Materials / States of matter Books

Book SynopsisWhat is matter? Matter is the stuff from which we and all the things in the world are made. Everything around us, from desks, to books, to our own bodies are made of atoms, which are small enough that a million of them can fit across the breadth of a human hair. Inside every atom is a tiny nucleus and orbiting the nucleus is a cloud of electrons. The nucleus is made out of protons and neutrons, and by zooming in further you would find that inside each there are even smaller particles, quarks. Together with electrons, the quarks are the smallest particles that have been seen, and are the indivisible fundamental particles of nature that have existed since the Big Bang, almost 14 billion years ago. The 92 different chemical elements that all normal matter is made from were forged billions of years ago in the Big Bang, inside stars, and in violent stellar explosions. This Very Short Introduction takes us on a journey from the human scale of matter in the familiar everyday forms of solids, liquids, and gases to plasmas, exotic forms of quantum matter, and antimatter. On the largest scales matter is sculpted by gravity into planets, stars, galaxies, and vast clusters of galaxies. All the matter that that we normally encounter however constitutes only 5% of the matter that exists. The remaining 95% comes in two mysterious forms: dark matter, and dark energy. Dark matter is necessary to stop the galaxies from flying apart, and dark energy is needed to explain the observed acceleration of the expansion of the universe. Geoff Cottrell explores the latest research into matter, and shows that there is still a lot we don''t know about the stuff our universe is made of.ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.Table of ContentsIntroduction 1: What is matter? 2: Atoms 3: Forms of matter 4: Energy, mass, and light 5: The quantum world of the atom 6: Quantum matter 7: The smallest particles 8: The origin of the elements 9: Dark matter and dark energy Further reading Index

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Book SynopsisCovering the elementary aspects of the physics of phases transitions and the renormalization group, this popular book is widely used both for core graduate statistical mechanics courses as well as for more specialized courses. Emphasizing understanding and clarity rather than technical manipulation, these lectures de-mystify the subject and show precisely how things work. Goldenfeld keeps in mind a reader who wants to understand why things are done, what the results are, and what in principle can go wrong. The book reaches both experimentalists and theorists, students and even active researchers, and assumes only a prior knowledge of statistical mechanics at the introductory graduate level.Advanced, never-before-printed topics on the applications of renormalization group far from equilibrium and to partial differential equations add to the uniqueness of this book.Table of ContentsIntroduction * Scaling and Dimensional Analysis * Power Laws in Statistical Physics * Some Important Questions * Historical Development * Exercises How Phase Transitions Occur In Principle * Review of Statistical Mechanics * The Thermodynamic Limit * Phase Boundaries and Phase Transitions * The Role of Models * The Ising Model * Analytic Properties of the Ising Model * Symmetry Properties of the Ising Model * Existence of Phase Transitions * Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking * Ergodicity Breaking * Fluids * Lattice Gases * Equivalence in Statistical Mechanics * Miscellaneous Remarks * Exercises How Phase Transitions Occur In Practice * Ad Hoc Solution Methods * The Transfer Matrix * Phase Transitions * Thermodynamic Properties * Spatial Correlations * Low Temperature Expansion * Mean Field Theory * Exercises Critical Phenomena in Fluids * Thermodynamics * Two-Phase Coexistence * Vicinity of the Critical Point * Van der Waals Equation * Spatial Correlations * Measurement of Critical Exponents * Exercises Landau Theory * Order Parameters * Common Features of Mean Field Theories * Phenomenological Landau Theory * Continuous Phase Transitions * Inhomogeneous Systems * Correlation Functions * Exercises Fluctuations and the Breakdown of Landau Theory * Breakdown of Microscopic Landau Theory * Breakdown of Phenomenological Landau Theory * The Gaussian Approximation * Critical Exponents * Exercises Scaling in Static, Dynamic and Non-Equilibrium Phenomena * The Static-Scaling Hypothesis * Other Forms of the Scaling Hypothesis * Dynamic Critical Phenomena * Scaling in the Approach to Equilibrium * Summary The Renormalisation Group * Block Spins * Basic Ideas of the Renormalisation Group * Fixed Points * Origin of Scaling * RG in Differential Form * RG for the Two Dimensional Ising Model * First Order Transitions and Non-Critical Properties * RG for the Correlation Function * Crossover Phenomena * Correlations to Scaling * Finite Size Scaling Anomalous Dimensions Far From Equilibrium * Introduction * Similarity Solutions * Anomalous Dimensions in Similarity Solutions * Renormalisation * Perturbation Theory for Barenblatts Equation * Fixed Points * Conclusion Continuous Symmetry * Correlation in the Ordered Phase * Kosterlitz-Thouless Transition Critical Phenomena Near Four Dimensions * Basic Idea of the Epsilon Expansion * RG for the Gaussian Model * RG Beyond the Gaussian Approximation * Feyman Diagrams * The RG Recursion Relations * Conclusion

