Mechanical engineering and materials Books

Book SynopsisMoran's Principles of Engineering Thermodynamics, SI Version, continues to offer a comprehensive and rigorous treatment of classical thermodynamics, while retaining an engineering perspective. With concise, applications-oriented discussion of topics and self-test problems, this book encourages students to monitor their own learning. This classic text provides a solid foundation for subsequent studies in fields such as fluid mechanics, heat transfer and statistical thermodynamics, and prepares students to effectively apply thermodynamics in the practice of engineering. This edition is revised with additional examples and end-of-chapter problems to increase student comprehension.

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsList of Symbols xvii 1. Introduction 1 2. Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding 19 3. The Structure of Crystalline Solids 49 4. Imperfections in Solids 97 5. Diffusion 129 6. Mechanical Properties of Metals 154 7. Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms 196 8. Failure 227 9. Phase Diagrams 271 10. Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties 327 11. Applications and Processing of Metal Alloys 375 12. Structures and Properties of Ceramics 435 13. Applications and Processing of Ceramics 474 14. Polymer Structures 512 15. Characteristics, Applications, and Processing of Polymers 545 16. Composites 600 17. Corrosion and Degradation of Materials 645 18. Electrical Properties 688 19. Thermal Properties 741 20. Magnetic Properties 758 21. Optical Properties 792 22. Environmental and Societal Issues in Materials Science and Engineering 822 Appendix A The International System of Units (SI) A-1 Appendix B Properties of Selected Engineering Materials A-3 Appendix C Costs and Relative Costs for Selected Engineering Materials A-32 Appendix D Repeat Unit Structures for Common Polymers A-37 Appendix E Glass Transition and Melting Temperatures for Common Polymeric Materials A-41 Glossary G-1 Answers to Selected Problems PA-1 Index I-1

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Book SynopsisFluid Mechanics is the study of fluids as an important branch of engineering mechanics. Almost everything on this planet either is a fluid or moves within or near a fluid. The essence of the subject of fluid flow is a judicious compromise between theory and experiment. This textbook not only makes a great deal of theoretical treatment available, but also provides experimental results as a natural and easy complement to the theory. The principles considered in the book are fundamental, and have been well established. However, in presenting this important subject, we have drawn on our own ideas and experience. Throughout the revisions, the informal and student-oriented writing style has been retained and further enhanced, and if it succeeds, has the flavor of an interactive lecture by the authors.Table of ContentsChapter 1 IntroductionChapter 2 Pressure Distribution in a FluidChapter 3 Integral Relations for a Control VolumeChapter 4 Differential Relations for Fluid FlowChapter 5 Dimensional Analysis and SimilarityChapter 6 Viscous Flow in DuctsChapter 7 Flow Past Immersed BodiesChapter 8 Potential Flow and Computational Fluid DynamicsChapter 9 Compressible FlowChapter 10 Open-Channel FlowChapter 11 TurbomachineryAppendix A Physical Properties of FluidsAppendix B Compressible Flow TablesAppendix C Conversion FactorsAppendix D Equations of Motion in Cylindrical CoordinatesAppendix E Estimating Uncertainty in Experimental Data

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Book SynopsisThis new edition of the leading introduction to the science of fire phenomena is complete with the latest research, data and additional problems. It is unique in its identification of fire science and fire dynamics as well as scientific background necessary for the development of fire safety engineering as a professional discipline.Table of ContentsAbout the Author xi Preface to the Second Edition xiii Preface to the Third Edition xv List of Symbols and Abbreviations xvii 1 Fire Science and Combustion 1 1.1 Fuels and the Combustion Process 2 1.1.1 The Nature of Fuels 2 1.1.2 Thermal Decomposition and Stability of Polymers 6 1.2 The Physical Chemistry of Combustion in Fires 12 1.2.1 The Ideal Gas Law 14 1.2.2 Vapour Pressure of Liquids 18 1.2.3 Combustion and Energy Release 19 1.2.4 The Mechanism of Gas Phase Combustion 26 1.2.5 Temperatures of Flames 30 Problems 34 2 Heat Transfer 35 2.1 Summary of the Heat Transfer Equations 36 2.2 Conduction 38 2.2.1 Steady State Conduction 38 2.2.2 Non-steady State Conduction 40 2.2.3 Numerical Methods of Solving Time-dependent Conduction Problems 48 2.3 Convection 52 2.4 Radiation 59 2.4.1 Configuration Factors 64 2.4.2 Radiation from Hot Gases and Non-luminous Flames 72 2.4.3 Radiation from Luminous Flames and Hot Smoky Gases 76 Problems 79 3 Limits of Flammability and Premixed Flames 83 3.1 Limits of Flammability 83 3.1.1 Measurement of Flammability Limits 83 3.1.2 Characterization of the Lower Flammability Limit 88 3.1.3 Dependence of Flammability Limits on Temperature and Pressure 91 3.1.4 Flammability Diagrams 94 3.2 The Structure of a Premixed Flame 97 3.3 Heat Losses from Premixed Flames 101 3.4 Measurement of Burning Velocities 106 3.5 Variation of Burning Velocity with Experimental Parameters 109 3.5.1 Variation of Mixture Composition 110 3.5.2 Variation of Temperature 111 3.5.3 Variation of Pressure 112 3.5.4 Addition of Suppressants 113 3.6 The Effect of Turbulence 116 Problems 118 4 Diffusion Flames and Fire Plumes 121 4.1 Laminar Jet Flames 123 4.2 Turbulent Jet Flames 128 4.3 Flames from Natural Fires 130 4.3.1 The Buoyant Plume 132 4.3.2 The Fire Plume 139 4.3.3 Interaction of the Fire Plume with Compartment Boundaries 151 4.3.4 The Effect of Wind on the Fire Plume 163 4.4 Some Practical Applications 165 4.4.1 Radiation from Flames 166 4.4.2 The Response of Ceiling-mounted Fire Detectors 169 4.4.3 Interaction between Sprinkler Sprays and the Fire Plume 171 4.4.4 The Removal of Smoke 172 4.4.5 Modelling 174 Problems 178 5 Steady Burning of Liquids and Solids 181 5.1 Burning of Liquids 182 5.1.1 Pool Fires 182 5.1.2 Spill Fires 193 5.1.3 Burning of Liquid Droplets 194 5.1.4 Pressurized and Cryogenic Liquids 197 5.2 Burning of Solids 199 5.2.1 Burning of Synthetic Polymers 199 5.2.2 Burning of Wood 209 5.2.3 Burning of Dusts and Powders 221 Problems 223 6 Ignition: The Initiation of Flaming Combustion 225 6.1 Ignition of Flammable Vapour/Air Mixtures 225 6.2 Ignition of Liquids 235 6.2.1 Ignition of Low Flashpoint Liquids 241 6.2.2 Ignition of High Flashpoint Liquids 242 6.2.3 Auto-ignition of Liquid Fuels 245 6.3 Piloted Ignition of Solids 247 6.3.1 Ignition during a Constant Heat Flux 250 6.3.2 Ignition Involving a ‘Discontinuous’ Heat Flux 263 6.4 Spontaneous Ignition of Solids 269 6.5 Surface Ignition by Flame Impingement 271 6.6 Extinction of Flame 272 6.6.1 Extinction of Premixed Flames 272 6.6.2 Extinction of Diffusion Flames 273 Problems 275 7 Spread of Flame 277 7.1 Flame Spread Over Liquids 277 7.2 Flame Spread Over Solids 284 7.2.1 Surface Orientation and Direction of Propagation 284 7.2.2 Thickness of the Fuel 292 7.2.3 Density, Thermal Capacity and Thermal Conductivity 294 7.2.4 Geometry of the Sample 296 7.2.5 Environmental Effects 297 7.3 Flame Spread Modelling 307 7.4 Spread of Flame through Open Fuel Beds 312 7.5 Applications 313 7.5.1 Radiation-enhanced Flame Spread 313 7.5.2 Rate of Vertical Spread 315 Problems 315 8 Spontaneous Ignition within Solids and Smouldering Combustion 317 8.1 Spontaneous Ignition in Bulk Solids 317 8.1.1 Application of the Frank-Kamenetskii Model 318 8.1.2 The Thomas Model 324 8.1.3 Ignition of Dust Layers 325 8.1.4 Ignition of Oil – Soaked Porous Substrates 329 8.1.5 Spontaneous Ignition in Haystacks 330 8.2 Smouldering Combustion 331 8.2.1 Factors Affecting the Propagation of Smouldering 333 8.2.2 Transition from Smouldering to Flaming Combustion 342 8.2.3 Initiation of Smouldering Combustion 344 8.2.4 The Chemical Requirements for Smouldering 346 8.3 Glowing Combustion 347 Problems 348 9 The Pre-flashover Compartment Fire 349 9.1 The Growth Period and the Definition of Flashover 351 9.2 Growth to Flashover 354 9.2.1 Conditions Necessary for Flashover 354 9.2.2 Fuel and Ventilation Conditions Necessary for Flashover 364 9.2.3 Factors Affecting Time to Flashover 378 9.2.4 Factors Affecting Fire Growth 382 Problems 385 10 The Post-flashover Compartment Fire 387 10.1 Regimes of Burning 387 10.2 Fully Developed Fire Behaviour 396 10.3 Temperatures Achieved in Fully Developed Fires 404 10.3.1 Experimental Study of Fully Developed Fires in Single Compartments 404 10.3.2 Mathematical Models for Compartment Fire Temperatures 406 10.3.3 Fires in Large Compartments 418 10.4 Fire Resistance and Fire Severity 420 10.5 Methods of Calculating Fire Resistance 427 10.6 Projection of Flames from Burning Compartments 435 10.7 Spread of Fire from a Compartment 437 Problems 439 11 Smoke: Its Formation, Composition and Movement 441 11.1 Formation and Measurement of Smoke 443 11.1.1 Production of Smoke Particles 443 11.1.2 Measurement of Particulate Smoke 447 11.1.3 Methods of Test for Smoke Production Potential 450 11.1.4 The Toxicity of Smoke 455 11.2 Smoke Movement 459 11.2.1 Forces Responsible for Smoke Movement 459 11.2.2 Rate of Smoke Production in Fires 465 11.3 Smoke Control Systems 469 11.3.1 Smoke Control in Large Spaces 470 11.3.2 Smoke Control in Shopping Centres 471 11.3.3 Smoke Control on Protected Escape Routes 473 References 475 Answers to Selected Problems 527 Author Index 531 Subject Index 545

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Book SynopsisR.C. Hibbeler graduated from the University of Illinois-Urbana with a B.S. in Civil Engineering (major in Structures) and an M.S. in Nuclear Engineering. He obtained his PhD in Theoretical and Applied Mechanics from Northwestern University. Professor Hibbeler's professional experience includes postdoctoral work in reactor safety and analysis at Argonne National Laboratory, and structural and stress analysis work at Chicago Bridge and Iron, as well as at Sargent and Lundy in Chicago. He has practiced engineering in Ohio, New York, and Louisiana.Table of Contents General Principles Force Vectors Equilibrium of a Particle Force System Resultants Equilibrium of a Rigid Body Structural Analysis Internal Forces Friction Center of Gravity and Centroid Moments of Inertia Virtual Work Appendix Mathematical Review and Expressions Fundamental Problems Solutions and Answers Review Problem Solutions

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Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.The industry-standard resource for maintenance planning and schedulingâthoroughly revised for the latest advancesWritten by a Certified Maintenance and Reliability Professional (CMRP) with more than three decades of experience, this resource provides proven planning and scheduling strategies that will take any maintenance organization to the next level of performance. The book resolves common industry frustration with planning and reduces the complexity of scheduling in addition to dealing with reactive maintenance. You will find coverage of estimating labor hours, setting the level of plan detail, creating practical weekly and daily schedules, kitting parts, and more, all designed to increase your workforce without hiri

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1 Introduction to Statics 1 1/1 Mechanics 1 1/2 Basic Concepts 2 1/3 Scalars and Vectors 2 1/4 Newton’s Laws 5 1/5 Units 6 1/6 Law of Gravitation 9 1/7 Accuracy, Limits, and Approximations 10 1/8 Problem Solving in Statics 11 1/9 Chapter Review 14 2 Force Systems 17 2/1 Introduction 17 2/2 Force 17 Section A Two-Dimensional Force Systems 20 2/3 Rectangular Components 20 2/4 Moment 26 2/5 Couple 31 2/6 Resultants 34 Section B Three-Dimensional Force Systems 37 2/7 Rectangular Components 37 2/8 Moment and Couple 41 2/9 Resultants 48 2/10 Chapter Review 54 3 Equilibrium 55 3/1 Introduction 55 Section A Equilibrium in Two Dimensions 56 3/2 System Isolation and the Free-Body Diagram 56 3/3 Equilibrium Conditions 66 Section B Equilibrium in Three Dimensions 74 3/4 Equilibrium Conditions 74 3/5 Chapter Review 82 4 Structures 83 4/1 Introduction 83 4/2 Plane Trusses 84 4/3 Method of Joints 86 4/4 Method of Sections 92 4/5 Space Trusses 96 4/6 Frames and Machines 99 4/7 Chapter Review 105 5 Distributed Forces 106 5/1 Introduction 106 Section A Centers of Mass and Centroids 108 5/2 Center of Mass 108 5/3 Centroids of Lines, Areas, and Volumes 110 5/4 Composite Bodies and Figures; Approximations 118 5/5 Theorems of Pappus 122 Section B Special Topics 125 5/6 Beams—External Effects 125 5/7 Beams—Internal Effects 128 5/8 Flexible Cables 135 5/9 Fluid Statics 143 5/10 Chapter Review 153 6 Friction 154 6/1 Introduction 154 Section A Frictional Phenomena 155 6/2 Types of Friction 155 6/3 Dry Friction 155 Section B Applications of Friction in Machines 164 6/4 Wedges 164 6/5 Screws 165 6/6 Journal Bearings 169 6/7 Thrust Bearings; Disk Friction 169 6/8 Flexible Belts 172 6/9 Rolling Resistance 173 6/10 Chapter Review 176 7 Virtual Work 177 7/1 Introduction 177 7/2 Work 177 7/3 Equilibrium 180 7/4 Potential Energy and Stability 188 7/5 Chapter Review 197 Appendix A Area Moments of Inertia 198 A/1 Introduction 198 A/2 Definitions 199 A/3 Composite Areas 206 A/4 ProducLts of Inertia and Rotation of Axes 209 Appendix B Mass Moments of Inertia 214 Appendix C Selected Topics of Mathematics 215 C/1 Introduction 215 C/2 Plane Geometry 215 C/3 Solid Geometry 216 C/4 Algebra 216 C/5 Analytic Geometry 217 C/6 Trigonometry 217 C/7 Vector Operations 218 C/8 Series 221 C/9 Derivatives 221 C/10 Integrals 222 C/11 Newton’s Method for Solving Intractable Equations 225 C/12 Selected Techniques for Numerical Integration 227 Appendix D Useful Tables 230 Table D/1 Physical Properties 230 Table D/2 Solar System Constants 231 Table D/3 Properties of Plane Figures 232 Table D/4 Properties of Homogeneous Solids 234 Table D/5 Conversion Factors; SI Units 238 Problems P-1 Index I-1 Problem Answers PA-1

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface iii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Strategy of Experimentation 1 1.2 Some Typical Applications of Experimental Design 7 1.3 Basic Principles 11 1.4 Guidelines for Designing Experiments 13 1.5 A Brief History of Statistical Design 19 1.6 Summary: Using Statistical Techniques in Experimentation 20 2 Simple Comparative Experiments 22 2.1 Introduction 22 2.2 Basic Statistical Concepts 23 2.3 Sampling and Sampling Distributions 27 2.4 Inferences About the Differences in Means, Randomized Designs 32 2.5 Inferences About the Differences in Means, Paired Comparison Designs 47 2.6 Inferences About the Variances of Normal Distributions 52 3 Experiments with a Single Factor: The Analysis of Variance 55 3.1 An Example 55 3.2 The Analysis of Variance 58 3.3 Analysis of the Fixed Effects Model 59 3.4 Model Adequacy Checking 68 3.5 Practical Interpretation of Results 76 3.6 Sample Computer Output 89 3.7 Determining Sample Size 93 3.8 Other Examples of Single-Factor Experiments 95 3.9 The Random Effects Model 101 3.10 The Regression Approach to the Analysis of Variance 109 3.11 Nonparametric Methods in the Analysis of Variance 113 4 Randomized Blocks, Latin Squares, and Related Designs 115 4.1 The Randomized Complete Block Design 115 4.2 The Latin Square Design 133 4.3 The Graeco-Latin Square Design 140 4.4 Balanced Incomplete Block Designs 142 5 Introduction to Factorial Designs 152 5.1 Basic Definitions and Principles 152 5.2 The Advantage of Factorials 155 5.3 The Two-Factor Factorial Design 156 5.4 The General Factorial Design 174 5.5 Fitting Response Curves and Surfaces 179 5.6 Blocking in a Factorial Design 188 6 The 2k Factorial Design 194 6.1 Introduction 194 6.2 The 22 Design 195 6.3 The 23 Design 203 6.4 The General 2k Design 215 6.5 A Single Replicate of the 2k Design 218 6.6 Additional Examples of Unreplicated 2k Designs 231 6.7 2k Designs are Optimal Designs 243 6.8 The Addition of Center Points to the 2k Design 248 6.9 Why We Work with Coded Design Variables 253 7 Blocking and Confounding in the 2k Factorial Design 256 7.1 Introduction 256 7.2 Blocking a Replicated 2k Factorial Design 256 7.3 Confounding in the 2k Factorial Design 259 7.4 Confounding the 2k Factorial Design in Two Blocks 259 7.5 Another Illustration of Why Blocking is Important 267 7.6 Confounding the 2k Factorial Design in Four Blocks 268 7.7 Confounding the 2k Factorial Design in 2p Blocks 270 7.8 Partial Confounding 271 8 Two-Level Fractional Factorial Designs 274 8.1 Introduction 274 8.2 The One-Half Fraction of the 2k Design 275 8.3 The One-Quarter Fraction of the 2k Design 290 8.4 The General 2k--pFractional Factorial Design 297 8.5 Alias Structures in Fractional Factorials and Other Designs 306 8.6 Resolution III Designs 308 8.7 Resolution IV and V Designs 322 8.8 Supersaturated Designs 329 8.9 Summary 331 9 Additional Design and Analysis Topics for Factorial and Fractional Factorial Designs 332 9.1 The 3k Factorial Design 333 9.2 Confounding in the 3k Factorial Design 340 9.3 Fractional Replication of the 3k Factorial Design 345 9.4 Factorials with Mixed Levels 349 9.5 Nonregular Fractional Factorial Designs 352 9.6 Constructing Factorial and Fractional Factorial Designs Using an Optimal Design Tool 369 10 Fitting Regression Models 382 10.1 Introduction 382 10.2 Linear Regression Models 383 10.3 Estimation of the Parameters in Linear Regression Models 384 10.4 Hypothesis Testing in Multiple Regression 395 10.5 Confidence Intervals in Multiple Regression 399 10.6 Prediction of New Response Observations 401 10.7 Regression Model Diagnostics 402 10.8 Testing for Lack of Fit 405 11 Response Surface Methods and Designs 408 11.1 Introduction to Response Surface Methodology 408 11.2 The Method of Steepest Ascent 411 11.3 Analysis of a Second-Order Response Surface 416 11.4 Experimental Designs for Fitting Response Surfaces 430 11.5 Experiments with Computer Models 454 11.6 Mixture Experiments 461 11.7 Evolutionary Operation 472 12 Robust Parameter Design and Process Robustness Studies 477 12.1 Introduction 477 12.2 Crossed Array Designs 479 12.3 Analysis of the Crossed Array Design 481 12.4 Combined Array Designs and the Response Model Approach 484 12.5 Choice of Designs 490 13 Experiments with Random Factors 493 13.1 Random Effects Models 493 13.2 The Two-Factor Factorial with Random Factors 494 13.3 The Two-Factor Mixed Model 500 13.4 Rules for Expected Mean Squares 505 13.5 Approximate F-Tests 508 13.6 Some Additional Topics on Estimation of Variance Components 512 14 Nested and Split-Plot Designs 518 14.1 The Two-Stage Nested Design 518 14.2 The General m-Stage Nested Design 528 14.3 Designs with Both Nested and Factorial Factors 530 14.4 The Split-Plot Design 534 14.5 Other Variations of the Split-Plot Design 540 15 Other Design and Analysis Topics (Available in e-text for students) W-1 Problems P-1 Appendix A-1 Table I. Cumulative Standard Normal Distribution A-2 Table II. Percentage Points of the t Distribution A-4 Table III. Percentage Points of the Χ 2 Distribution A-5 Table IV. Percentage Points of the F Distribution A-6 Table V. Percentage Points of the Studentized Range Statistic A-11 Table VI. Critical Values for Dunnett's Test for Comparing Treatments with a Control A-13 Table VII. Coefficients of Orthogonal Polynomials A-15 Table VIII. Alias Relationships for 2k--pFractional Factorial Designs with k ≤ 15 and n ≤ 64 A-16 OC Bibliography (Available in e-text for students) B-1 Index I-1

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive resource covering the foundational thermal-fluid sciences and engineering analysis techniques used to design and develop internal combustion engines Internal Combustion Engines: Applied Thermosciences, Fourth Edition combines foundational thermal-fluid sciences with engineering analysis techniques for modeling and predicting the performance of internal combustion engines. This new 4th edition includes brand new material on: New engine technologies and concepts Effects of engine speed on performance and emissions Fluid mechanics of intake and exhaust flow in engines Turbocharger and supercharger performance analysis Chemical kinetic modeling, reaction mechanisms, and emissions Advanced combustion processes including low temperature combustion Piston, ring and journal bearing friction analysis The 4th Edition expands on the combined analytical and Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgements xiii About the Companion Website xv 1. Introduction to Internal Combustion Engines 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Historical Background 4 1.3 Engine Cycles 6 1.4 Engine Performance Parameters 10 1.5 Engine Configurations 21 1.6 Examples of Internal Combustion Engines 25 1.7 Alternative Powertrain Technology 29 1.8 Further Reading 33 1.9 References 33 1.10 Homework 33 2. Ideal Gas Engine Cycles 35 2.1 Introduction 35 2.2 Gas Cycle Energy Addition 36 2.3 Constant Volume Energy Addition 37 2.4 Constant Pressure Energy Addition 41 2.5 Limited Pressure Cycle 44 2.6 Miller Cycle 45 2.7 Ideal Four-Stroke Process and Residual Fraction 49 2.8 Finite Energy Release 58 2.9 References 75 2.10 Homework 75 3. Thermodynamic Properties of Fuel–Air Mixtures 79 3.1 Introduction 79 3.2 Properties of Ideal Gas Mixtures 79 3.3 Liquid–Vapor–Gas Mixtures 86 3.4 Stoichiometry 90 3.5 Chemical Equilibrium 93 3.6 Low Temperature Combustion Modeling 96 3.7 Chemical Equilibrium Using Lagrange Multipliers 101 3.8 Chemical Equilibrium Using Equilibrium Constants 104 3.9 Isentropic Compression and Expansion 111 3.10 Chemical Kinetics 114 3.11 References 120 3.12 Homework 121 4. Thermodynamics of Combustion 123 4.1 Introduction 123 4.2 First-Law Analysis of Combustion 123 4.3 Second-Law Analysis of Combustion 129 4.4 Fuel–Air Otto Cycle 133 4.5 Four-Stroke Fuel–Air Otto Cycle 137 4.6 Limited-Pressure Fuel–Air Cycle 141 4.7 Two-Zone Finite-Energy Release Model 146 4.8 Compression Ignition Engine Fuel–Air Model 153 4.9 Comparison of Fuel–Air Cycles with Actual Spark and Compression Ignition Cycles 156 4.10 Further Reading 160 4.11 Homework 160 5. Intake and Exhaust Flow 163 5.1 Introduction 163 5.2 Flow Through Intake and Exhaust Valves 163 5.3 Intake and Exhaust Manifold Flow 185 5.4 Airflow in Two-Stroke Engines 190 5.5 Superchargers and Turbochargers 199 5.6 Further Reading 219 5.7 References 219 5.8 Homework 221 6. Fuel and Air Flow in the Cylinder 225 6.1 Introduction 225 6.2 Fuel Injection – Spark Ignition 225 6.3 Fuel Injection – Compression Ignition 228 6.4 Fuel Sprays 233 6.5 Gaseous Fuel Injection 241 6.6 Prechambers 246 6.7 Carburetion 249 6.8 Large-Scale In-Cylinder Flow 252 6.9 In-Cylinder Turbulence 258 6.10 Further Reading 268 6.11 References 269 6.12 Homework 270 7. Combustion Processes in Engines 273 7.1 Introduction 273 7.2 Combustion in Spark-Ignition Engines 274 7.3 Abnormal Combustion (Knock) in Spark-Ignition Engines 286 7.4 Combustion in Compression Ignition Engines 290 7.5 Low Temperature Combustion 302 7.6 Further Reading 311 7.7 References 311 7.8 Homework 313 8. Emissions 317 8.1 Introduction 317 8.2 Nitrogen Oxides 318 8.3 Carbon Monoxide 329 8.4 Hydrocarbons 332 8.5 Particulates 335 8.6 Emissions Regulation and Control 342 8.7 Further Reading 350 8.8 References 350 8.9 Homework 351 9. Fuels 355 9.1 Introduction 355 9.2 Refining 356 9.3 Hydrocarbon Chemistry 357 9.4 Thermodynamic Properties of Fuel Mixtures 360 9.5 Gasoline Fuels 370 9.6 Alternative Fuels for Spark-Ignition Engines 373 9.7 Diesel Fuels 383 9.8 Further Reading 389 9.9 Homework 391 10. Friction and Lubrication 393 10.1 Introduction 393 10.2 Friction Coefficient 393 10.3 Engine Oils 396 10.4 Friction Power and Mean Effective Pressure 399 10.5 Friction Measurements 400 10.6 Friction Scaling Parameters 403 10.7 Piston and Ring Friction 404 10.8 Journal Bearings 418 10.9 Valve Train Friction 423 10.10 Accessory Friction 427 10.11 Pumping Mean Effective Pressure 428 10.12 Overall Engine Friction Mean Effective Pressure 429 10.13 Further Reading 432 10.14 References 432 10.15 Homework 433 11. Heat and Mass Transfer 435 11.1 Introduction 435 11.2 Engine Cooling Systems 436 11.3 Engine Energy Balance 437 11.4 Heat Transfer Measurements 441 11.5 Heat Transfer Modeling 444 11.6 Heat Transfer Correlations 449 11.7 Radiation Heat Transfer 455 11.8 Heat Transfer in the Exhaust System 459 11.9 Mass Loss or Blowby 460 11.10 Further Reading 463 11.11 References 463 11.12 Homework 464 12. Engine Instrumentation and Testing 467 12.1 Introduction 467 12.2 Instrumentation 468 12.3 Combustion Analysis 475 12.4 Exhaust Gas Analysis 480 12.5 Control Systems in Engines 491 12.6 Vehicle Emissions Testing 493 12.7 Further Reading 495 12.8 References 495 12.9 Homework 496 13. Overall Engine Performance 499 13.1 Introduction 499 13.2 Effect of Engine Size, Bore, and Stroke 499 13.3 Effect of Engine Speed 502 13.4 Effect of Air–Fuel Ratio and Load 503 13.5 Engine Performance Maps 506 13.6 Effect of Ignition and Injection Timing 510 13.7 Effect of Compression Ratio 512 13.8 Vehicle Performance Simulation 513 13.9 Further Reading 513 13.10 References 513 13.11 Homework 514 Appendices 517 A Conversion Factors and Physical Constants 517 B Physical Properties of Air 519 C Thermodynamic Property Tables for Various Ideal Gases 521 D Curve-Fit Coefficients for Thermodynamic Properties of Various Fuels and Ideal Gases 529 E Detailed Thermodynamic and Fluid Flow Analyses 533 E.1 Thermodynamic Derivatives 533 E.2 Numerical Solution of Equilibrium Combustion Equations 535 E.3 Isentropic Compression/Expansion with Known ΔP 538 E.4 Isentropic Compression/Expansion with Known Δv 538 E.5 Constant Volume Combustion 539 E.6 Quality of Exhaust Products 540 E.7 Finite Difference Form of the Reynolds Slider Equation 542 E.8 Reference 542 F Computer Programs 543 F.1 Volume.m 544 F.2 Velocity.m 544 F.3 BurnFraction.m 545 F.4 FiniteHeatRelease.m 545 F.5 FiniteHeatMassLoss.m 547 F.6 CIHeatRelease.m 550 F.7 FourStrokeOtto.m 552 F.8 RunFarg.m 553 F.9 farg.m 554 F.10 fuel.m 557 F.11 RunEcp.m 559 F.12 ecp.m 560 F.13 AdiabaticFlameTemp.m 570 F.14 OttoFuelAir.m 571 F.15 FourStrokeFuelAir.m 573 F.16 TwoZoneFuelAir.m 577 F.17 Fuel_Injected.m 583 F.18 LimitPressFuelAir.m 588 F.19 ValveFlow.m 592 F.20 Droplet.m 603 F.21 Kinetic.m 610 F.22 Soot.m 613 F.23 TwoZoneNO.m 614 F.24 RingPressure.m 621 F.25 Friction.m 624 F.26 HeatTransfer.m 625 Index 631

