Alternative and renewable energy sources Books
Vintage Publishing Cradle to Cradle
Book SynopsisRecycling is good, isn't it? In this visionary book, chemist Michael Braungart and architect William McDonough challenge this status quo and put forward a manifesto for an intriguing and radically different philosophy of environmentalism.Reduce, reuse, recycle. This is the standard cradle to grave manufacturing model dating back to the Industrial Revolution that we still follow today. In this thought-provoking read, the authors propose that instead of minimising waste, we should be striving to create value. This is the essence of Cradle to Cradle: waste need not to exist at all. By providing a framework of redesign of everything from carpets to corporate campuses, McDonough and Braungart make a revolutionary yet viable case for change and for remaking the way we make things.Trade ReviewThe best argument for good design is that it lasts. The best argument for good science is that it deplores waste. I'm bored with guilty and technologically illiterate environmental Luddites describing a future of guilt and privation led in caves. There's an alternative responsible future persuasively offered by Braungart and McDonough. The survival of the planet can be re-stated in terms of stimulus, opportunity, challenge and reward. Works for me. -- Stephen BayleyAlready embraced by far-thinking manufacturers and governments. * Food Ethics Magazine *It's one of the most thought-provoking books I've ever read -- Ellen Macarthur * Daily Express *Environmentalists too rarely apply the ecological wisdom of life to our problems. Asking how a cherry tree would design an energy efficient building is only one of the creative 'practices' that McDonough and Braungart spread, like a field of wild flowers, before their readers. This book will give you renewed hope that, indeed, 'it is darkest before the dawn' -- Carl Pope, Executive Director of the Sierra ClubAchieving the great economic transition to more equitable, ecologically sustainable societies requires nothing less than a design revolution - beyond today's fossilized industrialism. This enlightened and enlightening book shows us how - and indeed, that 'God is in the details.' A must for every library and every concerned citizen -- Hazel Henderson, author of "Building a Win-Win World and Beyond Globalization: Shaping a Sustainable Global Economy"
£9.49
Oxford University Press Renewable Energy
Book SynopsisThe provision of sustainable energy supplies for an expanding and increasingly productive world is one of the major issues facing civilisation today. Renewable Energy examines both the practical and economic potential of the renewable energy sources to meet this challenge. The underlying physical and technological principles behind deriving power from direct solar (solar thermal and photovoltaics), indirect solar (biomass, hydro, wind and wave) and non-solar (tidal and geothermal) energy sources are explained, within the context of their environmental impacts, their economics and their future prospects. Renewable Energy provides both perspective and detail on the relative merits and state of progress of technologies for utilizing the various ''renewables''. The analysis considers emissions, sustainability, cost implications and energy security, as political and economic pressures move society towards a low-carbon future. From an overview of basic energy conversion processes, throughTrade ReviewReview from previous edition I have reviewed many textbooks on renewable energy and this one stands clearly above them all. It provides an excellent balance between technical content and practical application. * Douglas J Reinemann, Professor of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA *The quality of illustrations in Renewable Energy , as well as the inclusion of energy data for North America, make this and its sister volume, Energy Systems and Sustainability , my top choice for any energy program in higher education. * James Leidel, Director of Clean Energy Syctems, Oakland University, USA *A great introductory text for teaching, and an excellent reference for your bookshelf. * Ian Mason, University of Canterbury, NZ *An excellent overview of all the principal renewable energy technologies, placing them in the context of the overall power system. Individual chapters are all written by experts, but edited into a common style so that the level of detail is comparable across all chapters. The best book of its sort on the market. * Paul Younger, University of Glasgow *Excellent textbook for an introductory course on renewable energy systems. Some mathematical principles are introduced to reinforce concepts. Overall excellent material to get undergraduate students engaged with the field before digging into the detail. * Tom Norton, Harper Adams University, UK *This textbook continues the high standards of previous editions in terms of the clarity with which it explains the technologies while offering high quality graphics. * Peter Connor, University of Exeter *Table of Contents1: Introducing Renewable Energy 2: Thermodynamics and Heat Pumps 3: Solar Thermal Energy 4: Solar Photovoltaics 5: Bioenergy 6: Hydroelectricity 7: Tidal Power 8: Wind Energy 9: Wave Energy 10: Geothermal Energy 11: Integrating Renewable Energy 12: Renewable Energy Futures A1: Appendix: Investing in renewable energy A2: Appendix: Units
£60.79
Oxford University Press Renewable Energy
Book SynopsisWith growing concerns over climate change and air pollution, the need to switch from fossil fuels to clean and renewable sources of energy has become pressing. Here, Nick Jelley describes the main renewables, explains how wind and solar farms can provide the cheapest energy in many parts of the world, and calls for urgent action.Trade ReviewA wonderful combination of a tour of the basics of renewable energy, and a great update on the ever-changing statistics in this fast changing, and world-changing energy sector. * Professor Daniel M Kammen, University of California, Berkeley *Table of ContentsList of illustrations 1: What are renewables? 2: Why do we need renewables? 3: Biomass, solar heat, and hydropower 4: Wind power 5: Solar photovoltaics 6: Other low carbon technologies 7: Renewable electricity and energy storage 8: Renewable heat and electric vehicles 9: The transition to renewablesFurther readingIndex
£9.99
MIT Press Ltd Sustainable Energy Choosing Among Options The MIT
Book Synopsis
£81.70
John Wiley & Sons Inc Improving Product Reliability and Software
Book SynopsisTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xix List of Figures xxi List of Tables xxv Series Editor's Foreword xxvii Series Foreword Second Edition xxix Series Foreword First Edition xxxi Foreword First Edition xxxiii Preface Second Edition xxxv Preface First Edition xxxvii Acknowledgments xli Glossary xliii Part I Reliability and Software Quality – It’s a Matter of Survival 1 1 The Need for a New Paradigm for Hardware Reliability and Software Quality 3 1.1 Rapidly Shifting Challenges for Hardware Reliability and Software Quality 3 1.2 Gaining Competitive Advantage 5 1.3 Competing in the Next Decade –Winners Will Compete on Reliability 5 1.4 Concurrent Engineering 6 1.5 Reducing the Number of Engineering Change Orders at Product Release 8 1.6 Time-to-Market Advantage 9 1.7 Accelerating Product Development 10 1.8 Identifying and Managing Risks 11 1.9 ICM, a Process to Mitigate Risk 11 1.10 Software Quality Overview 12 References 13 Further Reading 13 2 Barriers to Implementing Hardware Reliability and Software Quality 15 2.1 Lack of Understanding 15 2.2 Internal Barriers 16 2.3 Implementing Change and Change Agents 17 2.4 Building Credibility 19 2.5 Perceived External Barriers 20 2.6 Time to Gain Acceptance 21 2.7 External Barrier 22 2.8 Barriers to Software Process Improvement 23 3 Understanding Why Products Fail 25 3.1 Why Things Fail 25 3.2 Parts Have Improved, Everyone Can Build Quality Products 28 3.3 Hardware Reliability and Software Quality –The New Paradigm 28 3.4 Reliability vs. Quality Escapes 29 3.5 Why Software Quality Improvement Programs Are Unsuccessful 30 Further Reading 31 4 Alternative Approaches to Implementing Reliability 33 4.1 Hiring Consultants for HALT Testing 33 4.2 Outsourcing Reliability Testing 33 4.3 Using Consultants to Develop and Implement a Reliability Program 34 4.4 Hiring Reliability Engineers 34 Part II Unraveling the Mystery 37 5 The Product Life Cycle 39 5.1 Six Phases of the Product Life Cycle 39 5.2 Risk Mitigation 41 5.3 The ICM Process for a Small Company 45 5.4 Design Guidelines 46 5.5 Warranty 46 Further Reading 47 Reliability Process 47 DFM 48 6 Reliability Concepts 49 6.1 The Bathtub Curve 50 6.2 Mean Time between Failure 51 6.3 Warranty Costs 53 6.4 Availability 55 6.5 Reliability Growth 57 6.6 Reliability Demonstration Testing 59 6.7 Maintenance and Availability 62 6.8 Component Derating 69 6.9 Component Uprating 70 Reference 71 Further Reading 72 Reliability Growth 72 Reliability Demonstration 72 Prognostics and Health Management 72 7 FMEA 73 7.1 Benefits of FMEA 73 7.2 Components of FMEA 74 7.3 Preparing for the FMEA 86 7.4 Barriers to the FMEA Process 89 7.5 FMEA Ground Rules 91 7.6 Using Macros to Improve FMEA Efficiency and Effectiveness 92 7.7 Software FMEA 94 7.8 Software Fault Tree Analysis (SFTA) 97 7.9 Process FMEAs 97 7.10 FMMEA 99 8 The Reliability Toolbox 101 8.1 The HALT Process 101 8.2 Highly Accelerated Stress Screening (HASS) 121 8.3 HALT and HASS Test Chambers 127 8.4 Accelerated Reliability Growth (ARG) 128 8.5 Accelerated Early Life Test (ELT) 131 8.6 SPC Tool 132 8.7 FIFO Tool 132 References 134 Further Reading 134 FMEA 134 HALT 135 HASS 136 Quality 136 Burn-in 136 ESS 137 Up Rating 137 9 Software Quality Goals and Metrics 139 9.1 Setting Software Quality Goals 139 9.2 Software Metrics 140 9.3 Lines of Code (LOC) 142 9.4 Defect Density 142 9.5 Defect Models 144 9.6 Defect Run Chart 145 9.7 Escaped Defect Rate 147 9.8 Code Coverage 148 References 149 Further Reading 150 10 Software Quality Analysis Techniques 151 10.1 Root Cause Analysis 151 10.2 The 5 Whys 151 10.3 Cause and Effect Diagrams 152 10.4 Pareto Charts 153 10.5 Defect Prevention, Defect Detection, and Defensive Programming 154 10.6 Effort Estimation 157 Reference 158 Further Reading 158 11 Software Life Cycles 159 11.1 Waterfall 159 11.2 Agile 161 11.3 CMMI 162 11.4 How to Choose a Software Life Cycle 165 Reference 166 Further Reading 166 12 Software Procedures and Techniques 167 12.1 Gathering Requirements 167 12.2 Documenting Requirements 169 12.3 Documentation 172 12.4 Code Comments 173 12.5 Reviews and Inspections 174 12.6 Traceability 179 12.7 Defect Tracking 179 12.8 Software and Hardware Integration 180 References 182 Further Reading 182 13 Why Hardware Reliability and Software Quality Improvement Efforts Fail 183 13.1 Lack of Commitment to the Reliability Process 183 13.2 Inability to Embrace and Mitigate Technologies Risk Issues 185 13.3 Choosing the Wrong People for the Job 186 13.4 Inadequate Funding 186 13.5 Inadequate Resources 191 13.6 MIL-HDBK 217 –Why It Is Obsolete 192 13.7 Finding But Not Fixing Problems 195 13.8 Nondynamic Testing 196 13.9 Vibration Testing Too Difficult to Implement 196 13.10 The Impact of Late Hardware or Late Software Delivery 196 13.11 Supplier Reliability 196 Reference 197 Further Reading 197 14 Supplier Management 199 14.1 Purchasing Interface 199 14.2 Identifying Your Critical Suppliers 200 14.3 Develop a Thorough Supplier Audit Process 200 14.4 Develop Rapid Nonconformance Feedback 201 14.5 Develop a Materials Review Board (MRB) 202 14.6 Counterfeit Parts and Materials 202 Part III Steps to Successful Implementation 205 15 Establishing a Reliability Lab 207 15.1 Staffing for Reliability 207 15.2 The Reliability Lab 208 15.3 Facility Requirements 210 15.4 Liquid Nitrogen Requirements 210 15.5 Air Compressor Requirements 211 15.6 Selecting a Reliability Lab Location 212 15.7 Selecting a Halt Test Chamber 213 Reference 220 16 Hiring and Staffing the Right People 221 16.1 Staffing for Reliability 221 16.2 Staffing for Software Engineers 225 16.3 Choosing the Wrong People for the Job 226 17 Implementing the Reliability Process 229 17.1 Reliability Is Everyone’s Job 229 17.2 Formalizing the Reliability Process 230 17.3 Implementing the Reliability Process 231 17.4 Rolling Out the Reliability Process 231 17.5 Developing a Reliability Culture 235 17.6 Setting Reliability Goals 236 17.7 Training 237 17.8 Product Life Cycle Defined 238 17.9 Proactive and Reactive Reliability Activities 241 Further Reading 244 Reliability Process 244 Part IV Reliability and Quality Process for Product Development 245 18 Product Concept Phase 247 18.1 Reliability Activities in the Product Concept Phase 247 18.2 Establish the Reliability Organization 248 18.3 Define the Reliability Process 249 18.4 Define the Product Reliability Requirements 249 18.5 Capture and Apply Lessons Learned 249 18.6 Mitigate Risk 252 19 Design Concept Phase 257 19.1 Reliability Activities in the Design Concept Phase 257 19.2 Set Reliability Requirements and Budgets 259 19.3 Define Reliability Design Guidelines 263 19.4 Revise Risk Mitigation 264 19.5 Schedule Reliability Activities and Capital Budgets 268 19.6 Decide Risk Mitigation Sign-off Day 269 19.7 Reflect on What Worked Well 271 20 Product Design Phase 273 20.1 Product Design Phase 273 20.2 Reliability Estimates 274 20.3 Implementing Risk Mitigation Plans 276 20.4 Design for Reliability Guidelines (DFR) 285 20.5 Design FMEA 289 20.6 Installing a Failure Reporting Analysis and Corrective Action System 290 20.7 HALT Planning 291 20.8 HALT Test Development 292 20.9 Risk Mitigation Meeting 295 Further Reading 296 FMEA 296 HALT 296 21 Design Validation Phase 299 21.1 Design Validation 299 21.2 Using HALT to Precipitate Failures 301 21.3 Proof of Screen (POS) 313 21.4 Highly Accelerated Stress Screen (HASS) 315 21.5 Operate FRACAS 315 21.6 Design FMEA 317 21.7 Closure of Risk Issues 317 Further Reading 318 FMEA 318 Acceleration Methods 318 ESS 318 HALT 319 22 Software Testing and Debugging 321 22.1 Unit Tests 321 22.2 Integration Tests 323 22.3 System Tests 324 22.4 Regression Tests 324 22.5 Security Tests 326 22.6 Guidelines for Creating Test Cases 327 22.7 Test Plans 328 22.8 Defect Isolation Techniques 329 22.9 Instrumentation and Logging 331 Further Reading 334 23 Applying Software Quality Procedures 335 23.1 Using Defect Model to Create Defect Run Chart 336 23.2 Using Defect Run Chart to Know When You Have Achieved the Quality Target 336 23.3 Using Root Cause Analysis on Defects to Improve Organizational Quality Delivery 338 23.4 Continuous Integration and Test 338 Further Reading 339 24 Production Phase 341 24.1 Accelerating Design Maturity 341 24.2 Reliability Growth 346 24.3 Design and Process FMEA 351 Further Reading 355 FMEA 355 Quality 356 Reliability Growth 356 Burn-In 357 HASS 357 25 End-of-Life Phase 359 25.1 Managing Obsolescence 359 25.2 Product Termination 360 25.3 Project Assessment 360 Further Reading 361 26 Field Service 363 26.1 Design for Ease of Access 363 26.2 Identify High Replacement Assemblies (FRUs) 363 26.3 Wearout Replacement 365 26.4 Preemptive Servicing 365 26.5 Servicing Tools 365 26.6 Service Loops 366 26.7 Availability or Repair Time Turnaround 367 26.8 Avoid System Failure Through Redundancy 367 26.9 Random versus Wearout Failures 367 Further Reading 368 Appendix A 369 A.1 Reliability Consultants 369 A.2 Graduate Reliability Engineering Programs and Reliability Certification Programs 372 A.3 Reliability Professional Organizations and Societies 376 A.4 Reliability Training Classes 377 A.5 Environmental Testing Services 379 A.6 HALT Test Chambers 381 A.7 Reliability Websites 382 A.8 Reliability Software 383 A.9 Reliability Seminars and Conferences 384 A.10 Reliability Journals 386 Appendix B 387 B.1 MTBF, FIT, and PPM Conversions 387 B.2 Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) 387 B.3 Estimating Field Failures 396 B.3.1 Comparing Repairable to Nonrepairable Systems 397 Index 399
£80.06
HarperCollins Publishers Inc The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind
Book Synopsis
£15.19
John Wiley & Sons Inc Wind Energy Explained
Book SynopsisNow fully revised, this second edition of Wind Energy Explained: Theory, Design and Application builds on its highly successful predecessor, now the leading textbook for wind energy degree courses.Table of ContentsAbout the Authors ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii 1 Introduction: Modern Wind Energy and its Origins 1 1.1 Modern Wind Turbines 2 1.2 History of Wind Energy 10 References 21 2 Wind Characteristics and Resources 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 General Characteristics of the Wind Resource 24 2.3 Characteristics of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer 36 2.4 Wind Data Analysis and Resource Estimation 53 2.5 Wind Turbine Energy Production Estimates Using Statistical Techniques 63 2.6 Regional Wind Resource Assessment 65 2.7 Wind Prediction and Forecasting 72 2.8 Wind Measurement and Instrumentation 74 2.9 Advanced Topics 84 References 87 3 Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines 91 3.1 General Overview 91 3.2 One-dimensional Momentum Theory and the Betz Limit 92 3.3 Ideal Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine with Wake Rotation 96 3.4 Airfoils and General Concepts of Aerodynamics 101 3.5 Blade Design for Modern Wind Turbines 115 3.6 Momentum Theory and Blade Element Theory 117 3.7 Blade Shape for Ideal Rotor without Wake Rotation 121 3.8 General Rotor Blade Shape Performance Prediction 124 3.9 Blade Shape for Optimum Rotor with Wake Rotation 131 3.10 Generalized Rotor Design Procedure 133 3.11 Simplified HAWT Rotor Performance Calculation Procedure 138 3.12 Effect of Drag and Blade Number on Optimum Performance 139 3.13 Computational and Aerodynamic Issues in Aerodynamic Design 141 3.14 Aerodynamics of Vertical Axis Wind Turbines 145 References 153 4 Mechanics and Dynamics 157 4.1 Background 157 4.2 Wind Turbine Loads 158 4.3 General Principles of Mechanics 161 4.4 Wind Turbine Rotor Dynamics 172 4.5 Methods for Modeling Wind Turbine Structural Response 200 References 202 5 Electrical Aspects of Wind Turbines 205 5.1 Overview 205 5.2 Basic Concepts of Electrical Power 206 5.3 Power Transformers 217 5.4 Electrical Machines 219 5.5 Power Converters 237 5.6 Electrical Aspects of Variable-Speed Wind Turbines 246 5.7 Ancillary Electrical Equipment 253 References 255 6 Wind Turbine Materials and Components 257 6.1 Overview 257 6.2 Material Fatigue 257 6.3 Wind Turbine Materials 266 6.4 Machine Elements 270 6.5 Principal Wind Turbine Components 276 References 308 7 Wind Turbine Design and Testing 311 7.1 Overview 311 7.2 Design Procedure 312 7.3 Wind Turbine Topologies 316 7.4 Wind Turbine Standards, Technical Specifications, and Certification 322 7.5 Wind Turbine Design Loads 325 7.6 Load Scaling Relations 333 7.7 Power Curve Prediction 336 7.8 Computer Codes for Wind Turbine Design 340 7.9 Design Evaluation 345 7.10 Wind Turbine and Component Testing 346 References 355 8 Wind Turbine Control 359 8.1 Introduction 359 8.2 Overview of Wind Turbine Control Systems 364 8.3 Typical Grid-connected Turbine Operation 370 8.4 Supervisory Control Overview and Implementation 374 8.5 Dynamic Control Theory and Implementation 382 References 404 9 Wind Turbine Siting, System Design, and Integration 407 9.1 General Overview 407 9.2 Wind Turbine Siting 408 9.3 Installation and Operation Issues 416 9.4 Wind Farms 419 9.5 Wind Turbines and Wind Farms in Electrical Grids 433 References 446 10 Wind Energy Applications 449 10.1 General Overview 449 10.2 Distributed Generation 450 10.3 Hybrid Power Systems 450 10.4 Offshore Wind Energy 461 10.5 Operation in Severe Climates 478 10.6 Special Purpose Applications 480 10.7 Energy Storage 489 10.8 Fuel Production 497 References 501 11 Wind Energy System Economics 505 11.1 Introduction 505 11.2 Overview of Economic Assessment of Wind Energy Systems 506 11.3 Capital Costs of Wind Energy Systems 511 11.4 Operation and Maintenance Costs 519 11.5 Value of Wind Energy 521 11.6 Economic Analysis Methods 530 11.7 Wind Energy Market Considerations 539 References 543 12 Wind Energy Systems: Environmental Aspects and Impacts 547 12.1 Introduction 547 12.2 Avian/Bat Interaction with Wind Turbines 549 12.3 Visual Impact of Wind Turbines 556 12.4 Wind Turbine Noise 561 12.5 Electromagnetic Interference Effects 573 12.6 Land-Use Environmental Impacts 582 12.7 Other Environmental Considerations 585 References 589 Appendix A Nomenclature 593 A.1 Note on Nomenclature and Units 593 A.2 Chapter 2 593 A.3 Chapter 3 595 A.4 Chapter 4 597 A.5 Chapter 5 601 A.6 Chapter 6 604 A.7 Chapter 7 606 A.8 Chapter 8 607 A.9 Chapter 9 608 A.10 Chapter 10 610 A.11 Chapter 11 612 A.12 Chapter 12 613 A.13 Abbreviations 614 Appendix B Problems 617 B.1 Problem Solving 617 B.2 Chapter 2 Problems 617 B.3 Chapter 3 Problems 621 B.4 Chapter 4 Problems 628 B.5 Chapter 5 Problems 632 B.6 Chapter 6 Problems 637 B.7 Chapter 7 Problems 639 B.8 Chapter 8 Problems 642 B.9 Chapter 9 Problems 647 B.10 Chapter 10 Problems 652 B.11 Chapter 11 Problems 656 B.12 Chapter 12 Problems 658 Appendix C Data Analysis and Data Synthesis 661 C.1 Overview 661 C.2 Data Analysis 661 C.3 Data Synthesis 671 References 675 Index 677
£70.16
John Wiley & Sons Inc Alternative Energy For Dummies
Book SynopsisThe myths and facts about alternative fuels--and how they impact our lives As the price of energy continues to soar, so too has the demand for alternative energy. But there's no clear winner in the race to replace fossil fuels.Trade Review"...this book really does offer a comprehensive picture of the possible future of energy...well priced." (UK-Energy-Saving.com, August 6th 2009)Table of ContentsIntroduction 1 Part I: The Basic Facts of Energy Life 9 Chapter 1: What a Mess! 11 Chapter 2: What Energy Is and How It’s Used (Politically and Practically) 25 Chapter 3: Putting Together Each Piece of the Energy Puzzle 37 Part II: Digging Deeper into the Current State of Affairs 57 Chapter 4: Developing a Snapshot of Fossil Fuel Use and Availability 59 Chapter 5: Burning Up with Conventional Energy Sources 73 Chapter 6: The First Alternative-Energy Sources: Efficiency and Conservation 95 Chapter 7: Understanding the Demand For Alternatives 113 Part III: Alternatives — Buildings 127 Chapter 8: Going Nuclear 129 Chapter 9: Harnessing the Sun with Solar Power 151 Chapter 10: Treading Water with Hydropower 177 Chapter 11: Blowing Away with Wind Power 191 Chapter 12: Digging into Geothermal 207 Chapter 13: Exploring Biomass 221 Chapter 14: Burning Wood 235 Chapter 15: Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technologies 249 Part IV: Alternatives — Transportation 261 Chapter 16: Alternative Transport Technologies 263 Chapter 17: Alternative-Fuel Vehicles 271 Chapter 18: Plugging In: Electric Vehicles 283 Chapter 19: Hybrid-Electric Vehicles 297 Chapter 20: Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Vehicles 307 Chapter 21: Exotic Propulsion Systems 315 Part V: The Part of Tens 325 Chapter 22: Ten or So Myths about Energy 327 Chapter 23: Ten-Plus Ways to Invest in an Alternative-Energy Future 335 Index 343
£14.39
John Wiley & Sons Inc Solar Power Your Home For Dummies
Book SynopsisThe bestselling alternative energy reference book in North Americanow in an updated edition Want to take advantage of solar power in your home? Whether you're looking to save on your energy costs by adding a few solar components or you want to build a solar-powered house from the ground up, Solar Power For Dummies, 2nd Edition takes the mystery out of this energy source and shows you how to put it to work for you! This new edition gives you hands-on tips and techniques for making your home more energy-efficient though solar powerand helping the planet at the same time. Plus, you'll get all the latest information on changes to federal, state, and local regulations, laws, and tax incentives that seek to make solar-power adoption more feasible. Expanded coverage of the technology that underpins full-scale solar-power systems for the home New small- and mid-sized solar products, projects, and applications Rik DeGunther is a design engTable of ContentsIntroduction. Part I: Playing the Energy Game. Chapter 1: Helping the World through Solar Power. Chapter 2: Surveying Your Household Energy Efficiency and Use. Chapter 3: Making Your Home Energy Efficient. Part II: Understanding Solar — Just the Facts, Ma'am. Chapter 4: Working with Solar Basics. Chapter 5: Evaluating Your Solar Potential. Chapter 6: Calculating Payback on Your Solar Investment. Chapter 7: Installing Your Solar System. Part III: Applications Aplenty: Projects from Small to Large. Chapter 8: Digging In to Landscape Projects. Chapter 9: Jumping In to Small Projects with Big Results. Chapter 10: Heating and Purifying Water. Chapter 11: Diving In to Swimming Pool Projects. Chapter 12: Supplementing Your Domestic Water Heater. Chapter 13: Breezeway: Directing Wind within Your House. Chapter 14: Solar Pumps, Wind Power, Hydro Power, and Batteries in Applications. Chapter 15: Glass Houses (and Plastic, Too): Greenhouses and Sunrooms. Part IV: Exploring Full-Scale Photovoltaic Systems. Chapter 16: Taking a Close Look at Photovoltaic Systems. Chapter 17: Is a Full-Scale PV System Worth the Investment? Chapter 18: Divorcing the Grid: Going Solo with Solar Power Systems. Chapter 19: Do It Yourself or Contract Out? Chapter 20: Finding the Cash to Get the Job Done. Part V: Buying, Selling, and Building a Solar Home. Chapter 21: Building a Solar Home from the Ground Up. Chapter 22: Buying and Selling a Solar Home. Part VI: The Part of Tens. Chapter 23: Ten Best Solar Investments. Chapter 24: Ten or So Best Do-It-Yourself Projects. Chapter 25: Ten Cheap Solar Projects and Devices. Chapter 26: Ten or So Worst Solar Mistakes. Index.