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Book SynopsisThis book provides an expert perspective and a unique insight into the essence of the science of materials, introducing the reader to ten fundamental concepts underpinning the subject. It is suitable for undergraduate and pre-university students of physics, chemistry and mathematics.Trade ReviewThere is no doubt that the intellectual quality of this book is extremely high. This is a book written by a materials scientist at the top of their game - one who has taught the subject as well being a world expert. This is distilled wisdom. * Mark Miodownik, University College London *This is a nicely written book. Great care has been taken to be economical with words, while giving clear explanations using accessible examples. This book appears to be a concise summary of the thinking of the author over several decades of teaching and research in the field. * Andrew Horsfield, Imperial College London *Sutton has succeeded in collecting the principal concepts of materials science into a short book. The content is accessible to students in the physical sciences and is elegantly presented. Sutton's goal to present things in the simplest form does not compromise rigor. * W. Craig Carter, Massachusetts Institute of Technology *Table of Contents1: When is a Material Stable? 2: Phase Diagrams 3: Restless Motion 4: Defects 5: Symmetry 6: Quantum Behaviour 7: Small is Different 8: Collective Behaviour 9: Materials by Design 10: Metamaterials 11: Biological Matter as a Material

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Book SynopsisClassical and Quantum Parametric Phenomena provides an overview of the phenomena arising when parametric pumping is applied to oscillators. These phenomena include parametric amplification, noise squeezing, spontaneous symmetry breaking, activated switching, cat states, and synthetic Ising spin lattices. To understand these effects, topics such as nonlinear and stochastic dynamics, coupled systems, and quantum mechanics are introduced. Throughout the book, introductions are kept as succinct as possible and attention is focused on understanding parametric oscillators. As a result, the text helps readers to familiarize themselves with many aspects of parametric systems and understand the common theoretical origin of nanomechanical sensors, optical amplifiers, and superconducting qubits.Parametric phenomena have enabled important scientific breakthroughs over the last decades and are still at the focus of intense research efforts. This book provides a resource for experimental and theoretTrade ReviewIt is a good time to publish this book because the importance of parametric resonators is again growing reflecting the various practical applications. The included Python code is very nice and useful for the students who start to learn the detailed physics behind the theory. * Hiroshi Yamaguchi, NTT Basic Research Laboratories, Kanagawa *The book is timely and will be appreciated by physicists working in different areas from condensed matter physics to quantum information, as well as people working in mechanical and electrical engineering. It will be used not only as a textbook, but also as a reference. * Mark Dykman, Michigan State University *A fantastic addition to the literature. * Guillermo Villanueva, EPF Lausanne *The book contains a cogent discussion of the different subjects in the context of exercises based on numerical Python codes; this will be especially useful for self-teaching. * Christian Brosseau, Optica Fellow and Professor of Physics, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France *Table of ContentsIntroduction 0.1: Historical Review 0.2: Present and Future 1 The Harmonic Resonator 1.1: Newton's Equation of Motion 1.2: Response of the Driven Resonator 1.3: Matrix Formulation 1.4: Parametric Modulation 1.5: Floquet Theory 1.6: Summary of Chapter 1 1.7: Exercises for Chapter 1 2 The Duffing Resonator 2.1: The Quartic Potential 2.2: The Cubic Potential 2.3: Summary of Chapter 2 2.4: Exercises for Chapter 2 3 Degenerate Parametric Pumping 3.1: The Nonlinear Parametric Resonator 3.2: Parametric Pumping via Three-Wave Mixing 3.3: Summary of Chapter 3 3.4: Exercises for Chapter 3 4 Dissipation and Force Fluctuations 4.1: The Role of Force Noise 4.2: The Fluctuation-Dissipation Theorem 4.3: The Probability Distribution Approach 4.4: Summary of Chapter 4 4.5: Exercises for Chapter 4 5 Parametric Resonators with Force Noise 5.1: Multistability and Quasi-Stable Solutions 5.2: Parametric Amplification Below Threshold 5.3: Parametric Pumping Above Threshold 5.4: Hierarchy of Relevant Timescales 5.5: Summary of Chapter 5 5.6: Exercises for Chapter 5 6 Coupled Harmonic Resonators 6.1: Static Coupling 6.2: Nondegenerate Three-Wave Mixing 6.3: Alternative Types of Coupling 6.4: Summary of Chapter 6 6.5: Exercises for Chapter 6 7 Coupled Parametric Oscillators 7.1: Equations for N Coupled Parametric Oscillators 7.2: Examples for N = 2 7.3: Networks with N > 2 7.4: Summary of Chapter 7 7.5: Exercises for Chapter 7 8 The Quantum Harmonic Oscillator 8.1: From Classical to Quantum Fluctuations 8.2: From First to Second Quantization 8.3: Quantum State Representations 8.4: Summary of Chapter 8 8.5: Exercises for Chapter 8 9 From Closed to Open Quantum Systems 9.1: Coupling to a Thermal Environment 9.2: The Driven Quantum Resonator 9.3: Summary of Chapter 9 9.4: Exercises for Chapter 9 10 The Quantum Parametric Oscillator 10.1: General Hamiltonian 10.2: Quantum Parametric Phenomena 10.3: Coupled Quantum Parametric Oscillators 10.4: Summary of Chapter 10 10.5: Exercises for Chapter 10 11 Experimental Systems 11.1: Mechanical Resonator Example 11.2: Electrical Resonator Example 11.3: Optical Resonator Example 11.4: Rescaling of the Numerical Values 11.5: Summary of Chapter 11 11.6: Exercises for Chapter 11 List of Important Symbols

