Mechanical engineering and materials Books

Book SynopsisTable of ContentsAbout the Author iii Preface v Part 1 Introduction 1 1 Quality Improvement in the Modern Business Environment 3 Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives 3 1.1. The Meaning of Quality and Quality Improvement 3 1.2. A Brief History of Quality Control and Improvement 9 1.3. Statistical Methods for Quality Control and Improvement 13 1.4. Management Aspects of Quality Improvement 16 2 The DMAIC Process 47 Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives 47 2.1. Overview of DMAIC 47 2.2. The Define Step 50 2.3. The Measure Step 52 2.4. The Analyze Step 53 2.5. The Improve Step 54 2.6. The Control Step 55 2.7. Examples of DMAIC 56 Part 2 Statistical Methods Useful in Quality Control and Improvement 63 3 Modeling Process Quality 65 Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives 65 3.1. Describing Variation 65 3.2. Important Discrete Distributions 79 3.3. Important Continuous Distributions 85 3.4. Probability Plots 96 3.5. Some Useful Approximations 100 4 Inferences About Process Quality 103 Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives 103 4.1. Statistics and Sampling Distributions 104 4.2. Point Estimation of Process Parameters 109 4.3. Statistical Inference for a Single Sample 111 4.4. Statistical Inference for Two Samples 128 4.5. What if There are More than Two Populations? The Analysis of Variance 143 4.6. Linear Regression Models 152 Part 3 Basic Methods of Statistical Process Control and Capability Analysis 173 5 Methods and Philosophy of Statistical Process Control 175 Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives 175 5.1. Introduction 175 5.2. Chance and Assignable Causes of Quality Variation 176 5.3. Statistical Basis of the Control Chart 177 5.4. The Rest of the Magnificent Seven 195 5.5. Implementing SPC in a Quality Improvement Program 201 5.6. An Application of SPC 202 5.7. Applications of Statistical Process Control and Quality Improvement Tools in Transactional and Service Businesses 208 6 Control Charts for Variables 218 Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives 218 6.1. Introduction 218 6.2. Control Charts for x̅ and R 219 6.3. Control Charts for x̅ and s 242 6.4. The Shewhart Control Chart for Individual Measurements 250 6.5. Summary of Procedures for x̅, R, and s Charts 260 6.6. Applications of Variables Control Charts 261 7 Control Charts for Attributes 265 Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives 265 7.1. Introduction 265 7.2. The Control Chart for Fraction Nonconforming 266 7.3. Control Charts for Nonconformities (Defects) 289 7.4. Choice Between Attributes and Variables Control Charts 307 7.5. Guidelines for Implementing Control Charts 311 8 Process and Measurement System Capability Analysis 317 Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives 317 8.1. Introduction 317 8.2. Process Capability Analysis Using a Histogram or a Probability Plot 319 8.3. Process Capability Ratios 323 8.4. Process Capability Analysis Using a Control Chart 336 8.5. Process Capability Analysis Using Designed Experiments 338 8.6. Process Capability Analysis with Attribute Data 338 8.7. Describing Capability for Many Processes 340 8.8. Gauge and Measurement System Capability Studies 341 8.9. Setting Specification Limits on Discrete Components 360 8.10. Estimating the Natural Tolerance Limits of a Process 366 Part 4 Other Statistical Process-Monitoring and Control Techniques 369 9 Cumulative Sum and Exponentially Weighted Moving Average Control Charts 371 Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives 371 9.1. The Cumulative Sum Control Chart 372 9.2. The Exponentially Weighted Moving Average Control Chart 390 9.3. The Moving Average Control Chart 400 10 Other Univariate Statistical Process-Monitoring and Control Techniques 403 Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives 403 10.1. Statistical Process Control for Short Production Runs 404 10.2. Modified and Acceptance Control Charts 407 10.3. Control Charts for Multiple-Stream Processes 412 10.4. SPC with Autocorrelated Process Data 415 10.5. Adaptive Sampling Procedures 431 10.6. Economic Design of Control Charts 433 10.7. Cuscore Charts 442 10.8. The Changepoint Model for Process Monitoring 444 10.9. Profile Monitoring 445 10.10. Control Charts in Health Care Monitoring and Public Health Surveillance 449 10.11. Overview of Other Procedures 450 11 Multivariate Process Monitoring and Control 458 Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives 458 11.1. The Multivariate Quality-Control Problem 459 11.2. Description of Multivariate Data 460 11.3. The Hotelling T2 Control Chart 462 11.4. The Multivariate EWMA Control Chart 473 11.5. Regression Adjustment 476 11.6. Control Charts for Monitoring Variability 479 11.7. Latent Structure Methods 482 12 Engineering Process Control and SPC 488 Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives 488 12.1. Process Monitoring and Process Regulation 488 12.2. Process Control by Feedback Adjustment 489 12.3. Combining SPC and EPC 500 Part 5 Process Design and Improvement with Designed Experiments 505 13 Factorial and Fractional Factorial Experiments for Process Design and Improvement 507 Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives 507 13.1. What is Experimental Design? 507 13.2. Examples of Designed Experiments in Process and Product Improvement 509 13.3. Guidelines for Designing Experiments 512 13.4. Factorial Experiments 514 13.5. The 2k Factorial Design 523 13.6. Fractional Replication of the 2k Design 551 14 Process Optimization with Designed Experiments 563 Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives 563 14.1. Response Surface Methods and Designs 563 14.2. Process Robustness Studies 572 14.3. Evolutionary Operation 583 Part 6 Acceptance Sampling 589 15 Lot-by-Lot Acceptance Sampling for Attributes 591 Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives 591 15.1. The Acceptance-Sampling Problem 591 15.2. Single-Sampling Plans for Attributes 596 15.3. Double, Multiple, and Sequential Sampling 606 15.4. Military Standard 105E (ANSI/ASQC Z1.4, ISO 2859) 615 15.5. The Dodge-Romig Sampling Plans 623 16 Other Acceptance-Sampling Techniques 627 Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives 627 16.1. Acceptance Sampling by Variables 627 16.2. Designing a Variables-Sampling Plan with a Specified OC Curve 630 16.3. MIL STD 414 (ANSI/ASQC Z1.9) 631 16.4. Other Variables Sampling Procedures 635 16.5. Chain Sampling 636 16.6. Continuous Sampling 638 16.7. Skip-Lot Sampling Plans 641 Problems (Available in e-text for students) P-1 Appendix A-1 Bibliography (Available in e-text for students) B-1 Index I-1

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsList of Symbols xvii 1. Introduction 1 2. Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding 19 3. The Structure of Crystalline Solids 49 4. Imperfections in Solids 97 5. Diffusion 129 6. Mechanical Properties of Metals 154 7. Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms 196 8. Failure 227 9. Phase Diagrams 271 10. Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties 327 11. Applications and Processing of Metal Alloys 375 12. Structures and Properties of Ceramics 435 13. Applications and Processing of Ceramics 474 14. Polymer Structures 512 15. Characteristics, Applications, and Processing of Polymers 545 16. Composites 600 17. Corrosion and Degradation of Materials 645 18. Electrical Properties 688 19. Thermal Properties 741 20. Magnetic Properties 758 21. Optical Properties 792 22. Environmental and Societal Issues in Materials Science and Engineering 822 Appendix A The International System of Units (SI) A-1 Appendix B Properties of Selected Engineering Materials A-3 Appendix C Costs and Relative Costs for Selected Engineering Materials A-32 Appendix D Repeat Unit Structures for Common Polymers A-37 Appendix E Glass Transition and Melting Temperatures for Common Polymeric Materials A-41 Glossary G-1 Answers to Selected Problems PA-1 Index I-1

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Book SynopsisShigley's Mechanical Engineering Design is intended for students beginning the study of mechanical engineering design. Students will find that the text inherently directs them into familiarity with both the basics of design decisions and the standards of industrial components. It combines the straightforward focus on fundamentals that instructors have come to expect, with a modern emphasis on design and new applications. This textbook maintains the well-designed approach that has made this book the standard in machine design for nearly 50 years.

