Tribology (friction and lubrication) Books

Book SynopsisA fully updated version of the popular Introduction to Tribology, the second edition of this leading tribology text introduces the major developments in the understanding and interpretation of friction, wear and lubrication. Considerations of friction and wear have been fully revised to include recent analysis and data work, and friction mechanisms have been reappraised in light of current developments. In this edition, the breakthroughs in tribology at the nano- and micro- level as well as recent developments in nanotechnology and magnetic storage technologies are introduced. A new chapter on the emerging field of green tribology and biomimetics is included. Introduces the topic of tribology from a mechanical engineering, mechanics and materials science points of view Newly updated chapter covers both the underlying theory and the current applications of tribology to industry Updated write-up on nanotribology and nanotechnology and intrTable of ContentsAbout the Author xv Foreword xvii Series Preface xix Preface to the Second Edition xxi Preface to the First Edition xxiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Definition and History of Tribology 1 1.2 Industrial Significance of Tribology 3 1.3 Origins and Significance of Micro/Nanotribology 4 1.4 Organization of the Book 6 2 Solid Surface Characterization 9 2.1 The Nature of Surfaces 9 2.2 Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Surface Layers 10 2.3 Analysis of Surface Roughness 14 2.4 Measurement of Surface Roughness 51 2.5 Closure 84 3 Contact Between Solid Surfaces 91 3.1 Introduction 91 3.2 Analysis of the Contacts 92 3.3 Measurement of the Real Area of Contact 146 3.4 Closure 150 4 Adhesion 157 4.1 Introduction 157 4.2 Solid–Solid Contact 158 4.3 Liquid-Mediated Contact 172 4.4 Closure 194 5 Friction 199 5.1 Introduction 199 5.2 Solid–Solid Contact 201 5.3 Liquid-Mediated Contact 236 5.4 Friction of Materials 239 5.5 Closure 264 6 Interface Temperature of Sliding Surfaces 273 6.1 Introduction 273 6.2 Thermal Analysis 274 6.3 Interface Temperature Measurements 298 6.4 Closure 309 7 Wear 315 7.1 Introduction 315 7.2 Types of Wear Mechanism 316 7.3 Types of Particles Present in Wear Debris 365 7.4 Wear of Materials 369 7.5 Closure 388 8 Fluid Film Lubrication 399 8.1 Introduction 399 8.2 Regimes of Fluid Film Lubrication 400 8.3 Viscous Flow and Reynolds Equation 404 8.4 Hydrostatic Lubrication 418 8.5 Hydrodynamic Lubrication 428 8.6 Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication 481 8.7 Closure 493 9 Boundary Lubrication and Lubricants 501 9.1 Introduction 501 9.2 Boundary Lubrication 501 9.3 Liquid Lubricants 511 9.4 Greases 520 9.5 Closure 521 10 Nanotribology 525 10.1 Introduction 525 10.2 SFA Studies 527 10.3 AFM/FFM Studies 538 10.4 Atomic-Scale Computer Simulations 598 10.5 Closure 602 11 Friction and Wear Screening Test Methods 615 11.1 Introduction 615 11.2 Design Methodology 615 11.3 Typical Test Geometries 619 11.4 Closure 628 12 Tribological Components and Applications 631 12.1 Introduction 631 12.2 Common Tribological Components 631 12.3 MEMS/NEMS 644 12.4 Material Processing 656 12.5 Industrial Applications 662 12.6 Closure 676 13 Green Tribology and Biomimetics 683 13.1 Introduction 683 13.2 Green Tribology 683 13.3 Biomimetics 689 13.4 Closure 693 References 694 Further Reading 696 AppendixA Units, Conversions, and Useful Relations 697 A.1 Fundamental Constants 697 A.2 Conversion of Units 698 A.3 Useful Relations 698 Index 701

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Book SynopsisThe Fourth Edition of Dudleyâs Handbook of Practical Gear Design and Manufacture is the definitive reference guide to gear design, production, and applications. Using a pragmatic approach, the book provides gear manufacturing methods for high-, medium-, and low-volume production.Updated throughout to reflect cutting-edge research, this edition includes new contributions from experts in the field. Providing a clear overview of the foundations of advanced gear systems, the book contains new material on the potential of technologies such as high-performance plastic gears alongside issues that can be encountered. The book also includes innovative chapters discussing topics such as involute gear drives and gear strength calculation, with new regulations such as ISO 6336 in mind. Using modern technologies such as powder metallurgy and additive manufacturing, all the necessary information to reduce gear cost is provided. Additionally, gear micro-geometry modifications and plaTable of Contents1. Foundations of Advanced Gear Systems 2. Gear-Design Trends 3. Gear Types and Nomenclature 4. Gear Tooth Design 5. Preliminary Design Considerations 6. Design Formulas 7. Gear Reactions and Mountings 8. Compensation of Shaft Deflections through Gear Micro-Geometry Modifications 9. Special Design Problems in Gear Drives 10. Gear Materials 11. Load Carrying Capacities, Strength Numbers, and Main Influence Parameters for Different Gear Materials and Heat Treatment Processes 12. Gear Load Capacity Calculation: Based on ISO 6336 13. Potential and Challenges of High-Performance Plastic Gears 14. The Kinds and Causes of Gear Failures 15. Load Rating of Gears 16. Gear-Manufacturing Methods 17. Design of Tools to Make Gear Teeth 18. Dynamic Model of Technological System for Gear Finishing 19. Powder Metal Gears 20. 3D Printed Gears 21. Gear Noise and Vibration (NVH) 22. Planetary Gear Trains

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Book SynopsisWith a rigorous and comprehensive coverage, the second edition of Compliant Mechanisms: Design of Flexure Hinges provides practical answers to the design and analysis of devices that incorporate flexible hinges. Complex-shaped flexible-hinge mechanisms are generated from basic elastic segments by means of a bottom-up compliance (flexibility) approach. The same compliance method and the classical finite element analysis are utilized to study the quasi-static and dynamic performances of these compliant mechanisms. This book offers easy-to-use mathematical tools to investigate a wealth of flexible-hinge configurations and two- or three-dimensional compliant mechanism applications.FEATURES Introduces a bottom-up compliance-based approach to characterize the flexibility of new and existing flexible hinges of straight- and curvilinear-axis configurations Develops a consistent linear lumped-parameter compliance model to thoroughly descriTable of ContentsChapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Compliances of Basic Flexible-Hinge Segments Chapter 3 Compliances of Straight-Axis Flexible Hinges Chapter 4 Compliances of Curvilinear-Axis Flexible Hinges Chapter 5 Quasi-Static Response of Serial Flexible-Hinge Mechanisms Chapter 6 Quasi-Static Response of Parallel Flexible-Hinge Mechanisms Chapter 7 Dynamics of Flexible-Hinge Mechanisms Chapter 8 Finite Element Analysis of Flexible-Hinge Mechanisms Chapter 9 Miscellaneous Topics