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Book SynopsisAt the intersection of physics, mathematics, and computer science, an exciting new field of study has formed, known as Topological Quantum. This research field examines the deep connections between the theory of knots, special types of subatomic particles known as anyons, certain phases of matter, and quantum computation. This book elucidates this nexus, drawing in topics ranging from quantum gravity to topology to experimental condensed matter physics. Topological quantum has increasingly been a focus point in the fields of condensed matter physics and quantum information over the last few decades, and the forefront of research now builds on the basic ideas presented in this book. The material is presented in a down-to-earth and entertaining way that is far less abstract than most of what is in the literature. While introducing the crucial concepts and placing them in context, the subject is presented without resort to the highly mathematical category theory that underlies the field. Trade ReviewExtremely timely, well structured and engaging, exposing both the mathematical beauty of the subject and its deep connections to physics. * Kirill Shtengel, University of California, Riverside *This text is nothing short of a triumph. * Kymani Armstrong-Williams, Physics Book Reviews *

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Book SynopsisA Mind Over Matter is a biography of the Nobel-prize winner Philip W. Anderson, a person widely regarded as one of the most accomplished and influential physicists of the second half of the twentieth century. Anderson (1923-2020) was a theoretician who specialized in the physics of matter, including window glass and metals, magnets and semiconductors, liquid crystals and superconductors. More than any other single person, Anderson transformed the patchwork subject of solid-state physics into the deep, subtle, and coherent discipline known today as condensed matter physics. Among his many world-class research achievements, Anderson discovered an aspect of wave physics that had been missed by all previous scientists going back to Isaac Newton. He became a public figure when he testified before Congress to oppose its funding of an expensive project intended exclusively for particle physics research. Over the years, he published many articles designed to influence a broad audience about issues where science impacted public policy and culture. Anderson grew up in the American mid-west, was educated at Harvard, and rose to the pinnacle of his profession during the first decade of his thirty-five career as a theoretical physicist at Bell Telephone Laboratories. Almost uniquely, he spent many years working half-time as a professor at the University of Cambridge and at Princeton University. The outspoken Anderson enjoyed broad influence outside of physics when he helped develop and champion the concepts of emergence and complexity as organizing principles to help attack very difficult problems in technically challenging disciplines.Trade ReviewA Mind Over Matter is an important book of interest not only to physicists but also to many historians and philosophers of science. Apart from providing a comprehensive review of Anderson's life and science. * Helge Kragh, Metascience *A lucid biography of one of the great twentieth-century scientists, and also a skeleton-key for readers interested in the physics of complex systems. * David Kordahl, 3 Quarks Daily *Zangwill's well-written and engaging A Mind Over Matter is an important book of interest not only to physicists but also to many historians and philosophers of science. * Helge Kragh, Metascience *Zangwill has done an admirable job in capturing the character of Anderson, accurately depicting his flaws as well as his enormous strengths. Moreover, the book is very well written [...]. It should clearly be of great interest to anyone who has done research in the area of condensed matter physics, or has seriously studied that subject. But it should also be of interest to many others, including people with a broad interest in the history of science and the evolution of physics in the second half of the twentieth century. * Bertrand Halperin, Harvard University *The book is great, extremely interesting and well written. It should appeal to thinking scientists and academics quite widely, and it captures the spirit of a leading figure in theoretical physics. In particular I like the discussion of Anderson's 'style' of doing theoretical physics in line with his whole ethos and what he thinks science is about. * Volker Heine, Cambridge University *Well-researched, nicely balanced and refreshingly non-hagiographic. * Anthony Leggett, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign *Table of ContentsPrologue 1: Introduction 2: Son of the Heartland 3: Making Waves 4: First Fruits 5: A Solid Beginning 6: Breaking Symmetry 7: Disorderly Conduct 8: Law in Disorder 9: The Love of His Life 10: The Cantabrigian 11: Hidden Moments 12: From Emergence to Complexity 13: The Pope of Condensed Matter 14: The Problem of a Lifetime 15: Four Facts about Science 16: Conclusion Acknowledgments

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Book SynopsisThe electrical properties of materials are fundamental to many devices encountered in daily life and in today''s industry, ranging from the semiconductors used in microelectronics to the dielectric materials in liquid crystal displays, the magnetic materials in the motors of electric cars and the superconducting materials in MRI scanners. All stem from the response of electrons to electric and magnetic fields. This book explains the phenomena, reviews the best materials, and presents the most relevant applications. The behaviour of electrons in atoms, liquids, solids, and periodic crystals is described, and the possibilities of new artificial materials are discussed. In themselves, electrons are intriguing, sometimes displaying particle-type and other times wave-type behaviour. Full understanding of wave properties requires quantum mechanics, often seen as a barrier due to the unfamiliarity of the concepts involved and the complexity of the mathematical apparatus needed. A key aim is t

