 93Mohammed Farfour, Jalal Ferahtia, Noureddine Djarfour, and Mohand Amokrane Aitouch 7 Electromagnetic Geophysical Research with Controlled Source 115Olga Hachay and Oleg Khachay 8 Reflection of Processes of Nonequilibrium Two‐Phase Filtration in Oil‐Saturated Hierarchic Medium by Data of Active Wave Geophysical Monitoring 135Olga Hachay and Andrey Khachay 9 Defining the Surface of the Fluid‐Saturated Porous Inclusion in the Hierarchic Layered‐Block Medium According to Electromagnetic Monitoring Data 143Olga Hachay and Andrey Khachay 10 Hardware and Software System for Research in Oil and Gas Boreholes 153Yury G. Astrakhantsev, Nadezhda A. Beloglazova, and Eugenia Bazhenova 11 Application of Borehole Magnetometry to Study Oil and Gas Deposits in Western Siberia 167Galina V. Igolkina 12 A Novel Model to Estimate S‐Wave Velocity Integrating HölderianRegularity, Empirical Mode Decomposition, and Multilayer Perceptron Neural Networks 181Said Gaci 13 Geophysical Method of Defining Residual and Active Rock Stresses 201Kushbakali Tazhibaev and Daniyar Tazhibaev 14 On the Possibility of Using Mobile and Direct‐Prospecting Geophysical Technologies to Assess the Prospects of Oil‐Gas Content in Deep Horizons 209Sergey Levashov, Nikolay Yakymchuk, and Ignat Korchagin 15 Anomalies of Low Density in the Crystalline Crust of Thermobaric Origin: A New Insight into Migration and Localization of Hydrocarbons 237Valery Korchin 16 The Use of Aeromagnetics and Micromagnetics to Identify Potential Areas of Hydrocarbons in the Midcontinental United States: Caveats and Pitfalls 259Steven A. Tedesco Index 277

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Book SynopsisA thorough introduction to environmental monitoring in the oil and gas industry Analytical Techniques in the Oil and Gas Industry for Environmental Monitoring examines the analytical side of the oil and gas industry as it also provides an overall introduction to the industry. You'll discover how oil and natural gas are sourced, refined, and processed.You can learn about what's produced from oil and natural gas, and why evaluating these sourced resources is important. The book discusses the conventional analyses for oil and natural gas feeds, along with their limitations. It offers detailed descriptions of advanced analytical techniques that are commercially available, plus explanations of gas and oil industry equipment and instrumentation. You'll find technique descriptions supplemented with a list of references as well as with real-life application examples. With this book as a reference, you can prepare to apply specific analytical methods in your organization's lab environment. ATable of ContentsPart I Scope 1 1 Introduction 3Melissa N. Dunkle and William L. Winniford 1.1 Introduction 3 1.1.1 Petroleum Cycle 3 1.1.2 Well-Known Cases of Environmental Contamination 4 1.1.2.1 Oil-Drilling Rig Deepwater Horizon 4 1.1.2.2 Sanchi Oil Tanker Collision 6 1.1.3 Summary 6 1.2 Petroleum 7 1.3 Analytics 9 1.4 Reservoir Tracers 12 1.5 Emissions from the Petroleum Industry 12 1.6 Environmental Analysis and Monitoring 14 1.7 Conclusions 17 References 17 Part II Introduction to the Petroleum Industry 21 2 Petroleum: From Wells to Wheels 23Clifford C. Walters, Steven W. Levine, and Frank C. Wang 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Petroleum in the Ancient World 23 2.3 The Petroleum System 28 2.3.1 Source Rocks 28 2.3.2 Generation of Petroleum 