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Book SynopsisSolid State Physics Enables readers to easily understand the basics of solid state physics Solid State Physics is a successful short textbook that gives a clear and concise introduction to its subject. The presentation is suitable for students who are exposed to this topic for the first time. Each chapter starts with basic principles and gently progresses to more advanced concepts, using easy-to-follow explanations and keeping mathematical formalism to a minimum. This new edition is thoroughly revised, with easier-to-understand descriptions of metallic and covalent bonding, a straightforward proof of Bloch’s theorem, a simpler approach to the nearly free electron model, and enhanced pedagogical features, such as more than 100 discussion questions, 70 problems – including problems to train the students’ skills to find computational solutions – and multiple-choice questions at the end of each chapter, with solutions in the book for self-training. Solid State Physics introduces the readers to: Crystal structures and underlying bonding mechanisms The mechanical and vibrational properties of solids Electronic properties in both a classical and a quantum mechanical picture, with a treatment of the electronic phenomena in metals, semiconductors and insulators More advanced subjects, such as magnetism, superconductivity and phenomena emerging for nano-scaled solids For bachelor’s students in physics, materials sciences, engineering sciences, and chemistry, Solid State Physics serves as an introductory textbook, with many helpful supplementary learning resources included throughout the text and available online, to aid in reader comprehension.Table of ContentsPreface to the First Edition xi Preface to the Second Edition xiii Preface to the Third Edition xv Physical Constants and Energy Equivalents xvii 1 Crystal Structures 1 1.1 General Description of Crystal Structures 2 1.2 Some Important Crystal Structures 3 1.2.1 Cubic Structures 4 1.2.2 Close-Packed Structures 5 1.2.3 Structures of Covalently Bonded Solids 6 1.3 Crystal Structure Determination 7 1.3.1 X-Ray Diffraction 7 1.3.1.1 Bragg Theory 7 1.3.1.2 Lattice Planes and Miller Indices 8 1.3.1.3 General Diffraction Theory 9 1.3.1.4 The Reciprocal Lattice 11 1.3.1.5 The Meaning of the Reciprocal Lattice 12 1.3.1.6 X-Ray Diffraction from Periodic Structures 14 1.3.1.7 The Ewald Construction 15 1.3.1.8 Relation Between Bragg and Laue Theory 16 1.3.2 Other Methods for Structure Determination 17 1.3.3 Inelastic Scattering 17 1.4 Further Reading 17 1.5 Discussion and Problems 18 Discussion 18 Basic Concepts 18 Problems 20 2 Bonding in Solids 23 2.1 Attractive and Repulsive Forces 23 2.2 Ionic Bonding 24 2.3 Covalent Bonding 25 2.4 Metallic Bonding 32 2.5 Hydrogen Bonding 33 2.6 Van der Waals Bonding 33 2.7 Further Reading 34 2.8 Discussion and Problems 34 Discussion 34 Basic Concepts 35 Problems 35 3 Mechanical Properties 37 3.1 Elastic Deformation 39 3.1.1 Macroscopic Picture 39 3.1.1.1 Elastic Constants 39 3.1.1.2 Poisson’s Ratio 40 3.1.1.3 Relation Between Elastic Constants 40 3.1.2 Microscopic Picture 41 3.2 Plastic Deformation 43 3.2.1 Estimate of the Yield Stress 43 3.2.2 Point Defects and Dislocations 45 3.2.3 The Role of Defects in Plastic Deformation 45 3.3 Fracture 47 3.4 Further Reading 48 3.5 Discussion and Problems 48 Discussion 48 Basic Concepts 49 Problems 49 4 Thermal Properties of the Lattice 51 4.1 Lattice Vibrations 51 4.1.1 A Simple Harmonic Oscillator 51 4.1.2 An Infinite Chain of Atoms 52 4.1.2.1 One Atom Per Unit Cell 52 4.1.2.2 The First Brillouin Zone 55 4.1.2.3 Two Atoms per Unit Cell 56 4.1.3 A Finite Chain of Atoms 58 4.1.4 Quantized Vibrations, Phonons 59 4.1.5 Three-Dimensional Solids 61 4.1.5.1 Generalization to Three Dimensions 61 4.1.5.2 Estimate of the Vibrational Frequencies from the Elastic Constants 63 4.2 Heat Capacity of the Lattice 64 4.2.1 Classical Theory and Experimental Results 65 4.2.2 Einstein Model 66 4.2.3 Debye Model 68 4.3 Thermal Conductivity 71 4.4 Thermal Expansion 74 4.5 Allotropic Phase Transitions and Melting 75 References 78 4.6 Further Reading 78 4.7 Discussion and Problems 78 Discussion 78 Basic Concepts 79 Problems 81 5 Electronic Properties of Metals: Classical Approach 85 5.1 Basic Assumptions of the Drude Model 85 5.2 Results from the Drude Model 87 5.2.1 dc Electrical Conductivity 87 5.2.2 Hall Effect 89 5.2.3 Optical Reflectivity of Metals 90 5.2.4 The Wiedemann–Franz Law 93 5.3 Shortcomings of the Drude Model 93 5.4 Further Reading 94 5.5 Discussion and Problems 95 Discussion 95 Basic Concepts 95 Problems 96 6 Electronic Properties of Solids: Quantum Mechanical Approach 99 6.1 The Idea of Energy Bands 100 6.2 The Free Electron Model 103 6.2.1 The Quantum-Mechanical Eigenstates 103 6.2.2 Electronic Heat Capacity 107 6.2.3 The Wiedemann–Franz Law 108 6.2.4 Screening 108 6.3 The General Form of the Electronic States 111 6.4 Nearly-Free Electron Model: Band Formation 114 6.5 Tight-binding Model 119 6.6 Energy Bands in Real Solids 124 6.7 Transport Properties 130 6.8 Brief Review of Some Key Ideas 134 References 135 6.9 Further Reading 135 6.10 Discussion and Problems 136 Discussion 136 Basic Concepts 137 Problems 140 7 Semiconductors 145 7.1 Intrinsic Semiconductors 146 7.1.1 Temperature Dependence of the Carrier Density 148 7.2 Doped Semiconductors 153 7.2.1 n and p Doping 153 7.2.2 Carrier Density 155 7.3 Conductivity of Semiconductors 157 7.4 Semiconductor Devices 158 7.4.1 The pn Junction 158 7.4.2 Transistors 163 7.4.3 Optoelectronic Devices 165 7.5 Further Reading 168 7.6 Discussion and Problems 169 Discussion 169 Basic Concepts 170 Problems 172 8 Magnetism 175 8.1 Macroscopic Description 175 8.2 Quantum-Mechanical Description of Magnetism 177 8.3 Paramagnetism and Diamagnetism in Atoms 179 8.4 Weak Magnetism in Solids 182 8.4.1 Diamagnetic Contributions 183 8.4.1.1 Contribution from the Atoms 183 8.4.1.2 Contribution from the Free Electrons 183 8.4.2 Paramagnetic Contributions 183 8.4.2.1 Curie Paramagnetism 184 8.4.2.2 Pauli Paramagnetism 185 8.5 Magnetic Ordering 187 8.5.1 Magnetic Ordering and the Exchange Interaction 187 8.5.2 Magnetic Ordering for Localized Spins 189 8.5.3 Magnetic Ordering in a Band Picture 193 8.5.4 Ferromagnetic Domains 195 8.5.5 Hysteresis 196 Reference 198 8.6 Further Reading 198 8.7 Discussion and Problems 199 Discussion 199 Basic Concepts 200 Problems 201 9 Dielectrics 203 9.1 Macroscopic Description 203 9.2 Microscopic Polarization 205 9.3 The Local Field 207 9.4 Frequency Dependence of the Dielectric Constant 208 9.4.1 Excitation of Lattice Vibrations 208 9.4.2 Electronic Transitions 212 9.5 Other Effects 213 9.5.1 Impurities in Dielectrics 213 9.5.2 Ferroelectricity 214 9.5.3 Piezoelectricity 215 9.5.4 Dielectric Breakdown 216 9.6 Further Reading 216 9.7 Discussion and Problems 216 Discussion 216 Basic Concepts 217 Problems 218 10 Superconductivity 221 10.1 Basic Experimental Facts 222 10.1.1 Zero Resistivity 222 10.1.2 The Meissner Effect 225 10.1.3 The Isotope Effect 227 10.2 Some Theoretical Aspects 227 10.2.1 Phenomenological Theory 227 10.2.2 Microscopic BCS Theory 230 10.3 Experimental Detection of the Gap 236 10.4 Coherence of the Superconducting State 238 10.5 Type-I and Type-II Superconductors 239 10.6 High-Temperature Superconductivity 242 10.7 Concluding Remarks 243 References 244 10.8 Further Reading 244 10.9 Discussion and Problems 244 Discussion 244 Basic Concepts 245 Problems 246 11 Finite Solids and Nanostructures 249 11.1 Quantum Confinement 250 11.2 Surfaces and Interfaces 252 11.3 Magnetism on the Nanoscale 255 11.4 Further Reading 256 11.5 Discussion and Problems 257 Discussion 257 Basic Concepts 257 Problems 257 Appendix A 259 A.1 Explicit Forms of Vector Operations 259 A.2 Differential Form of the Maxwell Equations 260 A.3 Maxwell Equations in Matter 261 Appendix B 263 B.1 Solutions to Basic Concepts Questions 263 Index 265

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Book SynopsisVector Mechanics for Engineers helps students analyze problems in a simple and logical manner and then apply basic principles to their solutions, encouraging a strong conceptual understanding of these basic principles. Offering a unified presentation of the principles of kinetics and a systematic problem-solving approach, the text has proven to be an effective teaching tool, especially when paired with the digital resources available in Connect. The addition of Case Studies in every chapter are based on actual structures and systems, include failures, provide students with real-world engineering applications. And Sample Problems, liberally used at the end of each lesson, align with the SMART methodology to amplify the neat and orderly work students should cultivate in their own solutions.

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Book SynopsisOffers information on debugging and troubleshooting analog circuits. This book gives advice on using simple equipment to troubleshoot; and step-by-step procedures for analog troubleshooting methods. It provides proven methods for troubleshooting analog circuits.Trade Review"Combining his expertise as a senior scientist at National Semiconductor with a sense of humor and easy writing style, Pease has produced an excellent guide to analog circuit troubleshooting." --Library Journal 2004Table of ContentsTroubleshooting linear circuits - The beginninghoosing the right equipmentGetting down to the component levelSolving capacitor-based troublesPreventing material and assembly problemsSolving active-component problemsIdentifying transistor troublesOperational amplifiers - the supreme activatorsQuashing spurious oscillationsThe analog-digital boundaryTroubleshooting charts

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Book SynopsisThe Jet Engine provides a complete, accessible description of the working and underlying principles of the gas turbine. Accessible, non-technical approach explaining the workings of jet engines, for readers of all levels Full colour diagrams, cutaways and photographs throughout Written by RR specialists in all the respective fields Hugely popular and well-reviewed book, originally published in 2005 under Rolls Royce's own imprint Table of Contentssection one: Design THIS SECTION ON ENGINE DESIGN LOOKS AT HOW THE JET ENGINE CAME TO BE WHAT IT IS TODAY, AND WHY – AND WHAT ENGINEERS NEED TO CONSIDER WHEN TRANSLATING AN IDEA INTO A PROVEN, WORKING ENGINE. 6 1.1 theory and basic mechanics principles 10, gas turbines 10, aero engines 14, turbojet 15, turbofan 16, turboshafts and turboprops 16, mechanical arrangements 18 22 1.2 experience the early days 26, civil and military 28, silicon and titanium 30, land and sea 32, impact 33, development 33 36 1.3 design and development Design 40 »requirements 40, customers 40, process 41, from design to development 41 Development 42 »experimental process 42, certification 43 › civil 43 › military 47 › energy 50 › marine 51 54 1.4 environmental impact Noise 58 »control 58, sources 59, testing 64, research 65 Emissions 66 »life-cycle 66, species 67, airports and LTO cycle 69, trends 69 72 1.5 performance design point performance 76, off-design 77, ratings 79, transient 79, starting 81, testing 82, civil 84, military 84, industrial 85, marine 86 THIS SECTION,COMPONENT DEFINITION, STARTS AT THE FRONT OF THE ENGINE AND FOLLOWS THE AIRFLOW THROUGH TO THE REAR. IT THEN LOOKS AT THE OTHER COMPONENTS AND SYSTEMS THAT NEED TO BE INTEGRATED WITH THE ENGINE. section two define 92 2.1 fans and compressors configurations 96, aerodynamics 96, subsystems 101, industrial and marine 108, rigs 109, future 109 112 2.2 combustors combustion 116, architecture 117, fuel injectors 120, cooling 122,modelling 124, testing 124, integrity 124, challenges 126 130 2.3 turbines principles 134, types 134, design methodology 137, energy transfer 137, cooling 138, components 140, evolving considerations 144 148 2.4 transmissions rotor support structures 152, gearboxes 154, shafts 158, bearings 159 164 2.5 fluid systems Air systems 168 »bleed 170, elements 170, operating envelope 173, design challenge 173, integrity 173, monitoring 174 Fuel systems 174 »operation 174, description 175, aircraft interaction 175, FADEC 176, heat management 179, fuels 179 Oil system 180 »description 180, components 182, design challenge 186, integrity 187, monitoring 187, oils 187 190 2.6 control systems principles 194, control laws 194, components 196, civil 197, military 202, helicopter 202, marine 203, energy 203 section three deliver THERE ARE GOOD REASONS WHY THE JET ENGINE DELIVERS IN SERVICE: THE NATURE OF THE JET ENGINE DESCRIBED IN SECTION ONE; THE ENGINEERING EXCELLENCE OF SECTION TWO; AND THE ABILITIES TO MANUFACTURE, MAINTAIN, AND ADAPT. 208 3.1 manufacture and assembly Manufacture 212 »materials 212, casting 212, machining 213, drilling 214, joining 216, blisks 218, finish 219, composites 219, inspection 219 Assembly 221 »module assembly 221, engine build 223 226 3.2 installations externals 230, civil 231,military 236, stealth 237, test beds 238, energy and marine 238, fire 240, ice 241, reheat 243,V/STOL and vectoring 244 248 3.3 maintenance On-wing maintenance 252 »scheduled 252, unscheduled 252, monitoring 252, ETOPS 254, testing 255 Off-wing overhaul 255 »cleaning 256, inspection 257, repair 257, balancing 259, testing 260, engine management 261, industrial 262, marine 262 266 3.4 the future today 270, tomorrow 271, technologies 275, materials 275, compression 275, combustion 276, turbines 276, noise 277, more electric 277 280 glossary and conversion factors 282 the index 288 bibliography, credits, and thanks

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Book SynopsisShigley''s Mechanical Engineering Design is intended for students beginning the study of mechanical engineering design. Students will find that the text inherently directs them into familiarity with both the basics of design decisions and the standards of industrial components. It combines the straightforward focus on fundamentals that instructors have come to expect, with a modern emphasis on design and new applications. This textbook maintains the well-designed approach that has made this book the standard in machine design for nearly 50 years.