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Book SynopsisWith contributions by Paul F. Fewster and Christoph Genzel While X-ray diffraction investigation of powders and polycrystalline matter was at the forefront of materials science in the 1960s and 70s, high-tech applications at the beginning of the 21st century are driven by the materials science of thin films. Very much an interdisciplinary field, chemists, biochemists, materials scientists, physicists and engineers all have a common interest in thin films and their manifold uses and applications. Grain size, porosity, density, preferred orientation and other properties are important to know: whether thin films fulfill their intended function depends crucially on their structure and morphology once a chemical composition has been chosen. Although their backgrounds differ greatly, all the involved specialists a profound understanding of how structural properties may be determined in order to perform their respective tasks in search of new and modern materials, coatings and functions. The author undertakes this in-depth introduction to the field of thin film X-ray characterization in a clear and precise manner.Trade Review"... this book should prove very useful to anyone..." Material Characterization Table of ContentsPreface ix Symbols xv 1 Principles of X-ray Diffraction 1 1.1 The Basic Phenomenon 1 1.2 The θ/2θ Scan 11 1.3 Intensity of Bragg Ref lections 14 1.3.1 Atomic Form Factors 17 1.3.2 Structure Factor 19 1.3.3 Multiplicity 24 1.3.4 Geometry Factor 25 1.3.5 Preferred Orientation (Texture) 25 1.3.6 Polarization Factor 26 1.3.7 Absorption Factor 26 1.3.8 Integration of the Interference Function 29 1.4 Applications 37 Exercises 39 References 41 2 Identification of Chemical Phases 43 2.1 Histogram-Based Techniques 43 2.2 Linear Attenuation Coefficient µ 55 2.3 Determination and Interpretation of the µt Product 60 2.4 Analysis of Phase Mixtures 66 2.5 Amorphous Thin Films 70 2.6 Accurate Determination of Lattice Parameter 74 2.7 Applications 80 Exercises 81 References 83 3 Line Profile Analysis 85 3.1 Model Functions and Peak Parameters 86 3.2 Instrumental Line Profile 97 3.3 Deconvolution by Fourier Techniques 101 3.4 Ref lection Broadening by Small Crystallite Size Only 107 3.4.1 Scherrer Equation 108 3.4.2 Column Height Distribution 111 3.4.3 Crystallite Shapes Other Than Cubes 112 3.4.4 Determination of the Column Height Distribution Function 115 3.4.5 Determination of the Crystallite Size Distribution Function 118 3.5 Concomitant Occurrence of Size and Strain Broadening 120 3.5.1 Analysis According to Williamson and Hall 122 3.5.2 Method of Warren and Averbach 126 3.5.3 Single-Line Analysis 129 3.5.4 