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface to third edition xv 1 Understanding the physical universe 1 1.1 The programme of physics 1 1.2 The building blocks of matter 2 1.3 Matter in bulk 4 1.4 The fundamental interactions 5 1.5 Exploring the physical universe: the scientific method 5 1.6 The role of physics; its scope and applications 7 2 Using mathematical tools in physics 9 2.1 Applying the scientific method 9 2.2 The use of variables to represent displacement and time 9 2.3 Representation of data 10 2.4 The use of differentiation in analysis: velocity and acceleration in linear motion 13 2.5 The use of integration in analysis 16 2.6 Maximum and minimum values of physical variables: general linear motion 21 2.7 Angular motion: the radian 22 2.8 The role of mathematics in physics 24 Worked examples 25 Chapter 2 problems (up.ucc.ie/2/) 27 3 The causes of motion: dynamics 29 3.1 The concept of force 29 3.2 The First law of Dynamics (Newton's first law) 30 3.3 The fundamental dynamical principle (Newton's second law) 31 3.4 Systems of units: SI 33 3.5 Time dependent forces: oscillatory motion 37 3.6 Simple harmonic motion 39 3.7 Mechanical work and energy 42 3.8 Plots of potential energy functions 45 3.9 Power 46 3.10 Energy in simple harmonic motion 47 3.11 Dissipative forces: damped harmonic motion 48 3.11.1 Trial solution technique for solving the damped harmonic motion equation (up.ucc.ie/3/11/1/) 50 3.12 Forced oscillations (up.ucc.ie/3/12/) 51 3.13 Non-linear dynamics: chaos (up.ucc.ie/3/13/) 52 3.14 Phase space representation of dynamical systems (up.ucc.ie/3/14/) 52 Worked examples 52 Chapter 3 problems (up.ucc.ie/3/) 56 4 Motion in two and three dimensions 57 4.1 Vector physical quantities 57 4.2 Vector algebra 58 4.3 Velocity and acceleration vectors 62 4.4 Force as a vector quantity: vector form of the laws of dynamics 63 4.5 Constraint forces 64 4.6 Friction 66 4.7 Motion in a circle: centripetal force 68 4.8 Motion in a circle at constant speed 69 4.9 Tangential and radial components of acceleration 71 4.10 Hybrid motion: the simple pendulum 71 4.10.1 Large angle corrections for the simple pendulum (up.ucc.ie/4/10/1/) 72 4.11 Angular quantities as vector: the cross product 72 Worked examples 75 Chapter 4 problems (up.ucc.ie/4/) 78 5 Force fields 79 5.1 Newton's law of universal gravitation 79 5.2 Force fields 80 5.3 The concept of flux 81 5.4 Gauss's law for gravitation 82 5.5 Applications of Gauss's law 84 5.6 Motion in a constant uniform field: projectiles 86 5.7 Mechanical work and energy 88 5.8 Power 93 5.9 Energy in a constant uniform field 94 5.10 Energy in an inverse square law field 94 5.11 Moment of a force: angular momentum 97 5.12 Planetary motion: circular orbits 98 5.13 Planetary motion: elliptical orbits and Kepler's laws 99 5.13.1 Conservation of the Runge-Lens vector (up.ucc.ie/5/13/1/) 100 Worked examples 101 Chapter 5 problems (up.ucc.ie/5/) 104 6 Many-body interactions 105 6.1 Newton's third law 105 6.2 The principle of conservation of momentum 108 6.3 Mechanical energy of systems of particles 109 6.4 Particle decay 110 6.5 Particle collisions 111 6.6 The centre of mass of a system of particles 115 6.7 The two-body problem: reduced mass 116 6.8 Angular momentum of a system of particles 119 6.9 Conservation principles in physics 120 Worked examples 121 Chapter 6 problems (up.ucc.ie/6/) 125 7 Rigid body dynamics 127 7.1 Rigid bodies 127 7.2 Rigid bodies in equilibrium: statics 128 7.3 Torque 129 7.4 Dynamics of rigid bodies 130 7.5 Measurement of torque: the torsion balance 131 7.6 Rotation of a rigid body about a fixed axis: moment of inertia 132 7.7 Calculation of moments of inertia: the parallel axis theorem 133 7.8 Conservation of angular momentum of rigid bodies 135 7.9 Conservation of mechanical energy in rigid body systems 136 7.10 Work done by a torque: torsional oscillations: rotational power 138 7.11 Gyroscopic motion 140 7.11.1 Precessional angular velocity of a top (up.ucc.ie/7/11/1/) 141 7.12 Summary: connection between rotational and translational motions 141 Worked examples 141 Chapter 7 problems (up.ucc.ie/7/) 144 8 Relative motion 145 8.1 Applicability of Newton's laws of motion: inertial reference frames 145 8.2 The Galilean transformation 146 8.3 The CM (centre-of-mass) reference frame 149 8.4 Example of a non-inertial frame: centrifugal force 153 8.5 Motion in a rotating frame: the Coriolis force 155 8.6 The Foucault pendulum 158 8.6.1 Precession of a Foucault pendulum (up.ucc.ie/8/6/1/) 158 8.7 Practical criteria for inertial frames: the local view 158 Worked examples 159 Chapter 8 problems (up.ucc.ie/8/) 163 9 Special relativity 165 9.1 The velocity of light 165 9.1.1 The Michelson-Morley experiment (up.ucc.ie/9/1/1/) 165 9.2 The principle of relativity 166 9.3 Consequences of the principle of relativity 166 9.4 The Lorentz transformation 168 9.5 The Fitzgerald–Lorentz contraction 171 9.6 Time dilation 172 9.7 Paradoxes in special relativity 173 9.7.1 Simultaneity: quantitative analysis of the twin paradox (up.ucc.ie/9/7/1/) 174 9.8 Relativistic transformation of velocity 174 9.9 Momentum in relativistic mechanics 176 9.10 Four-vectors: the energy–momentum 4-vector 177 9.11 Energy–momentum transformations: relativistic energy conservation 179 9.11.1 The force transformations (up.ucc.ie/9/11/1/) 180 9.12 Relativistic energy: mass–energy equivalence 180 9.13 Units in relativistic mechanics 183 9.14 Mass–energy equivalence in practice 184 9.15 General relativity 185 Worked examples 185 Chapter 9 problems (up.ucc.ie/9/) 188 10 Continuum mechanics: mechanical properties of materials: microscopic models of matter 189 10.1 Dynamics of continuous media 189 10.2 Elastic properties of solids 190 10.3 Fluids at rest 193 10.4 Elastic properties of fluids 195 10.5 Pressure in gases 196 10.6 Archimedes' principle 196 10.7 Fluid dynamics; the Bernoulli equation 198 10.8 Viscosity 201 10.9 Surface properties of liquids 202 10.10 Boyle's law (or Mariotte's law) 204 10.11 A microscopic theory of gases 205 10.12 The SI unit of amount of substance; the mole 207 10.13 Interatomic forces: modifications to the kinetic theory of gases 208 10.14 Microscopic models of condensed matter systems 210 Worked examples 212 Chapter 10 problems (up.ucc.ie/10/) 214 11 Thermal physics 215 11.1 Friction and heating 215 11.2 The SI unit of thermodynamic temperature, the kelvin 216 11.3 Heat capacities of thermal systems 216 11.4 Comparison of specific heat capacities: calorimetry 218 11.5 Thermal conductivity 219 11.6 Convection 220 11.7 Thermal radiation 221 11.8 Thermal expansion 222 11.9 The first law of thermodynamics 224 11.10 Change of phase: latent heat 225 11.11 The equation of state of an ideal gas 226 11.12 Isothermal, isobaric and adiabatic processes: free expansion 227 11.13 The Carnot cycle 230 11.14 Entropy and the second law of thermodynamics 231 11.15 The Helmholtz and Gibbs functions 233 Worked examples 234 Chapter 11 problems (up.ucc.ie/11/) 236 12 Microscopic models of thermal systems: kinetic theory of matter 237 12.1 Microscopic interpretation of temperature 237 12.2 Polyatomic molecules: principle of equipartition of energy 239 12.3 Ideal gas in a gravitational field: the ‘law of atmospheres’ 241 12.4 Ensemble averages and distribution functions 242 12.5 The distribution of molecular velocities in an ideal gas 243 12.6 Distribution of molecular speeds 244 12.7 Distribution of molecular energies; Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics 246 12.8 Microscopic interpretation of temperature and heat capacity in solids 247 Worked examples 248 Chapter 12 problems (up.ucc.ie/12/) 249 13 Wave motion 251 13.1 Characteristics of wave motion 251 13.2 Representation of a wave which is travelling in one dimension 253 13.3 Energy and power in wave motion 255 13.4 Plane and spherical waves 256 13.5 Huygens' principle: the laws of reflection and refraction 257 13.6 Interference between waves 259 13.7 Interference of waves passing through openings: diffraction 263 13.8 Standing waves 265 13.8.1 Standing waves in a three dimensional cavity (up.ucc.ie/13/8/1/) 267 13.9 The Doppler effect 268 13.10 The wave equation 270 13.11 Waves along a string 270 13.12 Waves in elastic media: longitudinal waves in a solid rod 271 13.13 Waves in elastic media: sound waves in gases 272 13.14 Superposition of two waves of slightly different frequencies: wave and group velocities 274 13.15 Other wave forms: Fourier analysis 275 Worked examples 279 Chapter 13 problems (up.ucc.ie/13/) 280 14 Introduction to quantum mechanics 281 14.1 Physics at the beginning of the twentieth century 281 14.2 The blackbody radiation problem: Planck's quantum hypothesis 282 14.3 The specific heat capacity of gases 284 14.4 The specific heat capacity of solids 284 14.5 The photoelectric effect 285 14.5.1 Example of an experiment to study the photoelectric effect (up.ucc.ie/14/5/1/) 285 14.6 The X-ray continuum 287 14.7 The Compton effect: the photon model 287 14.8 The de Broglie hypothesis: wave-particle duality 290 14.9 Interpretation of wave particle duality 292 14.10 The Heisenberg uncertainty principle 293 14.11 The Schrödinger (wave mechanical) method 295 14.12 Probability density; expectation values 296 14.12.1 Expectation value of momentum (up.ucc.ie/14/12/1/) 297 14.13 The free particle 298 14.14 The time-independent Schrödinger equation: eigenfunctions and eigenvalues 300 14.14.1 Derivation of the Ehrenfest theorem (up.ucc.ie/14/14/1/) 301 14.15 The infinite square potential well 303 14.16 Potential steps 305 14.17 Other potential wells and barriers 311 14.18 The simple harmonic oscillator 313 14.18.1 Ground state of the simple harmonic oscillator (up.ucc.ie/14/18/1/) 313 14.19 Further implications of quantum mechanics 313 Worked examples 314 Chapter 14 problems (up.ucc.ie/14/) 316 15 Electric currents 317 15.1 Electric currents 317 15.2 The electric current model; electric charge 318 15.3 The SI unit of electric current; the ampere 320 15.4 Heating effect revisited; electrical resistance 321 15.5 Strength of a power supply; emf 323 15.6 Resistance of a circuit 324 15.7 Potential difference 324 15.8 Effect of internal resistance 326 15.9 Comparison of emfs; the potentiometer 328 15.10 Multiloop circuits 329 15.11 Kirchhoff's rules 330 15.12 Comparison of resistances; the Wheatstone bridge 331 15.13 Power supplies connected in parallel 332 15.14 Resistivity and conductivity 333 15.15 Variation of resistance with temperature 334 Worked examples 335 Chapter 15 problems (up.ucc.ie/15/) 338 16 Electric fields 339 16.1 Electric charges at rest 339 16.2 Electric fields: electric field strength 341 16.3 Forces between point charges: Coulomb's law 342 16.4 Electric flux and electric flux density 343 16.5 Electric fields due to systems of charges 344 16.6 The electric dipole 346 16.7 Gauss's law for electrostatics 349 16.8 Applications of Gauss's law 349 16.9 Potential difference in electric fields 352 16.10 Electric potential 353 16.11 Equipotential surfaces 355 16.12 Determination of electric field strength from electric potential 356 16.13 Acceleration of charged particles 357 16.14 The laws of electrostatics in differential form (up.ucc.ie/16/14) 358 Worked examples 359 Chapter 16 problems (up.ucc.ie/16/) 361 17 Electric fields in materials; the capacitor 363 17.1 Conductors in electric fields 363 17.2 Insulators in electric fields; polarization 364 17.3 Electric susceptibility 367 17.4 Boundaries between dielectric media 368 17.5 Ferroelectricity and paraelectricity; permanently polarised materials 369 17.6 Uniformly polarised rod; the ‘bar electret’ 370 17.7 Microscopic models of electric polarization 372 17.8 Capacitors 373 17.9 Examples of capacitors with simple geometry 374 17.10 Energy stored in an electric field 376 17.11 Capacitors in series and in parallel 377 17.12 Charge and discharge of a capacitor through a resistor 378 17.13 Measurement of permittivity 379 Worked examples 380 Chapter 17 problems (up.ucc.ie/17/) 382 18 Magnetic fields 383 18.1 Magnetism 383 18.2 The work of Ampère, Biot, and Savart 385 18.3 Magnetic pole strength 386 18.4 Magnetic field strength 387 18.5 Ampère's law 388 18.6 The Biot-Savart law 390 18.7 Applications of the Biot-Savart law 392 18.8 Magnetic flux and magnetic flux density 393 18.9 Magnetic fields of permanent magnets; magnetic dipoles 394 18.10 Forces between magnets; Gauss's law for magnetism 395 18.11 The laws of magnetostatics in differential form (up.ucc.ie/18/11/) 396 Worked examples 396 Chapter 18 problems (up.ucc.ie/18/) 397 19 Interactions between magnetic fields and electric currents; magnetic materials 399 19.1 Forces between currents and magnets 399 19.2 The force between two long parallel wires 400 19.3 Current loop in a magnetic field 401 19.4 Magnetic fields due to moving charges 403 19.5 Force on a moving electric charge in a magnetic field 403 19.6 Applications of moving charges in uniform magnetic fields; the classical Hall effect 404 19.7 Charge in a combined electric and magnetic field; the Lorentz force 407 19.8 Magnetic dipole moments of charged particles in closed orbits 407 19.9 Polarisation of magnetic materials; magnetisation, magnetic susceptibility 408 19.10 Paramagnetism and diamagnetism 409 19.11 Boundaries between magnetic media 411 19.12 Ferromagnetism; permanent magnets revisited 411 19.13 Moving coil meters and electric motors 412 19.14 Electric and magnetic fields in moving reference frames (up.ucc.ie/19/14/) 414 Worked examples 414 Chapter 19 problems (up.ucc.ie/19) 416 20 Electromagnetic induction: time-varying emfs 417 20.1 The principle of electromagnetic induction 417 20.2 Simple applications of electromagnetic induction 420 20.3 Self-inductance 421 20.4 The series L-R circuit 424 20.5 Discharge of a capacitor through an inductor and a resistor 425 20.6 Time-varying emfs: mutual inductance: transformers 427 20.7 Alternating current (a.c.) 429 20.8 Alternating current transformers 432 20.9 Resistance, capacitance, and inductance in a.c. circuits 433 20.10 The series L-C-R circuit: phasor diagrams 435 20.11 Power in an a.c. circuit 438 Worked examples 439 Chapter 20 problems (up.ucc.ie/20/) 441 21 Maxwell's equations: electromagnetic radiation 443 21.1 Reconsideration of the laws of electromagnetism: Maxwell's equations 443 21.2 Plane electromagnetic waves 446 21.3 Experimental observation of electromagnetic radiation 448 21.4 The electromagnetic spectrum 449 21.5 Polarisation of electromagnetic waves 451 21.6 Energy, momentum and angular momentum in electromagnetic waves 454 21.7 The photon model revisited 457 21.8 Reflection of electromagnetic waves at an interface between non-conducting media (up.ucc.ie/21/8/) 458 21.9 Electromagnetic waves in a conducting medium (up.ucc.ie/21/9/) 458 21.10 Invariance of electromagnetism under the Lorentz transformation (up.ucc.ie/21/10/) 458 21.11 Maxwell's equations in differential form (up.ucc.ie/21/11/) 458 Worked examples 459 Chapter 21 problems (up.ucc.ie/21/) 461 22 Wave optics 463 22.1 Electromagnetic nature of light 463 22.2 Coherence: the laser 465 22.3 Diffraction at a single slit 467 22.4 Two slit interference and diffraction: Young's double slit experiment 470 22.5 Multiple slit interference: the diffraction grating 472 22.6 Diffraction of X-rays: Bragg scattering 475 22.7 The SI unit of luminous intensity, the candela 478 Worked examples 479 Chapter 22 problems (up.ucc.ie/22/) 480 23 Geometrical optics 481 23.1 The ray model: geometrical optics 481 23.2 Reflection of light 481 23.3 Image formation by spherical mirrors 482 23.4 Refraction of light 485 23.5 Refraction at successive plane interfaces 489 23.6 Image formation by spherical lenses 491 23.7 Image formation of extended objects: magnification; telescopes and microscopes 495 23.8 Dispersion of light 497 Worked examples 498 Chapter 23 problems (up.ucc.ie/23/) 501 24 Atomic physics 503 24.1 Atomic models 503 24.2 The spectrum of hydrogen: the Rydberg formula 505 24.3 The Bohr postulates 506 24.4 The Bohr theory of the hydrogen atom 507 24.5 The quantum mechanical (Schrödinger) solution of the one-electron atom 510 24.5.1 The angular and radial equations for a one-electron atom (up.ucc.ie/24/5/1/) 513 24.5.2 The radial solutions of the lowest energy state of hydrogen (up.ucc.ie/24/5/2/) 513 24.6 Interpretation of the one-electron atom eigenfunctions 514 24.7 Intensities of spectral lines: selection rules 517 24.7.1 Radiation from an accelerated charge (up.ucc.ie/24/7/1/) 518 24.7.2 Expectation value of the electric dipole moment (up.ucc.ie/24/7/2/) 518 24.8 Quantisation of angular momentum 518 24.8.1 The angular momentum quantisation equations (up.ucc.ie/24/8/1/) 519 24.9 Magnetic effects in one-electron atoms: the Zeeman effect 520 24.10 The Stern-Gerlach experiment: electron spin 521 24.10.1 The Zeeman effect (up.ucc.ie/24/10/1/) 523 24.11 The spin-orbit interaction 523 24.11.1 The Thomas precession (up.ucc.ie/24/11/1/) 524 24.12 Identical particles in quantum mechanics: the Pauli exclusion principle 525 24.13 The periodic table: multielectron atoms 526 24.14 The theory of multielectron atoms 529 24.15 Further uses of the solutions of the one-electron atom 529 Worked examples 530 Chapter 24 problems (up.ucc.ie/24/) 532 25 Electrons in solids: quantum statistics 533 25.1 Bonding in molecules and solids 533 25.2 The classical free electron model of solids 537 25.3 The quantum mechanical free electron model: the Fermi energy 539 25.4 The electron energy distribution at 0 K 541 25.5 Electron energy distributions at T>0 K 544 25.5.1 The quantum distribution functions (up.ucc.ie/24/5/1/) 544 25.6 Specific heat capacity and conductivity in the quantum free electron model 544 25.7 Quantum statistics: systems of bosons 546 25.8 Superconductivity 547 Worked examples 548 Chapter 25 problems (up.ucc.ie/25/) 549 26 Semiconductors 551 26.1 The band theory of solids 551 26.2 Conductors, insulators and semiconductors 552 26.3 Intrinsic and extrinsic (doped) semiconductors 553 26.4 Junctions in conductors 555 26.5 Junctions in semiconductors; the p–n junction 556 26.6 Biased p-n junctions; the semiconductor diode 557 26.7 Photodiodes, particle detectors and solar cells 558 26.8 Light emitting diodes; semiconductor lasers 559 26.9 The tunnel diode 560 26.10 Transistors 560 Worked examples 563 Chapter 26 problems (up.ucc.ie/26/) 564 27 Nuclear and particle physics 565 27.1 Properties of atomic nuclei 565 27.2 Nuclear binding energies 567 27.3 Nuclear models 568 27.4 Radioactivity 571 27.5 𝛼-, 𝛽- and 𝛾-decay 572 27.6 Detection of radiation: units of radioactivity 575 27.7 Nuclear reactions 577 27.8 Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion 578 27.9 Fission reactors 579 27.10 Thermonuclear fusion 581 27.11 Sub-nuclear particles 584 27.12 The quark model 587 Worked examples 591 Chapter 27 problems (up.ucc.ie/27/) 592 Appendix A: Mathematical rules and formulas 593 Appendix B: Some fundamental physical constants 611 Appendix C: Some astrophysical and geophysical data 613 Appendix D: The international system of units — SI 615 Bibliography 619 Index 621

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Book SynopsisIntroduction to Mechatronics and Measurement Systems, Fifth Edition, provides comprehensive and accessible coverage of the field of mechatronics for mechanical, electrical and aerospace engineering majors. The author presents a concise review of electrical circuits, solid-state devices, digital circuits, and motors- all of which are fundamental to understanding mechatronic systems.Mechatronics design considerations are presented throughout the text, and in Design Example features. The text''s numerous illustrations, examples, class discussion items, and chapter questions & exercises provide an opportunity to understand and apply mechatronics concepts to actual problems encountered in engineering practice. This text has been tested over several years to ensure accuracy.Introduction to Mechatronics and Measurement Systems, Fifth Edition -  is a multifaceted resource which is designed to serve as a text for modern instrumentation and measurements courses, hybrid electTable of ContentsLists Class Discussion Items Examples Design Examples Threaded Design Examples Preface Chapter 1Introduction 1.1 Mechatronics 1.2 Measurement Systems 1.3 Threaded Design Examples Chapter 2Electric Circuits and Components 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Basic Electrical Elements 2.3 Kirchhoff’s Laws 2.4 Voltage and Current Sources and Meters 2.5 Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits 2.6 Alternating Current Circuit Analysis 2.7 Power in Electrical Circuits 2.8 Transformer 2.9 Impedance Matching 472.10 Practical ConsiderationsChapter 3Semiconductor Electronics 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Semiconductor Physics as the Basis for Understanding Electronic Devices 3.3 Junction Diode 3.4 Bipolar Junction Transistor 3.5 Field-Effect Transistors Chapter 4System Response 4.1 System Response 4.2 Amplitude Linearity 4.3 Fourier Series Representation of Signals 4.4 Bandwidth and Frequency Response 4.5 Phase Linearity 4.6 Distortion of Signals 4.7 Dynamic Characteristics of Systems 4.8 Zero-Order System 4.9 First-Order System 4.10 Second-Order System 4.11 System Modeling and Analogies Chapter 5Analog Signal Processing Using Operational Amplifiers 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Amplifiers 5.3 Operational Amplifiers 5.4 Ideal Model for the Operational Amplifier 5.5 Inverting Amplifier 5.6 Noninverting Amplifier 5.7 Summer 5.8 Difference Amplifier 5.9 Instrumentation Amplifier 5.10 Integrator 5.11 Differentiator 5.12 Sample and Hold Circuit 5.13 Comparator 5.14 The Real Op Amp Chapter 6Digital Circuits 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Digital Representations 6.3 Combinational Logic and Logic Classes 6.4 Timing Diagrams 6.5 Boolean Algebra 6.6 Design of Logic Networks 6.7 Finding a Boolean Expression Given a Truth Table 6.8 Sequential Logic 6.9 Flip-Flops 6.10 Applications of Flip-Flops 6.11 TTL and CMOS Integrated Circuits 6.12 Special Purpose Digital Integrated Circuits 6.13 Integrated Circuit System Design Chapter 7Microcontroller Programming and Interfacing 7.1 Microprocessors and Microcomputers 7.2 Microcontrollers 7.3 The PIC16F84 Microcontroller 7.4 Programming a PIC 7.5 PicBasic Pro 7.6 Using Interrupts 7.7 The Arduino Prototyping Platform 7.8 Interfacing Common PIC Peripherals 7.9 Interfacing to the PIC 7.10 Serial Communication7.11 Method to Design a Microcontroller-Based System 7.12 Practical Considerations Chapter 8Data Acquisition 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Reconstruction of Sampled Signals8.3 Quantizing Theory 8.4 Analog-to-Digital Conversion 8.5 Digital-to-Analog Conversion 8.6 Virtual Instrumentation, Data Acquisition, and Control8.7 Practical Considerations Chapter 9Sensors 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Position and Speed Measurement 9.3 Stress and Strain Measurement 9.4 Temperature Measurement 9.5 Vibration and Acceleration Measurement 9.6 Pressure and Flow Measurement 9.7 Semiconductor Sensors and Microelectromechanical Devices Chapter 10Actuators 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Electromagnetic Principles 10.3 Solenoids and Relays 10.4 Electric Motors 10.5 DC Motors 10.6 Stepper Motors 10.7 RC Servo Motors10.8 Selecting a Motor 10.9 Hydraulics 10.10 Pneumatics Chapter 11Mechatronic Systems—Control Architectures and Case Studies 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Control Architectures 11.3 Introduction to Control Theory Appendix AMeasurement Fundamentals A.1 Systems of Units A.2 Significant Figures A.3 Statistics A.4 Error Analysis Appendix BPhysical Principles Appendix CMechanics of Materials C.1 Stress and Strain Relations Index

