Alternative and renewable energy sources Books

Book SynopsisRecycling is good, isn't it? In this visionary book, chemist Michael Braungart and architect William McDonough challenge this status quo and put forward a manifesto for an intriguing and radically different philosophy of environmentalism.Reduce, reuse, recycle. This is the standard cradle to grave manufacturing model dating back to the Industrial Revolution that we still follow today. In this thought-provoking read, the authors propose that instead of minimising waste, we should be striving to create value. This is the essence of Cradle to Cradle: waste need not to exist at all. By providing a framework of redesign of everything from carpets to corporate campuses, McDonough and Braungart make a revolutionary yet viable case for change and for remaking the way we make things.Trade ReviewThe best argument for good design is that it lasts. The best argument for good science is that it deplores waste. I'm bored with guilty and technologically illiterate environmental Luddites describing a future of guilt and privation led in caves. There's an alternative responsible future persuasively offered by Braungart and McDonough. The survival of the planet can be re-stated in terms of stimulus, opportunity, challenge and reward. Works for me. -- Stephen BayleyAlready embraced by far-thinking manufacturers and governments. * Food Ethics Magazine *It's one of the most thought-provoking books I've ever read -- Ellen Macarthur * Daily Express *Environmentalists too rarely apply the ecological wisdom of life to our problems. Asking how a cherry tree would design an energy efficient building is only one of the creative 'practices' that McDonough and Braungart spread, like a field of wild flowers, before their readers. This book will give you renewed hope that, indeed, 'it is darkest before the dawn' -- Carl Pope, Executive Director of the Sierra ClubAchieving the great economic transition to more equitable, ecologically sustainable societies requires nothing less than a design revolution - beyond today's fossilized industrialism. This enlightened and enlightening book shows us how - and indeed, that 'God is in the details.' A must for every library and every concerned citizen -- Hazel Henderson, author of "Building a Win-Win World and Beyond Globalization: Shaping a Sustainable Global Economy"

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Book SynopsisAgrivoltaics, also called agricultural-photovoltaics (Agri-PV or APV), integrates solar power generation into an agricultural activity on farmland.The PV modules not only generate clean energy, but also shield crops from intense sun, drought or wind erosion. The market potential in EU-27, UK, and Switzerland alone is estimated to be 968 GWp if only 1 % of the utilized agricultural area is used for Agri-PV. Interest is swiftly growing amongst scientists, policy makers, and within the farming and energy industries. The challenges lie in the construction of the PV system, choice and ecology of crops, and sowing and harvesting techniques.Agrivoltaics: Technical, ecological, commercial and legal aspects provides an overview of agrivoltaics, covering existing technical solutions both on system level as well as on the module level. Chapters cover the principles and definition, technological aspects of the PV and the agricultural system, yield prediction, light management, operations and management, ecological and social aspects, commercial, and legal considerations. Legal frameworks in different countries are explained. A short outlook describes how the future of Agri-PV could develop.The book provides systematic coverage of this emerging topic for researchers, scientists, and engineers involved with PV, farmers, decision makers in PV and agricultural sector, as well as policy makers.

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Book SynopsisWe need energy, and lots of it - but some of the ways we generate energy put life on Earth in danger. We already have some planet-friendly alternatives, but we're going to need more. This book imagines a future world packed with exciting, innovative renewable energy technology. It explains what that technology might look like, how it will work, and how it will change the world we live in for the better. It looks all the way to a future where energy can be generated in outer space - one day, enough to fuel the entire solar system. Technology covered includes: solar power - in space; wind turbines - high in the sky; nuclear fusion; wave power; geothermal energy; new forms of transport, from airships to hydrogen planes to solar-powered ships; new sources of food and new types of farm; innovative ways to store energy.

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Book SynopsisThe enlightening, best-selling book on understanding sustainable energy and how we can make energy plans that add up.If you''ve ever wondered how much energy we use, and where it comes from and where it could come from but are fed up with all the hot air and ''greenwash'', this is the book for you. Renewable resources are ''huge'', but our energy consumption is also ''huge''. To compare ''huge'' things with each other, we need numbers, not adjectives.Sustainable Energy without the hot air addresses the energy crisis objectively, cutting through all the contradictory statements from the media, government, and lobbies of all sides. It gives you the numbers and the facts you need, in bite-sized chunks, so you can understand the issues yourself and organises a plan for change on both a personal level and an international scale for Europe, the United States, and the world. In case study format, this informative book also answers questions surroundTrade Review"For anyone with influence on energy policy, whether in government, business or a campaign group, this book should be compulsory reading." -- Tony Juniper (Former Executive Director, Friends of the Earth)"At last a book that comprehensively reveals the true facts about sustainable energy in a form that is both highly readable and entertaining." -- Robert Sansom (EDF Energy)"MacKay brings a welcome dose of common sense into the discussion of energy sources and use. Fresh air replacing hot air." -- Prof Mike Ashby Royal Society Research Professor, Principal Investigator, Engineering Design Centre, Cambridge"This year's must-read book about tackling our future energy needs." -- The Guardian"... may be the best technical book about the environment that I've ever read. This is to energy and climate what Freakonomics is to economics." -- Cory Doctorow * Boing Boing *"The book is a tour de force ... As a work of popular science it is exemplary ... For anyone seeking a deeper understanding of the real problems involved [it] is the place to start." * The Economist *"The first factual meme on renewable energy? A book about climate change that gets rave reviews from folk at oil companies, environmental groups and the Number One Blog of All Time has to be worth a peek." -- energysource blog * The Financial Times *Table of ContentsI Numbers, not adjectives 1 Motivations 2 The balance sheet 3 Cars 4 Wind 5 Planes 6 Solar 7 Heating and cooling 8 Hydroelectricity 9 Light 10 Offshore wind 11 Gadgets 12 Wave 13 Food and farming 14 Tide 15 Stuff 16 Geothermal . 17 Public services 18 Can we live on renewables? II Making a difference 19 Every BIG helps 20 Better transport 21 Smarter heating 22 Efficient electricity use 23 Sustainable fossil fuels? 24 Nuclear? 25 Living on other countries’ renewables? 26 Fluctuations and storage 27 Five energy plans for Britain 28 Putting costs in perspective 29 What to do now . 30 Energy plans for Europe, America, and the World 31 The last thing we should talk about 32 Saying yes Acknowledgments III Technical chapters A Cars II B Wind II C Planes II D Solar II E Heating II F Waves II G Tide II H Stuff II IV Useful data I Quick reference J Populations and areas K UK energy history List of web links Bibliography Index About the author

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Book SynopsisDescribes and explains Schauberger's insights in an accessible way, including his discoveries about sick water, ailing forests, climate change and renewable energy.Trade Review'The book seeks to explain its concepts in simple language, assisted throughout by clear and well-annotated illustrations. Thought-provoking.'-- Jeff Sanderson, Light, Summer 2004'Hidden Nature is a comprehensive breakdown of Viktor Schauberger's stunning ideas and observations. Alick Bartholomew strips away the complexity of Callum Coats' book Living Energies, in order better to understand Schauberger's main themes. It will certainly transform your views on water. The graphics are the clearest I've seen in any book on Schauberger. I highly recommend it if you want to learn about Schauberger's natural science.'-- Amazon UK review'Hidden Nature gives a context for Schauberger's thinking and brings it into the framework of later understandings, such as Gaia theory and Lawrence Edwards' work. As one reads this very accessible book, one is left with a growing sense that his system is so simple, so sensible and rooted in reality, that one wonders why on earth more people don't know about it.'-- Jane Cobbald, Star and Furrow, Winter 2003'Alick Bartholomew is in a very good position to have written this introductory overview of Schauberger's work for the general reader. With its readable text and informative illustrations, this is an essential primer.'-- David Lorimer, Scientific and Medical Network Review, Spring 2004'A spacious and well-presented book with plenty of diagrams. The concepts are explained well. Fascinating and thought-provoking.'-- Reforesting Scotland, Spring 2004'The book's scope is very broad and it is intended to be more accessible to the lay reader than the technical publications on Schauberger. [...] It has always puzzled me that Jack and Jill went *up* the hill for their water. The "anomaly point", central to Schauberger's understanding of how true springs form, might be a clue.... Schauberger's ideas, ideals even, resonate strongly with the modern debate about sustainability.'-- New View, December 2003'This is a timely book on a profound subject ... Hidden Nature reveals a timeless wisdom requiring urgent attention ... Water may seem to you so ordinary, but this book will totally transform your perception of it. After reading Hidden Nature you will know that it is the most precious substance on the Earth.'-- Satish Kumar, Editor, Resurgence magazine'Alick Bartholomew tells how in 1950 Richard St Barbe Baker arranged for Schauberger's son, a trained physicist, to talk to a group of atomic physicists at Birmingham University. A few weeks later, Baker asked the scientists if they had held a postmortem on Schauberger's presentation. "Yes indeed," they admitted; they had decided that it was "unchallengable". "Then what are you going to do about it?" asked Baker. "Nothing," was their retort. "Why not?" "Because it would mean rewriting all the textbooks in the world." That, in my view, is reason enough to read this book.'-- Jane Cobbald, Star and Furrow, Winter 2003'Alick Bartholomew provides a fitting first glimpse [of Schauberger's insights and inventions] with Hidden Nature. If you've had enough of the mechanistic, materialistic worldview and are looking for an alternative approach that's based on a real appreciation of Nature's workings, this is the book for you.'-- Ruth Parnell, Nexus Magazine, February 2004'Schauberger was an untutored genius well ahead of his time. His remarkable insights and investigations into water and living energies challenge established scientific dogmas then and now. Alick Bartholomew has done an admirable job of making Schauberger's work accessible and relevant to our age without compromising its artistic integrity. Read it for pure inspiration and for concrete ideas on disciplines as diverse as bioenergetics, consciousness, earth science, hydrodynamics, thermodynamics, and many others yet to be named.'-- Dr Mae-Wan Ho, biologist, author, and editor of Science in SocietyTable of ContentsForeword by David BellamyIntroduction: Levitation and resistanceless movement; The non-conformist; Alternative worldviewPart One: An Alternative World-View1. Schauberger’s Vision: Water wizard; Log flumes; Water, source of life; Subtle energies; Motion is crucial; Temperature controls; Water, source of life; Evolution; Balance; Implosion; The visionary2. Different Kinds of Energy: Subtle energies; Viktor’s worldview; Why the mystery? Degrees of energy; Vortex, key to creative evolution; Energies as creative process; Spiritual science; Different dimensions; Changing octaves3. Attraction & Repulsion of Opposites: Sun as fertilizing entity; Polarities; Opposites working towards balance; Gravity & levity4. Nature's Patterns & Shapes: Sound as Resonance; Resonance is about qualities; Plants have perception and memory; Cymatics; Patterns & shapes; Patterns in motion; Rhythms in solar system; Cosmic rhythms; The confrontation of two Geometric Systems; Sacred geometry; The Golden Mean; The magic of the egg form Part Two: How the World Works5. Energy Production: Inefficiency of modern technology; Entropy & ectropy; Scientific ’laws’; Energy pollution; The choice before us; Energy defines quality; The creative energy vortex6. Motion, Key to Balance: We use the wrong form of motion; The ‘original’ motion; Types of motion7. Atmosphere & Electricity: Earth’s atmosphere; Electricity; Terrestrial bio-condenser; Earth as accumulator of energy; Electrism and magnetism; Storms, water vapour and climatePart Three: Water – the Source of Life8. The Nature of Water: Memory of water; Creation of water; Anomaly point of water; Qualities of water; How the river protects itself; Temperature gradient. & nutrient supply9. The Hydrological Cycle: Full & half hydrological cycles; Temperature gradients & nutrient supply10. Formation of Springs: The veneration of springs; Seepage springs; True springs; How spring water rises; Energy from deep ocean11. How Rivers Flow: Stages of a river; Temperature & movement of water; Positive temperature gradients; Dams; Flow guides; Energy bodies; Formation of vortices; Vortices as the source of creative energy; Formation of bends; Conventional river engineering; Hydro-electric power12. Supplying Water: Dwindling water supplies; Water for profit; Modern water treatments – chlorine – fluoride; Transmuting water’s memory; Tubular water movement; Water main materials; The wooden water main; Stuttgart tests; Circulation of bloodPart Four: The Life of Trees13. The Role of the Forest: Evolution of the forest; Destruction of the forests; A moral tale; Tropical rainforests; Forestry; Monoculture; Biodiversity; Energy in the forest14. Trees: Trees in the biosphere; Form of a tree; Trees and humans; Trees and colour; Their physical nature; Tree classification; Trees’ response to light; Light & shade demanding trees; Light-induced growth; Man-made depredations; Importance of photosynthesis; Creation of water; Maturation of water15. Tree Metabolism: Sap movement; Temperature gradients; Trees as bio-condensers; Root systems. Soil and nutritionPart Five: Working with Nature16. Soil Fertility and Cultivation: Crisis in intensive farming; Ploughing methods; Two kinds of electromagnetism; Golden plough; Bio plough; Aligning furrows; Grazing & grass cutting; Artificial fertilizers17. Organic Cultivation: Biological agriculture; Soil mineralization; Organic farming, Biodynamic farming; Subtle energies in Nature; Cold Fire; Fertilizing agenciesPart Six: The Energy Revolution18. Harnessing Implosion Power: An American consortium; A new kind of aircraft? The beginnings of implosion research; Schauberger’s Free Energy Search; Flying saucers; Biological vacuum; The repulsator; The implosion motor; The repulsine & flying saucer19. Viktor Schauberger & Society: The human legacy; Implementing Schauberger’s researchAcknowledgments, Resources, Bibliography, Index

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Book SynopsisThis book explores the complex relationship between energy and development and discusses the core issues and concepts surrounding this growing area of research and policy.In the field of energy and development, the world faces two major challenges: (1) Providing energy access to the roughly one billion people worldwide who do not have access to electricity and the nearly three billion people worldwide who do not have access to clean cooking fuels; (2) achieving socioeconomic development while limiting global atmospheric temperature increases to 2 degrees Celsius to mitigate climate change. Taking stock of progress, Frauke Urban explores the key issues surrounding these goals and addresses the policy responses aimed at ending energy poverty and achieving sustainable development. She outlines various options for delivering energy access, analyses past and prospective energy transitions and examines the social, environmental, economic and technological implications of Trade Review"The Trias of energy, development and poverty must be thought, explained and understood together. Frauke Urban’s book does so in a truly comprehensive and highly accessible way. The book is essential reading for all students and professionals who are interested in the Trias and who want to understand the deep political nexus that shapes so much of current global politics." - Prof. Dr. Markus Lederer, Professor of International Relations and expert in carbon governance, Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany"Whilst energy use remains tightly coupled to economic growth, how to square the need for access to modern energy services with development challenges in a carbon constrained world represents one of the most challenging conundrums of our time - one of relevance across all of the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals. In this volume, Urban continues her track record of publishing accessible introductions to core aspects of the field of climate change, energy and development, once again offering a text that will be of value to both students and teachers alike, as well as to informed policy makers and practitioners wishing to extend their knowledge of this field. The inclusion of reflexive exercises at the end of each chapter add to its pedagogic value, making it of particular value to those designing new modules in this rapidly expanding field." - Prof. Dr. David Ockwell, Professor of Geography and co-convenor of the Climate and Energy research domain in the ESRC STEPS Centre, University of Sussex, UK"This is a must read for all who are interested in energy, development and climate change. An excellent reading resource addressing some of the world’s most pressing challenges, namely how to reduce energy poverty and achieve development, while mitigating climate change." - Dr. Johan Nordensvärd, Senior Lecturer in Political Science and expert in the social implications of energy and environment, Uppsala University and University of Linköping, Sweden"This book comprehensively introduces the reader to the global transition that is underway in energy production, consumption and access and the implications of these changes for economic and human development. It recognises that progress in tackling the twin problems of climate change and highly unequal access to energy – energy profligacy alongside energy poverty – is proceeding too slowly. In a concise but authoritative fashion the chapters examine the complex relationships between the environmental, economic and political processes that shape this energy transition. Practical exercises at the end of each chapter encourage the reader to analyse open access datasets and explore key policy documents and scientific assessments. This excellent book is essential reading for students, academics and policymakers wanting a multidisciplinary account of the ways in which energy and development are interacting and what this means for the future." - Professor David Hulme, Executive Director, Global Development Institute and FutureDAMS Research Programme, University of Manchester, UKTable of Contents1. Energy, Poverty and Development: The Challenges 2. Energy Use and Energy Systems in Different Countries and Contexts 3. Energy Transitions: from Traditional Biomass to Fossil Fuels to Low Carbon Energy 4. Sectoral Energy Needs and Household Energy 5. Concepts of Energy and Development 6. The Energy–Poverty–Climate Nexus 7. Energy and climate policy of major emitters 8. The Health Implications of Energy Use 9. The Social Implications of Energy and Development 10. Environmental Implications: Energy Use and Climate Change 11. Environmental Implications: Natural Resource Depletion and Air Pollution 12. The Economics of Energy Supply and Universal Energy Access 13. Financing Low Carbon Energy Transitions 14. Technology for Energy and Development: Fossil Fuels 15. Technology for Energy and Development: Low Carbon Energy and Energy Efficiency 16. Policy Responses to Energy Poverty Index