Techniques of Whole-Pattern Fitting 130 3.6 Applications 134 Exercises 136 References 138 4 Grazing Incidence Configurations 143 4.1 Grazing Incidence X-ray Diffraction (GIXRD) 148 4.2 Penetration Depth and Information Depth 155 4.3 Depth-Dependent Properties 158 4.4 Refractive Index for X-rays 160 4.5 Total External Ref lection and Critical Angle 161 4.6 X-ray Ref lectivity (XRR) 165 4.6.1 Ref lectivity of a Substrate 166 4.6.2 Ref lectivity of a Single Layer 168 4.6.3 Ref lectivity of Multilayers and Superlattices 171 4.7 Grazing Incidence Diffraction (GID) 175 4.8 Applications 177 Exercises 179 References 181 5 Texture and Preferred Orientation 183 5.1 Texture Factors 188 5.2 Pole Figures 191 5.3 Measurement of Pole Figures 195 5.4 Directions, Orientations and Inverse Pole Figures 200 5.5 Fiber Textures or Layer Textures 204 5.5.1 Harmonic Method 204 5.5.2 Whole Pattern Techniques 207 5.5.3 Rocking Curves (ω Scans) 211 5.6 Biaxial and Fully General Textures 216 5.6.1 Azimuthal Scans (φ Scans) 218 5.6.2 General Orientation Distribution 220 5.6.3 Determination of Fully General Texture 225 5.7 Depth Dependence of Thin-Film Textures 228 5.8 Applications 230 Exercises 234 References 235 6 Residual Stress Analysis 239 Mario Birkholz and Christoph Genzel 6.1 Ceiiinnosssttuv 241 6.2 Fundamental Equation of XSA 246 6.3 Measurement of d ψ Distributions 249 6.4 Diffraction Elastic Constants (DECs) s 1 and 1/2s 2 258 6.5 Grain Interaction Models 261 6.6 The Effect of Texture 265 6.7 Classification of Stresses 268 6.7.1 Classification by Dimension 268 6.7.2 Residual Stresses in Multiphase Materials 269 6.7.3 Origin of Residual Stresses: Extrinsic and Intrinsic Stresses 271 6.8 Effect of Residual Stress Gradients 273 6.8.1 General Considerations 273 6.8.2 The Biaxial Stress State 274 6.9 Detection of Residual Stress Gradients in Thin Films 276 6.9.1 Basic Relations 276 6.9.2 X-ray Penetration Depth for the General Case of Asymmetric Diffraction 278 6.9.3 Special Methods for X-ray Stress Gradient Analysis 281 6.9.4 Grazing-Incidence Diffraction (GID) 282 6.9.5 The Scattering Vector Method 284 6.9.6 Realization of H Mode on a Four-Circle Diffractometer 286 6.10 Applications 289 Exercises 291 References 291 7 High-Resolution X-ray Diffraction 297 Mario Birkholz and Paul F. Fewster 7.1 Strain, Strain Relaxation and Composition in Epitaxial Layers 303 7.2 High-Resolution Rocking Curves 306 7.3 Mosaicity and Extinction 314 7.4 Dynamical Theory of Ewald and Extensions 319 7.5 High-Resolution Rocking Curves and Profiles from Layer Structures 324 7.6 Reciprocal Space Mapping 332 7.7 Diffuse Scattering 337 7.8 Extensions to High-Resolution Diffraction 338 Exercises 339 References 340