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Book SynopsisThis book helps students and practicing scientists alike understand that a comprehensive knowledge about the friction and wear properties of advanced materials is essential to further design and development of new materials. With important introductory chapters on the fundamentals, processing, and applications of tribology, the book then examines in detail the nature and properties of materials, the friction and wear of structural ceramics, bioceramics, biocomposites, and nanoceramics, as well as lightweight composites and the friction and wear of ceramics in a cryogenic environment.Table of ContentsPREFACE xvii FOREWORD BY PROF. IAN HUTCHINGS xxi FOREWORD BY PROF. KARL-HEINZ ZUM GAHR xxiii ABOUT THE AUTHORS xxv SECTION I FUNDAMENTALS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 3 References 6 CHAPTER 2 OVERVIEW: TRIBOLOGICAL MATERIALS 7 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Definition and Classification of Ceramics 8 2.3 Properties of Structural Ceramics 9 2.4 Applications of Structural Ceramics 11 2.5 Closing Remarks 14 References 16 CHAPTER 3 OVERVIEW: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS 18 3.1 Theory of Brittle Fracture 18 3.2 Cracking in Brittle Materials 23 3.3 Definition and Measurement of Basic Mechanical Properties 24 3.4 Toughening Mechanisms 33 3.5 Closing Remarks 37 References 37 CHAPTER 4 SURFACES AND CONTACTS 39 4.1 Surface Roughness 39 4.2 Surface Topography and Asperities 41 4.3 Real Contact Area 42 4.4 Contact Load Distribution and Hertzian Stresses 44 4.5 Closing Remarks 47 References 48 CHAPTER 5 FRICTION 49 5.1 Introduction 49 5.2 Laws of Friction 49 5.3 Friction Mechanisms 51 5.4 Friction of Common Engineering Materials 54 5.5 Closing Remarks 58 References 59 CHAPTER 6 FRICTIONAL HEATING AND CONTACT TEMPERATURE 60 6.1 Tribological Process and Contact Temperature 60 6.2 Concept of “Bulk” and “Flash” Temperature 61 6.3 Importance and Relevance of Some Ready-to-Use Analytical Models 63 6.4 Review of Some Frequently Employed Ready-to-Use Models 64 References 68 CHAPTER 7 WEAR MECHANISMS 70 7.1 Introduction 70 7.2 Classification of Wear Mechanisms 72 7.3 Closing Remarks 98 References 99 CHAPTER 8 LUBRICATION 101 8.1 Lubrication Regimes 101 8.2 Stribeck Curve 107 References 109 SECTION II FRICTION AND WEAR OF STRUCTURAL CERAMICS CHAPTER 9 OVERVIEW: STRUCTURAL CERAMICS 113 9.1 Introduction 113 9.2 Zirconia Crystal Structures and Transformation Characteristics of Tetragonal Zirconia 114 9.3 Transformation Toughening 116 9.4 Stabilization of Tetragonal Zirconia 117 9.5 Different Factors Infl uencing Transformation Toughening 118 9.6 Stress-Induced Microcracking 125 9.7 Development of SiAlON Ceramics 126 9.8 Microstructure of S-sialon Ceramics 127 9.9 Mechanical Properties and Crack Bridging of SiAlON Ceramic 129 9.10 Properties of Titanium Diboride Ceramics 132 References 138 CHAPTER 10 CASE STUDY: TRANSFORMATION-TOUGHENED ZIRCONIA 142 10.1 Background 142 10.2 Wear Resistance 144 10.3 Morphological Characterization of the Worn Surfaces 146 10.4 Zirconia Phase Transformation and Wear Behavior 149 10.5 Wear Mechanisms 152 10.6 Relationship among Microstructure, Toughness, and Wear 154 10.7 Infl uence of Humidity on Tribological Properties of Self-Mated Zirconia 156 10.8 Wear Mechanisms in Different Humidity 157 10.9 Tribochemical Wear in High Humidity 160 10.10 Closing Remarks 163 References 164 CHAPTER 11 CASE STUDY: SIALON CERAMICS 167 11.1 Introduction 167 11.2 Materials and Experiments 168 11.3 Tribological Properties of Compositionally Tailored Sialon versus β-Sialon 172 11.4 Tribological Properties of S-Sialon Ceramic 179 11.5 Concluding Remarks 182 References 183 CHAPTER 12 CASE STUDY: MAX PHASE—TI3SIC2 185 12.1 Background 185 12.2 Frictional Behavior 188 12.3 Wear Resistance and Wear Mechanisms 188 12.4 Raman Spectroscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy Analysis 190 12.5 Transition in Wear Mechanisms 193 12.6 Summary 194 References 195 CHAPTER 13 CASE STUDY: TITANIUM DIBORIDE CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES 197 13.1 Introduction 197 13.2 Materials and Experiments 198 13.3 Tribological Properties of TiB2–MoSi2 Ceramics 200 13.4 Tribological Properties of TiB2–TiSi2 Ceramics 204 13.5 Closing Remarks 206 References 208 SECTION III FRICTION AND WEAR OF BIOCERAMICS AND BIOCOMPOSITES CHAPTER 14 OVERVIEW: BIOCERAMICS AND BIOCOMPOSITES 213 14.1 Introduction 213 14.2 Some Useful Definitions and Their Implications 215 14.3 Experimental Evaluation of Biocompatibility 217 14.4 Wear of Implants 221 14.5 Coating on Metals 223 14.6 Glass-Ceramics 224 14.7 Biocompatible Ceramics 226 14.8 Outlook 228 References 229 CHAPTER 15 CASE STUDY: POLYMER-CERAMIC BIOCOMPOSITES 233 15.1 Introduction 233 15.2 Materials and Experiments 235 15.3 Frictional Behavior 237 15.4 Wear-Resistance Properties 240 15.5 Wear Mechanisms 242 15.6 Correlation among Wear Resistance, Wear Mechanisms, Material Properties, and Contact Pressure 247 15.7 Concluding Remarks 248 References 249 CHAPTER 16 CASE STUDY: NATURAL TOOTH AND DENTAL RESTORATIVE MATERIALS 251 16.1 Introduction 251 16.2 Materials and Methods 254 16.3 Tribological Tests on Tooth Material 255 16.4 Production and Characterization of Glass-Ceramics 255 16.5 Wear Experiments on Glass-Ceramics 256 16.6 Microstructure and Hardness of Human Tooth Material 257 16.7 Tribological Properties of Human Tooth Material 260 16.8 Wear Properties of Glass-Ceramics 262 16.9 Discussion of Wear Mechanisms of Glass-Ceramics 266 16.10 Comparison with Existing Glass-Ceramic Materials 271 16.11 Concluding Remarks 273 References 274 CHAPTER 17 CASE STUDY: GLASS-INFILTRATED ALUMINA 276 17.1 Introduction 276 17.2 Materials and Experiments 277 17.3 Frictional Properties 278 17.4 Wear Resistance and Wear Mechanisms 278 17.5 Wear Debris Analysis and Tribochemical Reactions 282 17.6 Influence of Glass Infi ltration on Wear Properties 283 17.7 Concluding Remarks 284 References 285 CHAPTER 18 TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CERAMIC BIOCOMPOSITES 287 18.1 Background 287 18.2 Tribological Properties of Mullite-Reinforced Hydroxyapatite 288 18.3 Friction and Wear Rate 288 18.4 Concluding Remarks 298 References 302 SECTION IV FRICTION AND WEAR OF NANOCERAMICS CHAPTER 19 OVERVIEW: NANOCERAMIC COMPOSITES 307 19.1 Introduction 307 19.2 Processing of Bulk Nanocrystalline Ceramics 309 19.3 Overview of Developed Nanoceramics and Ceramic Nanocomposites 309 19.4 Overview of Tribological Properties of Ceramic Nanocomposites 318 19.5 Concluding Remarks 320 References 322 CHAPTER 20 CASE STUDY: NANOCRYSTALLINE YTTRIA-STABILIZED TETRAGONAL ZIRCONIA POLYCRYSTALLINE CERAMICS 325 20.1 Introduction 325 20.2 Materials and Experiments 327 20.3 Tribological Properties 329 20.4 Tribomechanical Wear of Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Nanoceramic with Varying Yttria Dopant 330 20.5 Comparison with Other Stabilized Zirconia Ceramics 335 20.6 Concluding Remarks 335 References 336 CHAPTER 21 CASE STUDY: NANOSTRUCTURED TUNGSTEN CARBIDE–ZIRCONIA NANOCOMPOSITES 338 21.1 Introduction 338 21.2 Materials and Experiments 339 21.3 Friction and Wear Characteristics 340 21.4 Wear Mechanisms 345 21.5 Explanation of High Wear Resistance of Ceramic Nanocomposites 347 21.6 Concluding Remarks 349 References 349 SECTION V LIGHTWEIGHT COMPOSITES AND CERMETS CHAPTER 22 OVERVIEW: LIGHTWEIGHT METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES AND CERMETS 353 22.1 Development of Metal Matrix Composites 353 22.2 Development of Cermets 356 References 358 CHAPTER 23 CASE STUDY: MAGNESIUM–SILICON CARBIDE PARTICULATEREINFORCED COMPOSITES 362 23.1 Introduction 362 23.2 Materials and Experiments 363 23.3 Load-Dependent Friction and Wear Properties 363 23.4 Fretting-Duration-Dependent Tribological Properties 366 23.5 Tribochemical Wear of Magnesium–Silicon Carbide Particulate-Reinforced Composites 371 23.6 Concluding Remarks 375 References 376 CHAPTER 24 CASE STUDY: TITANIUM CARBONITRIDE–NICKELBASED CERMETS 377 24.1 Introduction 377 24.2 Materials and Experiments 379 24.3 Energy Dissipation and Abrasion at Low Load 381 24.4 Influence of Type of Secondary Carbides on Sliding Wear of Titanium Carbonitride–Nickel Cermets 386 24.5 Tribochemical Wear of Titanium Carbonitride–Based Cermets 387 24.6 Influence of Tungsten Carbide Content on Load-Dependent Sliding Wear Properties 393 24.7 High Temperature Wear of Titanium Carbonitride–Nickel Cermets 397 24.8 Summary of Key Results 403 References 404 CHAPTER 25 CASE STUDY: (W,Ti)C–CO CERMETS 407 25.1 Introduction 407 25.2 Materials and Experiments 408 25.3 Microstructure and Mechanical Properties 409 25.4 Wear Properties 410 25.5 Correlation between Mechanical Properties and Wear Resistance 413 25.6 Concluding Remarks 418 References 419 SECTION VI FRICTION AND WEAR OF CERAMICS IN A CRYOGENIC ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER 26 OVERVIEW: CRYOGENIC WEAR PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS 423 26.1 Background 423 26.2 Designing a High-Speed Cryogenic Wear Tester 425 26.3 Summary of Results Obtained with Ductile Metals 427 26.4 Summary 437 References 437 CHAPTER 27 CASE STUDY: SLIDING WEAR OF ALUMINA IN A CRYOGENIC ENVIRONMENT 439 27.1 Background 439 27.2 Materials and Experiments 440 27.3 Tribological Properties of Self-Mated Alumina 442 27.4 Genesis of Tribological Behavior in a Cryogenic Environment 449 27.5 Concluding Remarks 452 References 452 CHAPTER 28 CASE STUDY: SLIDING WEAR OF SELF-MATED TETRAGONAL ZIRCONIA CERAMICS IN LIQUID NITROGEN 454 28.1 Introduction 454 28.2 Materials and Experiments 456 28.3 Friction of Self-Mated Y-TZP Material in LN2 456 28.4 Cryogenic Wear of Zirconia 459 28.5 Cryogenic Sliding-Induced Zirconia Phase Transformation 460 28.6 Wear Mechanisms of Zirconia in LN2 464 28.7 Concluding Remarks 466 References 467 CHAPTER 29 CASE STUDY: SLIDING WEAR OF SILICON CARBIDE IN A CRYOGENIC ENVIRONMENT 469 29.1 Introduction 469 29.2 Materials and Experiments 470 29.3 Friction and Wear Properties 470 29.4 Thermal Aspect and Limited Tribochemical Wear 473 29.5 Tribomechanical Stress-Assisted Deformation and Damage 479 29.6 Comparison with Sliding Wear Properties of Oxide Ceramics 481 29.7 Concluding Remarks 482 References 483 SECTION VII WATER-LUBRICATED WEAR OF CERAMICS CHAPTER 30 FRICTION AND WEAR OF OXIDE CERAMICS IN AN AQUEOUS ENVIRONMENT 487 30.1 Background 487 30.2 Tribological Behavior of Alumina in an Aqueous Solution 488 30.3 Tribological Behavior of Self-Mated Zirconia in an Aqueous Environment 493 30.4 Concluding Remarks 499 References 500 SECTION VIII CLOSURE CHAPTER 31 PERSPECTIVE FOR DESIGNING MATERIALS FOR TRIBOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 505 INDEX 509

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Book SynopsisCovers studies on various residual stresses, reaction processes and mechanisms, heat treatment methods and plasma-based techniques. This work offers an understanding of surface structural changes that occur during various engineering procedures. It offers guidelines for the consideration and design of wear life and frictional performance.Trade Review"This book will serve as a valuable reference tool for all of those in the tribology field for years to come."-Journal Of Surfactants and Detergents, Vol. 9, 2006Table of ContentsSurface Modification and Mechanisms

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Book Synopsis A bearing is a common machine element used to constrain motion and reduce friction between moving parts. Bearings are used extensively in global industries, including automotive, construction, power generation, mechanical, chemical, mining, infrastructure, medical, food, etc. The estimated bearing market was valued at $128 billion in 2021, and expected to increase to nearly $227 billion by 2028. Unfortunately, sometimes bearings fail, and often at the most inopportune time. This is a source of great concern and expense to users, causing downtime and the loss of millions in damages, outages, and lack of productivity. While modern precision manufacturing and maintenance practices have reduced some of the premature failure, they haven?t addressed many of the core problems that lead to bearing failure. This work presents a collection of different case studies in a multitude of industries where bearings have failed, and includes a failure description, observations, possible reasons for the failure, plausible cause and effect, and then discusses what might have been done to mitigate the problem and, when possible, provides solutions to prevent further failures. The author uses root cause failure analysis and explores such topics as alignment, lubrication, manufacturing defects, mounting practices, contamination, and fatigue. He then explains how one or a combination of these issues worked together to cause the failure, and offers preventive solutions to avoid future problems.FeaturesThroughout the book, a classical RCFA approach is used for each case study, using a nine-step analysis with solutions: Define the problem Get information and input from various sources Locate the evidence Look for the mistakes Ishikawa / Fishbone Diagram Getting to the roots Solutions Create plans to implement the solution Monitor the solution and confirm if it works Table of ContentsCh. 5: Contamination; Ch. 6: Fatigue and Wear; Ch. 7: Multiple Reasons; Ch. 8: Insulated Bearings; Ch. 9: Miscellaneous Problems; Index.

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Book SynopsisThe main objective of this book is to understand and manipulate the physical, chemical, and biological processes that occur in microscale fluidic systems. It explains microfluidics and biofluidics and their application to innovative design and computational intelligence methods used for solving nonlinear problems of engineering. It also covers new evolving trends in engineering related to green technologies, biomedical devices, computer-aided design, smart manufacturing, artificial intelligence systems, and sustainability. The book adopts a balanced approach between academic research and industrial applications.Features: Includes design and fabrication of microfluidic devices and systems for biological and medical applications. Investigates physical properties and behavior of fluids at the microscale level. Covers the development of microfluidic sensors and actuators for medical and environmental monitoring. Studies fluid dynamics in biological systems. Reviews tribological analysis of microfluidic and biofluidic devices for medical applications. This book is aimed at researchers and graduate students in fluid dynamics, mechanical engineering, and bioengineering.