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Book SynopsisThis series explores alternative energy resources, how they are produced, the technology necessary and what the future holds. With global warming and climate crisis and the rise in energy prices, looking at more sustainable types of energy resources, how well they can meet our power needs and how they work has never felt so relevant. Wind power is one of the major sustainable power sources. But how does harnessing the wind''s energy work? What''s needed and can it fulfil our energy needs? While new technologies are being developed, each energy resource comes at a cost. This series looks at each energy resource, the technology and cost of how it is used to meet power needs and how it impacts the environment and humans. Each book explains how that power is generated and where it is used. Suitable for readers aged 9+.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a broad overview on the different aspects of solar energy, with a focus on photovoltaics, which is the technology that allows light energy to be converted into electric energy. Renewable energy sources have become increasingly popular in recent years, and solar is one of the most adaptable and attractive types – from solar farms to support the National Grid to roof panels/tiles used for solar thermal heating systems, and small solar garden lights. Written by Delft University researchers, Solar Energy uniquely covers both the physics of photovoltaic (PV) cells and the design of PV systems for real-life applications, from a concise history of solar cells components and location issues of current systems. The book is designed to make this complicated subject accessible to all, and is packed with fascinating graphs and charts, as well as useful exercises to cement the topics covered in each chapter. Solar Energy outlines the fundamental principles of semiconductor solar cells, as well as PV technology: crystalline silicon solar cells, thin-film cells, PV modules, and third-generation concepts. There is also background on PV systems, from simple stand-alone to complex systems connected to the grid. This is an invaluable reference for physics students, researchers, industrial engineers and designers working in solar energy generation, as well those with a general interest in renewable energy.Table of ContentsI. Introduction 1. Energy 2. Status and prospects of PV technology 3. The working principle of a solar cell II. PV Fundamentals 4. Electrodynamic basics 5. Solar radiation 6. Basic semiconductor physics 7. Generation and recombination of electron-hole pairs 8. Semiconductor junctions 9. Solar cell parameters and equivalent circuit 10. Losses and efficiency limits III. PV technology 11. A short history of solar cells 12. Crystalline silicon solar cells 13. Thin-film solar cells 14. A closer look to some processes 15. PV modules 16. Third generation concepts IV. PV systems 17. Introduction to PV systems 18. Location issues 19. Components of PV systems 20. PV system design 21. PV System economics and ecology V. Alternative solar energy conversion technologies 22. Solar thermal energy 23. Solar fuels Appendix A. Derivations in electrodynamics B. Derivation of homojunctions J-V curves C. Some aspects of surface recombination D. The morphology of selected TCO samples E. Some aspects on location issues F. Derivations for DC-DC converters G. Fluid-dynamic model Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisThe myths and facts about alternative fuels--and how they impact our lives As the price of energy continues to soar, so too has the demand for alternative energy. But there's no clear winner in the race to replace fossil fuels.Trade Review"...this book really does offer a comprehensive picture of the possible future of energy...well priced." (UK-Energy-Saving.com, August 6th 2009)Table of ContentsIntroduction 1 Part I: The Basic Facts of Energy Life 9 Chapter 1: What a Mess! 11 Chapter 2: What Energy Is and How It’s Used (Politically and Practically) 25 Chapter 3: Putting Together Each Piece of the Energy Puzzle 37 Part II: Digging Deeper into the Current State of Affairs 57 Chapter 4: Developing a Snapshot of Fossil Fuel Use and Availability 59 Chapter 5: Burning Up with Conventional Energy Sources 73 Chapter 6: The First Alternative-Energy Sources: Efficiency and Conservation 95 Chapter 7: Understanding the Demand For Alternatives 113 Part III: Alternatives — Buildings 127 Chapter 8: Going Nuclear 129 Chapter 9: Harnessing the Sun with Solar Power 151 Chapter 10: Treading Water with Hydropower 177 Chapter 11: Blowing Away with Wind Power 191 Chapter 12: Digging into Geothermal 207 Chapter 13: Exploring Biomass 221 Chapter 14: Burning Wood 235 Chapter 15: Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technologies 249 Part IV: Alternatives — Transportation 261 Chapter 16: Alternative Transport Technologies 263 Chapter 17: Alternative-Fuel Vehicles 271 Chapter 18: Plugging In: Electric Vehicles 283 Chapter 19: Hybrid-Electric Vehicles 297 Chapter 20: Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Vehicles 307 Chapter 21: Exotic Propulsion Systems 315 Part V: The Part of Tens 325 Chapter 22: Ten or So Myths about Energy 327 Chapter 23: Ten-Plus Ways to Invest in an Alternative-Energy Future 335 Index 343

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Book SynopsisThis is the most comprehensive guide ever written on renewables technology and engineering, intended to cater for the rapidly growing numbers of present and future engineers who are keen to lead the revolution. All the main sectors are covered - photovoltaics, solar thermal, wind, bioenergy, hydro, wave/tidal, geothermal - progressing from the fundamental physical principles, through resource assessment and site evaluation to in-depth examination of the characteristics and employment of the various technologies. The authors are all experienced practitioners, and as such recognise the cross-cutting importance of system sizing and integration. Clear diagrams, photos, tables and equations make this in invaluable reference tool, while worked examples mean the explanations are well-grounded and easy to follow - essential for students and professionals alike.Table of ContentsPreface * Energy and development * Renewable energy utilization * Review of basic scientific and engineering principles * The solar energy resource * Solar photovoltaic technology * Solar thermal engineering * Elements of passive solar architecture * Wind energy resources * Introduction to wind turbine technology * Small hydro: resource and technology * Geothermal energy, tidal energy, wave energy, and ocean thermal energy * Bio-energy resources * Thermochemical conversion of biomass * Biochemical methods of conversion * Liquid fuels from biomass: fundamentals, process chemistry, and technologies * Index

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Book SynopsisThis open access book presents detailed pathways to achieve 100% renewable energy by 2050, globally and across ten geographical regions. Based on state-of-the-art scenario modelling, it provides the vital missing link between renewable energy targets and the measures needed to achieve them. Bringing together the latest research in climate science, renewable energy technology, employment and resource impacts, the book breaks new ground by covering all the elements essential to achieving the ambitious climate mitigation targets set out in the Paris Climate Agreement. For example, sectoral implementation pathways, with special emphasis on differences between developed and developing countries and regional conditions, provide tools to implement the scenarios globally and domestically. Non-energy greenhouse gas mitigation scenarios define a sustainable pathway for land-use change and the agricultural sector. Furthermore, results of the impact of the scenarios on employment and mineral and resource requirements provide vital insight on economic and resource management implications. The book clearly demonstrates that the goals of the Paris Agreement are achievable and feasible with current technology and are beneficial in economic and employment terms. It is essential reading for anyone with responsibility for implementing renewable energy or climate targets internationally or domestically, including climate policy negotiators, policy-makers at all levels of government, businesses with renewable energy commitments, researchers and the renewable energy industry.Part 2 of this title can be found at this Link: https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-99177-7Trade Review“Based on state-of-the-art scenario modelling, the book provides the vital missing link between renewable energy targets and the measures needed to achieve them. Its robustly modelled scenarios indicate how to achieve 100% renewable energy by 2050, globally and across ten geographical regions. … The book is an essential read for anyone who is responsible for implementing renewable energy or climate targets internationally or domestically, including climate policy negotiators, policy-makers at all levels of government, businesses … .” (eurekalert.org, February, 5, 2019)​Table of Contents

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsIntroduction 1 About This Book 1 Conventions Used in This Book 2 What You’re Not to Read 3 Foolish Assumptions 3 How This Book Is Organized 3 Part 1: Here Comes the Sun: Shedding Some Light on PV Systems 4 Part 2: Digging into Complete System Details 4 Part 3: Sizing a PV System 4 Part 4: Installing a PV System 4 Part 5: The Part of Tens 5 Icons Used in This Book 5 Where to Go from Here 5 Part 1: Here Comes the Sun: Shedding Some Light on PV Systems 7 Chapter 1: The Photovoltaic Revolution 9 Peeking into the Past, Present, and Future of PV Installations 9 Acquainting yourself with typical PV applications 10 Checking out PV pros and cons 10 Looking into the future of PV 11 Introducing PV Components and Systems 11 Knowing Your Electricity A-B-Cs 12 Solar Resource 101 13 Surveying a PV System Site 13 Delving into PV System Details 14 PV modules 14 Batteries 14 Charge controllers 15 Inverters 15 Wiring and safety devices 15 Sizing a PV System 16 Grid-direct systems 16 Battery-based systems 16 Conductors and safety devices 17 Bringing a PV System to Life 17 Permitting 17 Staying safe 17 Putting together the mechanical parts 18 Adding the electrical parts 18 Commissioning, inspecting, and maintaining a system 19 Introducing the Sections of Code You Need to Know 20 Chapter 2: Checking Out Common Components and Systems 21 Introducing the Components That Make Up PV Systems 21 PV modules and racking 22 Battery bank 23 Charge controller 24 Inverter 24 Loads 25 Load centers 26 Disconnects and overcurrent protection 27 Utility interconnection 27 Differentiating between PV System Types 29 Grid-direct systems 29 Battery-based systems 31 Figuring Out the Right System Type for Any Situation 34 The customer is connected to the grid 34 The customer isn’t connected to the grid 35 Chapter 3: Powering through Electricity Basics 37 Going with the Flow: Current 38 Understanding amps 38 Distinguishing between direct current and alternating current 39 Measuring current with a meter 40 May the (Electromotive) Force Be with You: Voltage 43 Grasping the concept of voltage 43 Getting a grip on nominal voltage and operating voltage 43 Measuring voltage 44 Making a Stop: Resistance 46 Introducing ohms 47 Measuring resistance 47 Connecting Current, Voltage, and Resistance with Ohm’s Law 49 Pondering Power and Energy 50 Recognizing the differences between power and energy 50 Relating power to current, voltage, and resistance with the power equation 51 Calculating energy in terms of watt-hours 53 Introducing amp-hours, a companion to watt-hours 53 Wrapping Together Current, Voltage, Resistance, Power, and Energy 54 Another Electricity Concept: Circuit Configurations 55 Series 56 Parallel 57 Series-parallel 58 Chapter 4: Warming Up to the Solar Resource 59 High (Or Low) Energy: Solar Radiation 60 Distinguishing between direct radiation and diffuse radiation 60 Determining the intensity of solar radiation: Irradiance 61 Calculating solar radiation energy: Irradiation 65 Just for a day: Peak sun hours 66 Examining the Effects of the Sun’s Path on the Earth 69 Getting a grip on seasonal effects 70 Understanding the sun’s relationship to your location: Altitude and azimuth 72 Ticking off solar time 74 Interpreting sun charts 74 Opening up to the solar window 76 Positioning PV Modules to Make the Most of the Solar Resource 77 Introducing tilt angle 77 Orienting your array to the azimuth 79 Chapter 5: Properly Selecting a Site for a PV System 81 Setting the Stage for a Site Survey 82 Putting aside enough time 82 Creating a standard site-survey form 83 Toting a site-survey bag 83 Picture This: Documenting Your Entire Site Survey with Digital Photos 84 Collecting Basic Information during a Site Survey 86 General site information 86 Structural and mechanical information 87 Electrical information 89 Measuring Information in Degrees 90 Understanding magnetic declination 91 Calculating the array’s tilt angle and azimuth 93 Exploring Shading-Analysis Tools 95 Interpreting the Data and Bringing It All Together 97 Analyzing reports from your shading-analysis tool 98 Considering the total solar resource factor 98 Using other collected information to plan out the design and installation 100 Part 2: Digging Into Complete System Details 103 Chapter 6: PV Modules: From Sand to Electricity 105 Creating Solar Electricity: It All Starts with a Cell 106 Getting a grip on cell construction and manufacturing 106 Connecting cell construction to the photovoltaic effect 108 Reviewing Common Types of PV Modules 108 Checking out crystalline modules 109 Looking at thin film modules 111 Pointing Out Electrical Specifications on PV Modules 113 Current specifications 114 Voltage specifications 115 Maximum power point 116 Voltage temperature coefficient 117 Power tolerance 118 Series fuse rating 118 Surveying Test Conditions for PV Modules 118 Standard test conditions 119 Environmental effects on standard test conditions 120 Relating Current and Voltage in IV Curves 122 An IV curve with varying temperature 123 An IV curve with varying irradiance 124 Chapter 7: The Basics of Batteries 127 The Fundamentals of Battery Anatomy and Operation 128 Constructing a battery, from cell to bank 128 Discovering how batteries charge and discharge 130 Comparing Different Types of Batteries 133 Lead-acid batteries 133 Lead-calcium batteries 136 Nickel-cadmium batteries 136 Comprehending Battery Capacity 137 Considering the C rate for capacity 137 Recognizing factors that affect capacity 138 Specifying Batteries 141 Specifying the type of battery to use 141 Specifying the battery bank size 142 Chapter 8: Keeping Current and Voltage in Check: Charge Controllers 147 The Essentials of Charge Controllers 148 Seeing how a charge controller works in stages 148 Surveying special effects provided by some charge controllers 151 Maximum Power Point Tracking Technology 153 How MPPT works 153 The pros and cons of MPPT controllers 154 Pulse-Width Modulation Technology 155 How PWM works 155 The pros and cons of PWM controllers 156 Specifying a Charge Controller 156 Chapter 9: Inverters: AC (From) DC 157 Getting the Goods on Grid-Direct Inverters 158 Basic operation 158 Standard features 159 Power output sizes 162 The importance of transformers 162 Investigating Battery-Based Inverters 164 Utility-interactive inverter operation 165 Stand-alone inverter operation 166 Standard features for all battery-based inverters 167 Sizes of battery-based inverters 168 Low-frequency transformer technology 168 Specifying Any Inverter 168 Grid-direct 169 Battery-based 170 Chapter 10: Staying Secure: Wiring and Safety Components 173 Defining the Circuits in a PV System 174 Checking Out Types of Conductors 175 USE-2 176 PV wire 176 Building wiring 177 Battery wiring 178 Ground wiring 178 Considering Kinds of Conduit 179 Metallic conduit 179 Nonmetallic conduit 180 Delving into Disconnects 181 Perusing Overcurrent Protection Devices 182 Circuit breakers 183 Fuses 183 Focusing on Ground Fault Protection 184 Looking at the Basics of Labels 185 Part 3: Sizing a PV System 187 Chapter 11: Sizing a Grid-Direct System 189 First Things First: Evaluating the Budget and the Available Array Area 190 Estimating the Site’s Annual Energy Production 191 Sizing the Array to Meet Your Client’s Energy Consumption 193 Determining annual energy consumption 193 Looking at contract options with the utility 194 Using consumption and contract options to select an array’s needed power value 195 Getting Ready to Match an Inverter to an Array 196 Matching Power Values for an Array and an Inverter 197 Coming Up with the Right Voltage Values for Your Array and Inverter 199 Establishing the inverter’s AC voltage 200 Defining the inverter’s DC voltage window 200 Calculating the modules’ maximum DC voltage contribution 201 Figuring out the modules’ minimum DC voltage contribution 208 Bringing It All Together: Combining Your Power and Voltage Information 213 One Last Check: The Inverter’s Maximum Current Input 214 Chapter 12: Sizing a Battery-Based System 215 Get Loaded: Looking at Loads in a Battery-Based System 216 Evaluating the loads that the battery bank must serve 216 Calculating the energy required during an outage for utility-interactive systems 219 Determining the average daily energy consumption for stand-alone systems 219 Sizing the Battery Bank 222 Inverter efficiency 222 The days of autonomy 223 The temperature used for battery operation 223 The depth of discharge 224 Nominal voltages 225 Figuring out the battery capacity you need 226 Strung along: Wiring the battery bank 227 Sizing the PV Array 229 Sizing the array in a utility-interactive system 229 Sizing the array in a stand-alone system 230 Sizing the Charge Controller 232 Voltage specifications 233 Power or amperage specifications 234 A check before you move on: Comparing the array size to the battery capacity 236 Sizing the Inverter 236 Viewing voltage output 237 Calculating the power draw 237 Staying in charge 238 Looking at surge ratings 238 Evaluating inverter and array power output 239 Incorporating a Generator 239 Generator features 240 Generator sizing 241 Chapter 13: Sizing Conductors, Conduit, and Safety Components 243 Conductor Sizing 101 244 Defining the PV circuits’ maximum and continuous current 245 Calculating non-PV circuits’ maximum current 246 Considering conditions of use with some handy tables 247 Putting together the details to determine conductor sizing 250 Accounting for voltage drop after you size your conductors 253 Sizing Conduit 257 Sizing Overcurrent Protection Devices and Disconnects 258 Beginning with a few basics 258 Placing protection on PV circuits 259 Protecting inverter circuits 260 Part 4: Installing a PV System 261 Chapter 14: The Permitting Process 263 Obtaining Permits before You Install a PV System 263 In the beginning: Having the right licenses and certifications 264 Home grown: Permitting for residential systems 265 Big business: Permitting for commercial systems 269 Not Just Pretty Pictures: Creating Drawing Sets 272 Calling out components clearly 273 Depicting equipment locations 273 Showing conductor-sizing calculations 273 Jotting down job notes 274 Chapter 15: Staying Safe Anytime You Work on a PV System 275 Getting a Grip on General Construction Site Safety 276 Identifying job-site obstacles and putting on protective gear right away 276 Safely working alone and with others 277 Taking in tips for tool safety 278 Limiting your exposure to the elements 278 Stowing a first-aid kit on the job site 279 Looking at Ladder Safety 279 Selecting your stash of ladders 279 Properly setting up any ladder 281 Raising the Issue of Rooftop Safety 282 Restraining yourself with fall protection 283 Storing your tools 283 Maintaining safe walkways 285 Examining Electrical Safety 285 Staying aware of general shock hazards 285 Working with circuits 286 Charging Ahead with Battery Safety 290 Chapter 16: Assembling the Mechanical Parts 293 Surveying PV Array Mounting Methods 294 Roof mounting 295 Ground mounting 300 Top-of-pole mounting 302 Building-integrated mounting 303 Considering Loading When You Mount an Array on a Roof 305 Following building codes 305 Accounting for additional dead load 305 Looking at live loads 307 Properly Attaching an Array to a Roof 309 Making attachments with lag screws 309 Sealing roof penetrations with flashing 310 Supporting Ground and Top-of-Pole Mounting 313 Chapter 17: Integrating the Electrical Elements 315 Location Is Everything: Knowing Where to Place Electrical Equipment 316 Manufacturers’ requirements for equipment locations 316 Locations for disconnecting means 317 Combiner boxes and junction boxes and wiring, oh my! 318 Working on Wiring 319 Seeing red (and green and white): Color-coding 319 Managing wires on PV modules 321 Protecting wires with conduit 322 Bonding Yourself to Grounding 323 Equipment grounding 323 System grounding 326 Connecting to the Utility 329 Determining the utility’s requirements 329 Making a load side or line side connection 331 Chapter 18: Commissioning, Inspecting, and Maintaining a PV System 335 Making a List and Checking It Twice: Preparing for Commissioning 336 Mechanical elements? Check! 336 Electrical elements? Check! 337 Start ’Er Up: The Commissioning Process 341 Putting safety first 342 Gathering the gear you need 342 Commissioning different types of systems 343 Verifying that the system is working 347 Arming Yourself for Inspection Issues 349 Not having “a neat and workmanlike manner” 350 Forgetting about aesthetics 350 Failing to manage conductors on the array 350 Neglecting to label the system 351 Surveying System Maintenance 353 Mechanical maintenance 354 Electrical maintenance 354 Maintenance on a higher level: Taking care of battery banks 355 Part 5: The Part of Tens 359 Chapter 19: Ten Ways to Avoid Common Code Mistakes 361 Providing Proper Working Clearance 362 Supplying the Right Structural Support 362 Keeping Water out of Buildings with Flashing 363 Ensuring All Conductors Have the Necessary Ratings 363 Managing the Conductors on Modules 364 Selecting the Correct Conduit 364 Locating the Disconnects 365 Grounding the Equipment 365 Grounding the System 366 Labeling the System Properly 366 Chapter 20: Ten Ways to Maximize Energy Production for Your Clients 367 Select the Right Site 367 Orient the Array Correctly 368 Configure the Array Properly 368 Work within the Limits of the Utility Voltage 369 Choose the Correct Inverter 369 Size Conductors Appropriately 370 Keep the Components Cool 370 Advise Clients to Monitor Their System 371 Clean the Array Periodically 371 Inspect the Array Annually 372 Index 373

