Instruments and instrumentation Books

Book SynopsisProvides a comprehensive overview of the basic concepts behind the application and designs of medical instrumentation This premiere reference on medical instrumentation describes the principles, applications, and design of the medical instrumentation most commonly used in hospitals. It places great emphasis on design principles so that scientists with limited background in electronics can gain enough information to design instruments that may not be commercially available. The revised edition includes new material on microcontroller-based medical instrumentation with relevant code, device design with circuit simulations and implementations, dry electrodes for electrocardiography, sleep apnea monitor, Infusion pump system, medical imaging techniques and electrical safety. Each chapter includes new problems and updated reference material that covers the latest medical technologies. Medical Instrumentation: Application and Design, Fifth Edition covers generaTable of ContentsAcknowledgments xiii Preface xv List of Symbols xviii 1 Basic Concepts of Medical Instrumentation 1Walter H. Olson and John G. Webster 1.1 Terminology of Medicine and Medical Devices 2 1.2 Generalized Medical Instrumentation System 3 1.3 Alternative Operational Modes 5 1.4 Medical Measurement Constraints 7 1.5 Classifications of Biomedical Instruments 10 1.6 Interfering and Modifying Inputs 10 1.7 Compensation Techniques 12 1.8 Biostatistics 14 1.9 Generalized Static Characteristics 18 1.10 Generalized Dynamic Characteristics 26 1.11 Amplifiers and Signal Processing 40 1.12 Inverting Amplifiers 42 1.13 Noninverting Amplifiers 45 1.14 Differential Amplifiers 47 1.15 Comparators 53 1.16 Rectifiers 55 1.17 Logarithmic Amplifiers 60 1.18 Integrators 61 1.19 Differentiators 62 1.20 Active Filters 64 1.21 Frequency Response 68 1.22 Offset Voltage 71 1.23 Bias Current 73 1.24 Input and Output Resistance 75 1.25 Design Criteria 77 1.26 Commercial Medical Instrumentation Development Process 77 1.27 Regulation of Medical Devices 80 Problems 85 References 89 2 Basic Sensors and Principles 91Robert A. Peura and John G. Webster 2.1 Displacement Measurements 91 2.2 Resistive Sensors 92 2.3 Bridge Circuits 102 2.4 Inductive Sensors 104 2.5 Phase-Sensitive Demodulators 107 2.6 Capacitive Sensors 110 2.7 Piezoelectric Sensors 113 2.8 Accelerometer 119 2.9 Temperature Measurements 119 2.10 Thermocouples 120 2.11 Thermistors 123 2.12 Radiation Thermometry 128 2.13 Fiber-Optic Temperature Sensors 133 2.14 Optical Measurements 133 2.15 Radiation Sources 135 2.16 Geometrical and Fiber Optics 140 2.17 Optical Filters 143 2.18 Radiation Sensors 144 2.19 Optical Combinations 148 Problems 148 References 150 3 Microcontrollers in Medical Instrumentation 153Amit J. Nimunkar 3.1 Basics of Microcontroller 153 3.2 Embedded Medical System 154 3.3 ECG-Based Embedded Medical System Example 156 3.4 Selection of a Microcontroller 161 3.5 IoT-Based Medical Devices 188 Problems 191 References 193 4 The Origin of Biopotentials 196John W. Clark, Jr. 4.1 Electrical Activity of Excitable Cells 197 4.2 Volume Conductor Fields 206 4.3 Functional Organization of the Peripheral Nervous System 209 4.4 The Electroneurogram 211 4.5 The Electromyogram 216 4.6 The Electrocardiogram 219 4.7 The Electroretinogram 232 4.8 The Electroencephalogram 238 4.9 The Magnetoencephalogram 259 Problems 260 References 264 5 Biopotential Electrodes 267Michael R. Neuman 5.1 The Electrode–Electrolyte Interface 268 5.2 Polarization 271 5.3 Polarizable and Nonpolarizable Electrodes 275 5.4 Electrode Behavior and Circuit Models 282 5.5 The Electrode–Skin Interface and Motion Artifact 285 5.6 Body-Surface Recording Electrodes 289 5.7 Internal Electrodes 302 5.8 Electrode Arrays 309 5.9 Microelectrodes 311 5.10 Electrodes for Electric Stimulation of Tissue 320 5.11 Practical Hints in Using Electrodes 323 Problems 325 References 329 6 Biopotential Amplifiers 333Michael R. Neuman 6.1 Basic Requirements 333 6.2 The Electrocardiograph 335 6.3 Problems Frequently Encountered 348 6.4 Transient Protection 358 6.5 Common-Mode and Other Interference-Reduction