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Book SynopsisComprehensive treatise on gas bearing theory, design and applicationThis book treats the fundamental aspects of gas bearings of different configurations (thrust, radial, circular, conical) and operating principles (externally pressurized, self-acting, hybrid, squeeze), guiding the reader throughout the design process from theoretical modelling, design parameters, numerical formulation, through experimental characterisation and practical design and fabrication. The book devotes a substantial part to the dynamic stability issues (pneumatic hammering, sub-synchronous whirling, active dynamic compensation and control), treating them comprehensively from theoretical and experimental points of view. Key features: Systematic and thorough treatment of the topic. Summarizes relevant previous knowledge with extensive references. Includes numerical modelling and solutions useful for practical application. Thorough Trade ReviewAll chapters are written in an authoritative yet easy-to-read manner. The introduction of similarity parameters and scale effects in different chapters and a nice blend of experimental comparisons to theoretical analyses sprinkled throughout will appeal to graduate students and researchers. In summary, this comprehensive book on air bearings is a carefully written, methodical, insightful, and welcome contribution to the tribology literature. —Michael Khonsari, Journal of Tribology, November 2021. Air bearings are a technology originally developed by the computer industry and which over time has been adopted by precision machining and by very high speed rotating machines. The monographs dedicated to this subject can be counted on the fingers of one hand and the work of Farid Al Bender is an important and welcome contribution. This book gives at the same time solid theoretical bases, presents physical models, details their mathematical formulations and describes a large variety of technical solutions. The reader is delighted by the wealth of information grouped into 17 carefully chosen chapters. —Mihai Arghir, Tribology International, November 2021. Table of ContentsList of contributors List of Tables List of Figures Preface Nomenclature 1. Introduction 1.1 Gas lubrication in perspective 1.1.1 Short history 1.2 Capabilities and limitations of gas lubrication 1.3 When is the use of air bearings pertinent 1.4 Situation of the present work 1.5 Classification of air bearings for analysis purposes 1.6 Structure of the book 1 References 2 .General Formulation and Modelling 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Qualitative description of the flow 2.2 Basic equations of the flow 2.2.1 Continuity equation 2.2.2 Navier-Stokes momentum equation 2.2.3 The (thermodynamic) Energy equation 2.2.4 Equation of State 2.2.5 Auxiliary conditions 2.2.6 Comment on the solution of the flow problem 2.3 Simplification of the flow equations 2.3.1 Fluid properties and body forces 2.3.2 Truncation of the flow equations 2.3.3 Film flow (or channel flow) 2.4 Formulation of bearing flow and pressure models 2.4.1 The quasi-static flow model for axisymmetric EP bearing 2.4.2 The Reynolds plus restrictor model 2.5 The basic bearing characteristics 2.5.1 The load carrying capacity 2.5.2 The axial stiffness 2.5.3 The feed mass flow rate 2.5.4 The mass flow rate in the viscous region 2.5.5 The tangential resistive, ”friction” force 2.6 Normalization and similitude 2.6.1 The axisymmetric flow problem 2.6.2 Geometry 2.6.3 Dimensionless parameters and similitude 2.6.4 The Reynolds equation 2.6.5 The bearing characteristics 2.6.6 Static similarity of two bearings 2.7 Methods of solution 2.7.1 Analytic methods 2.7.2 Semi-analytic Methods 2.7.3 Purely numerical methods 2.8 Summary References 3. Flow into the bearing gap 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Entrance to a parallel channel (gap) with stationary, parallel walls 3.2.1 Analysis of flow development 3.3 Results and discussion 3.3.1 Limiting cases 3.3.2 Method of solution 3.3.3 Determination of the entrance length into a plane channel 3.4 The case of radial flow of a polytropically compressible fluid between nominally parallel plates 3.4.1 Conclusions on pressure-fed entrance 3.5 Narrow channel entrance by shear-induced flow 3.5.1 Stability of viscous laminar flow at the entrance 3.5.2 Development of the flow upstream of a slider bearing 3.5.3 Development of the flow downstream of the gap entrance 3.5.4 Method of solution 3.5.5 Conclusions regarding shear-induced entrance flow 3.6 Summary References 4. Reynolds Equation: Derivation, forms and interpretations 4.1 Introduction 4.2 The Reynolds equation 4.3 The Reynolds Equation for various film/bearing arrangements and coordinate systems 4.3.1 Cartesian coordinates (x; y) 4.3.2 Plain polar coordinates (r; _) 4.3.3 Cylinderical coordinates (z; _) with constant R 4.3.4 Conical coordinates (r; _) (_ = _ = constant) 4.3.5 Spherical coordinates (_; _) (r = R = constant) 4.4 Interpretation of the Reynolds Equation when both surfaces are moving and not flat 4.4.1 Stationary inclined upper surface, sliding lower member 4.4.2 Pure surface motion 4.4.3 Inclined moving upper surface with features 4.4.4 Moving periodic feature on one or both surfaces 4.5 Neglected flow effects 4.6 Wall smoothness effects 4.6.1 Effect of surface roughness 4.7 Slip at the walls 4.8 Turbulence 4.8.1 Formulation 4.9 Approximate methods for incorporating the convective terms in integral flow formulations and the modified Reynolds Equation 4.9.1 Introduction 4.9.2 Analysis 4.9.3 Limiting solution: the Reynolds equation 4.9.4 Approximate solutions to steady channel entrance problems 4.9.5 Approximation of convective terms by averaging: the modified Reynolds Equation 4.9.6 Approximation of convective terms by averaging in turbulent flow 4.9.7 summary 4.10 Closure References 5. Modelling of Radial Flow in Externally Pressurised Bearings 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Radial flow in the gap and its modelling 5.3 Lumped parameter models 5.3.1 The orifice/nozzle formula 5.3.2 Vohr’s correlation formula 5.4 Short review of other methods 5.4.1 Approximation of the inertia (or convective) terms 5.4.2 The momentum integral method 5.4.3 Series expansion 5.4.4 Pure numerical solutions 5.5 Application of the method of “separation of variables” 5.5.1 Boundary conditions on I 5.5.2 Flow from stagnation to gap entrance 5.5.3 The density function in the gap 5.5.4 Solution procedure 5.6 Results and discussion 5.6.1 Qualitative trends 5.6.2 Comparison with experiments 5.7 Other comparisons 5.8 Formulation of a lumped-parameter inherent compensator model 5.8.1 The entrance coefficient of discharge 5.8.2 Calculation of Cd 5.8.3 The normalized inlet flow rate 5.8.4 Solution of the static axisymmetric bearing problem by the Reynolds/compensator model 5.9 Summary References 6. Basic Characteristics of Circular Centrally Fed Aerostatic Bearings 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Axial characteristics: Load, stiffness and flow 6.2.1 Determination of the pressure distribution 6.2.2 Typical results 6.2.3 Characteristics with given supply pressure 6.2.4 Conclusions on axial characteristics 6.3 Tilt and misalignment characteristics (Al-Bender 1992; Al-Bender and Van Brussel 1992) 6.3.1 Analysis 6.3.2 Theoretical results 6.3.3 Experimental investigation 6.3.4 Results, comparison and discussion 6.3.5 Conclusions on tilt 6.4 The influence of relative sliding velocity on aerostatic bearing characteristics (Al-Bender 1992) 6.4.1 Formulation of the problem 6.4.2 Qualitative considerations of the influence of relative velocity 6.4.3 Solution method 6.4.4 Results and discussion 6.4.5 Conclusions on relative sliding 6.5 Summary References 7. Dynamic Characteristics of Circular Centrally Fed Aerostatic Bearing Films, and the Problem of Pneumatic Stability 7.1 Introduction 7.1.1 Pneumatic instability 7.1.2 Squeeze film 7.1.3 Active compensation 7.1.4 Objeetives and layout of this study 7.2 Review of past treatments 7.2.1 Models and theory 7.2.2 System analysis tools and stability criteria 7.2.3 Methods of stabilization 7.2.4 Discussion and evaluation 7.3 Formulation of the linearized model 7.3.1 Basic assumptions 7.3.2 Basic equations 7.3.3 The perturbation procedure 7.3.4 Range of validity of the proposed model 7.3.5 Special and limiting cases 7.4 Solution 7.4.1 Integration of the linearized Reynolds Equation 7.4.2 Bearing dynamic characteristics 7.5 Results and discussion 7.5.1 General characteristics and Similitude 7.5.2 The supply pressure response Kp 7.5.3 Comparison with experiment 7.6 Summary References 8. Aerodynamic action: Self-acting bearing principles and configurations 8.1 Introduction 8.2 The aerodynamic action and the effect of compressibility 8.3 Self-acting or EP Bearings? 8.3.1 Energy efficiency of self-acting bearings 8.3.2 The viscous motor 8.4 Dimensionless formulation of the Reynolds equation 8.5 Some basic aerodynamic bearing configurations 8.5.1 Slider bearings 8.6 Grooved-surface bearings 8.6.1 Derivation of the Narrow-Groove Theory (NGT) equation for grooved bearings 8.6.2 Assumptions 8.6.3 Flow in the x-direction 8.6.4 Flow in the y-direction 8.6.5 Squeeze volume 8.6.6 Inclined-grooves Reynolds equation 8.6.7 Globally compressible Reynolds equation 8.6.8 The case when both surfaces are moving 8.6.9 Discussion and properties of the solution 8.6.10 The case of stationary grooves versus that of moving grooves 8.6.11 Grooved bearing embodiments 8.7 Rotary bearings 8.7.1 Journal bearings 8.8 Dynamic characteristics 8.9 Similarity and scale effects 8.10 Hybrid bearings 8.11 summary References 9. Journal Bearings 9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 Geometry and Notation 9.1.2 Basic Equation 9.2 Basic JB characteristics 9.3 Plain Self-acting 9.3.1 Small-eccentricity perturbation static-pressure solution 9.3.2 Dynamic characteristics 9.4 Dynamic stability of a JB and the problem of half-speed whirl 9.4.1 General numerical solution 9.5 Herringbone Grooved Journal Bearings (HGJB) 9.5.1 Static characteristics 9.5.2 Dynamic characteristics 9.6 EP Journal Bearings 9.6.1 Single feed plane 9.6.2 Other possible combinations 9.7 Hybrid JB’s 9.8 Comparison of the three types in regard to whirl critical mass 9.9 Summary References 10. Dynamic Whirling Behaviour and the Rotordynamic Stability Problem 10.1 Introduction 10.2 The nature and classification of whirl motion 10.2.1 Synchronous whirl 10.2.2 Self-excited whirl 10.3 Study of the self-excited whirling phenomenon 10.3.1 Description and terminology 10.3.2 Half-speed whirl in literature 10.3.3 Sensitivity analysis to identify the relevant parameters 10.4 Techniques for enhancing stability 10.4.1 Literature overview on current techniques 10.5 Optimum Design of Externally Pressurised Journal Bearings for High-Speed Applications 10.6 Reducing or eliminating the cross-coupling 10.7 Introducing external damping 10.8 Summary References 11. Tilting Pad Air Bearings 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Plane slider bearing 11.3 Pivoted pad slider bearing 11.3.1 Equivalent bearing stiffness 11.4 Tilting pad journal bearing 11.4.1 Steady state bearing characteristics 11.4.2 Dynamic stiffness of a tilting pad bearing 11.5 Dynamic stability 11.6 Construction and fabrication aspects 11.7 Summary References 12. Foil Bearings 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Compliant material foil bearings: state-of-the-art 12.2.1 Early foil bearing developments 12.2.2 Recent advances in macro scale foil bearings 12.2.3 Recent advances in mesoscopic foil bearings 12.3 Self-acting tension foil bearing 12.3.1 Effect of foil stiffness 12.4 Externally-pressurised tension foil bearing 12.4.1 Theoretical Analysis 12.4.2 Practical Design of a Prototype 12.4.3 Experimental Validation 12.5 Bump foil bearing 12.5.1 Modeling of a foil bearing with an idealised mechanical structure 12.6 Numerical analysis methods for the (compliant) Reynolds equation 12.7 Steady-state simulation with FDM and Newton-Raphson 12.7.1 Different algorithms to implement the JFO boundary conditions in foil bearings 12.7.2 Simulation procedure 12.7.3 Steady-state simulation results & discussion 12.8 Steady-state properties 12.8.1 Load capacity and attitude angle 12.8.2 Minimum gap height in middle bearing plane and maximum load capacity 12.8.3 Thermal phenomena in foil bearings & cooling air 12.8.4 Variable flexible element stiffness and bilinear springs 12.8.5 Geometrical preloading 12.9 Dynamic properties 12.9.1 Dynamic properties calculation with the perturbation method 12.9.2 Stiffness and damping coefficients 12.9.3 Influence of compliant structure dynamics on bearing characteristics 12.9.4 Structural damping in real foil bearings 12.10Bearing stability 12.10.1 Bearing stability equations 12.10.2 Foil bearing stability maps 12.10.3 Fabrication Technology 12.11Summary References 13 .Porous Bearings 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Modelling of porous bearing 13.2.1 Feed flow: Darcy’s law 13.2.2 Film flow: modified Reynolds equation 13.2.3 Boundary conditions for the general case 13.2.4 Solution procedure 13.3 Static bearing characteristics 13.4 Dynamic bearing characteristics 13.5 Dynamic film coefficients 13.6 Normalisation 13.6.1 Aerostatic porous journal bearing 13.6.2 Aerostatic porous thrust bearing 13.7 Validation of the numerical models 13.8 Summary References 14 .Hanging Air Bearings and the Over-expansion Method 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Outline 14.2.1 Problem statement 14.2.2 Possible solutions 14.2.3 Choice of a solution 14.3 Problem formulation 14.4 Theoretical analysis 14.4.1 Basic assumptions 14.4.2 Basic equations and definitions 14.4.3 Derivation of the pressure equations 14.4.4 Normalisation of the final equations 14.4.5 Solution procedure 14.4.6 Matching the solution with experiment: empirical parameter values 14.5 Experimental verification 14.5.1 Test apparatus 14.5.2 Range of tests 14.6 Bearing Characteristics and Optimization 14.7 Design methodology 14.8 Other details 14.9 Brief comparison of the three hanging-bearing solutions 14.10Aerodynamic hanging bearings 14.10.1 Inclined and tilting pad case 14.11Summary References 15. Actively Compensated Gas Bearings 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Essentials of active bearing film compensation 15.3 An active bearing prototype with centrally clamped plate surface 15.3.1 Simulation model of active air bearing system with conicity control 15.3.2 Tests, results and discussion of the active air bearing system 15.3.3 Conclusions 15.4 Active milling electro-spindle 15.4.1 Context sketch 15.4.2 Specifications of the spindles 15.4.3 Spindle with passive air bearings 15.4.4 Active spindle 15.4.5 Repetitive Controller design and results 15.5 Active manipulation of substrates in the plane of the film 15.6 Squeeze-film (SF) bearings 15.6.1 Other configurations 15.6.2 Assessment of possible inertia effects 15.6.3 Ultrasonic levitation and acoustic bearings 15.7 Summary References 16. Design of an active aerostatic slide 16.1 Introduction 16.2 A multiphysics active bearing model 16.2.1 General formulation of the model 16.2.2 Structural flexibility 16.2.3 Fluid dynamics 16.2.4 Dynamics of the moving elements 16.2.5 Piezoelectric actuators 16.2.6 Controller 16.2.7 Coupled formulation of the model 16.3 Bearing performance and model validation 16.3.1 Test setup for active aerostatic bearings 16.3.2 Active bearing performance and model validation 16.3.3 Discussion on the validity of the model 16.3.4 Analysis of the relevance of model coupling 16.4 Active aerostatic slide 16.4.1 Design of the active slide prototype 16.4.2 Identification of active slide characteristics 16.4.3 Active performance 16.5 Summary References 17. On the Thermal Characteristics of the Film Flow 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Basic considerations 17.2.1 Isothermal walls 17.2.2 Adiabatic walls 17.2.3 one adiabatic wall and one isothermal wall 17.3 Adiabatic-wall Reynolds equation and the thermal wedge 17.3.1 Results and discussion 17.3.2 Effect of temperature on gas properties 17.3.3 Conclusions on the aeordynamic case 17.4 Flow through centrally fed bearing: formulation of the problem 17.5 Method of solution 17.5.1 Solutions 17.6 Results and discussion 17.7 Summary References Index