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsList of Symbols xix 1. Introduction 1 Learning Objectives 2 1.1 Historical Perspective 2 1.2 Materials Science and Engineering: Need of Its Study 3 Case Study 1.1—Cargo Ship Failures 6 1.3 Classification of Materials 7 Case Study 1.2—Carbonated Beverage Containers 12 1.4 Advanced Materials 14 1.5 Modern Materials’ Needs 17 Summary 18 References 18 Questions and Problems 19 2. Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding20 Learning Objectives 21 2.1 Introduction 21 Atomic Structure 21 2.2 Fundamental Concepts 21 2.3 Electrons in Atoms 24 2.4 The Periodic Table 30 Atomic Bonding in Solids 32 2.5 Bonding Forces and Energies 32 2.6 Primary Interatomic Bonds 34 2.7 Secondary Bonding or van der Waals Bonding 41 Materials of Importance 2.1—Water (Its Volume Expansion upon Freezing) 44 2.8 Mixed Bonding 45 2.9 Molecules 46 2.10 Bonding Type-Material Classification Correlations 46 Summary 47 Equation Summary 48 List of Symbols 48 Important Terms and Concepts 49 References 49 Questions and Problems 49 3. Structures of Metals and Ceramics 52 Learning Objectives 53 3.1 Introduction 53 Crystal Structures 54 3.2 Fundamental Concepts 54 3.3 Unit Cells 55 3.4 Metallic Crystal Structures 55 3.5 Density Computations—Metals 61 3.6 Ceramic Crystal Structures 62 3.7 Density Computations—Ceramics 69 3.8 Silicate Ceramics 70 3.9 Carbon 73 3.10 Polymorphism and Allotropy 78 3.11 Crystal Systems 78 Material of Importance 3.1—Tin (Its Allotropic Transformation) 80 Crystallographic Points, Directions, and Planes 81 3.12 Point Coordinates 81 3.13 Crystallographic Directions 83 3.14 Crystallographic Planes 90 3.15 Linear and Planar Densities 96 3.16 Close-Packed Crystal Structures 97 Crystalline and Noncrystalline Materials 100 3.17 Single Crystals 100 3.18 Polycrystalline Materials 101 3.19 Anisotropy 101 3.20 X-Ray Diffraction: Determination of Crystal Structures 103 3.21 Noncrystalline Solids 108 Summary 110 Equation Summary 112 List of Symbols 113 Important Terms and Concepts 114 References 114 Questions and Problems 114 4. Polymer Structures 123 Learning Objectives 124 4.1 Introduction 124 4.2 Hydrocarbon Molecules 124 4.3 Polymer Molecules 127 4.4 The Chemistry of Polymer Molecules 127 4.5 Molecular Weight 131 4.6 Molecular Shape 135 4.7 Molecular Structure 137 4.8 Molecular Configurations 138 4.9 Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Polymers 141 4.10 Copolymers 142 4.11 Polymer Crystallinity 143 4.12 Polymer Crystals 147 Summary 149 Equation Summary 150 List of Symbols 151 Important Terms and Concepts 151 References 151 Questions and Problems 152 5. Composites 155 Learning Objectives 156 5.1 Introduction 156 Particle-Reinforced Composites 158 5.2 Large-Particle Composites 159 5.3 Dispersion-Strengthened Composites 162 Fiber-Reinforced Composites 163 5.4 Influence of Fiber Length 163 5.5 Influence of Fiber Orientation and Concentration 164 5.6 The Fiber Phase 173 5.7 The Matrix Phase 174 5.8 Polymer-Matrix Composites 175 5.9 Metal-Matrix Composites 180 5.10 Ceramic-Matrix Composites 182 5.11 Carbon–Carbon Composites 183 5.12 Hybrid Composites 184 5.13 Processing of Fiber-Reinforced Composites 184 Structural Composites 188 5.14 Laminar Composites 188 5.15 Sandwich Panels 190 Case Study 5.1—Use of Composites in the Boeing 787 Dreamliner 192 5.16 Nanocomposites 193 Summary 195 Equation Summary 198 List of Symbols 199 Important Terms and Concepts 199 References 199 Questions and Problems 200 6. Imperfections in Solids 204 Learning Objectives 205 6.1 Introduction 205 Point Defects 206 6.2 Point Defects in Metals 206 6.3 Point Defects in Ceramics 207 6.4 Impurities in Solids 210 6.5 Point Defects in Polymers 215 6.6 Specification of Composition 215 Miscellaneous Imperfections 219 6.7 Dislocations—Linear Defects 219 6.8 Interfacial Defects 222 Materials of Importance 6.1—Catalysts (and Surface Defects) 225 6.9 Bulk or Volume Defects 226 6.10 Atomic Vibrations 226 Microscopic Examination 227 6.11 Basic Concepts of Microscopy 227 6.12 Microscopic Techniques 228 6.13 Grain-Size Determination 232 Summary 235 Equation Summary 237 List of Symbols 237 Important Terms and Concepts 238 References 238 Questions and Problems 238 7. Diffusion 243 Learning Objectives 244 7.1 Introduction 244 7.2 Diffusion Mechanisms 245 7.3 Fick’s First Law 246 7.4 Fick’s Second Law—Nonsteady-State Diffusion 248 7.5 Factors that Influence Diffusion 252 7.6 Diffusion in Semiconducting Materials 258 Materials of Importance 7.1—Aluminum for Integrated Circuit Interconnects 261 7.7 Other Diffusion Paths 262 7.8 Diffusion in Ionic and Polymeric Materials 262 Summary 264 Equation Summary 266 List of Symbols 266 Important Terms and Concepts 266 References 267 Questions and Problems 267 8. Mechanical Properties 272 Learning Objectives 273 8.1 Introduction 273 8.2 Concepts of Stress and Strain 274 Elastic Deformation 278 8.3 Stress–Strain Behavior 278 8.4 Anelasticity 281 8.5 Elastic Properties of Materials 282 Mechanical Behavior—Metals 284 8.6 Tensile Properties 285 8.7 True Stress and Strain 292 8.8 Elastic Recovery after Plastic Deformation 295 8.9 Compressive, Shear, and Torsional Deformations 295 Mechanical Behavior—Ceramics 296 8.10 Flexural Strength 296 8.11 Elastic Behavior 297 8.12 Influence of Porosity on the Mechanical Properties of Ceramics 297 Mechanical Behavior—Polymers 299 8.13 Stress–Strain Behavior 299 8.14 Macroscopic Deformation 301 8.15 Viscoelastic Deformation 302 Hardness and Other Mechanical Property Considerations 306 8.16 Hardness 306 8.17 Hardness of Ceramic Materials 307 8.18 Tear Strength and Hardness of Polymers 312 8.19 Hardness at Elevated Temperature 313 Property Variability and Design/Safety Factors 313 8.20 Variability of Material Properties 313 8.21 Design/Safety Factors 315 Summary 319 Equation Summary 322 List of Symbols 323 Important Terms and Concepts 324 References 324 Questions and Problems 324 9. Dislocation, Deformation, and Strengthening Mechanisms 333 Learning Objectives 334 9.1 Introduction 334 Deformation Mechanisms for Metals 334 9.2 Historical 335 9.3 Basic Concepts of Dislocations 335 9.4 Characteristics of Dislocations 337 9.5 Slip Systems 338 9.6 Slip in Single Crystals 340 9.7 Plastic Deformation of Polycrystalline Metals 343 9.8 Deformation by Twinning 345 Mechanisms of Strengthening in Metals 346 9.9 Strengthening by Grain Size Reduction 346 9.10 Solid-Solution Strengthening 348 9.11 Strain Hardening 349 Recovery, Recrystallization, and Grain Growth 352 9.12 Recovery 352 9.13 Recrystallization 353 9.14 Grain Growth 357 Deformation Mechanisms for Ceramic Materials 359 9.15 Crystalline Ceramics 359 9.16 Noncrystalline Ceramics 359 Mechanisms of Deformation and for Strengthening of Polymers 360 9.17 Deformation of Semicrystalline Polymers 360 9.18 Factors that Influence the Mechanical Properties of Semicrystalline Polymers 362 Materials of Importance 9.1—Shrink-Wrap Polymer Films 365 9.19 Deformation of Elastomers 366 Summary 368 Equation Summary 371 List of Symbols 371 Important Terms and Concepts 371 References 372 Questions and Problems 372 10. Failure 378 Learning Objectives 379 10.1 Introduction 379 Fracture 380 10.2 Fundamentals of Fracture 380 10.3 Ductile Fracture 380 10.4 Brittle Fracture 382 10.5 Principles of Fracture Mechanics 384 10.6 Griffith Theory of Brittle Fracture 394 10.7 Brittle Fracture of Ceramics 395 10.8 Fracture of Polymers 399 10.9 Fracture Toughness Testing 401 Fatigue 405 10.10 Cyclic Stresses 406 10.11 The S–N Curve 407 10.12 Fatigue in Polymeric Materials 412 10.13 Crack Initiation and Propagation 413 10.14 Factors that Affect Fatigue Life 415 10.15 Thermal and Corrosion Fatigue 417 10.16 Goodman Diagram 418 10.17 Fatigue Crack Propagation Rate 420 Creep 423 10.18 Mechanical Behavior Dependent on Time 423 10.19 Stress and Temperature Effects 424 10.20 Data Extrapolation Methods 427 10.21 High-Temperature Material 428 10.22 Creep in Ceramic and Polymeric Materials 429 Summary 429 Equation Summary 432 List of Symbols 433 Important Terms and Concepts 434 References 434 Questions and Problems 434 11. Phase Diagrams 441 Learning Objectives 442 11.1 Introduction 442 Definitions and Basic Concepts 442 11.2 Solubility Limit 443 11.3 Phases 444 11.4 Microstructure 444 11.5 Phase Equilibria 444 11.6 One-Component (or Unary) Phase Diagrams 445 Binary Phase Diagrams 446 11.7 Binary Isomorphous Systems 447 11.8 Interpretation of Phase Diagrams 449 11.9 Development of Microstructure in Isomorphous Alloys 453 11.10 Mechanical Properties of Isomorphous Alloys 456 11.11 Binary Eutectic Systems 456 11.12 Development of Microstructure in Eutectic Alloys 462 Materials of Importance 11.1—Lead-Free Solders 463 11.13 Equilibrium Diagrams Having Intermediate Phases or Compounds 469 11.14 Eutectoid and Peritectic Reactions 472 11.15 Peritectoid and Monotectic Reactions 473 11.16 Congruent Phase Transformations 475 11.17 Ceramic Phase Diagrams 476 11.18 Ternary Phase Diagrams 479 11.19 The Gibbs Phase Rule 480 The Iron–Carbon System 482 11.20 The Iron–Iron Carbide (Fe–Fe 3 C) Phase Diagram 482 11.21 Development of Microstructure in Iron– Carbon Alloys 485 11.22 The Influence of Other Alloying Elements 492 11.23 Spinodal Decomposition 493 Summary 496 Equation Summary 498 List of Symbols 499 Important Terms and Concepts 499 References 500 Questions and Problems 500 12. Phase Transformations 507 Learning Objectives 508 12.1 Introduction 508 Phase Transformations in Metals 508 12.2 Basic Concepts 509 12.3 The Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Phase Transformations 509 12.4 Metastable Versus Equilibrium States 520 Microstructural and Property Changes in Iron–Carbon Alloys 521 12.5 Isothermal Transformation Diagrams 521 12.6 Continuous-Cooling Transformation Diagrams 531 12.7 Mechanical Behavior of Iron–Carbon Alloys 534 12.8 Tempered Martensite 539 12.9 Review of Phase Transformations and Mechanical Properties for Iron–Carbon Alloys 541 Materials of Importance 12.1—Shape- Memory Alloys 544 Precipitation Hardening 547 12.10 Heat Treatments 547 12.11 Mechanism of Hardening 549 12.12 Martempering and Austempering 551 12.13 Surface Hardening (Case-Hardening Process) 552 12.14 Vacuum and Plasma Hardening 554 Crystallization, Melting, and Glass Transition Phenomena in Polymers 554 12.15 Crystallization 555 12.16 Melting 556 12.17 The Glass Transition 556 12.18 Melting and Glass Transition Temperatures 556 12.19 Factors that Influence Melting and Glass Transition Temperatures 557 Summary 560 Equation Summary 562 List of Symbols 563 Important Terms and Concepts 563 References 563 Questions and Problems 564 13. Electrical Properties of Materials 571 Learning Objectives 572 13.1 Introduction 572 Electrical Conduction 573 13.2 Ohm’s Law 573 13.3 Electrical Conductivity 573 13.4 Electronic and Ionic Conduction 574 13.5 Energy Band Structures in Solids 574 13.6 Conduction in Terms of Band and Atomic Bonding Models 577 13.7 Electron Mobility 579 13.8 Electrical Resistivity of Metals 580 13.9 Electrical Characteristics of Commercial Alloys 583 Semiconductivity 583 13.10 Intrinsic Semiconduction 583 13.11 Extrinsic Semiconduction 586 13.12 The Temperature Dependence of Carrier Concentration 589 13.13 Factors that Affect Carrier Mobility 591 13.14 The Hall Effect 595 13.15 Semiconductor Devices 597 Electrical Conduction in Ionic Ceramics and in Polymers 603 13.16 Conduction in Ionic Materials 603 13.17 Electrical Properties of Polymers 604 Dielectric Behavior 605 13.18 Capacitance 605 13.19 Field Vectors and Polarization 607 13.20 Types of Polarization 610 13.21 Frequency Dependence of the Dielectric Constant 611 13.22 Dielectric Strength 612 13.23 Dielectric Materials 612 Other Electrical Characteristics of Materials 613 13.24 Ferroelectricity 613 13.25 Piezoelectricity 614 Materials of Importance 13.1— Piezoelectric Ceramic Ink-Jet Printer Heads 615 13.26 Electrostriction 616 Summary 617 Equation Summary 619 List of Symbols 620 Important Terms and Concepts 621 References 621 Questions and Problems 622 14. Types and Applications of Materials628 Learning Objectives 629 14.1 Introduction 629 Types of Metal Alloys 629 14.2 Ferrous Alloys 629 14.3 Nonferrous Alloys 642 Materials of Importance 14.1—Metal Alloys Used for Euro Coins 652 Types of Ceramics 653 14.4 Glasses 654 14.5 Glass-Ceramics 654 14.6 Clay Products 656 14.7 Refractories 656 14.8 Abrasives 659 14.9 Cements 661 14.10 Ceramic Biomaterials 662 14.11 Carbons 663 14.12 Advanced Ceramics 666 Types of Polymers 668 14.13 Plastics 668 Materials of Importance 14.2—Phenolic Billiard Balls 670 14.14 Elastomers 671 14.15 Fibers 673 14.16 Miscellaneous Applications 673 14.17 Polymeric Biomaterials 675 14.18 Advanced Polymeric Materials 677 Summary 680 Important Terms and Concepts 683 References 683 Questions and Problems 683 15. Processing of Engineering Materials686 Learning Objectives 687 15.1 Introduction 687 Fabrication of Metals 687 15.2 Forming Operations 688 15.3 Casting 689 15.4 Miscellaneous Techniques 691 15.5 3D Printing (Additive Manufacturing) 692 Thermal Processing of Metals 696 15.6 Annealing Processes 697 15.7 Heat Treatment of Steels 699 Fabrication of Ceramic Materials 711 15.8 Fabrication and Processing of Glasses and Glass-Ceramics 711 15.9 Fabrication and Processing of Clay Products 716 15.10 Powder Pressing 721 15.11 Tape Casting 723 15.12 3D Printing of Ceramic Materials 723 Synthesis and Fabrication of Polymers 725 15.13 Polymerization 725 15.14 Polymer Additives 728 15.15 Forming Techniques for Plastics 729 15.16 Fabrication of Elastomers 732 15.17 Fabrication of Fibers and Films 732 15.18 3D Printing of Polymers 733 Summary 736 Important Terms and Concepts 739 References 739 Questions and Problems 740 16. Corrosion and Degradation 743 Learning Objectives 744 16.1 Introduction 744 Corrosion of Metals 745 16.2 Electrochemical Considerations 745 16.3 Corrosion Kinetics 751 16.4 Prediction of Corrosion Rates 753 16.5 Passivity 759 16.6 Environmental Effects 760 16.7 Forms of Corrosion 761 16.8 Corrosion Environments 768 16.9 Corrosion Prevention 769 16.10 Oxidation 771 Corrosion of Ceramic Materials 775 Degradation of Polymers 775 16.11 Swelling and Dissolution 775 16.12 Bond Rupture 777 16.13 Weathering 779 Summary 779 Equation Summary 781 List of Symbols 782 Important Terms and Concepts 783 References 783 Questions and Problems 783 17. Thermal Properties 787 Learning Objectives 788 17.1 Introduction 788 17.2 Heat Capacity 788 17.3 Thermal Expansion 792 Materials of Importance 17.1—Invar and Other Low-Expansion Alloys 794 17.4 Thermal Conductivity 795 17.5 Thermal Stresses 798 Summary 800 Equation Summary 801 List of Symbols 802 Important Terms and Concepts 802 References 802 Questions and Problems 802 18. Magnetic Properties 805 Learning Objectives 806 18.1 Introduction 806 18.2 Basic Concepts 806 18.3 Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism 810 18.4 Ferromagnetism 812 18.5 Antiferromagnetism and Ferrimagnetism 813 18.6 The Influence of Temperature on Magnetic Behavior 817 18.7 Domains and Hysteresis 818 18.8 Magnetic Anisotropy 821 18.9 Soft Magnetic Materials 823 Materials of Importance 18.1—An Iron–Silicon Alloy That Is Used in Transformer Cores 823 18.10 Hard Magnetic Materials 825 18.11 Magnetic Storage 828 18.12 Superconductivity 831 Summary 834 Equation Summary 836 List of Symbols 836 Important Terms and Concepts 837 References 837 Questions and Problems 837 19. Optical Properties 840 Learning Objectives 841 19.1 Introduction 841 Basic Concepts 841 19.2 Electromagnetic Radiation 841 19.3 Light Interactions with Solids 843 19.4 Atomic and Electronic Interactions 844 Optical Properties of Metals 845 Optical Properties of Nonmetals 846 19.5 Refraction 846 19.6 Reflection 848 19.7 Absorption 849 19.8 Transmission 852 19.9 Color 852 19.10 Opacity and Translucency in Insulators 854 Applications of Optical Phenomena 855 19.11 Luminescence 855 19.12 Photoconductivity 855 Materials of Importance 19.1—Light-Emitting Diodes 856 19.13 Lasers 858 19.14 Optical Fibers in Communications 862 Summary 864 Equation Summary 866 List of Symbols 867 Important Terms and Concepts 867 References 867 Questions and Problems 868 20. Economic, Environmental, and Societal Issues in Materials Science and Engineering 870 Learning Objectives 871 20.1 Introduction 871 Economic Considerations 871 20.2 Component Design 872 20.3 Materials 872 20.4 Manufacturing Techniques 873 Environmental and Societal Considerations 873 20.5 Recycling Issues in Materials Science and Engineering 876 Materials of Importance 20.1—Biodegradable and Biorenewable Polymers/Plastics 880 Summary 882 References 883 Questions and Problems 883 Appendix A The International System of Units (SI) A-1 A.1: The SI Base Units A-1 A.2: Some SI Derived Units A-2 A.3: SI Multiple and Submultiple Prefixes A-2 A.4: Unit Abbreviations A-3 A.5: Unit Conversion Factors A-3 Appendix B Properties of Selected Engineering Materials A-5 B.1: Density A-5 B.2: Modulus of Elasticity A-9 B.3: Poisson’s Ratio A-12 B.4: Strength and Ductility A-14 B.5: Plane Strain Fracture Toughness A-19 B.6: Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion A-20 B.7: Thermal Conductivity A-24 B.8: Specific Heat A-27 B.9: Electrical Resistivity A-30 B.10: Metal Alloy Compositions A-33 Appendix C Costs and Relative Costs for Selected Engineering Materials A-35 Appendix D Repeat Unit Structures for Common Polymers A-40 Appendix E Glass Transition and Melting Temperatures for Common Polymeric Materials A-45 Appendix F Characteristics of Selected Elements A-46 Appendix G Values of Selected Physical Constants A-47 Appendix H Periodic Table of the ElementsA-48 Glossary G-1 Answers to Selected Problems (available online) Index I-1