34 2.3.3 Migration and Accumulation 35 2.4 The Upstream 37 2.4.1 Exploration 37 2.4.1.1 Play and Prospect Evaluation 38 2.4.1.2 Predicting Petroleum Quantity and Quality 43 2.4.2 Drilling 45 2.4.2.1 Development of Drilling Technology 46 2.4.2.2 Modern Drilling Practices 49 2.4.2.3 Well Logging 52 2.4.2.4 Development 57 2.4.3 Production 58 2.4.3.1 Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Production 58 2.4.3.2 Surface Oil Sands 61 2.4.3.3 Unconventional Resources 61 2.4.3.4 Plug and Abandonment 66 2.5 Mid-Stream 67 2.5.1 Transportation 67 2.5.2 Storage 70 2.6 Downstream 72 2.6.1 Evolution of Modern Refining 72 2.6.2 Modern Refinery Processes 73 2.6.2.1 Crude Oil Pretreatment 75 2.6.2.2 Separation 75 2.6.2.3 Conversion 81 2.6.2.4 Purification 95 2.6.2.5 Sweetening and Treating 100 2.6.3 Fuel Products 102 2.6.3.1 Mogas (Motor Gasoline) 103 2.6.3.2 Diesel 104 2.6.3.3 Jet Fuels/Kerosene 106 2.6.3.4 Fuel Oil 106 2.6.3.5 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) 107 2.7 Petrochemicals 107 2.7.1 Olefins: Prime and Higher Olefins 107 2.7.2 Aromatics 109 2.7.3 Lubes 109 2.7.4 Other Products 110 2.8 The Future of Petroleum 110 References 112 Part III Analytical Techniques Utilized in the Petroleum Industry 121 3 Petroleum Analysis Through Conventional Analytical Techniques 123Melissa N. Dunkle and William L. Winniford 3.1 Introduction to Petroleum Analysis 123 3.2 Brief History on Petroleum Analysis 123 3.2.1 How Petroleum Analysis Influenced Developments in Gas Chromatography 124 3.2.1.1 Detector Technology 125 3.2.1.2 Column Technology 132 3.3 Conventional Analysis of Petroleum 135 3.3.1 Distillation 136 3.3.2 PIONA Analyzer 137 3.3.3 Detailed Hydrocarbon Analysis 138 3.3.4 GC-MS Analysis for Unknown and Biomarker Identification 139 3.3.4.1 Diamondoids 140 3.3.4.2 Naphthenic Acids 141 3.3.4.3 Biomarkers 142 3.3.5 Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) and Their Environmental Impact 145 3.3.6 Tar Analysis 146 3.3.7 Analysis of Heteroatoms and Heavy Metals 149 3.3.7.1 Heteroatoms 149 3.3.7.2 Heavy Metals 150 3.3.8 Additional Analytical Applications for Petroleum 150 References 150 4 Advanced Analytics for the Evaluation of Oil, Natural Gas, and Shale Oil/Gas 161Emmie Dumont, Pat Sandra, Kyra A. Murrell, Frank L. Dorman, Allegra Leghissa, and Kevin A. Schug 4.1 IRMS in the Oil and Gas Industry 161 4.1.1 IRMS: General 161 4.1.1.1 Introduction 161 4.1.1.2 Isotopic Fingerprint 162 4.1.2 IRMS: The Technique 164 4.1.2.1 Introduction 164 4.1.2.2 Ionization 164 4.1.2.3 Mass Analyzer 164 4.1.2.4 Detection 165 4.1.2.5 Referencing 165 4.1.2.6 Bulk Analysis 165 4.1.3 Compound Specific IRMS 166 4.1.3.1 Introduction 166 4.1.3.2 GC-IRMS 166 4.1.3.3 LC-IRMS 167 4.1.3.4 Two-Dimensional GC-IRMS 168 4.1.4 IRMS Applications in the Oil and Gas Industry 169 4.1.4.1 Introduction 169 4.1.4.2 Oil Fingerprinting 171 4.1.4.3 Air Pollution 172 4.1.4.4 Differentiating Oil Derived Products 174 4.1.4.5 Inherent Tracers for Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) 174 4.1.5 Conclusions Over Utilization of IRMS in the Oil and Gas Industry 176 4.2 Advanced Analytics for the Evaluation of Oil, Natural Gas, and Shale Oil/Gas: Comprehensive GC (GC × GC) 176 4.2.1 Background 176 4.2.2 Basic Principles of GC× GC: Instrumentation 178 4.2.3 Basic Principles of GC× GC: Columns 180 4.2.4 Basic Principles of GC× GC: Modulators 184 4.2.5 Basic Principles of GC× GC: Detectors 186 4.2.6 Basic