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Covering the theory, application, and testing of contact materials, Electrical Contacts: Principles and Applications, Second Edition introduces a thorough discussion on making electric contact and contact interface conduction; presents a general outline of, and measurement techniques for, important corrosion mechanisms; considers the results of contact wear when plug-in connections are made and broken; investigates the effect of thin noble metal plating on electronic connections; and relates crucial considerations for making high- and low-power contact joints. It examines contact use in switching devices, including the interruption of AC and DC circuits with currents in the range 10mA to 100kA and circuits up to 1000V, and describes arc formation between open contacts and between opening contacts. Arcing effects on contacts such as erosion, welding, and contamination are also addressed.Containing nearly 3,000 references, tables, equations, figures, drawings, and photog

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Book SynopsisThe history of gears with asymmetric teeth is not sufficiently recorded in modern gear literature, with some gear researchers concluding that asymmetric tooth gears were discovered just several decades ago. This book sheds light upon the origins and state of asymmetric gearing, referencing technical articles from the 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries. As a practicing gear engineer with over 40 years' experience, author Alexander L. Kapelevich has successfully implemented asymmetric gears in a variety of custom gear transmissions. This book addresses all aspects of asymmetric gear development, including theoretical fundamentals; tooth geometry optimization; stress analysis and rating; design and production specifics; analytical and experimental comparison to the best symmetric gears; and application examples. Readers are encouraged to look beyond the status quo established by traditional gear design, and to apply principles of asymmetric gearing to actuaTrade Review"This book covers the development stages of asymmetric gear trains, progressing from theory through analysis, manufacturing, and final applications. The author shows the benefits of the asymmetric mesh and includes practical recommendations for gear fabrication. This material can be useful for new gearbox designs as well as for applications where higher gearbox torque capabilities are required within limited existing envelopes. Overall, this new work will offer helpful information for multiple generations of engineers."—Yuriy Gmirya, Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, USA"Alexander Kapelevich has written a treatise that is destined to be the classic work on asymmetric gearing. This book is comprehensive and gives engineers the tools they need to understand and design asymmetric gears, which have many advantages such as maximum power density, maximum efficiency, and minimum noise and vibration. It clearly explains the method of Direct Gear Design®, which is easy to understand for anyone familiar with involute gears. The many example gear sets and design charts give comprehensive design guidelines that show the way forward to advance state-of-the-art gear design."—Robert Errichello, GEARTECH, Montana, USA"An author of this book is well known as a researcher and implementor of asymmetric gears for over 30 years. His book Asymmetric Gearing reflects his experience in this area and covers virtually all aspects of the development of this type of gears, from a historical overview and a current state of the art to the latest applications. It also contains a comprehensive bibliography of publications on this subject. This book is written in a plain understandable style intending to be an eye-opener for gear engineers who are willing to look beyond standards and established traditional gear design practice to achieve the competitive performance of their products. In my opinion, this book will allow moving forward the field of Gearing and will be useful for industry experts, researchers, and students."—Veniamin I. Goldfarb, Institute of Mechanics, Izhevsk State Technical University, Izhevsk, Russia"People look for books on gear engineering, but there is no sufficient information about the detailed problem of gears with asymmetric tooth form. The book authored by Dr. Alex Kapelevich on the gear of asymmetric tooth form is the first comprehensive book on this matter. Dr. Kapelevich was educated in the Soviet Union, where many mathematicians who can deal with gear problems were active. He designed gears with asymmetric tooth form for aircraft gears with big success. I believe without a doubt, that he is the first man in this field of technology on gears with asymmetric tooth form. This book contains much of his experience. I recommend this book for gear engineers who are interested in gears with asymmetric tooth form."—Aizoh Kubo, Kubo's Gear Technologies, Kyoto, Japan"This is a very comprehensive book on the subject of asymmetric gearing, it touches on the history and then gets deeply technical on the design aspects with many design examples for the reader to follow along and learn. It also explains how to manufacture and measure the gears which are very important since designing them alone is only half the job. Dr. Kapelevich also covers tolerancing, efficiency, and side by side comparisons of symmetric and asymmetric gear designs. Altogether it is very complete, a definitive work by Dr. Kapelevich that is well timed since the industry is heading towards more optimized and power dense designs."— Anders Flodin, Höganäs AB, Sweden"Alexander Kapelevich's newest book deals with a topic, which seems to be underrated, today: Asymmetric Gearing. The book offers both, a comprehensive overview as well as thoroughly researched information about the latest state of technology along the complete process chain of asymmetric gears. With many useful explanations and recommendations for the practical application of asymmetrical gears - from gear geometry over limits, rating to manufacturing, tolerancing and inspections - this book offers a lot of valuable information not only about asymmetric but also general aspects of gears and is a meaningful addition to the book "Direct Gear Design" of the same author."—Karsten Stahl, Technische Universität München, Germany" Asymmetric Gears have been well known in the gear industry for many years but have not been used very often in practical gear design. Maybe the reason for that is a lack of knowledge and missing of detailed description/specification, standards, and computer programs. This book can help to understand asymmetric gearing much better and to use the advantages in special applications in which the higher loaded drive flank can be optimized ". Also, manufacturing and measurement data have to be calculated and provided to the shop. Nevertheless, some education at universities and of the staff in gear companies will also be necessary if more acceptance of asymmetric gearing should be achieved."— Franz J. Joachim, Joachim Gear Consulting (before retirement: ZF Friedrichshafen AG), Germany"A new book by Dr. Alex Kapelevich "Asymmetric Gearing" is the first book ever on the subject, and even only due to this, the book can be considered as a significant event in the gear community of the United States. Besides gears with asymmetric teeth are known for a long while, there was no a source of information for the gear engineers, in which the topic is covered. In his book, Dr. A. Kapelevich has summarized his tremendous experience and knowledge on asymmetric gear drives. No doubt the book will find its readers in a short while."— Stephen P. Radzevich, Ph.D., Dr.Sci., Professor (retired), Mechanical Engineering, USA"This book covers the development stages of asymmetric gear trains, progressing from theory through analysis, manufacturing, and final applications. The author shows the benefits of the asymmetric mesh and includes practical recommendations for gear fabrication. This material can be useful for new gearbox designs as well as for applications where higher gearbox torque capabilities are required within limited existing envelopes. Overall, this new work will offer helpful information for multiple generations of engineers."—Yuriy Gmirya, Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, USA"Alexander Kapelevich has written a treatise that is destined to be the classic work on asymmetric gearing. This book is comprehensive and gives engineers the tools they need to understand and design asymmetric gears, which have many advantages such as maximum power density, maximum efficiency, and minimum noise and vibration. It clearly explains the method of Direct Gear Design®, which is easy to understand for anyone familiar with involute gears. The many example gear sets and design charts give comprehensive design guidelines that show the way forward to advance state-of-the-art gear design."—Robert Errichello, GEARTECH, Montana, USA"An author of this book is well known as a researcher and implementor of asymmetric gears for over 30 years. His book Asymmetric Gearing reflects his experience in this area and covers virtually all aspects of the development of this type of gears, from a historical overview and a current state of the art to the latest applications. It also contains a comprehensive bibliography of publications on this subject. This book is written in a plain understandable style intending to be an eye-opener for gear engineers who are willing to look beyond standards and established traditional gear design practice to achieve the competitive performance of their products. In my opinion, this book will allow moving forward the field of Gearing and will be useful for industry experts, researchers, and students."—Veniamin I. Goldfarb, Institute of Mechanics, Izhevsk State Technical University, Izhevsk, Russia"People look for books on gear engineering, but there is no sufficient information about the detailed problem of gears with asymmetric tooth form. The book authored by Dr. Alex Kapelevich on the gear of asymmetric tooth form is the first comprehensive book on this matter. Dr. Kapelevich was educated in the Soviet Union, where many mathematicians who can deal with gear problems were active. He designed gears with asymmetric tooth form for aircraft gears with big success. I believe without a doubt, that he is the first man in this field of technology on gears with asymmetric tooth form. This book contains much of his experience. I recommend this book for gear engineers who are interested in gears with asymmetric tooth form."—Aizoh Kubo, Kubo's Gear Technologies, Kyoto, Japan"This is a very comprehensive book on the subject of asymmetric gearing, it touches on the history and then gets deeply technical on the design aspects with many design examples for the reader to follow along and learn. It also explains how to manufacture and measure the gears which are very important since designing them alone is only half the job. Dr. Kapelevich also covers tolerancing, efficiency, and side by side comparisons of symmetric and asymmetric gear designs. Altogether it is very complete, a definitive work by Dr. Kapelevich that is well timed since the industry is heading towards more optimized and power dense designs."— Anders Flodin, Höganäs AB, Sweden"Alexander Kapelevich's newest book deals with a topic, which seems to be underrated, today: Asymmetric Gearing. The book offers both, a comprehensive overview as well as thoroughly researched information about the latest state of technology along the complete process chain of asymmetric gears. With many useful explanations and recommendations for the practical application of asymmetrical gears - from gear geometry over limits, rating to manufacturing, tolerancing and inspections - this book offers a lot of valuable information not only about asymmetric but also general aspects of gears and is a meaningful addition to the book "Direct Gear Design" of the same author."—Karsten Stahl, Technische Universität München, Germany" Asymmetric Gears have been well known in the gear industry for many years but have not been used very often in practical gear design. Maybe the reason for that is a lack of knowledge and missing of detailed description/specification, standards, and computer programs. This book can help to understand asymmetric gearing much better and to use the advantages in special applications in which the higher loaded drive flank can be optimized ". Also, manufacturing and measurement data have to be calculated and provided to the shop. Nevertheless, some education at universities and of the staff in gear companies will also be necessary if more acceptance of asymmetric gearing should be achieved."— Franz J. Joachim, Joachim Gear Consulting (before retirement: ZF Friedrichshafen AG), Germany"A new book by Dr. Alex Kapelevich "Asymmetric Gearing" is the first book ever on the subject, and even only due to this, the book can be considered as a significant event in the gear community of the United States. Besides gears with asymmetric teeth are known for a long while, there was no a source of information for the gear engineers, in which the topic is covered. In his book, Dr. A. Kapelevich has summarized his tremendous experience and knowledge on asymmetric gear drives. No doubt the book will find its readers in a short while."— Stephen P. Radzevich, Ph.D., Dr.Sci., Professor (retired), Mechanical Engineering, USATable of Contents1. History of Asymmetric Gears and Modern State of Art 2. Macrogeometry of Asymmetric Tooth Gears 3. Area of Existence 4. Asymmetric Gearing Limits 5. Gear Geometry Optimization 6. Stress Analysis and Rating of Asymmetric Gears 7. Special Types of Asymmetric Gears 8. Tolerancing and Tolerance Analysis 9. Asymmetric Gear Manufacturing 10. Symmetric vs. Asymmetric Gears 11. Asymmetric Gear Applications