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Book SynopsisThis practical guide identifies the technical challenges of transitioning to battery electric vehicles in Australia, reviews the impacts of life cycle emissions on passenger transport systems, and presents government, institutional and personal requirements for reducing passenger vehicle mode share.Accommodating renewable energy sources to achieve emission reductions following a 1.5C pathway laid out by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), will require significant reductions in transport energy demand. This book guides the reader through multiple necessary approaches including demand reduction, significant holistic efficiency increases, and technology adoption that progresses beyond physical transport options. The scope is for the medium-long-term, addressing the complex challenges of battery electric vehicle sales regulation and disposal to 2050. Successful examples and policies from around the world are reviewed to showcase necessary societal changes to sup

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisWith the growth in renewable energy (RE) generation installed capacity, many countries such as the UK are relying on higher levels of RE generation to meet targets for reduced greenhouse gas emissions. In the face of this, the integration issue is now of increasing concern, in particular to system operators.Table of ContentsForeword xv Preface to the First Edition xix Preface to the Second Edition xxi Acknowledgements xxiii About the Companion Website xxv 1 Energy and Electricity 1 1.1 The World Energy Scene 1 1.1.1 History 1 1.1.2 World Energy Consumption 1 1.1.3 Finite Resources 2 1.1.4 Energy Security and Disparity of Use 3 1.2 The Environmental Impact of Energy Use 4 1.2.1 The Problem 4 1.2.2 The Science 5 1.2.3 The Kyoto Protocol 7 1.2.4 Economics of Mitigation 10 1.2.5 Efficient Energy Use 11 1.2.6 The Electricity Sector 14 1.2.7 Possible Solutions and Sustainability 15 1.3 Generating Electricity 16 1.3.1 Conversion from Other Energy Forms – The Importance of Efficiency 16 1.3.2 The Nuclear Path 17 1.3.3 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) 17 1.3.4 Renewables 18 1.4 The Electrical Power System 20 1.4.1 Structure of the Electrical Power System 20 1.4.2 Integrating Renewables into Power Systems 23 1.4.3 Distributed Generation 23 1.4.4 Renewable Energy Penetration 24 1.4.5 Network Stability 25 References 25 2 Features of Conventional and Renewable Generation 27 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Conventional Sources: Coal, Gas and Nuclear 28 2.3 Hydroelectric Power 29 2.3.1 Large-Scale Hydro 30 2.3.2 Small Hydro 31 2.3.2.1 Turbine Designs 32 2.4 Wind Power 33 2.4.1 The Resource 33 2.4.2 Wind Variability 34 2.4.3 Wind Turbines 37 2.4.4 Power Variability 40 2.4.4.1 Variability from Second to Second 40 2.4.4.2 Variability from Minute to Minute 41 2.4.4.3 Variability from Hour to Hour and from Day-to-Day 41 2.4.4.4 Seasonal Variability 42 2.4.5 Offshore Wind 42 2.5 PV and Solar Thermal Electricity 47 2.5.1 The Resource 47 2.5.2 The Technology 49 2.5.3 Photovoltaic Systems 49 2.5.4 Solar Thermal Electric Systems 52 2.6 Tidal Power 54 2.6.1 The Resource 54 2.6.2 Tidal Enhancement 54 2.6.2.1 Funnelling 54 2.6.2.2 Resonance 55 2.6.2.3 Coriolis Effect 55 2.6.3 Tidal Barrages 55 2.6.4 Operational Strategies 55 2.6.4.1 Power Variability 56 2.6.5 Tidal Current Schemes 57 2.7 Wave Power 59 2.7.1 The Resource 59 2.7.2 The Technology 59 2.7.3 Variability 60 2.8 Biomass 62 2.8.1 The Resource 62 2.8.2 Resource Sustainability 62 2.9 Summary of Power Generation Characteristics 63 2.10 Combining Sources 64 References 65 3 Power Balance/Frequency Control 67 3.1 Introduction 67 3.1.1 The Power Balance Issue 67 3.2 Electricity Demand 68 3.2.1 Demand Curves 68 3.2.2 Load Aggregation 69 3.2.3 Demand-Side Management – Deferrable Loads 70 3.3 Power Governing 71 3.3.1 Power Conversion Chain 71 3.3.2 Governor Steady State Characteristics 72 3.3.3 Parallel Operation of Two Generators 73 3.3.4 A Multi-Generator System 74 3.3.5 The Steady State Power–Frequency Relationship 75 3.4 Dynamic Frequency Control of Large Systems 76 3.4.1 Demand Matching 76 3.4.2 Demand Forecasting 77 3.4.3 Frequency Limits 79 3.4.4 Generation Scheduling and Reserve 79 3.4.5 Frequency Control at Different Timescales 80 3.4.6 Meeting Demand and Ensuring Reliability 82 3.4.7 Capacity Factor and Capacity Credit 83 3.5 Impact of Renewable Generation on Frequency Control and Reliability 84 3.5.1 Introduction 84 3.5.2 Aggregation of Sources 85 3.5.2.1 The Monthly Distribution of Power Availability 85 3.5.2.2 The Daily Distribution of Power Availability 85 3.5.2.3 Short Term Variability 86 3.5.2.4 The Capacity Factor 86 3.5.3 Value of Energy from the Wind 88 3.5.4 Impact on Balancing 88 3.5.5 Impact on Reliability 90 3.5.6 Discarded/Curtailed Energy 91 3.5.7 Overall Penalties Due to Increasing Penetration 92 3.5.8 Combining Different Renewable Sources 92 3.5.9 Differences Between Electricity Systems 93 3.5.10 Limits of Penetration from Non-Dispatchable Sources 94 3.6 Frequency Response Services from Renewables 96 3.6.1.1 Wind Power 96 3.6.1.2 Biofuels 100 3.6.1.3 Waterpower 100 3.6.1.4 Photovoltaics 100 3.7 Frequency Control Modelling 101 3.7.1 Background 101 3.7.1.1 Modelling a Generator 101 3.7.1.2 Modelling Released Demand 102 3.7.1.3 Modelling the Grid’s Inertial Energy Store 102 3.7.2 A Modelling Example 103 3.8 Energy Storage 105 3.8.1 Introduction 105 3.8.2 Storage Devices 106 3.8.3 Dynamic Demand Control 108 References 111 Further Reading 113 4 Electrical Power Generation and Conditioning 115 4.1 The Conversion of Renewable Energy into Electrical Form 115 4.2 The Synchronous Generator 116 4.2.1 Construction and Mode of Operation 116 4.2.2 The Rotating Magnetic Field 119 4.2.3 Synchronous Generator Operation When Grid Connected 120 4.2.4 The Synchronous Generator Equivalent Circuit 122 4.2.5 Power Transfer Equations 123 4.2.6 Three-Phase Equations 124 4.2.7 Four-Quadrant Operation 125 4.2.8 Power–Load Angle Characteristic 125 4.3 The Transformer 126 4.3.1 Transformer Basics 126 4.3.2 The Transformer Equivalent Circuit 128 4.3.3 Further Details on Transformers 129 4.4 The Asynchronous Generator 130 4.4.1 Construction and Properties 130 4.4.2 The Induction Machine Equivalent Circuit 132 4.4.3 The Induction Machine Efficiency 134 4.4.4 The Induction Machine Speed-Torque Characteristic 134 4.4.5 Induction Generator Reactive Power 137 4.4.6 Comparison Between Synchronous and Asynchronous Generators 137 4.5 Power Electronics 139 4.5.1 Introduction 139 4.5.2 Power-Semiconductor Devices 139 4.5.2.1 Diodes 139 4.5.2.2 Thyristors 139 4.5.2.3 Transistors 140 4.5.3 Diode Bridge Rectifier 141 4.5.4 Harmonics 142 4.5.5 The Thyristor Bridge Converter 143 4.5.6 The Transistor Bridge 145 4.5.6.1 Basic Square Wave 146 4.5.6.2 Quasi-Sine Wave (Modified Square Wave) 146 4.5.6.3 Pulse-Width Modulation 146 4.5.6.4 Comparison of Switching Methods 148 4.5.6.5 Output Control in a Grid-Connected Inverter 148 4.5.6.6 The Three-Phase Bridge 149 4.5.7 Converter Internal Control Systems 149 4.5.8 DC–DC Converters 150 4.5.8.1 Step-Down DC–DC Converter 150 4.5.8.2 Step-Up DC–DC Converter 150 4.5.9 Multi-Level Converters 151 4.5.10 Matrix Converters 151 4.5.11 Z-Source Converters 151 4.6 Applications to Renewable Energy Generators 152 4.6.1 Applications to PV Systems 152 4.6.1.1 PV System Characteristics 152 4.6.1.2 Basic Grid-Connected PV Inverter 153 4.6.1.3 Transformerless Grid-Connected PV Inverter 153 4.6.1.4 PV Inverter Using a High-Frequency Transformer 154 4.6.1.5 PV Inverter Using a Steering Bridge 154 4.6.1.6 PV Inverters for Stand-Alone Operation 155 4.6.2 Applications to Wind Power 155 4.6.2.1 Fixed Versus Variable Speed – Energy Capture [4] 155 4.6.2.2 Fixed Versus Variable Speed – Dynamics 156 4.6.3 Synchronous Generator Supplying an Autonomous Network 157 4.6.3.1 Fixed-Speed Wind Turbines 157 4.6.3.2 Variable Slip Wind Turbines 158 4.6.4 The Principle of Slip Energy Recovery 159 4.6.4.1 DFIG Wind Turbines 160 4.6.4.2 Wind Turbines with Full Converters 162 4.6.5 Synchronous Generators in Wind Turbines 162 4.6.6 Gearless Wind Turbines 163 4.6.7 Hybrid Drive Train Designs 164 4.6.8 DC Transmission for Wind 165 4.7 Applications to Small Scale Hydro 166 4.8 Applications to Tidal Stream Turbines 167 References 168 5 Power-System Analysis 171 5.1 Introduction 171 5.2 The Transmission System 171 5.2.1 Single-Phase Representation 173 5.2.2 Transmission and Distribution Systems 173 5.2.3 Example Networks 174 5.3 Voltage Control 176 5.4 Power Flow in an Individual Section of Line 178 5.4.1 Electrical Characteristics of Lines and Cables 178 5.4.2 Single-Phase Equivalent Circuit 178 5.4.3 Voltage Drop Calculation 179 5.4.4 Simplifications and Conclusions 180 5.5 Reactive Power Management 181 5.5.1 Reactive Power Compensation Equipment 182 5.5.1.1 Tap Changers and Voltage Regulators 182 5.5.1.2 AVRs 183 5.5.1.3 Static Compensators 184 5.5.1.4 FACTS 184 5.5.1.5 RE Generator Interfaces 184 5.6 Load-Flow and Power-System Simulation 184 5.6.1 Uses of Load Flow 184 5.6.2 A Particular Case 185 5.6.3 Network Data 186 5.6.4 Load/Generation Data 186 5.6.4.1 Time Dependence 186 5.6.4.2 Types of Nodes (Buses) 187 5.6.5 The Load-Flow Calculations 188 5.6.6 Results 189 5.6.7 Unbalanced Load-Flow 189 5.7 Faults and Protection 190 5.7.1 Short-Circuit Fault Currents 191 5.7.2 Symmetrical Three-Phase Fault Current 191 5.7.3 Fault Currents in General 191 5.7.4 Fault Level (Short-Circuit Level) –Weak Grids 192 5.7.5 Thévenin Equivalent Circuit 193 5.8 Time Varying and Dynamic Simulations 193 5.9 Power-System Stability 194 5.9.1 Equal Area Stability Criterion 195 5.9.2 Power-System Stabilisers 196 5.10 Dynamic Line Rating 196 5.11 Reliability Analysis 197 References 197 6 Renewable Energy Generation in Power Systems 199 6.1 Distributed Generation 199 6.1.1 Introduction 199 6.1.2 Point of Common Coupling (PCC) 200 6.1.3 Connection Voltage 200 6.2 Voltage Effects 201 6.2.1 Steady State Voltage Rise 201 6.2.2 Automatic Voltage Control – Tap Changers 202 6.2.3 Active and Reactive Power from Renewable Energy Generators 203 6.2.4 Example Load Flow 204 6.3 Thermal Limits 207 6.3.1 Overhead Lines and Cables 207 6.3.2 Transformers 208 6.4 Other Embedded Generation Issues 208 6.4.1 Flicker, Voltage Steps and Dips 208 6.4.1.1 Flicker 208 6.4.1.2 Steps and Dips 209 6.4.2 Harmonics/Distortion 209 6.4.3 Phase Voltage Imbalance 210 6.4.4 Network Reinforcement 211 6.4.5 Network Losses 211 6.4.6 Fault Level Increase 211 6.5 Islanding 212 6.5.1 Introduction 212 6.5.2 Loss-of-Mains Protection for Rotating Machines 213 6.5.3 Loss-of-Mains Protection for Inverters 213 6.6 Fault Ride-Through 214 6.7 Generator and Converter Characteristics 215 References 216 7 Power System Economics and the Electricity Market 219 7.1 Introduction 219 7.2 The Costs of Electricity Generation 219 7.2.1 Capital and Running Costs of Renewable and Conventional Generation Plant 219 7.2.2 Total Generation Costs 221 7.3 Economic Optimisation in Power Systems 221 7.3.1 Diversity of Generator Characteristics in a Power System 221 7.3.2 Optimum Economic Dispatch 221 7.3.3 Equal Incremental Cost Dispatch 224 7.3.4 OED with Several Units and Generation Limits 225 7.3.5 Costs on a Level Playing Field 228 7.4 External Costs 229 7.4.1 Introduction 229 7.4.2 Types of External Cost 230 7.4.3 The Kyoto Protocol and Subsequent Agreements 231 7.4.4 Costing Pollution 233 7.5 Effects of Embedded Generation 234 7.5.1 Value of Energy At Various Points of the Network 234 7.5.2 An Example Cash-Flow Analysis 235 7.5.3 Value of Embedded Generation – Regional and Local Issues 237 7.5.4 Capacity Credit 238 7.5.5 Summary 241 7.6 Support Mechanisms for Renewable Energy 241 7.6.1 Introduction 241 7.6.2 Feed-in Law 242 7.6.3 Quota System 242 7.6.3.1 Renewables Obligation (RO) 242 7.6.3.2 Contract for Difference (CFD) 243 7.6.4 Carbon Tax 243 7.6.4.1 Climate Change Levy 243 7.6.4.2 Eco-Tax Reform 243 7.6.4.3 Tax Relief 244 7.7 Electricity Markets 244 7.7.1 Introduction 244 7.7.2 The UK Electricity Supply Industry 244 7.7.2.1 The State-Owned Central Electricity-Generating Board 244 7.7.2.2 The Electricity Pool 244 7.7.2.3 The Operation of the Pool and Pool Rules 245 7.7.2.4 Hedging 246 7.7.2.5 Electricity Market Reform (EMR) 247 7.7.2.6 Ancillary Services 247 7.7.2.7 Marketing Green Electricity 248 References 248 8 The Future – Towards a Sustainable Electricity Supply System 249 8.1 Introduction 249 8.2 The Future of Wind Power 251 8.2.1 Large Wind Turbines 251 8.2.2 Offshore Wind Farm Development 254 8.2.2.1 Electrical Integration 256 8.2.2.2 DC Transmission for Wind 257 8.2.2.3 Innovative Collector Systems 257 8.2.2.4 A Proposed European DC Supergrid 257 8.2.2.5 Smarter Wind Farms 260 8.2.3 Building Integrated Wind Turbines 262 8.3 The Future of Solar Power 264 8.3.1 PV Technology Development 264 8.3.1.1 Different Deployment Options 265 8.3.2 Solar Thermal Electric Systems 267 8.4 The Future of Biofuels 268 8.5 Geothermal Power 271 8.6 The Future of Hydro and Marine Power 271 8.7 The Shape of Future Networks 272 8.7.1 Transmission System Evolution 273 8.7.2 Low Inertia Power Systems 275 8.7.3 Distribution Network Evolution 276 8.7.3.1 Active Networks 277 8.7.4 Problems Associated with Distributed Generation 278 8.7.4.1 Fault Levels 278 8.7.4.2 Voltage Levels 278 8.7.4.3 Network Security 279 8.7.4.4 Network Stability 279 8.7.5 Options to Ameliorate the Technical Difficulties 279 8.7.5.1 Planning Standards 279 8.7.5.2 Using Power Electronics Technology 279 8.7.5.3 Islanding 280 8.7.5.4 Dynamic Loads 280 8.7.5.5 Demand-Side Management of Loads 281 8.7.5.6 Storage 282 8.7.5.7 Microgrids 282 8.7.5.8 Virtual Power Stations 283 8.8 Conclusions 283 References 285 Appendix A Basic Electric Power Engineering Concepts 289 A.1 Introduction 289 A.2 Generators and Consumers of Energy 289 A.3 Why AC? 291 A.4 AC Waveforms 291 A.5 Response of Circuit Components to AC 292 A.5.1 Resistance 292 A.5.2 Inductance 293 A.5.3 Capacitance 295 A.6 Phasors 296 A.7 Phasor Addition 297 A.8 Rectangular Notation 298 A.9 Reactance and Impedance 300 A.9.1 Resistance 300 A.9.2 Inductance 301 A.9.3 Capacitance 301 A.9.4 Impedance 301 A.10 Power in AC Circuits 302 A.11 Reactive Power 304 A.12 Complex Power 305 A.13 Conservation of Active and Reactive Power 306 A.14 Effects of Reactive Power Flow – Power Factor Correction 307 A.15 Three-Phase AC 308 A.16 The Thévenin Equivalent Circuit 310 Reference 311 Index 313