Principles of GC× GC: Data Processing 187 4.2.7 Petrochemical Applications: Group-Type Analysis 190 4.2.8 Petrochemical Applications: Contaminated Soil and Sediments 193 4.2.9 Petrochemical Applications: Marine Oil Spills 196 4.2.10 Petrochemical Applications: Hydraulic Fracturing 199 4.2.11 Conclusions of Utilizing GC×GC in the Oil and Gas Industry 201 4.3 Petroleum and Hydrocarbon Analysis by Gas Chromatography: Vacuum Ultraviolet Spectroscopy 202 4.3.1 Introduction to GC-VUV 202 4.3.2 GC-VUV Data Processing 204 4.3.2.1 Time Interval Deconvolution (TID) Algorithm 206 4.3.2.2 Pseudo-absolute Quantitation 208 4.3.3 GC-VUV Applications 210 4.3.4 GC-VUV Conclusions 214 References 215 5 Liquid Chromatography: Applications for the Oil and Gas Industry 225Denice van Herwerden, Bob W. J. Pirok, and Peter J. Schoenmakers 5.1 Introduction 225 5.1.1 Petroleum Industry 225 5.1.2 Introduction to Liquid Chromatography 226 5.2 Group-Type Separations 228 5.2.1 Group-Type Separations of Heavy Distillates 228 5.2.2 Other Group-Type Separations 232 5.3 Molecular-Weight Distribution 233 5.4 Target Analysis 236 5.4.1 Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons 236 5.4.2 Naphthenic Acids 240 5.4.3 Phenols 244 5.5 LC as a Pre-separation Technique for GC Analysis 245 5.6 Conclusions 247 References 248 6 Supercritical Fluids in Chromatography: Applications to the Oil and Gas Industry 259Didier Thiébaut and Robert M. Campbell 6.1 Introduction 259 6.2 Basics of SFC 260 6.2.1 Packed Column SFC 262 6.2.1.1 Implementation 262 6.2.1.2 Applications of Packed Column SFC 264 6.2.2 Capillary SFC 265 6.3 Simulated Distillation (SIMDIST) 266 6.3.1 Experimental 267 6.3.2 Results 267 6.4 Group-Type and Related Separations 270 6.4.1 Heavy Samples 271 6.4.2 Additives 272 6.5 Detailed Separations 273 6.5.1 Surfactant and Alkoxylate Polymer Analysis by SFC 273 6.5.1.1 Open Tubular Columns 273 6.5.1.2 Packed Capillary Column SFC of Surfactants 274 6.5.2 Packed Column SFC of Surfactants 275 6.5.2.1 Surfactants by Sub-2 μm Particle Packed Column SFC 276 6.5.2.2 Surfactant Characterization by SFC/MS: Software-Assisted Deconvolution of Co-polymers 280 6.5.2.3 CO2 Cloud Point Pressures of Non-ionic Surfactants by Capillary and Packed Column SFC 280 6.5.2.4 CO2/Water Partition Coefficients by SFC 280 6.5.2.5 SFC of Ionic Surfactants 281 6.5.3 Capillary SFC of Surfactants 281 6.5.3.1 Large Volume Injection in Capillary SFC 281 6.5.3.2 Splitless Injection in Capillary SFC 282 6.5.4 Separations of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) 283 6.5.5 SFC in Multidimensional Separations 285 6.5.5.1 LC× SFC 285 6.5.5.2 Feasibility of SFC× SFC 287 References 288 7 Online and In Situ Measurements for Environmental Applications in Oil and Gas 299Eric Schmidt, J.D. Tate, William L. Winniford, and Melissa N. Dunkle 7.1 Introduction 299 7.2 Characteristics of On-line Analyzers 300 7.2.1 Zone Classification 300 7.2.2 Sampling Systems 301 7.2.3 Detection 302 7.3 Water Analysis 302 7.3.1 General Water Analysis 302 7.3.2 Application: Benzene in Drinking Water 303 7.4 Air Quality and Emissions Monitoring 304 7.4.1 Regulations 305 7.4.1.1 US Air Monitoring 305 7.4.1.2 European Union Air Monitoring 305 7.4.2 Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry for Emission Monitoring 307 7.5 Sample Conditioning 309 7.6 Well Drilling and Production 309 7.6.1 Well Logging 310 7.6.2 Emissions 312 7.7 Texas Commission on Environmental