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Book SynopsisThe subject of system dynamics deals with mathematical modeling and analysis of devices and processes for the purpose of understanding their time-dependent behavior. It emphasizes applications containing multiple types of components and processes such as electromechanical devices, electrohydraulic devices, and fluid-thermal processes. Because systems of interconnected elements often require a control system to work properly, control system design is a major application area in system dynamics. System Dynamics covers these topics, has application case studies, more homework problems than other texts, and the strongest treatment of computational software and system simulation, with its early introduction of MATLAB and Simulink.Table of Contents1) Introduction2) Dynamic Response Methods3) Modeling of Rigid-Body Mechanical Systems4) Spring and Damper Elements in Mechanical Systems5) Block Diagrams, State-Variable Models, and Simulation Methods6) Electrical and Electromechanical Systems7) Fluid and Thermal Systems8) System Analysis in the Time Domain9) System Analysis in the Frequency Domain10) Introduction to Feedback Control Systems11) Control System Design and the Root Locus Plot12) Compensator Design13) Vibration Applications (On Website)AppendicesA) Guide to Selected MATLAB Commands and FunctionsB) Fourier SeriesC) Developing Models from DataD) Introduction to MATLAB (On Website)E) Numerical Methods (On Website)

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Book SynopsisFluid Mechanics is the study of fluids as an important branch of engineering mechanics. Almost everything on this planet either is a fluid or moves within or near a fluid. The essence of the subject of fluid flow is a judicious compromise between theory and experiment. This textbook not only makes a great deal of theoretical treatment available, but also provides experimental results as a natural and easy complement to the theory. The principles considered in the book are fundamental, and have been well established. However, in presenting this important subject, we have drawn on our own ideas and experience. Throughout the revisions, the informal and student-oriented writing style has been retained and further enhanced, and if it succeeds, has the flavor of an interactive lecture by the authors.Table of ContentsChapter 1 IntroductionChapter 2 Pressure Distribution in a FluidChapter 3 Integral Relations for a Control VolumeChapter 4 Differential Relations for Fluid FlowChapter 5 Dimensional Analysis and SimilarityChapter 6 Viscous Flow in DuctsChapter 7 Flow Past Immersed BodiesChapter 8 Potential Flow and Computational Fluid DynamicsChapter 9 Compressible FlowChapter 10 Open-Channel FlowChapter 11 TurbomachineryAppendix A Physical Properties of FluidsAppendix B Compressible Flow TablesAppendix C Conversion FactorsAppendix D Equations of Motion in Cylindrical CoordinatesAppendix E Estimating Uncertainty in Experimental Data