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Book SynopsisFor the last four decades, Tedric Harris'' Rolling Bearing Analysis has been the bible for engineers involved in rolling bearing technology. Why do so many students and practicing engineers rely on this book? The answer is simple: because of its complete coverage from low- to high-speed applications and full derivations of the underlying mathematics from a leader in the field. The fifth edition of this classic reference is divided conveniently into two volumes, each focused on a specialized area of bearing technology. This option allows you to select the coverage that is best suited to your needs.The second of two books, Advanced Concepts of Bearing Technology steps up the level to more dynamic and complex loading, more extreme operating conditions, and higher-speed applications. The authors examine several topics that are unique to the book, including mathematical relationships for internal load distribution under conditions of high speed, combined radial, axial, and moment loTrade Review". . . the perfect aid for analyzing complex performance and fatigue-life phenomena in advanced applications . . . The fifth edition is thoroughly to be recommended for its accuracy, compendiousness, (all in two sturdy, manageable volumes), authority and inspiration. All in all a fairly indispensable volume and a great achievement. There is no truly comparable work." – In Current Engineering Practice, Vol. 48Table of ContentsDistribution of Internal Loading in Statically Loaded Bearings: Combined Radial, Axial, and Moment Loadings-Flexible Support of Bearing Rings. Bearing Component Motions and Speeds. High-Speed Operation: Ball and Roller Dynamic Loads and Bearing Internal Load Distribution. Lubricant Films in Rolling Element-Raceway Contacts. Friction in Rolling Element-Raceway Contacts. Friction Effects in Rolling Bearings. Rolling Bearing Temperatures. Application Load and Life Factors. Statically Indeterminate Shaft-Bearing Systems. Failure and Damage Modes in Rolling Bearings. Bearing and Rolling Element Endurance Testing and Analysis. Appendix. Index.

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Book SynopsisWith a rigorous and comprehensive coverage, the second edition of Compliant Mechanisms: Design of Flexure Hinges provides practical answers to the design and analysis of devices that incorporate flexible hinges. Complex-shaped flexible-hinge mechanisms are generated from basic elastic segments by means of a bottom-up compliance (flexibility) approach. The same compliance method and the classical finite element analysis are utilized to study the quasi-static and dynamic performances of these compliant mechanisms. This book offers easy-to-use mathematical tools to investigate a wealth of flexible-hinge configurations and two- or three-dimensional compliant mechanism applications.FEATURES Introduces a bottom-up compliance-based approach to characterize the flexibility of new and existing flexible hinges of straight- and curvilinear-axis configurations Develops a consistent linear lumped-parameter compliance model to thoroughly descriTable of ContentsChapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Compliances of Basic Flexible-Hinge Segments Chapter 3 Compliances of Straight-Axis Flexible Hinges Chapter 4 Compliances of Curvilinear-Axis Flexible Hinges Chapter 5 Quasi-Static Response of Serial Flexible-Hinge Mechanisms Chapter 6 Quasi-Static Response of Parallel Flexible-Hinge Mechanisms Chapter 7 Dynamics of Flexible-Hinge Mechanisms Chapter 8 Finite Element Analysis of Flexible-Hinge Mechanisms Chapter 9 Miscellaneous Topics

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Book SynopsisSurface science and tribology play very critical roles in many industries. Manufacture and use of almost all consumer and industrial products rely on the application of advanced surface and tribological knowledge. The fourth in a series, Surfactants in Tribology, Volume 4 provides an update on research and development activities connecting surfactants and tribological phenomena. Written by renowned subject matter experts, the book demonstrates how improved design of surfactants can be harnessed to control tribological phenomena. Profusely illustrated and copiously referenced, the chapters also discuss novel approaches to control tribological phenomena using surfactants including green surfactants. It also discusses the underlying tribological and surface science issues relevant to many situations in diverse industries. The information in this volume provides a cutting-edge reference connecting the fields of surfactants and tribology as a way forward to noTable of ContentsAdvanced Tribological Concepts. Physical Mechanisms of Atomic-Scale Friction. Shear-Induced Anisotropic Friction in a Lubricated Contact. Macrotribology of Semirigid Poly(α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone) and Poly(methyl methacrylate) Brushes. Application of Quartz Crystal Microbalance Technology in Tribological Investigation. Nanotribological Aspects. Tribology of Water on Graphene and Silicon Superhydrophobic Nanostructured Surfaces. Design and Properties of Self-Assembled Ordered Films for Nanolubrication. Surfactant Influence on Stability and Lubrication Properties of Metal Nanoparticle Suspensions in Oil. Nanotribology: Progress toward Improved Lubrication for the Control of Friction Using Ionic Liquid Lubricants. Ionic Liquids and Aqueous Surfactant Assemblies. Effects of Mixing Two Ionic Liquids on Tribological Behavior of Bearing Steel. Aqueous Solutions of Surfactants in Materials Engineering of Tribological Systems. Use of Surfactants in Metal Cutting Fluids Formation. High-Demanding Applications. Automotive Lubricant Friction Modifiers: Additive Durability Studies. Evaluation of Nonionic Surfactants in Drilling Muds. Adsorption of Surfactants with Different Degrees of Ethoxylation on Hematite Weighting Material and Its Effect on the Tribological Properties of Water-Based Petroleum Drilling Fluids. Role of Gemini Cationic Surfactants in Inhibiting the Corrosion of Carbon Steel. Biobased Lubricants and Fuels. Soy-Based Polymeric Surfactants Prepared in Carbon Dioxide Media and Influence of Structure on Their Surface Properties. Biobased Lubricants and Functional Products from Cuphea Oil. Biodiesel Lubricity and Other Properties. Index.