Quality 312 7.8 Fenceline Monitoring 313 7.9 Pipeline and Fugitive Emission Monitoring with Drones 317 7.10 Types of Continuous Emission Monitors 317 7.10.1 Nondispersive IR (NDIR) 317 7.10.2 UV and Dispersive IR 319 7.10.3 Chemiluminescent NOx/SOx Analyzers 319 7.10.4 TDL Analyzers 320 7.10.5 QCL Analyzers 321 7.11 Portable GCs 321 References 324 Part IV Special Cases and Examples Related to the Petroleum Industry 329 8 Tracers for Oil and Gas Reservoirs 331William L. Winniford and Melissa N. Dunkle 8.1 Introduction 331 8.2 Types of Tracers 334 8.2.1 Radioactive Water Tracers 334 8.2.2 Radioactive Gas Tracers 336 8.2.3 Radioactive Measurement Techniques 336 8.2.4 Example Studies of Radioactive Tracers 338 8.2.5 Chemical Water Tracers 338 8.2.6 Chemical Gas Tracers 339 8.2.7 Naturally Occurring Tracers 340 8.2.7.1 Isotopes 340 8.2.7.2 Biomarkers 341 8.3 Regulations 341 References 343 9 Environmental Impact of Emissions Originating from the Petroleum Industry 347Melissa N. Dunkle and William L. Winniford 9.1 Global Warming 347 9.1.1 Causes of Global Warming 347 9.1.2 Combatting Global Warming 349 9.2 Environmental Impact of Diesel Emissions 350 9.2.1 Diesel Engine 350 9.2.2 Diesel Exhaust 350 9.2.3 Diesel Engine Modifications 351 9.2.4 Diesel Fuel Modifications 354 9.2.4.1 Low Sulfur Diesel 355 9.2.4.2 Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel 355 9.2.4.3 Biodiesel 355 9.2.4.4 Modification of Diesel and Biodiesel with Oxygenates 357 9.2.5 Sulfur Monitoring of Diesel Fuels 358 9.2.6 Monitoring Air Pollution/Haze 359 9.3 Environmental Impact of Fossil Fuel Sourcing and Energy Conversion on Global Warming 360 9.3.1 Coal Mining, Natural Gas Wells, and Methane Release 360 9.3.1.1 Coal Mine Methane 362 9.3.1.2 Natural Gas Methane 363 9.3.2 Fossil Fuel Power Stations 363 9.3.2.1 Coal-Fired Power Station 363 9.3.2.2 Gas-Fired Power Station 364 9.3.3 Emissions from Fossil Fuel Power Stations 364 9.3.3.1 Carbon Dioxide 365 9.3.3.2 Sulfur Dioxide 366 9.3.3.3 Nitrogen Oxides 367 9.3.3.4 Particulate Matter (PM) 367 9.3.3.5 Coal Ash and Heavy Metals 368 9.3.4 Wastewater from Fossil Fuel Power Stations 369 9.3.5 Analysis of Ground Water 371 References 371 Part V Environmental Analysis 379 10 Environmental Analysis of Soil, Water, and Air 381Paige Teehan, Kyra A. Murrell, Romano Jaramillo, A. Paige Wicker, Robert Parette, Kevin A. Schug, and Frank L. Dorman 10.1 Water and Soil Monitoring 381 10.2 Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Soil 382 10.2.1 Introduction 382 10.2.2 Soil as a Matrix 383 10.2.3 Sample Preparation 383 10.2.3.1 Collection and Preservation 384 10.2.3.2 Extraction 384 10.2.3.3 Concentration 384 10.2.3.4 Cleanup 384 10.2.4 Sample Analysis 386 10.3 Volatile Organic Compound Analysis 389 10.3.1 Introduction 389 10.3.2 Methane Monitoring 389 10.3.2.1 Cavity Ring-Down Laser Spectrometry Techniques 390 10.3.2.2 Mobile Platforms for Bottom-Up Analyses 391 10.3.2.3 Aircraft-Based Top-Down Analysis 392 10.3.3 Non-Methane VOC Monitoring 392 10.3.3.1 Air Sampling 392 10.3.3.2 Analysis of Air Samples 393 10.4 Water Analysis 393 10.4.1 Introduction 393 10.4.2 Sample Preparation 395 10.4.3 Sample Analysis 397 10.5 Portable GCs for Field Monitoring 402 10.5.1 Introduction 402 10.5.2 Analyzing Field Samples 403 10.6 Fingerprinting in the Oil and Gas Industry 404 10.6.1 Introduction 404 10.6.2 Hydrocarbon Fingerprinting 405 10.6.3 Additional Texts on Fingerprinting Oil Spills and Petroleum Products 405 References 406 Part VI Future Trends in the Petroleum Industry 417 11 Future Trends 419William L. Winniford and Melissa N. Dunkle 11.1 Introduction 419 11.2 Climate Change 421 11.3 Likely Scenarios 422 11.3.1 Gas Emissions 422 11.3.2 Water Emissions 425 11.3.3 Oil Sands 427 11.3.4 Food Contact – MOSH/MOAH 428 11.3.5 Industry 4.0 and the 4thWave of Environmentalism 428 11.4 Summary 430 References 430 Index 433