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1 Introduction to Statics 1 1/1 Mechanics 1 1/2 Basic Concepts 2 1/3 Scalars and Vectors 2 1/4 Newton’s Laws 5 1/5 Units 6 1/6 Law of Gravitation 9 1/7 Accuracy, Limits, and Approximations 10 1/8 Problem Solving in Statics 11 1/9 Chapter Review 14 2 Force Systems 17 2/1 Introduction 17 2/2 Force 17 Section A Two-Dimensional Force Systems 20 2/3 Rectangular Components 20 2/4 Moment 26 2/5 Couple 31 2/6 Resultants 34 Section B Three-Dimensional Force Systems 37 2/7 Rectangular Components 37 2/8 Moment and Couple 41 2/9 Resultants 48 2/10 Chapter Review 54 3 Equilibrium 55 3/1 Introduction 55 Section A Equilibrium in Two Dimensions 56 3/2 System Isolation and the Free-Body Diagram 56 3/3 Equilibrium Conditions 66 Section B Equilibrium in Three Dimensions 74 3/4 Equilibrium Conditions 74 3/5 Chapter Review 82 4 Structures 83 4/1 Introduction 83 4/2 Plane Trusses 84 4/3 Method of Joints 86 4/4 Method of Sections 92 4/5 Space Trusses 96 4/6 Frames and Machines 99 4/7 Chapter Review 105 5 Distributed Forces 106 5/1 Introduction 106 Section A Centers of Mass and Centroids 108 5/2 Center of Mass 108 5/3 Centroids of Lines, Areas, and Volumes 110 5/4 Composite Bodies and Figures; Approximations 118 5/5 Theorems of Pappus 122 Section B Special Topics 125 5/6 Beams—External Effects 125 5/7 Beams—Internal Effects 128 5/8 Flexible Cables 135 5/9 Fluid Statics 143 5/10 Chapter Review 153 6 Friction 154 6/1 Introduction 154 Section A Frictional Phenomena 155 6/2 Types of Friction 155 6/3 Dry Friction 155 Section B Applications of Friction in Machines 164 6/4 Wedges 164 6/5 Screws 165 6/6 Journal Bearings 169 6/7 Thrust Bearings; Disk Friction 169 6/8 Flexible Belts 172 6/9 Rolling Resistance 173 6/10 Chapter Review 176 7 Virtual Work 177 7/1 Introduction 177 7/2 Work 177 7/3 Equilibrium 180 7/4 Potential Energy and Stability 188 7/5 Chapter Review 197 Appendix A Area Moments of Inertia 198 A/1 Introduction 198 A/2 Definitions 199 A/3 Composite Areas 206 A/4 ProducLts of Inertia and Rotation of Axes 209 Appendix B Mass Moments of Inertia 214 Appendix C Selected Topics of Mathematics 215 C/1 Introduction 215 C/2 Plane Geometry 215 C/3 Solid Geometry 216 C/4 Algebra 216 C/5 Analytic Geometry 217 C/6 Trigonometry 217 C/7 Vector Operations 218 C/8 Series 221 C/9 Derivatives 221 C/10 Integrals 222 C/11 Newton’s Method for Solving Intractable Equations 225 C/12 Selected Techniques for Numerical Integration 227 Appendix D Useful Tables 230 Table D/1 Physical Properties 230 Table D/2 Solar System Constants 231 Table D/3 Properties of Plane Figures 232 Table D/4 Properties of Homogeneous Solids 234 Table D/5 Conversion Factors; SI Units 238 Problems P-1 Index I-1 Problem Answers PA-1

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Book SynopsisAn Introduction to Combustion remains unique in its niche as an introductory-level textbook that is suitable for undergraduate and graduate students and for practicing engineers. Material is presented in an easy-to-understand way and a wide range of subjects is covered in combustion and fuels. In the fourth edition material has been added related to the role of combustion in a sustainable energy future and modern open-source software has been integrated throughout.Table of Contents1 Introduction 2 Combustion and Thermochemistry3 Introduction to Mass Transfer4 Chemical Kinetics5 Some Important Chemical Mechanisms6 Coupling Chemical and Thermal Analyses of Reacting Systems7 Simplified Conservation Equations for Reacting Flows8 Laminar Premixed Flames9 Laminar Diffusion Flames10 Droplet Evaporation and Burning11 Introduction to Turbulent Flows12 Turbulent Premixed Flames13 Turbulent Nonpremixed Flames14 Burning of Solids15 Emissions16 Detonations17 Fuels18 Low-Carbon-Intensity CombustionAppendix A Selected Thermodynamic Properties of Gases Comprising C–H–O–N SystemAppendix B Fuel PropertiesAppendix C Selected Properties of Air, Nitrogen, and OxygenAppendix D Binary Diffusion Coefficients and Methodology for their EstimationAppendix E Generalized Newton’s Method for the Solution of Nonlinear EquationsAppendix F Computer Codes for Equilibrium Products of Hydrocarbon–Air CombustionAppendix G Atomic Weights, Physical Constants, and Conversion Factors

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Book SynopsisSince 1974, Viscous Fluid Flow has been known for its academic rigor and effectiveness at serving as a convenient one-stop shop for those interested in expanding their knowledge of the rich and evolving field of fluid mechanics. The fourth edition contains important updates and over 200 new references while maintaining the tradition of fulfilling the role of a senior or first-year graduate textbook on viscous motion with a well-balanced mix of engineering applications.Students are expected to understand the basic foundations of fluid mechanics, vector calculus, partial differential equations, and rudimentary numerical analysis. The material can be selectively presented in a one-semester course or, with more extensive coverage, in two (or even three) semesters.Table of Contents1 Preliminary Concepts2 Fundamental Equations of Compressible Viscous Flow3 Solutions of The Newtonian Viscous-Flow Equations4 Laminar Boundary Layers5 The Stability of Laminar Flows6 Incompressible Turbulent Mean Flow7 Compressible-Boundary-Layer Flow

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisIn the traditional view of project management, if a project manager completed a project and had adhered to the triple constraints of time, cost, and performance, the project was considered a success. Today, in the eyes of the customer and the parent or sponsoring company, if a completed project did not deliver its anticipated value, it would be seen as a failure. Today''s changing economic climate, marked by an increasingly competitive global environment, is driving project managers to become more business oriented. Projects must now be viewed from a strategic perspective within the context of a business or enterprise that needs to provide value to both the customer and the organization itself. As a result, project managers are now required to possess the skills to complete a project within certain specifications, and also know how to create and deliver value. Responding to the needs of today''s project managers, Value-Driven Project Management begins by changing the paTable of ContentsPreface vii Acknowledgments xi International Institute for Learning, Inc. (IIL) xii Chapter 1: HOW PROJECT MANAGEMENT HAS CHANGED 1 Why Traditional Project Management May Not Work 2 Today’s View of Project Management 8 Changing Views of Project Management 16 Recognizing the Need for Change 46 Chapter 2: CHANGING OUR DEFINITION OF PROJECT SUCCESS 49 Changing Times 50 Not Meeting the Triple Constraint 52 Defining Project and Program Success 54 Redefining the Triple Constraint Success Criteria 56 Definition of Success 58 Chapter 3: THE IMPORTANCE OF VALUE 61 Success 62 Types of Value 64 Return on Investment (ROI) 66 Types of Business Values 68 Changing Values 70 Chapter 4: THE STAKEHOLDERS’ VIEW OF VALUE 103 Stakeholder Perception 104 Classification of Stakeholders 106 The Sydney, Australia, Opera House 108 Apple’s Lisa Computer 112 Denver International Airport 116 Balancing Stakeholders’ Needs 120 Traditional Conflicts over Values 122 Project Management Value Conflicts 124 Value Perceptions within a Project 126 Chapter 5: THE COMPONENTS OF SUCCESS 129 Four Cornerstones of Success 130 Categories of Success 132 Categories of Values 134 Deciding on the Quadrant 138 Internal Values 140 Financial Values 142 Future Values 144 Customer-Related Values 146 Reasons for Internal Value Failure 148 Reasons for Financial Value Failure 150 Reasons for Future Value Failure 152 Reasons for Customer-Related Value Failure 154 Antares Solutions 156 General Electric (Plastics Group) 158 Asea Brown Boveri (ABB) 160 Westfield Group 162 Computer Associates Technology Services 164 Convergent Computing 166 Motorola 168 Automotive Suppliers Sector 170 Banking Sector 172 Commodity Products (Manufacturing) Sector 174 Large Companies 176 Small Companies 178 Chapter 6: SUCCESS AND BEST PRACTICES 181 From Values to Best Practices 182 Two Components of Success 184 Redefining Value Metrics (CSFs and KPIs) 186 The Need for Changing Metrics 188 Project Management Office Involvement 190 Discovery of Best Practices 192 The Debriefing Pyramid 194 Disclosure of Best Practices 196 Levels of Success in Obtaining Values 198 Project Management Knowledge 200 Project Management Benchmarking 202 Sharing Values during Benchmarking 204 Intellectual Property Cost versus Value 206 Implementation Failures 208 Chapter 7: THE VALUE CONTINUUM 211 The Timing of Values 212 The Value Continuum 214 Barriers along the Continuum 216 Activities to Speed Up the Value Continuum 218 The Value Continuum and the Project Management Maturity Model 220 Value Management Life-Cycle Phases 222 Value Identification Phase: Business Case 224 Business Drivers Phase: Business Drivers 226 Measurement Phase: Key Performance Indicators 228 Value Realization Phase: Value (Benefits) 230 Customer Satisfaction Management Phase: Continuous Improvement 232 Chapter 8: ASSIGNING VALUE THROUGH OBJECTIVES 235 Types of Performance Reports 236 Benefits and Value at Completion 238 Determining Benefits (Value) at Completion 240 Establishing the Business Objectives 242 Estimating Approaches 246 Project Plans 248 Business Plans 250 Canceling Projects 252 Marrying Project and Program Management 254 Chapter 9: VALUE LEADERSHIP AND SENIOR MANAGEMENT 257 The Evolution of Leadership 258 Measurements and Triggers 260 What Executives Want to Hear 262 Critical Issues for the Selling Process 264 Threats that Executives Face 266 Project Management Success versus Maturity 268 Conclusions 270 Index 273

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Book SynopsisVector Mechanics for Engineers helps students analyze problems in a simple and logical manner and then apply basic principles to their solutions, encouraging a strong conceptual understanding of these basic principles. Offering a unified presentation of the principles of kinetics and a systematic problem-solving approach, the text has proven to be an effective teaching tool, especially when paired with the digital resources available in Connect. The addition of Case Studies in every chapter are based on actual structures and systems, include failures, provide students with real-world engineering applications. And Sample Problems, liberally used at the end of each lesson, align with the SMART methodology to amplify the neat and orderly work students should cultivate in their own solutions.