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Book SynopsisUnderstanding the Basics of Nanoindentation and Why It Is ImportantContact damage induced brittle fracture is a common problem in the field of brittle solids. In the case of both glass and ceramicsand as it relates to both natural and artificial bio-materialsit has triggered the need for improved fabrication technology and new product development in the industry.The Nanoindentation Technique Is Especially Dedicated to Brittle MaterialsNanoindentation of Brittle Solids highlights the science and technology of nanoindentation related to brittle materials, and considers the applicability of the nanoindentation technique. This book provides a thorough understanding of basic contact induced deformation mechanisms, damage initiation, and growth mechanisms. Starting from the basics of contact mechanics and nanoindentation, it considers contact mechanics, addresses contact issues in Trade Review"This book is written in a very colloquial style and subdivided into many small sections each with a different group of authors… The emphasis is very much on the use of pointed indenters to investigate the micro and nano-mechanical properties of brittle materials. The strength of the book is the wide range of brittle materials that the book covers. It also provides the basis upon which the science of nano or instrumented indentation mechanics is based. … a convenient reference book for students and researchers in the area of brittle materials."––Michael Swain, Biomaterials, The University of Sydney, Australia"The book covers a wide range of topics and as such can attract a wide variety of the audience. … for insight of practical issues that are encountered when dealing with nanoindentation and brittle materials. It can also serve as a valuable source of references in the field."––Jiri Nemecek, Czech Technical University in Prague"… a simple but powerful resource for students, researchers and faculty who want to work in areas of emerging materials needs in fields of space, defense, biomedical, etc."—Dr. Satyam Priyadarshy, ReIgnite Strategy / Georgetown UniversityTable of ContentsSection 1 Contact Mechanics. Contact Issues in Brittle Solids. Mechanics of Elastic and Elastoplastic Contacts. Section 2 Journey Towards Nanoindentation. Brief History of Indentation. Hardness and Elastic Modulus. Nanoindentation: Why at All and Where?. Nanoindentation Data Analysis Methods. Nanoindentation Techniques. Instrumental Details. Materials and Measurement Issues. Section 3 Static Contact Behavior of Glass. What If the Contact is Too Quick in Glass?. Enhancement in Nanohardness of Glass: Possible?. Energy Issues in Nanoindentation. Section 4 Dynamic Contact Behavior of Glass. Dynamic Contact Damage in Glass. Does the Speed of Dynamic Contact Matter?. Nanoindentation Inside the Scratch: What Happens?. Section 5 Static Contact Behavior of Ceramics. Nanomechanical Properties of Ceramics. Does the Contact Rate Matter for Ceramics?. Nanoscale Contact in Ceramics. Section 6 Static Behavior of Shock-Deformed Ceramics. Shock Deformation of Ceramics. Nanohardness of Alumina. Interaction of Defects with Nanoindents in Shocked Ceramics. Effect of Shock Pressure on ISE: A Comparative Study. Section 7 Nanoindentation Behavior of Ceramic-Based Composites. Nano/Micromechanical Properties of C/C and C/C-SiC Composites. Nanoindentation on Multilayered Ceramic Matrix Composites. Nanoindentation of Hydroxyapatite-Based Biocomposites. Section 8 Nanoindentation Behavior of Functional Ceramics. Nanoindentation of Silicon. Nanomechanical Behavior of ZTA. Nanoindentation Behavior of Actuator Ceramics. Nanoindentation of Magnetoelectric Multiferroic Material. Nanoindentation Behavior of Anode-Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cell. Nanoindentation Behavior of High-Temperature Glass–Ceramic Sealants for Anode-Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cell. Section 9 Static Contact Behavior of Ceramic Coatings. Nanoindentation on HAp Coating. Weibull Modulus of Ceramic Coating. Anisotropy in Nanohardness of Ceramic Coating. Fracture Toughness of Ceramic Coating Measured by Nanoindentation. Effect of SBF Environment on Nanomechanical and Tribological Properties of Bioceramic Coating. Nanomechanical Behavior of Ceramic Coatings Developed by Micro Arc Oxidation. Section 10 Static Contact Behavior of Ceramic Thin Films. Nanoindentation Behavior of Soft Ceramic Thin Films: Mg(OH)2. Nanoindentation Study on Hard Ceramic Thin Films: TiN. Nanoindentation Study on Sputtered Alumina Films for Spacecraft Application. Nanomechanical Behavior of Metal-Doped DLC Thin Films. Section 11 Nanoindentation Behavior on Ceramic-Based Natural Hybrid Nanocomposites. Orientational Effect in Nanohardness of Tooth Enamel. Slow or Fast Contact: Does it Matter for Enamel?. Anisotropy of Modulus in Cortical Bone. Nanoindentation of Fish Scale. Section 12 Some Unresolved Issues in Nanoindentation. Indentation Size Effect (ISE) and Reverse Indentation Size Effect (RISE) in Nanoindentation. Pop-in Issues in Nanoindentation. Effect of Loading Rate on Nanoindentation Response of Brittle Solids. Measurement of Residual Stress by Nanoindentation Technique. Reliability Issues in Nanoindentation Measurements. Substrate Effect in ThinFilm Measurements. Future Scope of Novel Nanoindentation Technique. Conclusions. Common Abbreviations. Index.

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Book SynopsisWhen it comes to metal rolling, understanding and controlling frictional phenomena is essential to improving product and developing a more effective approach to friction reduction. Providing a historical perspective that goes as far back as the days of Leonardo da Vinci and continues up until the present day, Friction and the Hot Rolling of Steel chronicles the fundamental causes of friction. This book includes well-documented, on-site observations in various commercial plants, presents and examines practical problems, and provides a critical analysis of literary data related to the subject.It explains the base mechanisms of friction, and offers insight and instruction on improving the control and understanding of friction in hot strip mills and other industrial plants. The text presents mathematical models of friction in control and general engineering in a way that enables engineers to test and refine them in their plants. Engineers have the ability Table of ContentsEarly Studies of Friction. The Eighteenth Century. The Nineteenth Century. The Twentieth Century and Beyond. Roughness and Friction. Liquid Lubrication, Stribeck Curve and the Friction-Velocity Dependence. Solid Lubricants. Modelling of Friction in Control Engineering. Modelling of Macroscopic Friction. Friction on the Atomic and Molecular Scales. Tribological Properties of Oxidised Metals and Carbides. Chemical Composition and Microstructure of the Shells of HSS, HiCr and ICDP Work Rolls. Presence and Behaviour of Oxides in Roll Gap. The Impact of Roll Wear on Friction. Friction Evolution over Schedules and Campaigns. Relation between Friction and the Chemical Composition of Rolls. Mathematical Models of Friction in Steel Rolling. Appendices. References.

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Book SynopsisA Comprehensive Review of Developing Environmentally Friendly LubricantsA push from environmentally savvy consumers along with recent changes in governmental regulations have paved the way for a marketplace of products with high levels of environmental performance. Fueled by the growing demand for biobased lubricants, Environmentally Friendly and Biobased Lubricants highlights the development of environmentally friendly additives that are compatible with environmental regulations and describes the approaches being used in this emerging area.Derived from research topics shared over the years at various technical sessions of the Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers (STLE) Annual Meetings, the book includes a critical assessment of gaps and weaknesses in the field of environmentally friendly fluids and biobased lubricants. Each chapter is written by authors selected from the environmentally friendly fluids and biobased lubricants sessions of STLE and aTrade Review"… a novel reference for R&D activities and suitable feed stocks to be used for the preparation of bio based lubricants."—Dr. A. S. Sarpal, Inmetro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"… a very thorough book on a current active scientific area. The editors have done a good job in selecting authors with expertise in their subject."—Joseph M. Perez, Professor Emeritus, Tribology Group, Chemical Engineering Department,Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA"… a useful book for all who are working in this fascinating and important area of renewables. Full of references and novel approaches."—Manfred Schneider, Bergische Universität, Wuppertal, Germany"This book attempts to focus on recent developments in the field, building on accumulated knowledge over the years. Diversity in content and depth of research material discussed, this edition is uniquely positioned to appeal to new researchers in the field and subject matter experts alike." —Dr. Atanu Adhvaryu, Afton Chemical Corporation"… a broad spectrum of cutting-edge reports with interesting findings, based on innovative approaches and sound concepts."—Svajus Joseph Asadauskas, Institute of Chemistry, CPST, Vilnius, Lithuania"This book brings up-to-date information regarding biolubricants under one roof. Provides easy access to other relevant references. Brings topics that are not as well-known into discussion and consideration. A valuable addition to the lubricant world." —Selim Erhan, Ph.D."…a superb reference for those who are new to or work in the field of environmentally fluids with the goal of producing cost-effective commercial products with performance properties equivalent to—or perhaps in some areas—even better properties than the corresponding petroleum-based products." —Tribology & Lubrication Technology, December 2016"The range of biobased products presenteTable of ContentsAdvanced Environmentally Friendly Base Oils And Feedstocks. Biobased Hydraulic Lubricants and Biodegradability. Chemically/Enzymatically Modified Environmentally Friendly Base Oils. Vegetable Oil–Based Environmentally Friendly Fluids. Additives for Environmentally Friendly Fluids.

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Book SynopsisQuantum Effects in Tribology is devoted to the study of quantum foundations of materials friction interaction and evolutionary formation of tribosystem's operating parameters. At the start of the book, large consideration is given to the analysis of the existing diversity of friction, wear, and lubrication models and their relationship with each other, as well as to the quantum nature of the measurement process and the wave function reduction caused by the act of measurement. Consideration of measurement as a process of defining the output parameters of tribosystem is carried out with the apparatus of second quantization and conceptions associated with non-local quantum effects. Such an approach makes it possible not only to take another look to the evolution of tribosystems but discover previously unknown regularities of friction. The book is intended for professionals working in the field of tribology, but will be also useful for graduate students spTable of ContentsPreface. Problems of Creation of the Generalized Physical Model of Friction and Wear. Quantum Algorithm for Solving the "Fundamental Paradox of Tribology". Quantum Spaces of Tribosystems. Quantum Dynamics of Tribosystems. Quantum States of Manifested Tribosystem. Afterword. Bibliography.

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Book SynopsisTribology includes the research and application of principles of friction, wear, and lubrication. Frictional interactions in small scale are becoming increasingly important for the development of new products in mechanics, chemistry, electronics, life sciences, sensors, and by extension for all modern technology. In addition, surface engineering is a truly interdisciplinary topic in materials science that deals with the surface of solid matter. This book provides discussion and the exchange of information on all aspects of tribology and surface engineering in regards to modern industry.

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Book SynopsisSchey's Tribology in Metalworking: Friction, Lubrication, and Wear is an update to the seminal text Tribology in Metalworking by John Schey, originally published by ASM International in 1983.The 1983 first edition served as a recognized essential resource for researchers in the fields of manufacturing tribology and metal forming for many decades. This 2023 update preserves the essential information in that first edition but provides a thorough update, including a description of the significant advances in tribological research and detailed information for every metal forming process.The tribology of metal forming is very different from other sub disciplines of tribology such as in machine design, micromachine or biomedical applications. Metalforming tribology requires understanding of the implications of elevated temperature and the lubricants that are suitable at those temperatures; the complex interactions between oxide-free workpiece and tooling; the use of conversion coatings or engineered surfaces to help entrain lubricant in demanding applications; the use of emulsions, solid lubricants, cryogenics, and phase change lubricants; contact mechanics for plastically deforming workpieces; and many other considerations.The book is written in an approachable, practical style and each chapter has hundreds of references. Chapters and sections are logically arranged, and the comprehensive indexes are complete. Topics covered include fundamentals of metalworking; surfaces and friction; wear; theory of lubrication; metalworking lubricants; measurement techniques; rolling; drawing; extrusion; forging; sheet metalworking; metal removal; and much more.Author Steven R. Schmid is a Distinguished Professor at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte and has performed research on metalworking tribology for 30 years. He has won numerous best paper and teaching awards and served as President of the North American Manufacturing Research Institute from 2015 to 2016 and an International Delegate to SME from 2019 to 2020. He received the SME Gold Medal in 2019, a lifetime achievement award from MESIC (Spain) in 2020, and the David Dornfeld Innovation Award in 2023.