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Phases of Matter and their Transitions An all-in-one, comprehensive take on matter and its phase properties In Phases of Matter and their Transitions, accomplished materials scientist Dr. Gijsbertus de With delivers an accessible textbook for advanced students in the molecular sciences. It offers a balanced and self-contained treatment of the thermodynamic and structural aspects of phases and the transitions between them, covering solids, liquids, gases, and their interfaces. The book lays the groundwork to describe particles and their interactions from the perspective of classical and quantum mechanics and compares phenomenological and statistical thermodynamics. It also examines materials with special properties, like glasses, liquid crystals, and ferroelectrics. The author has included an extensive appendix with a guide to the mathematics and theoretical models employed in this resource. Readers will also find: Thorough introductions to classical and quantum mechanics, intermolecular interactions, and continuum mechanics Comprehensive explorations of thermodynamics, gases, liquids, and solids Practical discussions of surfaces, including their general aspects for solids and liquids Fulsome treatments of discontinuous and continuous transitions, including discussions of irreversibility and the return to equilibrium Perfect for advanced students in chemistry and physics, Phases of Matter and their Transitions will also earn a place in the libraries of students of materials science.

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Book SynopsisSolid-state laser and luminescent materials activated by rare-earth or transition metals ions are widely used for solid-state lasers, luminescent lamps, flat displays, optical fibre communication systems, and other photonic devices. The unique solid-state electronic properties enable the activators in solids to emit photons efficiently in visible and IR regions. The rapid advances in both materials science and optoelectronics, particularly, the development of new methods of material synthesis and device fabrication, have been stimulating the growing interests in the deep insights of spectroscopic properties of solid-state laser and luminescent materials. This book brings together essential and practical knowledge of spectroscopic physics. This includes, atomic spectroscopy, mathematical theory, rare earth ions in materials, light emission and absorption, spectral properties, non-radiative transitions and energy migration.

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Book SynopsisThe book also features chapters and detailed explanations on Electric Current in Conductors, Thermal and Chemical effects of Electric Current, and Magnetic Field.

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Book SynopsisThis revised second edition of a popular handbook for engineers describes the important relationship between high-energy radiation environments, electronic device physics and materials. It is a straightforward account of the problems which arise when high-energy radiation bombards matter and of engineering methods for solving those problems.Radiation effects are a problem encountered in the use of highly engineered materials such as semiconductors, optics and polymers. The finely-tuned properties of these materials may change drastically when exposed to a radiation environment such as a beam of X-rays or electrons, the space environment or the ''hadrons'' in CERN''s new collider. All of these environments and several more are described. At the core of this book is a discussion of the impact of these environments on the devices used in computing, data processing and communication.While unashamedly oriented to the engineer-designer and manager, with descriptions in a highly readable form, there is no compromise in physical accuracy when describing high-energy radiation and the effects it produces, such as electronic failure, coloration and the decay of strength. A great breadth of technical data, such as may be needed to make quick decisions, is presented with literature references and a compendium of web-sites which have been tested and used by the authors.Trade Review... contains a lot of valuable material and is not only a handbook, but also an excellent textbook. * CERN Courier *... enriched with many references to useful websites, including databases. * CERN Courier *The book establishes both Holmes-Siedle and Adams as two of the most fertile and fruitful research scholars working in the field of radiation environments. * Current Engineering Practice *Holmes-Siedle and Adams' engrossing handbook is probably the most readable, ambitious and intelligent work on radiation effects yet published, that also stands out as a comprehensive guide to the literature, both printed and on-line. At the same time, it is technically accurate but accessible to practitioners as well as researchers ... a most commendable book. * Current Engineering Practice *Table of Contents1. Radiation, physics and measurement ; 2. Radiation environments (including human risks from the terrestrial environment) ; 3. Response of materials and devices to radiation ; 4. Metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) devices ; 5. Bipolar transistors and integrated circuits ; 6. Diodes, solar cells, optoelectronics ; 7. Power semiconductors ; 8. Optical media ; 9. Microelectronics, sensors, MEMs, passives, and other components ; 10. Polymers and other organics ; 11. The interaction of radiation with shielding materials ; 12. Computer methods for particle transport ; 13. Radiation testing ; 14. Radiation-hardening of semiconductor parts ; 15. Equipment hardening and hardness assurance ; APPENDICES ; A. Useful general and geophysical data ; B. Radiation quantities ; C. Useful data on materials used in electronic equipment ; D. Bibliography of dosimeter research ; E. Dose-depth curves for typical Earth orbits, calculated by ESA's Space Environment Information System (SPENVIS) software ; F. Degradation in polymers in ionizing radiation ; G. Useful websites