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Book Synopsis Pioneering reference book providing the latest developments and experimental results of aqueous zinc ion batteries Aqueous Zinc Ion Batteries comprehensively reviews latest advances in aqueous zinc ion batteries and clarifies the relationships between issues and solutions for the emerging battery technology. Starting with the history, the text covers essentials of each component of aqueous zinc ion batteries, including cathodes, anodes, and electrolytes, helping readers quickly attain a foundational understanding of the subject. Written by three highly qualified authors with significant experience in the field, Aqueous Zinc Ion Batteries provides in-depth coverage of sample topics such as: History, main challenges, and zinc metal anodes for aqueous zinc ion batteries Electrochemical reaction mechanism of aqueous zinc ion batteries and interfacial plating and stripping on zinc anodes Cathode materials for aqueous zinc ion batte

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Book SynopsisThis new edition of the leading introduction to the science of fire phenomena is complete with the latest research, data and additional problems. It is unique in its identification of fire science and fire dynamics as well as scientific background necessary for the development of fire safety engineering as a professional discipline.Table of ContentsAbout the Author xi Preface to the Second Edition xiii Preface to the Third Edition xv List of Symbols and Abbreviations xvii 1 Fire Science and Combustion 1 1.1 Fuels and the Combustion Process 2 1.1.1 The Nature of Fuels 2 1.1.2 Thermal Decomposition and Stability of Polymers 6 1.2 The Physical Chemistry of Combustion in Fires 12 1.2.1 The Ideal Gas Law 14 1.2.2 Vapour Pressure of Liquids 18 1.2.3 Combustion and Energy Release 19 1.2.4 The Mechanism of Gas Phase Combustion 26 1.2.5 Temperatures of Flames 30 Problems 34 2 Heat Transfer 35 2.1 Summary of the Heat Transfer Equations 36 2.2 Conduction 38 2.2.1 Steady State Conduction 38 2.2.2 Non-steady State Conduction 40 2.2.3 Numerical Methods of Solving Time-dependent Conduction Problems 48 2.3 Convection 52 2.4 Radiation 59 2.4.1 Configuration Factors 64 2.4.2 Radiation from Hot Gases and Non-luminous Flames 72 2.4.3 Radiation from Luminous Flames and Hot Smoky Gases 76 Problems 79 3 Limits of Flammability and Premixed Flames 83 3.1 Limits of Flammability 83 3.1.1 Measurement of Flammability Limits 83 3.1.2 Characterization of the Lower Flammability Limit 88 3.1.3 Dependence of Flammability Limits on Temperature and Pressure 91 3.1.4 Flammability Diagrams 94 3.2 The Structure of a Premixed Flame 97 3.3 Heat Losses from Premixed Flames 101 3.4 Measurement of Burning Velocities 106 3.5 Variation of Burning Velocity with Experimental Parameters 109 3.5.1 Variation of Mixture Composition 110 3.5.2 Variation of Temperature 111 3.5.3 Variation of Pressure 112 3.5.4 Addition of Suppressants 113 3.6 The Effect of Turbulence 116 Problems 118 4 Diffusion Flames and Fire Plumes 121 4.1 Laminar Jet Flames 123 4.2 Turbulent Jet Flames 128 4.3 Flames from Natural Fires 130 4.3.1 The Buoyant Plume 132 4.3.2 The Fire Plume 139 4.3.3 Interaction of the Fire Plume with Compartment Boundaries 151 4.3.4 The Effect of Wind on the Fire Plume 163 4.4 Some Practical Applications 165 4.4.1 Radiation from Flames 166 4.4.2 The Response of Ceiling-mounted Fire Detectors 169 4.4.3 Interaction between Sprinkler Sprays and the Fire Plume 171 4.4.4 The Removal of Smoke 172 4.4.5 Modelling 174 Problems 178 5 Steady Burning of Liquids and Solids 181 5.1 Burning of Liquids 182 5.1.1 Pool Fires 182 5.1.2 Spill Fires 193 5.1.3 Burning of Liquid Droplets 194 5.1.4 Pressurized and Cryogenic Liquids 197 5.2 Burning of Solids 199 5.2.1 Burning of Synthetic Polymers 199 5.2.2 Burning of Wood 209 5.2.3 Burning of Dusts and Powders 221 Problems 223 6 Ignition: The Initiation of Flaming Combustion 225 6.1 Ignition of Flammable Vapour/Air Mixtures 225 6.2 Ignition of Liquids 235 6.2.1 Ignition of Low Flashpoint Liquids 241 6.2.2 Ignition of High Flashpoint Liquids 242 6.2.3 Auto-ignition of Liquid Fuels 245 6.3 Piloted Ignition of Solids 247 6.3.1 Ignition during a Constant Heat Flux 250 6.3.2 Ignition Involving a ‘Discontinuous’ Heat Flux 263 6.4 Spontaneous Ignition of Solids 269 6.5 Surface Ignition by Flame Impingement 271 6.6 Extinction of Flame 272 6.6.1 Extinction of Premixed Flames 272 6.6.2 Extinction of Diffusion Flames 273 Problems 275 7 Spread of Flame 277 7.1 Flame Spread Over Liquids 277 7.2 Flame Spread Over Solids 284 7.2.1 Surface Orientation and Direction of Propagation 284 7.2.2 Thickness of the Fuel 292 7.2.3 Density, Thermal Capacity and Thermal Conductivity 294 7.2.4 Geometry of the Sample 296 7.2.5 Environmental Effects 297 7.3 Flame Spread Modelling 307 7.4 Spread of Flame through Open Fuel Beds 312 7.5 Applications 313 7.5.1 Radiation-enhanced Flame Spread 313 7.5.2 Rate of Vertical Spread 315 Problems 315 8 Spontaneous Ignition within Solids and Smouldering Combustion 317 8.1 Spontaneous Ignition in Bulk Solids 317 8.1.1 Application of the Frank-Kamenetskii Model 318 8.1.2 The Thomas Model 324 8.1.3 Ignition of Dust Layers 325 8.1.4 Ignition of Oil – Soaked Porous Substrates 329 8.1.5 Spontaneous Ignition in Haystacks 330 8.2 Smouldering Combustion 331 8.2.1 Factors Affecting the Propagation of Smouldering 333 8.2.2 Transition from Smouldering to Flaming Combustion 342 8.2.3 Initiation of Smouldering Combustion 344 8.2.4 The Chemical Requirements for Smouldering 346 8.3 Glowing Combustion 347 Problems 348 9 The Pre-flashover Compartment Fire 349 9.1 The Growth Period and the Definition of Flashover 351 9.2 Growth to Flashover 354 9.2.1 Conditions Necessary for Flashover 354 9.2.2 Fuel and Ventilation Conditions Necessary for Flashover 364 9.2.3 Factors Affecting Time to Flashover 378 9.2.4 Factors Affecting Fire Growth 382 Problems 385 10 The Post-flashover Compartment Fire 387 10.1 Regimes of Burning 387 10.2 Fully Developed Fire Behaviour 396 10.3 Temperatures Achieved in Fully Developed Fires 404 10.3.1 Experimental Study of Fully Developed Fires in Single Compartments 404 10.3.2 Mathematical Models for Compartment Fire Temperatures 406 10.3.3 Fires in Large Compartments 418 10.4 Fire Resistance and Fire Severity 420 10.5 Methods of Calculating Fire Resistance 427 10.6 Projection of Flames from Burning Compartments 435 10.7 Spread of Fire from a Compartment 437 Problems 439 11 Smoke: Its Formation, Composition and Movement 441 11.1 Formation and Measurement of Smoke 443 11.1.1 Production of Smoke Particles 443 11.1.2 Measurement of Particulate Smoke 447 11.1.3 Methods of Test for Smoke Production Potential 450 11.1.4 The Toxicity of Smoke 455 11.2 Smoke Movement 459 11.2.1 Forces Responsible for Smoke Movement 459 11.2.2 Rate of Smoke Production in Fires 465 11.3 Smoke Control Systems 469 11.3.1 Smoke Control in Large Spaces 470 11.3.2 Smoke Control in Shopping Centres 471 11.3.3 Smoke Control on Protected Escape Routes 473 References 475 Answers to Selected Problems 527 Author Index 531 Subject Index 545

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface iii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Strategy of Experimentation 1 1.2 Some Typical Applications of Experimental Design 7 1.3 Basic Principles 11 1.4 Guidelines for Designing Experiments 13 1.5 A Brief History of Statistical Design 19 1.6 Summary: Using Statistical Techniques in Experimentation 20 2 Simple Comparative Experiments 22 2.1 Introduction 22 2.2 Basic Statistical Concepts 23 2.3 Sampling and Sampling Distributions 27 2.4 Inferences About the Differences in Means, Randomized Designs 32 2.5 Inferences About the Differences in Means, Paired Comparison Designs 47 2.6 Inferences About the Variances of Normal Distributions 52 3 Experiments with a Single Factor: The Analysis of Variance 55 3.1 An Example 55 3.2 The Analysis of Variance 58 3.3 Analysis of the Fixed Effects Model 59 3.4 Model Adequacy Checking 68 3.5 Practical Interpretation of Results 76 3.6 Sample Computer Output 89 3.7 Determining Sample Size 93 3.8 Other Examples of Single-Factor Experiments 95 3.9 The Random Effects Model 101 3.10 The Regression Approach to the Analysis of Variance 109 3.11 Nonparametric Methods in the Analysis of Variance 113 4 Randomized Blocks, Latin Squares, and Related Designs 115 4.1 The Randomized Complete Block Design 115 4.2 The Latin Square Design 133 4.3 The Graeco-Latin Square Design 140 4.4 Balanced Incomplete Block Designs 142 5 Introduction to Factorial Designs 152 5.1 Basic Definitions and Principles 152 5.2 The Advantage of Factorials 155 5.3 The Two-Factor Factorial Design 156 5.4 The General Factorial Design 174 5.5 Fitting Response Curves and Surfaces 179 5.6 Blocking in a Factorial Design 188 6 The 2k Factorial Design 194 6.1 Introduction 194 6.2 The 22 Design 195 6.3 The 23 Design 203 6.4 The General 2k Design 215 6.5 A Single Replicate of the 2k Design 218 6.6 Additional Examples of Unreplicated 2k Designs 231 6.7 2k Designs are Optimal Designs 243 6.8 The Addition of Center Points to the 2k Design 248 6.9 Why We Work with Coded Design Variables 253 7 Blocking and Confounding in the 2k Factorial Design 256 7.1 Introduction 256 7.2 Blocking a Replicated 2k Factorial Design 256 7.3 Confounding in the 2k Factorial Design 259 7.4 Confounding the 2k Factorial Design in Two Blocks 259 7.5 Another Illustration of Why Blocking is Important 267 7.6 Confounding the 2k Factorial Design in Four Blocks 268 7.7 Confounding the 2k Factorial Design in 2p Blocks 270 7.8 Partial Confounding 271 8 Two-Level Fractional Factorial Designs 274 8.1 Introduction 274 8.2 The One-Half Fraction of the 2k Design 275 8.3 The One-Quarter Fraction of the 2k Design 290 8.4 The General 2k--pFractional Factorial Design 297 8.5 Alias Structures in Fractional Factorials and Other Designs 306 8.6 Resolution III Designs 308 8.7 Resolution IV and V Designs 322 8.8 Supersaturated Designs 329 8.9 Summary 331 9 Additional Design and Analysis Topics for Factorial and Fractional Factorial Designs 332 9.1 The 3k Factorial Design 333 9.2 Confounding in the 3k Factorial Design 340 9.3 Fractional Replication of the 3k Factorial Design 345 9.4 Factorials with Mixed Levels 349 9.5 Nonregular Fractional Factorial Designs 352 9.6 Constructing Factorial and Fractional Factorial Designs Using an Optimal Design Tool 369 10 Fitting Regression Models 382 10.1 Introduction 382 10.2 Linear Regression Models 383 10.3 Estimation of the Parameters in Linear Regression Models 384 10.4 Hypothesis Testing in Multiple Regression 395 10.5 Confidence Intervals in Multiple Regression 399 10.6 Prediction of New Response Observations 401 10.7 Regression Model Diagnostics 402 10.8 Testing for Lack of Fit 405 11 Response Surface Methods and Designs 408 11.1 Introduction to Response Surface Methodology 408 11.2 The Method of Steepest Ascent 411 11.3 Analysis of a Second-Order Response Surface 416 11.4 Experimental Designs for Fitting Response Surfaces 430 11.5 Experiments with Computer Models 454 11.6 Mixture Experiments 461 11.7 Evolutionary Operation 472 12 Robust Parameter Design and Process Robustness Studies 477 12.1 Introduction 477 12.2 Crossed Array Designs 479 12.3 Analysis of the Crossed Array Design 481 12.4 Combined Array Designs and the Response Model Approach 484 12.5 Choice of Designs 490 13 Experiments with Random Factors 493 13.1 Random Effects Models 493 13.2 The Two-Factor Factorial with Random Factors 494 13.3 The Two-Factor Mixed Model 500 13.4 Rules for Expected Mean Squares 505 13.5 Approximate F-Tests 508 13.6 Some Additional Topics on Estimation of Variance Components 512 14 Nested and Split-Plot Designs 518 14.1 The Two-Stage Nested Design 518 14.2 The General m-Stage Nested Design 528 14.3 Designs with Both Nested and Factorial Factors 530 14.4 The Split-Plot Design 534 14.5 Other Variations of the Split-Plot Design 540 15 Other Design and Analysis Topics (Available in e-text for students) W-1 Problems P-1 Appendix A-1 Table I. Cumulative Standard Normal Distribution A-2 Table II. Percentage Points of the t Distribution A-4 Table III. Percentage Points of the Χ 2 Distribution A-5 Table IV. Percentage Points of the F Distribution A-6 Table V. Percentage Points of the Studentized Range Statistic A-11 Table VI. Critical Values for Dunnett's Test for Comparing Treatments with a Control A-13 Table VII. Coefficients of Orthogonal Polynomials A-15 Table VIII. Alias Relationships for 2k--pFractional Factorial Designs with k ≤ 15 and n ≤ 64 A-16 OC Bibliography (Available in e-text for students) B-1 Index I-1