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Book SynopsisThe refurbishment of existing buildings is a crucial yet often neglected subject within sustainable architecture; attention is usually focused on new buildings. Many old buildings waste large amounts of energy and provide poor internal conditions for occupants through poor lighting, poor ventilation, solar penetration and glare, and poor control of heating and cooling. Demolition is an option but the refurbishment alternative is increasingly seen as more sustainable in terms of architectural value, materials use, neighbourhood disruption and waste disposal. In addition, the potential impact of low energy refurbishment is much greater than that for new build since there are many more buildings already in existence than will be built in the next 10 - 20 years, the period over which many CO2 emission targets apply. The Handbook of Sustainable Refurbishment: Non-Domestic Buildings offers architects, engineers and a wide range of building professionals practical advice, illustrated by realTrade Review'An incisive book that provides practical strategies and tactics for sustainable refurbishment, literally from the ground up. Richly illustrated with informative diagrams, supported by accessible quantitative analysis, and reinforced by detailed case study examples, this book is a triumph.' Koen Steemers PhD RIBA/ARB, Professor of Sustainable Design and Head of the Department of Architecture, University of Cambridge 'Nick Baker tackles head on what many eminent scientists in Cambridge regard as most pressing contemporary problems, the sustainable refurbishment of the existing building stock, much of which is going to be with us still in 2050. Dr. Baker delivers his profound understanding of these difficult issues in a wholly intelligible and compelling way. I cannot commend this book to my profession and its patrons highly enough.' Professor Alan Short, University of Cambridge and Short and Associates Architects 'Definitely worth reading, learning from and implementing the practical experience of the REVIVAL team.' Building Engineer Magazine 'Innovative ideas for improvements, which may become increasingly necessary in the coming years ... a challenging and interesting read, providing complex technical solutions to issues which require a full understanding of building pathology.' Context Journal, Institute of Historic Building Conservation 'Challenging and interesting read.' Context, IHBC 'The Hanbook of Sustainable Refurbishment offers practical advice illustrated by real examples'. DETAIL Magazine 'A very useful introduction to the subject ... appropriate for younger professionals and also for their more experienced colleagues who may be contemplating undertaking sustainable refurbishment for the first time.' Proceedings of the Institute of Civil EngineersTable of ContentsPart I 1: Strategies for sustainable refurbishment. Part II 2: Floors 3: Walls 4: Roofs 5: Windows 6: Atria and Double Skins 7: Mechanical Plant and Controls 8: Renewable Energy Options Part III: Case Studies 9. The Albatros, Den Hedler, Nedtherlands 10. Lycee Chevrollier, Angers, France 11. Daneshill House, Stevenage, UK 12. Ministry of Finance Offices, Athens 13. The Meyer Hospital, Florence, Italy

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Book SynopsisLabor and related costs account for more than half of the price of the average home solar installation. But homeowners can save thousands of dollars with this user-friendly manual, which follows the same process professional contractors use. Through detailed directions and step-by-step photos, veteran solar installer Joseph Burdick and seasoned builder Philip Schmidt teach you how to determine the size, placement, and type of installation you’ll need. This comprehensive DIY guide covers everything from assembling rooftop racking or building a ground-mount structure to setting up the electrical connections and making a battery bank for off-grid systems.

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Book SynopsisThis fundamental book provides a cross-sectoral, multi-disciplinary view on the biobased economy. It explains opportunities for the value-adding production and use of bioresources, while also discussing the main drivers and obstacles involved. The book is divided into three major parts, the first of which introduces readers to the basics of bioresource economics and engineering. In terms of economics, it discusses decision-making from the policy, producer, investor, and citizen perspectives; in terms of engineering, it addresses key technologies and the processing of bioresources, as well as the development of biorefineries for high-value products on large and small scales. In turn, the book’s second part presents cases focused on different types of energy use, and written by practitioners. The cases illustrate the businesses and technologies involved, as well as the roles of citizens, social organisations and policies. The book’s third and last part highlights opportunities in sustainable agriculture, valuable industrial products and innovative services, while also outlining key conditions for success. Written by a team of scholars and practitioners from various engineering, natural-science and social-science disciplines, the book is primarily intended for undergraduate and graduate students, and for practitioners in business and policy who wish to explore the sustainable production and use of bioresources. All theoretical issues are explained with the aid of real-world examples, making the content highly accessible.Table of Contents1.Introduction: Yoram Krozer, Maarten Arentsen, Michael Narodoslawsky (10 pages).- Part I: Basics (20-25 pages each chapter).- 2.Bioresources basics: Michael Narodoslawsky.- 3.Bioresources for electricity: Andrej Gubina.- 4.Economic basics: Yoram Krozer.- 5.Regional capabilities: Frans Coenen.- 6.Market behavior: Boglarka Vajda and Yoram Krozer.- 7.Business development: Yoram Krozer and Petra Doelman.- 8.Policy development: Maarten Arentsen .- Part II Cases (5-10 pages each chapter).- 9.Willows for localized fuels: Sandor Bartha.- 10.Modern bio-refineries: Louis Duarte.- 11.Supplies for bioenergy markets: Devrim Yazan.- 12.Food chain waste processing: Ina Körner.- 13.Reuse of edible oils: Avinash Narayanswamy.- 14.Manure for energy: Willem van Laarhoven.