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Book SynopsisThe book is an introduction to quantum field theory applied to condensed matter physics. The topics cover modern applications in electron systems and electronic properties of mesoscopic systems and nanosystems. The textbook is developed for a graduate or advanced undergraduate course with exercises which aim at giving students the ability to confront real problems.Trade Review... well-designed for its target audience, [...] a well-written manuscript with a good selection of topics. * Derek Lee, Imperial College London *Table of Contents1. First and second quantization ; 2. The electron gas ; 3. Phonons: coupling to electrons ; 4. Mean field theory ; 5. Time evolution pictures ; 6. Linear response theory ; 7. Transport in mesoscopic systems ; 8. Green's functions ; 9. Equation of motion theory ; 10. Transport in interacting mesoscopic systems ; 11. Imaginary time Green's functions ; 12. Feynman diagrams and external potentials ; 13. Feynman diagrams and pair interactions ; 14. The interacting electron gas ; 15. Fermi liquid theory ; 16. Impurity scattering and conductivity ; 17. Green's functions and phonons ; 18. Superconductivity ; 19. 1D electron gases and Luttinger liquids ; A. Fourier transformations ; B. Exercises ; C. Index

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Book SynopsisThis book is addressed at upper-level undergraduate and graduate students involved in research in atomic, molecular, and optical Physics. It will also be useful to researchers practising in this field. It gives an intuitive, yet sufficiently detailed and rigorous introduction to light-atom interactions with a particular emphasis on the symmetry aspects of the interaction, especially those associated with the angular momentum of atoms and light. The book will enable readers to carry out practical calculations on their own, and is richly illustrated with examples drawn from current research topics, such as resonant nonlinear magneto-optical effects. The book comes with a software package for a variety of atomic-physics calculations and further interactive examples that is freely downloadable from the book''s web page, as well as additional materials (such as power-point presentations) available to instructors who adopt the text for their courses.Trade ReviewI highly recommend Optically Polarized Atoms and will probably use it next time I teach my graduate course. [...] The book is specifically intended for use in a one-semester course in which the symmetry and angular-momentum aspects of atomic structure and laser-atom interactions are central. [...] The level of detail and the clarity of explanations are admirable. * Daniel F.V. James, Physics Today *The recently published book "Optically Polarized Atoms" by Marcis Auzinsh, Dmitry Budker and Simon M. Rochester will be a unique and valuable addition to the library of anyone -- students or established researchers[...]It provides a rich mine of information about atomic physics that is hard to find elsewhere. I intend to keep a copy on my shelf of favorite physics books. * William Happer, Princeton University *Table of ContentsI: INTRODUCTION TO LIGHT-ATOM INTERACTIONS ; 1. Introduction ; 2. Atomic States ; 3. A bit of angular-momentum theory ; 4. Atoms in external electric and magnetic fields ; 5. Polarized atoms ; 6. Polarized light ; 7. Atomic transitions ; 8. Coherence in atomic systems ; 9. Optical pumping ; 10. Light-atom interaction observed in transmitted light ; II: ADVANCED TOPICS ; 11. Nonlinear magneto-optical rotation ; 12. Perturbative analysis of light-atom interactions ; 13. Polarization effects in transitions with partially resolved hyperfine structure ; 14. The effect of hyperfine splitting on nonlinear magneto-optical rotation ; 15. Spectral properties of excitation light; ground-state coherence effects revisited ; 16. Collapse and revival in quantum beats ; 17. Nuclear quadrupole resonance and alignment-to-orientation conversion ; 18. Selective addressing of high-rank polarization moments ; 19. Tensor structure of the DC- and AC-Stark polarizabilities ; 20. Photoionization of polarized atoms with polarized light ; Appendix A Constants, units and notations ; Appendix B Units of energy, frequency and wavelength ; Appendix C Reference data for hydrogen and the alkali atoms ; Appendix D Nonlinear magneto-optical rotation with hyperfine structure ; Appendix E The Atomic Density Matrix software package