Circuits 361 6.6 Amplifiers for Other Biopotential Signals 365 6.7 Example of a Biopotential Preamplifier 370 6.8 Other Biopotential Signal Processors 372 6.9 Cardiac Monitors 381 6.10 Biotelemetry 389 Problems 391 References 394 7 Blood Pressure and Sound 396Robert A. Peura 7.1 Direct Measurements 399 7.2 Harmonic Analysis of Blood Pressure Waveforms 403 7.3 Dynamic Properties of Pressure-Measurement Systems 405 7.4 Measurement of System Response 414 7.5 Effects of System Parameters on Response 418 7.6 Bandwidth Requirements for Measuring Blood Pressure 419 7.7 Typical Pressure-Waveform Distortion 420 7.8 Systems for Measuring Venous Pressure 422 7.9 Heart Sounds 422 7.10 Phonocardiography 428 7.11 Cardiac Catheterization 428 7.12 Effects of Potential and Kinetic Energy on Pressure Measurements 433 7.13 Indirect Measurements of Blood Pressure 435 7.14 Tonometry 442 Problems 448 References 450 8 Measurement of Flow and Volume of Blood 452John G. Webster 8.1 Indicator-Dilution Method that Uses Continuous Infusion 453 8.2 Indicator-Dilution Method that Uses Rapid Injection 455 8.3 Electromagnetic Flowmeters 459 8.4 Ultrasonic Flowmeters 467 8.5 Thermal-Convection Velocity Sensors 481 8.6 Chamber Plethysmography 484 8.7 Electrical-Impedance Plethysmography 486 8.8 Photoplethysmography 493 Problems 495 References 497 9 Measurements of the Respiratory System 499Frank P. Primiano, Jr. 9.1 Modeling the Respiratory System 501 9.2 Measurement of Pressure 508 9.3 Measurement of Gas Flow 511 9.4 Lung Volume 520 9.5 Respiratory Plethysmography 528 9.6 Some Tests of Respiratory Mechanics 535 9.7 Measurement of Gas Concentration 548 9.8 Some Tests of Gas Transport 560 Problems 568 References 571 10 Chemical Biosensors 574Robert A. Peura 10.1 Blood-Gas and Acid–Base Physiology 576 10.2 Electrochemical Sensors 580 10.3 Chemical Fibrosensors 589 10.4 Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistor (ISFET) 606 10.5 Immunologically Sensitive Field-Effect Transistor (IMFET) 609 10.6 Noninvasive Blood-Gas Monitoring 610 10.7 Blood-Glucose Sensors 620 10.8 Electronic Noses 630 10.9 Lab-on-a-chip 631 10.10 Summary 632 Problems 633 References 633 11 Clinical Laboratory Instrumentation 637Lawrence A. Wheeler 11.1 Spectrophotometry 638 11.2 Automated Chemical Analyzers 649 11.3 Chromatology 653 11.4 Electrophoresis 656 11.5 Hematology 659 Problems 671 References 671 12 Medical Imaging Systems 673Melvin P. Siedband 12.1 Information Content of an Image 674 12.2 Modulation Transfer Function 678 12.3 Noise-Equivalent Bandwidth 680 12.4 Image Processing 681 12.5 Radiography 682 12.6 Computed Radiography 690 12.7 Computed Tomography 697 12.8 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 707 12.9 Nuclear Medicine 714 12.10 Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography 722 12.11 Positron Emission Tomography 723 12.12 Ultrasonography 728 12.13 Contrast Agents 740 Problems 742 References 744 13 Therapeutic and Prosthetic Devices 746Michael R. Neuman 13.1 Cardiac Pacemakers and Other Electric Stimulators 746 13.2 Defibrillators and Cardioverters 764 13.3 Mechanical Cardiovascular Orthotic and Prosthetic Devices 771 13.4 Hemodialysis 775 13.5 Lithotripsy 778 13.6 Ventilators 780 13.7 Infant Incubators 784 13.8 Drug Delivery Devices 786 13.9 Surgical Instruments 793 13.10 Therapeutic Applications of the Laser 797 Problems 798 References 800 14 Electrical Safety 803Walter H. Olson 14.1 Physiological Effects of Electricity 804 14.2 Important Susceptibility Parameters 807 14.3 Distribution of Electric Power 813 14.4 Macroshock Hazards 818 14.5 Microshock Hazards 822 14.6 Electrical-Safety Codes and Standards 827 14.7 Basic Approaches to Protection Against Shock 829 14.8 Protection: Power Distribution 830 14.9 Protection: Equipment Design 833 14.10 Electrical-Safety Analyzers 838 14.11 Testing the Electric System 838 14.12 Tests of Electric Appliances 840 14.13 Conclusion 843 Problems 844 References 846 Appendix 848 A.1 Physical Constants 848 A.2 International System of Units (SI) Prefixes 848 A.3 International System of Units 849 A.4 Abbreviations 850 A.5 Chemical Elements 853 Index 855