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface to third edition xv 1 Understanding the physical universe 1 1.1 The programme of physics 1 1.2 The building blocks of matter 2 1.3 Matter in bulk 4 1.4 The fundamental interactions 5 1.5 Exploring the physical universe: the scientific method 5 1.6 The role of physics; its scope and applications 7 2 Using mathematical tools in physics 9 2.1 Applying the scientific method 9 2.2 The use of variables to represent displacement and time 9 2.3 Representation of data 10 2.4 The use of differentiation in analysis: velocity and acceleration in linear motion 13 2.5 The use of integration in analysis 16 2.6 Maximum and minimum values of physical variables: general linear motion 21 2.7 Angular motion: the radian 22 2.8 The role of mathematics in physics 24 Worked examples 25 Chapter 2 problems (up.ucc.ie/2/) 27 3 The causes of motion: dynamics 29 3.1 The concept of force 29 3.2 The First law of Dynamics (Newton's first law) 30 3.3 The fundamental dynamical principle (Newton's second law) 31 3.4 Systems of units: SI 33 3.5 Time dependent forces: oscillatory motion 37 3.6 Simple harmonic motion 39 3.7 Mechanical work and energy 42 3.8 Plots of potential energy functions 45 3.9 Power 46 3.10 Energy in simple harmonic motion 47 3.11 Dissipative forces: damped harmonic motion 48 3.11.1 Trial solution technique for solving the damped harmonic motion equation (up.ucc.ie/3/11/1/) 50 3.12 Forced oscillations (up.ucc.ie/3/12/) 51 3.13 Non-linear dynamics: chaos (up.ucc.ie/3/13/) 52 3.14 Phase space representation of dynamical systems (up.ucc.ie/3/14/) 52 Worked examples 52 Chapter 3 problems (up.ucc.ie/3/) 56 4 Motion in two and three dimensions 57 4.1 Vector physical quantities 57 4.2 Vector algebra 58 4.3 Velocity and acceleration vectors 62 4.4 Force as a vector quantity: vector form of the laws of dynamics 63 4.5 Constraint forces 64 4.6 Friction 66 4.7 Motion in a circle: centripetal force 68 4.8 Motion in a circle at constant speed 69 4.9 Tangential and radial components of acceleration 71 4.10 Hybrid motion: the simple pendulum 71 4.10.1 Large angle corrections for the simple pendulum (up.ucc.ie/4/10/1/) 72 4.11 Angular quantities as vector: the cross product 72 Worked examples 75 Chapter 4 problems (up.ucc.ie/4/) 78 5 Force fields 79 5.1 Newton's law of universal gravitation 79 5.2 Force fields 80 5.3 The concept of flux 81 5.4 Gauss's law for gravitation 82 5.5 Applications of Gauss's law 84 5.6 Motion in a constant uniform field: projectiles 86 5.7 Mechanical work and energy 88 5.8 Power 93 5.9 Energy in a constant uniform field 94 5.10 Energy in an inverse square law field 94 5.11 Moment of a force: angular momentum 97 5.12 Planetary motion: circular orbits 98 5.13 Planetary motion: elliptical orbits and Kepler's laws 99 5.13.1 Conservation of the Runge-Lens vector (up.ucc.ie/5/13/1/) 100 Worked examples 101 Chapter 5 problems (up.ucc.ie/5/) 104 6 Many-body interactions 105 6.1 Newton's third law 105 6.2 The principle of conservation of momentum 108 6.3 Mechanical energy of systems of particles 109 6.4 Particle decay 110 6.5 Particle collisions 111 6.6 The centre of mass of a system of particles 115 6.7 The two-body problem: reduced mass 116 6.8 Angular momentum of a system of particles 119 6.9 Conservation principles in physics 120 Worked examples 121 Chapter 6 problems (up.ucc.ie/6/) 125 7 Rigid body dynamics 127 7.1 Rigid bodies 127 7.2 Rigid bodies in equilibrium: statics 128 7.3 Torque 129 7.4 Dynamics of rigid bodies 130 7.5 Measurement of torque: the torsion balance 131 7.6 Rotation of a rigid body about a fixed axis: moment of inertia 132 7.7 Calculation of moments of inertia: the parallel axis theorem 133 7.8 Conservation of angular momentum of rigid bodies 135 7.9 Conservation of mechanical energy in rigid body systems 136 7.10 Work done by a torque: torsional oscillations: rotational power 138 7.11 Gyroscopic motion 140 7.11.1 Precessional angular velocity of a top (up.ucc.ie/7/11/1/) 141 7.12 Summary: connection between rotational and translational motions 141 Worked examples 141 Chapter 7 problems (up.ucc.ie/7/) 144 8 Relative motion 145 8.1 Applicability of Newton's laws of motion: inertial reference frames 145 8.2 The Galilean transformation 146 8.3 The CM (centre-of-mass) reference frame 149 8.4 Example of a non-inertial frame: centrifugal force 153 8.5 Motion in a rotating frame: the Coriolis force 155 8.6 The Foucault pendulum 158 8.6.1 Precession of a Foucault pendulum (up.ucc.ie/8/6/1/) 158 8.7 Practical criteria for inertial frames: the local view 158 Worked examples 159 Chapter 8 problems (up.ucc.ie/8/) 163 9 Special relativity 165 9.1 The velocity of light 165 9.1.1 The Michelson-Morley experiment (up.ucc.ie/9/1/1/) 165 9.2 The principle of relativity 166 9.3 Consequences of the principle of relativity 166 9.4 The Lorentz transformation 168 9.5 The Fitzgerald–Lorentz contraction 171 9.6 Time dilation 172 9.7 Paradoxes in special relativity 173 9.7.1 Simultaneity: quantitative analysis of the twin paradox (up.ucc.ie/9/7/1/) 174 9.8 Relativistic transformation of velocity 174 9.9 Momentum in relativistic mechanics 176 9.10 Four-vectors: the energy–momentum 4-vector 177 9.11 Energy–momentum transformations: relativistic energy conservation 179 9.11.1 The force transformations (up.ucc.ie/9/11/1/) 180 9.12 Relativistic energy: mass–energy equivalence 180 9.13 Units in relativistic mechanics 183 9.14 Mass–energy equivalence in practice 184 9.15 General relativity 185 Worked examples 185 Chapter 9 problems (up.ucc.ie/9/) 188 10 Continuum mechanics: mechanical properties of materials: microscopic models of matter 189 10.1 Dynamics of continuous media 189 10.2 Elastic properties of solids 190 10.3 Fluids at rest 193 10.4 Elastic properties of fluids 195 10.5 Pressure in gases 196 10.6 Archimedes' principle 196 10.7 Fluid dynamics; the Bernoulli equation 198 10.8 Viscosity 201 10.9 Surface properties of liquids 202 10.10 Boyle's law (or Mariotte's law) 204 10.11 A microscopic theory of gases 205 10.12 The SI unit of amount of substance; the mole 207 10.13 Interatomic forces: modifications to the kinetic theory of gases 208 10.14 Microscopic models of condensed matter systems 210 Worked examples 212 Chapter 10 problems (up.ucc.ie/10/) 214 11 Thermal physics 215 11.1 Friction and heating 215 11.2 The SI unit of thermodynamic temperature, the kelvin 216 11.3 Heat capacities of thermal systems 216 11.4 Comparison of specific heat capacities: calorimetry 218 11.5 Thermal conductivity 219 11.6 Convection 220 11.7 Thermal radiation 221 11.8 Thermal expansion 222 11.9 The first law of thermodynamics 224 11.10 Change of phase: latent heat 225 11.11 The equation of state of an ideal gas 226 11.12 Isothermal, isobaric and adiabatic processes: free expansion 227 11.13 The Carnot cycle 230 11.14 Entropy and the second law of thermodynamics 231 11.15 The Helmholtz and Gibbs functions 233 Worked examples 234 Chapter 11 problems (up.ucc.ie/11/) 236 12 Microscopic models of thermal systems: kinetic theory of matter 237 12.1 Microscopic interpretation of temperature 237 12.2 Polyatomic molecules: principle of equipartition of energy 239 12.3 Ideal gas in a gravitational field: the ‘law of atmospheres’ 241 12.4 Ensemble averages and distribution functions 242 12.5 The distribution of molecular velocities in an ideal gas 243 12.6 Distribution of molecular speeds 244 12.7 Distribution of molecular energies; Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics 246 12.8 Microscopic interpretation of temperature and heat capacity in solids 247 Worked examples 248 Chapter 12 problems (up.ucc.ie/12/) 249 13 Wave motion 251 13.1 Characteristics of wave motion 251 13.2 Representation of a wave which is travelling in one dimension 253 13.3 Energy and power in wave motion 255 13.4 Plane and spherical waves 256 13.5 Huygens' principle: the laws of reflection and refraction 257 13.6 Interference between waves 259 13.7 Interference of waves passing through openings: diffraction 263 13.8 Standing waves 265 13.8.1 Standing waves in a three dimensional cavity (up.ucc.ie/13/8/1/) 267 13.9 The Doppler effect 268 13.10 The wave equation 270 13.11 Waves along a string 270 13.12 Waves in elastic media: longitudinal waves in a solid rod 271 13.13 Waves in elastic media: sound waves in gases 272 13.14 Superposition of two waves of slightly different frequencies: wave and group velocities 274 13.15 Other wave forms: Fourier analysis 275 Worked examples 279 Chapter 13 problems (up.ucc.ie/13/) 280 14 Introduction to quantum mechanics 281 14.1 Physics at the beginning of the twentieth century 281 14.2 The blackbody radiation problem: Planck's quantum hypothesis 282 14.3 The specific heat capacity of gases 284 14.4 The specific heat capacity of solids 284 14.5 The photoelectric effect 285 14.5.1 Example of an experiment to study the photoelectric effect (up.ucc.ie/14/5/1/) 285 14.6 The X-ray continuum 287 14.7 The Compton effect: the photon model 287 14.8 The de Broglie hypothesis: wave-particle duality 290 14.9 Interpretation of wave particle duality 292 14.10 The Heisenberg uncertainty principle 293 14.11 The Schrödinger (wave mechanical) method 295 14.12 Probability density; expectation values 296 14.12.1 Expectation value of momentum (up.ucc.ie/14/12/1/) 297 14.13 The free particle 298 14.14 The time-independent Schrödinger equation: eigenfunctions and eigenvalues 300 14.14.1 Derivation of the Ehrenfest theorem (up.ucc.ie/14/14/1/) 301 14.15 The infinite square potential well 303 14.16 Potential steps 305 14.17 Other potential wells and barriers 311 14.18 The simple harmonic oscillator 313 14.18.1 Ground state of the simple harmonic oscillator (up.ucc.ie/14/18/1/) 313 14.19 Further implications of quantum mechanics 313 Worked examples 314 Chapter 14 problems (up.ucc.ie/14/) 316 15 Electric currents 317 15.1 Electric currents 317 15.2 The electric current model; electric charge 318 15.3 The SI unit of electric current; the ampere 320 15.4 Heating effect revisited; electrical resistance 321 15.5 Strength of a power supply; emf 323 15.6 Resistance of a circuit 324 15.7 Potential difference 324 15.8 Effect of internal resistance 326 15.9 Comparison of emfs; the potentiometer 328 15.10 Multiloop