£16.14
University of British Columbia Press Empowering Electricity
Book SynopsisThis revealing analysis of Canada's electrical power co-operatives challenges our understanding of their history and shines a light on their potential within the nation's electricity sector.Trade ReviewEmpowering Electricity is an empirically-grounded contribution to the literature on citizen engagement and energy policy in Canada. In particular, it provides a fresh take on BC energy politics that gets beyond the entrenched public/private dichotomy to explore one possible middle ground. While MacArthur implies that electricity co-operatives have the potential to erode public power in BC, her suggestion of co-operatives partnering with municipalities and First Nations may actually offer a new, politically viable approach to public power develpment that is both more democratic and locally acceptable than the current model. -- Nichole Dusyk * BC Studies *Table of ContentsPreface and AcknowledgmentsAbbreviations1 A Climate for Change2 Governing Sustainability: From Crisis to Empowerment3 Co-operatives in Canadian Political Economy4 International Forces for Power-Sector Restructuring5 Continental, Private, and Green(er)? Canadian Electricity Restructuring6 Electricity Co-operatives: The Power of Public Policy7 Off the Ground and on the Grid: New Electricity Co-operative Development8 Co-operative Networks and the Politics of Community Power9 Empowering ElectricityAppendicesNotesGlossaryReferencesIndex
£25.19
Bloomsbury Publishing PLC Sustainable Energy without the hot air
Book SynopsisThe enlightening, best-selling book on understanding sustainable energy and how we can make energy plans that add up.If you''ve ever wondered how much energy we use, and where it comes from and where it could come from but are fed up with all the hot air and ''greenwash'', this is the book for you. Renewable resources are ''huge'', but our energy consumption is also ''huge''. To compare ''huge'' things with each other, we need numbers, not adjectives.Sustainable Energy without the hot air addresses the energy crisis objectively, cutting through all the contradictory statements from the media, government, and lobbies of all sides. It gives you the numbers and the facts you need, in bite-sized chunks, so you can understand the issues yourself and organises a plan for change on both a personal level and an international scale for Europe, the United States, and the world. In case study format, this informative book also answers questions surroundTrade Review"For anyone with influence on energy policy, whether in government, business or a campaign group, this book should be compulsory reading." -- Tony Juniper (Former Executive Director, Friends of the Earth)"At last a book that comprehensively reveals the true facts about sustainable energy in a form that is both highly readable and entertaining." -- Robert Sansom (EDF Energy)"MacKay brings a welcome dose of common sense into the discussion of energy sources and use. Fresh air replacing hot air." -- Prof Mike Ashby Royal Society Research Professor, Principal Investigator, Engineering Design Centre, Cambridge"This year's must-read book about tackling our future energy needs." -- The Guardian"... may be the best technical book about the environment that I've ever read. This is to energy and climate what Freakonomics is to economics." -- Cory Doctorow * Boing Boing *"The book is a tour de force ... As a work of popular science it is exemplary ... For anyone seeking a deeper understanding of the real problems involved [it] is the place to start." * The Economist *"The first factual meme on renewable energy? A book about climate change that gets rave reviews from folk at oil companies, environmental groups and the Number One Blog of All Time has to be worth a peek." -- energysource blog * The Financial Times *Table of ContentsI Numbers, not adjectives 1 Motivations 2 The balance sheet 3 Cars 4 Wind 5 Planes 6 Solar 7 Heating and cooling 8 Hydroelectricity 9 Light 10 Offshore wind 11 Gadgets 12 Wave 13 Food and farming 14 Tide 15 Stuff 16 Geothermal . 17 Public services 18 Can we live on renewables? II Making a difference 19 Every BIG helps 20 Better transport 21 Smarter heating 22 Efficient electricity use 23 Sustainable fossil fuels? 24 Nuclear? 25 Living on other countries’ renewables? 26 Fluctuations and storage 27 Five energy plans for Britain 28 Putting costs in perspective 29 What to do now . 30 Energy plans for Europe, America, and the World 31 The last thing we should talk about 32 Saying yes Acknowledgments III Technical chapters A Cars II B Wind II C Planes II D Solar II E Heating II F Waves II G Tide II H Stuff II IV Useful data I Quick reference J Populations and areas K UK energy history List of web links Bibliography Index About the author
£20.69
John Wiley & Sons Inc Renewable Energy in Power Systems
Book SynopsisWith the growth in renewable energy (RE) generation installed capacity, many countries such as the UK are relying on higher levels of RE generation to meet targets for reduced greenhouse gas emissions. In the face of this, the integration issue is now of increasing concern, in particular to system operators.Table of ContentsForeword xv Preface to the First Edition xix Preface to the Second Edition xxi Acknowledgements xxiii About the Companion Website xxv 1 Energy and Electricity 1 1.1 The World Energy Scene 1 1.1.1 History 1 1.1.2 World Energy Consumption 1 1.1.3 Finite Resources 2 1.1.4 Energy Security and Disparity of Use 3 1.2 The Environmental Impact of Energy Use 4 1.2.1 The Problem 4 1.2.2 The Science 5 1.2.3 The Kyoto Protocol 7 1.2.4 Economics of Mitigation 10 1.2.5 Efficient Energy Use 11 1.2.6 The Electricity Sector 14 1.2.7 Possible Solutions and Sustainability 15 1.3 Generating Electricity 16 1.3.1 Conversion from Other Energy Forms – The Importance of Efficiency 16 1.3.2 The Nuclear Path 17 1.3.3 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) 17 1.3.4 Renewables 18 1.4 The Electrical Power System 20 1.4.1 Structure of the Electrical Power System 20 1.4.2 Integrating Renewables into Power Systems 23 1.4.3 Distributed Generation 23 1.4.4 Renewable Energy Penetration 24 1.4.5 Network Stability 25 References 25 2 Features of Conventional and Renewable Generation 27 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Conventional Sources: Coal, Gas and Nuclear 28 2.3 Hydroelectric Power 29 2.3.1 Large-Scale Hydro 30 2.3.2 Small Hydro 31 2.3.2.1 Turbine Designs 32 2.4 Wind Power 33 2.4.1 The Resource 33 2.4.2 Wind Variability 34 2.4.3 Wind Turbines 37 2.4.4 Power Variability 40 2.4.4.1 Variability from Second to Second 40 2.4.4.2 Variability from Minute to Minute 41 2.4.4.3 Variability from Hour to Hour and from Day-to-Day 41 2.4.4.4 Seasonal Variability 42 2.4.5 Offshore Wind 42 2.5 PV and Solar Thermal Electricity 47 2.5.1 The Resource 47 2.5.2 The Technology 49 2.5.3 Photovoltaic Systems 49 2.5.4 Solar Thermal Electric Systems 52 2.6 Tidal Power 54 2.6.1 The Resource 54 2.6.2 Tidal Enhancement 54 2.6.2.1 Funnelling 54 2.6.2.2 Resonance 55 2.6.2.3 Coriolis Effect 55 2.6.3 Tidal Barrages 55 2.6.4 Operational Strategies 55 2.6.4.1 Power Variability 56 2.6.5 Tidal Current Schemes 57 2.7 Wave Power 59 2.7.1 The Resource 59 2.7.2 The Technology 59 2.7.3 Variability 60 2.8 Biomass 62 2.8.1 The Resource 62 2.8.2 Resource Sustainability 62 2.9 Summary of Power Generation Characteristics 63 2.10 Combining Sources 64 References 65 3 Power Balance/Frequency Control 67 3.1 Introduction 67 3.1.1 The Power Balance Issue 67 3.2 Electricity Demand 68 3.2.1 Demand Curves 68 3.2.2 Load Aggregation 69 3.2.3 Demand-Side Management – Deferrable Loads 70 3.3 Power Governing 71 3.3.1 Power Conversion Chain 71 3.3.2 Governor Steady State Characteristics 72 3.3.3 Parallel Operation of Two Generators 73 3.3.4 A Multi-Generator System 74 3.3.5 The Steady State Power–Frequency Relationship 75 3.4 Dynamic Frequency Control of Large Systems 76 3.4.1 Demand Matching 76 3.4.2 Demand Forecasting 77 3.4.3 Frequency Limits 79 3.4.4 Generation Scheduling and Reserve 79 3.4.5 Frequency Control at Different Timescales 80 3.4.6 Meeting Demand and Ensuring Reliability 82 3.4.7 Capacity Factor and Capacity Credit 83 3.5 Impact of Renewable Generation on Frequency Control and Reliability 84 3.5.1 Introduction 84 3.5.2 Aggregation of Sources 85 3.5.2.1 The Monthly Distribution of Power Availability 85 3.5.2.2 The Daily Distribution of Power Availability 85 3.5.2.3 Short Term Variability 86 3.5.2.4 The Capacity Factor 86 3.5.3 Value of Energy from the Wind 88 3.5.4 Impact on Balancing 88 3.5.5 Impact on Reliability 90 3.5.6 Discarded/Curtailed Energy 91 3.5.7 Overall Penalties Due to Increasing Penetration 92 3.5.8 Combining Different Renewable Sources 92 3.5.9 Differences Between Electricity Systems 93 3.5.10 Limits of Penetration from Non-Dispatchable Sources 94 3.6 Frequency Response Services from Renewables 96 3.6.1.1 Wind Power 96 3.6.1.2 Biofuels 100 3.6.1.3 Waterpower 100 3.6.1.4 Photovoltaics 100 3.7 Frequency Control Modelling 101 3.7.1 Background 101 3.7.1.1 Modelling a Generator 101 3.7.1.2 Modelling Released Demand 102 3.7.1.3 Modelling the Grid’s Inertial Energy Store 102 3.7.2 A Modelling Example 103 3.8 Energy Storage 105 3.8.1 Introduction 105 3.8.2 Storage Devices 106 3.8.3 Dynamic Demand Control 108 References 111 Further Reading 113 4 Electrical Power Generation and Conditioning 115 4.1 The Conversion of Renewable Energy into Electrical Form 115 4.2 The Synchronous Generator 116 4.2.1 Construction and Mode of Operation 116 4.2.2 The Rotating Magnetic Field 119 4.2.3 Synchronous Generator Operation When Grid Connected 120 4.2.4 The Synchronous Generator Equivalent Circuit 122 4.2.5 Power Transfer Equations 123 4.2.6 Three-Phase Equations 124 4.2.7 Four-Quadrant Operation 125 4.2.8 Power–Load Angle Characteristic 125 4.3 The Transformer 126 4.3.1 Transformer Basics 126 4.3.2 The Transformer Equivalent Circuit 128 4.3.3 Further Details on Transformers 129 4.4 The Asynchronous Generator 130 4.4.1 Construction and Properties 130 4.4.2 The Induction Machine Equivalent Circuit 132 4.4.3 The Induction Machine Efficiency 134 4.4.4 The Induction Machine Speed-Torque Characteristic 134 4.4.5 Induction Generator Reactive Power 137 4.4.6 Comparison Between Synchronous and Asynchronous Generators 137 4.5 Power Electronics 139 4.5.1 Introduction 139 4.5.2 Power-Semiconductor Devices 139 4.5.2.1 Diodes 139 4.5.2.2 Thyristors 139 4.5.2.3 Transistors 140 4.5.3 Diode Bridge Rectifier 141 4.5.4 Harmonics 142 4.5.5 The Thyristor Bridge Converter 143 4.5.6 The Transistor Bridge 145 4.5.6.1 Basic Square Wave 146 4.5.6.2 Quasi-Sine Wave (Modified Square Wave) 146 4.5.6.3 Pulse-Width Modulation 146 4.5.6.4 Comparison of Switching Methods 148 4.5.6.5 Output Control in a Grid-Connected Inverter 148 4.5.6.6 The Three-Phase Bridge 149 4.5.7 Converter Internal Control Systems 149 4.5.8 DC–DC Converters 150 4.5.8.1 Step-Down DC–DC Converter 150 4.5.8.2 Step-Up DC–DC Converter 150 4.5.9 Multi-Level Converters 151 4.5.10 Matrix Converters 151 4.5.11 Z-Source Converters 151 4.6 Applications to Renewable Energy Generators 152 4.6.1 Applications to PV Systems 152 4.6.1.1 PV System Characteristics 152 4.6.1.2 Basic Grid-Connected PV Inverter 153 4.6.1.3 Transformerless Grid-Connected PV Inverter 153 4.6.1.4 PV Inverter Using a High-Frequency Transformer 154 4.6.1.5 PV Inverter Using a Steering Bridge 154 4.6.1.6 PV Inverters for Stand-Alone Operation 155 4.6.2 Applications to Wind Power 155 4.6.2.1 Fixed Versus Variable Speed – Energy Capture [4] 155 4.6.2.2 Fixed Versus Variable Speed – Dynamics 156 4.6.3 Synchronous Generator Supplying an Autonomous Network 157 4.6.3.1 Fixed-Speed Wind Turbines 157 4.6.3.2 Variable Slip Wind Turbines 158 4.6.4 The Principle of Slip Energy Recovery 159 4.6.4.1 DFIG Wind Turbines 160 4.6.4.2 Wind Turbines with Full Converters 162 4.6.5 Synchronous Generators in Wind Turbines 162 4.6.6 Gearless Wind Turbines 163 4.6.7 Hybrid Drive Train Designs 164 4.6.8 DC Transmission for Wind 165 4.7 Applications to Small Scale Hydro 166 4.8 Applications to Tidal Stream Turbines 167 References 168 5 Power-System Analysis 171 5.1 Introduction 171 5.2 The Transmission System 171 5.2.1 Single-Phase Representation 173 5.2.2 Transmission and Distribution Systems 173 5.2.3 Example Networks 174 5.3 Voltage Control 176 5.4 Power Flow in an Individual Section of Line 178 5.4.1 Electrical Characteristics of Lines and Cables 178 5.4.2 Single-Phase Equivalent Circuit 178 5.4.3 Voltage Drop Calculation 179 5.4.4 Simplifications and Conclusions 180 5.5 Reactive Power Management 181 5.5.1 Reactive Power Compensation Equipment 182 5.5.1.1 Tap Changers and Voltage Regulators 182 5.5.1.2 AVRs 183 5.5.1.3 Static Compensators 184 5.5.1.4 FACTS 184 5.5.1.5 RE Generator Interfaces 184 5.6 Load-Flow and Power-System Simulation 184 5.6.1 Uses of Load Flow 184 5.6.2 A Particular Case 185 5.6.3 Network Data 186 5.6.4 Load/Generation Data 186 5.6.4.1 Time Dependence 186 5.6.4.2 Types of Nodes (Buses) 187 5.6.5 The Load-Flow Calculations 188 5.6.6 Results 189 5.6.7 Unbalanced Load-Flow 189 5.7 Faults and Protection 190 5.7.1 Short-Circuit Fault Currents 191 5.7.2 Symmetrical Three-Phase Fault Current 191 5.7.3 Fault Currents in General 191 5.7.4 Fault Level (Short-Circuit Level) –Weak Grids 192 5.7.5 Thévenin Equivalent Circuit 193 5.8 Time Varying and Dynamic Simulations 193 5.9 Power-System Stability 194 5.9.1 Equal Area Stability Criterion 195 5.9.2 Power-System Stabilisers 196 5.10 Dynamic Line Rating 196 5.11 Reliability Analysis 197 References 197 6 Renewable Energy Generation in Power Systems 199 6.1 Distributed Generation 199 6.1.1 Introduction 199 6.1.2 Point of Common Coupling (PCC) 200 6.1.3 Connection Voltage 200 6.2 Voltage Effects 201 6.2.1 Steady State Voltage Rise 201 6.2.2 Automatic Voltage Control – Tap Changers 202 6.2.3 Active and Reactive Power from Renewable Energy Generators 203 6.2.4 Example Load Flow 204 6.3 Thermal Limits 207 6.3.1 Overhead Lines and Cables 207 6.3.2 Transformers 208 6.4 Other Embedded Generation Issues 208 6.4.1 Flicker, Voltage Steps and Dips 208 6.4.1.1 Flicker 208 6.4.1.2 Steps and Dips 209 6.4.2 Harmonics/Distortion 209 6.4.3 Phase Voltage Imbalance 210 6.4.4 Network Reinforcement 211 6.4.5 Network Losses 211 6.4.6 Fault Level Increase 211 6.5 Islanding 212 6.5.1 Introduction 212 6.5.2 Loss-of-Mains Protection for Rotating Machines 213 6.5.3 Loss-of-Mains Protection for Inverters 213 6.6 Fault Ride-Through 214 6.7 Generator and Converter Characteristics 215 References 216 7 Power System Economics and the Electricity Market 219 7.1 Introduction 219 7.2 The Costs of Electricity Generation 219 7.2.1 Capital and Running Costs of Renewable and Conventional Generation Plant 219 7.2.2 Total Generation Costs 221 7.3 Economic Optimisation in Power Systems 221 7.3.1 Diversity of Generator Characteristics in a Power System 221 7.3.2 Optimum Economic Dispatch 221 7.3.3 Equal Incremental Cost Dispatch 224 7.3.4 OED with Several Units and Generation Limits 225 7.3.5 Costs on a Level Playing Field 228 7.4 External Costs 229 7.4.1 Introduction 229 7.4.2 Types of External Cost 230 7.4.3 The Kyoto Protocol and Subsequent Agreements 231 7.4.4 Costing Pollution 233 7.5 Effects of Embedded Generation 234 7.5.1 Value of Energy At Various Points of the Network 234 7.5.2 An Example Cash-Flow Analysis 235 7.5.3 Value of Embedded Generation – Regional and Local Issues 237 7.5.4 Capacity Credit 238 7.5.5 Summary 241 7.6 Support Mechanisms for Renewable Energy 241 7.6.1 Introduction 241 7.6.2 Feed-in Law 242 7.6.3 Quota System 242 7.6.3.1 Renewables Obligation (RO) 242 7.6.3.2 Contract for Difference (CFD) 243 7.6.4 Carbon Tax 243 7.6.4.1 Climate Change Levy 243 7.6.4.2 Eco-Tax Reform 243 7.6.4.3 Tax Relief 244 7.7 Electricity Markets 244 7.7.1 Introduction 244 7.7.2 The UK Electricity Supply Industry 244 7.7.2.1 The State-Owned Central Electricity-Generating Board 244 7.7.2.2 The Electricity Pool 244 7.7.2.3 The Operation of the Pool and Pool Rules 245 7.7.2.4 Hedging 246 7.7.2.5 Electricity Market Reform (EMR) 247 7.7.2.6 Ancillary Services 247 7.7.2.7 Marketing Green Electricity 248 References 248 8 The Future – Towards a Sustainable Electricity Supply System 249 8.1 Introduction 249 8.2 The Future of Wind Power 251 8.2.1 Large Wind Turbines 251 8.2.2 Offshore Wind Farm Development 254 8.2.2.1 Electrical Integration 256 8.2.2.2 DC Transmission for Wind 257 8.2.2.3 Innovative Collector Systems 257 8.2.2.4 A Proposed European DC Supergrid 257 8.2.2.5 Smarter Wind Farms 260 8.2.3 Building Integrated Wind Turbines 262 8.3 The Future of Solar Power 264 8.3.1 PV Technology Development 264 8.3.1.1 Different Deployment Options 265 8.3.2 Solar Thermal Electric Systems 267 8.4 The Future of Biofuels 268 8.5 Geothermal Power 271 8.6 The Future of Hydro and Marine Power 271 8.7 The Shape of Future Networks 272 8.7.1 Transmission System Evolution 273 8.7.2 Low Inertia Power Systems 275 8.7.3 Distribution Network Evolution 276 8.7.3.1 Active Networks 277 8.7.4 Problems Associated with Distributed Generation 278 8.7.4.1 Fault Levels 278 8.7.4.2 Voltage Levels 278 8.7.4.3 Network Security 279 8.7.4.4 Network Stability 279 8.7.5 Options to Ameliorate the Technical Difficulties 279 8.7.5.1 Planning Standards 279 8.7.5.2 Using Power Electronics Technology 279 8.7.5.3 Islanding 280 8.7.5.4 Dynamic Loads 280 8.7.5.5 Demand-Side Management of Loads 281 8.7.5.6 Storage 282 8.7.5.7 Microgrids 282 8.7.5.8 Virtual Power Stations 283 8.8 Conclusions 283 References 285 Appendix A Basic Electric Power Engineering Concepts 289 A.1 Introduction 289 A.2 Generators and Consumers of Energy 289 A.3 Why AC? 291 A.4 AC Waveforms 291 A.5 Response of Circuit Components to AC 292 A.5.1 Resistance 292 A.5.2 Inductance 293 A.5.3 Capacitance 295 A.6 Phasors 296 A.7 Phasor Addition 297 A.8 Rectangular Notation 298 A.9 Reactance and Impedance 300 A.9.1 Resistance 300 A.9.2 Inductance 301 A.9.3 Capacitance 301 A.9.4 Impedance 301 A.10 Power in AC Circuits 302 A.11 Reactive Power 304 A.12 Complex Power 305 A.13 Conservation of Active and Reactive Power 306 A.14 Effects of Reactive Power Flow – Power Factor Correction 307 A.15 Three-Phase AC 308 A.16 The Thévenin Equivalent Circuit 310 Reference 311 Index 313
£48.40
John Wiley & Sons Inc Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Book SynopsisThe latest developments in the field of hybrid electric vehicles Hybrid Electric Vehicles provides an introduction to hybrid vehicles, which include purely electric, hybrid electric, hybrid hydraulic, fuel cell vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric, and off-road hybrid vehicular systems. It focuses on the power and propulsion systems for these vehicles, including issues related to power and energy management. Other topics covered include hybrid vs. pure electric, HEV system architecture (including plug-in & charging control and hydraulic), off-road and other industrial utility vehicles, safety and EMC, storage technologies, vehicular power and energy management, diagnostics and prognostics, and electromechanical vibration issues. Hybrid Electric Vehicles, Second Edition is a comprehensively updated new edition with four new chapters covering recent advances in hybrid vehicle technology. New areas covered include battery modelling, charger design, and wTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xvii Preface to the First Edition xxi Preface to the Second Edition xxv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Sustainable Transportation 2 1.1.1 Population, Energy, and Transportation 3 1.1.2 Environment 4 1.1.3 Economic Growth 7 1.1.4 New Fuel Economy Requirement 7 1.2 A Brief History of HEVs 7 1.3 Why EVs Emerged and Failed in the 1990s, and What We Can Learn 10 1.4 Architectures of HEVs 11 1.4.1 Series HEVs 12 1.4.2 Parallel HEVs 13 1.4.3 Series–Parallel HEVs 14 1.4.4 Complex HEVs 15 1.4.5 Diesel Hybrids 15 1.4.6 Other Approaches to Vehicle Hybridization 16 1.4.7 Hybridization Ratio 16 1.5 Interdisciplinary Nature of HEVs 17 1.6 State of the Art of HEVs 17 1.6.1 Toyota Prius 21 1.6.2 The Honda Civic 21 1.6.3 The Ford Escape 21 1.6.4 The Two]Mode Hybrid 21 1.7 Challenges and Key Technology of HEVs 24 1.8 The Invisible Hand–Government Support 25 1.9 Latest Development in EV and HEV, China’s Surge in EV Sales 27 References 29 2 Concept of Hybridization of the Automobile 31 2.1 Vehicle Basics 31 2.1.1 Constituents of a Conventional Vehicle 31 2.1.2 Vehicle and Propulsion Load 31 2.1.3 Drive Cycles and Drive Terrain 34 2.2 Basics of the EV 36 2.2.1 Why EV? 36 2.2.2 Constituents of an EV 36 2.2.3 Vehicle and Propulsion Loads 38 2.3 Basics of the HEV 39 2.3.1 Why HEV? 39 2.3.2 Constituents of an HEV 40 2.4 Basics of Plug]In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) 40 2.4.1 Why PHEV? 40 2.4.2 Constituents of a PHEV 41 2.4.3 Comparison of HEV and PHEV 42 2.5 Basics of Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCVs) 42 2.5.1 Why FCV? 42 2.5.2 Constituents of a FCV 43 2.5.3 Some Issues Related to Fuel Cells 43 Reference 43 3 HEV Fundamentals 45 3.1 Introduction 45 3.2 Vehicle Model 46 3.3 Vehicle Performance 49 3.4 EV Powertrain Component Sizing 52 3.5 Series Hybrid Vehicle 55 3.6 Parallel Hybrid Vehicle 60 3.6.1 Electrically Peaking Hybrid Concept 61 3.6.2 ICE Characteristics 66 3.6.3 Gradability Requirement 66 3.6.4 Selection of Gear Ratio from ICE to Wheel 67 3.7 Wheel Slip Dynamics 68 References 71 4 Advanced HEV Architectures and Dynamics of HEV Powertrain 73 4.1 Principle of Planetary Gears 73 4.2 Toyota Prius and Ford Escape Hybrid Powertrain 76 4.3 GM Two]Mode Hybrid Transmission 80 4.3.1 Operating Principle of the Two]Mode Powertrain 80 4.3.2 Mode 0: Vehicle Launch and Backup 81 4.3.3 Mode 1: Low Range 82 4.3.4 Mode 2: High Range 83 4.3.5 Mode 3: Regenerative Braking 84 4.3.6 Transition between Modes 0, 1, 2, and 3 84 4.4 Dual]Clutch Hybrid Transmissions 87 4.4.1 Conventional DCT Technology 87 4.4.2 Gear Shift Schedule 87 4.4.3 DCT]Based Hybrid Powertrain 88 4.4.4 Operation of DCT]Based Hybrid Powertrain 90 4.4.4.1 Motor]Alone Mode 90 4.4.4.2 Combined Mode 90 4.4.4.3 Engine]Alone Mode 90 4.4.4.4 Regenerative Braking Mode 90 4.4.4.5 Power Split Mode 91 4.4.4.6 Standstill Charge Mode 91 4.4.4.7 Series Hybrid Mode 92 4.5 Hybrid Transmission Proposed by Zhang et al. 92 4.5.1 Motor]Alone Mode 92 4.5.2 Combined Power Mode 93 4.5.3 Engine]Alone Mode 94 4.5.4 Electric CVT Mode 94 4.5.5 Energy Recovery