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Book SynopsisThe provision of sustainable energy supplies for an expanding and increasingly productive world is one of the major issues facing civilisation today. Renewable Energy examines both the practical and economic potential of the renewable energy sources to meet this challenge. The underlying physical and technological principles behind deriving power from direct solar (solar thermal and photovoltaics), indirect solar (biomass, hydro, wind and wave) and non-solar (tidal and geothermal) energy sources are explained, within the context of their environmental impacts, their economics and their future prospects. Renewable Energy provides both perspective and detail on the relative merits and state of progress of technologies for utilizing the various ''renewables''. The analysis considers emissions, sustainability, cost implications and energy security, as political and economic pressures move society towards a low-carbon future. From an overview of basic energy conversion processes, throughTrade ReviewReview from previous edition I have reviewed many textbooks on renewable energy and this one stands clearly above them all. It provides an excellent balance between technical content and practical application. * Douglas J Reinemann, Professor of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA *The quality of illustrations in Renewable Energy , as well as the inclusion of energy data for North America, make this and its sister volume, Energy Systems and Sustainability , my top choice for any energy program in higher education. * James Leidel, Director of Clean Energy Syctems, Oakland University, USA *A great introductory text for teaching, and an excellent reference for your bookshelf. * Ian Mason, University of Canterbury, NZ *An excellent overview of all the principal renewable energy technologies, placing them in the context of the overall power system. Individual chapters are all written by experts, but edited into a common style so that the level of detail is comparable across all chapters. The best book of its sort on the market. * Paul Younger, University of Glasgow *Excellent textbook for an introductory course on renewable energy systems. Some mathematical principles are introduced to reinforce concepts. Overall excellent material to get undergraduate students engaged with the field before digging into the detail. * Tom Norton, Harper Adams University, UK *This textbook continues the high standards of previous editions in terms of the clarity with which it explains the technologies while offering high quality graphics. * Peter Connor, University of Exeter *Table of Contents1: Introducing Renewable Energy 2: Thermodynamics and Heat Pumps 3: Solar Thermal Energy 4: Solar Photovoltaics 5: Bioenergy 6: Hydroelectricity 7: Tidal Power 8: Wind Energy 9: Wave Energy 10: Geothermal Energy 11: Integrating Renewable Energy 12: Renewable Energy Futures A1: Appendix: Investing in renewable energy A2: Appendix: Units

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Introduction 2. Hydrogen 3. Fuel cells 4. Fuel cell systems 5. Implementation scenarios 6. Social implications 7. Conclusion: A conditional outcome

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Book SynopsisWhat does sustainable business and net zero carbon emission mean for businesses globally? How should companies globally transform into sustainable businesses with net zero carbon emissions? This book unpacks the institutional, organisational and management challenges in pursuing sustainable business and carbon neutrality for businesses.In this book, Henry K. H. Wang, an internationally recognised Climate and Business expert, provides real-life cases across different countries and business sectors. He outlines potential policy implications and strategy options for companies to consider in their transitions to sustainable business practices. He also explores important new global developments in smart cities, green transport and carbon solutions, and how the adoption of sustainable finance and green investments can accelerate businesses transformation.This book will appeal to anyone interested to learn more about the successful planning and execution of sustainable busineTrade Review"This latest book from global expert Henry Wang is another example of his absolutely detailed and inspiring knowledge of the critical issues in relation to this topic. Henry makes it clear what the challenges and opportunities are. He has expounded these in a body of work that leaves the reader so much better informed."Simon Haigh, BA (Hons Law Dunelm), MBA, GAICD, FAIM; Managing Director & International Lawyer, Leading International Executive Coach and Global Growth Strategist"Another pearl released to the world; Author Henry Wang puts forth the critical place we are in the world with climate issues. Henry is a world renowned and respected voice for the issues in this great book and his perspective is on-point and relevant."H.E. Ambassador Terry Earthwind Nichols, Chairman, Evolutionary Healer, LLC, Leading International Executive Coach and Keynote SpeakerTable of Contents1. Impacts of Climate Change on Sustainable Business 2. Sustainable Business Transformation Developments 3. International Policy Developments on Climate Change 4. Sustainable Net Zero Strategies of Key Countries 5. Corporate Strategy Developments by Sector 6. Developments in Clean Energy Transition 7. Developments in Sustainable Transport 8. Developments in Sustainable Smart Cities 9. Developments in Sustainable Finance and Green Investment 10. Carbon Reductions and Net Zero Carbon Solutions

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Book SynopsisEnergy Economics outlines the fundamental issues and possible solutions to the challenges of energy production and use, presenting a framework for decisions based upon sound economic analysis. This approach considers market forces and policy goals, including economic prosperity, environmental protection, and societal well-being. The second edition has been thoroughly updated, addressing dramatic shifts in the use of fuel and electricity, accelerated plans for the use of renewable energy, and pathways towards a lower-carbon future. A new chapter on electric vehicles examines its impact on transportation, the electricity market, and carbon emissions. Global examples throughout the book reflect the universal application of energy economics. With this economic foundation, coupled with perspectives from real-world applications, and perspectives from related disciplines, this text sharpens the student's ability to understand, evaluate, and critique energy policy. A companiTrade Review"Energy Economics by Professor Peter Schwarz describes and explores the challenges of the world's energy sector. It offers a modern and novel assessment of the operations, economics and management of conventional energy markets and a vivid analysis of the role of renewable energy, nuclear energy, the electrification of the transportation sector, and various government policies and regulations. I enjoyed the book's innovative assessment and focus on the future of energy and sustainability and recommend it to undergraduate and graduate students who care about how the energy sector functions and interacts with the environment, the economy and people's life."Asher Tishler, professor and former dean of the Faculty of Management at Tel Aviv University."Peter Schwarz’s Energy Economics is an essential component of the bookshelf for energy economists and, especially, environmental economists who are not steeped in the economics of energy. The second edition includes a number of chapters you can’t find anywhere else (e.g., electric vehicles and next generation renewable alternatives). I look forward to using it as a supplement in my courses."John Whitehead, Professor, Department of Economics, Appalachian State University"Professor Schwarz’s 2nd Edition of Energy Economics is the perfect text for an undergraduate energy economics class. It is accessible and clearly applies economic principles to relevant energy topics. This focused text gives students applicable insight by incorporating very recent events in the energy sector, while also giving historical context. The accompanying instructor materials are extremely helpful for faculty who want to teach the subject, even if energy economics is not their main field."Dan Groft, PhD., Director of H.C. Drew Center for Business and Economic Analysis, Associate Professor of Economics, McNeese State UniversityTable of ContentsPart I: Fundamental of energy economics 1. Introduction 2. Energy, markets, and society 3. Static efficiency: applying supply and demand to energy markets 4. Dynamic efficiency: energy decisions over time Part II: Conventional energy sources 5. Oil: has it reached its peak? 6. Natural gas: a bridge to the future? 7. Coal: no longer king? 8. Nuclear energy: too expensive to matter? Part III: Alternative energy sources 9. Renewable energy: cheap, clean, but complicated 10. Next-generation alternatives: the road to net-zero? 11. Energy efficiency: an offer we can't refuse? Part IV: Electricity 12. Traditional electricity regulation: is monopoly still natural? 13. Electricity restructuring and deregulation: a better way? 14. Electric vehicles: charging ahead? Part V: Energy policy 15. Energy and the environment: paying the full social cost of our energy choices 16. Energy and sustainability: what do we owe the future? 17. Energy security: old and new dilemmas 18. A comprehensive energy policy: the big picture

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsA. INTRODUCTION 1. The root causes of global warming and the new normal 2. Strategies for mitigation of climate change B. ARCHITECTURE 3. Architectural Designs for the Future 4. Adobe Houses for a climate changing world 5. Climate Change adaptive measures for buildings 6. The effect of Climate Change on the built environment 7. Wind adaption in cities in the light of a changing climate 8. Wind resistant housing C. FARMING, FORESTRY, WATER MANAGEMENT AND THE ECOSYSTEM 9. Agriculture in a changing climate 10. Impact of Climate Change on agriculture and its mitigating strategies 11. Farmers views on Climate Change (Finland) 12. Climate Change and adaptive water management for the global south 13. Climate change and flooding and mitigation 14. Soil function and climate change – mitigation, Improve soil so that it acts as a carbon storage system 15. Soil erosion and global warming 16. Forest Fires and Climate Change and mitigating techniques 17. Connection of Climate Change and Forrest Fires in Australia; mitigating techniques 18. Fire Pollution and mitigating techniques 19. Climate Change and the Risk of Wild Fires 20. Reduce beef Production, reduce meat eating 21. Reducing climate impacts of beef production 22. Global warming and beef production 23. Climate Change and Eco-systems D. HUMAN HEALTH 24. Human health and climate change 25. Climate Change and Mental Health 26. Heat related mortality in the light of Global Warming and mitigating strategies E. HUMAN MIGRATION 27. Human Migration F. ETHICS, JUSTICE, ECONOMICS AND THE INDIVIDUAL 28. Climate Change and the Individual 29. Ethics and Climate Change 30. Justice in a climate changing world, Justice for global warming 31. Economics of global warming, Redistribution of wealth, Degrowth? G. THE BIG PICTURE: WHAT MUST BE DONE 32. Renewable Energy: The Future of Solar Energy 33. Renewable Energy: The Future of Wind Energy 34. Renewable Energy: The Future of Green Hydrogen to replace natural gas 35. Renewable Energy: The future of Tidal Energy 36. Renewable Energy: The Future of Wave Energy 37. Renewable Energy: The Future of Geothermal Energy 38. The Future of Nuclear Power and Small Modular Rectors

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Book SynopsisWritten by one of the leading experts in the field, Paul Ekins, Stopping Climate Change provides a comprehensive overview of what is required to achieve real zero' carbon dioxide emissions by 2050, and negative emissions thereafter, which is the only way to stop human- induced climate change.This will require innovation in socio-technical systems, and in human behaviour, on an unprecedented scale. Stopping Climate Change describes the changes required to meet this goal: in technologies, social institutions and individual activities. Paul Ekins examines in detail issues around the supply and demand of energy and materials, and the efficiency of their use. It also analyses greenhouse gas removal technologies, offsetting and geoengineering, and plots the reduction of the non- CO2 greenhouse gas-emitting activities. Having set out the changes required, Ekins considers the economic implications, in terms of both the innovation and investments that are necessary tTrade Review“Professor Ekins gives us the information that we need and does so in a clear, detailed, and authoritative way. It is the handbook that even the most informed will find invaluable but which, at the same time, is wholly accessible to the widest of audiences. Nobody, whether they are already seriously involved or just want to understand the issues for the first time, should be without Stopping Climate Change. I will certainly have it close at hand as the battle to save the planet continues with increasing urgency."From the Foreword by the Rt. Hon. The Lord Deben, Chairman of the UK Climate Change Committee, 2012-2023“Building on decades of experience, Paul Ekins sets out concisely in this book the science, the politics and the possibilities for zero greenhouse gas emissions. For anyone wanting to get to grips with the climate action challenge in a single read, this book meets your needs in a characteristically clear fashion, spiced with the author’s opinions and insights.”Jim Skea, Professor of Sustainable Energy, Imperial College London"With academic rigor and razor sharp clarity, this heroic effort of covering the entire climate change challenge, from risks, impacts to policy and pathways to a safe landing for humanity, is not only commendable. It is a must read for all in search of realistic light in the rapidly darkening climate tunnel." Johan Rockström, Professor of Earth System Science and Director of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research“Paul Ekins has been an astute, incisive and outspoken commentator of climate change policy for many years. In this book, he puts forward a comprehensive and convincing blueprint for tackling the climate crisis. An essential read for anybody interested in climate change policy”. Sam Fankhauser, Professor of Climate Change Economics and Policy, University of Oxford“In battling climate change, it is crucial to understand the economic implications of different policies and courses of action. Paul Ekins provides a key intervention for those engaged in these issues.”Karen Turner, Professor and Director of the Centre for Energy Policy, University of Strathclyde“A comprehensive survey of the state of the climate debate is very welcome and much needed. Professor Ekins spells out what is happening and what is not, and explains what could and should be done - to deliver real net zero and genuine climate security. This book should be essential reading for everyone concerned to find a practical solution to the climate challenge.”Nick Butler, Visiting Professor and founder of the Policy Institute, King’s College London.“Paul Ekins is uniquely qualified to take on the task of producing what is a ‘tour de force’ that covers all of the critical issues that need to be addressed to stop climate change. In this book he moves from the causes and consequences of climate change to a comprehensive assessment of the technological solutions and societal challenges that need to be overcome, from low carbon energy to GHG removal and the need for a more secure and sustainable food system. In short ‘Stopping Climate Change’ provides a much needed ‘one stop shop’ to understanding, as he puts it, one of the greatest issues of our time.”Michael Bradshaw, Professor of Global Energy, Warwick Business School, University of Warwick“This is a very important book for anyone concerned about climate change. In effect, it is a complete briefing about everything – the causes, the science and the remedies be they policy or our personal and technological choices. Paul Ekins has managed to tell a complicated story in a way that is understandable and helpful for ‘non-expert’ activists like me, and with a rigour that will satisfy his academic colleagues too.”Sara Parkin, Co-Founder, Forum for the Future“When it comes to climate change, Paul Ekins has been reflecting, analysing, advocating, weighing the evidence and supporting policy-makers for a very long time. That depth of expertise and knowledge informs every chapter of “Stopping Climate Change”, but the real story is in the subtitle: “Policies for Real Zero” (my emphasis!) to distinguish it from all the superficial or downright dishonest hype about “Net Zero”! It’s so important to hear it from the real expert.”Jonathon Porritt, environmental campaigner“A comprehensive and unflinching view of the scale of the climate challenge we face, but one that examines real solutions that must be implemented. Balanced and thoughtful, its content will reward both policy makers and general readers alike.”Philip Sellwood, CEO, Energy Saving Trust (2003-2020)“I have long regarded Paul Ekins as an oracle of climate policy, and he does not disappoint in his new book. His dispassionate, meticulously researched summary of the decarbonisation challenge cuts through confusion and lays out the facts. It will be required reading for my students, and for anyone wanting a concise, real-world account of the task ahead.”Rebecca Willis, Professor in Energy and Climate Governance, Lancaster University“What a tour de force! An amazingly comprehensive, cohesive and insightful analysis of what’s needed for net zero and the current state of play on all these solutions.”Karen Ellis, Chief Economist, WWF-UK“This book is comprehensible to non-experts and has a strong focus on the key issue – what needs to be done to stop climate change. Paul Ekins has used his broad knowledge to set out a clear route map, whilst remaining realistic about the likely rate of political action.”Nick Eyre, Professor of Energy and Climate Policy, University of Oxford“If you only read one book about the climate crisis read this one. Informed by many years of direct involvement with climate policy, the book covers all aspects of the technology, policy and market developments needed to solve the climate problem. It deals in detail with the economic and societal requirements for change. The overriding messages are that we have the tools available, that change is both possible and can bring many benefits. I sincerely hope that decision makers around the world take notice.”Rob Gross, Professor and Director of the UK Energy Research CentreTable of ContentsIntroductionChapter 1: Why real zero? Chapter 2: The global context and pathways to net zeroChapter 3 Energy efficiency, the ‘first fuel’Chapter 4: Kicking the addiction to fossil fuelsChapter 5: The future is electricChapter 6: Filling the gaps with bioenergy and hydrogenChapter 7: Carbon capture, use, storage and removal, and geoengineeringChapter 8: The great enablers: Digitalisation, the circular economy and critical minerals for the clean energy transitionChapter 9: Decarbonisation of buildings, transport and industryChapter 10: Feeding the world, reducing wasteChapter 11: Economics of climate mitigationChapter 12: Policy and deliveryChapter 13: Conclusions Index