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Book SynopsisThis 3rd edition is updated in line with the 18th edition of the wiring regulations. This book is an essential guide to the City & Guilds 2391-50 and 51, and also C&G 2391-52. There is a full coverage of technical and legal terminology used in theory exams, including the structure of exam questions and their interpretation.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Statutory and non-statutory regulations. Certification and reports. Electrical safety. Installation Testing. Initial verification. Periodic inspection. Initial verification and periodic inspection. Further questions. Calculations related to circuit parameters. 2391-50, 51 & 52 syllabi. Index.

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Book SynopsisDynamic Positioning for Engineers enables the reader to acquire the basic knowledge of the concepts and understanding of the dynamic positioning (DP) system from the systems perspective. This book illustrates the system, subsystems and components of the DP system to better tackle maintenance, problems and breakdowns, leading to an increased mean time between failures and effective fault finding on dynamic positioning DP-related equipment. Overall, this text will help professionals reduce downtime and higher repair costs. Aimed at onboard electrical engineers, engine room watch officers, chief engineers, DP professionals onboard, in onshore officers and those taking DP training courses, this book: Explains automation and its application in the DP system Describes environmental sensors and position reference sensors as important inputs to the DP system Includes chapters on power management and thrusters Aids engineers in maintaining a the DP system in good operational condition Table of Contents1. Introduction to Offshore. 2. Historical background to development of Dynamic Positioning. 3. The Seven Components of DP System. 4. Six Degrees of Freedom – Basics of Dynamic Positioning. 5. Different Types of DP Vessels and their applications. 6. DP Class / Equipment class (IMO-MSC 645/1580). 7. Basics of Electrical Propulsion and Thruster Types. 8. Thruster Controls and Automation of thrusters in DP. 9. Power Management System. 10. Harmonics in Power Syatem. 11. Introduction to Environmental Sensors. 12. Introduction to Position Reference Sensors. 13. Handling of Position Reference Sensors & Various Tests on PRS. 14. Architecture of DP System. 15. Basics of Networking in DP Systems. 16. Types of Signals used in DP Automation. 17. Consequence Analysis, Capability Plot, Foot prints and Motion Prediction. 18. DP Trials & Documentation. 19. Circuit Tracing & Fault Finding on DP. 20. Roles and Responsibilities. 21. Glossary. 22. References.