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Book SynopsisLatest Edition: Fundamentals of Tribology (3rd Edition)There are many occasions when quick solutions to problems in tribology are needed. For example, an understanding of the lubrication mechanism in a racing car engine has led to an improvement in performance. Why does a woman's face cream make her look younger for a time? Tribologists are frequently summoned in legal cases as expert witnesses after people have slipped in public places. Improvements to the human artificial hip joint are also partly a result of extensive tribology research.In order to solve such problems, tribology should be regarded as an important undergraduate course. This book covers tribology in such a way as to provide simple approximate solutions to frequent practical problems. Unlike previous books, which catered for earlier generations of undergraduates, today's students generally have sophisticated computer systems available in their colleges. Therefore, many of the worked and set examples in the book are made easier by using readily available software such as Math CAD. Readers will thus gain practice in using it, and will benefit in general by understanding the mathematical principles involved in the solutions. This book is particularly useful to engineering undergraduates and practicing engineers needing a quick solution to tribological problems.Table of ContentsNature of Rough Surfaces; Elastic Solids in Normal Contact; Dry Friction and Wear; Lubricant Properties; The Reynolds and Energy Equations; The Hydrodynamic Thrust Bearing; Journal Bearings; Externally Pressurized Bearings; Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication (EHL); Fatigue Life of Rolling Element Bearings; Transient Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication; Nanotribology; Biotribology.

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Book SynopsisThis title is designed to provide a clear and comprehensive overview of tribology. The book introduces the notion of a surface in tribology where a solid surface is described from topographical, structural, mechanical, and energetic perspectives. It also describes the principal techniques used to characterize and analyze surfaces. The title then discusses what may be called the fundamentals of tribology by introducing and describing the concepts of adhesion, friction, wear, and lubrication. The book focuses on the materials used in tribology, introducing the major classes of materials used, either in their bulk states or as coatings, including both protective layers and other coatings used for decorative purposes. Of especial importance to the tribology community are sections that provide the latest information on Nanotribology, Wear, Lubrication, and Wear-Corrosion: Tribocorrosion and Erosion-Corrosion.Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. Chapter 1. Surfaces. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 The surface state. Chapter 2. Tribology. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Elements of solid mechanics. 2.3 Elements of contact mechanics. 2.4 Friction. 2.5 Nanotribology. 2.6 Wear. 2.7 Lubrication. 2.8 Wear-corrosion: tribocorrosion and erosion-corrosion. Chapter 3. Materials for Tribology. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Bulk materials. 3.3 Surface treatments and coatings. 3.4 Hard anti-wear and decorative coatings. 3.5 Characterization of coatings: hardness, adherence and internal stresses. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisA Tribology Casebook is different to other engineering books in that it describes what actually happens under real life operating conditions. By presenting a collection of incidents drawn from practice, this book illustrates the practical issues and problem solving approaches needed to deal with real situations that engineers are likely to come across in their working lives. CONTENTS INCLUDE: Aeration foaming, and contamination of lubricating oils by water in service Analysis techniques Boundary lubricating properties of polyglycols Climatic effects Condition monitoring: temperature measurement Corrosive wear Crankcase explosions Fires and explosions in air compressors and compressed air systems Lubrication in other environments than air Manufacturers are not always right Materials for plain bearings Mechanical seals Plant memory and myths Table of ContentsAeration foaming, and contamination of lubricating oils by water in service Analysis techniques Boundary lubricating properties of polyglycols Climatic effects Condition monitoring: temperature measurement Corrosive wear Crankcase explosions Fires and explosions in air compressors and compressed air systems Lubrication in other environments than air Manufacturers are not always right Materials for plain bearings Mechanical seals Plant memory and myths

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Book SynopsisA revised and updated edition of Professor Duncan Dowson's classic History of Tribology which has been unavailable for a number of years. The scope of Professor Dowson's survey is broad in time, place, and subject. All the major periods in the history of science and technology are covered, including the much-neglected Middle Ages, the Renaissance and other recognised eras of scientific development. For each period the author puts tribology in its social, environmental, and historical context, to show that the science and technology of tribology developed from the need to solve the practical problems of the day. Lavishly illustrated with photographs, diagrams and line drawings, this edition contains much new material dealing with recent developments in tribology. This immense historical survey has been written for all those concerned with tribology in the belief that future developments can benefit greatly from lessons learnt from the achievements and problems of the past.Table of ContentsIntroduction; chronology; prehistoric times - before c.3500BC; the early civilization (c.3500BC-AD1500); the Greek and roman period; the Middle Ages; the Renaissance; towards the Industrial Revolution - early scientific studies of friction; the Industrial Revolution; mineral oil and scientific studies of lubrication 1850-1925; towards tribology 1925-the present; towards the millennium, 1997-1997; great tribologists.

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Book SynopsisTribology embraces the process of friction, lubrication, and wear in mechanical equipment. It finds particular application for reducing the consumption of energy and fuel, and for increasing the reliability and service life of machinery. As hard-won experience is built up, the principles of good design are increasingly clarified and become available for wider use. There can be few examples for which this cycle of learning and feedback is more economically valuable than the refinement of the internal combustion engine - the prime mover of today's highly mobile economy. Based on papers presented at an IMechE seminar, Tribology of Internal Combustion Engines should be read by all those working in the fields of tribology and automotive engine technology. Topics covered include: -Vehicle environmental legislation: past, present, and future - Recent developments in piston assemblies - Cylinder bore surface finish - its evolution and specification - The development of high - stream aluminium tin silicon copper bearing alloys for automotive applications Developments in camshaft and follower technology Ring zone lubrication: implications for reduced emissions and enhanced engine life Automotive lubricants: today's choices, tomorrow's possibilities The Jaguar AJ-V8 engine Table of ContentsVehicle environmental legislation - past, present and future; recent developments in piston assemblies; cylinder bore surface finish - its evolution and specification; the development of high-strength aluiminium tin silicon copper bearing alloys for automotive applications; developments in camshaft and follower technology; ring zone lubrication - implications for reduced emmissions and enhanced engine life; automotive lubricants - today's choice, tomorrow's possibilities; the Jaguar AJ-V8 engine.

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Book SynopsisAn Engineering Research Series title. This excellent and long awaited book is based upon extensive research carried out by the Institute of Tribology at the University of Leeds in the UK and the Ford Motor Company Ltd. It is concerned with both the theoretical and experimental study of the tribological performance of an automobile valve train, having an offset taper cam and a domed follower, incorporated with an hydraulic lash adjuster, with particular reference to the ZETA engine valve train. A sophisticated theoretical model has been developed that predicts the tribological performance of the valve train, and also provides a useful tool for the consideration of the tribological design of valve trains. Additionally the model can estimate the instantaneous and average rotational frequency of the follower, and the performance of the hydraulic lash adjuster. In order to validate the theoretical model, the experimental measurements have been correlated with the theoretical predictions that simulate the test conditions of the valve train. The agreement between the measurements and the predictions show that the model is very reliable. This gives readers great confidence in using the model when dealing with novel and alternative designs of the valve train. COMPLETE CONTENTS: Part One – Theoretical Formulation. Kinematics and dynamics of the cam and follower Hydraulic lash adjuster The maximum hertzian stresses Asperity interactions The oil film thickness Friction and power loss of the valve train The rotation of the follower The overall solution procedure and input/output data An example of the tribological analysis of a valve train. Part Two – Experimental Study. Test apparatus and the instrumentation Calibration of the instrumentation and commissioning tests Test procedure Data processing Experimental results and discussions Part Three – Correlation of theory and experiments. Experimental evidences Theoretical predictions Comparison of results and discussions Overall conclusions. Table of ContentsSeries Editor's Foreword xi Authors' Preface xiii Notation 1 Chapter 1 Introduction 5 Part I Theoretical Formulation Chapter 2 Kinematics and Dynamics of the Cam and Follower 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Kinematic analysis of a cam and domed flower pair 11 2.3 The load at the cam/follower interface 13 2.4 The solution procedure 15 2.5 References 15 Chapter 3 Hydraulic Lash Adjuster 17 3.1 Introduction 17 3.2 Check valve closed 17 3.2.1 The dynamics of the plunger 17 3.2.2 The governing equation of the displacement 19 3.2.3 Numerical analysis 20 3.3 Check valve open 21 3.3.1 The dynamics of the plunger 21 3.3.2 The governing equation of the displacement 23 3.3.3 Numerical analysis 24 3.4 The numerical solution procedure 24 Chapter 4 The Maximum Hertzian Stresses 25 4.1 Introduction 25 4.2 The contact geometry 25 4.3 The maximum Hertzian stress 27 4.4 The pressure distribution 27 4.5 The solution procedure 27 4.6 References 28 Chapter 5 Asperity Interactions 29 5.1 Introduction 29 5.2 The asperity contact force 29 5.3 The real area of contact 29 5.4 The asperity contact functions 30 5.5 The solution procedure 30 5.6 References 31 Chapter 6 The Oil Film Thickness 33 6.1 Introduction 33 6.2 The lubricant entraining velocity 33 6.3 The central and the minimum film thickness 35 6.4 The solution procedure 35 6.5 References 36 Chapter 7 Friction and Power Loss of the Valve Train 37 7.1 Introduction 37 7.2 The friction of the cam and follower interface 37 7.2.1 The friction due to shear of the lubricant 37 7.2.2 The friction due to asperity contact 38 7.3 The friction of the follower and bush interface 38 7.3.1 The tilting of the follower 39 7.3.2 The friction model 41 7.4 The friction of the valve and guide interface 42 7.5 The friction of the valve stem and valve seal interface 43 7.6 Power loss of the valve train 43 7.7 The solution procedure 44 7.8 References 44 Chapter 8 The Rotation of Follower 45 8.1 Introduction 45 8.2 The governing equation of the follower rotation 45 8.2.1 The Diving torque of the cam/follower interface 46 8.2.2 The resisting torque of the follower/bush interface 48 8.2.3 The resisting torque of the valve stem/plunger interface 49 8.3 The solution procedure 49 8.4 References 50 Chapter 9 The Overall Solution Procedure and Input and Output Data 51 9.1 Introduction 51 9.2 Input data 51 9.3 The kinematic analysis 51 9.4 The analysis of the hydraulic lash adjuster 51 9.5 Estimating the initial value of the follower rotational frequency 52 9.6 The tribological analysis of the valve train 54 9.7 The friction torque of the camshaft and average power loss 54 9.8 The output data 54 Chapter 10 An Example of the Tribological Analysis of a Valve Train 57 10.1 Introduction 57 10.2 Parameters of the intake valve train of the ZETEC engine 57 10.3 Results of the tribological analysis 59 10.4 A brief discussion of the results 59 10.5 References 60 Part II Experimental Study Chapter 11 Introduction to Experimental Study 87 11.1 Preamble 87 11.2 The background of the current experimental study 88 11.3 The aim of the experimental study 88 11.4 References 89 Chapter 12 Test Apparatus and the Instrumentation 91 12.1 Introduction 91 12.2 The hydraulic lash adjuster 91 12.3 The data acquisition system 91 12.4 Monitoring the follower rotation 93 12.5 Locating the cam position 94 12.6 Sampling the torque of the camshaft 94 12.7 References 95 Chapter 13 Calibration of the Instrumentation and Commissioning Tests 97 13.1 Introduction 97 13.2 Calibration of the instrumentation 97 13.2.1 The Calibration to the torque measurement system 97 13.2.2 The parasitic friction of the test apparatus 99 13.2.3 The calibration for monitoring the follower rotation 99 13.3 Commissioning tests 100 13.3.1 Improving the signal for the follower rotation100 13.3.2 Tests at different camshaft rotational frequencies 101 13.4 References 101 Chapter 14 The Test Procedure 103 14.1 Introduction 103 14.2 The running-in of the valve train 103 14.3 The loop test 103 14.4 The duration test 104 14.5 Tests at different bulk temperatures References 105 14.6 References 106 Chapter 15 The Data Processing 107 15.1 Introduction 107 15.2 The torque on the camshaft 107 15.3 The rotational frequency of the follower 107 15.4 The camshaft trigger signal 108 15.5 References 109 Chapter 16 Experimental Results and Discussions 111 16.1 Introduction 111 16.2 Experimental variables and the test condition 111 16.3 Experimental results and discussions 112 16.3.1 The friction torque and power loss of the valve train 112 16.3.2 The rotational frequency of the follower 113 16.3.3 Inspection of the cam and the follower 121 16.4 Conclusions 122 16.5 References 124 Part III Correlation Of Theory And Experiments Chapter 17 Introduction to Correlation of Theory and Experiments 127 Chapter 18 The Experimental Evidence 129 Chapter 19 The Theoretical Predictions 131 19.1 Introduction 131 19.2 Kinematics and dynamics 131 19.3 The cam/follower interface 131 19.4 The follower/bore interface 132 19.5 The hydraulic lash adjuster 133 19.6 The rotation of the follower 133 19.7 References 133 Chapter 20 The Comparison of Results and Discussions 135 20.1 Introduction 135 20.2 The input data of the model simulating the test conditions 135 20.3 The results of comparison and discussions 137 20.3.1 The average friction torque 137 20.3.2 The instantaneous torque on the camshaft 140 20.3.3 The instantaneous friction torque on the camshaft 140 20.3.4 The average follower rotational frequency 145 20.3.5 The instantaneous follower rotational frequency 146 20.4 Conclusions 149 20.5 References 149 Chapter 21 Overall Conclusions 151 Index 153