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Book SynopsisHandbook and reference for industrial statisticians and system reliability engineers System Reliability Theory: Models, Statistical Methods, and Applications, Third Editionpresents an updated and revised look at system reliability theory, modeling, and analytical methods. The new edition is based on feedback to the second edition from numerous students, professors,researchers,and industries around the world. New sections and chapters are added together with new real-world industry examples,andstandards and problemsare revised and updated. System Reliability Theorycovers a broad and deep array of system reliability topics, including: In depth discussion of failures and failure modes The main system reliability assessment methods Common-cause failure modeling Deterioration modeling Maintenance modeling andassessmentusing Python code Bayesian probability and methods Life data analysis using RTable of ContentsPreface xxiii About the Companion Website xxix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 What is Reliability? 1 1.1.1 Service Reliability 2 1.1.2 Past and Future Reliability 3 1.2 The Importance of Reliability 3 1.2.1 Related Applications 4 1.3 Basic Reliability Concepts 6 1.3.1 Reliability 6 1.3.2 Maintainability and Maintenance 8 1.3.3 Availability 8 1.3.4 Quality 9 1.3.5 Dependability 9 1.3.6 Safety and Security 10 1.3.7 RAM and RAMS 10 1.4 Reliability Metrics 11 1.4.1 Reliability Metrics for a Technical Item 11 1.4.2 Reliability Metrics for a Service 12 1.5 Approaches to Reliability Analysis 12 1.5.1 The Physical Approach to Reliability 13 1.5.2 Systems Approach to Reliability 13 1.6 Reliability Engineering 15 1.6.1 Roles of the Reliability Engineer 16 1.6.2 Timing of Reliability Studies 17 1.7 Objectives, Scope, and Delimitations of the Book 17 1.8 Trends and Challenges 19 1.9 Standards and Guidelines 20 1.10 History of System Reliability 20 1.11 Problems 26 References 27 2 The Study Object and its Functions 31 2.1 Introduction 31 2.2 System and System Elements 31 2.2.1 Item 32 2.2.2 Embedded Item 33 2.3 Boundary Conditions 33 2.3.1 Closed and Open Systems 34 2.4 Operating Context 35 2.5 Functions and Performance Requirements 35 2.5.1 Functions 35 2.5.2 Performance Requirements 36 2.5.3 Classification of Functions 37 2.5.4 Functional Modeling and Analysis 38 2.5.5 Function Trees 38 2.5.6 SADT and IDEF 0 39 2.6 System Analysis 41 2.6.1 Synthesis 41 2.7 Simple, Complicated, and Complex Systems 42 2.8 System Structure Modeling 44 2.8.1 Reliability Block Diagram 44 2.8.2 Series Structure 46 2.8.3 Parallel Structure 46 2.8.4 Redundancy 47 2.8.5 Voted Structure 47 2.8.6 Standby Structure 48 2.8.7 More Complicated Structures 48 2.8.8 Two Different System Functions 49 2.8.9 Practical Construction of RBDs 50 2.9 Problems 51 References 52 3 Failures and Faults 55 3.1 Introduction 55 3.1.1 States and Transitions 56 3.1.2 Operational Modes 56 3.2 Failures 57 3.2.1 Failures in a State 58 3.2.2 Failures During Transition 59 3.3 Faults 60 3.4 Failure Modes 60 3.5 Failure Causes and Effects 62 3.5.1 Failure Causes 62 3.5.2 Proximate Causes and Root Causes 63 3.5.3 Hierarchy of Causes 64 3.6 Classification of Failures and Failure Modes 64 3.6.1 Classification According to Local Consequence 65 3.6.2 Classification According to Cause 65 3.6.3 Failure Mechanisms 70 3.6.4 Software Faults 71 3.6.5 Failure Effects 71 3.7 Failure/Fault Analysis 72 3.7.1 Cause and Effect Analysis 73 3.7.2 Root Cause Analysis 74 3.8 Problems 76 References 77 4 Qualitative System Reliability Analysis 79 4.1 Introduction 79 4.1.1 Deductive Versus Inductive Analysis 80 4.2 FMEA/FMECA 80 4.2.1 Types of FMECA 81 4.2.2 Objectives of FMECA 82 4.2.3 FMECA Procedure 83 4.2.4 Applications 87 4.3 Fault Tree Analysis 88 4.3.1 Fault Tree Symbols and Elements 88 4.3.2 Definition of the Problem and the Boundary Conditions 91 4.3.3 Constructing the Fault Tree 92 4.3.4 Identification of Minimal Cut and Path Sets 95 4.3.5 MOCUS 96 4.3.6 Qualitative Evaluation of the Fault Tree 98 4.3.7 Dynamic Fault Trees 101 4.4 Event Tree Analysis 103 4.4.1 Initiating Event 104 4.4.2 Safety Functions 105 4.4.3 Event Tree Construction 106 4.4.4 Description of Resulting Event Sequences 106 4.5 Fault Trees versus Reliability Block Diagrams 109 4.5.1 Recommendation 111 4.6 Structure Function 111 4.6.1 Series Structure 112 4.6.2 Parallel Structure 112 4.6.3 koon:G Structure 113 4.6.4 Truth Tables 114 4.7 System Structure Analysis 114 4.7.1 Single Points of Failure 115 4.7.2 Coherent Structures 115 4.7.3 General Properties of Coherent Structures 117 4.7.4 Structures Represented by Paths and Cuts 119 4.7.5 Pivotal Decomposition 123 4.7.6 Modules of Coherent Structures 124 4.8 Bayesian Networks 127 4.8.1 Illustrative Examples 128 4.9 Problems 131 References 138 5 Probability Distributions in Reliability Analysis 141 5.1 Introduction 141 5.1.1 State Variable 142 5.1.2 Time-to-Failure 142 5.2 A Dataset 143 5.2.1 Relative Frequency Distribution 143 5.2.2 Empirical Distribution and Survivor Function 144 5.3 General Characteristics of Time-to-Failure Distributions 145 5.3.1 Survivor Function 147 5.3.2 Failure Rate Function 148 5.3.3 Conditional Survivor Function 153 5.3.4 Mean Time-to-Failure 154 5.3.5 Additional Probability Metrics 155 5.3.6 Mean Residual Lifetime 157 5.3.7 Mixture of Time-to-Failure Distributions 160 5.4 Some Time-to-Failure Distributions 161 5.4.1 The Exponential Distribution 161 5.4.2 The Gamma Distribution 168 5.4.3 TheWeibull Distribution 173 5.4.4 The Normal Distribution 180 5.4.5 The Lognormal Distribution 183 5.4.6 Additional Time-to-Failure Distributions 188 5.5 Extreme Value Distributions 188 5.5.1 The Gumbel Distribution of the Smallest Extreme 190 5.5.2 The Gumbel Distribution of the Largest Extreme 191 5.5.3 TheWeibull Distribution of the Smallest Extreme 191 5.6 Time-to-Failure Models With Covariates 193 5.6.1 Accelerated Failure Time Models 194 5.6.2 The Arrhenius Model 195 5.6.3 Proportional Hazards Models 198 5.7 Additional Continuous Distributions 198 5.7.1 The Uniform Distribution 198 5.7.2 The Beta Distribution 199 5.8 Discrete Distributions 200 5.8.1 Binomial Situation 200 5.8.2 The Binomial Distribution 201 5.8.3 The Geometric Distribution 201 5.8.4 The Negative Binomial Distribution 202 5.8.5 The Homogeneous Poisson Process 203 5.9 Classes of Time-to-Failure Distributions 205 5.9.1 IFR and DFR Distributions 206 5.9.2 IFRA and DFRA Distributions 208 5.9.3 NBU and NWU Distributions 208 5.9.4 NBUE and NWUE Distributions 209 5.9.5 Some Implications 209 5.10 Summary of Time-to-Failure Distributions 210 5.11 Problems 210 References 218 6 System Reliability Analysis 221 6.1 Introduction 221 6.1.1 Assumptions 222 6.2 System Reliability 222 6.2.1 Reliability of Series Structures 223 6.2.2 Reliability of Parallel Structures 224 6.2.3 Reliability of koon Structures 225 6.2.4 Pivotal Decomposition 226 6.2.5 Critical Component 227 6.3 Nonrepairable Systems 228 6.3.1 Nonrepairable Series Structures 228 6.3.2 Nonrepairable Parallel Structures 230 6.3.3 Nonrepairable 2oo3 Structures 234 6.3.4 A Brief Comparison 235 6.3.5 Nonrepairable koon Structures 236 6.4 Standby Redundancy 237 6.4.1 Passive Redundancy, Perfect Switching, No Repairs 238 6.4.2 Cold Standby, Imperfect Switch, No Repairs 240 6.4.3 Partly Loaded Redundancy, Imperfect Switch, No Repairs 241 6.5 Single Repairable Items 242 6.5.1 Availability 243 6.5.2 Average Availability with Perfect Repair 244 6.5.3 Availability of a Single Item with Constant Failure and Repair Rates 246 6.5.4 Operational Availability 247 6.5.5 Production Availability 248 6.5.6 Punctuality 249 6.5.7 Failure Rate of Repairable Items 249 6.6 Availability of Repairable Systems 252 6.6.1 The MUT and MDT of Repairable Systems 253 6.6.2 Computation Based on Minimal Cut Sets 258 6.6.3 Uptimes and Downtimes for Reparable Systems 260 6.7 Quantitative Fault Tree Analysis 262 6.7.1 Terminology and Symbols 263 6.7.2 Delimitations and Assumptions 263 6.7.3 Fault Trees with a Single AND-Gate 264 6.7.4 Fault Tree with a Single OR-Gate 265 6.7.5 The Upper Bound Approximation Formula for Q0(t) 265 6.7.6 The Inclusion–Exclusion Principle 267 6.7.7 ROCOF of a Minimal Cut Parallel Structure 271 6.7.8 Frequency of the TOP Event 271 6.7.9 Binary Decision Diagrams 273 6.8 Event Tree Analysis 275 6.9 Bayesian Networks 277 6.9.1 Influence and Cause 278 6.9.2 Independence Assumptions 278 6.9.3 Conditional Probability Table 279 6.9.4 Conditional Independence 280 6.9.5 Inference and Learning 282 6.9.6 BN and Fault Tree Analysis 282 6.10 Monte Carlo Simulation 284 6.10.1 Random Number Generation 285 6.10.2 Monte Carlo Next Event Simulation 287 6.10.3 Simulation of Multicomponent Systems 289 6.11 Problems 291 References 296 7 Reliability Importance Metrics 299 7.1 Introduction 299 7.1.1 Objectives of Reliability Importance Metrics 300 7.1.2 Reliability Importance Metrics Considered 300 7.1.3 Assumptions and Notation 301 7.2 Critical Components 302 7.3 Birnbaum’s Metric for Structural Importance 304 7.4 Birnbaum’s Metric of Reliability Importance 305 7.4.1 Birnbaum’s Metric in Fault Tree Analysis 307 7.4.2 A Second Definition of Birnbaum’s Metric 308 7.4.3 A Third Definition of Birnbaum’s Metric 310 7.4.4 Computation of Birnbaum’s Metric for Structural Importance 312 7.4.5 Variants of Birnbaum’s Metric 312 7.5 Improvement Potential 313 7.5.1 Relation to Birnbaum’s Metric 314 7.5.2 A Variant of the Improvement Potential 314 7.6 Criticality Importance 315 7.7 Fussell–Vesely’s Metric 317 7.7.1 Derivation of Formulas for Fussell–Vesely’s Metric 317 7.7.2 Relationship to Other Metrics for Importance 320 7.8 Differential Importance Metric 323 7.8.1 Option 1 323 7.8.2 Option 2 324 7.9 Importance Metrics for Safety Features 326 7.9.1 Risk AchievementWorth 327 7.9.2 Risk ReductionWorth 329 7.9.3 Relationship with the Improvement Potential 330 7.10 Barlow–Proschan’s Metric 331 7.11 Problems 333 References 335 8 Dependent Failures 337 8.1 Introduction 337 8.1.1 Dependent Events and Variables 337 8.1.2 Correlated Variables 338 8.2 Types of Dependence 340 8.3 Cascading Failures 340 8.3.1 Tight Coupling 342 8.4 Common-Cause Failures 342 8.4.1 Multiple Failures that Are Not a CCF 344 8.4.2 Causes of CCF 344 8.4.3 Defenses Against CCF 345 8.5 CCF Models and Analysis 346 8.5.1 Explicit Modeling 347 8.5.2 Implicit Modeling 348 8.5.3 Modeling Approach 348 8.5.4 Model Assumptions 349 8.6 Basic Parameter Model 349 8.6.1 Probability of a Specific Multiplicity 350 8.6.2 Conditional Probability of a Specific Multiplicity 351 8.7 Beta-Factor Model 352 8.7.1 Relation to the BPM 354 8.7.2 Beta-Factor Model in System Analysis 354 8.7.3 Beta-Factor Model for Nonidentical Components 358 8.7.4 C-Factor Model 360 8.8 Multi-parameter Models 360 8.8.1 Binomial Failure Rate Model 360 8.8.2 Multiple Greek Letter Model 362 8.8.3 Alpha-Factor Model 364 8.8.4 Multiple Beta-Factor Model 365 8.9 Problems 366 References 368 9 Maintenance and Maintenance Strategies 371 9.1 Introduction 371 9.1.1 What is Maintenance? 372 9.2 Maintainability 372 9.3 Maintenance Categories 374 9.3.1 Completeness of a Repair Task 377 9.3.2 Condition Monitoring 377 9.4 Maintenance Downtime 378 9.4.1 Downtime Caused by Failures 379 9.4.2 Downtime of a Series Structure 381 9.4.3 Downtime of a Parallel Structure 381 9.4.4 Downtime of a General Structure 382 9.5 Reliability Centered Maintenance 382 9.5.1 What is RCM? 383 9.5.2 Main Steps of an RCM Analysis 384 9.6 Total Productive Maintenance 396 9.7 Problems 398 References 399 10 Counting Processes 401 10.1 Introduction 401 10.1.1 Counting Processes 401 10.1.2 Basic Concepts 406 10.1.3 Martingale Theory 408 10.1.4 Four Types of Counting Processes 409 10.2 Homogeneous Poisson Processes 410 10.2.1 Main Features of the HPP 411 10.2.2 Asymptotic Properties 412 10.2.3 Estimate and Confidence Interval 412 10.2.4 Sum and Decomposition of HPPs 413 10.2.5 Conditional Distribution of Failure Time 414 10.2.6 Compound HPPs 415 10.3 Renewal Processes 417 10.3.1 Basic Concepts 417 10.3.2 The Distribution of Sn 418 10.3.3 The Distribution of N(t) 420 10.3.4 The Renewal Function 421 10.3.5 The Renewal Density 423 10.3.6 Age and Remaining Lifetime 427 10.3.7 Bounds for the Renewal Function 431 10.3.8 Superimposed Renewal Processes 433 10.3.9 Renewal Reward Processes 434 10.3.10 Delayed Renewal Processes 436 10.3.11 Alternating Renewal Processes 438 10.4 Nonhomogeneous Poisson Processes 447 10.4.1 Introduction and Definitions 447 10.4.2 Some Results 449 10.4.3 Parametric NHPP Models 452 10.4.4 Statistical Tests of Trend 454 10.5 Imperfect Repair Processes 455 10.5.1 Brown and Proschan’s model 456 10.5.2 Failure Rate Reduction Models 458 10.5.3 Age Reduction Models 461 10.5.4 Trend Renewal Process 462 10.6 Model Selection 464 10.7 Problems 466 References 470 11 Markov Analysis 473 11.1 Introduction 473 11.1.1 Markov Property 475 11.2 Markov Processes 476 11.2.1 Procedure to Establish the Transition Rate Matrix 479 11.2.2 Chapman–Kolmogorov Equations 482 11.2.3 Kolmogorov Differential Equations 483 11.2.4 State Equations 484 11.3 Asymptotic Solution 487 11.3.1 System Performance Metrics 492 11.4 Parallel and Series Structures 495 11.4.1 Parallel Structures of Independent Components 495 11.4.2 Series Structures of Independent Components 497 11.4.3 Series Structure of Components Where Failure of One Component Prevents Failure of the Other 499 11.5 Mean Time to First System Failure 501 11.5.1 Absorbing States 501 11.5.2 Survivor Function 504 11.5.3 Mean Time to the First System Failure 505 11.6 Systems with Dependent Components 507 11.6.1 Common Cause Failures 508 11.6.2 Load-Sharing Systems 510 11.7 Standby Systems 512 11.7.1 Parallel System with Cold Standby and Perfect Switching 513 11.7.2 Parallel System with Cold Standby and Perfect Switching (Item A is the Main Operating Item) 515 11.7.3 Parallel System with Cold Standby and Imperfect Switching (Item A is the Main Operating Item) 517 11.7.4 Parallel System with Partly Loaded Standby and Perfect Switching (Item A is the Main Operating Item) 518 11.8 Markov Analysis in Fault Tree Analysis 519 11.8.1 Cut Set Information 520 11.8.2 System Information 521 11.9 Time-Dependent Solution 521 11.9.1 Laplace Transforms 522 11.10 Semi-Markov Processes 524 11.11 Multiphase Markov Processes 526 11.11.1 Changing the Transition Rates 526 11.11.2 Changing the Initial State 527 11.12 Piecewise Deterministic Markov Processes 528 11.12.1 Definition of PDMP 529 11.12.2 State Probabilities 529 11.12.3 A Specific Case 530 11.13 Simulation of a Markov Process 532 11.14 Problems 536 References 543 12 Preventive Maintenance 545 12.1 Introduction 545 12.2 Terminology and Cost Function 546 12.3 Time-Based Preventive Maintenance 548 12.3.1 Age Replacement 549 12.3.2 Block Replacement 553 12.3.3 P–F Intervals 557 12.4 Degradation Models 564 12.4.1 Remaining Useful Lifetime 565 12.4.2 Trend Models; Regression-Based Models 567 12.4.3 Models with Increments 569 12.4.4 Shock Models 571 12.4.5 Stochastic Processes with Discrete States 573 12.4.6 Failure Rate Models 574 12.5 Condition-Based Maintenance 574 12.5.1 CBM Strategy 575 12.5.2 Continuous Monitoring and Finite Discrete State Space 576 12.5.3 Continuous Monitoring and Continuous State Space 581 12.5.4 Inspection-Based Monitoring and Finite Discrete State Space 583 12.5.5 Inspection-Based Monitoring and Continuous State Space 586 12.6 Maintenance of Multi-Item Systems 587 12.6.1 System Model 587 12.6.2 Maintenance Models 589 12.6.3 An Illustrative Example 591 12.7 Problems 595 References 601 13 Reliability of Safety Systems 605 13.1 Introduction 605 13.2 Safety-Instrumented Systems 606 13.2.1 Main SIS Functions 607 13.2.2 Testing of SIS Functions 608 13.2.3 Failure Classification 609 13.3 Probability of Failure on Demand 611 13.3.1 Probability of Failure on Demand 612 13.3.2 Approximation Formulas 617 13.3.3 Mean Downtime in a Test Interval 618 13.3.4 Mean Number of Test Intervals Until First Failure 619 13.3.5 Staggered Testing 620 13.3.6 Nonnegligible Repair Time 621 13.4 Safety Unavailability 622 13.4.1 Probability of Critical Situation 623 13.4.2 Spurious Trips 623 13.4.3 Failures Detected by Diagnostic Self-Testing 625 13.5 Common Cause Failures 627 13.5.1 Diagnostic Self-Testing and CCFs 629 13.6 CCFs Between Groups and Subsystems 631 13.6.1 CCFs Between Voted Groups 632 13.6.2 CCFs Between Subsystems 632 13.7 IEC 61508 632 13.7.1 Safety Lifecycle 633 13.7.2 Safety Integrity Level 634 13.7.3 Compliance with IEC 61508 635 13.8 The PDS Method 638 13.9 Markov Approach 639 13.9.1 All Failures are Repaired After Each Test 643 13.9.2 All Critical Failures Are Repaired after Each Test 644 13.9.3 Imperfect Repair after Each Test 644 13.10 Problems 644 References 652 14 Reliability Data Analysis 655 14.1 Introduction 655 14.1.1 Purpose of the Chapter 656 14.2 Some Basic Concepts 656 14.2.1 Datasets 657 14.2.2 Survival Times 658 14.2.3 Categories of Censored Datasets 660 14.2.4 Field Data Collection Exercises 662 14.2.5 At-Risk-Set 663 14.3 Exploratory Data Analysis 663 14.3.1 A Complete Dataset 664 14.3.2 Sample Metrics 665 14.3.3 Histogram 669 14.3.4 Density Plot 670 14.3.5 Empirical Survivor Function 671 14.3.6 Q–Q Plot 673 14.4 Parameter Estimation 674 14.4.1 Estimators and Estimates 675 14.4.2 Properties of Estimators 675 14.4.3 Method of Moments Estimation 677 14.4.4 Maximum Likelihood Estimation 680 14.4.5 Exponentially Distributed Lifetimes 686 14.4.6 Weibull Distributed Lifetimes 692 14.5 The Kaplan–Meier Estimate 696 14.5.1 Motivation for the Kaplan–Meier Estimate Based a Complete Dataset 696 14.5.2 The Kaplan–Meier Estimator for a Censored Dataset 697 14.6 Cumulative Failure Rate Plots 701 14.6.1 The Nelson–Aalen Estimate of the Cumulative Failure Rate 703 14.7 Total-Time-on-Test Plotting 708 14.7.1 Total-Time-on-Test Plot for Complete Datasets 708 14.7.2 Total-Time-on-Test Plot for Censored Datasets 721 14.7.3 A Brief Comparison 722 14.8 Survival Analysis with Covariates 723 14.8.1 Proportional Hazards Model 723 14.8.2 Cox Models 726 14.8.3 Estimating the Parameters of the Cox Model 727 14.9 Problems 730 References 736 15 Bayesian Reliability Analysis 739 15.1 Introduction 739 15.1.1 Three Interpretations of Probability 739 15.1.2 Bayes’ Formula 741 15.2 Bayesian Data Analysis 742 15.2.1 Frequentist Data Analysis 743 15.2.2 Bayesian Data Analysis 743 15.2.3 Model for Observed Data 745 15.2.4 Prior Distribution 745 15.2.5 Observed Data 746 15.2.6 Likelihood Function 746 15.2.7 Posterior Distribution 747 15.3 Selection of Prior Distribution 749 15.3.1 Binomial Model 749 15.3.2 Exponential Model – Single Observation 752 15.3.3 Exponential Model – Multiple Observations 753 15.3.4 Homogeneous Poisson Process 755 15.3.5 Noninformative Prior Distributions 757 15.4 Bayesian Estimation 758 15.4.1 Bayesian Point Estimation 758 15.4.2 Credible Intervals 760 15.5 Predictive Distribution 761 15.6 Models with Multiple Parameters 762 15.7 Bayesian Analysis with R 762 15.8 Problems 764 References 766 16 Reliability Data: Sources and Quality 767 16.1 Introduction 767 16.1.1 Categories of Input Data 767 16.1.2 Parameters Estimates 768 16.2 Generic Reliability Databases 769 16.2.1 OREDA 770 16.2.2 PDS Data Handbook 772 16.2.3 PERD 773 16.2.4 SERH 773 16.2.5 NPRD, EPRD, and FMD 773 16.2.6 GADS 774 16.2.7 GIDEP 774 16.2.8 FMEDA Approach 775 16.2.9 Failure Event Databases 775 16.3 Reliability Prediction 775 16.3.1 MIL-HDBK-217 Approach 776 16.3.2 Similar Methods 778 16.4 Common Cause Failure Data 778 16.4.1 ICDE 779 16.4.2 IEC 61508 Method 779 16.5 Data Analysis and Data Quality 780 16.5.1 Outdated Technology 780 16.5.2 Inventory Data 781 16.5.3 Constant Failure Rates 781 16.5.4 Multiple Samples 783 16.5.5 Data From Manufacturers 785 16.5.6 Questioning the Data Quality 785 16.6 Data Dossier 785 16.6.1 Final Remarks 785 References 787 Appendix A Acronyms 789 Appendix B Laplace Transforms 793 B.1 Important Properties of Laplace Transforms 794 B.2 Laplace Transforms of Some Selected Functions 794 Author Index 797 Subject Index 803