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Book SynopsisEngineering Science is a comprehensive textbook suitable for all vocational and pre-degree courses in engineering, being fully in line with the latest vocational courses at Level 2 and leading into Level 3. Taking a subject-led approach, engineering students will find the essential scientific principles necessary for their studies, developed topic by topic. Unlike most textbooks available for this field, it goes beyond the core science to include applications in the real world and the mechanical and electrical principles required for the majority of courses. It is supported by numerous worked examples and problems, with a complete set of answers. This new edition gives a detailed consideration of the basic arithmetic, algebraic and graphical methods needed in engineering courses so that it conforms completely with sections A and B of the BTEC Level 2 unit, and it provides the basic tools for the science that follows. A new chapter introduces the basic principles of cTable of Contents1. Basics 2. Statics 3. Stress and strain 4. Linear motion 5. Angular motion 6. Dynamics 7. Energy 8. Heat 9. D.C. circuits 10. Magnetism 11. Circuit analysis 12. Semiconductors 13. Capacitance 14. Magnetic flux 15. Alternating current 16. Series A.C. circuits 17. D.C. circuit analysis 18. D.C. machines 19. Transients 20. Structures 21. Beams 22. Components 23. Circular motion 24. Mechanical power transmission 25. Structural members 26. Frictional resistance 27. Angular dynamics 28. Oscillations 29. Fluid mechanics 30. Introducing calculus

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Book SynopsisSmall satellites use commercial off-the-shelf sensors and actuators for attitude determination and control (ADC) to reduce the cost. These sensors and actuators are usually not as robust as the available, more expensive, space-proven equipment. As a result, the ADC system of small satellites is more vulnerable to any fault compared to a system for larger competitors. This book aims to present useful solutions for fault tolerance in ADC systems of small satellites. The contents of the book can be divided into two categories: fault tolerant attitude filtering algorithms for small satellites and sensor calibration methods to compensate the sensor errors. MATLAB will be used to demonstrate simulations. Presents fault tolerant attitude estimation algorithms for small satellites with an emphasis on algorithms' practicability and applicability Incorporates fundamental knowledge about the attitude determination methods at large Discusses comTable of Contents1. Attitude Parameters. 2. Mathematical Models For Small Satellite Attitude Dynamics and Kinematics. 3. Attitude Sensors. 4. Attitude Sensor Measurement Models. 5. Attitude Determination Using Two Vector Measurements – TRIAD Method. 6. Statistical Methods For Three-Axis Attitude Determination. 7. Kalman Filtering. 8. Adaptive Kalman Filtering. 9. Kalman Filtering for Small Satellite Attitude Estimation. 10. Integration of Single-Frame Methods With Filtering Algorithms For Attitude Estimation. 11. Active Fault Tolerant Attitude Estimation. 12. Fault Tolerant Attitude Estimation: R-Adaptation Methods. 13. Fault Tolerant Attitude Estimation: Q-Adaptation Methods. 14. Integration of R- and Q-Adaptation Methods. 15. In-Orbit Calibration Of Small Satellite Magnetometers: Batch Calibration Algorithms. 16. In-Orbit Calibration Of Small Satellite Magnetometers: Recursive Calibration Algorithms. Index