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Book SynopsisACOUSTIC AND VIBRATIONAL ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY Oil and gas is still a major energy source all over the world, and techniques like these, which are more environmentally friendly and inexpensive than many previous development and production technologies, are important for making fossil fuels more sustainable and less hazardous to the environment. Based on research they did in the 1970s in Russia and the United States, the authors discovered that oil rate production increased noticeably several days after the occurrence of an earthquake when the epicenter of the earthquake was located in the vicinity of the oil producing field. The increase in oil flow remained higher for a considerable period of time, and it led to a decade-long study both in the Russia and the US, which gradually focused on the use of acoustic/vibrational energy for enhanced oil recovery after reservoirs waterflooded. In the 1980s, they noticed in soil remediation studies that sonic energy applied toTable of ContentsList of Contributors xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Origin and Migration of Oil 5 1.1.1 Seismicity 6 1.1.2 Electrokinetics 7 1.1.3 Earth Tides 9 1.1.4 Compaction 9 1.1.5 Migration in a Gaseous Form 10 1.2 Seismic Vibration Techniques 11 1.2.1 Producing Well Experiments 11 1.2.2 Mechanisms of Interaction of Fluid Flow With the Vibro-Energy in Porous Media 12 References and Bibliography 13 2 Wave Spreading Patterns in the Porous Media 19 2.1 Spread of Vibration in Reservoir 19 2.2 Effect on the Wave Spread in the Oil Accumulations by the Geologic-Geophysical Conditions 26 2.3 Wave Spreading From the Vibrating Surface of the Reservoir Matrix Into the Saturated Medium 30 2.4 Excitation of Vibration in Oil Reservoirs 42 References and Bibliography 51 3 Directional Displacement of a Dispersed Phase 55 3.1 Simplest Models of the Vibrational Directional Displacement 55 3.2 Physical Mechanisms and Major Types of Asymmetry Causing Vibratory Displacement 61 3.3 Directed Motion of the Dispersed Phase in Vibrating Pore Channels 69 3.4 Directional Motion of the Vibrating Dispersed Phase in Pore Channels 82 References 87 4 Formation Damage Control and Cement Sheath Stability 89 4.1 Status of the Reservoir 89 4.2 Vibration Effect on the Reservoir’s Heat Properties 95 4.3 Decolmatation of the Near-Bottomhole Zone in the Vibration Field 104 4.4 Cement Sheath Stability Around a Well in the Vibration Field 113 References and Bibliography 118 5 Effect of Vibration on Improving Oil Yield and Various Tertiary Recovery Technologies 123 5.1 Major Causes of Incomplete Oil Recovery From the Subsurface 123 5.1.1 Oil Displacement by Miscible Hydrocarbons 128 5.1.2 Oil Displacement by a High-Pressure Dry Gas 129 5.1.3 Oil Displacement by an Enriched Gas 130 5.1.4 Oils Displacement by Liquefied Petroleum Gas 131 5.1.5 Oil Displacement With Carbon Dioxide 132 5.1.6 Oil Displacement by Polymer