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsList of Symbols xix 1. Introduction 1 Learning Objectives 2 1.1 Historical Perspective 2 1.2 Materials Science and Engineering: Need of Its Study 3 Case Study 1.1—Cargo Ship Failures 6 1.3 Classification of Materials 7 Case Study 1.2—Carbonated Beverage Containers 12 1.4 Advanced Materials 14 1.5 Modern Materials’ Needs 17 Summary 18 References 18 Questions and Problems 19 2. Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding20 Learning Objectives 21 2.1 Introduction 21 Atomic Structure 21 2.2 Fundamental Concepts 21 2.3 Electrons in Atoms 24 2.4 The Periodic Table 30 Atomic Bonding in Solids 32 2.5 Bonding Forces and Energies 32 2.6 Primary Interatomic Bonds 34 2.7 Secondary Bonding or van der Waals Bonding 41 Materials of Importance 2.1—Water (Its Volume Expansion upon Freezing) 44 2.8 Mixed Bonding 45 2.9 Molecules 46 2.10 Bonding Type-Material Classification Correlations 46 Summary 47 Equation Summary 48 List of Symbols 48 Important Terms and Concepts 49 References 49 Questions and Problems 49 3. Structures of Metals and Ceramics 52 Learning Objectives 53 3.1 Introduction 53 Crystal Structures 54 3.2 Fundamental Concepts 54 3.3 Unit Cells 55 3.4 Metallic Crystal Structures 55 3.5 Density Computations—Metals 61 3.6 Ceramic Crystal Structures 62 3.7 Density Computations—Ceramics 69 3.8 Silicate Ceramics 70 3.9 Carbon 73 3.10 Polymorphism and Allotropy 78 3.11 Crystal Systems 78 Material of Importance 3.1—Tin (Its Allotropic Transformation) 80 Crystallographic Points, Directions, and Planes 81 3.12 Point Coordinates 81 3.13 Crystallographic Directions 83 3.14 Crystallographic Planes 90 3.15 Linear and Planar Densities 96 3.16 Close-Packed Crystal Structures 97 Crystalline and Noncrystalline Materials 100 3.17 Single Crystals 100 3.18 Polycrystalline Materials 101 3.19 Anisotropy 101 3.20 X-Ray Diffraction: Determination of Crystal Structures 103 3.21 Noncrystalline Solids 108 Summary 110 Equation Summary 112 List of Symbols 113 Important Terms and Concepts 114 References 114 Questions and Problems 114 4. Polymer Structures 123 Learning Objectives 124 4.1 Introduction 124 4.2 Hydrocarbon Molecules 124 4.3 Polymer Molecules 127 4.4 The Chemistry of Polymer Molecules 127 4.5 Molecular Weight 131 4.6 Molecular Shape 135 4.7 Molecular Structure 137 4.8 Molecular Configurations 138 4.9 Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Polymers 141 4.10 Copolymers 142 4.11 Polymer Crystallinity 143 4.12 Polymer Crystals 147 Summary 149 Equation Summary 150 List of Symbols 151 Important Terms and Concepts 151 References 151 Questions and Problems 152 5. Composites 155 Learning Objectives 156 5.1 Introduction 156 Particle-Reinforced Composites 158 5.2 Large-Particle Composites 159 5.3 Dispersion-Strengthened Composites 162 Fiber-Reinforced Composites 163 5.4 Influence of Fiber Length 163 5.5 Influence of Fiber Orientation and Concentration 164 5.6 The Fiber Phase 173 5.7 The Matrix Phase 174 5.8 Polymer-Matrix Composites 175 5.9 Metal-Matrix Composites 180 5.10 Ceramic-Matrix Composites 182 5.11 Carbon–Carbon Composites 183 5.12 Hybrid Composites 184 5.13 Processing of Fiber-Reinforced Composites 184 Structural Composites 188 5.14 Laminar Composites 188 5.15 Sandwich Panels 190 Case Study 5.1—Use of Composites in the Boeing 787 Dreamliner 192 5.16 Nanocomposites 193 Summary 195 Equation Summary 198 List of Symbols 199 Important Terms and Concepts 199 References 199 Questions and Problems 200 6. Imperfections in Solids 204 Learning Objectives 205 6.1 Introduction 205 Point Defects 206 6.2 Point Defects in Metals 206 6.3 Point Defects in Ceramics 207 6.4 Impurities in Solids 210 6.5 Point Defects in Polymers 215 6.6 Specification of Composition 215 Miscellaneous Imperfections 219 6.7 Dislocations—Linear Defects 219 6.8 Interfacial Defects 222 Materials of Importance 6.1—Catalysts (and Surface Defects) 225 6.9 Bulk or Volume Defects 226 6.10 Atomic Vibrations 226 Microscopic Examination 227 6.11 Basic Concepts of Microscopy 227 6.12 Microscopic Techniques 228 6.13 Grain-Size Determination 232 Summary 235 Equation Summary 237 List of Symbols 237 Important Terms and Concepts 238 References 238 Questions and Problems 238 7. Diffusion 243 Learning Objectives 244 7.1 Introduction 244 7.2 Diffusion Mechanisms 245 7.3 Fick’s First Law 246 7.4 Fick’s Second Law—Nonsteady-State Diffusion 248 7.5 Factors that Influence Diffusion 252 7.6 Diffusion in Semiconducting Materials 258 Materials of Importance 7.1—Aluminum for Integrated Circuit Interconnects 261 7.7 Other Diffusion Paths 262 7.8 Diffusion in Ionic and Polymeric Materials 262 Summary 264 Equation Summary 266 List of Symbols 266 Important Terms and Concepts 266 References 267 Questions and Problems 267 8. Mechanical Properties 272 Learning Objectives 273 8.1 Introduction 273 8.2 Concepts of Stress and Strain 274 Elastic Deformation 278 8.3 Stress–Strain Behavior 278 8.4 Anelasticity 281 8.5 Elastic Properties of Materials 282 Mechanical Behavior—Metals 284 8.6 Tensile Properties 285 8.7 True Stress and Strain 292 8.8 Elastic Recovery after Plastic Deformation 295 8.9 Compressive, Shear, and Torsional Deformations 295 Mechanical Behavior—Ceramics 296 8.10 Flexural Strength 296 8.11 Elastic Behavior 297 8.12 Influence of Porosity on the Mechanical Properties of Ceramics 297 Mechanical Behavior—Polymers 299 8.13 Stress–Strain Behavior 299 8.14 Macroscopic Deformation 301 8.15 Viscoelastic Deformation 302 Hardness and Other Mechanical Property Considerations 306 8.16 Hardness 306 8.17 Hardness of Ceramic Materials 307 8.18 Tear Strength and Hardness of Polymers 312 8.19 Hardness at Elevated Temperature 313 Property Variability and Design/Safety Factors 313 8.20 Variability of Material Properties 313 8.21 Design/Safety Factors 315 Summary 319 Equation Summary 322 List of Symbols 323 Important Terms and Concepts 324 References 324 Questions and Problems 324 9. Dislocation, Deformation, and Strengthening Mechanisms 333 Learning Objectives 334 9.1 Introduction 334 Deformation Mechanisms for Metals 334 9.2 Historical 335 9.3 Basic Concepts of Dislocations 335 9.4 Characteristics of Dislocations 337 9.5 Slip Systems 338 9.6 Slip in Single Crystals 340 9.7 Plastic Deformation of Polycrystalline Metals 343 9.8 Deformation by Twinning 345 Mechanisms of Strengthening in Metals 346 9.9 Strengthening by Grain Size Reduction 346 9.10 Solid-Solution Strengthening 348 9.11 Strain Hardening 349 Recovery, Recrystallization, and Grain Growth 352 9.12 Recovery 352 9.13 Recrystallization 353 9.14 Grain Growth 357 Deformation Mechanisms for Ceramic Materials 359 9.15 Crystalline Ceramics 359 9.16 Noncrystalline Ceramics 359 Mechanisms of Deformation and for Strengthening of Polymers 360 9.17 Deformation of Semicrystalline Polymers 360 9.18 Factors that Influence the Mechanical Properties of Semicrystalline Polymers 362 Materials of Importance 9.1—Shrink-Wrap Polymer Films 365 9.19 Deformation of Elastomers 366 Summary 368 Equation Summary 371 List of Symbols 371 Important Terms and Concepts 371 References 372 Questions and Problems 372 10. Failure 378 Learning Objectives 379 10.1 Introduction 379 Fracture 380 10.2 Fundamentals of Fracture 380 10.3 Ductile Fracture 380 10.4 Brittle Fracture 382 10.5 Principles of Fracture Mechanics 384 10.6 Griffith Theory of Brittle Fracture 394 10.7 Brittle Fracture of Ceramics 395 10.8 Fracture of Polymers 399 10.9 Fracture Toughness Testing 401 Fatigue 405 10.10 Cyclic Stresses 406 10.11 The S–N Curve 407 10.12 Fatigue in Polymeric Materials 412 10.13 Crack Initiation and Propagation 413 10.14 Factors that Affect Fatigue Life 415 10.15 Thermal and Corrosion Fatigue 417 10.16 Goodman Diagram 418 10.17 Fatigue Crack Propagation Rate 420 Creep 423 10.18 Mechanical Behavior Dependent on Time 423 10.19 Stress and Temperature Effects 424 10.20 Data Extrapolation Methods 427 10.21 High-Temperature Material 428 10.22 Creep in Ceramic and Polymeric Materials 429 Summary 429 Equation Summary 432 List of Symbols 433 Important Terms and Concepts 434 References 434 Questions and Problems 434 11. Phase Diagrams 441 Learning Objectives 442 11.1 Introduction 442 Definitions and Basic Concepts 442 11.2 Solubility Limit 443 11.3 Phases 444 11.4 Microstructure 444 11.5 Phase Equilibria 444 11.6 One-Component (or Unary) Phase Diagrams 445 Binary Phase Diagrams 446 11.7 Binary Isomorphous Systems 447 11.8 Interpretation of Phase Diagrams 449 11.9 Development of Microstructure in Isomorphous Alloys 453 11.10 Mechanical Properties of Isomorphous Alloys 456 11.11 Binary Eutectic Systems 456 11.12 Development of Microstructure in Eutectic Alloys 462 Materials of Importance 11.1—Lead-Free Solders 463 11.13 Equilibrium Diagrams Having Intermediate Phases or Compounds 469 11.14 Eutectoid and Peritectic Reactions 472 11.15 Peritectoid and Monotectic Reactions 473 11.16 Congruent Phase Transformations 475 11.17 Ceramic Phase Diagrams 476 11.18 Ternary Phase Diagrams 479 11.19 The Gibbs Phase Rule 480 The Iron–Carbon System 482 11.20 The Iron–Iron Carbide (Fe–Fe 3 C) Phase Diagram 482 11.21 Development of Microstructure in Iron– Carbon Alloys 485 11.22 The Influence of Other Alloying Elements 492 11.23 Spinodal Decomposition 493 Summary 496 Equation Summary 498 List of Symbols 499 Important Terms and Concepts 499 References 500 Questions and Problems 500 12. Phase Transformations 507 Learning Objectives 508 12.1 Introduction 508 Phase Transformations in Metals 508 12.2 Basic Concepts 509 12.3 The Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Phase Transformations 509 12.4 Metastable Versus Equilibrium States 520 Microstructural and Property Changes in Iron–Carbon Alloys 521 12.5 Isothermal Transformation Diagrams 521 12.6 Continuous-Cooling Transformation Diagrams 531 12.7 Mechanical Behavior of Iron–Carbon Alloys 534 12.8 Tempered Martensite 539 12.9 Review of Phase Transformations and Mechanical Properties for Iron–Carbon Alloys 541 Materials of Importance 12.1—Shape- Memory Alloys 544 Precipitation Hardening 547 12.10 Heat Treatments 547 12.11 Mechanism of Hardening 549 12.12 Martempering and Austempering 551 12.13 Surface Hardening (Case-Hardening Process) 552 12.14 Vacuum and Plasma Hardening 554 Crystallization, Melting, and Glass Transition Phenomena in Polymers 554 12.15 Crystallization 555 12.16 Melting 556 12.17 The Glass Transition 556 12.18 Melting and Glass Transition Temperatures 556 12.19 Factors that Influence Melting and Glass Transition Temperatures 557 Summary 560 Equation Summary 562 List of Symbols 563 Important Terms and Concepts 563 References 563 Questions and Problems 564 13. Electrical Properties of Materials 571 Learning Objectives 572 13.1 Introduction 572 Electrical Conduction 573 13.2 Ohm’s Law 573 13.3 Electrical Conductivity 573 13.4 Electronic and Ionic Conduction 574 13.5 Energy Band Structures in Solids 574 13.6 Conduction in Terms of Band and Atomic Bonding Models 577 13.7 Electron Mobility 579 13.8 Electrical Resistivity of Metals 580 13.9 Electrical Characteristics of Commercial Alloys 583 Semiconductivity 583 13.10 Intrinsic Semiconduction 583 13.11 Extrinsic Semiconduction 586 13.12 The Temperature Dependence of Carrier Concentration 589 13.13 Factors that Affect Carrier Mobility 591 13.14 The Hall Effect 595 13.15 Semiconductor Devices 597 Electrical Conduction in Ionic Ceramics and in Polymers 603 13.16 Conduction in Ionic Materials 603 13.17 Electrical Properties of Polymers 604 Dielectric Behavior 605 13.18 Capacitance 605 13.19 Field Vectors and Polarization 607 13.20 Types of Polarization 610 13.21 Frequency Dependence of the Dielectric Constant 611 13.22 Dielectric Strength 612 13.23 Dielectric Materials 612 Other Electrical Characteristics of Materials 613 13.24 Ferroelectricity 613 13.25 Piezoelectricity 614 Materials of Importance 13.1— Piezoelectric Ceramic Ink-Jet Printer Heads 615 13.26 Electrostriction 616 Summary 617 Equation Summary 619 List of Symbols 620 Important Terms and Concepts 621 References 621 Questions and Problems 622 14. Types and Applications of Materials628 Learning Objectives 629 14.1 Introduction 629 Types of Metal Alloys 629 14.2 Ferrous Alloys 629 14.3 Nonferrous Alloys 642 Materials of Importance 14.1—Metal Alloys Used for Euro Coins 652 Types of Ceramics 653 14.4 Glasses 654 14.5 Glass-Ceramics 654 14.6 Clay Products 656 14.7 Refractories 656 14.8 Abrasives 659 14.9 Cements 661 14.10 Ceramic Biomaterials 662 14.11 Carbons 663 14.12 Advanced Ceramics 666 Types of Polymers 668 14.13 Plastics 668 Materials of Importance 14.2—Phenolic Billiard Balls 670 14.14 Elastomers 671 14.15 Fibers 673 14.16 Miscellaneous Applications 673 14.17 Polymeric Biomaterials 675 14.18 Advanced Polymeric Materials 677 Summary 680 Important Terms and Concepts 683 References 683 Questions and Problems 683 15. Processing of Engineering Materials686 Learning Objectives 687 15.1 Introduction 687 Fabrication of Metals 687 15.2 Forming Operations 688 15.3 Casting 689 15.4 Miscellaneous Techniques 691 15.5 3D Printing (Additive Manufacturing) 692 Thermal Processing of Metals 696 15.6 Annealing Processes 697 15.7 Heat Treatment of Steels 699 Fabrication of Ceramic Materials 711 15.8 Fabrication and Processing of Glasses and Glass-Ceramics 711 15.9 Fabrication and Processing of Clay Products 716 15.10 Powder Pressing 721 15.11 Tape Casting 723 15.12 3D Printing of Ceramic Materials 723 Synthesis and Fabrication of Polymers 725 15.13 Polymerization 725 15.14 Polymer Additives 728 15.15 Forming Techniques for Plastics 729 15.16 Fabrication of Elastomers 732 15.17 Fabrication of Fibers and Films 732 15.18 3D Printing of Polymers 733 Summary 736 Important Terms and Concepts 739 References 739 Questions and Problems 740 16. Corrosion and Degradation 743 Learning Objectives 744 16.1 Introduction 744 Corrosion of Metals 745 16.2 Electrochemical Considerations 745 16.3 Corrosion Kinetics 751 16.4 Prediction of Corrosion Rates 753 16.5 Passivity 759 16.6 Environmental Effects 760 16.7 Forms of Corrosion 761 16.8 Corrosion Environments 768 16.9 Corrosion Prevention 769 16.10 Oxidation 771 Corrosion of Ceramic Materials 775 Degradation of Polymers 775 16.11 Swelling and Dissolution 775 16.12 Bond Rupture 777 16.13 Weathering 779 Summary 779 Equation Summary 781 List of Symbols 782 Important Terms and Concepts 783 References 783 Questions and Problems 783 17. Thermal Properties 787 Learning Objectives 788 17.1 Introduction 788 17.2 Heat Capacity 788 17.3 Thermal Expansion 792 Materials of Importance 17.1—Invar and Other Low-Expansion Alloys 794 17.4 Thermal Conductivity 795 17.5 Thermal Stresses 798 Summary 800 Equation Summary 801 List of Symbols 802 Important Terms and Concepts 802 References 802 Questions and Problems 802 18. Magnetic Properties 805 Learning Objectives 806 18.1 Introduction 806 18.2 Basic Concepts 806 18.3 Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism 810 18.4 Ferromagnetism 812 18.5 Antiferromagnetism and Ferrimagnetism 813 18.6 The Influence of Temperature on Magnetic Behavior 817 18.7 Domains and Hysteresis 818 18.8 Magnetic Anisotropy 821 18.9 Soft Magnetic Materials 823 Materials of Importance 18.1—An Iron–Silicon Alloy That Is Used in Transformer Cores 823 18.10 Hard Magnetic Materials 825 18.11 Magnetic Storage 828 18.12 Superconductivity 831 Summary 834 Equation Summary 836 List of Symbols 836 Important Terms and Concepts 837 References 837 Questions and Problems 837 19. Optical Properties 840 Learning Objectives 841 19.1 Introduction 841 Basic Concepts 841 19.2 Electromagnetic Radiation 841 19.3 Light Interactions with Solids 843 19.4 Atomic and Electronic Interactions 844 Optical Properties of Metals 845 Optical Properties of Nonmetals 846 19.5 Refraction 846 19.6 Reflection 848 19.7 Absorption 849 19.8 Transmission 852 19.9 Color 852 19.10 Opacity and Translucency in Insulators 854 Applications of Optical Phenomena 855 19.11 Luminescence 855 19.12 Photoconductivity 855 Materials of Importance 19.1—Light-Emitting Diodes 856 19.13 Lasers 858 19.14 Optical Fibers in Communications 862 Summary 864 Equation Summary 866 List of Symbols 867 Important Terms and Concepts 867 References 867 Questions and Problems 868 20. Economic, Environmental, and Societal Issues in Materials Science and Engineering 870 Learning Objectives 871 20.1 Introduction 871 Economic Considerations 871 20.2 Component Design 872 20.3 Materials 872 20.4 Manufacturing Techniques 873 Environmental and Societal Considerations 873 20.5 Recycling Issues in Materials Science and Engineering 876 Materials of Importance 20.1—Biodegradable and Biorenewable Polymers/Plastics 880 Summary 882 References 883 Questions and Problems 883 Appendix A The International System of Units (SI) A-1 A.1: The SI Base Units A-1 A.2: Some SI Derived Units A-2 A.3: SI Multiple and Submultiple Prefixes A-2 A.4: Unit Abbreviations A-3 A.5: Unit Conversion Factors A-3 Appendix B Properties of Selected Engineering Materials A-5 B.1: Density A-5 B.2: Modulus of Elasticity A-9 B.3: Poisson’s Ratio A-12 B.4: Strength and Ductility A-14 B.5: Plane Strain Fracture Toughness A-19 B.6: Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion A-20 B.7: Thermal Conductivity A-24 B.8: Specific Heat A-27 B.9: Electrical Resistivity A-30 B.10: Metal Alloy Compositions A-33 Appendix C Costs and Relative Costs for Selected Engineering Materials A-35 Appendix D Repeat Unit Structures for Common Polymers A-40 Appendix E Glass Transition and Melting Temperatures for Common Polymeric Materials A-45 Appendix F Characteristics of Selected Elements A-46 Appendix G Values of Selected Physical Constants A-47 Appendix H Periodic Table of the ElementsA-48 Glossary G-1 Answers to Selected Problems (available online) Index I-1

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Book SynopsisShigley''s Mechanical Engineering Design is intended for students beginning the study of mechanical engineering design. Students will find that the text inherently directs them into familiarity with both the basics of design decisions and the standards of industrial components. It combines the straightforward focus on fundamentals that instructors have come to expect, with a modern emphasis on design and new applications. This textbook maintains the well-designed approach that has made this book the standard in machine design for nearly 50 years.

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Book SynopsisTheory and Design for Mechanical Measurements provides a well-founded, fundamental background in the theory and practice of engineering measurements. Designed to align with a variety of undergraduate course structures, the book offers a rigorous treatment of the subject with a flexible pedagogical framework for use in graduate studies, independent study, or professional reference. It integrates the necessary elements to conduct engineering measurements through the design of measurement systems and measurement test plans, with an emphasis on the role of statistics and uncertainty analyses in that process. This International Adaptation offers new or expanded material on several topics, mostly under Fundamentals of Measurement, Systematic and Random Errors and Standard Uncertainties, Sensors and Actuators. Along with extensive coverage of device selection, test procedures, measurement system performance, the book includes practical discussion on real-world methods and techniques. The current applications of measurement theory and design are presented with examples, case studies, and vignettes. The updated end-of-chapter material includes significant number of new problems.Table of Contents1 FUNDAMENTAL OF MEASUREMENTS 1.1 Introduction 1.2 General Measurement System 1.3 Experimental Test Plan 1.4 Calibration 1.5 Standards 1.6 Presenting Data 1.7 Loading Effects 1.8 Applications of Measurement Systems Summary Nomenclature References Problems 2 STATIC AND DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SIGNALS 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Input/Output Signal Concepts 2.3 Signal Analysis 2.4 Signal Amplitude and Frequency 2.5 Fourier Transform and the Frequency Spectrum Summary References Suggested Reading Nomenclature, Problems 3 MEASUREMENT SYSTEM BEHAVIOR 3.1 Introduction, 3.2 General Model for a Measurement System 3.3 Special Cases of the General System Model 3.4 Transfer Functions 3.5 Phase Linearity 3.6 Multiple-Function Inputs 3.7 Coupled Systems Summary References Nomenclature Subscripts Problems 4 PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Statistical Measurement Theory 4.3 Describing the Behavior of a Population 4.4 Statistics of Finite-Sized Data Sets 4.5 Hypothesis Testing 4.6 Chi-Squared Distribution 4.7 Regression Analysis 4.8 Data Outlier Detection 4.9 Number of Measurements Required 4.10 Monte Carlo Simulations 4.11. Maximum Likelihood Theory Summary References Nomenclature Problems 5 ERRORS AND UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Measurement Errors 5.3 Design-Stage Uncertainty Analysis 5.4 Identifying Error Sources 5.5 Systematic and Random Errors and Standard Uncertainties 5.6 Uncertainty Analysis: Multi-Variable Error Propagation 5.7 Advanced-Stage Uncertainty Analysis 5.8 Multiple-Measurement Uncertainty Analysis 5.9 Correction for Correlated Errors 5.10 Nonsymmetrical Systematic Uncertainty Interval Summary References Nomenclature Problems 6 ANALOG ELECTRICAL DEVICES AND MEASUREMENTS 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Analog Devices: Current Measurements 6.3 Analog Devices: Voltage Measurements 6.4 Analog Devices: Resistance Measurements 6.5 Loading Errors and Impedance Matching 6.6 Analog Signal Conditioning: Amplifiers 6.7 Analog Signal Conditioning: Special-Purpose Circuits 6.8 Analog Signal Conditioning: Filters, 6.9 Grounds, Shielding, and Connecting Wires Summary References Nomenclature Problems 7 SAMPLING, DIGITAL DEVICES, AND DATA ACQUISITION 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Sampling Concepts 7.3 Digital Devices: Bits and Words 7.4 Transmitting Digital Numbers: High and Low Signals 7.5 Voltage Measurements 7.6 Data Acquisition Systems 7.7 Data Acquisition System Components 7.8 Analog Input-Output Communication 7.9 Digital Input-Output Communication 7.10 Digital Image Acquisition and Processing Summary References Nomenclature Problems 8 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Temperature Standards and Definition 8.3 Thermometry Based on Thermal Expansion 8.4 Electrical Resistance Thermometry 8.5 Thermoelectric Temperature Measurement 8.6 Radiative Temperature Measurements 8.7 Physical Errors in Temperature Measurement, Summary References Suggested Reading Nomenclature Problems 9 PRESSURE AND VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Pressure Concepts 9.3 Pressure Reference Instruments 9.4 Elastic Pressure Transducers 9.5 Pressure Transducer Calibration 9.6 Pressure Measurements in Moving Fluids 9.7 Modeling Pressure-Fluid Systems 9.8 Design and Installation: Transmission Effects 9.9 Acoustical Measurements 9.10 Fluid Velocity Measuring Systems Summary References Nomenclature Problems 10 FLOWMEASUREMENTS 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Historical Background 10.3 Flow Rate Concepts 10.4 Volume Flow Rate through Velocity Determination 10.5 Pressure Differential Meters 10.6 Insertion Volume Flow Meters 10.7 Mass Flow Meters 10.8 Flow Meter Calibration and Standards 10.9 Estimating Standard Flow Rate Summary References Nomenclature Problems 11 STRAIN MEASUREMENT 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Stress and Strain 11.3 Resistance Strain Gauges 11.4 Strain Gauge Electrical Circuits 11.5 Practical Considerations for Strain Measurement 11.6 Apparent Strain and Temperature Compensation 11.7 Optical Strain Measuring Techniques Summary References Nomenclature Problems 12 MECHATRONICS: SENSORS, ACTUATORS, AND CONTROLS 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Sensors 12.3 Actuators 12.4 Controls Summary References Nomenclature Problems A PROPERTY DATA AND CONVERSION FACTORS B LAPLACE TRANSFORM BASICS B.1 Final Value Theorem B.2 Laplace Transform Pairs C Standard Normal Table Reference GLOSSARY INDEX

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Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.The industry-standard resource for stress and strain formulasâfully updated for the latest advances and restructured for ease of useThis newly designed and thoroughly revised guide contains accurate and thorough tabulated formulations that can be applied to the stress analysis of a comprehensive range of structural components. Roark's Formulas for Stress and Strain, Ninth Edition has been reorganized into a user-friendly format that makes it easy to access and apply the information. The book explains all of the formulas and analyses needed by designers and engineers for mechanical system design. You will get a solid grounding in the theory behind each formula along with real-world applications that cover a wide range of materials.Cov

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Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.The 100th Anniversary Edition of the Cornerstone Text of Mechanical EngineeringâFully Revised to Focus on the Core Subjects Critical to the DisciplineThis 100th Anniversary Edition has been extensively updated to deliver current, authoritative coverage of the topics most critical to todayâs Mechanical Engineer.  Featuring contributions from more than 160 global experts, Marksâ Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers, Twelfth Edition, offers instant access to a wealth of practical information on every essential aspect of mechanical engineering. It provides clear, concise answers to thousands of mechanical engineering questions.  You get, accurate data and calculations along with clear explan

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Book SynopsisComprehensive, state-of-the-art coverage of every important simulation techniqueThis fully-revised book has the most comprehensive and up-to-date coverage of all aspects of a simulation study. Equally well suited for use in university courses, simulation practice, and self-study, the book offers clear and intuitive explanations as well as 300 figures, 218 examples, and 217 problems. You will get detailed discussions on modeling and simulation, simulation software, model verification and validation, input modeling, random-number and variate generation, statistical design and analysis of simulation experiments, experimental design, simulation optimization, agent-based simulation, machine learning, and much more.Authored by an operations research analyst and industrial engineer with more than 40 years of experience, Simulation Modeling and Analysis is widely regarded as the âœbibleâ of simulation and now has more than 178,000 copies in print and 23,700 citat

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Book SynopsisAn Introduction to Combustion remains unique in its niche as an introductory-level textbook that is suitable for undergraduate and graduate students and for practicing engineers. Material is presented in an easy-to-understand way and a wide range of subjects is covered in combustion and fuels. In the fourth edition material has been added related to the role of combustion in a sustainable energy future and modern open-source software has been integrated throughout.Table of Contents1 Introduction 2 Combustion and Thermochemistry3 Introduction to Mass Transfer4 Chemical Kinetics5 Some Important Chemical Mechanisms6 Coupling Chemical and Thermal Analyses of Reacting Systems7 Simplified Conservation Equations for Reacting Flows8 Laminar Premixed Flames9 Laminar Diffusion Flames10 Droplet Evaporation and Burning11 Introduction to Turbulent Flows12 Turbulent Premixed Flames13 Turbulent Nonpremixed Flames14 Burning of Solids15 Emissions16 Detonations17 Fuels18 Low-Carbon-Intensity CombustionAppendix A Selected Thermodynamic Properties of Gases Comprising C–H–O–N SystemAppendix B Fuel PropertiesAppendix C Selected Properties of Air, Nitrogen, and OxygenAppendix D Binary Diffusion Coefficients and Methodology for their EstimationAppendix E Generalized Newton’s Method for the Solution of Nonlinear EquationsAppendix F Computer Codes for Equilibrium Products of Hydrocarbon–Air CombustionAppendix G Atomic Weights, Physical Constants, and Conversion Factors

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Book SynopsisIntroduces the latest developments and technologies in the area of nonlinear aeroelasticity Nonlinear aeroelasticity has become an increasingly popular research area in recent years.Table of ContentsPreface xi Dimitriadis: Nonlinear Aeroelasticity – Series Preface Oct 2016 xiii About the Companion Website xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Sources of Nonlinearity 3 1.2 Origins of Nonlinear Aeroelasticity 5 References 6 2 Nonlinear Dynamics 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Ordinary Differential Equations 9 2.3 Linear Systems 11 2.3.1 Stable Oscillatory Response 13 2.3.2 Neutral Oscillatory Response 15 2.3.3 Unstable Oscillatory Response 17 2.3.4 Stable Non-oscillatory Response 19 2.3.5 Unstable Non-oscillatory Response 21 2.3.6 Fixed Point Summary 23 2.4 Nonlinear Systems 24 2.4.1 Linearisation Around Fixed Points 25 2.4.2 The Pitching Wing Section with Cubic Stiffness 28 2.4.3 The Pitchfork Bifurcation 30 2.5 Stability in the Lyapunov Sense 34 2.6 Asymmetric Systems 37 2.6.1 The Fold Bifurcation 38 2.6.2 The Transcritical Bifurcation 41 2.7 Existence of Periodic Solutions 45 2.7.1 Nonlinear Aeroelastic Galloping 47 2.8 Estimating Periodic Solutions 49 2.8.1 Periodic Solutions of the Nonlinear Galloping Oscillator 50 2.8.2 The Hopf Bifurcation 52 2.9 Stability of Periodic Solutions 53 2.9.1 Stability of Galloping Oscillations 55 2.9.2 Supercritical and Subcritical Hopf Bifurcations 56 2.9.3 The Fold Bifurcation of Cycles 56 2.10 Concluding Remarks 61 References 61 3 Time Integration 63 3.1 Introduction 63 3.2 Euler Method 64 3.2.1 Linear Systems 65 3.2.2 Nonlinear Systems 66 3.3 Central Difference Method 68 3.3.1 Explicit Solution of Nonlinear Systems 69 3.3.2 Implicit Solution of Nonlinear Systems 72 3.4 Runge–Kutta Method 74 3.5 Time-Varying Linear Approximation 80 3.6 Integrating Backwards in Time 86 3.7 Time Integration of Systems with Multiple Degrees of Freedom 88 3.8 Forced Response 92 3.9 Harmonic Balance 99 3.9.1 Newton–Raphson 103 3.9.2 Discrete Fourier Transform Techniques 106 3.10 Concluding Remarks 110 References 111 4 Determining the Vibration Parameters 113 4.1 Introduction 113 4.2 Amplitude and Frequency Determination 113 4.2.1 Event Detection 117 4.3 Equivalent Linearisation 120 4.4 Hilbert Transform 125 4.5 Time-Varying Linear Approximation 129 4.6 Short Time Fourier Transform 131 4.7 Pinpointing Bifurcations 137 4.7.1 Newton–Raphson 141 4.7.2 Successive Bisection 142 4.8 Limit Cycle Study 143 4.9 Poincaré Sections 146 4.10 Stability of Periodic Solutions 149 4.10.1 Floquet Analysis 152 4.11 Concluding Remarks 156 References 156 5 Bifurcations of Fundamental Aeroelastic Systems 159 5.1 Introduction 159 5.2 Two-Dimensional Unsteady Pitch-Plunge-Control Wing 160 5.3 Linear Aeroelastic Analysis 161 5.4 Hardening Stiffness 170 5.4.1 Supercritical Hopf Bifurcation 170 5.4.2 Subcritical Hopf Bifurcation 180 5.4.3 Fold Bifurcation of Cycles 183 5.4.4 Flutter of Nonlinear Systems 189 5.4.5 Period-Doubling Bifurcation 193 5.4.6 Torus Bifurcation 201 5.5 Softening Stiffness 209 5.6 Damping Nonlinearity 214 5.6.1 Subcritical Hopf Bifurcation 216 5.6.2 Static Divergence of Cycles 220 5.6.3 Pitchfork Bifurcation of Cycles 224 5.7 Two-Parameter Bifurcations 233 5.7.1 Generalised Hopf Bifurcation 233 5.7.2 Pitchfork–Hopf Bifurcation 237 5.7.3 Hopf-Hopf Bifurcation 240 5.8 Asymmetric Nonlinear Aeroelastic Systems 242 5.8.1 Fold Bifurcation of Fixed Points and Cycles 243 5.8.2 Transcritical Bifurcation of Fixed Points and Cycles 251 5.8.3 Fold-Hopf Bifurcation 256 5.9 Concluding Remarks 257 References 259 6 Discontinuous Nonlinearities 261 6.1 Introduction 261 6.2 Piecewise Linear Stiffness 262 6.2.1 Underlying and Overlying Linear Systems 264 6.2.2 Fixed Points and Boundary Equilibrium Bifurcations 269 6.2.3 Equivalent Linearisation of Piecewise Linear Stiffness 272 6.2.4 Three-Domain Limit Cycles 278 6.2.5 Two-Domain Limit Cycles 285 6.2.6 Time Domain Solutions 289 6.3 Discontinuity-Induced Bifurcations 297 6.3.1 The Boundary Equilibrium Bifurcation 297 6.3.2 The Grazing Bifurcation 302 6.4 Freeplay and Friction 309 6.5 Concluding Remarks 310 References 310 7 Numerical Continuation 313 7.1 Introduction 313 7.2 Algebraic Problems 314 7.2.1 Prediction Correction 316 7.2.2 Arclength Continuation 321 7.2.3 Pseudo-Arclength Continuation 327 7.3 Direct Location of Folds 328 7.4 Fixed Point Solutions of Dynamic Systems 332 7.4.1 Branch Points 332 7.4.2 Arclength Step Control 337 7.5 Periodic Solutions of Dynamic Systems 342 7.5.1 Starting the Continuation Scheme 348 7.5.2 Folds and Branch Points 351 7.5.3 Branch Switching 355 7.6 Stability of Periodic Solutions Calculated from Numerical Continuation 358 7.7 Shooting 364 7.7.1 Starting the Continuation Scheme 367 7.7.2 Arclength Continuation 368 7.7.3 Stability Analysis 370 7.7.4 Branch Point Location and Branch Switching 372 7.7.5 Grazing 375 7.8 Harmonic Balance 379 7.9 Concluding Remarks 387 References 387 8 Low-Speed Aerodynamic Nonlinearities 389 8.1 Introduction 389 8.2 Vortex-Induced Vibrations 393 8.3 Galloping 402 8.4 Stall Flutter 411 8.4.1 Dynamic Stall 413 8.4.2 Leishman–Beddoes Model 417 8.4.3 ONERA Model 434 8.4.4 Aeroelastic Simulations using Dynamic Stall Models 442 8.5 Concluding Remarks 449 References 449 9 High-Speed Aeroelastic Nonlinearities 453 9.1 Introduction 453 9.2 Piston Theory 453 9.3 Panel Flutter 468 9.3.1 Buckling 470 9.3.2 Limit Cycle Oscillations 484 9.4 Concluding Remarks 501 References 501 10 Finite Wings 503 10.1 Introduction 503 10.2 Cantilever Plate in Supersonic Flow 504 10.3 Three-Dimensional Aerodynamic Modelling by the Vortex Lattice Method 519 10.3.1 Aeroelastic Coupling 528 10.3.2 Transforming to the Time Domain 536 10.3.3 Nonlinear Response 542 10.4 Concluding Remarks 552 References 552 Appendix A: Aeroelastic Models 555 Index 571