Mode 94 4.5.6 Standstill Mode 94 4.6 Renault IVT Hybrid Transmission 95 4.7 Timken Two]Mode Hybrid Transmission 96 4.7.1 Mode 0: Launch and Reverse 96 4.7.2 Mode 1: Low]Speed Operation 97 4.7.3 Mode 2: High]Speed Operation 97 4.7.4 Mode 4: Series Operating Mode 97 4.7.5 Mode Transition 98 4.8 Tsai’s Hybrid Transmission 99 4.9 Hybrid Transmission with Both Speed and Torque Coupling Mechanism 100 4.10 Toyota Highlander and Lexus Hybrid, E]Four]Wheel Drive 102 4.11 CAMRY Hybrid 103 4.12 Chevy Volt Powertrain 104 4.13 Non]Ideal Gears in the Planetary System 106 4.14 Dynamics of the Transmission 107 4.15 Conclusions 108 References 108 5 Plug]In Hybrid Electric Vehicles 111 5.1 Introduction to PHEVs 111 5.1.1 PHEVs and EREVs 111 5.1.2 Blended PHEVs 112 5.1.3 Why PHEV? 112 5.1.4 Electricity for PHEV Use 114 5.2 PHEV Architectures 115 5.3 Equivalent Electric Range of Blended PHEVs 115 5.4 Fuel Economy of PHEVs 116 5.4.1 Well]to]Wheel Efficiency 116 5.4.2 PHEV Fuel Economy 117 5.4.3 Utility Factor 118 5.5 Power Management of PHEVs 119 5.6 PHEV Design and Component Sizing 121 5.7 Component Sizing of EREVs 122 5.8 Component Sizing of Blended PHEVs 123 5.9 HEV to PHEV Conversions 123 5.9.1 Replacing the Existing Battery Pack 123 5.9.2 Adding an Extra Battery Pack 125 5.9.3 Converting Conventional Vehicles to PHEVs 126 5.10 Other Topics on PHEVs 126 5.10.1 End]of]Life Battery for Electric Power Grid Support 126 5.10.2 Cold Start Emissions Reduction in PHEVs 126 5.10.3 Cold Weather/Hot Weather Performance Enhancement in PHEVs 127 5.10.4 PHEV Maintenance 127 5.10.5 Safety of PHEVs 128 5.11 Vehicle]to]Grid Technology 129 5.11.1 PHEV Battery Charging 129 5.11.2 Impact of G2V 131 5.11.3 The Concept of V2G 135 5.11.4 Advantages of V2G 136 5.11.5 Case Studies of V2G 137 5.12 Conclusion 140 References 140 6 Special Hybrid Vehicles 143 6.1 Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicles 143 6.1.1 Regenerative Braking in HHVs 146 6.2 Off]Road HEVs 148 6.2.1 Hybrid Excavators 151 6.2.2 Hybrid Excavator Design Considerations 157 6.3 Diesel HEVs 163 6.4 Electric or Hybrid Ships, Aircraft, and Locomotives 164 6.4.1 Ships 164 6.4.2 Aircraft 167 6.4.3 Locomotives 170 6.5 Other Industrial Utility Application Vehicles 172 References 173 Further Reading 174 7 HEV Applications for Military Vehicles 175 7.1 Why HEVs Can Be Beneficial for Military Applications 175 7.2 Ground Vehicle Applications 176 7.2.1 Architecture – Series, Parallel, Complex 176 7.2.2 Vehicles that Are of Most Benefit 178 7.3 Non]Ground]Vehicle Military Applications 180 7.3.1 Electromagnetic Launchers 181 7.3.2 Hybrid]Powered Ships 181 7.3.3 Aircraft Applications 183 7.3.4 Dismounted Soldier Applications 183 7.4 Ruggedness Issues 185 References 186 Further Reading 187 8 Diagnostics, Prognostics, Reliability, EMC, and Other Topics Related to HEVs 189 8.1 Diagnostics and Prognostics in HEVs and EVs 189 8.1.1 Onboard Diagnostics 189 8.1.2 Prognostics Issues 192 8.2 Reliability of HEVs 195 8.2.1 Analyzing the Reliability of HEV Architectures 196 8.2.2 Reliability and Graceful Degradation 199 8.2.3 Software Reliability Issues 201 8.3 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Issues 203 8.4 Noise Vibration Harshness (NVH), Electromechanical, and Other Issues 205 8.5 End]of]Life Issues 207 References 208 Further Reading 209 9 Power Electronics in HEVs 211 9.1 Introduction 211 9.2 Principles of Power Electronics 212 9.3 Rectifiers Used in HEVs 214 9.3.1 Ideal Rectifier 214 9.3.2 Practical Rectifier 215 9.3.3 Single]Phase Rectifier 216 9.3.4 Voltage Ripple 218 9.4 Buck Converter Used in HEVs 221 9.4.1 Operating Principle 221 9.4.2 Nonlinear Model 222 9.5 Non]Isolated Bidirectional DC–DC Converter 223 9.5.1 Operating Principle 223 9.5.2 Maintaining Constant Torque Range and Power Capability 225 9.5.3 Reducing Current Ripple in the Battery 226 9.5.4 Regenerative Braking 228 9.6 Voltage Source Inverter 229 9.7 Current Source Inverter 229 9.8 Isolated Bidirectional DC–DC Converter 231 9.8.1 Basic Principle and Steady State Operations 231 9.8.1.1 Heavy Load Conditions 232 9.8.1.2 Light Load Condition 234 9.8.1.3 Output Voltage 234 9.8.1.4 Output Power 236 9.8.2 Voltage Ripple 236 9.9 PWM Rectifier in HEVs 242 9.9.1 Rectifier Operation of Inverter 242 9.10 EV and PHEV Battery Chargers 243 9.10.1 Forward/Flyback Converters 244 9.10.2 Half]Bridge DC–DC Converter 245 9.10.3 Full]Bridge DC–DC Converter 245 9.10.4 Power Factor Correction Stage 246 9.10.4.1 Decreasing Impact on the Grid 246 9.10.4.2 Decreasing the Impact on the Switches 247 9.10.5 Bidirectional Battery Chargers 247 9.10.6 Other Charger Topologies 249 9.10.7 Contactless Charging 249 9.10.8 Wireless Charging 250 9.11 Modeling and Simulation of HEV Power Electronics 251 9.11.1 Device]Level Simulation 251 9.11.2 System]Level Model 252 9.12 Emerging Power Electronics Devices 253 9.13 Circuit Packaging 254 9.14 Thermal Management of HEV Power Electronics 254 9.15 Conclusions 257 References 257 10 Electric Machines and Drives in HEVs 261 10.1 Introduction 261 10.2 Induction Motor Drives 262 10.2.1 Principle of Induction Motors 262 10.2.2 Equivalent Circuit of Induction Motor 265 10.2.3 Speed Control of Induction Machine 267 10.2.4 Variable Frequency, Variable Voltage Control of Induction Motors 269 10.2.5 Efficiency and Losses of Induction Machine 270 10.2.6 Additional Loss in Induction Motors Due to PWM Supply 271 10.2.7 Field]Oriented Control of Induction Machine 278 10.3 Permanent Magnet Motor Drives 287 10.3.1 Basic Configuration of PM Motors 287 10.3.2 Basic Principle and Operation of PM Motors 290 10.3.3 Magnetic Circuit Analysis of IPM Motors 295 10.3.3.1 Unsaturated Motor 300 10.3.3.2 Saturated Motor 301 10.3.3.3 Operation under Load 303 10.3.3.4 Flux Concentration 303 10.3.4 Sizing of Magnets in PM Motors 304 10.3.4.1 Input Power 306 10.3.4.2 Direct]Axis Armature Reaction Factor 306 10.3.4.3 Magnetic Usage Ratio and Flux Leakage Coefficient 306 10.3.4.4 Maximum Armature Current 307 10.3.4.5 Inner Power Angle 307 10.3.5 Eddy Current Losses in the Magnets of PM Machines 308 10.4 Switched Reluctance Motors 310 10.5 Doubly Salient Permanent Magnet Machines 311 10.6 Design and Sizing of Traction Motors 315 10.6.1 Selection of A and B 315 10.6.2 Speed Rating of the Traction Motor 316 10.6.3 Determination of the Inner Power 316 10.7 Thermal Analysis and Modeling of Traction Motors 316 10.7.1 The Thermal Resistance of the Air Gap, Rag 317 10.7.2 The Radial Conduction Thermal Resistance of the Rotor Core, Rrs 318 10.7.3 The Radial Conduction Thermal Resistance of the Poles, Rmr 319 10.7.4 The Thermal Resistance of the Shaft, Rshf 319 10.7.5 The Radial Conduction Thermal Resistance of Stator Teeth, Rst 320 10.7.6 The Radial Conduction Thermal Resistance of the Stator Yoke, Rsy 320 10.7.7 The Conduction Thermal Resistance between the Windings and Stator, Rws 320 10.7.8 Convective Thermal Resistance Between Windings External to the Stator and Adjoining Air, Rwa 321 10.8 Conclusions 323 References 323 11 Electric Energy Sources and Storage Devices 333 11.1 Introduction 333 11.2 Characterization of Batteries 335 11.2.1 Battery Capacity 335 11.2.2 Energy Stored in a Battery 335 11.2.3 State of Charge in Battery (SOC) and Measurement of SOC 335 11.2.3.1 SOC Determination 336 11.2.3.2 Direct measurement 336 11.2.3.3 Amp]hr Based Measurement 337 11.2.3.4 Some Better Methods 337 11.2.3.5 Initialization Process 338 11.2.4 Depth of Discharge (DOD) of a Battery 339 11.2.5 Specific Power and Energy Density 339 11.2.6 Ampere]Hour (Charge and Discharge) Efficiency 339 11.2.7 Number of Deep Cycles and Battery Life 340 11.2.8 Some Practical Issues About Batteries and Battery Life 341 11.2.8.1 Acronyms and Definitions 344 11.2.8.2 State of Health Issue in Batteries 348 11.2.8.3 Two]Pulse Load Method to Evaluate State of Health of a Battery [4, 6] 349 11.2.8.4 Battery Management Implementation 352 11.2.8.5 What to Do with All the Above Information 353 11.3 Comparison of Energy Storage Technologies 355 11.3.1 Lead Acid Battery 355 11.3.2 Nickel Metal Hydride Battery 356 11.3.3 Lithium]Ion Battery 356 11.4 Ultracapacitors 356 11.5 Electric Circuit Model for Batteries and Ultracapacitors 358 11.5.1 Battery Modeling 358 11.5.2 Electric Circuit Models for Ultracapacitors 359 11.6 Flywheel Energy Storage System 361 11.7 Fuel Cell Based Hybrid Vehicular Systems 364 11.7.1 Introduction to Fuel Cells 364 11.7.1.1 Types of Fuel Cells 364 11.7.2 System Level Applications 364 11.7.3 Fuel Cell Modeling 366 11.8 Summary and Discussion 368 References 369 Further Reading 369 12 Battery Modeling 371 12.1 Introduction 371 12.2 Modeling of Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) Battery 372 12.2.1 Chemistry of an NiMH Battery 372 12.3 Modeling of Lithium]Ion (Li]Ion) Battery 374 12.3.1 Chemistry in Li]Ion Battery 374 12.4 Parameter Estimation for Battery Models 375 12.5 Example Case of Using Battery Model in an EV System 377 12.6 Summary and Observations on Modeling and Simulation for Batteries 382 References 383 Further Reading 383 13 EV and PHEV Battery Charger Design 385 13.1 Introduction 385 13.2 Main Features of the LLC Resonant Charger 387 13.2.1 Analysis in the Time Domain 387 13.2.2 Operation Modes and Distribution Analysis 389 13.3 Design Considerations for an LLC Converter for a PHEV Battery Charger 393 13.4 Charging Trajectory Design 396 13.4.1 Key Design Parameters 396 13.4.2 Design Constraints 399 13.5 Design Procedures 401 13.6 Experimental Results 401 13.7 Conclusions 407 References 407 14 Modeling and Simulation of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles 409 14.1 Introduction 409 14.2 Fundamentals of Vehicle System Modeling 410 14.3 HEV Modeling Using ADVISOR 412 14.4 HEV Modeling Using PSAT 416 14.5 Physics]Based Modeling 416 14.5.1 RCF Modeling Technique 417 14.5.2 Hybrid Powertrain Modeling 418 14.5.3 Modeling of a DC Machine 418 14.5.4 Modeling of DC–DC Boost Converter 419 14.5.5 Modeling of Vehicle Dynamics 420 14.5.6 Wheel Slip Model 421 14.6 Bond Graph and Other Modeling Techniques 424 14.6.1 Bond Graph Modeling for HEVs 424 14.6.2 HEV Modeling Using PSIM 425 14.6.3 HEV Modeling Using Simplorer and V]Elph 427 14.7 Consideration of Numerical Integration Methods 428 14.8 Conclusion 428 References 428 15 HEV Component Sizing and Design Optimization 433 15.1 Introduction 433 15.2 Global Optimization Algorithms for HEV Design 434 15.2.1 DIRECT 434 15.2.2 Simulated Annealing 438 15.2.2.1 Algorithm Description 438 15.2.2.2 Tunable Parameters 439 15.2.2.3 Flow Chart 440 15.2.3 Genetic Algorithms 441 15.2.3.1 Flow Chart 441 15.2.3.2 Operators and Selection Method 441 15.2.3.3 Tunable Parameters 443 15.2.4 Particle Swarm Optimization 443 15.2.4.1 Algorithm Description 443 15.2.4.2 Flow Chart 444 15.2.5 Advantages/Disadvantages of Different Optimization Algorithms 444 15.2.5.1 DIRECT 444 15.2.5.2 SA 445 15.2.5.3 GA 445 15.2.5.4 PSO 446 15.3 Model]in]the]Loop Design Optimization Process 446 15.4 Parallel HEV Design Optimization Example 447 15.5 Series HEV Design Optimization Example 452 15.5.1 Control Framework of a Series HEV Powertrain 454 15.5.2 Series HEV Parameter Optimization 454 15.5.3 Optimization Results 456 15.6 Conclusion 459 References 459 16 Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicle Applications 461 16.1 Introduction 461 16.2 Fundamental Theory 464 16.3 Magnetic Coupler Design 468 16.3.1 Coupler for Stationary Charging 469 16.3.2 Coupler for Dynamic Charging 471 16.4 Compensation Network 473 16.5 Power Electronics Converters and Power Control 475 16.6 Methods of Study 477 16.7 Additional Discussion 479 16.7.1 Safety Concerns 479 16.7.2 Vehicle to Grid Benefits 481 16.7.3 Wireless Communications 481 16.7.4 Cost 481 16.8 A Double]Sided LCC Compensation Topology and its Parameter Design 482 16.8.1 The Double]Sided LCC Compensation Topology 482 16.8.2 Parameter Tuning for Zero Voltage Switching 486 16.8.3 Parameter Design 491 16.8.4 Simulation and Experiment Results 495 16.8.4.1 Simulation Results 495 16.8.4.2 Experimental Results 497 16.9 An LCLC Based Wireless Charger Using Capacitive Power Transfer Principle 502 16.9.1 Circuit Topology Design 504 16.9.2 Capacitance Analysis 506 16.9.3 A 2.4 kW CPT System Design 506 16.9.4 Experiment 507 16.10 Summary 511 References 511 17 Vehicular Power Control Strategy and Energy Management 521 17.1 A Generic Framework, Definition, and Needs 521 17.2 Methodology to Implement 523 17.2.1 Methodologies for Optimization 528 17.2.2 Cost Function Optimization 531 17.3 Benefits of Energy Management 536 References 536 Further Reading 537 18 Commercialization and Standardization of HEV Technology and Future Transportation 539 18.1 What Is Commercialization and Why Is It Important for HEVs? 539 18.2 Advantages, Disadvantages, and Enablers of Commercialization 539 18.3 Standardization and Commercialization 540 18.4 Commercialization Issues and Effects on Various Types of Vehicles 541 18.5 Commercialization of HEVs for Trucks and Off]Road Applications 542 18.6 Commercialization and Future of HEVs and Transportation 543 Further Reading 543 19 A Holistic Perspective on Vehicle Electrification 545 19.1 Vehicle Electrification – What Does it Involve? 545 19.2 To What Extent Should Vehicles Be Electrified? 545 19.3 What Other Industries Are Involved or Affected in Vehicle Electrification? 547 19.4 A More Complete Picture Towards Vehicle Electrification 548 19.5 The Ultimate Issue: To Electrify Vehicles or Not? 551 Further Reading 553 Index 555
£90.86
John Wiley & Sons Inc Wave and Tidal Energy
Book SynopsisA comprehensive text covering all aspects of wave and tidal energy Wave and Tidal Energy provides a comprehensive and self-contained review of the developing marine renewable energy sector, drawing from the latest research and from the experience of device testing.Table of ContentsList of Contributors xviii Foreword xx Acknowledgements xxi 1 Introduction 1Deborah Greaves and Gregorio Iglesias 1.1 Background 1 1.2 History of Wave and Tidal Energy 3 1.3 Unknowns and Challenges Remaining for Wave and Tidal Energy 5 1.4 Synopsis 11 References 12 2 The Marine Resource 15Gregorio Iglesias 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 The Wave Resource 15 2.3 The Tidal Stream Resource 31 Acknowledgements 47 References 47 3 Wave Energy Technology 52Deborah Greaves 3.1 Introduction 52 3.2 Fundamentals 56 3.3 Hydrodynamics of Wave Energy Conversion 64 3.4 Classification of Wave Energy Converters 73 3.5 Oscillating Water Columns 76 3.6 Overtopping Systems 83 3.7 Oscillating Bodies 85 3.8 Other Technologies 95 3.9 The Wave Energy Array 95 References 97 4 Tidal Energy Technology 105Tim O’Doherty, Daphne M. O’Doherty and Allan Mason]Jones 4.1 General Introduction 105 4.2 Location of Operation 105 4.3 Environmental Impacts 106 4.4 Tides 107 4.5 Tidal Range Generation 108 4.6 Tidal Stream 111 4.7 Types of Devices 126 4.8 Oscillating Hydrofoils 129 4.9 Venturi Effect Devices 130 4.10 Other Devices 130 4.11 Computational Fluid Dynamics 132 4.12 Security, Installation and Maintenance 138 4.13 Worked Examples 141 References 146 5 Device Design 151Lars Johanning, Sam D. Weller, Phillip R. Thies, Brian Holmes and John Griffiths 5.1 Standards and Certification in Marine Energy 151 5.2 Reliability 161 5.3 Moorings and Anchors 169 5.4 Foundations 178 References 185 6 Power Systems 191Andrew R. Plummer, Andrew J. Hillis and Carlos Perez]Collazo 6.1 Introduction to Power Take]Off Systems 191 6.2 Electrical Generators 194 6.3 Turbines for WEC Power Take]Off 200 6.4 Hydraulic Power Transmission Systems 206 6.5 Hydraulic PTO Designs for WECs 212 6.6 Direct Mechanical Power Take]Off 214 6.7 Control for Maximum Energy Capture 215 6.8 Electrical Infrastructure and Grid Integration 221 6.9 Summary of Challenges for PTO Design and Development 229 References 230 7 Physical Modelling 233Martyn Hann and Carlos Perez]Collazo 7.1 Introduction 233 7.2 Device Development and Test Planning 234 7.3 Scaling and Similitude 234 7.3.1 Scaling MRE Devices 239 7.3.2 Common Problems Scaling MRE Devices 240 7.4 Model Design and Construction 241 7.5 Fixing and Mooring 247 7.6 Instrumentation 248 7.7 Model Calibration 258 7.8 Modelling the Environment 264 7.9 Test Facilities 271 7.10 Recommended Tests 274 References 283 8 Numerical Modelling 289Thomas Vyzikas and Deborah Greaves 8.1 Introduction 289 8.2 Review of Hydrodynamics 292 8.3 Numerical Modelling Techniques 310 8.4 Numerical Modelling of Water Waves 325 8.5 Commonly Used Open]Source Software 331 8.6 Applicability of Numerical Models in MRE 346 References 351 9 Environmental Effects 364Gregorio Iglesias, Javier Abanades Tercero, Teresa Simas, Inês Machado and Erica Cruz 9.1 Introduction364 9.2 Wave Farm Effects on the Wave Field 364 9.3 Wave Farm Effects on Coastal Processes 391 9.4 Tidal Stream Farm Effects on Hydrodynamics and Sedimentary Processes 414 9.5 Marine Biota 415 9.6 The Environmental Impact Assessment 425 References 443 10 Consenting and Legal Aspects 455Anne Marie O’Hagan 10.1 Introduction 455 10.2 International Law 456 10.3 Regional Law 462 10.4 EU Law and Policy 464 10.5 National Consenting Systems 478 10.6 Gaps and Opportunities 499 Acknowledgement 504 References 504 11 The Economics of Wave and Tidal Energy 513Gregorio Iglesias, Sharay Astariz and Angela Vazquez 11.1 Individual Costs 513 11.2 Levelised Cost 518 11.3 Externalities 522 References 526 12 Project Development 533Paul Vigars, Kwangsoo Lee, Sungwon Shin, Boel Ekergard, Mats Leijon, Yago Torre]Enciso, Dorleta Marina and Deborah Greaves 12.1 Introduction 533 12.2 Alstom Ocean Energy OCEADE™ Tidal Stream Turbine: The Route to Commercial Readiness 533 12.3 Seabased Wave Energy Converter 544 12.4 Lake Sihwa Tidal Power Plant, Korea 549 12.5 Mutriku Wave Power Plant 563 References 584 13 Regional Activities 587Deborah Greaves, Carlos Perez]Collazo, Curran Crawford, Bradley Buckham, Vanesa Magar, Francisco Acuña, Sungwon Shin, Hongda Shi and Chenyu 13.1 Europe 587 13.2 North America 601 13.3 Latin America 616 13.4 Asia]Pacific 626 13.5 China 630 References 647 Epilogue: The Future of Wave and Tidal Energy 659Deborah Greaves Index 662
£108.86
John Wiley & Sons Inc System Reliability Theory
Book SynopsisHandbook and reference for industrial statisticians and system reliability engineers System Reliability Theory: Models, Statistical Methods, and Applications, Third Editionpresents an updated and revised look at system reliability theory, modeling, and analytical methods. The new edition is based on feedback to the second edition from numerous students, professors,researchers,and industries around the world. New sections and chapters are added together with new real-world industry examples,andstandards and problemsare revised and updated. System Reliability Theorycovers a broad and deep array of system reliability topics, including: In depth discussion of failures and failure modes The main system reliability assessment methods Common-cause failure modeling Deterioration modeling Maintenance modeling andassessmentusing Python code Bayesian probability and methods Life data analysis using RTable of ContentsPreface xxiii About the Companion Website xxix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 What is Reliability? 