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Book SynopsisThis book approaches condensed matter physics from the perspective of quantum information science, focusing on systems with strong interaction and unconventional order for which the usual condensed matter methods like the Landau paradigm or the free fermion framework break down. Concepts and tools in quantum information science such as entanglement, quantum circuits, and the tensor network representation prove to be highly useful in studying such systems. The goal of this book is to introduce these techniques and show how they lead to a new systematic way of characterizing and classifying quantum phases in condensed matter systems. The first part of the book introduces some basic concepts in quantum information theory which are then used to study the central topic explained in Part II: local Hamiltonians and their ground states. Part III focuses on one of the major new phenomena in strongly interacting systems, the topological order, and shows how it can essentialTrade Review“Quantum information meets quantum matter is bound to hold an honored place on the bookshelves of many scientists for years to come.’ From myself, I would add that of students and PhD students, I do believe!” (Eugene Kryachko, zbMATH 1423.81010, 2019)Table of ContentsPart I Basic Concepts in Quantum Information Theory 1 Correlation and Entanglement. 2 Evolution of Quantum Systems. 3 Quantum Error-Correcting Codes. Part II Local Hamiltonians, Ground States and Many-body Entanglement. 4 Local Hamiltonians and Ground States. 5 Gapped Quantum Systems and Entanglement Area Law. Part III Topological order and Long-Range Entanglement. 6 Introduction to Topological order. 7 Local Transformations and Long-Range Entanglement. Part IV Gapped Topological Phases and Tensor Network. 8 Matrix Product State and 1D Gapped Phase. 9 Tensor Product States and 2D Gapped Phases. 10 Symmetry Protected Topological Phases. Part V Outlook. 11 A Unification of Information and Matter.

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Book SynopsisRenormalization analysis reveals how microscopic mechanisms can organize themselves to produce macroscopic consequences. These techniques are applied in various fields of physics, from phase transitions and magnetic systems, to dynamical systems, percolation and fractal structures, random walks, and polymers.Table of ContentsPrinciples and Physical Framework. A Comparative Study of Two Typical Examples. Mathematical Aspects. Statistical Mechanics. Dynamical Systems and Chaos. Stochastic Diffusion. Fractal Structures. Appendices. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisAccurately predicting the behaviour of multiphase flows is a problem of immense industrial and scientific interest. Modern computers can now study the dynamics in great detail and these simulations yield unprecedented insight. This book provides a comprehensive introduction to direct numerical simulations of multiphase flows for researchers and graduate students.Trade Review"This book provides a comprehensive introduction to direct numerical simulations of multiphase flows. It is useful for researchers and graduate students in computational engineering science who are interested in the development and application of numerical simulation methods for multiphase incompressible flows." Arnold Reusken, Mathematical ReviewsTable of ContentsPreface; 1. Introduction; 2. Fluid mechanics with interfaces; 3. Numerical solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations; 4. Advecting a fluid interface; 5. The volume-of-fluid method; 6. Advecting marker points - front tracking; 7. Surface tension; 8. Disperse bubbly flows; 9. Atomization and breakup; 10. Droplet collision, impact and splashing; 11. Extensions; Appendix A. Interfaces: description and definitions; Appendix B. Distributions on the interface; Appendix C. Cube-chopping; Appendix D. Dynamics of liquid sheets; Bibliography; Index.

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Book SynopsisA complete guide on nucleation of particles from the gas phase, unifying classical nucleation theory, atomistic approaches, and nucleation in real-world scenarios such as flames and plasmas. An accessible and invaluable reference for senior undergraduates, graduate students, and researchers in many fields of science and engineering.

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