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Book SynopsisFor the Movers, Shakers, and Policy Makers in Energy Engineering and Related IndustriesThe latest version of a bestselling reference, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Handbook, Second Edition covers the foremost trends and technologies in energy engineering today. This new edition contains the latest material on energy planning and policy, with a focus on renewable and sustainable energy sources. It also examines nuclear energy and its place in future energy systems, includes a chapter on natural gas, and provides extensive coverage of energy storage for numerous forms of energy generation. The text also provides energy supply, demand, and pricing factor projections for the future.Explore the Future of Global EnergyThe authors address problems that industry now faces, including the limited availability of conventional energy resources such as oil, natural gas, and coal, and considers renewTrade Review"Excellent text. Covers the ground very well. An excellent companion when you are on a learning journey in Energy. A good handbook to hold hands with!"—Prof Ajith P. de Alwis, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, Coordinating Secretariat for Science Technology and Innovation (COSTI) Sri Lanka"The book provides a very comprehensive and clear description of present, immediate future and future sources, technologies and systems for a sustainable energy use in all countries of the world. The book also deals with the aspects of Energy Infrastructure and Storage necessary for Distributed Energy Systems with smart grid integration."—Professor N.K.Bansal, CEPT University Ahmedabad"Overall, this is an interesting and comprehensive book that summarises well various information. It is a great reference point and can be used by both practitioners involved in RET and EE and students learning about sustainable built environment. It deals with RET and EE from technical, financial and governance points of view based on the examples from all over the world."—Ksenia Chmutina, Loughborough University"This is the most comprehensive and complete treatment I’ve seen of the issue of energy and our society. The international coverage adds a great deal to the discussion which is generally western-focused. The coverage of technologies is extremely balanced, providing a valid reference frame on which engineers, individuals and policy makers can base solid decisions."—John Gardner, Professor, Boise State University"A comprehensive handbook which covers the most cut edge improvement technologies of energy efficiency for energy generation and transportation facilities using either conventional petroleum-based energy or renewable energy. … The handbook could be beneficial to both experienced researchers / engineers as a guide or reference book and novices / university students as a textbook in energy related fields."—Prof. Cherng-Yuan Lin, National Taiwan Ocean University"Overall, the book covers a wide range of topics on energy efficiency and renewable energy. This will serve as a good Reference for practicing engineers, policy makers, and the students working in the area of Energy."—Prof. Kaushik Rajashekara, University of Texas at DallasTable of ContentsGLOBAL ENERGY SYSTEMS, POLICY, AND ECONOMICS. Global Energy Systems. Sound Finance Policies for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. State and Federal Policies for Renewable Energy. Strategies and Instruments for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Internationally, in Europe, and in Germany. Energy Conservation and Renewable Energy Policies in China. Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in India. Renewable Energy Policies in Brazil: Bioenergy, Photovoltaic Generation, and Transportation. Energy in Israel: A Case for Renewables. Renewable Energy in Australia. Japan’s Post-Fukushima Energy Policy. Policies for Distributed Energy Generation. Economics Methods. Environmental Impacts and Costs of Energy. ENERGY GENERATION THROUGH 2025. Distributed Generation Technologies through 2025. Demand-Side Management. Fossil Fuels. Nuclear Power Technologies through Year 2035. Outlook for U.S. Energy Consumption and Prices, 2011-2040. ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE AND STORAGE. Transportation. Infrastructure Risk Analysis and Security. Electricity Infrastructure Resilience and Security. Electrical Energy Management in Buildings. Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning Control Systems. Stirling Engines. Energy-Efficient Lighting Technologies and Their Applications in the Residential and Commercial Sectors. Energy-Efficient Technologies: Major Appliances and Space Conditioning Equipment. Heat Pumps. Electric Motor Systems Efficiency. Industrial Energy Efficiency and Energy Management. Process Energy Efficiency: Pinch Technology. Analysis Methods for Building Energy Auditing. Cogeneration. Energy Storage Technologies. Advanced Concepts in Transmission and Distribution. Smart Grid Technology. RENEWABLE TECHNOLOGIES. Solar Energy Resources. Wind Energy Resource. Municipal Solid Waste. Biomass Properties and Resources. Active Solar Heating Systems. Passive Solar Heating, Cooling, and Daylighting. Concentrating Solar Thermal Power. Wind Energy Conversion. Photovoltaics. Thin-Film PV Technology. Concentrating PV Technologies. Waste-to-Energy Combustion. Energy Recovery by Anaerobic Digestion Process. BIOMASS ENERGY SYSTEMS. Biomass Conversion to Heat and Power. Biomass Conversion to Fuels. Geothermal Power Generation. Hydrogen Energy Technologies. Fuel Cells.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents 18 in-depth case studies of net zero energy buildingslow-energy building that generate as much energy as they consume over the course of a yearfor a range of project types, sizes, and U.S. climate zones. Each case study describes the owner's goals, the design and construction process, design strategies, measurement and verification activities and results, and project costs. With a year or more of post-occupancy performance data and other project information, as well as lessons learned by project owners and developers, architects, engineers, energy modelers, constructors, and operators, each case study answers the questions: What were the challenges to achieving net zero energy performance, and how were these challenges overcome? How would stakeholders address these issues on future projects? Are the occupants satisfied with the building? Do they find it comfortable? Is it easy to operate? How can other proTrade ReviewLinda Reeder’s book comes along at an exciting time—building design professionals have committed to achieving net zero energy in their projects but need to know more about how to design for it. Reeder presents detailed case studies of projects that cover a range of building types, sizes and geographic locations, and all have been measured to perform at net zero energy or better. Her practical and readable study is a clear and solid contribution to the literature of change we need to build a clean energy future. Edward Mazria, Founder and CEO of Architecture 2030 Net Zero Energy Buildings provides a broad look at the current state of the net zero energy building movement. Linda Reeder highlights all the seminal early-21st-century net zero projects, from new large office buildings, historic retrofits, to K-12 schools across a range of climate zones in the US. Not only does Reeder provide 18 case studies to show cost effective and mainstream net zero projects in operations, but she also provides unique insights into common best practices critical for any owner or designer looking to go net zero in their next project. Shanti Pless, Senior Research Engineer, NREL Net Zero Energy Buildings provides exactly the kind of information designers, builders, and building owners need today: detailed, technical information on how net-zero-energy performance is being achieved in state-of-the-art buildings. The 18 inspiring projects that Linda Reeder profiles here are reshaping our understanding of what is possible in creating green, sustainable buildings that will help us achieve a carbon-neutral future. This superb book adds immeasurably to the literature on net-zero-energy buildings. Alex Wilson, President, Resilient Design Institute "…illustrates the potential for renewable energies integrated into building design as applicable to the building site climatic zone, and the solar, wind, and other temperature variables of typical US sites." Building Engineer, March 2017 Table of ContentsIntroduction Part I: Office Buildings 1. Bullitt Center 2. DPR Construction Phoenix Regional Office 3. National Renewable Energy Laboratory Research Support Facility 4. Packard Foundation Headquarters 5. Wayne N. Aspinall Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse Part II: Educational and Community Buildings 6. Berkeley West Branch Public Library 7. Bosarge Family Education Center 8. Center for Sustainable Landscapes 9. Hood River Middle School Music and Science Building 10. Lady Bird Johnson Middle School 11. Locust Trace AgriCenter Academic Building 12. Painters Hall Community Center Part III: Retail 13. TD Bank Cypress Creek Branch 14. Walgreens in Evanston Part IV: Production Homes and Multi-Family Housing 15. Camp Lejeune Midway Park Duplex 16. Eco-Village Community 17. zHome Townhomes 18. Paisano Green Community Public Housing Part V: Lessons Learned 19. Shared Lessons for Future Net Zero Energy Projects

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Book SynopsisA THE TIMES BEST SCIENCE AND ENVIRONMENT BOOK OF THE YEAR'AN IMPORTANT READ FOR ANYONE IN NEED OF OPTIMISM' BILL GATES'DAZZLING AND DEEPLY REPORTED' DAVID WALLACE-WELLS'HIGHLY READABLE . . . ENGAGING STORIES OF PEOPLE BEHIND SOME OF THE MOST IMPORTANT ADVANCES IN RECENT DECADES' FINANCIAL TIMESIt's now cheaper to save the world than destroy it.Our age will be defined by the climate emergency. But contrary to the doomist narrative that's taken hold, the world has already begun deploying the solutions needed to deal with it.On a journey across five continents, Climate Capitalism tracks the unlikely heroes driving the fight against climate change. From the Chinese bureaucrat who did more to make electric cars a reality than Elon Musk, to the Danish students who helped to build the world's longest-operating wind turbine, or the American oil executive building the technology that can reverse climate damages, we meet the people working to scale technologies that are finally able to bend the emissions curve.Through stories that bring people, policy and technology together, Akshat Rathi reveals how the green economy is not only possible, but profitable. This inspiring blend of business, science, and history provides the framework for ensuring that future generations can live in prosperity and that the wheels of progress don't falter.Trade ReviewFew books on either climate or capitalism manage to be as insightful as they are readable, but Rathi cracks it. He delivers his powerful and hopeful message with both substance and style, and reminds us of the immensely important role of great storytelling as we reimagine our economy -- Paul Polman, co-author of NET-POSITIVE and former CEO of Unilever[A] bold new book. Climate change is a crisis that requires urgent action, but Rathi shows how we can harness capitalism to tackle it. Give it to the doomsayer in your life -- John Schwartz, journalism professor at UT Austin and veteran NYT reporterAre you suffering from climate anxiety? Go take a few deep breaths and then pre-order this book. You'll learn about fascinating people who show that solutions for climate change are both possible and profitable -- Will Mathis, reporter for Bloomberg NewsThere are very few people as well-situated as Akshat Rathi is to describe and assess our current efforts to cope with climate change . . . Here he puts it all together in a marvelous report . . . [Rathi] gives hope that we might make it work. An inspiring book! -- Kim Stanley RobinsonIt's easy to feel fear or despair in the face of humanity's greatest challenge, but fortunately work on solutions began decades ago . . . Rathi's brilliantly written account of some of those stories is an inspiration to keep going in a fight which we have no other option than to win -- Bryony Worthington, member of the UK’s House of LordsAddressing climate change will make us richer, happier, healthier, more equal and more safe. Do we take the bargain? That is the animating question of Rathi's illuminating and incisive book, which offers the dazzling and deeply reported argument that the answer should be, overwhelmingly, yes -- David Wallace-Wells, author of THE UNINHABITABLE EARTHClimate innovation has accelerated far faster than many realize and by shining a spotlight on the solutions and innovators driving progress, Climate Capitalism is an important read for anyone in need of optimism about our ability to build a clean energy future -- Bill GatesA highly readable reminder that efforts to cut emissions are achieving a lot more than is widely realised. Rathi brings this shift to life with engaging stories of people behind some of the most important advances in recent decades -- Pilita Clark, Financial Times