1 1.1.1 Service Reliability 2 1.1.2 Past and Future Reliability 3 1.2 The Importance of Reliability 3 1.2.1 Related Applications 4 1.3 Basic Reliability Concepts 6 1.3.1 Reliability 6 1.3.2 Maintainability and Maintenance 8 1.3.3 Availability 8 1.3.4 Quality 9 1.3.5 Dependability 9 1.3.6 Safety and Security 10 1.3.7 RAM and RAMS 10 1.4 Reliability Metrics 11 1.4.1 Reliability Metrics for a Technical Item 11 1.4.2 Reliability Metrics for a Service 12 1.5 Approaches to Reliability Analysis 12 1.5.1 The Physical Approach to Reliability 13 1.5.2 Systems Approach to Reliability 13 1.6 Reliability Engineering 15 1.6.1 Roles of the Reliability Engineer 16 1.6.2 Timing of Reliability Studies 17 1.7 Objectives, Scope, and Delimitations of the Book 17 1.8 Trends and Challenges 19 1.9 Standards and Guidelines 20 1.10 History of System Reliability 20 1.11 Problems 26 References 27 2 The Study Object and its Functions 31 2.1 Introduction 31 2.2 System and System Elements 31 2.2.1 Item 32 2.2.2 Embedded Item 33 2.3 Boundary Conditions 33 2.3.1 Closed and Open Systems 34 2.4 Operating Context 35 2.5 Functions and Performance Requirements 35 2.5.1 Functions 35 2.5.2 Performance Requirements 36 2.5.3 Classification of Functions 37 2.5.4 Functional Modeling and Analysis 38 2.5.5 Function Trees 38 2.5.6 SADT and IDEF 0 39 2.6 System Analysis 41 2.6.1 Synthesis 41 2.7 Simple, Complicated, and Complex Systems 42 2.8 System Structure Modeling 44 2.8.1 Reliability Block Diagram 44 2.8.2 Series Structure 46 2.8.3 Parallel Structure 46 2.8.4 Redundancy 47 2.8.5 Voted Structure 47 2.8.6 Standby Structure 48 2.8.7 More Complicated Structures 48 2.8.8 Two Different System Functions 49 2.8.9 Practical Construction of RBDs 50 2.9 Problems 51 References 52 3 Failures and Faults 55 3.1 Introduction 55 3.1.1 States and Transitions 56 3.1.2 Operational Modes 56 3.2 Failures 57 3.2.1 Failures in a State 58 3.2.2 Failures During Transition 59 3.3 Faults 60 3.4 Failure Modes 60 3.5 Failure Causes and Effects 62 3.5.1 Failure Causes 62 3.5.2 Proximate Causes and Root Causes 63 3.5.3 Hierarchy of Causes 64 3.6 Classification of Failures and Failure Modes 64 3.6.1 Classification According to Local Consequence 65 3.6.2 Classification According to Cause 65 3.6.3 Failure Mechanisms 70 3.6.4 Software Faults 71 3.6.5 Failure Effects 71 3.7 Failure/Fault Analysis 72 3.7.1 Cause and Effect Analysis 73 3.7.2 Root Cause Analysis 74 3.8 Problems 76 References 77 4 Qualitative System Reliability Analysis 79 4.1 Introduction 79 4.1.1 Deductive Versus Inductive Analysis 80 4.2 FMEA/FMECA 80 4.2.1 Types of FMECA 81 4.2.2 Objectives of FMECA 82 4.2.3 FMECA Procedure 83 4.2.4 Applications 87 4.3 Fault Tree Analysis 88 4.3.1 Fault Tree Symbols and Elements 88 4.3.2 Definition of the Problem and the Boundary Conditions 91 4.3.3 Constructing the Fault Tree 92 4.3.4 Identification of Minimal Cut and Path Sets 95 4.3.5 MOCUS 96 4.3.6 Qualitative Evaluation of the Fault Tree 98 4.3.7 Dynamic Fault Trees 101 4.4 Event Tree Analysis 103 4.4.1 Initiating Event 104 4.4.2 Safety Functions 105 4.4.3 Event Tree Construction 106 4.4.4 Description of Resulting Event Sequences 106 4.5 Fault Trees versus Reliability Block Diagrams 109 4.5.1 Recommendation 111 4.6 Structure Function 111 4.6.1 Series Structure 112 4.6.2 Parallel Structure 112 4.6.3 koon:G Structure 113 4.6.4 Truth Tables 114 4.7 System Structure Analysis 114 4.7.1 Single Points of Failure 115 4.7.2 Coherent Structures 115 4.7.3 General Properties of Coherent Structures 117 4.7.4 Structures Represented by Paths and Cuts 119 4.7.5 Pivotal Decomposition 123 4.7.6 Modules of Coherent Structures 124 4.8 Bayesian Networks 127 4.8.1 Illustrative Examples 128 4.9 Problems 131 References 138 5 Probability Distributions in Reliability Analysis 141 5.1 Introduction 141 5.1.1 State Variable 142 5.1.2 Time-to-Failure 142 5.2 A Dataset 143 5.2.1 Relative Frequency Distribution 143 5.2.2 Empirical Distribution and Survivor Function 144 5.3 General Characteristics of Time-to-Failure Distributions 145 5.3.1 Survivor Function 147 5.3.2 Failure Rate Function 148 5.3.3 Conditional Survivor Function 153 5.3.4 Mean Time-to-Failure 154 5.3.5 Additional Probability Metrics 155 5.3.6 Mean Residual Lifetime 157 5.3.7 Mixture of Time-to-Failure Distributions 160 5.4 Some Time-to-Failure Distributions 161 5.4.1 The Exponential Distribution 161 5.4.2 The Gamma Distribution 168 5.4.3 TheWeibull Distribution 173 5.4.4 The Normal Distribution 180 5.4.5 The Lognormal Distribution 183 5.4.6 Additional Time-to-Failure Distributions 188 5.5 Extreme Value Distributions 188 5.5.1 The Gumbel Distribution of the Smallest Extreme 190 5.5.2 The Gumbel Distribution of the Largest Extreme 191 5.5.3 TheWeibull Distribution of the Smallest Extreme 191 5.6 Time-to-Failure Models With Covariates 193 5.6.1 Accelerated Failure Time Models 194 5.6.2 The Arrhenius Model 195 5.6.3 Proportional Hazards Models 198 5.7 Additional Continuous Distributions 198 5.7.1 The Uniform Distribution 198 5.7.2 The Beta Distribution 199 5.8 Discrete Distributions 200 5.8.1 Binomial Situation 200 5.8.2 The Binomial Distribution 201 5.8.3 The Geometric Distribution 201 5.8.4 The Negative Binomial Distribution 202 5.8.5 The Homogeneous Poisson Process 203 5.9 Classes of Time-to-Failure Distributions 205 5.9.1 IFR and DFR Distributions 206 5.9.2 IFRA and DFRA Distributions 208 5.9.3 NBU and NWU Distributions 208 5.9.4 NBUE and NWUE Distributions 209 5.9.5 Some Implications 209 5.10 Summary of Time-to-Failure Distributions 210 5.11 Problems 210 References 218 6 System Reliability Analysis 221 6.1 Introduction 221 6.1.1 Assumptions 222 6.2 System Reliability 222 6.2.1 Reliability of Series Structures 223 6.2.2 Reliability of Parallel Structures 224 6.2.3 Reliability of koon Structures 225 6.2.4 Pivotal Decomposition 226 6.2.5 Critical Component 227 6.3 Nonrepairable Systems 228 6.3.1 Nonrepairable Series Structures 228 6.3.2 Nonrepairable Parallel Structures 230 6.3.3 Nonrepairable 2oo3 Structures 234 6.3.4 A Brief Comparison 235 6.3.5 Nonrepairable koon Structures 236 6.4 Standby Redundancy 237 6.4.1 Passive Redundancy, Perfect Switching, No Repairs 238 6.4.2 Cold Standby, Imperfect Switch, No Repairs 240 6.4.3 Partly Loaded Redundancy, Imperfect Switch, No Repairs 241 6.5 Single Repairable Items 242 6.5.1 Availability 243 6.5.2 Average Availability with Perfect Repair 244 6.5.3 Availability of a Single Item with Constant Failure and Repair Rates 246 6.5.4 Operational Availability 247 6.5.5 Production Availability 248 6.5.6 Punctuality 249 6.5.7 Failure Rate of Repairable Items 249 6.6 Availability of Repairable Systems 252 6.6.1 The MUT and MDT of Repairable Systems 253 6.6.2 Computation Based on Minimal Cut Sets 258 6.6.3 Uptimes and Downtimes for Reparable Systems 260 6.7 Quantitative Fault Tree Analysis 262 6.7.1 Terminology and Symbols 263 6.7.2 Delimitations and Assumptions 263 6.7.3 Fault Trees with a Single AND-Gate 264 6.7.4 Fault Tree with a Single OR-Gate 265 6.7.5 The Upper Bound Approximation Formula for Q0(t) 265 6.7.6 The Inclusion–Exclusion Principle 267 6.7.7 ROCOF of a Minimal Cut Parallel Structure 271 6.7.8 Frequency of the TOP Event 271 6.7.9 Binary Decision Diagrams 273 6.8 Event Tree Analysis 275 6.9 Bayesian Networks 277 6.9.1 Influence and Cause 278 6.9.2 Independence Assumptions 278 6.9.3 Conditional Probability Table 279 6.9.4 Conditional Independence 280 6.9.5 Inference and Learning 282 6.9.6 BN and Fault Tree Analysis 282 6.10 Monte Carlo Simulation 284 6.10.1 Random Number Generation 285 6.10.2 Monte Carlo Next Event Simulation 287 6.10.3 Simulation of Multicomponent Systems 289 6.11 Problems 291 References 296 7 Reliability Importance Metrics 299 7.1 Introduction 299 7.1.1 Objectives of Reliability Importance Metrics 300 7.1.2 Reliability Importance Metrics Considered 300 7.1.3 Assumptions and Notation 301 7.2 Critical Components 302 7.3 Birnbaum’s Metric for Structural Importance 304 7.4 Birnbaum’s Metric of Reliability Importance 305 7.4.1 Birnbaum’s Metric in Fault Tree Analysis 307 7.4.2 A Second Definition of Birnbaum’s Metric 308 7.4.3 A Third Definition of Birnbaum’s Metric 310 7.4.4 Computation of Birnbaum’s Metric for Structural Importance 312 7.4.5 Variants of Birnbaum’s Metric 312 7.5 Improvement Potential 313 7.5.1 Relation to Birnbaum’s Metric 314 7.5.2 A Variant of the Improvement Potential 314 7.6 Criticality Importance 315 7.7 Fussell–Vesely’s Metric 317 7.7.1 Derivation of Formulas for Fussell–Vesely’s Metric 317 7.7.2 Relationship to Other Metrics for Importance 320 7.8 Differential Importance Metric 323 7.8.1 Option 1 323 7.8.2 Option 2 324 7.9 Importance Metrics for Safety Features 326 7.9.1 Risk AchievementWorth 327 7.9.2 Risk ReductionWorth 329 7.9.3 Relationship with the Improvement Potential 330 7.10 Barlow–Proschan’s Metric 331 7.11 Problems 333 References 335 8 Dependent Failures 337 8.1 Introduction 337 8.1.1 Dependent Events and Variables 337 8.1.2 Correlated Variables 338 8.2 Types of Dependence 340 8.3 Cascading Failures 340 8.3.1 Tight Coupling 342 8.4 Common-Cause Failures 342 8.4.1 Multiple Failures that Are Not a CCF 344 8.4.2 Causes of CCF 344 8.4.3 Defenses Against CCF 345 8.5 CCF Models and Analysis 346 8.5.1 Explicit Modeling 347 8.5.2 Implicit Modeling 348 8.5.3 Modeling Approach 348 8.5.4 Model Assumptions 349 8.6 Basic Parameter Model 349 8.6.1 Probability of a Specific Multiplicity 350 8.6.2 Conditional Probability of a Specific Multiplicity 351 8.7 Beta-Factor Model 352 8.7.1 Relation to the BPM 354 8.7.2 Beta-Factor Model in System Analysis 354 8.7.3 Beta-Factor Model for Nonidentical Components 358 8.7.4 C-Factor Model 360 8.8 Multi-parameter Models 360 8.8.1 Binomial Failure Rate Model 360 8.8.2 Multiple Greek Letter Model 362 8.8.3 Alpha-Factor Model 364 8.8.4 Multiple Beta-Factor Model 365 8.9 Problems 366 References 368 9 Maintenance and Maintenance Strategies 371 9.1 Introduction 371 9.1.1 What is Maintenance? 372 9.2 Maintainability 372 9.3 Maintenance Categories 374 9.3.1 Completeness of a Repair Task 377 9.3.2 Condition Monitoring 377 9.4 Maintenance Downtime 378 9.4.1 Downtime Caused by Failures 379 9.4.2 Downtime of a Series Structure 381 9.4.3 Downtime of a Parallel Structure 381 9.4.4 Downtime of a General Structure 382 9.5 Reliability Centered Maintenance 382 9.5.1 What is RCM? 383 9.5.2 Main Steps of an RCM Analysis 384 9.6 Total Productive Maintenance 396 9.7 Problems 398 References 399 10 Counting Processes 401 10.1 Introduction 401 10.1.1 Counting Processes 401 10.1.2 Basic Concepts 406 10.1.3 Martingale Theory 408 10.1.4 Four Types of Counting Processes 409 10.2 Homogeneous Poisson Processes 410 10.2.1 Main Features of the HPP 411 10.2.2 Asymptotic Properties 412 10.2.3 Estimate and Confidence Interval 412 10.2.4 Sum and Decomposition of HPPs 413 10.2.5 Conditional Distribution of Failure Time 414 10.2.6 Compound HPPs 415 10.3 Renewal Processes 417 10.3.1 Basic Concepts 417 10.3.2 The Distribution of Sn 418 10.3.3 The Distribution of N(t) 420 10.3.4 The Renewal Function 421 10.3.5 The Renewal Density 423 10.3.6 Age and Remaining Lifetime 427 10.3.7 Bounds for the Renewal Function 431 10.3.8 Superimposed Renewal Processes 433 10.3.9 Renewal Reward Processes 434 10.3.10 Delayed Renewal Processes 436 10.3.11 Alternating Renewal Processes 438 10.4 Nonhomogeneous Poisson Processes 447 10.4.1 Introduction and Definitions 447 10.4.2 Some Results 449 10.4.3 Parametric NHPP Models 452 10.4.4 Statistical Tests of Trend 454 10.5 Imperfect Repair Processes 455 10.5.1 Brown and Proschan’s model 456 10.5.2 Failure Rate Reduction Models 458 10.5.3 Age Reduction Models 461 10.5.4 Trend Renewal Process 462 10.6 Model Selection 464 10.7 Problems 466 References 470 11 Markov Analysis 473 11.1 Introduction 473 11.1.1 Markov Property 475 11.2 Markov Processes 476 11.2.1 Procedure to Establish the Transition Rate Matrix 479 11.2.2 Chapman–Kolmogorov Equations 482 11.2.3 Kolmogorov Differential Equations 483 11.2.4 State Equations 484 11.3 Asymptotic Solution 487 11.3.1 System Performance Metrics 492 11.4 Parallel and Series Structures 495 11.4.1 Parallel Structures of Independent Components 495 11.4.2 Series Structures of Independent Components 497 11.4.3 Series Structure of Components Where Failure of One Component Prevents Failure of the Other 499 11.5 Mean Time to First System Failure 501 11.5.1 Absorbing States 501 11.5.2 Survivor Function 504 11.5.3 Mean Time to the First System Failure 505 11.6 Systems with Dependent Components 507 11.6.1 Common Cause Failures 508 11.6.2 Load-Sharing Systems 510 11.7 Standby Systems 512 11.7.1 Parallel System with Cold Standby and Perfect Switching 513 11.7.2 Parallel System with Cold Standby and Perfect Switching (Item A is the Main Operating Item) 515 11.7.3 Parallel System with Cold Standby and Imperfect Switching (Item A is the Main Operating Item) 517 11.7.4 Parallel System with Partly Loaded Standby and Perfect Switching (Item A is the Main Operating Item) 518 11.8 Markov Analysis in Fault Tree Analysis 519 11.8.1 Cut Set Information 520 11.8.2 System Information 521 11.9 Time-Dependent Solution 521 11.9.1 Laplace Transforms 522 11.10 Semi-Markov Processes 524 11.11 Multiphase Markov Processes 526 11.11.1 Changing the Transition Rates 526 11.11.2 Changing the Initial State 527 11.12 Piecewise Deterministic Markov Processes 528 11.12.1 Definition of PDMP 529 11.12.2 State Probabilities 529 11.12.3 A Specific Case 530 11.13 Simulation of a Markov Process 532 11.14 Problems 536 References 543 12 Preventive Maintenance 545 12.1 Introduction 545 12.2 Terminology and Cost Function 546 12.3 Time-Based Preventive Maintenance 548 12.3.1 Age Replacement 549 12.3.2 Block Replacement 553 12.3.3 P–F Intervals 557 12.4 Degradation Models 564 12.4.1 Remaining Useful Lifetime 565 12.4.2 Trend Models; Regression-Based Models 567 12.4.3 Models with Increments 569 12.4.4 Shock Models 571 12.4.5 Stochastic Processes with Discrete States 573 12.4.6 Failure Rate Models 574 12.5 Condition-Based Maintenance 574 12.5.1 CBM Strategy 575 12.5.2 Continuous Monitoring and Finite Discrete State Space 576 12.5.3 Continuous Monitoring and Continuous State Space 581 12.5.4 Inspection-Based Monitoring and Finite Discrete State Space 583 12.5.5 Inspection-Based Monitoring and Continuous State Space 586 12.6 Maintenance of Multi-Item Systems 587 12.6.1 System Model 587 12.6.2 Maintenance Models 589 12.6.3 An Illustrative Example 591 12.7 Problems 595 References 601 13 Reliability of Safety Systems 605 13.1 Introduction 605 13.2 Safety-Instrumented Systems 606 13.2.1 Main SIS Functions 607 13.2.2 Testing of SIS Functions 608 13.2.3 Failure Classification 609 13.3 Probability of Failure on Demand 611 13.3.1 Probability of Failure on Demand 612 13.3.2 Approximation Formulas 617 13.3.3 Mean Downtime in a Test Interval 618 13.3.4 Mean Number of Test Intervals Until First Failure 619 13.3.5 Staggered Testing 620 13.3.6 Nonnegligible Repair Time 621 13.4 Safety Unavailability 622 13.4.1 Probability of Critical Situation 623 13.4.2 Spurious Trips 623 13.4.3 Failures Detected by Diagnostic Self-Testing 625 13.5 Common Cause Failures 627 13.5.1 Diagnostic Self-Testing and CCFs 629 13.6 CCFs Between Groups and Subsystems 631 13.6.1 CCFs Between Voted Groups 632 13.6.2 CCFs Between Subsystems 632 13.7 IEC 61508 632 13.7.1 Safety Lifecycle 633 13.7.2 Safety Integrity Level 634 13.7.3 Compliance with IEC 61508 635 13.8 The PDS Method 638 13.9 Markov Approach 639 13.9.1 All Failures are Repaired After Each Test 643 13.9.2 All Critical Failures Are Repaired after Each Test 644 13.9.3 Imperfect Repair after Each Test 644 13.10 Problems 644 References 652 14 Reliability Data Analysis 655 14.1 Introduction 655 14.1.1 Purpose of the Chapter 656 14.2 Some Basic Concepts 656 14.2.1 Datasets 657 14.2.2 Survival Times 658 14.2.3 Categories of Censored Datasets 660 14.2.4 Field Data Collection Exercises 662 14.2.5 At-Risk-Set 663 14.3 Exploratory Data Analysis 663 14.3.1 A Complete Dataset 664 14.3.2 Sample Metrics 665 14.3.3 Histogram 669 14.3.4 Density Plot 670 14.3.5 Empirical Survivor Function 671 14.3.6 Q–Q Plot 673 14.4 Parameter Estimation 674 14.4.1 Estimators and Estimates 675 14.4.2 Properties of Estimators 675 14.4.3 Method of Moments Estimation 677 14.4.4 Maximum Likelihood Estimation 680 14.4.5 Exponentially Distributed Lifetimes 686 14.4.6 Weibull Distributed Lifetimes 692 14.5 The Kaplan–Meier Estimate 696 14.5.1 Motivation for the Kaplan–Meier Estimate Based a Complete Dataset 696 14.5.2 The Kaplan–Meier Estimator for a Censored Dataset 697 14.6 Cumulative Failure Rate Plots 701 14.6.1 The Nelson–Aalen Estimate of the Cumulative Failure Rate 703 14.7 Total-Time-on-Test Plotting 708 14.7.1 Total-Time-on-Test Plot for Complete Datasets 708 14.7.2 Total-Time-on-Test Plot for Censored Datasets 721 14.7.3 A Brief Comparison 722 14.8 Survival Analysis with Covariates 723 14.8.1 Proportional Hazards Model 723 14.8.2 Cox Models 726 14.8.3 Estimating the Parameters of the Cox Model 727 14.9 Problems 730 References 736 15 Bayesian Reliability Analysis 739 15.1 Introduction 739 15.1.1 Three Interpretations of Probability 739 15.1.2 Bayes’ Formula 741 15.2 Bayesian Data Analysis 742 15.2.1 Frequentist Data Analysis 743 15.2.2 Bayesian Data Analysis 743 15.2.3 Model for Observed Data 745 15.2.4 Prior Distribution 745 15.2.5 Observed Data 746 15.2.6 Likelihood Function 746 15.2.7 Posterior Distribution 747 15.3 Selection of Prior Distribution 749 15.3.1 Binomial Model 749 15.3.2 Exponential Model – Single Observation 752 15.3.3 Exponential Model – Multiple Observations 753 15.3.4 Homogeneous Poisson Process 755 15.3.5 Noninformative Prior Distributions 757 15.4 Bayesian Estimation 758 15.4.1 Bayesian Point Estimation 758 15.4.2 Credible Intervals 760 15.5 Predictive Distribution 761 15.6 Models with Multiple Parameters 762 15.7 Bayesian Analysis with R 762 15.8 Problems 764 References 766 16 Reliability Data: Sources and Quality 767 16.1 Introduction 767 16.1.1 Categories of Input Data 767 16.1.2 Parameters Estimates 768 16.2 Generic Reliability Databases 769 16.2.1 OREDA 770 16.2.2 PDS Data Handbook 772 16.2.3 PERD 773 16.2.4 SERH 773 16.2.5 NPRD, EPRD, and FMD 773 16.2.6 GADS 774 16.2.7 GIDEP 774 16.2.8 FMEDA Approach 775 16.2.9 Failure Event Databases 775 16.3 Reliability Prediction 775 16.3.1 MIL-HDBK-217 Approach 776 16.3.2 Similar Methods 778 16.4 Common Cause Failure Data 778 16.4.1 ICDE 779 16.4.2 IEC 61508 Method 779 16.5 Data Analysis and Data Quality 780 16.5.1 Outdated Technology 780 16.5.2 Inventory Data 781 16.5.3 Constant Failure Rates 781 16.5.4 Multiple Samples 783 16.5.5 Data From Manufacturers 785 16.5.6 Questioning the Data Quality 785 16.6 Data Dossier 785 16.6.1 Final Remarks 785 References 787 Appendix A Acronyms 789 Appendix B Laplace Transforms 793 B.1 Important Properties of Laplace Transforms 794 B.2 Laplace Transforms of Some Selected Functions 794 Author Index 797 Subject Index 803
£127.76
Bloomsbury Publishing PLC Solar Energy: The physics and engineering of
Book SynopsisThis book provides a broad overview on the different aspects of solar energy, with a focus on photovoltaics, which is the technology that allows light energy to be converted into electric energy. Renewable energy sources have become increasingly popular in recent years, and solar is one of the most adaptable and attractive types – from solar farms to support the National Grid to roof panels/tiles used for solar thermal heating systems, and small solar garden lights. Written by Delft University researchers, Solar Energy uniquely covers both the physics of photovoltaic (PV) cells and the design of PV systems for real-life applications, from a concise history of solar cells components and location issues of current systems. The book is designed to make this complicated subject accessible to all, and is packed with fascinating graphs and charts, as well as useful exercises to cement the topics covered in each chapter. Solar Energy outlines the fundamental principles of semiconductor solar cells, as well as PV technology: crystalline silicon solar cells, thin-film cells, PV modules, and third-generation concepts. There is also background on PV systems, from simple stand-alone to complex systems connected to the grid. This is an invaluable reference for physics students, researchers, industrial engineers and designers working in solar energy generation, as well those with a general interest in renewable energy.Table of ContentsI. Introduction 1. Energy 2. Status and prospects of PV technology 3. The working principle of a solar cell II. PV Fundamentals 4. Electrodynamic basics 5. Solar radiation 6. Basic semiconductor physics 7. Generation and recombination of electron-hole pairs 8. Semiconductor junctions 9. Solar cell parameters and equivalent circuit 10. Losses and efficiency limits III. PV technology 11. A short history of solar cells 12. Crystalline silicon solar cells 13. Thin-film solar cells 14. A closer look to some processes 15. PV modules 16. Third generation concepts IV. PV systems 17. Introduction to PV systems 18. Location issues 19. Components of PV systems 20. PV system design 21. PV System economics and ecology V. Alternative solar energy conversion technologies 22. Solar thermal energy 23. Solar fuels Appendix A. Derivations in electrodynamics B. Derivation of homojunctions J-V curves C. Some aspects of surface recombination D. The morphology of selected TCO samples E. Some aspects on location issues F. Derivations for DC-DC converters G. Fluid-dynamic model Bibliography Index
£28.50
Schiffer Publishing Ltd Windpower
Book SynopsisWind energy is today''s most developed form of green power on the planet. This comprehensive survey examines the history of wind power, from early peoples' technology to harness the wind for basic mechanical tasks (such as turning grain to flour) through today''s Wind Rush. The process of building a wind farm and the growth of off-shore wind farms are included. Color imagery helps illuminate the text as well as inspire the imagination. An extensive list of resources will enable individuals, entrepreneurs, and advocates to tap into this free, natural, and clean source of energy.
£19.54
RAND Driving Emissions to Zero
Book Synopsis
£18.99
John Wiley & Sons Inc Photovoltaic PV System Delivery as Reliable
Book SynopsisA practical guide to improving photovoltaic power plant lifecycle performance and output Photovoltaic (PV) System Delivery as Reliable Energy Infrastructure introduces a Preemptive Analytical Maintenance (PAM) for photovoltaic systems engineering, and the Repowering planning approach, as a structured integrated system delivery process. A team of veteran photovoltaics professionals delivers a robust discussion of the lessons learned from mature industriesincluding PV, aerospace, utilities, rail, marine, and automotiveas applied to the photovoltaic industry. The book offers real-world technical and fiscal examples of the impact of photovoltaics to all stakeholders during the concept, specification, operations, maintenance, and Repowering phases. In each chapter, readers will learn to develop RAMS specifications, reliability data collection, and tasks while becoming familiar with the inherent benefits of how these affect the cost of design and development, maintenance, spares, and syste
£97.65
Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc Hybrid Systems and Multienergy Networks for the
Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. IntroductionWorld energy, the significance of the distributed hybrid system and the prospect of the future Energy Internet2. Integrating advanced energy equipment in a hybrid multi-energy systemStatus of hybrid systems integrating renewable energy and fossil fuels for multi-energy generation3. Comprehensive optimization and dynamic match between supply and demandCase studies on the regulation, system dynamics and operation and co-generation of electric power4. Applying information technologies in a hybrid multi-energy systemApplication and potential of the artificial intelligence technology5. OutlooksOpportunities and challenges for the distributed hybrid system and the future “Energy Internet
£71.96
Palgrave Macmillan Energy Investments An Adaptive Approach to
Book SynopsisThis book examines what lies behind the uncertainties surrounding the fuel and power markets. Exploring the role of renewables and how they potentially disrupt or create opportunities, it challenges widely accepted wisdoms in investment. The author asks questions such as: Are business as usual strategies that favour fossil fuels the best route to future prosperity? What prospects do firms face when their competitors diversify into renewables? Why do generous subsidies to renewables often fail to achieve wide-scale deployment? Illustrating how real options and option games reasoning yield vastly different insights from those gained from NPVs, Energy Investments offers case studies and simulations to demonstrate how firms can benefit from the methods it showcases. Table of ContentsPart I. Decision Context.- 1. Decision Framing.- 2. Energy Transitions.- 3. Getting the Sums Wrong.- 4. Strategic Myopia and Certainty.- Part II. Managerial Flexibility and Competition.- 5. Why Flexibility.- 6. Valuing Managerial Flexibility.- 7. Option Games Rivals Play.- 8. Dynamic Competition.- Part III. Energy Markets and Regulatory Actions.- 9. Markets are not created Equal.- 10. Subsidies.- Part IV. Financing and Portfolio Management.- 11. Accessing Funding.- 12. Climate Financing.- 13. Acquire or Build.- Part V. Analytical Foundation and Methodologies.- 14. Costing Energy.- 15. Appropriating Payoffs.- 16. Doing the Managerial Flexibility Maths.- Part VI. Reflections and What Next.- 17. "So What" and "What Next"?.