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Book SynopsisLidar (Light Detection and Ranging) operates on similar principles to RADAR but in lieu of radio waves, lidar uses a laser to scan through the atmosphere. In elastic lidar, light scattered back towards the lidar instrument from molecules and particles in the atmosphere is collected by a telescope and measured with a photodetector.Trade Review"A comprehensive overview of lidar technology, this handbook is intended for researchers, graduate students and lidar users." (Sea Technology, November 2004) "This book should be of significant value to researchers applying remote sensing to atmospheric problems, and of course will be of great interest to lidar specialists." (E-STREAMS, November 2004)Table of ContentsPreface. Definitions. 1. Atmospheric Properties. 1.1 Atmospheric Structure. 1.2 Atmospheric Properties. 2. Light Propagation in the Atmosphere. 2.1 Light Extinction and Transmittance. 2.2 Total and Directional Elastic Scattering of the Light Bean. 2.3 Light Scattering by Molecules and Particulates: Inelastic Scattering. 2.4 Light Absorption by Molecules and Particulates. 3. Fundamentals of the Lidar Technique. 3.1 Introduction to the Lidar Technique. 3.2 Lidar Equation and Its Constituents. 3.3 Elastic Lidar Hardware. 3.4 Practical Lidar Issues. 3.5 Eye Safety Issues and Hardware. 4. Detectors, Digitizers, Electronics. 4.1 Detectors. 4.2 Electric Circuits for Optical Detectors. 4.3 A-D Converters/Digitizers. 4.4 General. 5. Analytical Solutions of the Lidar Equation. 5.1 Simple Lidar-Equation Solution for a Homogene ous. 5.2 Basic Transformation of the Elastic Lidar Equation. 5.3 Lidar Equation Solution for a Single-Component Heterogeneous Atmosphere. 5.4 Lidar Equation Solution for a Two-Component Atmosphere. 5.5 Which Solution is Best? 6. Uncertainty Estimation for Lidar Measurements. 6.1 Uncertainty for the Slope Method. 6.2 Lidar Measurement Uncertainty in a Two-Component Atmosphere. 6.3 Background Constituent in the Original Lidar Signal and Lidar Signal Averaging. 7. Backscatter-to-Extinction Ratio. 7.1 Exploration of the Backscatter-to-Extinction Ratio on the Inversion Result. 7.2 Influence of Uncertainty in the Backscatter-to-Extinction Ratio. 8. Lidar Examination of Clear and Moderately Turbid Atmospheres. 8.1 One-Directional Lidar Measurements: Methods and Problems. 8.2 Inversion Techniques for a “Spotted” Atmosphere. 9. Multiangle Methods for Extinction Coefficient Determination. 9.1 Angle-Dependent Lidar Equation and Its Basic Solution. 9.2 Solution for the Layer-Integrated Form of the Angle-Dependent Lidar Equation. 9.3 Solution for the Two-Angle layer-Integrated Form of the Lidar Equation. 9.4 Two-Angle Solution for the Angle-Independent Lidar Equation. 9.5 High-Altitude Tropospheric Measurements with Lidar. 9.6 Which Method Us the Best? 10. Differential Absorption Lidar Technique (DIAL). 10.1 DIAL Processing Technique: Fundamentals. 10.2 DIAL Processing Technique: Problems. 10.3 Other Techniques for DIAL Data Processing. 11. Hardware Solutions to the Inversion Problem. 11.1 Use of N2 Raman Scattering for Extinction Measurement. 11.2 Resolution of Particulate and Molecular Scattering by Filtration. 11.3 Multiple-Wavelength Lidars. 12. Atmospheric Parameters from Elastic Lidar Data. 12.1 Visual Range in Horizontal Directions. 12.2 Visual Range in Slant Directions. 12.3 Temperature measurements. 12.4 Boundary Layer Height Determination. 12.5 Cloud Boundary Determination. 13. Wind Measurement Methods from Elastic Lidar Data. 13.1 Correlation Methods to Determine Wind Speed and Direction. 13.2 Edge Technique. 13.3 Fringe Imaging Technique. 13.4 Kinetic Energy, Dissipation Rate, and Divergence. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisA book which deals with the practical aspects of both analogue and digital electronic measuring systems. The author discusses these systems with the designer in mind, giving information which will help readers to use electronic measuring tools in the most effective way.Table of ContentsIntroduction about Measuring Systems. Transducer Interfacing. Practical Aspects of Noise Reduction in Electronic MeasuringSystems. Amplifiers. Analog Signal Processing for Measurement Signals. Comparators Analog Switches. Digital-analog Converters, Analog-digital Converters. Sample and Hold Circuits, Multiplexers. Data Acquisition and Processing.

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Book SynopsisAn introduction to the principles of industrial control and instrumentation. It is concerned with the basic principles of measurement, control systems and the hardware used, and covers the Business and Technician Education unit Industrial Control and Instrumentation U86/345.Table of Contents1. Measurement systems. 2. Control systems. 3. Transducers. 4. Signal conditioning and processing. 5. Controllers. 6. Correction units. 7. Data display. 8. Measurement systems. 9. Control systems.