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Book SynopsisAn important volume in the Tribology in Practice Series (TIPS). Rolling Contacts presents a general introduction to the fundamentals of rolling friction with the emphasis on important engineering applications of rolling contacts. Rolling Friction is an age-old engineering problem – with friction and wear related problems resulting in enormous costs to industry world-wide. Rolling Contacts presents the fundamentals of rolling contacts of all types, emphasizing important engineering applications – including rolling bearings, gears, road-tyre and rail-wheel interactions, cam-tappet systems, and roll-forming of materials. Procedures and techniques of analysis developed throughout the book enhance understanding of this complex subject and help to improve the engineer’s ability to design and select rolling contacts for mechanical devices and systems. CONTENTS INCLUDE: Elements of surface contact of solids Fundamentals of rolling motion Dynamic characteristics of rolling motion Rolling contact bearing Rolling contacts in land locomotion Machine elements in rolling contact Non-metallic rolling contacts. Rolling Contacts will be invaluable to practising designers, researchers, and postgraduate students. Engineering degree course students will also benefit from this book’s thorough introduction to rolling contacts commonly used in practice.Table of ContentsIntroduction rolling contacts; elements of surface contact solids; fundamentals of rolling motion; dynamic characteristics of rolling motion; rolling contact bearings; rolling contacts in land locomotion; machine elements in rolling contact; non-metallic rolling contacts; coated surfaces in rolling contact; rolling in metal forming;

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Book SynopsisAn important volume in the â??Tribology in Practice Seriesâ?? (TIPS). Thoroughly updated and revised, Lubrication and Lubricant Selection is a much-welcomed third edition of this established and successful title. Since the publication of the earlier editions of this title there have been important developments in some aspects of lubricant technology, notably in automotive engine lubricants: for example significant improvements in their expected service life and in fuel economy. A major cause of these changes has been the increasing international concern for the environmental impact of all sorts of technologies, not least lubricant technology. Greater public anxiety for safety and the environment has resulted in new legislation governing such subjects as product liability and environmental protection. This extended and updated edition of Lubrication and Lubricant Selection presents an accurate picture of the current position, particularly with regard to the rapidly changing technical, testing, specification and regulation situation of engine lubricants. The book provides guidance to lubrication practice in industry, with the emphasis on practical application. Specific guidance is given regarding the appropriate selection of lubricants for a wide range of uses. Factors determining the suitability of a lubricant for a particular purpose are described and explained. COMPLETE CONTENTS: Basic principles of lubrication Choice of lubricant type Lubricating oils Selection of lubricating oil Oil supply systems Oil changing and oil conservation Greases and anti-seizes Dry bearings and solid lubrication Gas bearings Sealing of lubricants Lubricant testing and specifications Lubricant monitoring Lubricant handling and storage Health and safety Table of ContentsBasic principles of lubrication; choice of lubricant type; lubricating oils; selection of lubricating oil; oil supply systems; oil changing and oil conservation; greases and anti-seizes; dry bearings and solid lubrication; gas bearings; sealing of lubricants; lubricant testing and specifications; lubricant monitoring; lubricant handling and storage; health and safety.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents recent developments in the coating processes, sub processes and emphasizes on processes with the potential to improve performance quality and reproducibility. The book demonstrates how application methods, environmental factors, and chemical interactions affect each surface coating's performance. In addition, it provides analysis of latest polymers, carbon resins, high-temperature materials used for coatings and describes the development, chemical and physical properties, synthesis, polymerization, commercial uses and characteristics for each raw material and coating. Characterization techniques to solve the coating problems are also presented, as well as optimization studies to identify the critical coating parameters to ensure a robust process.Table of ContentsRecent Developments in the Coating Processes and Sub Processes.- Process Development improving the performance quality, reproducibility.- Effect on Performance of Surface Coating due to Application Methods.- Effect on Performance of Surface Coating due to Environmental Factors.- Effect on Performance of Surface Coating due to Chemical Interactions.- Materials Like Latest Polymers, Carbon Resins, High-Temperature Materials etc. Used in Coating and Their Characterizations.- Application of Optimization Techniques towards Optimal Coating Parameters.

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Book SynopsisThis book discusses how to reduce the impact of dust and heat on photovoltaic systems. It presents the problems caused by both dust accumulation and heat on PV systems, as well as the solutions, in a collected piece of literature. The Effects of Dust and Heat on Photovoltaic Modules: Impacts and Solutions begins by discussing the properties of dust accumulation on PV modules. It then presents several solutions to this, such as hydrophobic coatings and surface texturing. The second half of the book is used to discuss the effects of heat on silicon PV modules, as well as various cooling approaches. These include water cooling and carbon-based materials. Due to the prevalence of PV systems in renewable energy, this book will be of interest to numerous students, researchers and practitioners. Table of ContentsDust Deposition on PV Modules and its Characteristics.- Organic Super Hydrophobic Coating for PV Modules.- Inorganic Super Hydrophobic Coating for PV Modules.- Surface Texturing for Super Hydrophobic Surface.- Super Hydrophilic Surface Coating For PV Modules.- Dust Properties and Characterization.- Heat Effect on Silicon PV Modules.- Cooling Approaches for Silicon PV Modules.- Thermoelectric Coupled Silicon PV Modules.- Water Cooling of PV Modules.- Carbon Based Materials for PV Cooling.- Heat Effect on the PV Encapsulation.

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Book SynopsisThis book elaborates the corrosion testing and assessment methods for the aluminum alloy vessel in the service and internal environment. The emphasis is placed on the research of general materials corrosion characteristics, electrochemical protection design, surface protection, coating and painting, etc. This book helps readers to keep abreast of the whole technology system of the corrosion prevention and control of aluminum alloy vessel, especially the systematic engineering view of life cycle corrosion control for the vessel is of particular interest to readers.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Service environment of aluminum alloy vessel.- Corrosion tests.- Corrosion characteristics of general materials for aluminum alloy vessel.- Surface protection of aluminum alloys.- Electrochemical protection and design.- Coating and painting of aluminum alloy vessel.- Structural design for corrosion prevention.- Corrosion prevention and control in the manufacturing process.- Corrosion prevention system maintenance and repair for aluminum alloy vessel.

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Book SynopsisAn important aspect of engineering surfaces is that they need to be multifunctional as designs of machine components require cheaper, lighter, smarter, longer-wearing, and more environmentally friendly surfaces that see applications that are hotter, faster, highly pressurized, and exposed to other increasingly hostile environments. This can be achieved by use of modern advanced materials and coatings, which now usually are coated systems. This is a challenging area as usually there is antagonism between obtaining low friction and low wear as well as between high corrosion resistance and low wear.This book covers the increasingly important aspect for engineering surfaces to be multifunctional with a focus on tribological applications. It captures the state of the art regarding the emerging needs for multifunctional surface design for controlling wear, friction, and corrosion, as well as having decorative, self-healing, and/or self-sensing capabilities. It focuses on coatings and materials that include CVD diamond, diamond-like carbon, and multilayered and functionally graded systems for a range of engineering applications including machine tools, orthopedic joints, aero-engines/gas turbines, automotive engines, glass windows and walls, and offshore and marine sectors. It is a unique book as it discusses a range of wet- and dry-deposited coatings and multifunctional materials not often seen in one publication. It allows the reader to understand a wide range of design concepts and what is possible to achieve by current surface engineering techniques.Trade Review"Professor Wood’s excellent book is a must-read for all those with an interest in surface engineering and tribology. He has brought together leading experts in their field to produce a comprehensive compilation of topics highly relevant to today’s needs. The book will also appeal to non-tribologists, especially engineers and scientists, developing new systems and looking for up-to-date information on advanced materials and coatings."—Mr. Keith Harrison, The Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining, UK"A group of well-written, informative articles which were a pleasure to read. The information presented was topical and gave an in-depth overview with historic and present-day references, which allowed more detailed further reading if required. The subjects covered were some which I was very familiar and these I enjoyed most of all as I was reminded of past subjects I had studied in detail and brought me up to date on the current ideas and research. I would think this book would appeal to a range of abilities from those with little knowledge of the subject to those revisiting an area of interest and wanting the latest update. As the majority of the articles are by UK-based researchers, it gives an excellent overview of the expertise available at UK institutions and the areas of tribology which are today’s hot topics." —Dr. Elizabeth Nicholson, Schlumberger PLC, UKTable of ContentsCVD diamond: a multifunctional tribological material. Thermal barrier coating systems: multi-layer multi-functional surface engineering. Scratch damage in coated glass. Functionally graded and multilayered carbon-based coatings: the microstructure and tribological performances. High-temperature coatings. Multifunctional requirements for surfaces subjected to tribocorrosion. Electroplated multifunctional and nanostructured metallic coatings. Low-friction materials and coatings. Thin multi-functional coating materials for tribological contacts. The role of viscoelastic and plastic deformations in the creep behaviour of UHMWPE: an experimental-based computational study using an AMTI knee wear simulator.

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