£28.49
Vintage Publishing Cradle to Cradle: (Patterns of Life)
Book SynopsisMichael Braungart and William McDonough propose a plan for our planet in this stunning new edition of their radical ecological manifesto. This book proposes a new vision for modern industry. Instead of our current wasteful and polluting methods of manufacturing, we could be taking nature as a model for making things. With the right redesign, objects that have come to the end of their useful lives should provide the basis for something new. In designing and producing products we need to stop worrying about being ‘less bad’ and start finding ways of actually being good. PATTERNS OF LIFE: SPECIAL EDITIONS OF GROUNDBREAKING SCIENCE BOOKSTrade ReviewThe best argument for good design is that it lasts. The best argument for good science is that it deplores waste. I'm bored with guilty and technologically illiterate environmental Luddites describing a future of guilt and privation led in caves. There's an alternative responsible future persuasively offered by Braungart and McDonough. The survival of the planet can be re-stated in terms of stimulus, opportunity, challenge and reward. Works for me. -- Stephen BayleyAlready embraced by far-thinking manufacturers and governments. * Food Ethics Magazine *It's one of the most thought-provoking books I've ever read -- Ellen Macarthur * Daily Express *Environmentalists too rarely apply the ecological wisdom of life to our problems. Asking how a cherry tree would design an energy efficient building is only one of the creative 'practices' that McDonough and Braungart spread, like a field of wild flowers, before their readers. This book will give you renewed hope that, indeed, 'it is darkest before the dawn' -- Carl Pope, Executive Director of the Sierra ClubAchieving the great economic transition to more equitable, ecologically sustainable societies requires nothing less than a design revolution - beyond today's fossilized industrialism. This enlightened and enlightening book shows us how - and indeed, that 'God is in the details.' A must for every library and every concerned citizen -- Hazel Henderson, author of "Building a Win-Win World and Beyond Globalization: Shaping a Sustainable Global Economy"
£10.44
Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc Fundamentals of Heat and Fluid Flow in High
Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Introduction to fuel cells2. What is a fuel cell?3. How does a fuel cell work?4. Main fuel cell layers5. Anode layer6. Anode catalyst layer7. Cathode layer8. Cathode catalyst layer9. Electrolyte layer10. Different types of fuel cells11. Solid oxide fuel cell 12. Classification of SOFCs13. Conventional SOFCs14. Single chamber SOFCs15. No chamber SOFCs16. SOFC advantages and disadvantages17. Conventional materials used in SOFC layers18. Different SOFC geometries19. Planar type20. Tubular type21. Anode supported design22. Cathode supported design23. Electrolyte supported design24. Fundamentals of Heat transfer25. Different modes of Heat transfer26. Conduction27. Convection28. Radiation29. Energy conservation30. Heat transfer in free and porous media 31. Transient and steady state heat transfer32. Heat generation33. Some applicable boundary conditions34. Conduction heat transfer in SOFCs35. Heat conduction equation36. Thermal conductivity37. Conduction in porous media38. Convection heat transfer in SOFCs39. Fundamental convection principles40. Laminar flow41. Turbulent flow42. Natural and forced convection convectively43. Convection in porous media44. Fundamentals of fluid flow45. Mass conservation46. Momentum conservation47. Different types of motion equation48. Compressible and incompressible flow49. Fluid flow in porous media 50. Some applicable boundary conditions51. Fully coupling in modelling 52. Case Studies 53. Hydrogen-fed SOFC54. Methane-fed SOFC55. Combined systems 56. Combined SOFC and CHP57. Combined SOFC and power plant
£103.50
Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc Microalgae Cultivation for Biofuels Production
Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Fundamentals of microalgae cultivation 2. Microalgae cultivation systems 3. Microalgae cultivation and photo-bioreactor design 4. Mixotrophic cultivation: Biomass and Biochemical Biosynthesis for Biofuel Production 5. Oleaginous Microalgae Cultivation for Biogas Upgrading and Phytoremediation of Wastewater 6. Harvesting and Conversion of Microalgal Biomass into Biodiesel 7. Membrane technology for microalgae harvesting 8. Processing of microalgae to biofuels 9. Microalgal cell disruption and lipid extraction techniques for potential biofuel production 10. Conversion of Microalgae biomass to Biofuels 11. Microalgal Biorefinery 12. Microalgal biorefineries for industrial products 13. Biorefinery of microalgae for non-fuel products 14. Recent trends in strain improvement for production of third generation biofuels from microalgae 15. Microalgae to biogas: microbiological communities involved 16. Microalgal based biodiesel production using different types of low-cost nano-biocatalysts 17. Biosynthesis of nanomaterials using algae 18. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and technical economic analysis (TEA) of algal biofuel production 19. Environmental resilience by Microalgae 20. Microalgae-based remediation of wastewaters 21. Resource recovery from waste streams using micro-algae: Opportunities and threats
£68.96
Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc Production of Biodiesel from NonEdible Sources
Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Introduction 2. Biodiesel and its properties 3. Non-edible feedstock: Necessity and societal implications 4. Transesterification methods 5. Biodiesel production – Key factors affecting efficiency of the process 6. Pilot plant and industrial scale operations for biodiesel production 7. Environmental sustainability, technoeconomic analysis, and policy-making aspects of biodiesel 8. Concluding remarks and future prospects
£86.25
Elsevier Science & Technology Residential Microgrids and Rural Electrifications
Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Overview of various microgrid concepts for residential systems and rural electrifications 2. Sources of a microgrid for residential systems and rural electrifications 3. Battery energy storage systems for residential systems and rural electrifications 4. Power and energy management for microgrids in residential systems and rural electrifications 5. Microgrid controllers for residential systems and rural electrifications 6. Internet of Things (IoT) for microgrids monitoring and control 7. Design of microgrids for residential systems 8. Design of microgrids for rural electrifications 9. Electric vehicle charging infrastructure for microgrids 10. Planning of Microgrid for residential systems and rural electrifications in HOMER 11. Protections for residential and rural microgrids 12. Electrical safety for residential and rural microgrids 13. Recent trends in microgrids 14. Case studies of microgrids
£106.50
Taylor & Francis Ltd Advances in Energy Materials and Environment
Book SynopsisThis new book, Advances in Energy Materials and Environment Engineering, covers the timely issue of green applications of materials. It covers the diverse usages of carbon nanotubes for energy, for power, for the protection of the environment, and for new energy applications. The diverse topics in the volume include energy saving technologies, renewable energy, clean energy development, nuclear engineering and hydrogen energy, advanced power semiconductors, power systems and energy and much more. This timely book addresses the need of the hour and will prove to be valuable for environmentally conscious industry professionals, faculty and students, and researchers in materials science, engineering, and environment with interest in energy materials.Table of ContentsEnergy materials and chemical properties structure researchEnergy utilization and energy-saving energy storage technologyEnvironmental pollution prevention and green ecological restorationUrban environmental engineering and environmental monitoring planning
£166.25
Pearson Education (US) Renewable Energy Systems
Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Energy Sources 2. Electrical Fundamentals 3. Solar Photovoltaics 4. Solar Energy Systems 5. Solar Tracking 6. The Charge Controller and Inverter 7. Wind Power Systems 8. Wind Turbine Control 9. Biomass Technologies 10. Geothermal Power Generation 11. Energy from Water 12. Fuel Cells 13. Generators 14. The Electrical Power Grid Glossary List of Variables Index
£121.97
Elsevier Science Comprehensive Energy Systems
Book Synopsis
£3,154.00
Columbia University Press Kicking the Carbon Habit
Book SynopsisExamines what the United States can do to help prevent climate devastation. This title explores advances made by climate scientists and addresses the various political and economic issues associated with global warming, including the practicality of reducing emissions from automobiles, and the efficacy of taxing energy consumption.Trade ReviewHis lively, clear reporting of both the science and politics of climate change... Make the book a pleasure to read. -- Doug Macdougall The Chronicle Review Sweet knows what he is talking about... Kicking the Carbon Habit is a great place to kick-start the debate and cool down the rhetoric. -- William Tucker Wall Street Journal An important contribution to the debate. Globe and Mail The book is extremely well written... Highly recommended. Choice Clearly written and very well-informed. Future Survey A must-read for anyone who wants a good summary of our current understanding of global warming and the options before us. -- Andrew C. Kadak Physics Today Sweet's book is a readable, compelling and hard-nosed analysis of this vast and complicated subject. The Exeter Bulletin [An] excellent survey perfect for both school and public libraries. The Midwest Book ReviewTable of ContentsPreface 1. The Case for Sharply Cutting U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Part I. Coal: A Faustian Bargain with Payments Coming Due 2. Basis of It All: Pennsylvania in the Pennsylvanian 3. The Air We Breathe: The Human Costs of Coal Combustion 4. From Outer Space: Asia's Brown Cloud, and More Part II. Climate: The Lockstep Relationship Between Carbon Dioxide and Temperature 5. The Drillers 6. The Modelers 7. The Synthesizers Part III. Choices: The Low-Carbon and Zero-Carbon Technologies We Can Deploy Right Now 8. Breaking the Carbon Habit 9. Going All Out for Renewables, Conservation, and Green Design 10. Natural Gas, Gasoline, and the Vision of a Hydrogen Economy 11. A Second Look at Nuclear Energy Conclusion: How to Reduce Greenhouse Gases Now, Using Today's Technology Acknowledgments Notes Bibliography Index
£70.40
Columbia University Press Kicking the Carbon Habit
Book SynopsisExamines what the United States can do to help prevent climate devastation. This title explores advances made by climate scientists and addresses the various political and economic issues associated with global warming, including the practicality of reducing emissions from automobiles, and the efficacy of taxing energy consumption.Trade ReviewHis lively, clear reporting of both the science and politics of climate change... Make the book a pleasure to read. -- Doug Macdougall The Chronicle Review Sweet knows what he is talking about... Kicking the Carbon Habit is a great place to kick-start the debate and cool down the rhetoric. -- William Tucker Wall Street Journal An important contribution to the debate. Globe and Mail The book is extremely well written... Highly recommended. Choice Clearly written and very well-informed. Future Survey A must-read for anyone who wants a good summary of our current understanding of global warming and the options before us. -- Andrew C. Kadak Physics Today Sweet's book is a readable, compelling and hard-nosed analysis of this vast and complicated subject. The Exeter Bulletin [An] excellent survey perfect for both school and public libraries. The Midwest Book ReviewTable of ContentsPreface 1. The Case for Sharply Cutting U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Part I. Coal: A Faustian Bargain with Payments Coming Due 2. Basis of It All: Pennsylvania in the Pennsylvanian 3. The Air We Breathe: The Human Costs of Coal Combustion 4. From Outer Space: Asia's Brown Cloud, and More Part II. Climate: The Lockstep Relationship Between Carbon Dioxide and Temperature 5. The Drillers 6. The Modelers 7. The Synthesizers Part III. Choices: The Low-Carbon and Zero-Carbon Technologies We Can Deploy Right Now 8. Breaking the Carbon Habit 9. Going All Out for Renewables, Conservation, and Green Design 10. Natural Gas, Gasoline, and the Vision of a Hydrogen Economy 11. A Second Look at Nuclear Energy Conclusion: How to Reduce Greenhouse Gases Now, Using Today's Technology Acknowledgments Notes Bibliography Index
£23.80
Columbia University Press Green Innovation in China
Book SynopsisTrade ReviewBecause there is no more important issue to future generations than climate change and no more important country in the effort to control greenhouse gas emissions than China, Joanna Lewis's book is particularly timely and welcome. Thoroughly researched and well-written, this informative volume goes a long way toward helping us understand the critical role China plays in both the causes for and solutions to the global climate change challenge. -- Orville Schell, director, Center on U.S.-China Relations, Asia Society Green Innovation in China is a compelling exploration of how China is transforming itself into a clean energy powerhouse. By taking us deep into the competitive world of wind power-from research and development to the cutthroat global marketplace-Joanna Lewis provides fascinating insights into China's broader clean tech innovation strategy. This is a book that should be on the desk or nightstand of anyone who wants to understand where China's leaders are taking their country and how they plan to get there. -- Elizabeth Economy, C. V. Starr Senior Fellow and director of Asia studies, Council on Foreign Relations This book provides an excellent overview of China's green innovation system, relating China's energy technology innovations to the country's domestic policy interventions and international collaborations. China's green innovation process is very complicated. Without a doubt, this book will help readers within and outside of China better grasp the context and nature of the issue. The text also describes well the lessons other developing countries can draw from China's green innovation exercise. -- Zhang Xiliang, professor and executive director, Institute of Energy, Environment, and Economy, Tsinghua University Lewis's work is a lucid look at the development of a key green-tech sector, and the larger lessons it holds for China's innovative capacity. Asian Review of Books Essential reading for everyone interested in the Chinese wind energy industry, providing a compelling and well-researched overview, including the industry's history and prospects for its future. -- Johan Nordensvard International Affairs As important as it is timely... Required reading for anyone interested in China's energy or environmental politics. -- Phillip Stalley The China Quarterly In this timely volume, Joanna Lewis integrates insights and research from over a decade of work relating to the rise of China's wind market, the largest in the world. -- Edward A. Cunningham Review of Policy Research Informative... Green Innovation in China is timely reading for anyone interested in the evolution of the wind energy industry in China. China Review International [A] carefully researched, painstakingly referenced, and articulate account. Journal of Chinese Political Science An accurate and invaluable reference for scholars of development and innovation studies. Pacific AffairsTable of ContentsList of Figures List of Tables Preface Abbreviations Chronology of Wind Power Development in China 1. Green Innovation in China 2. China's Energy and Climate Challenge 3. China in the Global Wind Power Innovation System 4. The Role of Foreign Technology in China's Wind Power Industry Development 5. Goldwind and the Emergence of the Chinese Wind Industry 6. Wind Energy Leapfrogging in Emerging Economies 7. Engaging China on Clean Energy Cooperation Notes Bibliography Index
£70.40
Taylor & Francis Ltd Mainstreaming Solar Energy in Small Tropical
Book SynopsisThis book explores how cultural considerations can improve policymaking to achieve mainstream solar energy in small, tropical islands. Focusing on Trinidad, Barbados and OÊahu, Kiron C. Neale looks at how culture can affect and be affected by the policies that support the household adoption of two key energy technologies: solar water heating and photovoltaics. Drawing on interviews with residents and energy officials, and an examination of the institutional, socio-economic and physical factors that affect energy systems such as governance structures and energy resource availability, the author explores themes including the impact of insularity on energy transitions and behavioural and cultural change. Overall, this book rebrands policies as instruments of cultural change and puts forward recommendations applicable to all small, tropical islands.Following the islandsâ transition to renewable energy, this book will be of great interest to scholars of energy policy, energTrade Review"Kiron has a unique and insightful perspective on emerging energy transitions in Trinidad, Barbados and O'ahu. Focusing on culture, an under-explored topic of energy transitions, Kiron’s research provides rich insights, and aligned policy recommendations, into how solar can be brought out of niche market and social environments and into the mainstream." -- Rebecca Ford, Strathclyde Chancellor's Fellow, University of Strathclyde, UK"A creative and rigorous book that examines an understudied topic, the household and cultural uses of solar energy in small island developing states. It shows that tropical island countries have far more to offer the world than sun, sea, and sand. Important reading for those who care about energy transitions across less common paths." -- Benjamin Sovacool, Professor of Energy Policy, Director of the Sussex Energy Group, & Director of the Center on Innovation and Energy Demand, University of Sussex, UK"This book tackles the interesting question of how solar energy can be introduced into island economies. Drawing on evidence from islands with a range of different histories and resource endowments, it provides a fresh approach to island energy systems, using thinking from cultural studies and innovation theories to inform how practice and policy might change." -- Nick Eyre, Professor of Energy and Climate Policy & Director of the UK Centre for Research on Energy Demand, University of Oxford"Small island populations are minor contributors to global climate change but among the most sensitive and vulnerable to its impacts, such as sea level rise. Kiron Neale’s probing, comparative study of energy transitions away from fossil fuels to renewable energy in the island communities of Trinidad, Barbados, and O'ahu is among the first to take both the culture of energy and energy of culture seriously in sustainability transitions. The insights build constructively on socio-technical transitions theory and are of significance to energy regimes in the global North and South." -- Thomas Thornton, Dean of Arts and Sciences & Vice Provost for Research and Sponsored Programs, University of Alaska Southeast, USA"Islands matter: Clean and abundant alternative energy from the sun is being mainstreamed in tropical, small island communities, assisting their transition away from fossil fuel dependence. With a focus on Barbados, O'ahu and Trinidad, Kiron Neale argues convincingly that culture, policy and technology need to be aligned for such a transition to be successful." -- Godfrey Baldacchino, Professor of Sociology, University of Malta and President, International Small Islands Studies Association (ISISA) "This timely book provides very helpful new insights on the challenges and opportunities of establishing sustainable energy services in tropical islands. In particular, it will help practitioners, policy makers and their advisors map a path through the complex interactions of cultures, politics and technologies which must be navigated in order to deliver the development benefits from sustainable energy services that are so needed by communities in tropical islands." -- John Holmes, Senior Research Fellow in Environmental Policy, University of Oxford, UK"This book is written with a lovely, light touch – just like a Caribbean wind, or the lapping waves. It shows how a just energy transition can occur in small islands through the use of renewable, solar power. The text combines a clear understanding of the role of culture in what is acceptable to people and investigates how policy can combine with this to achieve the transition. The overall perspective links an academic approach with that of a realistic recognition of what is needed to help these islands transform their energy systems. There are over 2000 oceanic islands that could build on the evidence from the three islands studied – Trinidad, Barbados and O'ahu in Hawaii. These small islands may not contribute large amounts of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, but they are amongst the first to suffer from rising sea level. This book provides a hopeful outlook for them." -- Brenda Boardman, Emeritus Research Fellow, University of Oxford, UK"What does the steel drum have to do with climate change? Neale's book is a treasure, as it embeds cultural path dependencies and social barriers in the climate change discourse and catalyzes a transition of "energy cultures" with policy relevant insights. It highlights that climate change adaptation and mitigation are more than technical problems and shows ways of dealing with solar technologies that even small island states can fall back on. This book hopefully finds its way into concrete policy decisions steering future climate resilient pathways." -- Beate Ratter, Professor of Integrative Geography and Coastal Research, University of Hamburg, Germany"I found Kiron Neale’s focus on the cultural and political factors of tropical Island energy transitions was not only interesting, but very useful. Neale provides guidance on why and how culture critically affects tropical island energy transitions and he does this with an inhabitant’s understanding. He has also very helpfully presented guidance on how to think through socio-technical energy transitions and mainstreaming of technologies more broadly. While I recommend this book to people interested in energy transitions, renewable energy and island scholarships, I also recommend it to those who want to understand the critical (cultural, political, technical and logistic) factors that affect other changes that are occurring in societies. For energy policy makers, energy market operators and power engineers – as you work on introducing renewables into society, keep this book near and refer to it as you go – I am confident it will be a useful guide for your work." -- Phillipa Watson, Research Fellow, School of Technology, Environments & Design, University of Tasmania, Australia"Kiron has a unique and insightful perspective on emerging energy transitions in Trinidad, Barbados and Oʻahu. Focusing on culture, an under-explored topic of energy transitions, Kiron’s research provides rich insights, and aligned policy recommendations, into how solar can be brought out of niche market and social environments and into the mainstream." -- Rebecca Ford, Strathclyde Chancellor's Fellow, University of Strathclyde, UK"A creative and rigorous book that examines an understudied topic, the household and cultural uses of solar energy in small island developing states. It shows that tropical island countries have far more to offer the world than sun, sea, and sand. Important reading for those who care about energy transitions across less common paths." -- Benjamin Sovacool, Professor of Energy Policy, Director of the Sussex Energy Group, & Director of the Center on Innovation and Energy Demand, University of Sussex, UK"This book tackles the interesting question of how solar energy can be introduced into island economies. Drawing on evidence from islands with a range of different histories and resource endowments, it provides a fresh approach to island energy systems, using thinking from cultural studies and innovation theories to inform how practice and policy might change." -- Nick Eyre, Professor of Energy and Climate Policy & Director of the UK Centre for Research on Energy Demand, University of Oxford"Small island populations are minor contributors to global climate change but among the most sensitive and vulnerable to its impacts, such as sea level rise. Kiron Neale’s probing, comparative study of energy transitions away from fossil fuels to renewable energy in the island communities of Trinidad, Barbados, and Oʻahu is among the first to take both the culture of energy and energy of culture seriously in sustainability transitions. The insights build constructively on socio-technical transitions theory and are of significance to energy regimes in the global North and South." -- Thomas Thornton, Dean of Arts and Sciences & Vice Provost for Research and Sponsored Programs, University of Alaska Southeast, USA"Islands matter: Clean and abundant alternative energy from the sun is being mainstreamed in tropical, small island communities, assisting their transition away from fossil fuel dependence. With a focus on Barbados, Oʻahu and Trinidad, Kiron Neale argues convincingly that culture, policy and technology need to be aligned for such a transition to be successful." -- Godfrey Baldacchino, Professor of Sociology & Chairman of the Board of the Centre for Labour Studies, University of Malta"This timely book provides very helpful new insights on the challenges and opportunities of establishing sustainable energy services in tropical islands. In particular, it will help practitioners, policy makers and their advisors map a path through the complex interactions of cultures, politics and technologies which must be navigated in order to deliver the development benefits from sustainable energy services that are so needed by communities in tropical islands." -- John Holmes, Senior Research Fellow in Environmental Policy, University of Oxford, UK"This book is written with a lovely, light touch – just like a Caribbean wind, or the lapping waves. It shows how a just energy transition can occur in small islands through the use of renewable, solar power. The text combines a clear understanding of the role of culture in what is acceptable to people and investigates how policy can combine with this to achieve the transition. The overall perspective links an academic approach with that of a realistic recognition of what is needed to help these islands transform their energy systems. There are over 2000 oceanic islands that could build on the evidence from the three islands studied – Trinidad, Barbados and Oʻahu in Hawaii. These small islands may not contribute large amounts of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, but they are amongst the first to suffer from rising sea level. This book provides a hopeful outlook for them." -- Brenda Boardman, Emeritus Research Fellow, University of Oxford, UK"What does the steel drum have to do with climate change? Neale's book is a treasure, as it embeds cultural path dependencies and social barriers in the climate change discourse and catalyzes a transition of "energy cultures" with policy relevant insights. It highlights that climate change adaptation and mitigation are more than technical problems and shows ways of dealing with solar technologies that even small island states can fall back on. This book hopefully finds its way into concrete policy decisions steering future climate resilient pathways." -- Beate Ratter, Professor of Integrative Geography and Coastal Research, University of Hamburg, Germany"I found Kiron Neale’s focus on the cultural and political factors of tropical Island energy transitions was not only interesting, but very useful. Neale provides guidance on why and how culture critically affects tropical island energy transitions and he does this with an inhabitant’s understanding. He has also very helpfully presented guidance on how to think through socio-technical energy transitions and mainstreaming of technologies more broadly. While I recommend this book to people interested in energy transitions, renewable energy and island scholarships, I also recommend it to those who want to understand the critical (cultural, political, technical and logistic) factors that affect other changes that are occurring in societies. For energy policy makers, energy market operators and power engineers – as you work on introducing renewables into society, keep this book near and refer to it as you go – I am confident it will be a useful guide for your work." -- Phillipa Watson, Research Fellow, School of Technology, Environments & Design, University of Tasmania, AustraliaTable of ContentsPart 1: Small Islands, Energy Transitions and ‘Mainstream Culture’ 1. ‘Sun, Sea and Sand’ and Solar Energy 2. Energy Transitions and The Mainstream 3. Energy Transitions and Mainstream Energy Cultures Part 2: Beginning the Household Solar Energy Transition 4. Agriculture, Fossil Fuels and Electricity 5. Electricity and Mainstream Energy Cultures Part 3: Transitioning to and through Household Solar Energy Technologies 6. Electricity, Solar Hot Water and Mainstream Cultural Change 7. Solar Water Heating, PV and Policy Implementation Part 4: Mainstreaming Solar Energy in Small, Tropical Islands 8. Conclusions on Mainstreaming Solar Energy
£128.25
Taylor & Francis Ltd Predicting Chemical Toxicity and Fate
Book SynopsisQuantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSARs) are increasingly used to predict the harmful effects of chemicals to humans and the environment. The increased use of these methods in a variety of areas (academic, industrial, regulatory) results from a realization that very little toxicological or fate data is available on the vast amount of chemicals to which humans and the environment are exposed.Predicting Chemical Toxicity and Fate provides a comprehensive explanation of the state-of-the-art methods that are available to predict the effects of chemicals on humans and the environment. It describes the use of predictive methods to estimate the physiochemical properties, biological activities, and fate of chemicals. The methods described may be used to predict the properties of drugs before their development, and to predict the environmental effects of chemicals. These methods also reduce the cost of product development and the need for animal testing.This book fills an obvious need by providing a comprehensive explanation of these prediction methods. It is a practical book that illustrates the use of these techniques in real life scenarios. This book will demystify QSARs for those students unsure of them, and professionals in environmental toxicology and chemistry will find this a useful reference in their everyday working lives.Trade Review"This book provides a comprehensive explanation of the state-of-the-art methods that are available to predict the effects of chemicals on humans and the environment. … The book fills an obvious need by providing a comprehensive explanation of these prediction methods. It is a practical book that illustrates the use of these techniques in real life scenarios. It will demystify QSARs for those students unsure of the them, and professionals in environmental toxicology and chemistry will find this a useful reference in their everyday working lives." - International Pest Control, Vol. 47, No. 2, March/April 2005 "The authors and editors have done a fine job in presenting a well balanced view of the early development, current status and future uses of predictive models/(Q)SARs for use in both human health assessments and environmental assessments. … Anyone interested in predictive modelling of mammalian toxicity and environmental effects should consider this book … ." - BTS Newsletter, Winter 2004, Issue 25 "This choice [of contributors] provides a refreshing outlook on certain topics… we learn what research has been done, what needs most to be done, and why successes have been limited. This is exactly the sort of state-of-the-art description an overview volume should provide." - Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 48, No. 13, 2005Table of ContentsIntroduction. Methodology. QSARs for Human Health Endpoints. QSARs for Environmental Toxicity and Fate Part. Application.