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Book SynopsisThis work is an account of the pioneering days of hydro-electricity in Scotland. It shows how each hydro project brought its own set of technical challenges, underlining the remarkable engineering achievements involved in bringing hydro-electric power to the wild glens of the Scottish Highlands. It concludes by looking at the future of hydro-electric power worldwide. Is hydro-electric power the sustainable technology of choice in a new century already riven with ecological angst.Trade ReviewMixing human interest, political details and some of the more technical aspects...the book charts the factual development while telling the personal story... THE PRESS AND JOURNALNobody should forget the human sacrifice made by those who built the dams all those years ago. The politicians, engineers and navvies of the era bequeathed to us the major source of renewable energy down to the present day. Their legacy will continue to serve us far into the 21st century. - BRIAN WILSON MP, Energy Minister

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Book SynopsisThe Renewable Energy Home Handbook is biased towards the practical, and covers the installation of all leading types of alternative domestic energy sources - from ground- and air-source heat pumps, PV solar electricity generation and solar water heating, to bio-mass domestic heating systems and wind turbines. Discussing the pros and cons of each technology, it also provides you with a clear overview of what's genuinely required and the benefits to be gained from each system. The author, Lindsay Porter, is best known for his books on motor vehicle technology, making car mechanics and body repairs easy to understand and carry out. But alternative energy and conservation have long been a passion for him and his wife, Shan, so this manual is very much a labour of love. Here, Lindsay applies his commitment to making difficult subjects easy for everyone to understand to the money-saving - planet-saving - systems we can apply to our homes.Table of Contents1. Introduction to renewable energy: WHAT'S INSIDE THIS MANUAL; DOWNSIDES TO RENEWABLES; BE A CLEVER CUSTOMER; UPSIDES TO RENEWABLES; PAYBACK (Feed-in Tariffs etc.) 2. INSULATION & ENERGY SAVING. Reduce need and make generation simpler and cheaper. 3. LIVING OFF-GRID - AN OVERVIEW 4. SOLAR WATER HEATING. Easily the most reliable and cost effective of all micro-generation systems. Options explained and installations followed step-by-step. 5. BIO-MASS Room heaters and central heating systems, inc. wood pellet and logs. Options explained and an installation followed step-by-step. 6. SOLAR ELECTRICITY GENERATION Installation and use of PV (photo-voltaic) panels. Options explained (inc. feed-in vs. batteries and inverters) and an installation followed step-by-step. 7. WIND TURBINES Options explained (inc. feed-in vs. batteries and inverters) and installations followed step-by-step. 8. HEAT PUMPS, AIR- & GROUND-SOURCE. Options explained and typical installations followed step-by-step. Uses in both heating and air conditioning. House heating equipment requirements - radiator types needed, etc. 9. OTHERS: DOMESTIC TECHNOLOGIES: Exercise bike generator, Fuel cells, Heat Recovery, Micro-CHP (micro combined heat and power), Micro Hydro Power, SVO (Straight Vegetable Oil) Generator. LARGE-SCALE: Anaerobic Digestion, Wave Power CH10 Safety & Tools

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Book SynopsisThe development of renewable and sustainable lignocellulosic biofuels is currently receiving worldwide attention and investment. Despite decades of research, there remain significant challenges to be overcome before these biofuels can be produced in large volumes at competitive prices. One obstacle is the lack of efficient and affordable catalytic systems to dissolve and hydrolyze polysaccharides into sugars. These sugars are then fed to microrganisms and fermented into biofuels. The price of these catalysts, be they biological, thermochemical, or chemical in nature, represent one of the largest costs in the conversion process. There are a number of catalytic schemes, each with their own advantages and disadvantages, available. This book presents a general yet substantial review of the most promising processes and the spectrum of biomass pretreatment, enzymes, chemical catalysts, and hybrid approaches of hydrolyzing biomass into fermentable sugars. It is the only currently available book that compares the biochemical, chemical, and thermochemical conversion processes to biofuel production.Table of ContentsIntroduction; Background; Biomass Pretreatment; Biochemical Catalysis; Chemical Catalysis; Thermochemical Catalysis; Hybrid Technologies; Summary and Future Directions

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Book SynopsisIf you want to introduce alternative power supplies around the home and garden or even live totally off-grid in your boat, caravan or yurt and need a practical introduction to solar power and 12 volt supplies, here is an essential guide to the subject. Not only will it save you money, it will show you how to run your lights, laptop, DVDs and music, and even your tools and household products, from a simple 12 volt system. Be in control of more of your home's own energy supply, develop a low impact way of living and be prepared for power cuts and for power down situations in the future! Do It Yourself 12 Volt Solar Power begins with a lesson in how electricity works and the main components of a DIY solar system. The author uses clear diagrams and terms. There is, of course, more technical information as the book progresses, but don't worry, this no-nonsense guide provides a useful, back-to-basics approach for the layperson. This is a reference book that will help you trouble-shoot and get the best value for money from what you can find hidden in the back of the garage. Quirky and humorous, it also shows you how to make a sun following system using just a bicycle wheel, a pallet and the motor from a CD player!Trade ReviewThis book is unique. As far as I know no-one else has collected together a full range of the techniques you can use to live happily off the grid with solar electricity. At present it's mostly relevant to travellers and people living beyond the reach of the mains, but the day when it becomes important for all of us may be nearer than we think. Patrick Whitefield, author of the Earth Care Manual

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Book SynopsisThis book is a concise reader-friendly introductory guide to understanding renewable energy technologies. By using simplified classroom-tested methods developed while teaching the subject to engineering students, the authors explain in simple language an otherwise complex subject in terms that enable readers to gain a rapid fundamental understanding of renewable energy, including basic principles, the different types, energy storage, grid integration, and economies. This powerful tutorial is a great resource for students, engineers, technicians, analysts, investors, and other busy professionals who need to quickly acquire a solid understanding of the science of renewable energy technology.Table of ContentsChapter 1 . Renewable Energy Basics.- Chapter 2. Hydroelectric Power.- Chapter 3. Wind Power.- Chapter 4. Ocean Power.- Chapter 5. Bioenergy.- Chapter 6. Geothermal Energy.- Chapter 7. Solar Thermal Energy.- Chapter 8. Solar Photovoltaics.- Chapter 9. Energy Storage.- Chapter 10. Grid Integration of Renewable Energy.- Chapter 11. Economic Aspects of Renewable Energy.- Chapter 12. Challenges of Renewable Sources of Energy.- Chapter 13. Comparative Study of Renewable Sources of Energy.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a practical framework for the application of big data, cloud, and pervasive and complex systems to sustainable solutions for urban environmental challenges. It covers the technologies, potential, and possible and impact of big data on energy efficiency and the urban environment.The book first introduces key aspects of big data, cloud services, pervasive computing, and mobile technologies from a pragmatic design perspective, including sample open source firmware. Cloud services, mobile and embedded platforms, interfaces, operating system design methods, networking, and middleware are all considered. The authors then explore in detail the framework, design principles, architecture and key components of developing energy systems to support sustainable urban environments. The included case study provides a pathway to improve the eco-efficiency of urban transport, demonstrating how to design an energy efficient next generation urban navigation system by leveraging vast cloud data sets on user-behavior. Ultimately, this resource maps big data’s pivotal intersection with rapid global urbanization along the path to a sustainable future.Table of ContentsPart I Features of Big data Systems.- Big Data Introduction.-Big data Systems landscape/ overview.- Part II Developing Sustainable Big data systems.- The trends of Big data systems.- Platform Architecture.- Reference Architecture.- ISUNS system design (Case Study).- Part III Future Development to Enhance Eco-efficiency.- Potential Applications for Big data systems.- Performance Evaluation.

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Book SynopsisThe market and policy impetus to install increasingly utility-scale solar systems, or solar farms (sometimes known as solar parks or ranches), has seen products and applications develop ahead of the collective industry knowledge and experience. Recently however, the market has matured and investment opportunites for utility-scale solar farms or parks as part of renewable energy policies have made the sector more attractive. This book brings together the latest technical, practical and financial information available to provide an essential guide to solar farms, from design and planning to installation and maintenance.The book builds on the challenges and lessons learned from existing solar farms, that have been developed across the world, including in Europe, the USA, Australia, China and India. Topics covered include system design, system layout, international installation standards, operation and maintenance, grid penetration, planning applications, and skills requirTable of Contents1. Introduction 2. Photovoltaic Technology 3. Planning a Solar Farm 4. Design Overview 5. Installation and Commissioning 6. Operation and Maintenance

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Book SynopsisToday’s electric power companies compete to provide cleaner electricity. That’s a good thing, but progress has come with costs, especially for communities reliant on the coal industry. Thomas McGarity examines the changes of recent decades and offers ideas for building a more sustainable grid while easing the economic downsides of coal’s demise.Trade ReviewIn revealing many encouraging emission reductions by the electric power industry, Thomas O. McGarity shows what citizen action, regulation, and competition can contribute to expanding energy efficiencies and renewables like solar and wind. This book is a well-documented, eye-opening antidote to the ‘doom and gloom’ enveloping so many concerned people. -- Ralph Nader, author of Breaking through Power: It’s Easier than We ThinkPollution, Politics, and Power is a tour de force, analyzing environmental regulation of the power industry over the last half-century. With unmatched mastery, McGarity illuminates the current policy debates by placing them in their historical context, with a bull’s-eye on coal. -- Richard Lazarus, author of The Making of Environmental LawHistorians of all stripes will find much to value in Tom McGarity’s impressive new book…a masterful history of the industry’s recent past…Scholars will benefit greatly from McGarity’s exceedingly useful and easy-to-understand treatment of the byzantine regulations governing the power sector…Will likely stand as the definitive recent history of the electricity industry and rapidly declining fortunes of coal, setting the standard for anyone writing on these topics. -- William Boyd * Technology and Culture *

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Book SynopsisExplore the fascinating, evolving world of electric vehicles, from the first EVs in the Victorian era to their rapid expansion today—and beyond. In The Electric Vehicle Revolution, automotive journalist Kevin Wilson provides a thorough, engaging overview of where EV technology is today, how it got there, and where it’s going. Since the turn of the twenty-first century, EVs have gone from wonky who-cares vehicles like GM’s EV1 and early Teslas to every manufacturer's must-have future.Electric propulsion preceded fossil-fuel cars by decades and even vied for prominence in the early twentieth century auto industry against both steam power and internal combustion engines. From Electrobat (an early New York taxi fleet) through Columbia—which had built 1,000 electric cars before either Henry Ford or Ransom Olds had built a single gasoline car—viable business start-ups in the early auto age were as competitive and Trade Review“The book is a comprehensive survey of EVs…broadly illustrated with archival photos and period advertisements, and full of stories and evidence of obscure marques—from Detroit Electric and Baker to Tropicana and Enfield—whose bizarre histories will delight you.” * Car and Driver *Table of Contents1 First Sparks Electric propulsion vies with steam power and internal combustion for prominence in the early auto industry. 2 Gilded Age Status Automotive pioneers probe battery power, but electrics remain the province of wealthy, urban consumers—as Ford’s Model T begins to change the world. 3 Success into the Shadows Despite EV successes, the early auto industry evolves to favor gasoline cars and forges a partnership with the oil industry. 4 An Idea That Won’t Die As the internal combustion engine establishes dominance in the interwar years, a select few electric visionaries persist. 5 Fifty Years in the Shade Irrelevant in the marketplace, the idea of the electric car regularly resurfaces among hobbyists and those concerned about the oil industry’s viability. 6 Oil Shocks Space Age technological advances and the oil crises plant a seed that will take decades to germinate. 7 The Pivot Point How GM’s EV1 happened, why it faltered, and how it became the basis that culminated with the first Tesla Roadster. 8 Halfway There The proliferation of hybrids, especially the plug-ins, familiarizes the industry and public with electric propulsion. 9 Tesla Rising A clear-eyed view of Tesla Motors and the responses of the conventional auto industry, rival start-ups, and regulatory agencies. 10 The Dam Breaks The rush to electrify has nations and companies declaring the end of internal combustion, but this radical transition isn’t as easy as throwing a switch.

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Introduction 2. Research trends in renewable energy complementarity: A bibliometric analysis 3. Meteorology as a backbone of complementarity research 4. Meteorological fundamentals of spatiotemporal balancing between the solar and wind energy resources 5. Metrics used for the evaluation of complementarity – review 6. New metric for complementarity assessment 7. GIS tools in complementarity research – estimation and visualization 8. Off-grid hybrid systems reliability and transmission line utilization from the perspective of renewables complementarity 9. On the role of complementarity in siting renewable power generation assets and its economic implications for power systems 10. A comparative study of correlation coefficients used to assess the solar and wind complementarity in Mexico 11. Global complementarity of renewable energy sources 12. Complementarity and application of renewable energy sources in the marine environment 13. Complementarity between rare renewable energies 14. Complementarity in the context of water-food-energy nexus 15. Complementarity in the context of water-energy-ecosystem nexus 16. Water-energy-food nexus in hydropower dominated power systems - the Brazilian case 17. The role and applications of renewable energies in agriculture from the complementarity perspective 18. Impact of climate change on wind and solar energy sources complementarity: a case study of the northeast Brazilian region 19. Assessment of the energy production by hybrid system ''micro hydropower power plant and solar photovoltaic power plant 20. Operations management of large hydro-PV hybrid power plants: Case studies in China 21. Short term complementarity of utility-scale solar and wind power plants 22. Long term changes in complementarity and their impact on off-grid systems reliability 23. Governing complementarity to enhance environmental, economic and social benefits of renewable energy 24 Dancing with renewables: a holistic perspective encompassing the role of the demand side 25. Teaching about complementarity – proposal of classes for university students – including exercises 26. Complementary concentrated solar power - wind hybrid system with thermal storage and ORC 27. Complementarity of renewable energy sources in the context of heating and cooling systems

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Li-ion Battery Characteristics and Applications 2. Electrical Equivalent Circuit Modeling 3. Electrochemical Nernst Modeling 4. Battery State Estimation Methods 5. Battery State-of-charge Estimation Methods 6. Battery State-of-energy Prediction Methods 7. Battery State-of-power Evaluation Methods 8. Battery State-of-health Estimation Methods 9. Battery System Active Control Strategies

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