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Book SynopsisHow much further should the affluent world push its material consumption? Does relative dematerialization lead to absolute decline in demand for materials? These and many other questions are discussed and answered in Making the Modern World: Materials and Dematerialization.Trade ReviewVaclav Smil receives 2015 OPEC Award for Research "Summing Up: Recommended. Academic, general, and professional readers." (Choice, 1 October 2014) "Vaclav Smil keeps turning out amazing books. Making the Modern World, I just finished, and it's pretty fantastic." (Interview with Bill Gates, 22 January 2014) "This makes the book particularly suitable for students, and not just those in obviously-related disciplines: it's a good example of fact-based reasoning, one material we can always use more of." (Chemistry & Industry, 1 January 2014)Table of ContentsPreface: Why and How ix 1. What Gets Included 1 2. How We Got Here 7 2.1 Materials Used by Organisms 8 2.2 Materials in Prehistory 11 2.3 Ancient and Medieval Materials 15 2.4 Materials in the Early Modern Era 22 2.5 Creating Modern Material Civilization 27 2.6 Materials in the Twentieth Century 34 3. What Matters Most 45 3.1 Biomaterials 46 3.2 Construction Materials 52 3.3 Metals 57 3.4 Plastics 62 3.5 Industrial Gases 65 3.6 Fertilizers 70 3.7 Materials in Electronics 72 4. How the Materials Flow 77 4.1 Material Flow Accounts 79 4.2 America’s Material Flows 83 4.3 European Balances 87 4.4 Materials in China’s Modernization 90 4.5 Energy Cost of Materials 94 4.6 Life-Cycle Assessments 103 4.7 Recycling 111 5. Are We Dematerializing? 119 5.1 Apparent Dematerializations 120 5.2 Relative Dematerializations: Specific Weight Reductions 122 5.3 Consequences of Dematerialization 129 5.4 Relative Dematerialization in Modern Economies 137 5.5 Declining Energy Intensities 143 5.6 Decarbonization and Desulfurization 150 6. Material Outlook 157 6.1 Natural Resources 158 6.2 Wasting Less 165 6.3 New Materials and Dematerialization 168 6.4 Chances of Fundamental Departures 173 Appendix A Units and Unit Multiples 181 Appendix B US Material Production, GDP and Population, 1900–2005 183 Appendix C Global Population, Economic Product, and Production of Food, Major Materials, and Fuels 1900–2010 185 Appendix D Global Energy Cost of Major Materials in 2010 187 Appendix E 189 References 191 Index 223

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Book SynopsisStep-by-step instructions enable chemical engineers to master key software programs and solve complex problems Today, both students and professionals in chemical engineering must solve increasingly complex problems dealing with refineries, fuel cells, microreactors, and pharmaceutical plants, to name a few. With this book as their guide, readers learn to solve these problems using their computers and Excel, MATLAB, Aspen Plus, and COMSOL Multiphysics. Moreover, they learn how to check their solutions and validate their results to make sure they have solved the problems correctly. Now in its Second Edition, Introduction to Chemical Engineering Computing is based on the author's firsthand teaching experience. As a result, the emphasis is on problem solving. Simple introductions help readers become conversant with each program and then tackle a broad range of problems in chemical engineering, including: Equations of state Chemical reactTable of ContentsPreface xv 1 Introduction 1 Organization, 2 Algebraic Equations, 3 Process Simulation, 3 Differential Equations, 3 Appendices, 4 2 Equations of State 7 Equations of State—Mathematical Formulation, 8 Solving Equations of State Using Excel (Single Equation in One Unknown), 12 Solution Using “Goal Seek”, 12 Solution Using “Solver”, 13 Example of a Chemical Engineering Problem Solved Using “Goal Seek”, 13 Solving Equations of State Using MATLAB (Single Equation in One Unknown), 15 Example of a Chemical Engineering Problem Solved Using MATLAB, 16 Another Example of a Chemical Engineering Problem Solved Using MATLAB, 18 Equations of State With Aspen Plus, 20 Example Using Aspen Plus, 20 Specific Volume of a Mixture, 21 Chapter Summary, 26 Problems, 26 Numerical Problems, 28 3 Vapor–Liquid Equilibria 29 Flash and Phase Separation, 30 Isothermal Flash—Development of Equations, 30 Example Using Excel, 32 Thermodynamic Parameters, 33 Example Using MATLAB, 34 Example Using Aspen Plus, 35 Nonideal Liquids—Test of Thermodynamic Model, 39 NIST Thermo Data Engine in Aspen Plus, 41 Chapter Summary, 44 Problems, 44 Numerical Problems, 48 4 Chemical Reaction Equilibria 49 Chemical Equilibrium Expression, 50 Example of Hydrogen for Fuel Cells, 51 Solution Using Excel, 52 Solution Using MATLAB, 53 Chemical Reaction Equilibria with Two or More Equations, 56 Multiple Equations, Few Unknowns Using MATLAB, 56 Chemical Reaction Equilibria Using Aspen Plus, 59 Chapter Summary, 59 Problems, 60 Numerical Problems, 63 5 Mass Balances with Recycle Streams 65 Mathematical Formulation, 66 Example Without Recycle, 68 Example with Recycle; Comparison of Sequential and Simultaneous Solution Methods, 70 Example of Process Simulation Using Excel for Simple Mass Balances, 72 Example of Process Simulation Using Aspen Plus for Simple Mass Balances, 73 Example of Process Simulation with Excel Including Chemical Reaction Equilibria, 74 Did the Iterations Converge?, 75 Extensions, 76 Chapter Summary, 76 Class Exercises, 76 Class Discussion (After Viewing Problem 5.10 on the Book Website), 76 Problems, 77 6 Thermodynamics and Simulation of Mass Transfer Equipment 85 Thermodynamics, 86 Guidelines for Choosing, 89 Properties Environment | Home | Methods Selection Assistant, 89 Thermodynamic Models, 90 Example: Multicomponent Distillation with Shortcut Methods, 91 Multicomponent Distillation with Rigorous Plate-to-Plate Methods, 95 Example: Packed Bed Absorption, 97 Example: Gas Plant Product Separation, 100 Example: Water Gas Shift Equilibrium Reactor with Sensitivity Block and Design Specification Block, 102 Chapter Summary, 106 Class Exercise, 106 Problems (using Aspen Plus), 106 7 Process Simulation 109 Model Library, 110 Example: Ammonia Process, 110 Development of the Model, 112 Solution of the Model, 115 Examination of Results, 115 Testing the Thermodynamic Model, 118 Utility Costs, 118 Greenhouse Gas Emissions, 120 Convergence Hints, 120 Optimization, 122 Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle, 125 Cellulose to Ethanol, 126 Chapter Summary, 128 Class Exercise, 128 Problems, 128 Problems Involving Corn Stover and Ethanol, 131 8 Chemical Reactors 137 Mathematical Formulation of Reactor Problems, 138 Example: Plug Flow Reactor and Batch Reactor, 138 Example: Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor, 140 Using MATLAB to Solve Ordinary Differential Equations, 140 Simple Example, 140 Use of the “Global” Command, 142 Passing Parameters, 143 Example: Isothermal Plug Flow Reactor, 144 Example: Nonisothermal Plug Flow Reactor, 146 Using Comsol Multiphysics to Solve Ordinary Differential Equations, 148 Simple Example, 148 Example: Isothermal Plug Flow Reactor, 150 Example: Nonisothermal Plug Flow Reactor, 151 Reactor Problems with Mole Changes and Variable Density, 153 Chemical Reactors with Mass Transfer Limitations, 155 Plug Flow Chemical Reactors in Aspen Plus, 158 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors, 161 Solution Using Excel, 162 Solution Using MATLAB, 163 CSTR with Multiple Solutions, 163 Transient Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors, 164 Chapter Summary, 168 Problems, 169 Numerical Problems (See Appendix E), 174 9 Transport Processes in One Dimension 175 Applications in Chemical Engineering—Mathematical Formulations, 176 Heat Transfer, 176 Diffusion and Reaction, 177 Fluid Flow, 178 Unsteady Heat Transfer, 180 Introduction to Comsol Multiphysics, 180 Example: Heat Transfer in a Slab, 181 Solution Using Comsol Multiphysics, 181 Solution Using MATLAB, 184 Example: Reaction and Diffusion, 185 Parametric Solution, 186 Example: Flow of a Newtonian Fluid in a Pipe, 188 Example: Flow of a Non-Newtonian Fluid in a Pipe, 190 Example: Transient Heat Transfer, 193 Solution Using Comsol Multiphysics, 193 Solution Using MATLAB, 195 Example: Linear Adsorption, 196 Example: Chromatography, 199 Pressure Swing Adsorption, 203 Chapter Summary, 204 Problems, 204 Chemical Reaction, 204 Chemical Reaction and Heat Transfer, 205 Mass Transfer, 207 Heat Transfer, 207 Electrical Fields, 207 Fluid Flow, 208 Numerical Problems (See Appendix E), 213 10 Fluid Flow in Two and Three Dimensions 215 Mathematical Foundation of Fluid Flow, 217 Navier–Stokes Equation, 217 Non-Newtonian Fluid, 218 Nondimensionalization, 219 Option One: Slow Flows, 219 Option Two: High-Speed Flows, 220 Example: Entry Flow in a Pipe, 221 Example: Entry Flow of a Non-Newtonian Fluid, 226 Example: Flow in Microfluidic Devices, 227 Example: Turbulent Flow in a Pipe, 230 Example: Start-Up Flow in a Pipe, 233 Example: Flow Through an Orifice, 235 Example: Flow in a Serpentine Mixer, 239 Microfluidics, 240 Mechanical Energy Balance for Laminar Flow, 243 Pressure Drop for Contractions and Expansions, 245 Generation of Two-Dimensional Inlet Velocity Profiles for Three-Dimensional Simulations, 246 Chapter Summary, 249 Problems, 249 11 Heat and Mass Transfer in Two and Three Dimensions 259 Convective Diffusion Equation, 260 Nondimensional Equations, 261 Example: Heat Transfer in Two Dimensions, 262 Example: Heat Conduction with a Hole, 264 Example: Convective Diffusion in Microfluidic Devices, 265 Example: Concentration-Dependent Viscosity, 268 Example: Viscous Dissipation, 269 Example: Chemical Reaction, 270 Example: Wall Reactions, 272 Example: Mixing in a Serpentine Mixer, 272 Microfluidics, 274 Characterization of Mixing, 276 Average Concentration along an Optical Path, 276 Peclet Number, 276 Example: Convection and Diffusion in a Three-Dimensional T-Sensor, 278 Chapter Summary, 280 Problems, 280 Steady, Two-Dimensional Problems, 280 Heat Transfer with Flow, 283 Reaction with Known Flow, 284 Reaction with No Flow, 285 Solve for Concentration and Flow, 286 Numerical Problems, 289 Appendix A HintsWhen Using Excel® 291 Introduction, 291 Calculation, 292 Plotting, 293 Import and Export, 294 Presentation, 294 Appendix B HintsWhen Using MATLAB® 297 General Features, 298 Screen Format, 298 Stop/Closing the Program, 299 m-files and Scripts, 299 Workspaces and Transfer of Information, 300 “Global” Command, 300 Display Tools, 301 Classes of Data, 301 Programming Options: Input/Output, Loops, Conditional Statements, Timing, and Matrices, 302 Input/Output, 302 Loops, 303 Conditional Statements, 303 Timing Information, 304 Matrices, 304 Matrix Multiplication, 304 Element by Element Calculations, 305 More Information, 306 Finding and Fixing Errors, 306 Eigenvalues of a Matrix, 307 Evaluate an Integral, 307 Spline Interpolation, 307 Interpolate Data, Evaluate the Polynomial, and Plot the Result, 308 Solve Algebraic Equations, 309 Using “fsolve”, 309 Solve Algebraic Equations Using “fzero” or “fminsearch” (Both in Standard MATLAB), 309 Integrate Ordinary Differential Equations that are Initial Value Problems, 309 Differential-Algebraic Equations, 311 Checklist for Using “ode45” and Other Integration Packages, 311 Plotting, 312 Simple Plots, 312 Add Data to an Existing Plot, 312 Dress Up Your Plot, 312 Multiple Plots, 313 3D Plots, 313 More Complicated Plots, 314 Use Greek Letters and Symbols in the Text, 314 Bold, Italics, and Subscripts, 314 Other Applications, 315 Plotting Results from Integration of Partial Differential Equations Using Method of Lines, 315 Import/Export Data, 315 Import/Export with Comsol Multiphysics, 318 Programming Graphical User Interfaces, 318 MATLAB Help, 318 Applications of MATLAB, 319 Appendix C Hints When Using Aspen Plus® 321 Introduction, 321 Flowsheet, 323 Model Library, 323 Place Units on Flowsheet, 324 Connect the Units with Streams, 324 Data, 324 Setup, 324 Data Entry, 325 Specify Components, 325 Specify Properties, 325 Specify Input Streams, 326 Specify Block Parameters, 326 Run the Problem, 326 Scrutinize the Stream Table, 327 Checking Your Results, 328 Change Conditions, 328 Report, 329 Transfer the Flowsheet and Mass and Energy Balance to a Word Processing Program, 329 Prepare Your Report, 329 Save Your Results, 330 Getting Help, 330 Advanced Features, 330 Flowsheet Sections, 330 Mass Balance Only Simulations and Inclusion of Solids, 331 Transfer Between Excel and Aspen, 331 Block Summary, 331 Calculator Blocks, 332 Aspen Examples, 334 Molecule Draw, 334 Applications of Aspen Plus, 334 Appendix D HintsWhen Using Comsol Multiphysics® 335 Basic Comsol Multiphysics Techniques, 336 Opening Screens, 336 Equations, 337 Specify the Problem and Parameters, 337 Physics, 339 Definitions, 339 Geometry, 339 Materials, 340 Discretization, 341 Boundary Conditions, 341 Mesh, 342 Solve and Examine the Solution, 342 Solve, 342 Plot, 342 Publication Quality Figures, 343 Results, 343 Probes, 344 Data Sets, 344 Advanced Features, 345 Mesh, 345 Transfer to Excel, 346 LiveLink with MATLAB, 347 Variables, 348 Animation, 349 Studies, 349 Help with Convergence, 349 Help with Time-Dependent Problems, 350 Jump Discontinuity, 350 Help, 351 Applications of Comsol Multiphysics, 351 Appendix E Mathematical Methods 353 Algebraic Equations, 354 Successive Substitution, 354 Newton–Raphson, 354 Ordinary Differential Equations as Initial Value Problems, 356 Euler’s Method, 356 Runge–Kutta Methods, 357 MATLAB and ode45 and ode15s, 357 Ordinary Differential Equations as Boundary Value Problems, 358 Finite Difference Method, 359 Finite Difference Method in Excel, 360 Finite Element Method in One Space Dimension, 361 Initial Value Methods, 363 Partial Differential Equations in time and One Space Dimension, 365 Problems with Strong Convection, 366 Partial Differential Equations in Two Space Dimensions, 367 Finite-Difference Method for Elliptic Equations in Excel, 367 Finite Element Method for Two-Dimensional Problems, 368 Summary, 370 Problems, 370 References 373 Index 379

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Book SynopsisThe definitive work on grease lubrication in industrial and vehicle engineering, this book provides an overview of the literature, presents state of the art models, and examines the physical and chemical aspects of grease lubrication, particularly lubrication of rolling bearings.Table of ContentsPreface xvii List of Abbreviations xix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Why Lubricate Rolling Bearings? 1 1.2 History of Grease Lubrication 2 1.3 Grease Versus Oil Lubrication 3 2 Lubrication Mechanisms 5 2.1 Introduction 5 2.2 Definition of Grease 6 2.3 Operating Conditions 6 2.4 The Phases in Grease Lubrication 7 2.5 Film Thickness During the Bleeding Phase 8 2.6 Feed and Loss Mechanisms During the Bleeding Phase 10 2.7 Film Thickness and Starvation (Side Flow) 11 2.8 Track Replenishment 12 2.9 Grease Flow 13 2.10 Wall-Slip 15 2.11 Oxidation 16 2.12 EP Additives 16 2.13 Dynamic Behaviour 17 2.14 Grease Life 17 3 Grease Composition and Properties 23 3.1 Base Oil 24 3.2 Base Oil Viscosity and Density 41 3.3 Thickener 49 3.4 Additives 61 3.5 Solid Fillers/Dry Lubricants 66 3.6 Compatibility 67 3.7 Polymer Grease 67 4 Grease Life in Rolling Bearings 71 4.1 Introduction 71 4.2 Relubrication Intervals and Grease Life 71 4.3 The Traffic Light Concept 72 4.4 Grease Life as a Function of Temperature in the Green Zone 75 4.5 SKF Relubrication and Grease Life 76 4.6 Comparison Grease Life/Relubrication Models 78 4.7 Very Low and High Speeds 82 4.8 Large Rolling Bearings 85 4.9 Effect of Load 86 4.10 Effect of Outer-Ring Rotation 90 4.11 Cage Material 90 4.12 Bearing Type 91 4.13 Temperature and Bearing Material 92 4.14 Grease Fill 94 4.15 Vertical Shaft 95 4.16 Vibrations and Shock Loads 96 4.17 Grease Shelf Life/Storage Life 97 5 Lubricating Grease Rheology 99 5.1 Visco-Elastic Behaviour 99 5.2 Viscometers 102 5.3 Oscillatory Shear 108 5.4 Shear Thinning and Yield 112 5.5 Yield Stress 118 5.6 Wall-Slip Effects 122 5.7 Translation Between Oscillatory Shear and Linear Shear Measurements 125 5.8 Normal stresses 126 5.9 Time Dependent Viscosity and Thixotropy 128 5.10 Tackiness 133 6 Grease and Base Oil Flow 137 6.1 Grease Flow in Pipes 137 6.2 Grease Flow in Rolling Bearings 149 7 Grease Bleeding 157 7.1 Introduction 157 7.2 Ball Versus Roller Bearings 158 7.3 Grease Bleeding Measurement Techniques 158 7.4 Bleeding from the Covers and Under the Cage 159 7.5 A Grease Bleeding Model for Pressurized Grease by Centrifugal Forces 161 8 Grease Aging 171 8.1 Mechanical Aging 172 8.2 Grease Oxidation 179 8.3 The Chemistry of Base Oil Film Oxidation 181 8.4 Oxidation of the Thickener 183 8.5 A Simple Model for Base Oil Degradation 184 8.6 Polymerization 186 8.7 Evaporation 186 8.8 Simple Models for the Life of Base Oil 186 9 Film Thickness Theory for Single Contacts 191 9.1 Elasto-Hydrodynamic Lubrication 192 9.2 Contact Geometry and Deformation 198 9.3 EHL Film Thickness, Oil 202 9.4 EHD Film Thickness, Grease 205 9.5 Starvation 212 9.6 Spin 225 10 Film Thickness in Grease Lubricated Rolling Bearings 227 10.1 Thin Layer Flow on Bearing Surfaces 228 10.2 Starved EHL for Rolling Bearings 234 10.3 Cage Clearance and Film Thickness 239 10.4 Full Bearing Film Thickness 241 11 Grease dynamics 245 11.1 Introduction 245 11.2 Grease Reservoir Formation 245 11.3 Temperature Behaviour 246 11.4 Temperature and Film Breakdown 249 11.5 Chaotic Behaviour 249 11.6 Quantitative Analysis of Grease Tests 253 11.7 Discussion 254 12 Reliability 257 12.1 Failure Distribution 258 12.2 Mean Life and Time Between Failures 261 12.3 Percentile Life 264 12.4 Point and Interval Estimates 265 12.5 Sudden Death Testing 275 12.6 System Life Prediction 281 13 Grease Lubrication and Bearing Life 283 13.1 Bearing Failure Modes 283 13.2 Rated Fatigue Life of Grease Lubricated Rolling Bearings 285 13.3 Background of the Fatigue Life Ratings of Grease Lubricated Bearings 289 13.4 Lubricant Chemistry and Bearing Life 296 13.5 Water in Grease 304 13.6 Surface Finish Aspects Related to Grease Lubrication 306 14 Grease Lubrication Mechanisms in Bearing Seals 309 14.1 Introduction 309 14.2 Lubrication Mechanisms for Radial Lip Seals 309 14.3 Sealing Action of Grease 312 14.4 Softening and Leakage 319 14.5 Compatibility 320 14.6 A Film Thickness Model for Bearing Seals 320 14.7 Importance of Sealing Grease Inside the Bearing 324 15 Condition Monitoring and Maintenance 327 15.1 Condition Monitoring 327 15.2 Acoustic Emission 328 15.3 Lubcheck 330 15.4 Consistency Measurement 331 15.5 Oil Bleeding Properties 332 15.6 Oil Content 332 15.7 Particle Contamination 332 15.8 Spectroscopy 333 15.9 Linear Voltammetry 334 15.10 Total Acid Number 335 15.11 DCS – Differential Scanning Calorimetry 335 15.12 Oxidation Bomb 336 15.13 Water 336 16 Grease Qualification Testing 339 16.1 Introduction 339 16.2 Standard Test Methods 339 16.3 Some Qualification Criteria for Grease Selection 374 16.4 Pumpability 375 17 Lubrication Systems 377 17.1 Single Point Lubrication Methods 379 17.2 Centralized Grease Lubrication Systems 380 17.3 Pumps 382 17.4 Valves 384 17.5 Distributors 386 17.6 Single-Line Centralized Lubrication Systems 386 17.7 Dual-Line Lubrication Systems 393 17.8 Progressive Lubrication Systems 394 17.9 Multi-Line Lubrication System 397 17.10 Cyclic Grease Flow 397 17.11 Requirements of the Grease 398 17.12 Grease Pumpability Tests 402 A Characteristics of Paraffinic Hydrocarbons 413 References 415 Index

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Book SynopsisThe first edition of this book is considered the bible of this topic... Suffice it to say that there is no other published treatise that approaches the depth of treatment offered by this book. The coverage is the state of the published art, while the added contents cover the new known developments in the field. Haisam Osman; Technology Development Manager, United Launch Alliance This long-awaited second edition of a respected text from world leaders in the field of acoustic materials covers the state of the art with a depth of treatment unrivalled elsewhere. Allard and Atalla employ a logical and progressive approach that leads to a thorough understanding of porous material modelling. The first edition of Propagation of Sound in Porous Media introduced the basic theory of acoustics and the related techniques. Research and development in sound absorption has however progressed significantly since the first edition, and the models and methods described, at the tiTrade Review"All in all this is an impressive book which will serve as an excellent reference for those working in the acoustics of porous media, and as a perfect introduction to the subject for novices." (Journal of Sound & Vibration, 2010)Table of ContentsPreface to the second edition. 1 Plane waves in isotropic fluids and solids. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Notation – vector operators. 1.3 Strain in a deformable medium. 1.4 Stress in a deformable medium. 1.5 Stress–strain relations for an isotropic elastic medium. 1.6 Equations of motion. 1.7 Wave equation in a fluid. 1.8 Wave equations in an elastic solid. References. 2 Acoustic impedance at normal incidence of fluids. Substitution of a fluid layer for a porous layer. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Plane waves in unbounded fluids. 2.3 Main properties of impedance at normal incidence. 2.4 Reflection coefficient and absorption coefficient at normal incidence. 2.5 Fluids equivalent to porous materials: the laws of Delany and Bazley. 2.6 Examples. 2.7 The complex exponential representation. References. 3 Acoustic impedance at oblique incidence in fluids. Substitution of a fluid layer for a porous layer. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Inhomogeneous plane waves in isotropic fluids. 3.3 Reflection and refraction at oblique incidence. 3.4 Impedance at oblique incidence in isotropic fluids. 3.5 Reflection coefficient and absorption coefficient at oblique incidence. 3.6 Examples. 3.7 Plane waves in fluids equivalent to transversely isotropic porous media. 3.8 Impedance at oblique incidence at the surface of a fluid equivalent to an anisotropic porous material. 3.9 Example. References. 4 Sound propagation in cylindrical tubes and porous materials having cylindrical pores. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Viscosity effects. 4.3 Thermal effects. 4.4 Effective density and bulk modulus for cylindrical tubes having triangular, rectangular and hexagonal cross-sections. 4.5 High- and low-frequency approximation. 4.6 Evaluation of the effective density and the bulk modulus of the air in layers of porous materials with identical pores perpendicular to the surface. 4.7 The biot model for rigid framed materials. 4.8 Impedance of a layer with identical pores perpendicular to the surface. 4.9 Tortuosity and flow resistivity in a simple anisotropic material. 4.10 Impedance at normal incidence and sound propagation in oblique pores. Appendix 4.A Important expressions. Description on the microscopic scale. Effective density and bulk modulus. References. 5 Sound propagation in porous materials having a rigid frame. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Viscous and thermal dynamic and static permeability. 5.3 Classical tortuosity, characteristic dimensions, quasi-static tortuosity. 5.4 Models for the effective density and the bulk modulus of the saturating fluid. 5.5 Simpler models. 5.6 Prediction of the effective density and the bulk modulus of open cell foams and fibrous materials with the different models. 5.7 Fluid layer equivalent to a porous layer. 5.8 Summary of the semi-phenomenological models. 5.9 Homogenization. 5.10 Double porosity media. Appendix 5.A: Simplified calculation of the tortuosity for a porous material having pores made up of an alternating sequence of cylinders. Appendix 5.B: Calculation of the characteristic length Λ'. Appendix 5.C: Calculation of the characteristic length Λ for a cylinder perpendicular to the direction of propagation. References. 6 Biot theory of sound propagation in porous materials having an elastic frame. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Stress and strain in porous materials. 6.3 Inertial forces in the biot theory. 6.4 Wave equations. 6.5 The two compressional waves and the shear wave. 6.6 Prediction of surface impedance at normal incidence for a layer of porous material backed by an impervious rigid wall. Appendix 6.A: Other representations of the Biot theory. References. 7 Point source above rigid framed porous layers. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Sommerfeld representation of the monopole field over a plane reflecting surface. 7.3 The complex sinθ plane. 7.4 The method of steepest descent (passage path method). 7.5 Poles of the reflection coefficient. 7.6 The pole subtraction method. 7.7 Pole localization. 7.8 The modified version of the Chien and Soroka model. Appendix 7.A Evaluation of N. Appendix 7.B Evaluation of pr by the pole subtraction method. Appendix 7.C From the pole subtraction to the passage path: Locally reacting surface. References. 8 Porous frame excitation by point sources in air and by stress circular and line sources – modes of air saturated porous frames. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Prediction of the frame displacement. 8.3 Semi-infinite layer – Rayleigh wave. 8.4 Layer of finite thickness – modified Rayleigh wave. 8.5 Layer of finite thickness – modes and resonances. Appendix 8.A Coefficients rij and Mi,j. Appendix 8.B Double Fourier transform and Hankel transform. Appendix 8.B Appendix .C Rayleigh pole contribution. References. 9 Porous materials with perforated facings. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Inertial effect and flow resistance. 9.3 Impedance at normal incidence of a layered porous material covered by a perforated facing – Helmoltz resonator. 9.4 Impedance at oblique incidence of a layered porous material covered by a facing having cirular perforations. References. 10 Transversally isotropic poroelastic media. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Frame in vacuum. 10.3 Transversally isotropic poroelastic layer. 10.4 Waves with a given slowness component in the symmetry plane. 10.5 Sound source in air above a layer of finite thickness. 10.6 Mechanical excitation at the surface of the porous layer. 10.7 Symmetry axis different from the normal to the surface. 10.8 Rayleigh poles and Rayleigh waves. 10.9 Transfer matrix representation of transversally isotropic poroelastic media. Appendix 10.A: Coefficients Ti in Equation (10.46). Appendix 10.B: Coefficients Ai in Equation (10.97). References. 11 Modelling multilayered systems with porous materials using the transfer matrix method. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Transfer matrix method. 11.3 Matrix representation of classical media. 11.4 Coupling transfer matrices. 11.5 Assembling the global transfer matrix. 11.6 Calculation of the acoustic indicators. 11.7 Applications. Appendix 11.A The elements Tij of the Transfer Matrix T ]. References. 12 Extensions to the transfer matrix method. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Finite size correction for the transmission problem. 12.3 Finite size correction for the absorption problem. 12.4 Point load excitation. 12.5 Point source excitation. 12.6 Other applications. Appendix 12.A: An algorithm to evaluate the geometrical radiation impedance. References. 13 Finite element modelling of poroelastic materials. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Displacement based formulations. 13.3 The mixed displacement–pressure formulation. 13.4 Coupling conditions. 13.5 Other formulations in terms of mixed variables. 13.6 Numerical implementation. 13.7 Dissipated power within a porous medium. 13.8 Radiation conditions. 13.9 Examples. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisA modern and broad exposition emphasizing heat transfer by convection. This edition contains valuable new information primarily pertaining to flow and heat transfer in porous media and computational fluid dynamics as well as recent advances in turbulence modeling. Problems of a mixed theoretical and practical nature provide an opportunity to test mastery of the material.Table of ContentsEquations of Continuity, Motion, Energy, and Mass Diffusion. One-Dimensional Solutions. Laminar Heat Transfer in Ducts. Laminar Boundary Layers. Integral Methods. Turbulence Fundamentals. Turbulent Boundary Layers. Turbulent Flow in Ducts. Natural Convection. Boiling. Condensation. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.The definitive guide to the theory of constraintsIn this authoritative volume, the world's top Theory of Constraints (TOC) experts reveal how to implement the ground-breaking management and improvement methodology developed by Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt. Theory of Constraints Handbook offers an in-depth examination of this revolutionary concept of bringing about global organization performance improvement by focusing on a few leverage points of the system. Clear explanations supplemented by examples and case studies define how the theory works, why it works, what issues are resolved, and what benefits accrue, and demonstrate how TOC can be applied to different industries and situations.Theory of Constraints Handbook covers:Table of ContentsSection I: What is TOC?; Chapter 1. Introduction to TOC--My Perspective; Section II: Critical Chain Project Management; Chapter 2. The Problems with Project Management; Chapter 3. A Critical Chain Project Management Primer; Chapter 4. Getting Durable Results with Critical Chain--A Field Report; Chapter 5. Making Change Stick; Chapter 6. Project Management in a Lean World--Translating Lean Six Sigma (LSS) into the Project Environment; Section III: Drum-Butter-Rope, Buffer Management and Distribution; Chapter 7. A Review of Literature on Drum-Butter-Rope, Buffer Management and Distribution; Chapter 8. DBR, Buffer Management, and VATI Flow; Chapter 9. From DBR to Simplified-DBR for Make-to-Order; Chapter 10. Managing Make-to-Stock and the Concept of Make-to-Availability; Chapter 11. Supply Chain Management; Chapter 12. Integrated Supply Chain; Section IV: Performance Measures; Chapter 13. Traditional Measures in Finance and Accounting, Problems, Literature Review, and TOC Measures; Chapter 14. Resolving Measurement/Performance Dilemmas; Chapter 15. Continuous Improvement and Auditing; Chapter 16. Holistic TOC Implementation Case Studies; Section V: Strategy, Marketing, and Sales; Chapter 17. Traditional Strategy Models and Theory of Constraints; Chapter 18. Theory of Constraints Strategy; Chapter 19. Strategy; Chapter 20. The Layers of Resistance--The Buy-In Process According to TOC; Chapter 21. Less is More--Applying the Flow Concepts to Sales; Chapter 22. Mafia Offers: Dealing With a Market Constraint; Section VI: Thinking Processes; Chapter 23. The TOC Thinking Processes; Chapter 24. Daily Management with TOC; Chapter 25. Thinking Processes Including S&T Trees; Chapter 26. TOC for Education; Chapter 27. Theory of Constraints in Prisons; Section VII: TOC in Services; Chapter 28. Services Management; Chapter 29. Theory of Constraints in Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services; Chapter 30. Customer Support Services According to TOC; Chapter 31. Viable Vision for Health Care Systems; Chapter 32. TOC for Large-Scale Healthcare Systems; Section VIII: TOC in Complex Environments; Chapter 33. Theory of Constraints in Complex Organizations; Chapter 34. Applications of Strategy and Tactics Trees in Organizations; Chapter 35. Complex Environments; Chapter 36/ Combining Lean, Six Sigma, and the Theory of Constraints to Achieve Breakthrough Performance; Chapter 37. Using TOC in Complex Systems; Chapter 38. Theory of Constraints for Personal Productivity/Dilemmas; Selected Bibliography of Eliyahu M. Goldratt; Index