£166.25
Taylor & Francis Ltd Dams in Japan Past Present and Future
Book SynopsisOverview of Japan's long water history, by the Japanese Commission on large dams. Starting from the 7th century, when irrigation ponds were first constructed for paddy cropping, until the beginning of the 21st century. Elaborates on various roles of dams: water supply, power generation and flood control. Moreover, tries to clarify the negative impacts of dams on the natural environment and local societies, as well as extensive efforts made to minimize these impacts. Includes appendices with location and characteristics of main dams, administrative organs, river management system and water resources development river systems and facilities to offer the full picture. Richly-illustrated. Intended for dam and water resources professionals.Trade ReviewThis documentary prepared by the Japan Commission on Dams (JCOLD) presents an excellent chronological historical record of dams in Japan, the current role of their dams and Japan’s vision of the role that dams will play in the future. This book is recommended reading for water resources planners, dam engineers, stakeholders for water projects and the public.Arthur H. Walz, Jr., Former Vice President: International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD)Table of Contents1. Introduction; 2. Roles of dams Japanese water history; 3. Environmental and social impact; 4. Dams in the future; 5. Summation; Appendices: 1. National administrative organs; 2. River management systems; 3. Existing dams in Japan; 4. Water resources development river systems and facilities; Location of dams in Japan; Main dimensions of dams described; References; Index.
£142.50
Taylor & Francis Ltd Solar Power Generation
Book SynopsisThis book offers a global perspective of the current state of affairs in the field of solar power engineering. In four parts, this well-researched volume informs about: Established solar PV (photovoltaic) technologies Third-generation PV technologies based on new materials with potential for low-cost large-scale production Solar cell technology based on new (third-generation) concepts, such as quantum dot solar cells and nano wire solar cells using silicon and compound semiconductors Economic implications and effects, as well as policies and incentives in various countries of the world involved with solar energy implementation In addition to discussing manufacturing facts and implementation issues, this book emphasizes the implications of policy measures in countries with good PV activity, such as Japan, China, India, Germany, SpaiTrade ReviewProfessor Jayarama Reddy is one of the best known, accomplished and inspiring scientists and teachers of PV in India. This exciting book includes the wisdom and knowledge of a master scientist and teacher who has devoted his life to developing PV for use not just in India but throughout the world. Both young scientists, new to the field, and experienced scientists will find its insights useful and inspiring as we move forward to provide the world with the energy it needs. R. W. Miles BSc ARCS MSc DIC PhD MInstP CPhys Northumbria Photovoltaics Applications Centre, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.Table of Contents1. Introduction. 2. Silicon solar cells. 3. Polycrystalline CIGS and CdTe thin film solar cells. 4. Organic and dye-sensitized solar cells. 5. High-efficiency solar devices. 6. New concepts based solar cells. 7. Policies and Incentives.
£74.09
Taylor & Francis Ltd Geochemical Modeling of Groundwater Vadose and
Book SynopsisTable of ContentsSection 1: Introduction to groundwater geochemistry and fundamentals of hydrogeochemical modeling1. Hydrogeochemistry principles for geochemical modeling 2. Thermodynamics of gas and mineral solubility in the unsaturated-zone water 3. Governing equations and solution algorithms for geochemical modeling 4. Fluid flow, solute and heat transport equations 5. Numerical solutions of reactive transport equations 6. Elaboration of a geochemical model 7. Advances in geochemical modeling for geothermal applicationsSection 2: Cases studies8. Integrating field observations and inverse and forward modeling: application at a site with acidic, heavy-metal-contaminated groundwater 9. Models and measurements of porosity and permeability evolution in a sandstone formation 10. Geochemical modeling of water chemistry evolution in the Guarani Aquifer System in São Paulo, Brazil 11. Modeling of reactive transport at a site contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons at Hnevice, Czech Republic 12. Numerical modeling for preliminary assessment of natural remediation of phosphorus in variably saturated soil in a peri-urban settlement in Kampala, Uganda
£237.50
Taylor & Francis Ltd PicoSolar Electric Systems
Book SynopsisThis book provides a comprehensive overview of the technology behind the pico-solar revolution and offers guidance on how to test and choose quality products. The book also discusses how pioneering companies and initiatives are overcoming challenges to reach scale in the marketplace, from innovative distribution strategies to reach customers in rural India and Tanzania, to product development in Cambodia, product assembly in Mozambique and the introduction of pay as you go' technology in Kenya.Pico-solar is a new category of solar electric system which has the potential to transform the lives of over 1.6 billion people who live without access to electricity. Pico-solar systems are smaller and more affordable than traditional solar systems and have the power to provide useful amounts of electricity to charge the increasing number of low power consuming appliances from mobile phones, e-readers and parking metres, to LED lights which have the power to light up millionsTrade Review'John Keane is one of the world's pre-eminent authorities on pico-solar, both the technologies involved, and the marketing of them. This book is a wonderful encapsulation of his expertise. I have been priviledged to be a colleague of his in the most successful enterprise yet in selling pico-solar in Africa, SolarAid's retail brand SunnyMoney. I know first hand how much social good John Keane's vocational life, and now his book based on it, are doing and will do for the world.' - Jeremy Leggett, Founder and Chairman of SolarCentury and SolarAid'It’s a very good book which covers an important topic. Pico-solar products have the potential to help rural communities which do not have access to electricity in many ways, such as helping farmers charge their phones to stay connected and students to study at night.' - Alex Nana Yaw Brako, Logistics Operations Manager, West & Central Africa, Barefoot Power Africa Limited'An inspiring, accessible and useful book which gives a good overview of how small solar solutions are helping light up parts of Africa.' - Fredrick Ouko, Executive Director, Action Network for the Disabled, Kenya'Young people are leaving rural farming communities for urban lifestyles, resulting in an ageing countryside, globally, with a dearth of people to take up agriculture and feed the growing population. Pico-solar provides one innovative means by which rural lifestyles can be improved, enticing more people to stay in and contribute to the development of rural areas. This book provides an excellent overview of the sector and an improved understanding on how pico-solar products can improve rural, agricultural communities'. - Courtney Paisley, Director of Young Professionals for Agricultural Development (YPARD)'I found the book really useful and interesting. It provides a great introduction and overview to the new and exciting pico-solar sector, covering a wide range of issues, including the technology, the challenges facing last mile distributors and the positive social impact pico-solar lighting in particular can have. It's clear that pico-solar energy solutions promise to help rural Africa gain access to clean, renewable energy and have a big social impact on rural communities. Furthermore, with the relatively non-existent empirical literature and documented successful distribution models of pico-solar products in Africa, this book is timely and provides suitable case studies and guides for those interested in the pico-solar industry in Africa.' - Emmanuel Aziebor, Associate Advisor, Renewable Energy, SNV Netherlands Development Organisation, Ghana'Congratulations on the book. I think it will allow for a lot of information flow on the technical aspects of solar and the solar market in general. Many people working in the pico-solar sector will identify with the wins and challenges discussed in the book. The book is also good for non-technical people and as an introduction for people new to the field.' - Anne Kayiwa, Country Manager, Barefoot Power, Uganda Table of ContentsPreface Chapter 1: An Introduction to Pico-solar 1. Pico-solar - A New Category of Solar Electric Power 2. System Components 3. The Pico-solar Market 4. Power to Transform Lives 5. Overcoming Traditional Solar Barriers 6. Market trends Chapter 2: The Solar Resource 1. Introduction to Solar Power 2. Putting the Sun’s Energy to Work 3. Solar Radiation 4. Solar Incident Angle 5. Insolation Chapter 3: PV Solar Cells and Modules 1. The Solar Cell 2. How Solar Cells Work 3. The Solar Module 4. Module Ratings 5. Module Output 6. Types of PV Modules 7. PV Wiring and Junction Boxes 8. PV Module Disposal 9. Prices and Innovations Chapter 4: Batteries 1. Introduction to Batteries 2. Battery Chemistries 3. Prices and Innovations Chapter 5: Lighting 1. Lighting Principles and Measurements 2. Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) Chapter 6: Energy Efficient Appliances 1. Powering Small Appliances 2. Calculating Energy Needs 3. Calculating Module Size and Battery Capacity 4. Portable Electronic Appliances 5. Larger Solar Systems Chapter 7: Quality and Standards 1. Standards and Quality marks 2. Product Life and Warranty 3. Product Performance 4. International Classifications 5. Product Testing Chapter 8: Using and Maintaining Products 1. Selling Pico-solar Responsibly 2. Basic Repairs Chapter 9: The Impact of Pico-solar 1. Light for Development 2. Economic Impact 3. Health and Safety 4. Education 5. Environment 6. Communications Chapter 10: Challenges Facing the Market 1. Reaching the Base of the Pyramid 2. Logistics and Supply 3. Distribution 4. Financial Barriers and Solutions 5. Marketing at the Base of the Pyramid 6. Customer and Aftersales Service 7. Import Taxes and Tariffs 8. Product Disposal and Recycling 9. Policy and Market Facilitation – The Role of Government Chapter 11: Case Studies 1. SunnyMoney - Scaling Up in East Africa 2. Fosera – Manufacturing in Mozambique 3. Toyola Energy – Entrepreneurs in West Africa 4. Worldreader – Solar Charging E-readers in Ghana 5. Greenlight Planet: Direct to Village Distribution in India 6. Orb Energy – India 7. Kamworks - Creating Lighting Solutions in Cambodia 8. NWFT - Microfinancing Solar in the Philippines Chapter 12: Resources 1. Further Reading 2. Industry Bodies, Initiatives and Programmes 3. Pico-solar Companies Specialising in Lighting Products 4. References
£128.25
John Wiley & Sons Inc Grid Converters for Photovoltaic and Wind Power
Book SynopsisThis book provides a detailed coverage of power converters for renewable energy systems, so that power produced from these systems can be efficiently integrated into the national grid. The authors cover some general concepts in control theory, explaining different types of controller.Trade Review Table of ContentsAbout the Authors. Preface. Acknowledgements. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Wind Power Development. 1.2 Photovoltaic Power Development. 1.3 The Grid Converter – The Key Element in Grid Integration of WT and PV Systems. 2 Photovoltaic Inverter Structures. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Inverter Structures Derived from H-Bridge Topology. 2.3 Inverter Structures Derived from NPC Topology. 2.4 Typical PV Inverter Structures. 2.5 Three-Phase PV Inverters. 2.6 Control Structures. 2.7 Conclusions and Future Trends. 3 Grid Requirements for PV. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 International Regulations. 3.3 Response to Abnormal Grid Conditions. 3.4 Power Quality. 3.5 Anti-islanding Requirements. 3.6 Summary. 4 Grid Synchronization in Single-Phase Power Converters. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Grid Synchronization Techniques for Single-Phase Systems. 4.3 Phase Detection Based on In-Quadrature Signals. 4.4 Some PLLs Based on In-Quadrature Signal Generation. 4.5 Some PLLs Based on Adaptive Filtering. 4.6 The SOGI Frequency-Locked Loop. 4.7 Summary. 5 Islanding Detection. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Nondetection Zone. 5.3 Overview of Islanding Detection Methods. 5.4 Passive Islanding Detection Methods. 5.5 Active Islanding Detection Methods. 5.6 Summary. 6 Grid Converter Structures forWind Turbine Systems. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 WTS Power Configurations. 6.3 Grid Power Converter Topologies. 6.4 WTS Control. 6.5 Summary. 7 Grid Requirements for WT Systems. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Grid Code Evolution. 7.3 Frequency and Voltage Deviation under Normal Operation. 7.4 Active Power Control in Normal Operation. 7.5 Reactive Power Control in Normal Operation. 7.6 Behaviour under Grid Disturbances. 7.7 Discussion of Harmonization of Grid Codes. 7.8 Future Trends. 7.9 Summary. 8 Grid Synchronization in Three-Phase Power Converters. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 The Three-Phase Voltage Vector under Grid Faults. 8.3 The Synchronous Reference Frame PLL under Unbalanced and Distorted Grid Conditions. 8.4 The Decoupled Double Synchronous Reference Frame PLL (DDSRF-PLL). 8.5 The Double Second-Order Generalized Integrator FLL (DSOGI-FLL). 8.6 Summary. 9 Grid Converter Control for WTS. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Model of the Converter. 9.3 AC Voltage and DC Voltage Control. 9.4 Voltage Oriented Control and Direct Power Control. 9.5 Stand-alone, Micro-grid, Droop Control and Grid Supporting. 9.6 Summary. 10 Control of Grid Converters under Grid Faults. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Overview of Control Techniques for Grid-Connected Converters under Unbalanced Grid Voltage Conditions. 10.3 Control Structures for Unbalanced Current Injection. 10.4 Power Control under Unbalanced Grid Conditions. 10.5 Flexible Power Control with Current Limitation. 10.6 Summary. 11 Grid Filter Design. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Filter Topologies. 11.3 Design Considerations. 11.4 Practical Examples of LCL Filters and Grid Interactions. 11.5 Resonance Problem and Damping Solutions. 11.6 Nonlinear Behaviour of the Filter. 11.7 Summary. 12 Grid Current Control. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Current Harmonic Requirements. 12.3 Linear Current Control with Separated Modulation. 12.4 Modulation Techniques. 12.5 Operating Limits of the Current-Controlled Converter. 12.6 Practical Example. 12.7 Summary. Appendix A Space Vector Transformations of Three-Phase Systems. A.1 Introduction. A.2 Symmetrical Components in the Frequency Domain. A.3 Symmetrical Components in the Time Domain. A.4 Components αβ0 on the Stationary Reference Frame. A.5 Components dq0 on the Synchronous Reference Frame. Appendix B Instantaneous Power Theories. B.1 Introduction. B.2 Origin of Power Definitions at the Time Domain for Single-Phase Systems. B.3 Origin of Active Currents in Multiphase Systems. B.4 Instantaneous Calculation of Power Currents in Multiphase Systems. B.5 The p-q Theory. B.6 Generalization of the p-q Theory to Arbitrary Multiphase Systems. B.7 The Modified p-q Theory. B.8 Generalized Instantaneous Reactive Power Theory for Three-Phase Power Systems. B.9 Summary. Appendix C Resonant Controller. C.1 Introduction. C.2 Internal Model Principle. C.3 Equivalence of the PI Controller in the dq Frame and the P+Resonant Controller in the αβ Frame. Index.
£104.36
John Wiley & Sons Inc Distributed Generation
Book SynopsisDistributed power generation is a technology that could help to enable efficient, renewable energy production both in the developed and developing world. It includes all use of small electric power generators, whether located on the utility system, at the site of a utility customer, or at an isolated site not connected to the power grid. Induction generator (IG) is the most commonly used and cheapest technology, compatible with renewable energy resources. Permanent magnet (PM) generators have traditionally been avoided due to high fabrication costs; however, compared with IGs they are more reliable and productive. Distributed Generation thoroughly examines the principles, possibilities and limitations of creating energy with both IGs and PM generators. It takes an electrical engineering approach in the analysis and testing of these generators, and includes diagrams and extensive case study examples to better demonstrate how the integration of energy sources can be accoTable of ContentsForeword xi Preface xiii Acknowledgements xvii About the Authors xix 1 Distributed Generation 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Reasons for DG 1 1.3 Technical Impacts of DG 3 1.3.1 DG Technologies 3 1.3.2 Thermal Issues 5 1.3.3 Voltage Profile Issues 5 1.3.4 Fault-Level Contributions 7 1.3.5 Harmonics and Interactions with Loads 7 1.3.6 Interactions Between Generating Units 8 1.3.7 Protection Issues 8 1.4 Economic Impact of DG 9 1.5 Barriers to DG Development 10 1.6 Renewable Sources of Energy 11 1.7 Renewable Energy Economics 12 1.8 Interconnection 15 1.8.1 Interconnection Standardization 15 1.8.2 Rate Design 15 1.9 Recommendations and Guidelines for DG Planning 16 1.10 Summary 18 2 Generators 21 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Synchronous Generator 21 2.2.1 Permanent Magnet Materials 22 2.2.2 Permanent Magnet Generator 23 2.3 Induction Generator 28 2.3.1 Three-Phase IGs and SEIGs 29 2.3.2 Single-Phase IGs and SEIGs 30 2.4 Doubly Fed Induction Generator 31 2.4.1 Operation 31 2.4.2 Recent Work 33 2.5 Summary 34 3 Three-Phase IG Operating on a Single-Phase Power System 41 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 Phase Balancing using Passive Circuit Elements 41 3.2.1 Analysis of IG with Phase Converters 41 3.2.2 Phase Balancing Schemes 43 3.2.3 Case Study 45 3.2.4 System Power Factor 47 3.2.5 Power and Efficiency 49 3.2.6 Operation with Fixed Phase Converters 50 3.2.7 Summary 51 3.3 Phase Balancing using the Smith Connection 52 3.3.1 Three-Phase IG with the Smith Connection 52 3.3.2 Performance Analysis 54 3.3.3 Balanced Operation 55 3.3.4 Case Study 58 3.3.5 Effect of Phase Balancing Capacitances 61 3.3.6 Dual-Mode Operation 65 3.3.7 Summary 66 3.4 Microcontroller-Based Multi-Mode Control of SMIG 67 3.4.1 Phase Voltage Consideration 67 3.4.2 Control System 67 3.4.3 Practical Implementation 71 3.4.4 Experimental Results 72 3.4.5 Summary 75 3.5 Phase Balancing using a Line Current Injection Method 77 3.5.1 Circuit Connection and Operating Principle 77 3.5.2 Performance Analysis 78 3.5.3 Balanced Operation 80 3.5.4 Case Study 82 3.5.5 Summary 91 4 Finite Element Analysis of Grid-Connected IG with the Steinmetz Connection 93 4.1 Introduction 93 4.2 Steinmetz Connection and Symmetrical Components Analysis 94 4.3 Machine Model 95 4.4 Finite Element Analysis 96 4.4.1 Basic Field Equations 96 4.4.2 Stator Circuit Equations 97 4.4.3 Stator EMFs 99 4.4.4 Rotor Circuit Model 99 4.4.5 Comments on the Proposed Method 102 4.5 Computational Aspects 103 4.6 Case Study 104 4.7 Summary 109 5 SEIGs for Autonomous Power Systems 111 5.1 Introduction 111 5.2 Three-Phase SEIG with the Steinmetz Connection 111 5.2.1 Circuit Connection and Analysis 111 5.2.2 Solution Technique 114 5.2.3 Capacitance Requirement 115 5.2.4 Computed and Experimental Results 117 5.2.5 Capacitance Requirement on Load 121 5.2.6 Summary 123 5.3 SEIG with Asymmetrically Connected Impedances and Excitation Capacitances 123 5.3.1 Circuit Model 124 5.3.2 Performance Analysis 124 5.3.3 Computed and Experimental Results 125 5.3.4 Modified Steinmetz Connection 126 5.3.5 Simplified Steinmetz Connection 133 5.3.6 Summary 135 5.4 Self-regulated SEIG for Single-Phase Loads 136 5.4.1 Circuit Connection and Analysis 136 5.4.2 Effect of Series Compensation Capacitance 138 5.4.3 Experimental Results and Discussion 143 5.4.4 Effect of Load Power Factor 147 5.4.5 Summary 149 5.5 SEIG with the Smith Connection 150 5.5.1 Circuit Connection and Operating Principle 150 5.5.2 Performance Analysis 151 5.5.3 Balanced Operation 152 5.5.4 Results and Discussion 153 5.5.5 Summary 159 6 Voltage and Frequency Control of SEIG with Slip-Ring Rotor 161 6.1 Introduction 161 6.2 Performance Analysis of SESRIG 162 6.3 Frequency and Voltage Control 165 6.4 Control with Variable Stator Load 166 6.5 Practical Implementation 168 6.5.1 Chopper-Controlled Rotor External Resistance 168 6.5.2 Closed-Loop Control 169 6.5.3 Tuning of PI Controller 170 6.5.4 Dynamic Response 170 6.6 Summary 173 7 PMSGs For Autonomous Power Systems 175 7.1 Introduction 175 7.2 Principle and Construction of PMSG with Inset Rotor 175 7.3 Analysis for Unity-Power-Factor Loads 177 7.3.1 Analysis Using the Two-Axis Model 177 7.3.2 Design Considerations 180 7.3.3 Computed Results 182 7.3.4 Experimental Results 183 7.3.5 Summary 184 7.4 A Comprehensive Analysis 185 7.4.1 Basic Equations and Analysis 185 7.4.2 Conditions for Zero Voltage Regulation 188 7.4.3 Extremum Points in the Load Characteristic 190 7.4.4 Power–Load Angle Relationship 191 7.4.5 The Saturated Two-Axis Model 192 7.4.6 Summary 194 7.5 Computation of Synchronous Reactances 194 7.5.1 Analysis Based on FEM 194 7.5.2 Computation of Xd and Xq 196 7.5.3 Computed Results 197 7.5.4 Summary 201 7.6 Analysis using Time-Stepping 2-D FEM 201 7.6.1 Machine Model and Assumptions 201 7.6.2 Coupled Circuit and Field Analysis 202 7.6.3 Magnetic Saturation Consideration 205 7.6.4 Computed Results 207 7.6.5 Experimental Verification 211 7.6.6 Summary 212 8 Conclusions 215 8.1 Accomplishments of the Book 215 8.2 Future Work 217 AppendixA Analysis for IG and SEIG 219 A.1 Symmetrical Components Equations for IG 219 A.2 Positive-Sequence and Negative-Sequence Circuits of IG 220 A.3 Vp and Vn for IG with Dual-Phase Converters 221 A.4 Derivation of Angular Relationship 223 A.5 Input Impedance of SEIG with the Steinmetz Connection 224 Appendix B The Method of Hooke and Jeeves 227 AppendixC A Note on the Finite Element Method [1] 229 C.1 Energy Functional and Discretization 229 C.2 Shape Functions 230 C.3 Functional Minimization and Global Assembly 233 Reference 234 AppendixD Technical Data of Experimental Machines 235 D.1 Machine IG1 235 D.2 Machine IG2 236 D.3 Prototype PMSG with Inset Rotor 236 Index 239
£95.36
John Wiley & Sons Inc Integration of Green and Renewable Energy in
Book Synopsis* Provides practical oriented system analysis and synthesis that is instructional and inspiring for engineers. * Topics cover major power conversion applications that tend to help professionals from a variety of industries. * Includes well designed and class tested homework and project assignments.Table of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgments xi 1 Smart Grid Distributed Generation Systems 1 2 Inverter Control Voltage and Current in Distributed Generation Systems 26 3 Parallel Operation of Inverters in Distributed Generation Systems 71 4 Power Converter Topologies for Distributed Generation Systems 105 5 Voltage and Current Control of a Three-Phase Four-Wire Distributed Generation (DG) Inverter in Island Mode 119 6 Power Flow Control of a Single Distributed Generation Unit 179 7 Robust Stability Analysis of Voltage and Current Control for Distributed Generation Systems 203 8 PWM Rectifier Control for Three-Phase Distributed Generation System 224 9 MATLAB Simulink Simulation Testbed 234 Appendix A: Simulink Model Dsimservo.Mdl 250 Appendix B: File Ssmode.M 267 Bibliography 293 Index 310
£99.86
John Wiley & Sons Inc Random Data