Solutions 133 5.1.7 Oil Displacement by Micellar Solutions 135 5.1.8 Thermal Methods 138 5.1.9 The Vibroseismic Method 148 5.2 A Study of the Residual Formation Pressure in the Vibration Field 150 5.3 A Study of the Oil Capillary Displacement in the Vibration Field 163 5.4 Studies of the Oil and Water Gravity Flow in the Vibration Field 168 5.4.1 Absolute Permeability Effect 170 5.4.2 An Effect of Oil Viscosity 172 5.4.3 The Capillary Pressure Effect 173 5.4.4 The Oil and Water Phase Permeability Effect 173 References 179 6 Vibration Effect on Properties of Saturating Phases in a Reservoir 181 6.1 Changes in Interfacial Tensions and Rheological Parameters 181 6.1.1 A Newtonian Liquid 182 6.1.2 A Viscoplastic Liquid 182 6.2 Permeability Changes 186 6.2.1 A Single-Phase Flow 186 6.2.2 Two-Phase Flow 189 6.2.3 Three-Phase Flow 200 6.3 Capillary Pressure Changes 201 6.4 Interformational Oil Degassing and a Decline in the Formation Water Saturation 203 References 212 7 Energy Criteria 215 7.1 Parameters of Oscillatory Treatment and Conditions for Manifestation of Useful Effects in Saturated Geological Media 217 7.2 Wavelike Nature of the Oil-Saturated Geological Media Stress-Energy Exchange. Elastic Oscillations as an Energy Exchange Indicator and Regulator 220 7.2.1 Manifestation of Seismoacoustic Radiation in Oil-Saturated Media Exposed to Internal Stress Disturbance and Elastic Oscillation Treatment 221 7.2.2 Mechanism of Receptive Accumulation of Mechanical Stress Energy in Failing Oil-Saturated Media 233 7.3 Justification of Rational Wave Treatment for the Near-Wellbore Zone and Entire Reservoir 237 7.3.1 Reservoir Treatment With Elastic Oscillations 245 References and Bibliography 257 8 Types of Existing Treatments 261 8.1 Integrated Technologies of the Near-Wellbore Zone Vibrowave Treatment 264 8.1.1 Downhole Equipment 265 8.1.2 Integrated Vibrowave, Overbalance/ Pressure-Drawdown, and Chemical Treatment (VDHV) 271 8.1.3 Vibrowave and Foam Treatment (VPV) 275 8.1.4 Deep Chemical-Wave Reservoir Treatment (GRVP) 276 8.1.5 Remediation of Troubles When Shutting Off Water and Gas Entries 280 8.1.6 Coiled Tubing Wave Technologies (KVT) 282 8.1.7 Tubing and Bottomhole Cleanout Technology 284 8.1.8 HydroVibroSwabbing Technology 284 8.1.9 Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Combined with Vibrowave Treatment (HydroVibroFrac) 285 8.1.10 Hydraulic Fracturing Operations 287 8.1.11 Integrated Treatment of Water Production Wells 291 8.2 Enhanced Oil Recovery Technologies Based on Vibroseismic Treatment (VST) 293 References and Bibliography 308 9 Laboratory Experiments 311 9.1 Laboratory Experiments 311 9.1.1 Oil and Water Saturations of the Porous Medium Exposed to Elastic Waves 311 9.1.2 Rate of Displacement of Oil by Water and Effect of Elastic Waves on Relative Permeability to Oil 313 9.1.3 Degassing of Fluids by the Applied Vibro-Energy 313 9.2 Displacement of Oil by Gas-Free Water in the Presence of Elastic Waves 315 9.3 Displacement of Oil by CO2-Saturated Water in the Presence of Elastic Waves 316 9.4 Modeling of Oil Displacement by Water in Clayey Sandstones 317 References and Bibliography 318 10 Oil Field Tests 321 10.1 Abuzy Oil Field 321 10.2 Changirtash Oil Field 321 10.3 Jirnovskiy Oil Field, First Stage 323 10.4 Jirnovskiy Oil Field, Second Stage 324 References and Bibliography 326 11 Electrokinetic Enhanced Oil Recovery (EEOR) 327 11.1 Introduction 327 11.2 Petroleum