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Book SynopsisThis book is one of the first to give an overview of biomechatronic exoskeletons including their applications and implications. A collective reference specifically on biomechatronic exoskeletons, an area that is relevant to mechanical and biomedical engineers as well as those working in prosthetics, rehabilitation, and defense.Table of ContentsForeword xv Preface xvii List of Contributors xix 1 Introduction to wearable robotics 1J. L. Pons, R. Ceres and L. Calderón 1.1 Wearable robots and exoskeletons 1 1.1.1 Dual human–robot interaction in wearable robotics 3 1.1.2 A historical note 4 1.1.3 Exoskeletons: an instance of wearable robots 5 1.2 The role of bioinspiration and biomechatronics in wearable robots 6 1.2.1 Bioinspiration in the design of biomechatronic wearable robots 8 1.2.2 Biomechatronic systems in close interaction with biological systems 9 1.2.3 Biologically inspired design and optimization procedures 9 1.3 Technologies involved in robotic exoskeletons 9 1.4 A classification of wearable exoskeletons: application domains 10 1.5 Scope of the book 12 References 15 2 Basis for bioinspiration and biomimetism in wearable robots 17A. Forner-Cordero, J. L. Pons and M. Wisse 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 General principles in biological design 18 2.2.1 Optimization of objective functions: energy consumption 19 2.2.2 Multifunctionality and adaptability 21 2.2.3 Evolution 22 2.3 Development of biologically inspired designs 23 2.3.1 Biological models 24 2.3.2 Neuromotor control structures and mechanisms as models 24 2.3.3 Muscular physiology as a model 27 2.3.4 Sensorimotor mechanisms as a model 29 2.3.5 Biomechanics of human limbs as a model 31 2.3.6 Recursive interaction: engineering models explain biological systems 31 2.4 Levels of biological inspiration in engineering design 31 2.4.1 Biomimetism: replication of observable behaviour and structures 32 2.4.2 Bioimitation: replication of dynamics and control structures 32 2.5 Case Study: limit-cycle biped walking robots to imitate human gait and to inspire the design of wearable exoskeletons 33M. Wisse 2.5.1 Introduction 33 2.5.2 Why is human walking efficient and stable? 33 2.5.3 Robot solutions for efficiency and stability 34 2.5.4 Conclusion 36 Acknowledgements 36 2.6 Case Study: MANUS-HAND, mimicking neuromotor control of grasping 36J. L. Pons, R. Ceres and L. Calderón 2.6.1 Introduction 37 2.6.2 Design of the prosthesis 37 2.6.3 MANUS-HAND control architecture 39 2.7 Case Study: internal models, CPGs and reflexes to control bipedal walking robots and exoskeletons: the ESBiRRo project 40A. Forner-Cordero 2.7.1 Introduction 40 2.7.2 Motivation for the design of LC bipeds and current limitations 41 2.7.3 Biomimetic control for an LC biped walking robot 41 2.7.4 Conclusions and future developments 43 References 43 3 Kinematics and dynamics of wearable robots 47A. Forner-Cordero, J. L. Pons, E. A. Turowska and A. Schiele 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 Robot mechanics: motion equations 48 3.2.1 Kinematic analysis 48 3.2.2 Dynamic analysis 53 3.3 Human biomechanics 57 3.3.1 Medical description of human movements 57 3.3.2 Arm kinematics 59 3.3.3 Leg kinematics 61 3.3.4 Kinematic models of the limbs 64 3.3.5 Dynamic modelling of the human limbs 68 3.4 Kinematic redundancy in exoskeleton systems 70 3.4.1 Introduction to kinematic redundancies 70 3.4.2 Redundancies in human–exoskeleton systems 71 3.5 Case Study: a biomimetic, kinematically compliant knee joint modelled by a four-bar linkage 74J. M. Baydal-Bertomeu, D. Garrido and F. Moll 3.5.1 Introduction 74 3.5.2 Kinematics of the knee 75 3.5.3 Kinematic analysis of a four-bar linkage mechanism 75 3.5.4 Genetic algorithm methodology 77 3.5.5 Final design 77 3.5.6 Mobility analysis of the optimal crossed four-bar linkage 78 3.6 Case Study: design of a forearm pronation–supination joint in an upper limb exoskeleton 79J. M. Belda-Lois, R. Poveda, R. Barberà and J. M. Baydal-Bertomeu 3.6.1 The mechanics of pronation–supination control 79 3.7 Case Study: study of tremor characteristics based on a biomechanical model of the upper limb 80E. Rocon and J. L. Pons 3.7.1 Biomechanical model of the upper arm 81 3.7.2 Results 83 References 83 4 Human–robot cognitive interaction 87L. Bueno, F. Brunetti, A. Frizera and J. L. Pons 4.1 Introduction to human–robot interaction 87 4.2 cHRI using bioelectrical monitoring of brain activity 89 4.2.1 Physiology of brain activity 90 4.2.2 Electroencephalography (EEG) models and parameters 92 4.2.3 Brain-controlled interfaces: approaches and algorithms 93 4.3 cHRI through bioelectrical monitoring of muscle activity (EMG) 96 4.3.1 Physiology of muscle activity 97 4.3.2 Electromyography models and parameters 98 4.3.3 Surface EMG signal feature extraction 99 4.3.4 Classification of EMG activity 102 4.3.5 Force and torque estimation 104 4.4 cHRI through biomechanical monitoring 104 4.4.1 Biomechanical models and parameters 105 4.4.2 Biomechanically controlled interfaces: approaches and algorithms 108 4.5 Case Study: lower limb exoskeleton control based on learned gait patterns 109J. C. Moreno and J. L. Pons 4.5.1 Gait patterns with knee joint impedance modulation 109 4.5.2 Architecture 109 4.5.3 Fuzzy inference system 110 4.5.4 Simulation 110 4.6 Case Study: identification and tracking of involuntary human motion based on biomechanical data 111E. Rocon and J. L. Pons 4.7 Case Study: cortical control of neuroprosthetic devices 115J. M. Carmena 4.8 Case Study: gesture and posture recognition using WSNs 118E. Farella and L. Benini 4.8.1 Platform description 119 4.8.2 Implementation of concepts and algorithm 119 4.8.3 Posture detection results 121 4.8.4 Challenges: wireless sensor networks for motion tracking 121 4.8.5 Summary and outlook 122 References 122 5 Human–robot physical interaction 127E. Rocon, A. F. Ruiz, R. Raya, A. Schiele and J. L. Pons 5.1 Introduction 127 5.1.1 Physiological factors 128 5.1.2 Aspects of wearable robot design 129 5.2 Kinematic compatibility between human limbs and wearable robots 130 5.2.1 Causes of kinematic incompatibility and their negative effects 130 5.2.2 Overcoming kinematic incompatibility 133 5.3 Application of load to humans 134 5.3.1 Human tolerance of pressure 134 5.3.2 Transmission of forces through soft tissues 135 5.3.3 Support design 138 5.4 Control of human–robot interaction 138 5.4.1 Human–robot interaction: human behaviour 139 5.4.2 Human–robot interaction: robot behaviour 140 5.4.3 Human–robot closed loop 143 5.4.4 Physically triggered cognitive interactions 146 5.4.5 Stability 147 5.5 Case Study: quantification of constraint displacements and interaction forces in nonergonomic pHR interfaces 149A. Schiele 5.5.1 Theoretical analysis of constraint displacements, d 150 5.5.2 Experimental quantification of interaction force, Fd 151 5.6 Case Study: analysis of pressure distribution and tolerance areas for wearable robots 154J. M. Belda-Lois, R. Poveda and M. J. Vivas 5.6.1 Measurement of pressure tolerance 155 5.7 Case Study: upper limb tremor suppression through impedance control 156E. Rocon and J. L. Pons 5.8 Case Study: stance stabilization during gait through impedance control 158J. C. Moreno and J. L. Pons 5.8.1 Knee–ankle–foot orthosis (exoskeleton) 159 5.8.2 Lower leg–exoskeleton system 159 5.8.3 Stance phase stabilization: patient test 160 References 161 6 Wearable robot technologies 165J. C. Moreno, L. Bueno and J. L. Pons 6.1 Introduction to wearable robot technologies 165 6.2 Sensor technologies 166 6.2.1 Position and motion sensing: HR limb kinematic information 166 6.2.2 Bioelectrical activity sensors 171 6.2.3 HR interface force and pressure: human comfort and limb kinetic information 175 6.2.4 Microclimate sensing 179 6.3 Actuator technologies 181 6.3.1 State of the art 181 6.3.2 Control requirements for actuator technologies 183 6.3.3 Emerging actuator technologies 185 6.4 Portable energy storage technologies 189 6.4.1 Future trends 189 6.5 Case Study: inertial sensor fusion for limb orientation 190J. C. Moreno, L. Bueno and J. L. Pons 6.6 Case Study: microclimate sensing in wearable devices 192J. M. Baydal-Bertomeu, J. M. Belda-Lois, J. M. Prat and R. Barberà 6.6.1 Introduction 192 6.6.2 Thermal balance of humans 192 6.6.3 Climate conditions in clothing and wearable devices 193 6.6.4 Measurement of thermal comfort 194 6.7 Case Study: biomimetic design of a controllable knee actuator 194J. C. Moreno, L. Bueno and J. L. Pons 6.7.1 Quadriceps weakness 195 6.7.2 Functional analysis of gait as inspiration 195 6.7.3 Actuator prototype 197 References 198 7 Communication networks for wearable robots 201F. Brunetti and J. L. Pons 7.1 Introduction 201 7.2 Wearable robotic networks, from wired to wireless 203 7.2.1 Requirements 203 7.2.2 Network components: configuration of a wearable robotic network 205 7.2.3 Topology 206 7.2.4 Wearable robatic network goals and profiles 208 7.3 Wired wearable robotic networks 209 7.3.1 Enabling technologies 209 7.3.2 Network establishment, maintenance, QoS and robustness 213 7.4 Wireless wearable robotic networks 214 7.4.1 Enabling technologies 214 7.4.2 Wireless sensor network platforms 216 7.5 Case Study: smart textiles to measure comfort and performance 218J. Vanhala 7.5.1 Introduction 218 7.5.2 Application description 220 7.5.3 Platform description 221 7.5.4 Implementation of concepts 222 7.5.5 Results 222 7.5.6 Discussion 223 7.6 Case Study: ExoNET 224F. Brunetti and J. L. Pons 7.6.1 Application description 224 7.6.2 Network structure 224 7.6.3 Network components 224 7.6.4 Network protocol 225 7.7 Case Study: NeuroLab, a multimodal networked exoskeleton for neuromotor and biomechanical research 226A. F. Ruiz and J. L. Pons 7.7.1 Application description 226 7.7.2 Platform description 227 7.7.3 Implementation of concepts and algorithms 227 7.8 Case Study: communication technologies for the integration of robotic systems and sensor networks at home: helping elderly people 229J. V. Martí, R. Marín, J. Fernández, M. Nuñez, O. Rajadell, L. Nomdedeu, J. Sales, P. Agustí, A. Fabregat and A. P. del Pobil 7.8.1 Introduction 230 7.8.2 Communication systems 230 7.8.3 IP-based protocols 232 Acknowledgements 233 References 233 8 Wearable upper limb robots 235E. Rocon, A. F. Ruiz and J. L. Pons 8.1 Case Study: the wearable orthosis for tremor assessment and suppression (WOTAS) 236E. Rocon and J. L. Pons 8.1.1 Introduction 236 8.1.2 Wearable orthosis for tremor assessment and suppression (WOTAS) 236 8.1.3 Experimental protocol 239 8.1.4 Results 240 8.1.5 Discussion and conclusions 241 8.2 Case Study: the CyberHand 242L. Beccai, S. Micera, C. Cipriani, J. Carpaneto and M. C. Carrozza 8.2.1 Introduction 242 8.2.2 The multi-DoF bioinspired hand prosthesis 242 8.2.3 The neural interface 245 8.2.4 Conclusions 247 8.3 Case Study: the ergonomic EXARM exoskeleton 248A. Schiele 8.3.1 Introduction 248 8.3.2 Ergonomic exoskeleton: challenges and innovation 250 8.3.3 The EXARM implementation 251 8.3.4 Summary and conclusion 254 8.4 Case Study: the NEUROBOTICS exoskeleton (NEUROExos) 255S. Roccella, E. Cattin, N. Vitiello, F. Vecchi and M. C. Carrozza 8.4.1 Exoskeleton control approach 257 8.4.2 Application domains for the NEUROExos exoskeleton 258 8.5 Case Study: an upper limb powered exoskeleton 259J. C. Perry and J. Rosen 8.5.1 Exoskeleton design 259 8.5.2 Conclusions and discussion 268 8.6 Case Study: soft exoskeleton for use in physiotherapy and training 269N. G. Tsagarakis, D. G. Caldwell and S. Kousidou 8.6.1 Soft arm–exoskeleton design 270 8.6.2 System control 272 8.6.3 Experimental results 275 8.6.4 Conclusions 277 References 278 9 Wearable lower limb and full-body robots 283J. Moreno, E. Turowska and J. L. Pons 9.1 Case Study: GAIT–ESBiRRo: lower limb exoskeletons for functional compensation of pathological gait 283J. C. Moreno and J. L. Pons 9.1.1 Introduction 283 9.1.2 Pathological gait and biomechanical aspects 284 9.1.3 The GAIT concept 285 9.1.4 Actuation 286 9.1.5 Sensor system 286 9.1.6 Control system 286 9.1.7 Evaluation 287 9.1.8 Next generation of lower limb exoskeletons: the ESBiRRo project 289 9.2 Case Study: an ankle–foot orthosis powered by artificial pneumatic muscles 289D. P. Ferris 9.2.1 Introduction 289 9.2.2 Orthosis construction 290 9.2.3 Artificial pneumatic muscles 291 9.2.4 Muscle mounting 291 9.2.5 Orthosis mass 292 9.2.6 Orthosis control 292 9.2.7 Performance data 292 9.2.8 Major conclusions 295 9.3 Case Study: intelligent and powered leg prosthesis 295K. De Roy 9.3.1 Introduction 296 9.3.2 Functional analysis of the prosthetic leg 297 9.3.3 Conclusions 303 9.4 Case Study: the control method of the HAL (hybrid assistive limb) for a swinging motion 304J. Moreno, E. Turouska and J. L. Pons 9.4.1 System 305 9.4.2 Actuator control 305 9.4.3 Performance 306 9.5 Case Study: Kanagawa Institute of Technology power-assist suit 308K. Yamamoto 9.5.1 The basic design concepts 308 9.5.2 Power-assist suit 308 9.5.3 Controller 310 9.5.4 Physical dynamics model 310 9.5.5 Muscle hardness sensor 310 9.5.6 Direct drive pneumatic actuators 311 9.5.7 Units 311 9.5.8 Operating characteristics of units 312 9.6 Case Study: EEG-based cHRI of a robotic wheelchair 314T. F. Bastos-Filho, M. Sarcinelli-Filho, A. Ferreira, W. C. Celeste, R. L. Silva, V. R. Martins, D. C. Cavalieri, P. N. S. Filgueira and I. B. Arantes 9.6.1 EEG acquisition and processing 315 9.6.2 The PDA-based graphic interface 317 9.6.3 Experiments 317 9.6.4 Results and concluding remarks 318 Acknowledgements 319 References 319 10 Summary, conclusions and outlook 323J. L. Pons, R. Ceres and L. Calderón 10.1 Summary 323 10.1.1 Bioinspiration in designing wearable robots 324 10.1.2 Mechanics of wearable robots 326 10.1.3 Cognitive and physical human–robot interaction 327 10.1.4 Technologies for wearable robots 328 10.1.5 Outstanding research projects on wearable robots 329 10.2 Conclusions and outlook 330 References 332 Index 335

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Book SynopsisVibration Testing: Theory and Practice, Second Edition is a step-by-step guide that shows how to obtain meaningful experimental results via the proper use of modern instrumentation, vibration exciters, and signal-processing equipment, with particular emphasis on how different types of signals are processed with a frequency analyzer. Thoroughly updated, this new edition covers all basic concepts and principles underlying dynamic testing, explains how current instruments and methods operate within the dynamic environment, and describes their behavior in a number of commonly encountered field and laboratory test situations.Trade Review"…is a good foundational text for engineers concerned with component vibration testing as it might relate to failure analysis, qualification testing, reliability testing, and machinery diagnostics. The book is well written and makes the presented concepts easy to understand. I recommend it both as an introduction to laboratory testing techniques for the relative novice and as a reference for experienced practitioners in the field." (Noise Control Engineering, Jan-Feb 2009)Table of ContentsPreface xix 1. An Overview of Vibration Testing 1 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Preliminary Considerations 6 1.3 General Input-Output Relationships in the Frequency Domain 8 1.4 Overview of Equipment Employed 10 1.5 Summary 12 2. Dynamic Signal Analysis 13 2.1 Introduction 14 2.2 Phasor Representation of Periodic Functions 21 2.3 Periodic Time Histories 26 2.4 Transient Signal Analysis 32 2.5 Correlation Concepts—A Statistical Point of View 38 2.6 Correlation Concepts—Periodic Time Histories 40 2.7 Correlation Concepts—Transient Time Histories 47 2.8 Correlation Concepts—Random Time Histories 50 2.9 Summary 63 2.10 General References on Signal Analysis 65 3. Vibration Concepts 67 3.1 Introduction 68 3.2 The Single DOF Model 68 3.3 Single Degree of Freedom Forced Response 76 3.4 General Input-Output Model For Linear Systems 88 3.5 The Two Degrees of Freedom Vibration Model 101 3.6 The Second-Order Continuous Vibration Model 115 3.7 Fourth-Order Continuous Vibration System—The Beam 130 3.8 Nonlinear Behavior 143 3.9 Summary 156 3.10 References 161 4. Transducer Measurement Considerations 164 4.1 Introduction 164 4.2 Fixed Reference Transducers 166 4.3 Mechanical Model of Seismic Transducers—The Accelerometer 173 4.4 Piezoelectric Sensor Characteristics 180 4.5 Combined Linear and Angular Accelerometers 193 4.6 Transducer Response to Transient Inputs 199 4.7 Accelerometer Cross-Axis Sensitivity 212 4.8 The Force Transducer General Model 222 4.9 Correcting FRF Data for Force Transducer Mass Loading 235 4.10 Calibration 246 4.11 Environmental Factors 263 4.12 Summary 267 5. The Digital Frequency Analyzer 272 5.1 Introduction 272 5.2 Basic Processes of a Digital Frequency Analyzer 274 5.3 Digital Analyzer Operating Principles 289 5.4 Factors in the Application of a Single-Channel Analyzer 296 5.5 The Dual-Channel Analyzer 314 5.6 The Effects of Signal Noise on FRF Measurements 326 5.7 Overlapping Signal Analysis to Reduce Analysis Time 339 5.8 Zoom Analysis 348 5.9 Scan Analysis, Scan Averaging, and More on Spectral Smearing 359 5.10 Summary 368 6. Vibration Excitation Mechanisms 374 6.1 Introduction 375 6.2 Mechanical Vibration Exciters 382 6.3 Electrohydraulic Exciters 394 6.4 The Modeling of an Electro Magnetic Vibration Exciter System 403 6.5 An Exciter System’s Bare Table Characteristics 419 6.6 Interaction of An Exciter and a Grounded Single DOF Structure 426 6.7 Interaction of an Exciter and an Ungrounded Structure Under Test 438 6.8 Measuring An Exciter’s Actual Characteristics 449 6.9 Summary 460 7. The Application of Basic Concepts to Vibration Testing 465 7.1 Introduction 466 7.2 Sudden Release Or Step Relaxation Method 468 7.3 Forced Response of a Simply Supported Beam Mounted on an Exciter 485 7.4 Impulse Testing 499 7.5 Selecting Proper Windows for Impulse Testing 510 7.6 Vibration Exciter Driving a Free-Free Beam With Point Loads 530 7.7 Windowing Effects on Random Test Results 539 7.8 Low-Frequency Damping Measurements Reveal Subtle Data Processing Problems 551 7.9 A Linear Structure Becomes Nonlinear Due To Its Test Environment 559 7.10 Summary 573 8. General Vibration Testing Model: From the Field to the Laboratory 579 8.1 Introduction 580 8.2 A Two-Point Input-Output Model of Field and Laboratory Simulation Environments 587 8.3 Laboratory Simulation Schemes Based on the Elementary Model 593 8.4 An Example Using a Two DOF Test Item and a Two DOF Vehicle 603 8.5 The General Field Environment Model 622 8.6 The General Laboratory Environment Model 627 8.7 Test Scenarios for Laboratory Simulations 630 8.8 Summary 634 Index 641

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Book SynopsisRevealing suspension geometry design methods in unique detail, John Dixon shows how suspension properties such as bump steer, roll steer, bump camber, compliance steer and roll centres are analysed and controlled by the professional engineer.Table of ContentsPreface. 1 Introduction and History. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Early Steering History. 1.3 Leaf-Spring Axles. 1.4 Transverse Leaf Springs. 1.5 Early Independent Fronts. 1.6 Independent Front Suspension. 1.7 Driven Rigid Axles. 1.8 De Dion Rigid Axles. 1.9 Undriven Rigid Axles. 1.10 Independent Rear Driven. 1.11 Independent Rear Undriven. 1.12 Trailing-Twist Axles. 1.13 Some Unusual Suspensions. References. 2 Road Geometry. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 The Road. 2.3 Road Curvatures. 2.4 Pitch Gradient and Curvature. 2.5 Road Bank Angle. 2.6 Combined Gradient and Banking. 2.7 Path Analysis. 2.8 Particle-Vehicle Analysis. 2.9 Two-Axle-Vehicle Analysis. 2.10 Road Cross-Sectional Shape. 2.11 Road Torsion. 2.12 Logger Data Analysis. References. 3 Road Profiles. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Isolated Ramps. 3.3 Isolated Bumps. 3.4 Sinusoidal Single Paths. 3.5 Sinusoidal Roads. 3.6 Fixed Waveform. 3.7 Fourier Analysis. 3.8 Road Wavelengths. 3.9 Stochastic Roads. References. 4 Ride Geometry. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Wheel and Tyre Geometry. 4.3 Suspension Bump. 4.4 Ride Positions. 4.5 Pitch. 4.5 Roll. 4.7 Ride Height. 4.8 Time-Domain Ride Analysis. 4.9 Frequency-Domain Ride Analysis. 4.10 Workspace. 5 Vehicle Steering. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Turning Geometry – Single Track. 5.3 Ackermann Factor. 5.4 Turning Geometry – Large Vehicles. 5.5 Steering Ratio. 5.6 Steering Systems. 5.7 Wheel Spin Axis. 5.8 Wheel Bottom Point. 5.9 Wheel Steering Axis. 5.10 Caster Angle. 5.11 Camber Angle. 5.12 Kingpin Angle Analysis. 5.13 Kingpin Axis Steered. 5.14 Steer Jacking. References. 6 Bump and Roll Steer. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Wheel Bump Steer. 6.3 Axle Steer Angles. 6.4 Roll Steer and Understeer. 6.5 Axle Linear Bump and Roll Steer. 6.6 Axle Non-Linear Bump and Roll Steer. 6.7 Axle Double-Bump Steer. 6.8 Vehicle Roll Steer. 6.9 Vehicle Heave Steer. 6.10 Vehicle Pitch Steer. 6.11 Static Toe-In and Toe-Out. 6.12 Rigid Axles with Link Location. 6.13 Rigid Axles with Leaf Springs. 6.14 Rigid Axles with Steering. References. 7 Camber and Scrub. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Wheel Inclination and Camber. 7.3 Axle Inclination and Camber. 7.4 Linear Bump and Roll. 7.5 Non-Linear Bump and Roll. 7.6 The Swing Arm. 7.7 Bump Camber Coefficients. 7.8 Roll Camber Coefficients. 7.9 Bump Scrub. 7.10 Double-Bump Scrub. 7.11 Roll Scrub. 7.12 Rigid Axles. References. 8 Roll Centres. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 The Swing Arm. 8.3 The Kinematic Roll Centre. 8.4 The Force Roll Centre. 8.5 The Geometric Roll Centre. 8.6 Symmetrical Double Bump. 8.7 Linear Single Bump. 8.8 Asymmetrical Double Bump. 8.9 Roll of a Symmetrical Vehicle. 8.10 Linear Symmetrical Vehicle Summary. 8.11 Roll of an Asymmetrical Vehicle. 8.12 Road Coordinates. 8.13 GRC and Latac. 8.14 Experimental Roll Centres. References. 9 Compliance Steer. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Wheel Forces and Moments. 9.3 Compliance Angles. 9.4 Independent Suspension Compliance. 9.5 Discussion of Matrix. 9.6 Independent-Suspension Summary. 9.7 Hub Centre Forces. 9.8 Steering. 9.9 Rigid Axles. 9.10 Experimental Measurements. References. 10 Pitch Geometry. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Acceleration and Braking. 10.3 Anti-Dive. 10.4 Anti-Rise 10.5 Anti-Lift. 10.6 Anti-Squat. 10.7 Design Implications. 11 Single-Arm Suspensions. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Pivot Axis Geometry. 11.3 Wheel Axis Geometry. 11.4 The Trailing Arm. 11.5 The Sloped-Axis Trailing Arm. 11.6 The Semi-Trailing Arm. 11.7 The Low-Pivot Semi-Trailing Arm. 11.8 The Transverse Arm. 11.9 The Sloped-Axis Transverse Arm. 11.10 The Semi-Transverse Arm. 11.11 The Low-Pivot Semi-Transverse Arm. 11.12 General Case Numerical Solution. 11.13 Comparison of Solutions. 11.14 The Steered Single Arm. 11.15 Bump Scrub. References. 12 Double-Arm Suspensions. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Configurations. 12.3 Arm Lengths and Angles. 12.4 Equal Arm Length. 12.5 Equally-Angled Arms. 12.6 Converging Arms. 12.7 Arm Length Difference. 12.8 General Solution. 12.9 Design Process. 12.10 Numerical Solution in Two Dimensions. 12.11 Pitch. 12.12 Numerical Solution in Three Dimensions. 12.13 Steering. 12.14 Strut Analysis in Two Dimensions. 12.15 Strut Numerical Solution in Two Dimensions. 12.16 Strut Design Process. 12.17 Strut Numerical Solution in Three Dimensions. 12.18 Double Trailing Arms. 12.19 Five-Link Suspension. 13 Rigid Axles. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Example Configuration. 13.3 Axle Variables. 13.4 Pivot-Point Analysis. 13.5 Link Analysis. 13.6 Equivalent Links. 13.7 Numerical Solution. 13.8 The Sensitivity Matrix. 13.9 Results: Axle 1. 13.10 Results: Axle 2. 13.11 Coefficients. 14 Installation Ratios. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Motion Ratio. 14.3 Displacement Method. 14.4 Velocity Diagrams. 14.5 Computer Evaluation. 14.6 Mechanical Displacement. 14.7 The Rocker. 14.8 The Rigid Arm. 14.9 Double Wishbones. 14.10 Struts. 14.11 Pushrods and Pullrods. 14.12 Solid Axles. 14.13 The Effect of Motion Ratio on Inertia. 14.14 The Effect of Motion Ratio on Springs. 14.15 The Effect of Motion Ratio on Dampers. 14.16 Velocity Diagrams in Three Dimensions. 14.17 Acceleration Diagrams. References. 15 Computational Geometry in Three Dimensions. 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Coordinate Systems. 15.3 Transformation of Coordinates. 15.4 Direction Numbers and Cosines. 15.5 Vector Dot Product. 15.6 Vector Cross Product. 15.7 The Sine Rule. 15.8 The Cosine Rule. 15.9 Points. 15.10 Lines. 15.11 Planes. 15.12 Spheres. 15.13 Circles. 15.14 Routine PointFPL2P. 15.15 Routine PointFPLPDC. 15.16 Routine PointITinit. 15.17 Routine PointIT. 15.18 Routine PointFPT. 15.19 Routine Plane3P. 15.20 Routine PointFP. 15.21 Routine PointFPPl3P. 15.22 Routine PointATinit. 15.23 Routine PointAT. 15.24 Routine Points3S. 15.25 Routine Points2SHP. 15.26 Routine Point3Pl. 15.27 Routine 'PointLP'. 15.28 Routine Point3SV. 15.29 Routine PointITV. 15.30 Routine PointATV. 15.31 Rotations. 16 Programming Considerations. 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 The RASER Value. 16.3 Failure Modes Analysis. 16.4 Reliability. 16.5 Bad Conditioning. 16.6 Data Sensitivity. 16.7 Accuracy. 16.8 Speed. 16.9 Ease of Use. 16.10 The Assembly Problem. 16.11 Checksums. 17 Iteration. 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Three Phases of Iteration. 17.3 Convergence. 17.4 Binary Search. 17.5 Linear Iterations. 17.6 Iterative Exits. 17.7 Fixed-Point Iteration. 17.8 Accelerated Convergence. 17.9 Higher Orders without Derivatives. 17.10 Newton’s Iterations. 17.11 Other Derivative Methods. 17.12 Polynomial Roots. 17.13 Testing. References. Appendix A: Nomenclature. Appendix B: Units. Appendix C: Greek Alphabet. Appendix D: Quaternions for Engineers. Appendix E: Frenet, Serret and Darboux. Appendix F: The Fourier Transform. References and Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisA fully updated new edition of the bible of model rocketry and the official handbook of the National Association of Rocketry G. Harry Stine was one of the founders of model rocketry and one of its most accomplished and respected figures. His Handbook of Model Rocketry has long been recognized as the most authoritative and reliable resource in the field. Now fully updated and expanded by Harry''s son Bill Stine, who inherited his father''s passion for model rockets, the new Seventh Edition includes the many changes in the hobby that have occurred since the last edition was published, such as new types of rockets, motors, and electronic payloads, plus computer software and Internet resources. This new edition also includes new photos and a new chapter on high-power rocketry. G. Harry Stine, founder and one-time president of the National Association of Rocketry, started the world''s first model rocket company, whose kits are now in the Smithsonian. Bill Stine, also a model rocket exTable of ContentsPreface to the Seventh Edition. Preface to the First Edition. 1. This Is Model Rocketry. 2. Getting Started. 3. Tools and Techniques in the Workshop. 4. Model Rocket Construction. 5. Model Rocket Motors. 6. Ignition and Ignition Systems. 7. Launchers and Launching Techniques. 8. How High Will It Go? 9. Stability. 10. Model Rocket Aerodynamics. 11. Multistage Model Rockets. 12. Recovery Devices. 13. Glide Recovery. 14. Building and Flying Large Models. 15. Payloads. 16. Scale Models. 17. Altitude Determination. 18. Model Rocket Ranges. 19. Clubs and Contests. 20. Where Do I Go from Here? Epilogue. Bibliography. Appendix I: Important Addresses. Appendix II: Model Rocket CP Calculation. Appendix III: Rocket Altitude Simulation: Computer Program RASP-93. Appendix IV: Static Stability Calculation: Computer Program STABCAL-2. Appendix V: The Triple-T rack Tracker. Appendix VI: Two-Station Alt-Azimuth Tracking Data Reduction Program MRDR-2. Appendix VII: Three-Station Elevation-Angle-Only Tracking Data Reduction Tables. Appendix VIII: Sample NAR Section Bylaws. Index.