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Book SynopsisSince its development in the late 1970s, the Moiré Fringe method has become a standard technique for the measurement of the behavior of materials and structures. Edited by one of the co-inventors of the technique, the Handbook of Moiré Measurement brings together a series of extended case studies from recognized experts in the field. The emphasis is on the application of the method to real situations, and presents a very readable account of the technique from the point of view of the user. As an introduction to the Moiré technique and its variants, this book will be of interest to readers at all levels, but is particularly suitable for undergraduates and graduate students in physics, materials science, and structural and mechanical engineering.Table of Contents1 Introduction, 1.1 A brief history of the moiré method, References, CHAPTER 2: STRAIN MEASUREMENTS AT THE LIMIT—THE MOIRÉ MICROSCOPE, 2.1 Nonlinear analysis of interferometric moiré fringes, 2.1.1 Example fringe data reduction, References, 2.2 Microscopic moiré interferometry, 2.2.1 Immersion interferometer, 2.2.1.1 Optical configuration, 2.2.1.2 Four-beam immersion interferometer, 2.2.2 Mechanical configuration, 2.2.3 Fringe shifting and O/DFM method, References, 2.3 Localized thermal strains in electronic interconnections by microscopic moiré interferometry, 2.3.1 Specimen preparation, 2.3.2 Thin small outline package, 2.3.3 Leadless chip carrier, 2.3.4 Effect of underfill encapsulation on flip chip solder bump, 2.3.5 Plated through hole, References, 2.4 Titanium in elastic tension: micromechanical deformation, 2.4.1 Introduction, 2.4.2 Specimen and loading fixture, 2.4.3 Experimental procedure and fringe patterns, 2.4.4 Anomalous strains along the grain boundaries, 2.4.5 Discussion, References, 2.5 Micromechanical thermal deformation of unidirectional boron/aluminum composite, 2.5.1 Experimental procedure and fringe patterns, 2.5.2 Analysis and results, 2.5.3 Discussion, References, CHAPTER 3: FRACTURE MECHANICS, 3.1.1 Assessment of the shape of crack-tip plastic zones as a function of applied load, 3.1.1.1 Introduction, 3.1.1.2 Experimental details, 3.1.1.3 Measurement of Von Mises yield locus, 3.1.1.4 Discussion of results, 3.1.1.5 Conclusions, References, 3.1.2 Deformation around fatigue cracks from moiré fringe measurement, 3.1.2.1 Introduction, 3.1.2.2 Basic crack-tip models, 3.1.2.2.1 Stationary crack under monotonie loading, 3.1.2.2.2 Stationary crack under cyclic loading, 3.1.2.3 Experimental details, 3.1.2.4 Fatigue crack-tip deformation, 3.1.2.4.1 Local yielding, 3.1.2.4.2 Non-singular stresses, 3.1.2.4.3 Cyclic plasticity, 3.1.2.4.4 Local mode-mixity, 3.1.2.5 Summary, Acknowledgment, References, 3.2.1 Applications of moiré to cellulosic (paper and woo

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Book SynopsisSignificant changes have occurred in materials science, including increasing demands on life extensions, and the reliability and exploitability of components, materials, and structures. These changes provide smart technologies with excellent application opportunities in aerospace, civil and electrical engineering, transportation, manufacturing, communications, defense, and medicine. Smart Materials and Structures presents an overview of current developments in the characterization and applications of materials and actuators, issues surrounding their control, and the integration of smart systems and technologies. This compendium provides a valuable synopsis of this rapidly expanding and topical research field for engineers, program managers, technologists, physicists, materials scientists, and mathematicians working to advance smart materials, research methods, their applications, and robotic technologies.Table of ContentsPlenary Lectures (J F V Vincent: Smart by name, smart by nature; R Lammering et al: Design, optimazation and realization of smart structures.) Adaptive structures and active control (9 papers). Active control: Actuators (9 papers). Active control: Applications (5 papers). ER fluids (3 papers). ER properties (3 papers). ER models and applications (3 papers). MR/ER Fluids (4 papers). Shape memory alloys (6 papers). Actuators: Shape memory alloys (3 papers). Damage detection (3 papers). Health monitoring (9 papers). Sensor location/systems (6 papers). Novel materials (9 papers). Numerical modelling and related topics (6 papers). Modelling smart structures (3 papers). Piezo devices (4 papers). PZT: Poling/deposition (3 papers). Demonstrator workshop (15 papers). Author index.

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Book SynopsisThis book reviews the applications of various spectroscopic techniques and, in particular, electron spin resonance spectroscopy in evaluating the structure and composition of materials and their associated dating layers for archaeological and cultural heritage research. With contributions from an international pool of researchers and case studies to demonstrate the applications of the techniques under discussion.

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