Reservoirs, Properties, Reserves, and Recoveries 329 11.2.1 Petroleum Reservoirs 329 11.2.2 Porosity 329 11.2.3 Reservoir Saturations 329 11.2.4 Initial Reserves 330 11.2.5 Primary Oil Production and Water Cut 330 11.3 Relative Permeability and Residual Saturation 331 11.4 Enhanced Oil Recovery 332 11.5 Electrokinetically Enhanced Oil Recovery 332 11.5.1 Historical Background 333 11.5.2 Geotechnical and Environmental Electrokinetic Applications 334 11.5.3 Direct Current Electrokinetically Enhanced Oil Recovery 335 11.6 DCEOR (EEOR) and Energy Storage 336 11.6.1 Mesoscopic Polarization Model 337 11.7 Electrochemical Basis for DCEOR 339 11.7.1 Coupled Flows and Onsager’s Principle 339 11.7.2 Joule Heating 341 11.7.3 Electromigration 341 11.7.4 Electrophoresis 342 11.7.5 Electroosmosis 342 11.7.6 Electrochemically Enhanced Reactions 342 11.7.7 Role of the Helmholtz Double Layer 343 11.7.7.1 Dissociation of Ionic Salts 343 11.7.7.2 Silicates 344 11.7.7.3 Phillosilicates and Clay Minerals 345 11.7.7.4 Cation Exchange Capacity 346 11.7.7.5 Electrochemistry of the Double Layer 347 11.8 DCEOR Field Operations 351 11.8.1 Three-Dimensional Current Flow Ramifications 352 11.8.2 Electric Field Mapping 353 11.8.3 Joule Heating and Energy Loss 353 11.8.4 Comparison of DC vs. AC Electrical Transmission Power Loss 354 11.9 DCEOR Field Demonstrations 356 11.9.1 Santa Maria Basin (California, USA) DCEOR Field Demonstration 356 11.9.2 Lloydminster Heavy Oil Belt (Alberta, Canada) DCEOR Field Demonstration 359 11.10 Produced Fluid Changes 362 11.11 Laboratory Measurements 363 11.11.1 Electrokinetics and Effective Permeability 366 11.11.2 Sulfur Sequestration 367 11.11.3 Carbonate Reservoir Laboratory Tests 367 11.12 Technology Comparisons 368 11.12.1 Comparison of DCEOR and Steam Flood Efficiency 368 11.12.2 Comparison of DCEOR and Steam Flood Costs 368 11.12.3 Comparison of DCEOR to Other EOR Technologies 369 11.13 Summary 371 11.14 Nomenclature 371 References 373 Addendum 381 Nomenclature 383 Symbols 385 About the Authors 391 Index 395

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Book SynopsisEliminate or reduce unwanted emissions with the piping engineering techniques and strategies contained in this book Piping Engineering: Preventing Fugitive Emission in the Oil and Gas Industry is a practical and comprehensive examination of strategies for the reduction or avoidance of fugitive emissions in the oil and gas industry. The book covers key considerations and calculations for piping and fitting design and selection, maintenance, and troubleshooting to eliminate or reduce emissions, as well as the various components that can allow for or cause them, including piping flange joints. The author explores leak detection and repair (LDAR), a key technique for managing fugitive emissions. He also discusses piping stresses, like principal, displacement, sustained, occasional, and reaction loads, and how to calculate these loads and acceptable limits. Various devices to tighten the bolts for flanges are described, as are essential flange fabrications and installTable of ContentsAuthor Biography ix 1 An Introduction to Fugitive Emission, Piping Engineering, and LDAR 1 1.1 Introduction to Fugitive Emission 1 1.2 Introduction to Piping Engineering 5 1.3 Causes of Piping Failure and Leakage 8 1.4 Leak Detection and Repair (LDAR) 13 1.4.1 Composite Repair 14 1.4.2 Mechanical Clamp Repair 14 1.4.3 Welded Leak Box Repair 15 