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Book SynopsisImparts the theory and analysis regarding the dynamics of rotating machinery in order to design such rotating devices as turbines, jet engines, pumps and power-transmission shafts. Takes into account the forces acting upon machine structures, bearings and related components. Provides numerical techniques for analyzing and understanding rotor systems with examples of actual designs. Features an excellent treatment of numerical methods available to obtain computer solutions for authentic design problems.Table of ContentsStructural-Dynamic Models and Eigenanalysis for Undamped FlexibleRotors. Rotordynamic Introduction to Hydrodynamic Bearings and Squeeze-FilmDampers. Rotordynamic Models for Liquid Annular Seals. Rotordynamic Models for Annular Gas Seals. Rotordynamic Models for Turbines and Pump Impellers. Developing and Analyzing a System Rotordynamics Model. Example Rotor Analysis. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe first comprehensive reference on the design, analysis, and application of space vehicle mechanisms Space Vehicle Mechanisms: Elements of Successful Design brings together accumulated industry experience in the design, analysis, and application of the mechanical systems used during space flight.Table of ContentsStainless Steels (P. Gross). Beryllium and Its Alloys (J. Marder). Structural Composites (F. Penado). Fasterner Materials (W. Ferguson). Ball Bearing Materials (J. Grout). Spring Materials (D. Kasul). Solid Lubricants (D. Stone & P. Bessette). Other Broadly Used Materials (G. Dallimore). Pyrotechnic Release Devices (N. Butterfield). Nonexplosive Release Devices (W. Purdy). Ball Bearings (H. Singer). Permanent Magnet Motors (R. Fink, et al.). Feedback Devices (T. Malcolm, et al.). Rotating Signal and Power Transfer (S. Cole, et al.). Deployment Devices (M. Bowden). Structural Dynamics (J. Leete). Contamination (R. Rantanen). Thermal Design (H. Wong). Radiation and Survivability (M. Rose). Design Validation (N. Butterfield & P. Conley). Electrical Interfaces (L. Ekman). The Pointing Subsystem (B. Eyerly & W. Burkett). Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book deals with the Finite Element Method for the analysis of elastic structures such as beams, plates, shells and solids. The modern approach of Unified Formulation (UF), as proposed by the lead author, deals with the consideration of one-dimensional (beams), two-dimensional (plates and shells) and three-dimensional (solids) elements.Table of ContentsPreface xiii List of symbols and acronyms xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 What is in this book 1 1.2 The finite element method 2 1.2.1 Approximation of the domain 2 1.2.2 The numerical approximation 4 1.3 Calculation of the area of a surface with a complex geometry via FEM 5 1.4 Elasticity of a bar 6 1.5 Stiffness matrix of a single bar 8 1.6 Stiffness matrix of a bar via the Principle of Virtual Displacements 11 1.7 Truss structures and their automatic calculation by means of FEM 14 1.8 Example of a truss structure 17 1.8.1 Element matrices in the local reference system 18 1.8.2 Element matrices in the global reference system 18 1.8.3 Global structure stiffness matrix assembly 19 1.8.4 Application of boundary conditions and the numerical solution 20 1.9 Outline of the book contents 22 2 Fundamental equations of three-dimensional elasticity 25 2.1 Equilibrium conditions 25 2.2 Geometrical relations 27 2.3 Hooke's law 27 2.4 Displacement formulations 28 3 From 3D problems to 2D and 1D problems: theories for beams, plates and shells 31 3.1 Typical structures 31 3.1.1 Three-dimensional structures, 3D (solids) 32 3.1.2 Two-dimensional structures, 2D (plates, shells and membranes) 32 3.1.3 One-dimensional structures, 1D (beams and bars) 33 3.2 Axiomatic method 33 3.2.1 2D case 34 3.2.2 1D Case 37 3.3 Asymptotic method 39 4 Typical FE governing equations and procedures 41 4.1 Static response analysis 41 4.2 Free vibration analysis 42 4.3 Dynamic response analysis 43 5 Introduction to the unified formulation 47 5.1 Stiffness matrix of a bar and the related fundamental nucleus 47 5.2 Fundamental nucleus for the case of a bar element with internal nodes 49 5.2.1 The case of an arbitrary defined number of nodes 53 5.3 Combination of FEM and the theory of structure approximations: a four indices fundamental nucleus and the Carrera unified formulation 54 5.3.1 Fundamental nucleus for a 1D element with a variable axial displacement over the cross-section 55 5.3.2 Fundamental nucleus for a 1D structure with a complete displacement field: the case of a refined beam model 56 5.4 CUF assembly technique 58 5.5 CUF as a unique approach for one-, two- and three-dimensional structures 59 5.6 Literature review of the CUF 60 6 The displacement approach via the Principle of Virtual Displacements and FN for 1D, 2D and 3D elements 65 6.1 Strong form of the equilibrium equations via PVD 65 6.1.1 The two fundamental terms of the fundamental nucleus 69 6.2 Weak form of the solid model using the PVD 69 6.3 Weak form of a solid element using indicial notation 72 6.4 Fundamental nucleus for 1D, 2D and 3D problems in unique form 73 6.4.1 Three-dimensional models 74 6.4.2 Two-dimensional models 74 6.4.3 One-dimensional models 75 6.5 CUF at a glance 76 6.5.1 Choice of Ni, Nj, F and Fs 78 7 3D FEM formulation (solid elements) 81 7.1 An 8-node element using the classical matrix notation 81 7.1.1 Stiffness Matrix 83 7.1.2 Load Vector 84 7.2 Derivation of the stiffness matrix using the indicial notation 85 7.2.1 Governing equations 86 7.2.2 Finite element approximation in the CUF framework 86 7.2.3 Stiffness matrix 87 7.2.4 Mass matrix 89 7.2.5 Loading vector 90 7.3 3D numerical integration 91 7.3.1 3D Gauss-Legendre quadrature 91 7.3.2 Isoparametric formulation 92 7.3.3 Reduced integration: shear locking correction 93 7.4 Shape functions 95 8 1D models with N-order displacement field, the Taylor Expansion class (TE) 99 8.1 Classical models and the complete linear expansion case 99 8.1.1 The Euler-Bernoulli beam model (EBBT) 101 8.1.2 The Timoshenko beam theory (TBT) 102 8.1.3 The complete linear expansion case 105 8.1.4 A finite element based on N = 1 106 8.2 EBBT, TBT and N = 1 in unified form 107 8.2.1 Unified formulation of N = 1 108 8.2.2 EBBT and TBT as particular cases of N = 1 109 8.3 Carrera unified formulation for higher-order models 110 8.3.1 N = 3 and N = 4 112 8.3.2 N-order 113 8.4 Governing equations, finite element formulation and the fundamental nucleus 114 8.4.1 Governing equations 115 8.4.2 Finite element formulation 116 8.4.3 Stiffness matrix 117 8.4.4 Mass matrix 120 8.4.5 Loading vector 121 8.5 Locking phenomena 122 8.5.1 Poisson locking and its correction 123 8.5.2 Shear Locking 125 8.6 Numerical applications 126 8.6.1 Structural analysis of a thin-walled cylinder 128 8.6.2 Dynamic response of compact and thin-walled structures 132 9 1D models with a physical volume/surface-based geometry and pure displacement variables, the Lagrange Expansion class (LE) 143 9.1 Physical volume/surface approach 143 9.2 Lagrange polynomials and isoparametric formulation 145 9.2.1 Lagrange polynomials 147 9.2.2 Isoparametric formulation 150 9.3 LE displacement fields and cross-section elements 153 9.3.1 Finite element formulation and fundamental nucleus 156 9.4 Cross-section multi-elements and locally refined models 159 9.5 Numerical examples 160 9.5.1 Mesh refinement and convergence analysis 160 9.5.2 Considerations on Poisson’s locking 165 9.5.3 Thin-walled structures and open cross-sections 167 9.5.4 Solid-like geometrical boundary conditions 174 9.6 The Component-Wise approach for aerospace and civil engineering applications 184 9.6.1 CW for aeronautical structures 184 9.6.2 CW for civil engineering 197 10 2D plate models with N-order displacement field, the Taylor expansion class 201 10.1 Classical models and the complete linear expansion 201 10.1.1 Classical plate theory 203 10.1.2 First-order shear deformation theory 205 10.1.3 The complete linear expansion case 207 10.1.4 A finite element based on N = 1 207 10.2 CPT, FSDT and N = 1 model in unified form 209 10.2.1 Unified formulation of N = 1 model 209 10.2.2 CPT and FSDT as particular cases of N = 1 211 10.3 Carrera unified formulation of N-order 211 10.3.1 N = 3 and N = 4 213 10.4 Governing equations, finite element formulation and the fundamental nucleus 213 10.4.1 Governing equations 214 10.4.2 Finite element formulation 215 10.4.3 Stiffness matrix 216 10.4.4 Mass matrix 217 10.4.5 Loading vector 218 10.4.6 Numerical integration 218 10.5 Locking phenomena 220 10.5.1 Poisson locking and its correction 220 10.5.2 Shear locking and its correction 221 10.6 Numerical Applications 226 11 2D shell models with N-order displacement field, the Taylor expansion class 231 11.1 Geometry description 231 11.2 Classical models and unified formulation 234 11.3 Geometrical relations for cylindrical shells 235 11.4 Governing equations, finite element formulation and the fundamental nucleus 238 11.4.1 Governing equations 238 11.4.2 Finite element formulation 238 11.5 Membrane and shear locking phenomenon 239 11.5.1 MITC9 shell element 240 11.5.2 Stiffness matrix 244 11.6 Numerical applications 247 12 2D models with physical volume/surface-based geometry and pure displacement variables, the Lagrange Expansion class (LE) 255 12.1 Physical volume/surface approach 255 12.2 Lagrange expansion model 258 12.3 Numerical examples 259 13 Discussion on possible best beam, plate and shell diagrams 263 13.1 The Mixed Axiomatic/Asymptotic Method 263 13.2 Static analysis of beams 267 13.2.1 Influence of the loading conditions 267 13.2.2 Influence of the cross-section geometry 268 13.2.3 Reduced models vs accuracy 269 13.3 Modal analysis of beams 271 13.3.1 Influence of the cross-section geometry 271 13.3.2 Influence of the boundary conditions 276 13.4 Static analysis of plates and shells 276 13.4.1 Influence of the boundary conditions 279 13.4.2 Influence of the loading conditions 280 13.4.3 Influence of the loading and thickness 283 13.4.4 Influence of the thickness ratio on shells 287 13.5 The best theory diagram 290 14 Mixing variable kinematic models 295 14.1 Coupling variable kinematic models via shared stiffness 296 14.1.1 Application of the shared stiffness method 298 14.2 Coupling variable kinematic models via the Lagrange multiplier method 299 14.2.1 Application of the Lagrange multiplier method to variable kinematics models 302 14.3 Coupling variable kinematic models via the Arlequin method 303 14.3.1 Application of the Arlequin method 305 15 Extension to multilayered structures 307 15.1 Multilayered structures 307 15.2 Theories on multilayered structures 311 15.2.1 C0z–requirements 312 15.2.2 Refined theories 312 15.2.3 Zig-Zag theories 313 15.2.4 Layer-Wise theories 314 15.2.5 Mixed theories 315 15.3 Unified formulation for multilayered structures 315 15.3.1 ESL models 316 15.3.2 Inclusion of Murakami’s Zig-Zag function 316 15.3.3 Layer-Wise theory and Legendre expansion 317 15.3.4 Mixed models with displacement an transverse stress variables 318 15.4 Finite element formulation 319 15.4.1 Assemblage at multi-layer level 320 15.4.2 Selected results 320 15.5 Literature on CUF extended to multilayered structures 323 16 Extension to multifield problems 329 16.1 Mechanical vs field loadings 329 16.2 The need for second generation FEs for multifaced cases 330 16.3 Constitutive equations for multifield problems 331 16.4 Variational statements for multifield problems 334 16.4.1 PVD - Principle of Virtual Displacements 335 16.4.2 RMVT - Reissner Mixed Variational Theorem 338 16.5 Use of variational statements to obtained FE equations in terms of ”Fundamental Nuclei” 340 16.5.1 PVD - applications 341 16.5.2 RMVT - applications 343 16.6 Selected results 346 16.6.1 Mechanical-Electrical coupling: static analysis of an actuator plate 347 16.6.2 Mechanical-Electrical coupling: comparison between RMVT analyses 349 16.7 Literature on CUF extended to multifield problems 349 A Numerical integration 357 A.1 Gauss-Legendre quadrature 357 B CUF finite element models: programming and implementation guidelines 361 B.1 Preprocessing and input descriptions 361 B.1.1 General FE inputs 362 B.1.2 Specific CUF inputs 367 B.2 FEM code 371 B.2.1 Stiffness and mass matrix 372 B.2.2 Stiffness and mass matrix numerical examples 377 B.2.3 Constraints and reduced models 379 B.2.4 Load vector 382 B.3 Postprocessing 384 B.3.1 Stresses and strains 385 References 386

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Book SynopsisR.C. Hibbeler graduated from the University of Illinois-Urbana with a B.S. in Civil Engineering (major in Structures) and an M.S. in Nuclear Engineering. He obtained his PhD in Theoretical and Applied Mechanics from Northwestern University. Professor Hibbeler's professional experience includes postdoctoral work in reactor safety and analysis at Argonne National Laboratory, and structural and stress analysis work at Chicago Bridge and Iron, as well as at Sargent and Lundy in Chicago. He has practiced engineering in Ohio, New York, and Louisiana.Table of Contents General Principles Force Vectors Equilibrium of a Particle Force System Resultants Equilibrium of a Rigid Body Structural Analysis Internal Forces Friction Center of Gravity and Centroid Moments of Inertia Virtual Work Appendix Mathematical Review and Expressions Fundamental Problems Solutions and Answers Review Problem Solutions

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Book SynopsisWritten by a leading author on the subject, PID and Predictive Control of Electric Drives and Power Supplies using MATLAB / Simulink provides a timely introduction to current research on PID and predictive control.Table of ContentsAbout the Authors xiii Preface xv Acknowledgment xix List of Symbols and Acronyms xxi 1 Modeling of AC Drives and Power Converter 1 1.1 Space Phasor Representation 1 1.1.1 Space Vector for Magnetic Motive Force 1 1.1.2 Space Vector Representation of Voltage Equation 4 1.2 Model of Surface Mounted PMSM 5 1.2.1 Representation in Stationary Reference Frame 5 1.2.2 Representation in Synchronous Reference Frame 7 1.2.3 Electromagnetic Torque 8 1.3 Model of Interior Magnets PMSM 10 1.3.1 Complete Model of PMSM 11 1.4 Per Unit Model and PMSM Parameters 11 1.4.1 Per Unit Model and Physical Parameters 11 1.4.2 Experimental Validation of PMSM Model 12 1.5 Modeling of Induction Motor 13 1.5.1 Space Vector Representation of Voltage Equation of Induction Motor 13 1.5.2 Representation in Stationary Reference Frame 17 1.5.3 Representation in Reference Frame 17 1.5.4 Electromagnetic Torque of Induction Motor 19 1.5.5 Model Parameters of Induction Motor and Model Validation 19 1.6 Modeling of Power Converter 21 1.6.1 Space Vector Representation of Voltage Equation for Power Converter 22 1.6.2 Representation in Reference Frame 22 1.6.3 Representation in Reference Frame 23 1.6.4 Energy Balance Equation 24 1.7 Summary 25 1.8 Further Reading 25 References 25 2 Control of Semiconductor Switches via PWM Technologies 27 2.1 Topology of IGBT Inverter 28 2.2 Six-step Operating Mode 30 2.3 Carrier Based PWM 31 2.3.1 Sinusoidal PWM 31 2.3.2 Carrier Based PWM with Zero-sequence Injection 32 2.4 Space Vector PWM 35 2.5 Simulation Study of the Effect of PWM 37 2.6 Summary 40 2.7 Further Reading 40 References 40 3 PID Control System Design for Electrical Drives and Power Converters 41 3.1 Overview of PID Control Systems Using Pole-assignment Design Techniques 42 3.1.1 PI Controller Design 42 3.1.2 Selecting the Desired Closed-loop Performance 43 3.1.3 Overshoot in Reference Response 45 3.1.4 PID Controller Design 46 3.1.5 Cascade PID Control Systems 48 3.2 Overview of PID Control of PMSM 49 3.2.1 Bridging the Sensor Measurements to Feedback Signals (See the lower part of Figure 3.6) 50 3.2.2 Bridging the Control Signals to the Inputs to the PMSM (See the top part of Figure 3.6) 51 3.3 PI Controller Design for Torque Control of PMSM 52 3.3.1 Set-point Signals to the Current Control Loops 52 3.3.2 Decoupling of the Current Control Systems 53 3.3.3 PI Current Controller Design 54 3.4 Velocity Control of PMSM 55 3.4.1 Inner-loop Proportional Control of q-axis Current 55 3.4.2 Cascade Feedback Control of Velocity:P Plus PI 57 3.4.3 Simulation Example for P Plus PI Control System 59 3.4.4 Cascade Feedback Control of Velocity:PI Plus PI 61 3.4.5 Simulation Example for PI Plus PI Control System 63 3.5 PID Controller Design for Position Control of PMSM 64 3.6 Overview of PID Control of Induction Motor 65 3.6.1 Bridging the Sensor Measurements to Feedback Signals 67 3.6.2 Bridging the Control Signals to the Inputs to the Induction Motor 67 3.7 PID Controller Design for Induction Motor 68 3.7.1 PI Control of Electromagnetic Torque of Induction Motor 68 3.7.2 Cascade Control of Velocity and Position 70 3.7.3 Slip Estimation 73 3.8 Overview of PID Control of Power Converter 74 3.8.1 Bridging Sensor Measurements to Feedback Signals 75 3.8.2 Bridging the Control Signals to the Inputs of the Power Converter 76 3.9 PI Current and Voltage Controller Design for Power Converter 76 3.9.1 P Control of d-axis Current 76 3.9.2 PI Control of q-axis Current 77 3.9.3 PI Cascade Control of Output Voltage 79 3.9.4 Simulation Example 80 3.9.5 Phase Locked Loop 80 3.10 Summary 82 3.11 Further Reading 83 References 83 4 PID Control System Implementation 87 4.1 P and PI Controller Implementation in Current Control Systems 87 4.1.1 Voltage Operational Limits in Current Control Systems 87 4.1.2 Discretization of Current Controllers 90 4.1.3 Anti-windup Mechanisms 92 4.2 Implementation of Current Controllers for PMSM 93 4.3 Implementation of Current Controllers for Induction Motors 95 4.4 Current Controller Implementation for Power Converter 97 4.4.1 Constraints on the Control Variables 97 4.5 Implementation of Outer-loop PI Control System 98 4.5.1 Constraints in the Outer-loop 98 4.5.2 Over Current Protection for AC Machines 99 4.5.3 Implementation of Outer-loop PI Control of Velocity 100 4.5.4 Over Current Protection for Power Converters 100 4.6 MATLAB Tutorial on Implementation of PI Controller 100 4.7 Summary 102 4.8 Further Reading 103 References 103 5 Tuning PID Control Systems with Experimental Validations 105 5.1 Sensitivity Functions in Feedback Control Systems 105 5.1.1 Two-degrees of Freedom Control System Structure 105 5.1.2 Sensitivity Functions 109 5.1.3 Disturbance Rejection and Noise Attenuation 110 5.2 Tuning Current-loop q-axis Proportional Controller (PMSM) 111 5.2.1 Performance Factor and Proportional Gain 112 5.2.2 Complementary Sensitivity Function 112 5.2.3 Sensitivity and Input Sensitivity Functions 114 5.2.4 Effect of PWM Noise on Current Proportional Control System 114 5.2.5 Effect of Current Sensor Noise and Bias 116 5.2.6 Experimental Case Study of Current Sensor Bias Using P Control 118 5.2.7 Experimental Case Study of Current Loop Noise 119 5.3 Tuning Current-loop PI Controller (PMSM) 123 5.4 Performance Robustness in Outer-loop Controllers 128 5.4.1 Sensitivity Functions for Outer-loop Control System 131 5.4.2 Input Sensitivity Functions for the Outer-loop System 135 5.5 Analysis of Time-delay Effects 136 5.5.1 PI Control of q-axis Current 137 5.5.2 P Control of q-axis Current 137 5.6 Tuning Cascade PI Control Systems for Induction Motor 138 5.6.1 Robustness of Cascade PI Control System 140 5.6.2 Robustness Study Using Nyquist Plot 143 5.7 Tuning PI Control Systems for Power Converter 147 5.7.1 Overview of the Designs 147 5.7.2 Tuning the Current Controllers 149 5.7.3 Tuning Voltage Controller 150 5.7.4 Experimental Evaluations 154 5.8 Tuning P Plus PI Controllers for Power Converter 157 5.8.1 Design and Sensitivity Functions 157 5.8.2 Experimental Results 158 5.9 Robustness of Power Converter Control System Using PI Current Controllers 159 5.9.1 Variation of Inductance Using PI Current Controllers 160 5.9.2 Variation of Capacitance on Closed-loop Performance 163 5.10 Summary 167 5.10.1 Current Controllers 167 5.10.2 Velocity, Position and Voltage Controllers 168 5.10.3 Choice between P Current Control and PI Current Control 169 5.11 Further Reading 169 References 169 6 FCS Predictive Control in d − q Reference Frame 171 6.1 States of IGBT Inverter and the Operational Constraints 172 6.2 FCS Predictive Control of PMSM 175 6.3 MATLAB Tutorial on Real-time Implementation of FCS-MPC 177 6.3.1 Simulation Results 179 6.3.2 Experimental Results of FCS Control 181 6.4 Analysis of FCS-MPC System 182 6.4.1 Optimal Control System 182 6.4.2 Feedback Controller Gain 184 6.4.3 Constrained Optimal Control 185 6.5 Overview of FCS-MPC with Integral Action 187 6.6 Derivation of I-FCS Predictive Control Algorithm 191 6.6.1 Optimal Control without Constraints 191 6.6.2 I-FCS Predictive Controller with Constraints 194 6.6.3 Implementation of I-FCS-MPC Algorithm 196 6.7 MATLAB Tutorial on Implementation of I-FCS Predictive Controller 197 6.7.1 Simulation Results 198 6.8 I-FCS Predictive Control of Induction Motor 201 6.8.1 The Control Algorithm for an Induction Motor 202 6.8.2 Simulation Results 204 6.8.3 Experimental Results 205 6.9 I-FCS Predictive Control of Power Converter 209 6.9.1 I-FCS Predictive Control of a Power Converter 209 6.9.2 Simulation Results 211 6.9.3 Experimental Results 214 6.10 Evaluation of Robustness of I-FCS-MPC via Monte-Carlo Simulations 215 6.10.1 Discussion on Mean Square Errors 216 6.11 Velocity and Position Control of PMSM Using I-FCS-MPC 218 6.11.1 Choice of Sampling Rate for the Outer-loop Control System 219 6.11.2 Velocity and Position Controller Design 223 6.12 Velocity and Position Control of Induction Motor Using I-FCS-MPC 224 6.12.1 I-FCS Cascade Velocity Control of Induction Motor 225 6.12.2 I-FCS-MPC Cascade Position Control of Induction Motor 226 6.12.3 Experimental Evaluation of Velocity Control 228 6.13 Summary 232 6.13.1 Selection of sampling interval 233 6.13.2 Selection of the Integral Gain 233 6.14 Further Reading 234 References 234 7 FCS Predictive Control in Reference Frame 237 7.1 FCS Predictive Current Control of PMSM 237 7.1.1 Predictive Control Using One-step-ahead Prediction 238 7.1.2 FCS Current Control in Reference Frame 239 7.1.3 Generating Current Reference Signals in Frame 240 7.2 Resonant FCS Predictive Current Control 241 7.2.1 Control System Configuration 241 7.2.2 Outer-loop Controller Design 242 7.2.3 Resonant FCS Predictive Control System 243 7.3 Resonant FCS Current Control of Induction Motor 247 7.3.1 The Original FCS Current Control of Induction Motor 247 7.3.2 Resonant FCS Predictive Current Control of Induction Motor 250 7.3.3 Experimental Evaluations of Resonant FCS Predictive Control 252 7.4 Resonant FCS Predictive Power Converter Control 255 7.4.1 FCS Predictive Current Control of Power Converter 255 7.4.2 Experimental Results of Resonant FCS Predictive Control 260 7.5 Summary 261 7.6 Further Reading 262 References 262 8 Discrete-time Model Predictive Control (DMPC) of Electrical Drives and Power Converter 265 8.1 Linear Discrete-time Model for PMSM 266 8.1.1 Linear Model for PMSM 266 8.1.2 Discretization of the Continuous-time Model 267 8.2 Discrete-time MPC Design with Constraints 268 8.2.1 Augmented Model 269 8.2.2 Design without Constraints 270 8.2.3 Formulation of the Constraints 272 8.2.4 On-line Solution for Constrained MPC 272 8.3 Experimental Evaluation of DMPC of PMSM 274 8.3.1 The MPC Parameters 274 8.3.2 Constraints 275 8.3.3 Response to Load Disturbances 275 8.3.4 Response to a Staircase Reference 277 8.3.5 Tuning of the MPC controller 278 8.4 Power Converter Control Using DMPC with Experimental Validation 280 8.5 Summary 281 8.6 Further Reading 282 References 283 9 Continuous-time Model Predictive Control (CMPC) of Electrical Drives and PowerConverter 285 9.1 Continuous-time MPC Design 286 9.1.1 Augmented Model 286 9.1.2 Description of the Control Trajectories Using Laguerre Functions 287 9.1.3 Continuous-time Predictive Control without Constraints 289 9.1.4 Tuning of CMPC Control System Using Exponential Data Weighting and Prescribed Degree of Stability 292 9.2 CMPC with Nonlinear Constraints 294 9.2.1 Approximation of Nonlinear Constraint Using Four Linear Constraints 294 9.2.2 Approximation of Nonlinear Constraint Using Sixteen Linear Constraints 294 9.2.3 State Feedback Observer 297 9.3 Simulation and Experimental Evaluation of CMPC of Induction Motor 298 9.3.1 Simulation Results 298 9.3.2 Experimental Results 300 9.4 Continuous-time Model Predictive Control of Power Converter 301 9.4.1 Use of Prescribed Degree of Stability in the Design 302 9.4.2 Experimental Results for Rectification Mode 303 9.4.3 Experimental Results for Regeneration Mode 303 9.4.4 Experimental Results for Disturbance Rejection 304 9.5 Gain Scheduled Predictive Controller 305 9.5.1 The Weighting Parameters 305 9.5.2 Gain Scheduled Predictive Control Law 307 9.6 Experimental Results of Gain Scheduled Predictive Control of Induction Motor 309 9.6.1 The First Set of Experimental Results 309 9.6.2 The Second Set of Experimental Results 311 9.6.3 The Third Set of Experimental Results 312 9.7 Summary 312 9.8 Further Reading 313 References 313 10 MATLAB®/Simulink® Tutorials on Physical Modeling and Test-bed Setup 315 10.1 Building Embedded Functions for Park-Clarke Transformation 315 10.1.1 Park-Clarke Transformation for Current Measurements 316 10.1.2 Inverse Park-Clarke Transformation for Voltage Actuation 317 10.2 Building Simulation Model for PMSM 318 10.3 Building Simulation Model for Induction Motor 320 10.4 Building Simulation Model for Power Converter 325 10.4.1 Embedded MATLAB Function for Phase Locked Loop (PLL) 325 10.4.2 Physical Simulation Model for Grid Connected Voltage Source Converter 328 10.5 PMSM Experimental Setup 332 10.6 Induction Motor Experimental Setup 334 10.6.1 Controller 334 10.6.2 Power Supply 334 10.6.3 Inverter 335 10.6.4 Mechanical Load 335 10.6.5 Induction Motor and Sensors 335 10.7 Grid Connected Power Converter Experimental Setup 335 10.7.1 Controller 335 10.7.2 Inverter 336 10.7.3 Sensors 336 10.8 Summary 337 10.9 Further Reading 337 References 337 Index 339

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Book SynopsisThe know-how you need to become a pro drone pilot and market your skill Licensed and skilled drone pilots are in huge demand. Drone Piloting For Dummies teaches you how to make a career out of it. From real estate to construction to inspection to mapping to delivery, the need for drone photography and videography is everywhere. This book outlines the basics of selecting and operating a drone, shows you how to get licensed, and explains all the regulations you need to know. You'll also learn to read charts and capture high-quality photos and videos. Plus, this guide walks you through the process of turning this skill into a full-time career or profitable side hustle. Written by a licensed drone pilot and entrepreneur, Drone Piloting For Dummies helps you take off on your new adventure! Grasp flying basics and care for your dronePrep for certification and learn the regulationsRefine your photography and videography skillsMarket your skills and discover cool career opportunities This book is for anyone who wants to become a drone pilot or increase their piloting skills for job readiness and performance.