Book SynopsisRANDOM DATA A TIMELY UPDATE OF THE CLASSIC BOOK ON THE THEORY AND APPLICATION OF RANDOM DATA ANALYSIS First published in 1971, Random Data served as an authoritative book on the analysis of experimental physical data for engineering and scientific applications. This Fourth Edition features coverage of new developments in random data management and analysis procedures that are applicable to a broad range of applied fields, from the aerospace and automotive industries to oceanographic and biomedical research. This new edition continues to maintain a balance of classic theory and novel techniques. The authors expand on the treatment of random data analysis theory, including derivations of key relationships in probability and random process theory. The book remains unique in its practical treatment of nonstationary data analysis and nonlinear system analysis, presenting the latest techniques on modern data acquisition, storage, conversion, and qualifiTable of ContentsPreface xv Preface to the Third Edition xvii Glossary of Symbols xix 1. Basic Descriptions and Properties 1 1.1. Deterministic Versus Random Data 1 1.2. Classifications of Deterministic Data 3 1.2.1. Sinusoidal Periodic Data 3 1.2.2. Complex Periodic Data 4 1.2.3. Almost-Periodic Data 6 1.2.4. Transient Nonperiodic Data 7 1.3. Classifications of Random Data 8 1.3.1. Stationary Random Data 9 1.3.2. Ergodic Random Data 11 1.3.3. Nonstationary Random Data 12 1.3.4. Stationary Sample Records 12 1.4. Analysis of Random Data 13 1.4.1. Basic Descriptive Properties 13 1.4.2. Input/Output Relations 19 1.4.3. Error Analysis Criteria 21 1.4.4. Data Analysis Procedures 23 2. Linear Physical Systems 25 2.1. Constant-Parameter Linear Systems 25 2.2. Basic Dynamic Characteristics 26 2.3. Frequency Response Functions 28 2.4. Illustrations of Frequency Response Functions 30 2.4.1. Mechanical Systems 30 2.4.2. Electrical Systems 39 2.4.3. Other Systems 41 2.5. Practical Considerations 41 3. Probability Fundamentals 45 3.1. One Random Variable 45 3.1.1. Probability Density and Distribution Functions 46 3.1.2. Expected Values 49 3.1.3. Change of Variables 50 3.1.4. Moment-Generating and Characteristic Functions 52 3.1.5. Chebyshev’s Inequality 53 3.2. Two Random Variables 54 3.2.1. Expected Values and Correlation Coefficient 55 3.2.2. Distribution for Sum of Two Random Variables 56 3.2.3. Joint Moment-Generating and Characteristic Functions 57 3.3. Gaussian (Normal) Distribution 59 3.3.1. Central Limit Theorem 60 3.3.2. Joint Gaussian (Normal) Distribution 62 3.3.3. Moment-Generating and Characteristic Functions 63 3.3.4. N-Dimensional Gaussian (Normal) Distribution 64 3.4. Rayleigh Distribution 67 3.4.1. Distribution of Envelope and Phase for Narrow Bandwidth Data 67 3.4.2. Distribution of Output Record for Narrow Bandwidth Data 71 3.5. Higher Order Changes of Variables 72 4. Statistical Principles 79 4.1. Sample Values and Parameter Estimation 79 4.2. Important Probability Distribution Functions 82 4.2.1. Gaussian (Normal) Distribution 82 4.2.2. Chi-Square Distribution 83 4.2.3. The t Distribution 84 4.2.4. The F Distribution 84 4.3. Sampling Distributions and Illustrations 85 4.3.1. Distribution of Sample Mean with Known Variance 85 4.3.2. Distribution of Sample Variance 86 4.3.3. Distribution of Sample Mean with Unknown Variance 87 4.3.4. Distribution of Ratio of Two Sample Variances 87 4.4. Confidence Intervals 88 4.5. Hypothesis Tests 91 4.5.1. Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test 94 4.5.2. Nonparametric Trend Test 96 4.6. Correlation and Regression Procedures 99 4.6.1. Linear Correlation Analysis 99 4.6.2. Linear Regression Analysis 102 5. Stationary Random Processes 109 5.1. Basic Concepts 109 5.1.1. Correlation (Covariance) Functions 111 5.1.2. Examples of Autocorrelation Functions 113 5.1.3. Correlation Coefficient Functions 115 5.1.4. Cross-Correlation Function for Time Delay 116 5.2. Spectral Density Functions 118 5.2.1. Spectra via Correlation Functions 118 5.2.2. Spectra via Finite Fourier Transforms 126 5.2.3. Spectra via Filtering–Squaring–Averaging 129 5.2.4. Wavenumber Spectra 132 5.2.5. Coherence Functions 134 5.2.6. Cross-Spectrum for Time Delay 135 5.2.7. Location of Peak Value 137 5.2.8. Uncertainty Relation 138 5.2.9. Uncertainty Principle and Schwartz Inequality 140 5.3. Ergodic and Gaussian Random Processes 142 5.3.1. Ergodic Random Processes 142 5.3.2. Sufficient Condition for Ergodicity 145 5.3.3. Gaussian Random Processes 147 5.3.4. Linear Transformations of Random Processes 149 5.4. Derivative Random Processes 151 5.4.1. Correlation Functions 151 5.4.2. Spectral Density Functions 154 5.5. Level Crossings and Peak Values 155 5.5.1. Expected Number of Level Crossings per Unit Time 155 5.5.2. Peak Probability Functions for Narrow Bandwidth Data 159 5.5.3. Expected Number and Spacing of Positive Peaks 161 5.5.4. Peak Probability Functions for Wide Bandwidth Data 162 5.5.5. Derivations 164 6. Single-Input/Output Relationships 173 6.1. Single-Input/Single-Output Models 173 6.1.1. Correlation and Spectral Relations 173 6.1.2. Ordinary Coherence Functions 180 6.1.3. Models with Extraneous Noise 183 6.1.4. Optimum Frequency Response Functions 187 6.2. Single-Input/Multiple-Output Models 190 6.2.1. Single-Input/Two-Output Model 191 6.2.2. Single-Input/Multiple-Output Model 192 6.2.3. Removal of Extraneous Noise 194 7. Multiple-Input/Output Relationships 201 7.1. Multiple-Input/Single-Output Models 201 7.1.1. General Relationships 202 7.1.2. General Case of Arbitrary Inputs 205 7.1.3. Special Case of Mutually Uncorrelated Inputs 206 7.2. Two-Input/One-Output Models 207 7.2.1. Basic Relationships 207 7.2.2. Optimum Frequency Response Functions 210 7.2.3. Ordinary and Multiple Coherence Functions 212 7.2.4. Conditioned Spectral Density Functions 213 7.2.5. Partial Coherence Functions 219 7.3. General and Conditioned Multiple-Input Models 221 7.3.1. Conditioned Fourier Transforms 223 7.3.2. Conditioned Spectral Density Functions 224 7.3.3. Optimum Systems for Conditioned Inputs 225 7.3.4. Algorithm for Conditioned Spectra 226 7.3.5. Optimum Systems for Original Inputs 229 7.3.6. Partial and Multiple Coherence Functions 231 7.4. Modified Procedure to Solve Multiple-Input/Single-Output Models 232 7.4.1. Three-Input/Single-Output Models 234 7.4.2. Formulas for Three-Input/Single-Output Models 235 7.5. Matrix Formulas for Multiple-Input/Multiple-Output Models 237 7.5.1. Multiple-Input/Multiple-Output Model 238 7.5.2. Multiple-Input/Single-Output Model 241 7.5.3. Model with Output Noise 243 7.5.4. Single-Input/Single-Output Model 245 8. Statistical Errors in Basic Estimates 249 8.1. Definition of Errors 249 8.2. Mean and Mean Square Value Estimates 252 8.2.1. Mean Value Estimates 252 8.2.2. Mean Square Value Estimates 256 8.2.3. Variance Estimates 260 8.3. Probability Density Function Estimates 261 8.3.1. Bias of the Estimate 263 8.3.2. Variance of the Estimate 264 8.3.3. Normalized rms Error 265 8.3.4. Joint Probability Density Function Estimates 265 8.4. Correlation Function Estimates 266 8.4.1. Bandwidth-Limited Gaussian White Noise 269 8.4.2. Noise-to-Signal Considerations 270 8.4.3. Location Estimates of Peak Correlation Values 271 8.5. Autospectral Density Function Estimates 273 8.5.1. Bias of the Estimate 274 8.5.2. Variance of the Estimate 278 8.5.3. Normalized rms Error 278 8.5.4. Estimates from Finite Fourier Transforms 280 8.5.5. Test for Equivalence of Autospectra 282 8.6. Record Length Requirements 284 9. Statistical Errors in Advanced Estimates 289 9.1. Cross-Spectral Density Function Estimates 289 9.1.1. Variance Formulas 292 9.1.2. Covariance Formulas 293 9.1.3. Phase Angle Estimates 297 9.2. Single-Input/Output Model Estimates 298 9.2.1. Bias in Frequency Response Function Estimates 300 9.2.2. Coherent Output Spectrum Estimates 303 9.2.3. Coherence Function Estimates 305 9.2.4. Gain Factor Estimates 308 9.2.5. Phase Factor Estimates 310 9.3. Multiple-Input/Output Model Estimates 312 10. Data Acquisition and Processing 317 10.1. Data Acquisition 318 10.1.1. Transducer and Signal Conditioning 318 10.1.2. Data Transmission 321 10.1.3. Calibration 322 10.1.4. Dynamic Range 324 10.2. Data Conversion 326 10.2.1. Analog-to-Digital Converters 326 10.2.2. Sampling Theorems for Random Records 328 10.2.3. Sampling Rates and Aliasing Errors 330 10.2.4. Quantization and Other Errors 333 10.2.5. Data Storage 335 10.3. Data Qualification 335 10.3.1. Data Classification 336 10.3.2. Data Validation 340 10.3.3. Data Editing 345 10.4. Data Analysis Procedures 349 10.4.1. Procedure for Analyzing Individual Records 349 10.4.2. Procedure for Analyzing Multiple Records 351 11. Data Analysis 359 11.1. Data Preparation 359 11.1.1. Data Standardization 360 11.1.2. Trend Removal 361 11.1.3. Digital Filtering 363 11.2. Fourier Series and Fast Fourier Transforms 366 11.2.1. Standard Fourier Series Procedure 366 11.2.2. Fast Fourier Transforms 368 11.2.3. Cooley–Tukey Procedure 374 11.2.4. Procedures for Real-Valued Records 376 11.2.5. Further Related Formulas 377 11.2.6. Other Algorithms 378 11.3. Probability Density Functions 379 11.4. Autocorrelation Functions 381 11.4.1. Autocorrelation Estimates via Direct Computations 381 11.4.2. Autocorrelation Estimates via FFT Computations 381 11.5. Autospectral Density Functions 386 11.5.1. Autospectra Estimates by Ensemble Averaging 386 11.5.2. Side-Lobe Leakage Suppression Procedures 388 11.5.3. Recommended Computational Steps for Ensemble-Averaged Estimates 395 11.5.4. Zoom Transform Procedures 396 11.5.5. Autospectra Estimates by Frequency Averaging 399 11.5.6. Other Spectral Analysis Procedures 403 11.6. Joint Record Functions 404 11.6.1. Joint Probability Density Functions 404 11.6.2. Cross-Correlation Functions 405 11.6.3. Cross-Spectral Density Functions 406 11.6.4. Frequency Response Functions 407 11.6.5. Unit Impulse Response (Weighting) Functions 408 11.6.6. Ordinary Coherence Functions 408 11.7. Multiple-Input/Output Functions 408 11.7.1. Fourier Transforms and Spectral Functions 409 11.7.2. Conditioned Spectral Density Functions 409 11.7.3. Three-Input/Single-Output Models 411 11.7.4. Functions in Modified Procedure 414 12. Nonstationary Data Analysis 417 12.1. Classes of Nonstationary Data 417 12.2. Probability Structure of Nonstationary Data 419 12.2.1. Higher Order Probability Functions 420 12.2.2. Time-Averaged Probability Functions 421 12.3. Nonstationary Mean Values 422 12.3.1. Independent Samples 424 12.3.2. Correlated Samples 425 12.3.3. Analysis Procedures for Single Records 427 12.4. Nonstationary Mean Square Values 429 12.4.1. Independent Samples 429 12.4.2. Correlated Samples 431 12.4.3. Analysis Procedures for Single Records 432 12.5. Correlation Structure of Nonstationary Data 436 12.5.1. Double-Time Correlation Functions 436 12.5.2. Alternative Double-Time Correlation Functions 437 12.5.3. Analysis Procedures for Single Records 439 12.6. Spectral Structure of Nonstationary Data 442 12.6.1. Double-Frequency Spectral Functions 443 12.6.2. Alternative Double-Frequency Spectral Functions 445 12.6.3. Frequency Time Spectral Functions 449 12.6.4. Analysis Procedures for Single Records 456 12.7. Input/Output Relations for Nonstationary Data 462 12.7.1. Nonstationary Input and Time-Varying Linear System 463 12.7.2. Results for Special Cases 464 12.7.3. Frequency–Time Spectral Input/Output Relations 465 12.7.4. Energy Spectral Input/Output Relations 467 13. The Hilbert Transform 473 13.1. Hilbert Transforms for General Records 473 13.1.1. Computation of Hilbert Transforms 476 13.1.2. Examples of Hilbert Transforms 477 13.1.3. Properties of Hilbert Transforms 478 13.1.4. Relation to Physically Realizable Systems 480 13.2. Hilbert Transforms for Correlation Functions 484 13.2.1. Correlation and Envelope Definitions 484 13.2.2. Hilbert Transform Relations 486 13.2.3. Analytic Signals for Correlation Functions 486 13.2.4. Nondispersive Propagation Problems 489 13.2.5. Dispersive Propagation Problems 495 13.3. Envelope Detection Followed by Correlation 498 14. Nonlinear System Analysis 505 14.1. Zero-Memory and Finite-Memory Nonlinear Systems 505 14.2. Square-Law and Cubic Nonlinear Models 507 14.3. Volterra Nonlinear Models 509 14.4. SI/SO Models with Parallel Linear and Nonlinear Systems 510 14.5. SI/SO Models with Nonlinear Feedback 512 14.6. Recommended Nonlinear Models and Techniques 514 14.7. Duffing SDOF Nonlinear System 515 14.7.1. Analysis for SDOF Linear System 516 14.7.2. Analysis for Duffing SDOF Nonlinear System 518 14.8. Nonlinear Drift Force Model 520 14.8.1. Basic Formulas for Proposed Model 521 14.8.2. Spectral Decomposition Problem 523 14.8.3. System Identification Problem 524 Bibliography 527 Appendix A: Statistical Tables 533 Appendix B: Definitions for Random Data Analysis 545 List of Figures 557 List of Tables 565 List of Examples 567 Answers to Problems in Random Data 571 Index 599
£138.56
John Wiley & Sons Inc Insulators for Icing
Book SynopsisWith the widespread use of EHV equipment in winter environments, winter flashovers at air temperature close to melting point have become a critical design constraint.Trade Review"This is one of the most authoritative reference books available on the subject of insulator flashover under icing and contaminated conditions. It also provides a good introduction to high voltage surface breakdown, insulation coordination, and environmental electrochemistry. It is indispensable reading for those responsible for designing reliable power systems exposed to environmental icing and contamination." (IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 2011) "Readers who finish this well-written book will be prepared to understand and face a sizeable fraction of the current problems involved in learning to correct icing and pollution problems in electrical line insulation. The book provides clear insight on how they can best position themselves for coping with situations that arise in icing ad polluted environments." (Current Engineering Practice, 1 November 2010)Table of ContentsPREFACE. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 1. INTRODUCTION. 1.1. Scope and Objectives. 1.2. Power System Reliability. 1.3. The Insulation Coordination Process: What Is Involved? 1.4. Organization of the Book. 1.5. Précis. 2. INSULATORS FOR ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS. 2.1. Terminology for Insulators. 2.2. Classification of Insulators. 2.3. Insulator Construction. 2.4. Electrical Stresses on Insulators. 2.5. Environmental Stresses on Insulators. 2.6. Mechanical Stresses. 3. ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE OF INSULATORS. 3.1. Pollution: What It Is. 3.2. Pollution Deposits on Power System Insulators. 3.3. Nonsoluble Electrically Inert Deposits. 3.4. Soluble Electrically Conductive Pollution. 3.5. Effects of Temperature on Electrical Conductivity. 3.6. Conversion to Equivalent Salt Deposit Density. 3.7. Self-Wetting of Contaminated Surfaces. 3.8. Surface Wetting by Fog Accretion. 3.9. Surface Wetting by Natural Precipitation. 3.10. Surface Wetting by Artificial Precipitation. 4. INSULATOR ELECTRICAL PERFORMANCE IN POLLUTION CONDITIONS. 4.1. Terminology for Electrical Performance in Pollution Conditions. 4.2. Air Gap Breakdown. 4.3. Breakdown of Polluted Insulators. 4.4. Outdoor Exposure Test Methods. 4.5. Indoor Test Methods for Pollution Flashovers. 4.6. Salt-Fog Test. 4.7. Clean-Fog Test Method. 4.8. Other Test Procedures. 4.9. Salt-Fog Test Results. 4.10. Clean-Fog Test Results. 4.11. Effects of Insulator Parameters. 4.12. Effects of Nonsoluble Deposit Density. 4.13. Pressure Effects on Contamination Tests. 4.14. Temperature Effects on Pollution Flashover. 5. CONTAMINATION FLASHOVER MODELS. 5.1. General Classifi cation of Partial Discharges. 5.2. Dry-Band Arcing on Contaminated Surfaces. 5.3. Electrical Arcing on Wet, Contaminated Surfaces. 5.4. Residual Resistance of Polluted Layer. 5.5. dc Pollution Flashover Modeling. 5.6. ac Pollution Flashover Modeling. 5.7. Theoretical Modeling for Cold-Fog Flashover. 5.8. Future Directions for Pollution Flashover Modeling. 6. MITIGATION OPTIONS FOR IMPROVED PERFORMANCE IN POLLUTION CONDITIONS. 6.1. Monitoring for Maintenance. 6.2. Cleaning of Insulators. 6.3. Coating of Insulators. 6.4. Adding Accessories. 6.5. Adding More Insulators. 6.6. Changing to Improved Designs. 6.7. Changing to Semiconducting Glaze. 6.8. Changing to Polymer Insulators. 7. ICING FLASHOVERS. 7.1. Terminology for Ice. 7.2. Ice Morphology. 7.3. Electrical Characteristics of Ice. 7.4. Ice Flashover Experience. 7.5. Ice Flashover Processes. 7.6. Icing Test Methods. 7.7. Ice Flashover Test Results. 7.8. Empirical Models for Icing Flashovers. 7.9. Mathematical Modeling of Flashover Process on Ice-Covered Insulators. 7.10. Environmental Corrections for Ice Surfaces. 7.11. Future Directions for Icing Flashover Modeling. 8. SNOW FLASHOVERS. 8.1. Terminology for Snow. 8.2. Snow Morphology. 8.3. Snow Electrical Characteristics. 8.4. Snow Flashover Experience. 8.5. Snow Flashover Process and Test Methods. 8.6. Snow Flashover Test Results. 8.7 Empirical Model for Snow Flashover. 8.8. Mathematical Modeling of Flashover Process on Snow-Covered Insulators. 8.9. Environmental Corrections for Snow Flashover. 8.10. Case Studies of Snow Flashover. 9. MITIGATION OPTIONS FOR IMPROVED PERFORMANCE IN ICE AND SNOW CONDITIONS. 9.1. Options for Mitigating Very Light and Light Icing. 9.2. Options for Mitigating Moderate Icing. 9.3. Options for Mitigating Heavy Icing. 9.4. Options for Mitigating Snow and Rime. 9.5. Alternatives for Mitigating Any Icing. 10. INSULATION COORDINATION FOR ICING AND POLLUTED ENVIRONMENTS. 10.1. The Insulation Coordination Process. 10.2. Deterministic and Probabilistic Methods. 10.3. IEEE 1313.2 Design Approach for Contamination. 10.4. IEC 60815 Design Approach for Contamination. 10.5. CIGRE Design Approach for Contamination. 10.6. Characteristics of Winter Pollution. 10.7. Winter Fog Events. 10.8. Freezing Rain and Freezing Drizzle Events. 10.9. Snow Climatology. 10.10. Deterministic Coordination for Leakage Distance. 10.11. Probabilistic Coordination for Leakage Distance. 10.12. Deterministic Coordination for Dry Arc Distance. 10.13. Probabilistic Coordination for Dry Arc Distance. 10.14. Case Studies. APPENDIX A: MEASUREMENT OF INSULATOR CONTAMINATION LEVEL. APPENDIX B: STANDARD CORRECTIONS FOR HUMIDITY, TEMPERATURE, AND PRESSURE. APPENDIX C: TERMS RELATED TO ELECTRICAL IMPULSES. INDEX.
£149.35
John Wiley & Sons Inc Power Distribution System Reliability Practical
Book SynopsisReliable power distribution systems are essential to maintain a functioning society. This book covers the fundamentals of reliability analysis as they apply to the planning and design of utility, industrial, and commercial electric power distribution systems.Trade Review“Using numerous examples and case studies, they thoroughly describe the determination of failure rates and associated outage timing for various systems including the radial, primary selective, and secondary selective versions.” (Electrical Apparatus, 1 August 2012)Table of ContentsPreface. 1 OUTLINE OF THE BOOK. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Reliability Assessment of Power Systems. 1.3 Organization of the Chapters. 1.4 Conclusions. References. 2 FUNDAMENTALS OF PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS. 2.1 Concept of Frequency. 2.2 Important Parameters of Frequency Distribution. 2.3 Theory of Probability. 2.4 Probability Distribution Model. 2.5 Sampling Theory. 2.6 Statistical Decision Making. 2.7 Conclusions. References. 3 RELIABILITY PRINCIPLES. 3.1 Failure Rate Model. 3.2 Concept of Reliability of Population. 3.3 Mean Time to Failures. 3.4 Reliability of Complex Systems. 3.5 Standby System Modeling. 3.6 Concepts of Availability and Dependability. 3.7 Reliability Measurement. 3.8 Conclusions. References. 4 APPLICATIONS OF SIMPLE RELIABILITY MODELS. 4.1 Equipment Failure Mechanism. 4.2 Availability of Equipment. 4.3 Oil Circuit Recloser (OCR) Maintenance Issues. 4.4 Distribution Pole Maintenance Practices. 4.5 Procedures for Ground Testing. 4.6 Insulators Maintenance. 4.7 Customer Service Outages. 4.8 Conclusions. References. 5 ENGINEERING ECONOMICS. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Concept of Interest and Equivalent. 5.3 Common Terms. 5.4 Formulas for Computing Interest. 5.5 Annual Cost. 5.6 Present Value (PV) Concept. 5.7 Theory of Rate of Return. 5.8 Cost–Benefit Analysis Approach. 5.9 Financial Risk Assessment. 5.10 Conclusions. References. 6 RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX NETWORK CONFIGURATIONS. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 State Enumeration Methodologies. 6.3 Network Reduction Methods. 6.4 Bayes. Theorem in Reliability. 6.5 Construction of Fault Tree Diagram. 6.6 The Application of Conditional Probability Theory to System Operating Configurations. 6.7 Conclusions. References. 7 DESIGNING RELIABILITY INTO INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL POWER SYSTEMS. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Example 1: Simple Radial Distribution System. 7.3 Example 2: Reliability Analysis of a Primary Selective System to the 13.8 kV Utility Supply. 7.4 Example 3: A Primary Selective System to the Load Side of a 13.8 kV Circuit Breaker. 7.5 Example 4: Primary Selective System to the Primary of the Transformer. 7.6 Example 5: A Secondary Selective System. 7.7 Example 6: A Simple Radial System with Spares. 7.8 Example 7: A Simple Radial System with Cogeneration. 7.9 Reliability Evaluation of Miscellaneous System Configurations. 7.10 Conclusions. References. 8 ZONE BRANCH RELIABILITY METHODOLOGY. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Zone Branch Concepts. 8.3 Industrial System Study. 8.4 Application of Zone Branch Methodology: Case Studies. .4.5 Case 5: Design .E.—Dual Supply Primary Selective. 8.4.6 Case 6: Design .F.—Double Bus/Double Breaker Radial. 8.4.7 Case 7: Design .G.—Double Bus/Double Breaker Loop. 8.4.8 Case 8: Design .H.—Double Bus/Breaker Primary Selective. 8.5 Conclusions. References. 9 EQUIPMENT OUTAGE STATISTICS. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Interruption Data Collection Scheme. 9.3 Typical Distribution Equipment Outage Statistics. 9.4 Conclusions. References. 10 HISTORICAL ASSESSMENT. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Automatic Outage Management System. 10.3 Historical Assessment. 10.4 Crew Center-Level Analysis. 10.5 Development of a Composite Index for Reliability Performance Analysis at the Circuit Level. 10.6 Conclusions. References. 11 DETERMINISTIC CRITERIA. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Current Distribution Planning and Design Criteria. 11.3 Reliability Cost Versus Reliability Benefit Trade-Offs in Distribution System Planning. 11.4 Alternative Feed Requirements for Overhead Distribution Systems. 11.5 Examples of Deterministic Planning Guidelines for Alternative Feed Requirements. 11.6 Value-Based Alternative Feeder Requirements Planning. 11.7 Conclusions. References. 12 IMPORTANT FACTORS RELATED TO DISTRIBUTION STANDARDS. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Relevant Issues and Factors in Establishing Distribution Reliability Standards. 12.3 Performance Indices at Different System Levels of a Utility. 12.4 Performance Indices for Different Utility Types. 12.5 Conclusions. References. 13 STANDARDS FOR REREGULATED DISTRIBUTION UTILITY. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Cost of Service Regulation versus Performance-Based Regulation. 13.3 A Reward/Penalty Structure in the Performance-Based Rates. 13.4 Historical SAIFI and SAIDI Data and their Distributions. 13.5 Computation of System Risks Based on Historical Reliability Indices. 13.6 Cause Contributions to SAIFI and SAIDI Indices. 13.7 Conclusions. References. 14 CUSTOMER INTERRUPTION COST MODELS FOR LOAD POINT RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Customer Interruption Cost. 14.3 Series and Parallel System Model Equations. 14.4 Dedicated Distribution Radial Feeder Configuration. 14.5 Distribution Radial Feeder Configuration Serving Multiple Customers. 14.6 Distribution Radial Feeder Configuration Serving Multiple Customers with Manual Sectionalizing. 14.7 Distribution Radial Feeder Configuration Serving Multiple Customers with Automatic Sectionalizing. 14.8 Distribution System Looped Radial Feeders. 14.9 Conclusions. References. 15 VALUE-BASED PREDICTIVE RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT. 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Value-Based Reliability Planning. 15.3 Distribution System Configuration Characteristics. 15.4 Case Studies. 15.5 Illustrative Example System Problem and Its Reliability Calculations. 15.6 Conclusions. References. 16 ISOLATION AND RESTORATION PROCEDURES. 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Distribution System Characteristics. 16.3 Case Studies. 16.4 Major Substation Outages. 16.5 Summary of Load Point Interruption Costs. 16.6 Conclusions. References. 17 MESHED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM RELIABILITY. 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Value-Based Reliability Assessment in a Deregulated Environment. 17.3 The Characteristics of the Illustrative Urban Distribution System. 17.4 Discussion of Results. 17.5 Feeder and Transformer Loading Levels. 17.6 Bus and Feeder Tie Analysis. 17.7 Maintenance. 17.8 Feeders with Nonfused (Lateral) Three-Phase Branches. 17.9 Feeder Tie Placement. 17.10 Finding Optimum Section Length. 17.11 Feeder and Transformer Loading. 17.12 Feeder Tie Cost Calculation. 17.13 Effects of Tie Maintenance. 17.14 Additional Ties for Feeders with Three-Phase Branches. 17.15 Conclusions. References. 18 RADIAL FEEDER RECONFIGURATION ANALYSIS. 18.1 Introduction. 18.2 Predictive Feeder Reliability Analysis. 18.3 Reliability Data and Assumptions. 18.4 Reliability Assessment for an Illustrative Distribution Feeder. 18.5 Alternative Improvement Options Analysis. 18.6 Summary of the Illustrative Feeder Reliability Performance Improvement Alternatives. 18.7 Conclusions. References. 19 DISTRIBUTED GENERATION. 19.1 Introduction. 19.2 Problem Definition. 19.3 Illustrative Distribution System Configuration Characteristics. 19.4 Reliability Assessment Model. 19.5 Discussion of Results. 19.6 Conclusions. References. 20 MODELS FOR SPARE EQUIPMENT. 20.1 Introduction. 20.2 Development of Probabilistic Models for Determining Optimal Number of Transformer Spares. 20.3 Optimal Transformer Spares for Illustrative 72 kV Distribution Transformer Systems. 20.4 Conclusions. References. 21 VOLTAGE SAGS AND SURGES AT INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL SITES. 21.1 Introduction. 21.2 ANSI/IEEE Standard 446—IEEE Orange Book. 21.3 IEEE Standard 493-2007—IEEE Gold Book. 21.4 Frequency of Voltage Sags. 21.5 Example Voltage Sag Problem: Voltage Sag Analysis of Utility and Industrial Distribution Systems. 21.6 Frequency and Duration of Voltage Sags and Surges at Industrial Sites: Canadian National Power Quality Survey. 21.7 Scatter Plots of Voltage Sag Levels as a Function of Duration. 21.8 Scatter Plots of Voltage Surge Levels as a Function of Duration. 21.9 Primary and Secondary Voltage Sages Statistical Characteristics. 21.10 Primary and Secondary Voltage Surges Statistical Characteristics. 21.11 Conclusions. References. SELECTED PROBLEMS AND ANSWERS. Index.