1.4.4 External Weld Overlay 16 1.4.5 Sleeve Repair 17 1.5 Questions and Answers 18 Further Readings 21 2 Piping Pressure Design to Prevent Leakage and Emission 23 2.1 Introduction to Piping Design 23 2.2 Piping and Pipeline Wall Thickness Calculation 23 2.2.1 Piping Wall Thickness Calculation as per ASME B31.3 23 2.2.2 Pipeline Wall Thickness Calculation 32 2.3 Pipe Fittings Wall Thickness/Pressure Rating 51 2.4 Flange Pressure Rating and Thickness Selection 59 2.5 Questions and Answers 70 Further Readings 84 3 Piping Stress Analysis to Prevent Operational Failure 87 3.1 Introduction to Piping Stress Analysis 87 3.2 Principal Piping Stresses 87 3.3 Sustained Loads 96 3.4 Occasional Loads 106 3.4.1 Earthquake and Blast Load 106 3.4.2 Wind Load 109 3.5 Displacement Stress 111 3.5.1 Stress Intensification Factor (SIF) 127 3.6 Piping Reaction Forces 133 3.6.1 Pressure Safety/Relief Valve Reaction Force 133 3.6.2 Slug Flow Reaction Force 138 3.6.3 Water Hammering Load Calculation 143 3.7 Conclusion 145 3.8 Questions and Answers 146 Further Readings 153 4 Piping Flange Joints 155 4.1 Introduction 155 4.2 Flanges 157 4.2.1 Flange Standards 157 4.2.2 Flange Types 162 4.2.3 Flange Faces 175 4.2.4 Flange Surface (Face) Finish 184 4.2.5 Flange Identification 185 4.2.6 Flange Installation 185 4.3 Gaskets 190 4.3.1 Nonmetallic Flat Gaskets 191 4.3.2 Semimetallic Gaskets 192 4.3.3 Metallic Gaskets 196 4.4 Bolting (Bolts and Nuts) 197 4.4.1 Bolt Tightening 204 4.5 Mechanical Joints (Hubs and Clamps) 210 4.6 Compact Flanges 212 4.7 Questions and Answers 216 Appendix A 220 Further Readings 223 5 Piping Flange Joint Calculations 227 5.1 Introduction 227 5.2 Bolt Length Determination and Calculation 228 5.2.1 Long Bolt Length Calculation for Wafer Body Valves 236 5.2.2 Long Bolt Length Calculation for Flanges with Line Blanks 239 5.3 Flange Leakage Analysis 245 5.3.1 Bolting Characteristics 247 5.3.2 Gasket Behavior 253 5.3.3 Combination of Bolt Loads and Gasket Reaction 254 5.3.4 Flange Loading 262 5.3.5 Pressure Equivalent Method 269 5.4 Questions and Answers 270 Appendix A 275 Further Readings 277 6 Piping Material Selection and Corrosion Prevention 279 6.1 Introduction 279 6.2 Onshore Pipeline 281 6.2.1 Onshore Pipeline Material Selection 281 6.2.2 External Corrosion 282 6.2.3 Pipeline External Corrosion Protection 284 6.2.4 Pipeline Internal Corrosion Types and Mitigation 287 6.3 Onshore Piping 301 6.3.1 Onshore Piping Material Selection 301 6.3.2 Onshore Piping Corrosion Types 315 6.4 Offshore Piping 317 6.4.1 Offshore Piping Material Selection 317 6.4.2 Offshore Piping Corrosion Study 320 6.5 Questions and Answers 322 Further Readings 327 7 Piping Component Selection and Identification 329 7.1 Introduction and Overview 329 7.2 Pipe 329 7.3 Pipe Fittings 331 7.3.1 Fittings for Piping Route Change 331 7.3.2 Fittings for Pipe Size Change 336 7.3.3 Fittings for Branching 341 7.3.4 Fittings for Pipe Termination or Blinding 352 7.4 Questions and Answers 356 Further Readings 361 8 Piping Fabrication, Inspection, and Testing 363 8.1 Introduction and Overview 363 8.2 Fabrication, Assembly, and Erection 363 8.2.1 Welding 367 8.3 Inspection 378 8.3.1 Introduction 378 8.3.2 Welding Inspection 379 8.4 Piping Pressure Test 385 8.4.1 Test Media 386 8.4.2 Test Preparation 387 8.4.3 Test Implementation 387 8.5 Questions and Answers 389 Further Readings 393 Index 395

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