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Book SynopsisModeling, analysis, and simulationâeverything vibration engineering students need to succeed, including late-breaking advances in this ever-changing fieldAdvanced Mechanical Vibration covers modeling and analysis of vibrating systems with damping and gyroscopic effects, dynamics of combined distributed-lumped systems, and approximate methods for solutions of complex vibration problems, which are often overlooked in other such textbooks. Case studies and pre-coded MATLAB toolboxes for vibration analysis and simulation help readers understand and retain the most important concepts.This is an ideal text for an upper undergraduate or graduate course in vibration engineering. Includes both analytical and numerical methods for vibration analysis Addresses the latest developments in this fast-changing field Prepares the student and professional for advanced R&D Includes chapter-ending questions with faculty-only answe

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Book SynopsisOffers information on debugging and troubleshooting analog circuits. This book gives advice on using simple equipment to troubleshoot; and step-by-step procedures for analog troubleshooting methods. It provides proven methods for troubleshooting analog circuits.Trade Review"Combining his expertise as a senior scientist at National Semiconductor with a sense of humor and easy writing style, Pease has produced an excellent guide to analog circuit troubleshooting." --Library Journal 2004Table of ContentsTroubleshooting linear circuits - The beginninghoosing the right equipmentGetting down to the component levelSolving capacitor-based troublesPreventing material and assembly problemsSolving active-component problemsIdentifying transistor troublesOperational amplifiers - the supreme activatorsQuashing spurious oscillationsThe analog-digital boundaryTroubleshooting charts

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisThis accessible new text introduces the theoretical concepts and tools essential for graduate courses on the physics of materials. A range of traditional and modern topics are covered, with applications, exercises, color illustrations, online slides and solutions for instructors, and appendices reviewing fundamental physics and mathematical tools.Trade Review'This book elucidates the essentials of practical electronic structure theory utilized under the hood of commonly employed electronic structure codes, revealed with a clarity and succinctness that only these authors with many decades of experience at the research forefront can provide. This masterpiece is essential reading for researchers engaged in modern materials research, including recent topics in topological constraints and two-dimensional materials.' Evan Reed, Materials Computation and Theory Group, Stanford University'This is a wonderful book clearly explaining essential concepts of the quantum theory of materials. It should become a classic text in this field.' Marvin Cohen, University of California, Berkeley'A must-read for aspiring scientists and engineers in the age of interdisciplinary nanoscale science and technology. Two renowned masters in materials physics have opened the depth of condensed matter physics theories to the communities of condensed matter physics, materials science, physical chemistry, and chemical engineering!' Kyeongjae Cho, University of Texas, Dallas'Written by two leaders in the field … the book features a clear exposition of solid- state physics' fundamental theoretical principles, an excellent account of modern computational approaches and applications, and a first- rate introduction to modern topological concepts and their role in shaping the dynamics of Bloch electrons. Because of the authors' clarity, focus on basic principles, and thoughtful choice of examples, Quantum Theory of Materials serves as a top-notch introduction to solid-state physics not only for physicists but also for chemists, engineers, and materials scientists.' Roberto Car, Princeton UniversityTable of Contents1. From atoms to solids; 2. Electrons in crystals: translational periodicity; 3. Symmetries beyond translational periodicity; 4. From many-particles to the single-particle picture; 5. Electronic properties of crystals; 6. Electronic excitations; 7. Lattice vibrations and deformations; 8. Phonon interactions; 9. Dynamics and topological constraints; 10. Magnetic behavior of solids; Appendix A: mathematical tools; Appendix B: classical electrodynamics; Appendix C: quantum mechanics; Appendix D: thermodynamics and statistical mechanics.

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Book SynopsisThe text includes exercises and worked examples to facilitate understanding of the subject.Table of ContentsChapter 1: Overview. 1.1 Introduction to Modal Testing. 1.2 Applications of Modal Testing. 1.3 Philosophy of Modal Testing. 1.4 Summary of Theory. 1.5 Summary of Measurement Methods. 1.6 Summary of Modal Analysis Processes. 1.7 Review of Test Procedures, and Levels. 1.8 Terminology and Notation. Chapter 2: Theoretical Basis. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Single-Degree-of-Freedom (SDOF) System Theory. 2.3 Presentation and Properties of FRF Data for SDOF System. 2.4 Undamped Multi-Degree-of-Freedom (MDOF) Systems. 2.5 MDOF Systems with Proportional Damping. 2.6 MDOF Systems with Structural (Hysteretic) Damping – General Case. 2.7 MDOF Systems with Viscous Damping – General Case. 2.8 Modal Analysis of Rotating Structures. 2.9 Complex Modes. 2.10 Characteristics and Presentation of MDOF FRF Data. 2.11 Non-sinusoidal Vibration and FRF Properties. 2.12 Complete and Incomplete Models. 2.13 Sensitivity of Models. 2.14 Analysis of Weakly Non-linear Structures. Chapter 3: Response Function Measurement Techniques. 3.1 Introduction and Test Planning. 3.2 Basic Measurement System. 3.3 Structure Preparation. 3.4 Excitation of the Structure. 3.5 Transducers and Amplifiers. 3.6 Analysers. 3.7 Digital Signal Processing. 3.8 Use of Different Excitation Signals. 3.9 Calibration. 3.10 Mass Cancellation. 3.11 Rotational FRF Measurement. 3.12 Measurements on Non-Linear Structures. 3.13 Multi-point Excitation Methods. 3.14 Measuring FRFs and ODSs using the Scanning LDV. Chapter 4: Modal Parameter Extraction Methods. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Preliminary Checks of FRF Data. 4.3 SDOF Modal Analysis Methods. 4.4 SDOF Modal Analysis in the Frequency Domain (SISO). 4.5 Global Modal Analysis Methods in the Frequency Domain. 4.6 MDOF Modal Analysis in the Time Domain. 4.7 Modal Analysis of Non-Linear Structures. 4.8 Concluding Comments. Chapter 5: Derivation of Mathematical Models. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Modal Models. 5.3 Refinement of Modal Models. 5.4 Display of Modal Model. 5.5 Response Models. 5.6 Spatial Models. 5.7 Mobility Skeletons and System Models. Chapter 6: Applications. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Comparison of and Correlation of Experiment and Prediction. 6.3 Adjustment or Updating of Models. 6.4 Coupled and Modified Structure Analysis. 6.5 Response Prediction and Force Determination. 6.6 Test Planning. Notation. Appendices: A Maths Toolkit. 1. Use of Complex Algebra to Describe Harmonic Vibration. 2. Review of Matrix Notation and Properties. 3. Matrix Decomposition and the SVD. 4. Transformations of Equations of Motion between Stationary and Rotating Axes. 5. Fourier Analysis. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisPROJECT MANAGEMENT NEXT GENERATION Strategic guidance on enabling transformational change in the project management landscape In Project Management Next Generation: The Pillars for Organizational Excellence, a team of world-renowned project management leaders delivers an expert discussion on project management implementation in organizations of all kinds. The book explores 10 pillars of project management that will be critical for companies in the coming decade. It offers contributions from industry changemakers and thought leaders that provide the perfect balance between practical experience across a variety of programs, projects, and transformation initiatives. It's a must-have title for practicing project managers who seek hands-on guidance and insightful case studies complete with discussion questions and instruction materials, including PowerPoint lecture slides and a full Instructors Manual on the companion website. In addition to the perspectives of several global commercial oTable of ContentsPreface xi 1 Pillar #1: Strategic Delivery Capability 1 1.0 Setting the Stage 1 1.1 Background 6 1.2 Line-of-Sight 8 1.3 Sustainable Competitive Advantage 8 1.4 High-Performance Teams 9 1.5 High-Performance Organizations 9 1.6 Strategic Competency 11 1.7 Background to Barriers 12 1.8 Excellence in Action: Medtronic 24 1.9 Strategically Improving 26 1.10 Innovation in Action: Repsol 27 1.11 Strategic Agility 34 1.12 Excellence in Action: Merck Kgaa 35 1.13 Excellence in Action: Cisco 38 1.14 Excellence in Action: Servicenow 47 1.15 Excellence in Action: Farm Credit Mid-America 49 1.16 Excellence in Action: Project Management United 64 1.17 Letter to Future Project Manager 71 References 73 2 Pillar 2: Applying Project Management in Humanitarian and Social Initiatives 77 2.0 What Makes Humanitarian Projects Different? 77 2.1 The Impact of Project Management Practices in Humanitarian Projects 77 2.2 Excellence IN Action: Ambev: A Humanitarian Approach to Addressing Challenges During the Covid-19 Pandemia 78 2.3 Excellence in Action: Albert Einstein Hospital: Application of Project Management to Address the Covid-19 Health Crisis and Lessons Learned 89 2.4 Excellence in Action: United Nations: Program Management for Humanitarian and Development Projects 103 2.5 16/6 Project in Haiti 118 2.6 Conclusions 122 References 123 3 Pillar #3: Project Management Is Creating Innovative Cultures 125 3.0 Background 125 3.1 Introducing the Innovative Culture Model 125 3.2 Balanced Alignment and Autonomy 127 3.3 Excellence in Action: Sunrise UPC 127 3.4 Innovation Competencies 130 3.5 Excellence in Action: Bosch 130 3.6 Blocking Off Time to Think 147 3.7 Excellence in Action: 3M 148 3.8 Refreshed Executive Role 149 3.9 Excellence in Action: General Motors 150 3.10 The Innovation Culture 152 3.11 Excellence in Action: Apple 152 3.12 Projects as Innovation Labs 154 3.13 Excellence in Action: Samsung 154 3.14 New Ways of Working 155 3.15 Excellence in Action: Siemens 156 3.16 Readying and Sustaining Tomorrow’s Excellence Cultures 159 3.17 A Future (Working) Day in the Life of the Program Manager 160 3.18 Excellence in Action: Solvo360 163 3.19 Excellence in Action: Texas Instruments 169 4 Pillar #4: Digitalization Is Central to Delivering Projects’ Promises 173 4.0. Background 173 4.1 Excellence in Action: ASGC 174 4.2 Digitalization and Projects Framework 180 4.3 Experimenting Capacity 182 4.4 Excellence in Action: ServiceNow 182 4.5 Context-Driven Planning 185 4.6 Excellence in Action: Progressive Insurance 186 4.7 Co-Creation 190 4.8 Growth in Information Warehouses 190 4.9 Knowledge Repositories 191 4.10 The Need for Business Intelligence Systems 194 4.11 Big Data 194 4.12 Top Seven Things to Consider When Choosing a BI Tool 196 4.13 Stop Treating Business Intelligence Projects as IT Projects 198 4.14 Dashboards vs. Reports: Which One Should You Go With? 200 4.15 Mapping Dashboards to Objectives 202 4.16 Virtual Teams Engagement 203 4.17 Excellence in Action: IBM 204 4.18 Outcomes-Focused Work 218 4.19 Excellence in Action: Dubai Customs 219 4.20 Ever-Changing Ways of Working 221 4.21 Excellence in Action: Wuttke & Team 221 4.22 Digitalization and Projects Path Forward 226 5 Pillar 5: Evolving Project Delivery Skills 227 5.0 The Changing Landscape 227 5.1 Problem Solving and Decision-Making 228 5.2 Brainstorming 251 5.3 Design Thinking 257 5.4 Excellence in Action: Disney 260 References 268 6 Pillar 6: New Forms of Project Leadership 271 6.0 Introduction 271 6.1 Issues with Leadership Studies 271 6.2 Selecting the Leader 272 6.3 Introduction to Leadership Styles 272 6.4 Project Management Challenges 275 6.5 Leadership and Cultures 276 6.6 Excellence in Action: Project Leadership for the Smart Mission 277 6.7 Leadership and Stakeholder Relations Management 279 6.8 The Changing Leadership Landscape 290 6.9 Servant Leadership 292 6.10 Social Project Management Leadership 294 6.11 The Growth in Importance of Crisis Leadership 295 6.12 The Growth in Competency Models 301 6.13 Project Management Core Competency Models 303 6.14 Excellence in Action: Eli Lilly 304 6.15 Conclusions 313 References 313 7 Pillar 7: Organizational Cultural Shift to the Project Way of Working 315 7.0 Introduction 315 7.1 The Need for Cultural Shift 315 7.2 Excellence in Action: GEA Project Management in GEA Process Engineering: Our Vision for the Future 318 7.3 Excellence in Action: Norte Energia Belo Monte Hydroelectric Power Plant 324 7.4 Conclusions 349 References 349 8 Pillar 8: Adaptive Frameworks and Life Cycles 351 8.0 Background 351 8.1 The Risks of Using a Singular Methodology 352 8.2 Project Management Landscape Changes 353 8.3 The Need for Multiple Flexible Methodologies 353 8.4 Selecting the Right Framework 356 8.5 Be Careful What You Wish For 357 8.6 Strategic Selection Implications 358 8.7 Excellence in Action: ServiceNow 359 8.8 Excellence in Action: The International Institute for Learning 361 8.9 The Fuzzy Front End 367 8.10 Line-of-Sight 370 8.11 Establishing Gates 370 8.12 The Future Fuzzy Front Gates 371 8.13 Excellence in Action: IdeaScale 372 8.14 Project Selection Criteria 375 8.15 Excellence in Action: AstraZeneca 377 8.16 Excellence in Action: Airbus 391 8.17 Partnership Fuzzy Front Ends 393 8.18 Excellence in Action: Facebook 394 8.19 Life-Cycle Phases 395 8.20 Project Closure 399 8.21 Excellence in Action: Motorola 400 8.22 New Causes of Complete or Partial Failure 401 8.23 Conclusion 401 References 402 9 Pillar 9: Evolving Nature of PMOs and Governance 403 9.0 Introduction 403 9.1 How Governance Can Be Applied in an Agile and Volatile World 403 9.2 Excellence in Action: SITA – Airport Systems Integration Projects Cry for Flexible Governance 404 9.3 Excellence in Action: ServiceNow – From Project Management to Strategy Realization 406 9.4 Excellence in Action: PMO Global Alliance – PMOs in Transformation 410 9.5 Excellence in Action: Determining the Mathematical ROI of a PMO Implementation 423 9.6 Conclusions 436 References 436 10 Pillar #10: Significant Growth in Value-Driven and Business-Related Metrics 439 10.0 The Growth of Project Metrics 439 10.1 The Growth of Metric Measurement Techniques 440 10.2 Selecting the Right Metrics 442 10.3 Benefits Realization and Value Management 443 10.4 Measuring Benefits and Value 447 10.5 Excellence in Action: Philips Business Group Hospital Patient Monitoring 449 10.6 Metrics for Measuring Intangibles 466 10.7 The Need for Strategic Metrics 468 10.8 Project Health Checks 471 10.9 Action Items 475 10.10 Failure of Traditional Metrics and KPIs 476 10.11 Establishing a Metrics Management Program 477 10.12 Conclusion 478 About the Authors 479 Index 481

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Book SynopsisThe first book dedicated to operational modal analysis (OMA) and authored by a pioneer in the field, this resource provides the information an engineer needs to set up an operational modal test.Trade Review"This is an interesting book for anybody dealing with vibrations, density functions, and with data and signal processing.......I certainly recommend it as a textbook for graduate study in universities." (Zentralblatt MATH 2016)Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Why Conduct Vibration Test of Structures? 3 1.2 Techniques Available for Vibration Testing of Structures 3 1.3 Forced Vibration Testing Methods 4 1.4 Vibration Testing of Civil Engineering Structures 5 1.5 Parameter Estimation Techniques 5 1.6 Brief History of OMA 6 1.7 Modal Parameter Estimation Techniques 6 1.8 Perceived Limitations of OMA 10 1.9 Operating Deflection Shapes 10 1.10 Practical Considerations of OMA 11 1.11 About the Book Structure 13 References 15 2 Random Variables and Signals 17 2.1 Probability 17 2.1.1 Density Function and Expectation 17 2.1.2 Estimation by Time Averaging 19 2.1.3 Joint Distributions 21 2.2 Correlation 23 2.2.1 Concept of Correlation 23 2.2.2 Autocorrelation 24 2.2.3 Cross Correlation 25 2.2.4 Properties of Correlation Functions 27 2.3 The Gaussian Distribution 28 2.3.1 Density Function 28 2.3.2 The Central Limit Theorem 28 2.3.3 Conditional Mean and Correlation 30 References 31 3 Matrices and Regression 33 3.1 Vector and Matrix Notation 33 3.2 Vector and Matrix Algebra 35 3.2.1 Vectors and Inner Products 35 3.2.2 Matrices and Outer Products 36 3.2.3 Eigenvalue Decomposition 38 3.2.4 Singular Value Decomposition 40 3.2.5 Block Matrices 40 3.2.6 Scalar Matrix Measures 41 3.2.7 Vector and Matrix Calculus 43 3.3 Least Squares Regression 44 3.3.1 Linear Least Squares 44 3.3.2 Bias, Weighting and Covariance 47 References 52 4 Transforms 53 4.1 Continuous Time Fourier Transforms 53 4.1.1 Real Fourier Series 54 4.1.2 Complex Fourier Series 55 4.1.3 The Fourier Integral 58 4.2 Discrete Time Fourier Transforms 59 4.2.1 Discrete Time Representation 59 4.2.2 The Sampling Theorem 62 4.3 The Laplace Transform 66 4.3.1 The Laplace Transform as a generalization of the Fourier Transform 66 4.3.2 Laplace Transform Properties 67 4.3.3 Some Laplace Transforms 68 4.4 The Z-Transform 71 4.4.1 The Z-Transform as a generalization of the Fourier Series 71 4.4.2 Z-Transform Properties 73 4.4.3 Some Z-Transforms 73 4.4.4 Difference Equations and Transfer Function 75 4.4.5 Poles and Zeros 76 References 79 5 Classical Dynamics 81 5.1 Single Degree of Freedom System 82 5.1.1 Basic Equation 82 5.1.2 Free Decays 83 5.1.3 Impulse Response Function 87 5.1.4 Transfer Function 89 5.1.5 Frequency Response Function 90 5.2 Multiple Degree of Freedom Systems 92 5.2.1 Free Responses for Undamped Systems 93 5.2.2 Free Responses for Proportional Damping 95 5.2.3 General Solutions for Proportional Damping 95 5.2.4 Transfer Function and FRF Matrix for Proportional Damping 96 5.2.5 General Damping 99 5.3 Special Topics 107 5.3.1 Structural Modification Theory 107 5.3.2 Sensitivity Equations 109 5.3.3 Closely Spaced Modes 110 5.3.4 Model Reduction (SEREP) 114 5.3.5 Discrete Time Representations 116 5.3.6 Simulation of OMA Responses 119 References 121 6 Random Vibrations 123 6.1 General Inputs 123 6.1.1 Linear Systems 123 6.1.2 Spectral Density 125 6.1.3 SISO Fundamental Theorem 128 6.1.4 MIMO Fundamental Theorem 129 6.2 White Noise Inputs 130 6.2.1 Concept of White Noise 130 6.2.2 Decomposition in Time Domain 131 6.2.3 Decomposition in Frequency Domain 134 6.2.4 Zeroes of the Spectral Density Matrix 137 6.2.5 Residue Form 139 6.2.6 Approximate Residue Form 140 6.3 Uncorrelated Modal Coordinates 143 6.3.1 Concept of Uncorrelated Modal Coordinates 143 6.3.2 Decomposition in Time Domain 144 6.3.3 Decomposition in Frequency Domain 145 References 147 7 Measurement Technology 149 7.1 Test Planning 149 7.1.1 Test Objectives 149 7.1.2 Field Visit and Site Inspection 150 7.1.3 Field Work Preparation 150 7.1.4 Field Work 151 7.2 Specifying Dynamic Measurements 152 7.2.1 General Considerations 152 7.2.2 Number and Locations of Sensors 154 7.2.3 Sampling Rate 158 7.2.4 Length of Time Series 159 7.2.5 Data Sets and References 160 7.2.6 Expected Vibration Level 162 7.2.7 Loading Source Correlation and Artificial Excitation 164 7.3 Sensors and Data Acquisition 168 7.3.1 Sensor Principles 168 7.3.2 Sensor Characteristics 169 7.3.3 The Piezoelectric Accelerometer 173 7.3.4 Sensors Used in Civil Engineering Testing 175 7.3.5 Data Acquisition 179 7.3.6 Antialiasing 182 7.3.7 System Measurement Range 182 7.3.8 Noise Sources 183 7.3.9 Cabled or Wireless Sensors? 187 7.3.10 Calibration 188 7.3.11 Noise Floor Estimation 191 7.3.12 Very Low Frequencies and Influence of Tilt 194 7.4 Data Quality Assessment 196 7.4.1 Data Acquisition Settings 196 7.4.2 Excessive Noise from External Equipment 197 7.4.3 Checking the Signal-to-Noise Ratio 197 7.4.4 Outliers 197 7.5 Chapter Summary – Good Testing Practice 198 References 199 8 Signal Processing 201 8.1 Basic Preprocessing 201 8.1.1 Data Quality 202 8.1.2 Calibration 202 8.1.3 Detrending and Segmenting 203 8.2 Signal Classification 204 8.2.1 Operating Condition Sorting 204 8.2.2 Stationarity 205 8.2.3 Harmonics 206 8.3 Filtering 208 8.3.1 Digital Filter Main Types 209 8.3.2 Two Averaging Filter Examples 210 8.3.3 Down-Sampling and Up-Sampling 212 8.3.4 Filter Banks 213 8.3.5 FFT Filtering 213 8.3.6 Integration and Differentiation 214 8.3.7 The OMA Filtering Principles 216 8.4 Correlation Function Estimation 218 8.4.1 Direct Estimation 219 8.4.2 Biased Welch Estimate 221 8.4.3 Unbiased Welch Estimate (Zero Padding) 222 8.4.4 Random Decrement 224 8.5 Spectral Density Estimation 229 8.5.1 Direct Estimation 229 8.5.2 Welch Estimation and Leakage 229 8.5.3 Random Decrement Estimation 232 8.5.4 Half Spectra 233 8.5.5 Correlation Tail and Tapering 233 References 237 9 Time Domain Identification 239 9.1 Common Challenges in Time Domain Identification 240 9.1.1 Fitting the Correlation Functions (Modal Participation) 240 9.1.2 Seeking the Best Conditions (Stabilization Diagrams) 242 9.2 AR Models and Poly Reference (PR) 242 9.3 ARMA Models 244 9.4 Ibrahim Time Domain (ITD) 248 9.5 The Eigensystem Realization Algorithm (ERA) 251 9.6 Stochastic Subspace Identification (SSI) 254 References 258 10 Frequency-Domain Identification 261 10.1 Common Challenges in Frequency-Domain Identification 262 10.1.1 Fitting the Spectral Functions (Modal Participation) 262 10.1.2 Seeking the Best Conditions (Stabilization Diagrams) 263 10.2 Classical Frequency-Domain Approach (Basic Frequency Domain) 265 10.3 Frequency-Domain Decomposition (FDD) 266 10.3.1 FDD Main Idea 266 10.3.2 FDD Approximations 267 10.3.3 Mode Shape Estimation 269 10.3.4 Pole Estimation 271 10.4 ARMA Models in Frequency Domain 275 References 278 11 Applications 281 11.1 Some Practical Issues 281 11.1.1 Modal Assurance Criterion (MAC) 282 11.1.2 Stabilization Diagrams 282 11.1.3 Mode Shape Merging 283 11.2 Main Areas of Application 284 11.2.1 OMA Results Validation 284 11.2.2 Model Validation 285 11.2.3 Model Updating 285 11.2.4 Structural Health Monitoring 288 11.3 Case Studies 291 11.3.1 Tall Building 292 11.3.2 Long Span Bridge 297 11.3.3 Container Ship 301 References 306 12 Advanced Subjects 307 12.1 Closely Spaced Modes 307 12.1.1 Implications for the Identification 308 12.1.2 Implications for Modal Validation 308 12.2 Uncertainty Estimation 309 12.2.1 Repeated Identification 309 12.2.2 Covariance Matrix Estimation 310 12.3 Mode Shape Expansion 311 12.3.1 FE Mode Shape Subspaces 311 12.3.2 FE Mode Shape Subspaces Using SEREP 312 12.3.3 Optimizing the Number of FE Modes (LC Principle) 313 12.4 Modal Indicators and Automated Identification 315 12.4.1 Oversized Models and Noise Modes 315 12.4.2 Generalized Stabilization and Modal Indicators 315 12.4.3 Automated OMA 318 12.5 Modal Filtering 319 12.5.1 Modal Filtering in Time Domain 319 12.5.2 Modal Filtering in Frequency Domain 320 12.5.3 Generalized Operating Deflection Shapes (ODS) 320 12.6 Mode Shape Scaling 320 12.6.1 Mass Change Method 321 12.6.2 Mass-Stiffness Change Method 322 12.6.3 Using the FEM Mass Matrix 323 12.7 Force Estimation 323 12.7.1 Inverting the FRF Matrix 324 12.7.2 Modal Filtering 324 12.8 Estimation of Stress and Strain 324 12.8.1 Stress and Strain from Force Estimation 324 12.8.2 Stress and Strain from Mode Shape Expansion 325 References 325 Appendix A Nomenclature and Key Equations 327 Appendix B Operational Modal Testing of the Heritage Court Tower 335 B.1 Introduction 335 B.2 Description of the Building 335 B.3 Operational Modal Testing 336 B.3.1 Vibration Data Acquisition System 338 B.4 Vibration Measurements 338 B.4.1 Test Setups 341 B.4.2 Test Results 341 B.5 Analysis of the HCT Cases 342 B.5.1 FDD Modal Estimation 342 B.5.2 SSI Modal Estimation 343 B.5.3 Modal Validation 343 References 346 Appendix C Dynamics in Short 347 C.1 Basic Equations 347 C.2 Basic Form of the Transfer and Impulse Response Functions 348 C.3 Free Decays 348 C.4 Classical Form of the Transfer and Impulse Response Functions 349 C.5 Complete Analytical Solution 350 C.6 Eigenvector Scaling 351 C.7 Closing Remarks 351 References 352 Index 353

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Book SynopsisThe Jet Engine provides a complete, accessible description of the working and underlying principles of the gas turbine. Accessible, non-technical approach explaining the workings of jet engines, for readers of all levels Full colour diagrams, cutaways and photographs throughout Written by RR specialists in all the respective fields Hugely popular and well-reviewed book, originally published in 2005 under Rolls Royce's own imprint Table of Contentssection one: Design THIS SECTION ON ENGINE DESIGN LOOKS AT HOW THE JET ENGINE CAME TO BE WHAT IT IS TODAY, AND WHY – AND WHAT ENGINEERS NEED TO CONSIDER WHEN TRANSLATING AN IDEA INTO A PROVEN, WORKING ENGINE. 6 1.1 theory and basic mechanics principles 10, gas turbines 10, aero engines 14, turbojet 15, turbofan 16, turboshafts and turboprops 16, mechanical arrangements 18 22 1.2 experience the early days 26, civil and military 28, silicon and titanium 30, land and sea 32, impact 33, development 33 36 1.3 design and development Design 40 »requirements 40, customers 40, process 41, from design to development 41 Development 42 »experimental process 42, certification 43 › civil 43 › military 47 › energy 50 › marine 51 54 1.4 environmental impact Noise 58 »control 58, sources 59, testing 64, research 65 Emissions 66 »life-cycle 66, species 67, airports and LTO cycle 69, trends 69 72 1.5 performance design point performance 76, off-design 77, ratings 79, transient 79, starting 81, testing 82, civil 84, military 84, industrial 85, marine 86 THIS SECTION,COMPONENT DEFINITION, STARTS AT THE FRONT OF THE ENGINE AND FOLLOWS THE AIRFLOW THROUGH TO THE REAR. IT THEN LOOKS AT THE OTHER COMPONENTS AND SYSTEMS THAT NEED TO BE INTEGRATED WITH THE ENGINE. section two define 92 2.1 fans and compressors configurations 96, aerodynamics 96, subsystems 101, industrial and marine 108, rigs 109, future 109 112 2.2 combustors combustion 116, architecture 117, fuel injectors 120, cooling 122,modelling 124, testing 124, integrity 124, challenges 126 130 2.3 turbines principles 134, types 134, design methodology 137, energy transfer 137, cooling 138, components 140, evolving considerations 144 148 2.4 transmissions rotor support structures 152, gearboxes 154, shafts 158, bearings 159 164 2.5 fluid systems Air systems 168 »bleed 170, elements 170, operating envelope 173, design challenge 173, integrity 173, monitoring 174 Fuel systems 174 »operation 174, description 175, aircraft interaction 175, FADEC 176, heat management 179, fuels 179 Oil system 180 »description 180, components 182, design challenge 186, integrity 187, monitoring 187, oils 187 190 2.6 control systems principles 194, control laws 194, components 196, civil 197, military 202, helicopter 202, marine 203, energy 203 section three deliver THERE ARE GOOD REASONS WHY THE JET ENGINE DELIVERS IN SERVICE: THE NATURE OF THE JET ENGINE DESCRIBED IN SECTION ONE; THE ENGINEERING EXCELLENCE OF SECTION TWO; AND THE ABILITIES TO MANUFACTURE, MAINTAIN, AND ADAPT. 208 3.1 manufacture and assembly Manufacture 212 »materials 212, casting 212, machining 213, drilling 214, joining 216, blisks 218, finish 219, composites 219, inspection 219 Assembly 221 »module assembly 221, engine build 223 226 3.2 installations externals 230, civil 231,military 236, stealth 237, test beds 238, energy and marine 238, fire 240, ice 241, reheat 243,V/STOL and vectoring 244 248 3.3 maintenance On-wing maintenance 252 »scheduled 252, unscheduled 252, monitoring 252, ETOPS 254, testing 255 Off-wing overhaul 255 »cleaning 256, inspection 257, repair 257, balancing 259, testing 260, engine management 261, industrial 262, marine 262 266 3.4 the future today 270, tomorrow 271, technologies 275, materials 275, compression 275, combustion 276, turbines 276, noise 277, more electric 277 280 glossary and conversion factors 282 the index 288 bibliography, credits, and thanks