£125.96
John Wiley & Sons Inc Control of Batch Processes
Book SynopsisBatch processing is used extensively in the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, coatings, and electronic materials industries, where new jobs are being created.Trade Review“This book gives a real world explanation of how to analyze and troubleshoot a process control system in a batch process plant.” (Heat Processing, 1 March 2014)Table of ContentsPreface ix 1 Introduction 1 1.1. Categories of Processes 3 1.2. The Industry 5 1.3. The Ultimate Batch Process: The Kitchen in Your Home 13 1.4. Categories of Batch Processes 14 1.5. Automation Functions Required for Batch 18 1.6. Automation Equipment 26 Reference 30 2 Measurement Considerations 31 2.1. Temperature Measurement 32 2.2. Pressure Measurement 39 2.3. Weight and Level 47 2.4. Flow Measurements 61 2.5. Loss-in-Weight Application 67 References 72 3 Continuous Control Issues 73 3.1. Loops That Operate Intermittently 74 3.2. Emptying a Vessel 80 3.3. Terminating a Co-Feed 85 3.4. Adjusting Ratio Targets 89 3.5. Attaining Temperature Target for the Heel 97 3.6. Characterization Functions in Batch Applications 100 3.7. Scheduled Tuning in Batch Applications 101 3.8. Edge of the Envelope 104 3.9. No Flow Through Control Valve 107 3.10. No Pressure Drop across Control Valve 111 3.11. Attempting to Operate above a Process-Imposed Maximum 115 3.12. Attempting to Operate Below a Process-Imposed Minimum 121 3.13. Jacket Switching 124 3.14. Smooth Transitions between Heating and One Cooling Mode 129 3.15. Smooth Transitions between Two Cooling Modes 140 References 148 4 Discrete Devices 149 4.1. Discrete Inputs 149 4.2. Discrete Outputs 157 4.3. State Feedbacks 167 4.4. Associated Functions 176 4.5. Beyond Two-State Final Control Elements 182 5 Material Transfers 185 5.1. Multiple-Source, Single-Destination Material Transfer System 186 5.2. Single-Source, Multiple-Destination Material Transfer System 189 5.3. Multiple-Source, Multiple-Destination Material Transfer System 191 5.4. Validating a Material Transfer 194 5.5. Dribble Flow 197 5.6. Simultaneous Material Transfers 202 5.7. Drums 203 6 Structured Logic for Batch 205 6.1. Structured Programming 207 6.2. Product Recipes and Product Batches 212 6.3. Formula 215 6.4. Operations 216 6.5. Phases 220 6.6. Actions 223 References 226 7 Batch Unit or Process Unit 227 7.1. Defining a Batch Unit 228 7.2. Supporting Equipment 232 7.3. Step Programmer 237 7.4. Failure Considerations 241 7.5. Coordination 254 7.6. Shared Equipment: Exclusive Use 257 7.7. Shared Equipment: Limited Capacity 261 7.8. Identical Batch Units 262 8 Sequence Logic 265 8.1. Features Provided by Sequence Logic 265 8.2. Failure Monitoring and Response 267 8.3. Relay Ladder Diagrams 273 8.4. Procedural Languages 276 8.5. Special Languages 278 8.6. State Machine 280 8.7. Grafcet/Sequential Function Charts (SFCs) 283 9 Batches and Recipes 290 9.1. Organization of Recipes 291 9.2. Corporate Recipes 294 9.3. Executing Product Batches Simultaneously 299 9.4. Managing Product Batches 302 9.5. Executing Operations 305 9.6. Batch History Data 309 9.7. Performance Parameters 313 Index 319
£89.06
John Wiley & Sons Inc LeadFree Solder Process Development
Book SynopsisDiscusses the growth mechanisms of tin whiskers and the effective mitigation strategies necessary to reduce whisker growth risks This book covers key tin whisker topics, ranging from fundamental science to practical mitigation strategies. The text begins with a review of the characteristic properties of local microstructures around whisker and hillock grains to identify why these particular grains and locations become predisposed to forming whiskers and hillocks. The book discusses the basic properties of tin-based alloy finishes and the effects of various alloying elements on whisker formation, with a focus on potential mechanisms for whisker suppression or enhancement for each element. Tin whisker risk mitigation strategies for each tier of the supply chain for high reliability electronic systems are also described. Discusses whisker formation factors including surface grain geometry, crystallographic orientation-dependent surface grain boundary structurTable of ContentsTechnical Reviewers. Preface. Introduction. Contributors. 1. Regulatory and Voluntary Drivers for Environmental Improvement: Hazardous Substances, Lifecycle Design and End of Life (John Hawley). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Substances of Environmental Concern. 1.3 Design for Environment/Energy Efficiency. 1.4 Recycling and Take-back. 1.5 Summary. 1.6 References. 2. Lead-free Surface Mount Technology (Jasbir Bath, Jennifer Nguyen and Sundar Sethuraman). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 No-clean and Water-soluble Lead-free Pastes. 2.3 Solder Paste Handling. 2.4 Board and Stencil Design. 2.5 Screen Printing and Printability of Lead-free Solder Pastes. 2.6 Paste inspection. 2.7 Component Placement (Paste Tackiness). 2.8 Reflow Soldering and the Reflow Profile. 2.9 Effect of Nitrogen versus Air Atmosphere during Lead-free Reflow. 2.10 Head-in-Pillow Component Soldering Defect. 2.11 Solder Joint Visual Inspection. 2.12 AOI (Automated Optical Inspection). 2.13 X-ray Inspection. 2.14 ICT/Functional Testing. 2.15 Conclusions. 2.16 Future Work. 2.17 Acknowledgements. 2.18 References. 3. Lead-free Wave Soldering (Dennis Barbini and Jasbir Bath). 3.0 Introduction. 3.1 Wave soldering process boundaries. 3.2 Soldering temperatures on the chip and main soldering waves. 3.3 Alloys for Lead-free Wave Soldering. 3.4 The function of nitrogen in wave soldering. 3.5 The effect of PCB Design on wave solder joint formation. 3.6 Standards related to wave soldering. 3.7 Conclusions. 3.8 Future work. 3.9 Acknowledgements. 3.10 References. 4. Lead-free Rework (Alan Donaldson). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Surface Mount Technology (SMT) Hand Soldering/Touch-up. 4.3 BGA/CSP Rework. 4.4 BGA Socket Rework. 4.5 X-ray. 4.6 Through-hole Hand Soldering Rework. 4.7 Through-hole Mini-pot/Solder Fountain Rework. 4.8 Best Practices and Rework Equipment Calibrations. 4.9 Conclusions. 4.10 Future Work. 4.11 References. 5 Lead-Free Alloys for BGA/CSP Components (Gregory A. Henshall). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Overview of New Lead-Free Alloys. 5.3 Benefits of New Alloys for BGAs and CSPs. 5.4 Technical Concerns . 5.5 Management of New Alloys. 5.6 Future Work. 5.7 Summary and Conclusions. 5.8 Acknowledgements. 5.9 References. 6 Growth Mechanisms and Mitigation Strategies of Tin Whisker Growth (Peng Su). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Role of stress in whisker growth. 6.3 Understanding standard acceleration tests. 6.4 Plating process optimization and other mitigation strategies. 6.5 Whisker growth on board-mounted components. 6.6 Summary. 6.7 References. 7. Testability of Lead-Free Printed Circuit Assemblies (Rosa D.Reinosa and Aileen M. Allen). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Contact Repeatability of Lead-Free Boards. 7.3 Probe Wear and Contamination. 7.4 Board Flexure. 7.5 Conclusions. 7.6 Acknowledgments. 7.7 References. 8. Board-Level Solder Joint Reliability of High Performance Computers under Mechanical Loading (Keith Newman). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Establishing PWB Strain Limits for Manufacturing. 8.3. SMT Component Fracture Strength Characterization. 8.4 PWB Fracture Strength Characterization. 8.5 PWB Strain Characterization. 8.6. Solder Joint Fracture Prediction – Modeling. 8.7. Fracture Strength Optimization. 8.8 Conclusions. 8.9 Acknowledgments. 8.10 References. 9. Lead-Free Reliability in Aerospace/Military Environments (Thomas A. Woodrow and Jasbir Bath). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Aerospace/Military Consortia. 9.3 Lead-Free Control Plans for Aerospace/Military Electronics. 9.4 Aerospace/Military Lead-Free Reliability Concerns. 9.5 Summary and Conclusions. 9.6 References. 10. Lead-Free Reliability in Automotive Environments (Richard D. Parke). 10.1 Introduction to Electronics in Automotive Environments. 10.2 Performance Risks and Issues. 10.3 Legislation Driving Lead-Free Automotive Electronics. 10.4 Reliability Requirements for Automotive Environments. 10.5 Failure Modes of Lead-free Joints. 10.6 Impact to Lead-free Component Procurement and Management. 10.7 Change versus Risks. 10.8 Summary and Conclusions. References. Index.
£95.36
John Wiley & Sons Inc Biomass to Biofuels
Book SynopsisFocusing on challenges to the billion-ton renewable fuels vision, this book discusses the technological and business developments needed to industrialize biofuels on a global scale. Technological issues addressed include fermentation and downstream processing technologies, as compared to current industrial practice and process economics.Trade Review"The Physical quality of Wiley's books is never in doubt, and this volume is no different. It proclaims itself as ‘a valuable handbook for scientists and policy makers working in the biofuels industry,' a fairly true assertion." (Enagri eMagazine, July 2010) Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. Contributors. PART I STRUCTURE OF THE BIOEVERGY BUSINESS. 1 Characteristics of Biofuels and Renewable Fuel Standards (Alan C. Hansen, Dimitrios C. Kyritsis, and Chia fon F. Lee). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Molecular Structure. 1.3 Physical Properties. 1.4 Chemical Properties. 1.5 Biofuel Standards. 1.6 Perspective. References. 2 The Global Demand for Biofuels: Technologies, Markets and Policies (Jürgen Scheffran). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Motivation and Potential of Renewable Fuels. 2.3 Renewable Fuels in the Transportation Sector. 2.4 Status and Potential of Major Biofuels. 2.5 Biofuel Policies and Markets in Selected Countries. 2.6 Perspective. References. 3 Biofuel Demand Realization (Stephen R. Hughes and Nasib Qureshi). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Availability of Renewable Resources to Realize Biofuel Demand. 3.3 Technology Improvements to Enhance Biofuel Production Economics. 3.4 US Regulatory Requirements for Organisms Engineered to Meet Biofuel Demand. 3.5 Perspective. Acknowledgments. References. 4 Advanced Biorefineries for the Production of Fuel Ethanol (Stephen R. Hughes, William Gibbons, and Scott Kohl). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Ethanol Production Plants Using Sugar Feedstocks. 4.3 Dedicated Dry-Grind and Dry-Mill Starch Ethanol Production Plants. 4.4 Dedicated Wet-Mill Starch Ethanol Production Plants. 4.5 Dedicated Cellulosic Ethanol Production Plants. 4.6 Advanced Combined Biorefineries. 4.7 Perspective. Acknowledgments. References. PART II DIESEL FROM BIOMASS. 5 Biomass Liquefaction and Gasification (Nicolaus Dahmen, Edmund Henrich, Andrea Kruse, and Klaus Raffelt). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Direct Liquefaction. 5.3 Biosynfuels from Biosyngas. 5.4 Perspective. References. 6 Diesel from Syngas (Yong-Wang Li, Jian Xu, and Yong Yang). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Overview of Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis. 6.3 Historical Development of the Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis Process. 6.4 Modern Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis Processes. 6.5 Economics. 6.6 Perspective. Acknowledgements. References. 7 Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils (Jon Van Gerpen). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Use of Vegetable Oils as Diesel Fuels. 7.3 Renewable Diesel. 7.4 Properties. 7.5 Biodiesel Production. 7.6 Transesteritication. 7.7 Biodiesel Purification. 7.8 Perspective. References. 8 Biofuels from Microalgae and Seaweeds (Michael Huesemann, G. Roesjadi, John Benemann, and F. Blaine Metting). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Biofuels from Microalgae: Products, Processes, and Limitations. 8.3 Biofuels from Seaweeds: Products, Processes, and Limitations. 8.4 Perspective. References. PART III ETHANOL AND BUTANOL. 9 Improvements in Corn to Ethanol Production Technology Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Vijay Singh, David B. Johnston, Kent D. Rausch, and M.E. Tumbleson). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Current Industrial Ethanol Production Technology. 9.3 Granular Starch Hydrolysis. 9.4 Corn Fractionation. 9.5 Simultaneous SSF and Distillation. 9.6 Dynamic Control of SSF Processes. 9.7 Cost of Ethanol. 9.8 Perspective. References. 10 Advanced Technologies for Biomass Hydrolysis and Saccharification Using Novel Enzymes (Margret E. Berg Miller, Jennifer M. Brulc, Edward A. Bayer, Raphael Lamed, Harry J. Flint, and Bryan A. White). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 The Substrate. 10.3 Glycosyl Hydrolases. 10.4 The Cellulosome Concept. 10.5 New Approaches for the Identification of Novel Glycoside Hydrolases. 10.6 Perspective. References. 11 Mass Balances and Analytical Methods for Biomass Pretreatment Experiments (Bruce S. Dien). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Analysis of Feedstocks for Composition and Potential Ethanol Yield. 11.3 Pretreatment. 11.4 Enzymatic Extraction of Sugars. 11.5 Fermentation of Pretreated Hydrolysates to Ethanol. 11.6 Feedstock and Process Integration. 11.7 Perspective. Acknowledgments. References. 12 Biomass Conversion Inhibitors and In Situ Detoxification (Z. Lewis Liu and Hans P. Blaschek). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Inhibitory Compounds Derived from Biomass Pretreatment. 12.3 Inhibitory Effects. 12.4 Removal of Inhibitors. 12.5 Inhibitor-Tolerant Strain Development. 12.6 Inhibitor Conversion Pathways. 12.7 Molecular Mechanisms of In Situ Detoxification. 12.8 Perspective. Acknowledgments. References. 13 Fuel Ethanol Production From Lignocellulosic Raw Materials Using Recombinant Yeasts (Grant Stanley and Barbel Hahn-Hägerdal). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Consolidated Bioprocessing and Ethanol Production. 13.3 Pentose-Fermenting S. cerevisiae Strains. 13.4 Lignocellulose Fermentation and Ethanol Inhibition. 13.5 Perspective. Acknowledgments. References. 14 Conversion of Biomass to Ethanol by Other Organisms (Siqing Liu). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Desired Biocatalysts for Biomass to Bioethanol. 14.3 Gram-Negative Bacteria. 14.4 Gram-Positive Bacteria. 14.5 Perspective. Acknowledgments. References. 15 Advanced Fermentation Technologies (Masayuki Inui, Alain A. Vertès and Hideaki Yukawa). 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Batch Processes. 15.3 Fed-Batch Processes. 15.4 Continuous Processes. 15.5 Immobilized Cell Systems. 15.6 Growth-Arrested Process. 15.7 Integrated Bioprocesses. 15.8 Consolidated Bioprocessing (CBP). 15.9 Perspective. References. 16 Advanced Product Recovery Technologies (Thaddeus C Ezeji and Yebo Li). 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Membrane Separation. 16.3 Advanced Technologies for Biofuel Recovery: Industrially Relevant Processes. 16.4 Perspective. Acknowledgments. References. 17 Clostridia and Process Engineering for Energy Generation (Nasib Qureshi and Hans P. Blaschek). 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Substrates, Cultures, and Traditional Technologies. 17.3 Agricultural Residues as Substrates for the Future. 17.4 Butanol-Producing Microbial Cultures. 17.5 Regulation of Butanol Production and Microbial Genetics. 17.6 Novel Fermentation Technologies. 17.7 Novel Product Recovery Technologies. 17.8 Fermentation of Lignocellulosic Substrates in Integrated Systems. 17.9 Integrated or Consolidated Processes. 17.10 Perspective. Acknowledgments. References. PART IV: HYDROGEN, METHANE, AND METHANOL. 18 Hydrogen Generation by Microbial Cultures (Anja Hemschemeier, Katrin Müllner, Thilo Rühle, and Thomas Happe). 18.1. Introduction: Why Biological Hydrogen Production? 18.2. Biological Hydrogen Production. 18.3. Metabolic Basics for Hydrogen Production: Fermentation and Photosynthesis. 18.4. H2 Production in Application: Cases in Point. 18.5. Perspective. References. 19 Engineering Photosynthesis for H2 Production from H2O: Cyanobacteria as Design Organisms (Nadine Waschewski, Gábor Bernát, and Matthias Rögner). 19.1 The Basic Idea: Why Hydrogen from Water? 19.2 Realization: Three Mutually Supporting Strategies. 19.3 The Biological Strategy: How to Design a Hydrogen-Producing (Cyano-) Bacterial Cell. 19.4 Engineering the Environment of the Cells: Reactor Design. 19.5 How Much Can We Expect? The Limit of Natural Systems. 19.6 Perspective. Acknowledgments. References. 20 Production and Utilization of Methane Biogas as Renewable Fuel (Zhongtang Yu, Mark Morrison, and Floyd L. Schanbacher). 20.1 Introduction. 20.2 The Microbes and Metabolisms Underpinning Biomethanation. 20.3 Potential Feedstocks Used for Methane Biogas Production. 20.4 Biomethanation Technologies for Production of Methane Biogas. 20.5 Utilization of Methane Biogas as a Fuel. 20.6 Perspective. 20.7 Concluding Remarks. 20.8 Disclaimer. References. 21 Methanol Production and Utilization (Gregory A. Dolan). 21.1 Introduction. 21.2 Biomass Gasification: Mature and Immature. 21.3 Feedstocks: Diverse and Plentiful. 21.4 Biomethanol: ICEs, FFVs, and FCVs. 21.5 Case Study: Waste Wood Biorefinery. 21.6 Case Study: Two-Step Thermochemical Conversion Process. 21.7 Case Study: Mobile Methanol Machine. 21.8 Case Study: Scandinavia Leading the Way with Black Liquor Methanol Production. 21.9 Case Study: Methanol Fermentation through Anaerobic Digestion. References. PART V PERSPECTIVES. 22 Enhancing Primary Raw Materials for Biofuels (Takahisa Hayashi, Rumi Kaida, Nobutaka Mitsuda, Masaru Ohme-Takagi, Nobuyuki Nishikuba, Shin-ichiro Kidou, and Kouki Yoshida). 22.1 Introduction. 22.2 In-Fibril Modification. 22.3 In-Wall Modifications. 22.4 In-Planta Modifications. 22.5 In-CRES-T Modification. 22.6 A Catalogue of Gene Families for Glycan Synthases and Hydrolases. 22.7 Perspective. Acknowledgments. References. 23 Axes of Development in Chemical and Process Engineering for Converting Biomass to Energy (Alain A. Vertés). 23.1 Global Outlook. 23.2 Enhancement of Raw Material Biomass. 23.3 Conversion of Biomass to Fuels and Chemicals. 23.4 Chemical Engineering Development. 23.5 Perspective. References. 24 Financing Strategies for Industrial-Scale Biofuel Production and Technology Development Start-Ups (Alain A. Vertés and Sarit Soccary Ben Yochanan). 24.1 Background: The Financial Environment. 24.2 Biofuels Project: Steps in Value Creation and Required Funding at Each Stage. 24.3 Governmental Incentives to Support the Nascent Biofuel and Biomaterial Industry. 24.4 Perspective: What is the Best Funding Source for Each Step in a Company’s Development? References. Index.
£61.16
John Wiley & Sons Inc Design for Reliability
Book SynopsisSystem reliability, availability and robustness are often not well understood by system architects, engineers and developers. They often don''t understand what drives customer''s availability expectations, how to frame verifiable availability/robustness requirements, how to manage and budget availability/robustness, how to methodically architect and design systems that meet robustness requirements, and so on. The book takes a very pragmatic approach of framing reliability and robustness as a functional aspect of a system so that architects, designers, developers and testers can address it as a concrete, functional attribute of a system, rather than an abstract, non-functional notion.Trade Review"Thus, I highly recommend this book to undergraduate students and junior researchers entering the reliability studies field. Though experts may not find the book to be very interesting, they will likely find it useful as a basis for lecturing, and as a good source of insightful, fundamental ideas." (Computing Reviews, 16 May 2011) "The book takes a very pragmatic approach of framing reliability and robustness as a functional aspect of a system so that architects, designers, developers and testers can address it as a concrete, functional attribute of a system, rather than an abstract, non-functional notion." (Forums Digital Media Net, 16 March 2011) Table of ContentsFigures. Tables. Preface. Acknowledgements. PART ONE RELIABILITY BASICS. 1 Reliability and Availability Concepts. 1.1 Reliability and Availability. 1.2 Faults, Errors and Failures. 1.3 Error Severity. 1.4 Failure Recovery. 1.5 Highly Available Systems. 1.6 Quantifying Availability. 1.7 Outage Attributability. 1.8 Hardware Reliability. 1.9 Software Reliability. 1.10 Problems. 1.11 For Further Study. 2 System Basics. 2.1 Hardware and Software. 2.2 External Entities. 2.3 System Management. 2.4 System Outages. 2.5 Service Quality. 2.6 Total Cost of Ownership. 2.7 Problems. 3 What Can Go Wrong. 3.1 Failures in the Real World. 3.2 Eight-Ingredient Framework. 3.3 Mapping Ingredients to Error Categories. 3.4 Applying Error Categories. 3.5 Error Category: Field Replaceable Unit (FRU) Hardware. 3.6 Error Category: Programming Errors. 3.7 Error Category: Data Error. 3.8 Error Category: Redundancy. 3.9 Error Category: System Power. 3.10 Error Category: Network. 3.11 Error Category: Application Protocol. 3.12 Error Category: Procedures. 3.13 Summary. 3.14 Problems. 3.15 For Further Study. PART TWO RELIABILITY CONCEPTS. 4 Failure Containment and Redundancy. 4.1 Units of Design. 4.2 Failure Recovery Groups. 4.3 Redundancy. 4.4 Summary. 4.5 Problems. 4.6 For Further Study. 5 Robust Design Principles. 5.1 Robust Design Principles. 5.2 Robust Protocols. 5.3 Robust Concurrency Controls. 5.4 Overload Control. 5.5 Process, Resource and Throughput Monitoring. 5.6 Data Auditing. 5.7 Fault Correlation. 5.8 Failed Error Detection, Isolation or Recovery. 5.9 Geographic Redundancy. 5.10 Security, Availability and System Robustness. 5.11 Procedural Considerations. 5.12 Problems. 5.13 For Further Study. 6 Error Detection. 6.1 Detecting Field Replaceable Unit (FRU) Hardware Faults. 6.2 Detecting Programming and Data Faults. 6.3 Detecting Redundancy Failures. 6.4 Detecting Power Failures. 6.5 Detecting Networking Failures. 6.6 Detecting Application Protocol Failures. 6.7 Detecting Procedural Failures. 6.8 Problems. For Further Study. 7 Analyzing and Modeling Reliability and Robustness. 7.1 Reliability Block Diagrams. 7.2 Qualitative Model of Redundancy. 7.3 Failure Mode and Effects Analysis. 7.4 Availability Modeling. 7.5 Planned Downtime. 7.6 Problems. 7.7 For Further Study. PART THREE DESIGN FOR RELIABILITY. 8 Reliability Requirements. 8.1 Background. 8.2 Defining Service Outages. 8.3 Service Availability Requirements. 8.4 Detailed Service Availability Requirements. 8.5 Service Reliability Requirements. 8.6 Triangulating Reliability Requirements. 8.7 Problems. 9 Reliability Analysis. 9.1 Step 1: Enumerate Recoverable Modules. 9.2 Step 2: Construct Reliability Block Diagrams. 9.3 Step 3: Characterize Impact of Recovery. 9.4 Step 4: Characterize Impact of Procedures. 9.5 Step 5: Audit Adequacy of Automatic Failure Detection and Recovery. 9.6 Step 6: Consider Failures of Robustness Mechanisms. 9.7 Step 7: Prioritizing Gaps. 9.8 Reliability of Sourced Modules and Components. 9.9 Problems. 10 Reliability Budgeting and Modeling. 10.1 Downtime Categories. 10.2 Service Downtime Budget. 10.3 Availability Modeling. 10.4 Update Downtime Budget. 10.5 Robustness Latency Budgets. 10.6 Problems. 11 Robustness and Stability Testing. 11.1 Robustness Testing. 11.2 Context of Robustness Testing. 11.3 Factoring Robustness Testing. 11.4 Robustness Testing in the Development Process. 11.5 Robustness Testing Techniques. 11.6 Selecting Robustness Test Cases. 11.7 Analyzing Robustness Test Results. 11.8 Stability Testing. 11.9 Release Criteria. 11.10 Problems. 12 Closing the Loop. 12.1 Analyzing Field Outage Events. 12.2 Reliability Roadmapping. 12.3 Problems. 13 Design for Reliability Case Study. 13.1 System Context. 13.2 System Reliability Requirements. 13.3 Reliability Analysis. 13.4 Downtime Budgeting. 13.5 Availability Modeling. 13.6 Reliability Roadmap. 13.7 Robustness Testing. 13.8 Stability Testing. 13.9 Reliability Review. 13.10 Reliability Report. 13.11 Release Criteria. 13.12 Field Data Analysis. 14 Conclusion. 14.1 Overview of Design for Reliability. 14.2 Concluding Remarks. 14.3 Problems. 15 Appendix: Assessing Design for Reliability Diligence. 15.1 Assessment Methodology. 15.2 Reliability Requirements. 15.3 Reliability Analysis. 15.4 Reliability Modeling and Budgeting. 15.5 Robustness Testing. 15.6 Stability Testing. 15.7 Release Criteria. 15.8 Field Availability. 15.9 Reliability Roadmap. 15.10 Hardware Reliability. Abbreviations. References. Photo Credits. About the Author. Index.
£95.36