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Book SynopsisSuperior program management begins with superior information and strategy Program Management for Improved Business Results, Second Edition is a practical guide to real-world program management, written to align with the rigorous PMI PgMP certification standards. The book explains the benchmarks and best practices that help shape a superior program manager, and provides case studies that illustrate the real-world application of management concepts. Written by a team composed of both industry professionals and academics, the book strikes a balance between theory and practice that facilitates understanding and better prepares candidates for the PgMP. Managers at all levels will learn the insights and techniques that are shaping modern management expectations. The Project Management Institute and the Product Development and Management Association both agree that program management is a critical element in the successful integration of business strategy and project mTable of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgments xi Part I: It’s About the Business 1 1 Program Management 3 2 Realizing Business Benefits 27 3 Aligning Programs with Business Strategy 43 Part II: Delivering the Whole Solution 73 4 The Whole Solution 75 5 The Integrated Program Team 93 6 Managing the Program 111 Part III: Program Practices, Metrics, and Tools 153 7 Program Management Practices 155 8 Program Metrics 191 9 Program Management Tools 211 Part IV: The Program Manager 247 10 Program Manager Roles and Responsibilities 249 11 Program Manager Competencies 273 Part V: Organizational Considerations 303 12 Transitioning to Program Management 305 13 The Program Management Office 329 Appendices: Case Studies in Program Management 349 A “I AM the PMO!” 351 B LorryMer Information Technology 363 C Bitten by a Rattlesnake 371 Index 383

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Book SynopsisProvides the basics of spacecraft orbital dynamics plus attitude dynamics and control, using vectrix notation Spacecraft Dynamics and Control: An Introduction presents the fundamentals of classical control in the context of spacecraft attitude control.Trade Review“In conclusion, this book covers a broad range of areas – including some more in-depth content (stabilisation techniques, practical design issues) – and is best used as an introductory text to the field for latter year undergraduates.” (The Aeronautical Journal, 1 November 2014) “Overall, this book provides a good, comprehensive examination of the fundamentals of translational and rotational dynamics, determination, and control of spacecraft. Summing Up: Recommended. All academic and professional aerospace engineering collections.” (Choice, 1 September 2013)Table of ContentsPreface xvii 1 Kinematics 1 1.1 Physical Vectors 1 1.2 Reference Frames and Physical Vector Coordinates 6 1.3 Rotation Matrices 11 1.4 Derivatives of Vectors 32 1.5 Velocity and Acceleration 41 1.6 More Rigorous Definition of Angular Velocity 42 Notes 44 References 45 2 Rigid Body Dynamics 47 2.1 Dynamics of a Single Particle 47 2.2 Dynamics of a System of Particles 49 2.3 Rigid Body Dynamics 52 2.4 The Inertia Matrix 56 2.5 Kinetic Energy of a Rigid Body 60 Notes 63 References 63 3 The Keplerian Two-Body Problem 65 3.1 Equations of Motion 65 3.2 Constants of the Motion 67 3.3 Shape of a Keplerian Orbit 69 3.4 Kepler’s Laws 80 3.5 Time of Flight 83 3.6 Orbital Elements 89 3.7 Orbital Elements given Position and Velocity 92 3.8 Position and Velocity given Orbital Elements 94 Notes 98 References 98 4 Preliminary Orbit Determination 99 4.1 Orbit Determination from Three Position Vectors 99 4.2 Orbit Determination from Three Line-of-Sight Vectors 103 4.3 Orbit Determination from Two Position Vectors and Time (Lambert’s Problem) 109 Notes 114 References 114 5 Orbital Maneuvers 115 5.1 Simple Impulsive Maneuvers 115 5.2 Coplanar Maneuvers 116 5.3 Plane Change Maneuvers 123 5.4 Combined Maneuvers 125 5.5 Rendezvous 127 Notes 128 Reference 128 6 Interplanetary Trajectories 129 6.1 Sphere of Influence 129 6.2 Interplanetary Hohmann Transfers 133 6.3 Patched Conics 137 6.4 Planetary Flyby 143 6.5 Planetary Capture 145 Notes 146 References 147 7 Orbital Perturbations 149 7.1 Special Perturbations 150 7.1.1 Cowell’s Method 151 7.2 General Perturbations 154 7.3 Gravitational Perturbations due to a Non-Spherical Primary Body 156 7.4 Effect of J2 on the Orbital Elements 164 7.5 Special Types of Orbits 168 7.6 Small Impulse Form of the Gauss Variational Equations 169 7.7 Derivation of the Remaining Gauss Variational Equations 171 Notes 180 References 181 8 Low Thrust Trajectory Analysis and Design 183 8.1 Problem Formulation 183 8.2 Coplanar Circle to Circle Transfers 184 8.3 Plane Change Maneuver 186 Notes 188 References 188 9 Spacecraft Formation Flying 189 9.1 Mathematical Description 190 9.2 Relative Motion Solutions 194 9.3 Special Types of Relative Orbits 203 Notes 207 Reference 207 10 The Restricted Three-Body Problem 209 10.1 Formulation 209 10.2 The Lagrangian Points 212 10.3 Stability of the Lagrangian Points 214 10.4 Jacobi’s Integral 215 Notes 218 References 218 11 Introduction to Spacecraft Attitude Stabilization 219 11.1 Introduction to Control Systems 220 11.2 Overview of Attitude Representation and Kinematics 222 11.3 Overview of Spacecraft Attitude Dynamics 223 12 Disturbance Torques on a Spacecraft 227 12.1 Magnetic Torque 227 12.2 Solar Radiation Pressure Torque 228 12.3 Aerodynamic Torque 230 12.4 Gravity-Gradient Torque 231 Notes 234 Reference 234 13 Torque-Free Attitude Motion 235 13.1 Solution for an Axisymmetric Body 235 13.2 Physical Interpretation of the Motion 242 Notes 245 References 245 14 Spin Stabilization 247 14.1 Stability 247 14.2 Spin Stability of Torque-Free Motion 249 14.3 Effect of Internal Energy Dissipation 252 Notes 253 References 253 15 Dual-Spin Stabilization 255 15.1 Equations of Motion 255 15.2 Stability of Dual-Spin Torque-Free Motion 257 15.3 Effect of Internal Energy Dissipation 259 Notes 266 References 266 16 Gravity-Gradient Stabilization 267 16.1 Equations of Motion 268 16.2 Stability Analysis 272 Notes 277 References 277 17 Active Spacecraft Attitude Control 279 17.1 Attitude Control for a Nominally Inertially Fixed Spacecraft 280 17.2 Transfer Function Representation of a System 281 17.3 System Response to an Impulsive Input 282 17.4 Block Diagrams 284 17.5 The Feedback Control Problem 286 17.6 Typical Control Laws 289 17.7 Time-Domain Specifications 292 17.8 Factors that Modify the Transient Behavior 308 17.9 Steady-State Specifications and System Type 311 JWST251-FM JWST251-De-Ruiter Printer: Yet to Come November 2, 2012 14:18 Trim: 244mm × 168mm viii Contents 2.4 The Inertia Matrix 56 2.4.1 A Parallel Axis Theorem 57 2.4.2 A Rotational Transformation Theorem 58 2.4.3 Principal Axes 59 2.5 Kinetic Energy of a Rigid Body 60 Notes 63 References 63 3 The Keplerian Two-Body Problem 65 3.1 Equations of Motion 65 3.2 Constants of the Motion 67 3.2.1 Orbital Angular Momentum 67 3.2.2 Orbital Energy 67 3.2.3 The Eccentricity Vector 68 3.3 Shape of a Keplerian Orbit 69 3.3.1 Perifocal Coordinate System 72 3.4 Kepler’s Laws 80 3.5 Time of Flight 83 3.5.1 Circular Orbits 83 3.5.2 Elliptical Orbits 84 3.5.3 Parabolic Orbits 88 3.5.4 Hyperbolic Orbits 89 3.6 Orbital Elements 89 3.6.1 Heliocentric-Ecliptic Coordinate System 89 3.6.2 Geocentric-Equatorial Coordinate System 90 3.7 Orbital Elements given Position and Velocity 92 3.8 Position and Velocity given Orbital Elements 94 Notes 98 References 98 4 Preliminary Orbit Determination 99 4.1 Orbit Determination from Three Position Vectors 99 4.2 Orbit Determination from Three Line-of-Sight Vectors 103 4.3 Orbit Determination from Two Position Vectors and Time (Lambert’s Problem) 109 4.3.1 The Lagrangian Coefficients 110 Notes 114 References 114 5 Orbital Maneuvers 115 5.1 Simple Impulsive Maneuvers 115 5.2 Coplanar Maneuvers 116 5.2.1 Hohmann Transfers 118 5.2.2 Bi-Elliptic Transfers 120 5.3 Plane Change Maneuvers 123 FOR SCREEN VIEWING IN DART ONLY JWST251-FM JWST251-De-Ruiter Printer: Yet to Come November 2, 2012 14:18 Trim: 244mm × 168mm Contents ix 5.4 Combined Maneuvers 125 5.5 Rendezvous 127 Notes 128 Reference 128 6 Interplanetary Trajectories 129 6.1 Sphere of Influence 129 6.2 Interplanetary Hohmann Transfers 133 6.3 Patched Conics 137 6.3.1 Departure Hyperbola 139 6.3.2 Arrival Hyperbola 141 6.4 Planetary Flyby 143 6.5 Planetary Capture 145 Notes 146 References 147 7 Orbital Perturbations 149 7.1 Special Perturbations 150 7.1.1 Cowell’s Method 151 7.1.2 Encke’s Method 151 7.2 General Perturbations 154 7.3 Gravitational Perturbations due to a Non-Spherical Primary Body 156 7.3.1 The Perturbative Force Per Unit Mass Due to J 2 163 7.4 Effect of J 2 on the Orbital Elements 164 7.5 Special Types of Orbits 168 7.5.1 Sun-Synchronous Orbits 168 7.5.2 Molniya Orbits 169 7.6 Small Impulse Form of the Gauss Variational Equations 169 7.7 Derivation of the Remaining Gauss Variational Equations 171 Notes 180 References 181 8 Low Thrust Trajectory Analysis and Design 183 8.1 Problem Formulation 183 8.2 Coplanar Circle to Circle Transfers 184 8.3 Plane Change Maneuver 186 Notes 188 References 188 9 Spacecraft Formation Flying 189 9.1 Mathematical Description 190 9.2 Relative Motion Solutions 194 9.2.1 Out-of-Plane Motion 195 9.2.2 In-Plane Motion 195 FOR SCREEN VIEWING IN DART ONLY JWST251-FM JWST251-De-Ruiter Printer: Yet to Come November 2, 2012 14:18 Trim: 244mm × 168mm x Contents 9.2.3 Alternative Description for In-Plane Relative Motion 198 9.2.4 Further Examination of In-Plane Motion 200 9.2.5 Out-of-Plane Motion - Revisited 202 9.3 Special Types of Relative Orbits 203 9.3.1 Along-Track Orbits 203 9.3.2 Projected Elliptical Orbits 204 9.3.3 Projected Circular Orbits 207 Notes 207 Reference 207 10 The Restricted Three-Body Problem 209 10.1 Formulation 209 10.1.1 Equations of Motion 211 10.2 The Lagrangian Points 212 10.2.1 Case (i) 212 10.2.2 Case (ii) 213 10.3 Stability of the Lagrangian Points 214 10.3.1 Comments 215 10.4 Jacobi’s Integral 215 10.4.1 Hill’s Curves 216 10.4.2 Comments on Figure 10.5 218 Notes 218 References 218 11 Introduction to Spacecraft Attitude Stabilization 219 11.1 Introduction to Control Systems 220 11.1.1 Open-loop versus Closed-loop 220 11.1.2 Typical Feedback Control Structure 221 11.2 Overview of Attitude Representation and Kinematics 222 11.3 Overview of Spacecraft Attitude Dynamics 223 11.3.1 Properties of the Inertia Matrix - A Summary 224 12 Disturbance Torques on a Spacecraft 227 12.1 Magnetic Torque 227 12.2 Solar Radiation Pressure Torque 228 12.3 Aerodynamic Torque 230 12.4 Gravity-Gradient Torque 231 Notes 234 Reference 234 13 Torque-Free Attitude Motion 235 13.1 Solution for an Axisymmetric Body 235 13.2 Physical Interpretation of the Motion 242 Notes 245 References 245 FOR SCREEN VIEWING IN DART ONLY JWST251-FM JWST251-De-Ruiter Printer: Yet to Come November 2, 2012 14:18 Trim: 244mm × 168mm Contents xi 14 Spin Stabilization 247 14.1 Stability 247 14.2 Spin Stability of Torque-Free Motion 249 14.3 Effect of Internal Energy Dissipation 252 14.3.1 Energy Sink Hypothesis 252 14.3.2 Major Axis Rule 253 Notes 253 References 253 15 Dual-Spin Stabilization 255 15.1 Equations of Motion 255 15.2 Stability of Dual-Spin Torque-Free Motion 257 15.3 Effect of Internal Energy Dissipation 259 Notes 266 References 266 16 Gravity-Gradient Stabilization 267 16.1 Equations of Motion 268 16.2 Stability Analysis 272 16.2.1 Pitch Motion 272 16.2.2 Roll-Yaw Motion 273 16.2.3 Combined Pitch and Roll/Yaw 277 Notes 277 References 277 17 Active Spacecraft Attitude Control 279 17.1 Attitude Control for a Nominally Inertially Fixed Spacecraft 280 17.2 Transfer Function Representation of a System 281 17.3 System Response to an Impulsive Input 282 17.4 Block Diagrams 284 17.5 The Feedback Control Problem 286 17.6 Typical Control Laws 289 17.7 Time-Domain Specifications 292 17.8 Factors that Modify the Transient Behavior 308 17.9 Steady-State Specifications and System Type 311 17.10 Effect of Disturbances 316 17.11 Actuator Limitations 319 Notes 320 References 320 18 Routh’s Stability Criterion 321 18.1 Proportional-Derivative Control with Actuator Dynamics 322 18.2 Active Dual-Spin Stabilization 325 Notes 330 References 330 19 The Root Locus 331 19.1 Rules for Constructing the Root Locus 332 19.2 PD Attitude Control with Actuator Dynamics - Revisited 341 19.3 Derivation of the Rules for Constructing the Root Locus 345 Notes 353 References 353 20 Control Design by the Root Locus Method 355 20.1 Typical Types of Controllers 357 20.2 PID Design for Spacecraft Attitude Control 361 Notes 369 References 369 21 Frequency Response 371 21.1 Frequency Response and Bode Plots 372 21.2 Low-Pass Filter Design 383 Notes 385 References 385 22 Relative Stability 387 22.1 Polar Plots 387 22.2 Nyquist Stability Criterion 390 22.3 Stability Margins 399 Notes 410 References 410 23 Control Design in the Frequency Domain 411 23.1 Feedback Control Problem - Revisited 416 23.2 Control Design 422 23.3 Example - PID Design for Spacecraft Attitude Control 430 Notes 435 References 435 24 Nonlinear Spacecraft Attitude Control 437 24.1 State-Space Representation of the Spacecraft Attitude Equations 437 24.2 Stability Definitions 440 24.3 Stability Analysis 442 24.4 LaSalle’s Theorem 448 24.5 Spacecraft Attitude Control with Quaternion and Angular Rate Feedback 451 Notes 456 References 457 25 Spacecraft Navigation 459 25.1 Review of Probability Theory 459 25.2 Batch Approaches for Spacecraft Attitude Estimation 467 25.3 The Kalman Filter 477 Notes 496 References 497 26 Practical Spacecraft Attitude Control Design Issues 499 26.1 Attitude Sensors 499 26.2 Attitude Actuators 506 26.3 Control Law Implementation 511 26.4 Unmodeled Dynamics 523 Notes 539 References Appendix A: Review of Complex Variables 541 Appendix B: Numerical Simulation of Spacecraft Motion 557 Notes 561 Reference 561 Index 563

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Book SynopsisThis book defines the correct procedures for doing a failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) to achieve high quality in products and processes, outlining how to successfully apply the FMEA procedure in design, development, manufacturing, and service applications.Table of ContentsSeries Editor’s Foreword xvii Copyrights and Permissions xix Acknowledgments xxi Introduction xxiii Chapter 1 The Case for Failure Mode and Effects Analysis 1 In This Chapter 1 1.1 The Need for Effective FMEAs 1 1.2 FMEA Application by Industry 4 1.3 The Factor of 10 Rule 5 1.4 FMEA Successes 6 1.5 Brief History of FMEA 8 1.6 FMEA Standards and Guidelines 8 1.7 How to Use This Book 9 1.8 Web Companion to Effective FMEAs 10 1.9 End of Chapter Problems 10 References 11 Chapter 2 The Philosophy and Guiding Principles for Effective FMEAs 12 In This Chapter 12 2.1 What Is Philosophy and Why Does It Matter to FMEAs? 12 2.2 Guiding Principles for Effective FMEAs 13 2.3 The Role of FMEA in Design for Reliability 17 2.4 You Can’t Anticipate Everything 18 2.5 End of Chapter Problems 19 References 20 Chapter 3 Understanding the Fundamental Definitions and Concepts of FMEAs 21 In This Chapter 21 3.1 Definition of FMEA 21 3.2 Primary Objective of FMEA 22 3.3 Definition of Failure Mode Effects and Criticality Analysis 22 3.4 Types of FMEAs 23 3.5 FMEA Definitions and Examples 25 3.6 Is It a Failure Mode, Effect, or Cause? 48 3.7 FMEA Glossary 49 3.8 Web Companion to Effective FMEAs 51 3.9 End of Chapter Problems 51 References 55 Chapter 4 Selection and Timing of FMEA Projects 56 In This Chapter 56 4.1 Guidelines for When to Do FMEAs 56 4.2 FMEA Project Selection Criteria 58 4.3 Preliminary Risk Assessment 59 4.4 When to Do Different Types of FMEAs 60 4.5 Responsibility for FMEAs between OEMs and Suppliers 62 4.6 Introducing the All-Terrain Bicycle Case Study 63 4.7 End of Chapter Problems 64 Chapter 5 How to Perform an FMEA Project: Preparation 66 In This Chapter 66 Use of the Bicycle Examples in the Chapter 66 5.1 The Subject of FMEA Preparation 67 5.2 Preparation Tasks Done Once for All FMEA Projects 67 5.3 Preparation Tasks for Each New FMEA Project 78 5.4 End of Chapter Problems 103 References 106 Chapter 6 How to Perform an FMEA Project: Procedure 107 In This Chapter 107 Use of the Bicycle Examples in the Chapter 107 6.1 FMEA Procedure Sequence of Steps 108 6.2 Basic FMEA Procedure 109 6.3 FMEA Linkages 152 6.4 End of Chapter Problems 158 References 161 Chapter 7 How to Develop and Execute Effective Risk Reduction Actions 162 In This Chapter 162 Use of the Bicycle Examples in the Chapter 162 7.1 Prioritize Issues for Corrective Action 163 7.2 Develop Effective Recommended Actions 165 7.3 Action Strategies to Reduce Risk 166 7.4 Examples of Recommended Actions 176 7.5 FMEA Execution Enablers 176 7.6 The Essence of Execution 182 7.7 Documenting Actions Taken 182 7.8 Ensuring Risk Is Reduced to an Acceptable Level 183 7.9 End of Chapter Problems 183 References 186 Chapter 8 Case Studies 187 In This Chapter 187 8.1 Case Study: Shock Absorber Assembly 188 8.2 Case Study: Strudel Pastry Manufacturing 190 8.3 Case Study: Motorola Solutions “Press-to-Talk” Feature 193 8.4 Case Study: Flashlight 200 8.5 Case Study: DC-10 Cargo Door Failure 200 8.6 Case Study: Space Shuttle Challenger O-Ring Failure 204 8.7 Case Study: Projector Lamp 206 8.8 Case Study: All-Terrain Bicycle 206 8.9 Case Study: Resin Lever 213 8.10 Case Study: Power Steering 217 8.11 Other Case Studies and Examples 217 8.12 Web Companion to Effective FMEAs 221 8.13 End of Chapter Problems 221 References 224 Chapter 9 Lessons Learned for Effective FMEAs 226 In This Chapter 226 9.1 The Most Common FMEA Mistakes: How to Avoid Them and Audit Them 226 9.2 Summary of FMEA Quality Objectives 235 9.3 FMEA Quality Audit Procedure 235 9.4 End of Chapter Problems 236 Chapter 10 How to Facilitate Successful FMEA Projects 241 In This Chapter 241 10.1 FMEA Facilitation 241 10.2 Effective Meetings 242 10.3 Primary FMEA Facilitation Skills 243 10.4 Unleashing Team Creativity 252 10.5 FMEA Facilitation Roles and Responsibilities 255 10.6 How to Reduce FMEA In-Meeting Time 261 10.7 Difficulty Getting Consensus on Competing Ideas 261 10.8 End of Chapter Problems 263 References 265 Chapter 11 Implementing an Effective Company-Wide FMEA Process 266 In This Chapter 266 11.1 What is a Company-Wide FMEA Process and Why is it Important? 266 11.2 Management Roles and Responsibilities 267 11.3 Effective FMEA Process 268 11.4 Lessons Learned in Implementing a Company-Wide FMEA Process 279 11.5 Company Climate for Sharing Failure Information 281 11.6 End of Chapter Problems 282 Chapter 12 Failure Mode Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA) 285 In This Chapter 285 12.1 Introduction to FMECA 285 12.2 When to Use FMECA 286 12.3 Brief History of FMECA 286 12.4 Types of FMECA 287 12.5 Quantitative Criticality Analysis 287 12.6 Qualitative Criticality Analysis 289 12.7 FMECA Criticality Matrix 292 12.8 FMECA Worksheet 292 12.9 Summary Output of FMECA 292 12.10 End of Chapter Problems 294 References 296 Chapter 13 Introduction to Design Review Based on Failure Mode (DRBFM) 297 In This Chapter 297 13.1 What Is DRBFM? 297 13.2 Change Point Analysis 300 13.3 Conducting DRBFM Projects 302 13.4 How DRBFM Integrates with FMEA 304 13.5 DRBFM Worksheet 304 13.6 DRBFM Examples and Case Studies 304 13.7 Design Review Based on Test Results 309 13.8 DRBFM Glossary 311 13.9 DRBFM Resources for Further Study 312 13.10 End of Chapter Problems 313 References 315 Chapter 14 Introduction to Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) 316 In This Chapter 316 14.1 What Is Fault Tree Analysis? 316 14.2 FTA and FMEA 317 14.3 Brief History of FTA 318 14.4 Models 318 14.5 Events and Gates 318 14.6 FTA Example 319 14.7 FTA Glossary 320 14.8 FTA Procedure 323 14.9 FTA Handbooks and Standards 324 14.10 Use of FTA on Software 324 14.11 FTA Benefits and Limitations 324 14.12 End of Chapter Problems 326 References 327 Chapter 15 Other FMEA Applications 328 In This Chapter 328 15.1 Reliability-Centered Maintenance 328 15.2 Hazard Analysis 340 15.3 Concept FMEA 347 15.4 Software FMEA 348 15.5 Failure Modes, Mechanisms, and Effects Analysis 356 15.6 Failure Modes, Effects, and Diagnostic Analysis 358 15.7 End of Chapter Problems 361 References 363 Chapter 16 Selecting the Right FMEA Software 365 In This Chapter 365 16.1 Characteristics of Excellent FMEA Software 365 16.2 Why Not Just Use Spreadsheet Software? 368 16.3 Advantages of Relational Database 368 16.4 Using the Criteria for Selecting Relational Database Software 369 16.5 End of Chapter Problems 369 Reference 370 Appendices 371 Appendix A FMEA Scales 371 Appendix B FMEA Worksheet Forms 376 B.1 Design FMEA Worksheet Forms 377 B.2 Process FMEA Worksheet Forms 382 Appendix C All-Terrain Bicycle Documents 388 Appendix D Lists and Checklists 392 D.1 FMEA Preparation Checklists 392 Checklist 393 D.2 Lists of Failure Mechanisms (excerpts from book) 396 D.3 FMEA Quality Objectives 399 D.4 FMEA Facilitation Checklists 400 D.5 FMEA Action Strategy Checklist 405 D.6 FMEA Quality Audit Procedure 409 D.7 FMEA Quality Survey Form 413 Appendix E FMEA Glossary 414 References 418 Index 419

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Book SynopsisTompkins/White/Bozer/Tanchoco is the leading facilities planning book on the market, today. Its blending of breadth and depth of coverage are unmatched. Thousands of engineering students and practitioners have used the book to prepare them to design new facilities and expand or renovate existing facilities. The book combines applied aspects with proven quantitative methodologies. It carries the reader through the entire process of planning facilities, regardless of the application settings for the facilities.Table of ContentsPart One DEFINING REQUIREMENTS 1 Chapter One INTRODUCTION 3 1.1 Facilities Planning Defined 3 1.2 Significance of Facilities Planning 9 1.3 Objectives of Facilities Planning 12 1.4 Facilities Planning Process 13 1.5 Strategic Facilities Planning 18 1.6 Developing Facilities Planning Strategies 21 1.7 Examples of Inadequate Planning 24 1.8 Summary 26 References 27 Problems 28 Chapter Two PRODUCT, PROCESS, AND SCHEDULE DESIGN 30 2.1 Introduction 30 2.2 Product Design 32 2.3 Process Design 36 2.4 Schedule Design 47 2.5 Facilities Design 63 2.6 Summary 70 References 72 Problems 74 Chapter Three FLOW SYSTEMS, ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS, AND SPACE REQUIREMENTS 83 3.1 Introduction 83 3.2 Flow Systems 84 3.3 Material Flow System 88 3.4 Departmental Planning 97 3.5 Activity Relationships 113 3.6 Space Requirements 119 3.7 Summary 129 References 129 Problems 131 Chapter Four PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS 137 4.1 Introduction 137 4.2 The Employee–Facility Interface 138 4.3 Restrooms 146 4.4 Food Services 151 4.5 Health Services 156 4.6 Barrier-Free Compliance 157 4.7 Office Facility Planning 160 4.8 Summary 170 References 170 Problems 171 Part Two DEVELOPING ALTERNATIVES: CONCEPTS AND TECHNIQUES 173 Chapter Five MATERIAL HANDLING 175 5.1 Introduction 175 5.2 Scope and Definitions of Material Handling 176 5.3 Material Handling Principles 179 5.4 Designing Material Handling Systems 181 5.5 Unit Load Design 186 5.6 Material Handling Equipment 204 5.7 Estimating Material Handling Costs 209 5.8 Safety Considerations 210 5.9 Summary 212 References 212 Problems 213 Appendix 5B Material Handling Equipment 215 Chapter Six LAYOUT PLANNING MODELS AND DESIGN ALGORITHMS 292 6.1 Introduction 292 6.2 Basic Layout Types 294 6.3 Layout Procedures 296 6.4 Algorithmic Approaches 302 6.5 Department Shapes and Mail Aisles 342 6.6 Simulated Annealing and Genetic Algorithms 344 6.7 Multi-Floor Facility Layout 351 6.8 Commercial Facility Layout Packages 354 6.9 The Impact of Change 355 6.10 Developing Layout Alternatives 362 6.11 Summary 363 References 366 Problems 369 Part Three FACILITY DESIGN FOR VARIOUS FACILITIES FUNCTIONS 383 Chapter Seven WAREHOUSE OPERATIONS 385 7.1 Introduction 385 7.2 Missions of a Warehouse 387 7.3 Functions in the Warehouse 389 7.4 Receiving and Shipping Operations 391 7.5 Dock Locations 414 7.6 Storage Operations 415 7.7 Order Picking Operations 432 7.8 Summary 443 References 443 Problems 444 Chapter Eight MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS 448 8.1 Introduction 448 8.2 Fixed Automation Systems 451 8.3 Flexible Manufacturing Systems 453 8.4 Single-Stage Multimachine Systems 456 8.5 Reduction in Work-in-Process 458 8.6 Just-in-Time Manufacturing 459 8.7 Facilities Planning Trends 467 8.8 Summary 468 References 469 Problems 470 Chapter Nine FACILITIES SYSTEMS 473 9.1 Introduction 473 9.2 Structural System Performance 474 9.3 Enclosure Systems 477 9.4 Atmospheric Systems 481 9.5 Electrical and Lighting Systems 490 9.6 Life Safety Systems 500 9.7 Sanitation Systems 505 9.8 Building Automation Systems 508 9.9 Facilities Maintenance Management Systems 510 9.10 Summary 510 References 511 Problems 511 Part Four DEVELOPING ALTERNATIVES: QUANTITATIVE APPROACHES 515 Chapter Ten QUANTITATIVE FACILITIES PLANNING MODELS 517 10.1 Introduction 517 10.2 Facility Location Models 518 10.3 Special Facility Layout Models 569 10.4 Machine Layout Models 577 10.5 Conventional Storage Models 580 10.6 Automated Storage and Retrieval Systems 608 10.7 Order Picking Systems 627 10.8 Fixed-Path Material Handling Models 642 10.9 Waiting Line Models 671 10.10 Simulation Models 701 10.11 Summary 705 References 705 Problems 709 Part Five EVALUATING, SELECTING, PREPARING, PRESENTING, IMPLEMENTING, AND MAINTAINING 743 Chapter Eleven EVALUATING AND SELECTING THE FACILITIES PLAN 745 11.1 Introduction 745 11.2 Evaluating Facilities Plans 748 11.3 Selecting the Facilities Plan 802 11.4 Summary 803 References 803 Problems 804 Chapter Twelve PREPARING, PRESENTING, IMPLEMENTING, AND MAINTAINING THE FACILITIES PLAN 807 12.1 Introduction 807 12.2 Preparing the Facilities Plan 807 12.3 Presenting the Facilities Plan 831 12.4 Implementing the Facilities Plan 834 12.5 Maintaining the Facilities Plan 836 12.6 Summary 839 References 839 Problems 840 INDEX 841

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