circuits 329 15.11 Kirchhoff's rules 330 15.12 Comparison of resistances; the Wheatstone bridge 331 15.13 Power supplies connected in parallel 332 15.14 Resistivity and conductivity 333 15.15 Variation of resistance with temperature 334 Worked examples 335 Chapter 15 problems (up.ucc.ie/15/) 338 16 Electric fields 339 16.1 Electric charges at rest 339 16.2 Electric fields: electric field strength 341 16.3 Forces between point charges: Coulomb's law 342 16.4 Electric flux and electric flux density 343 16.5 Electric fields due to systems of charges 344 16.6 The electric dipole 346 16.7 Gauss's law for electrostatics 349 16.8 Applications of Gauss's law 349 16.9 Potential difference in electric fields 352 16.10 Electric potential 353 16.11 Equipotential surfaces 355 16.12 Determination of electric field strength from electric potential 356 16.13 Acceleration of charged particles 357 16.14 The laws of electrostatics in differential form (up.ucc.ie/16/14) 358 Worked examples 359 Chapter 16 problems (up.ucc.ie/16/) 361 17 Electric fields in materials; the capacitor 363 17.1 Conductors in electric fields 363 17.2 Insulators in electric fields; polarization 364 17.3 Electric susceptibility 367 17.4 Boundaries between dielectric media 368 17.5 Ferroelectricity and paraelectricity; permanently polarised materials 369 17.6 Uniformly polarised rod; the ‘bar electret’ 370 17.7 Microscopic models of electric polarization 372 17.8 Capacitors 373 17.9 Examples of capacitors with simple geometry 374 17.10 Energy stored in an electric field 376 17.11 Capacitors in series and in parallel 377 17.12 Charge and discharge of a capacitor through a resistor 378 17.13 Measurement of permittivity 379 Worked examples 380 Chapter 17 problems (up.ucc.ie/17/) 382 18 Magnetic fields 383 18.1 Magnetism 383 18.2 The work of Ampère, Biot, and Savart 385 18.3 Magnetic pole strength 386 18.4 Magnetic field strength 387 18.5 Ampère's law 388 18.6 The Biot-Savart law 390 18.7 Applications of the Biot-Savart law 392 18.8 Magnetic flux and magnetic flux density 393 18.9 Magnetic fields of permanent magnets; magnetic dipoles 394 18.10 Forces between magnets; Gauss's law for magnetism 395 18.11 The laws of magnetostatics in differential form (up.ucc.ie/18/11/) 396 Worked examples 396 Chapter 18 problems (up.ucc.ie/18/) 397 19 Interactions between magnetic fields and electric currents; magnetic materials 399 19.1 Forces between currents and magnets 399 19.2 The force between two long parallel wires 400 19.3 Current loop in a magnetic field 401 19.4 Magnetic fields due to moving charges 403 19.5 Force on a moving electric charge in a magnetic field 403 19.6 Applications of moving charges in uniform magnetic fields; the classical Hall effect 404 19.7 Charge in a combined electric and magnetic field; the Lorentz force 407 19.8 Magnetic dipole moments of charged particles in closed orbits 407 19.9 Polarisation of magnetic materials; magnetisation, magnetic susceptibility 408 19.10 Paramagnetism and diamagnetism 409 19.11 Boundaries between magnetic media 411 19.12 Ferromagnetism; permanent magnets revisited 411 19.13 Moving coil meters and electric motors 412 19.14 Electric and magnetic fields in moving reference frames (up.ucc.ie/19/14/) 414 Worked examples 414 Chapter 19 problems (up.ucc.ie/19) 416 20 Electromagnetic induction: time-varying emfs 417 20.1 The principle of electromagnetic induction 417 20.2 Simple applications of electromagnetic induction 420 20.3 Self-inductance 421 20.4 The series L-R circuit 424 20.5 Discharge of a capacitor through an inductor and a resistor 425 20.6 Time-varying emfs: mutual inductance: transformers 427 20.7 Alternating current (a.c.) 429 20.8 Alternating current transformers 432 20.9 Resistance, capacitance, and inductance in a.c. circuits 433 20.10 The series L-C-R circuit: phasor diagrams 435 20.11 Power in an a.c. circuit 438 Worked examples 439 Chapter 20 problems (up.ucc.ie/20/) 441 21 Maxwell's equations: electromagnetic radiation 443 21.1 Reconsideration of the laws of electromagnetism: Maxwell's equations 443 21.2 Plane electromagnetic waves 446 21.3 Experimental observation of electromagnetic radiation 448 21.4 The electromagnetic spectrum 449 21.5 Polarisation of electromagnetic waves 451 21.6 Energy, momentum and angular momentum in electromagnetic waves 454 21.7 The photon model revisited 457 21.8 Reflection of electromagnetic waves at an interface between non-conducting media (up.ucc.ie/21/8/) 458 21.9 Electromagnetic waves in a conducting medium (up.ucc.ie/21/9/) 458 21.10 Invariance of electromagnetism under the Lorentz transformation (up.ucc.ie/21/10/) 458 21.11 Maxwell's equations in differential form (up.ucc.ie/21/11/) 458 Worked examples 459 Chapter 21 problems (up.ucc.ie/21/) 461 22 Wave optics 463 22.1 Electromagnetic nature of light 463 22.2 Coherence: the laser 465 22.3 Diffraction at a single slit 467 22.4 Two slit interference and diffraction: Young's double slit experiment 470 22.5 Multiple slit interference: the diffraction grating 472 22.6 Diffraction of X-rays: Bragg scattering 475 22.7 The SI unit of luminous intensity, the candela 478 Worked examples 479 Chapter 22 problems (up.ucc.ie/22/) 480 23 Geometrical optics 481 23.1 The ray model: geometrical optics 481 23.2 Reflection of light 481 23.3 Image formation by spherical mirrors 482 23.4 Refraction of light 485 23.5 Refraction at successive plane interfaces 489 23.6 Image formation by spherical lenses 491 23.7 Image formation of extended objects: magnification; telescopes and microscopes 495 23.8 Dispersion of light 497 Worked examples 498 Chapter 23 problems (up.ucc.ie/23/) 501 24 Atomic physics 503 24.1 Atomic models 503 24.2 The spectrum of hydrogen: the Rydberg formula 505 24.3 The Bohr postulates 506 24.4 The Bohr theory of the hydrogen atom 507 24.5 The quantum mechanical (Schrödinger) solution of the one-electron atom 510 24.5.1 The angular and radial equations for a one-electron atom (up.ucc.ie/24/5/1/) 513 24.5.2 The radial solutions of the lowest energy state of hydrogen (up.ucc.ie/24/5/2/) 513 24.6 Interpretation of the one-electron atom eigenfunctions 514 24.7 Intensities of spectral lines: selection rules 517 24.7.1 Radiation from an accelerated charge (up.ucc.ie/24/7/1/) 518 24.7.2 Expectation value of the electric dipole moment (up.ucc.ie/24/7/2/) 518 24.8 Quantisation of angular momentum 518 24.8.1 The angular momentum quantisation equations (up.ucc.ie/24/8/1/) 519 24.9 Magnetic effects in one-electron atoms: the Zeeman effect 520 24.10 The Stern-Gerlach experiment: electron spin 521 24.10.1 The Zeeman effect (up.ucc.ie/24/10/1/) 523 24.11 The spin-orbit interaction 523 24.11.1 The Thomas precession (up.ucc.ie/24/11/1/) 524 24.12 Identical particles in quantum mechanics: the Pauli exclusion principle 525 24.13 The periodic table: multielectron atoms 526 24.14 The theory of multielectron atoms 529 24.15 Further uses of the solutions of the one-electron atom 529 Worked examples 530 Chapter 24 problems (up.ucc.ie/24/) 532 25 Electrons in solids: quantum statistics 533 25.1 Bonding in molecules and solids 533 25.2 The classical free electron model of solids 537 25.3 The quantum mechanical free electron model: the Fermi energy 539 25.4 The electron energy distribution at 0 K 541 25.5 Electron energy distributions at T>0 K 544 25.5.1 The quantum distribution functions (up.ucc.ie/24/5/1/) 544 25.6 Specific heat capacity and conductivity in the quantum free electron model 544 25.7 Quantum statistics: systems of bosons 546 25.8 Superconductivity 547 Worked examples 548 Chapter 25 problems (up.ucc.ie/25/) 549 26 Semiconductors 551 26.1 The band theory of solids 551 26.2 Conductors, insulators and semiconductors 552 26.3 Intrinsic and extrinsic (doped) semiconductors 553 26.4 Junctions in conductors 555 26.5 Junctions in semiconductors; the p–n junction 556 26.6 Biased p-n junctions; the semiconductor diode 557 26.7 Photodiodes, particle detectors and solar cells 558 26.8 Light emitting diodes; semiconductor lasers 559 26.9 The tunnel diode 560 26.10 Transistors 560 Worked examples 563 Chapter 26 problems (up.ucc.ie/26/) 564 27 Nuclear and particle physics 565 27.1 Properties of atomic nuclei 565 27.2 Nuclear binding energies 567 27.3 Nuclear models 568 27.4 Radioactivity 571 27.5 𝛼-, 𝛽- and 𝛾-decay 572 27.6 Detection of radiation: units of radioactivity 575 27.7 Nuclear reactions 577 27.8 Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion 578 27.9 Fission reactors 579 27.10 Thermonuclear fusion 581 27.11 Sub-nuclear particles 584 27.12 The quark model 587 Worked examples 591 Chapter 27 problems (up.ucc.ie/27/) 592 Appendix A: Mathematical rules and formulas 593 Appendix B: Some fundamental physical constants 611 Appendix C: Some astrophysical and geophysical data 613 Appendix D: The international system of units — SI 615 Bibliography 619 Index 621

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Book SynopsisThe know-how you need to become a pro drone pilot and market your skill Licensed and skilled drone pilots are in huge demand. Drone Piloting For Dummies teaches you how to make a career out of it. From real estate to construction to inspection to mapping to delivery, the need for drone photography and videography is everywhere. This book outlines the basics of selecting and operating a drone, shows you how to get licensed, and explains all the regulations you need to know. You'll also learn to read charts and capture high-quality photos and videos. Plus, this guide walks you through the process of turning this skill into a full-time career or profitable side hustle. Written by a licensed drone pilot and entrepreneur, Drone Piloting For Dummies helps you take off on your new adventure! Grasp flying basics and care for your dronePrep for certification and learn the regulationsRefine your photography and videography skillsMarket your skills and discover cool career opportunities This book is for anyone who wants to become a drone pilot or increase their piloting skills for job readiness and performance.

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface v Acknowledgments ix Symbols xix Part 1 Fundamentals 1 1 Mechanical Engineering Design in Broad Perspective 1 2 Load Analysis 24 3 Materials 45 4 Static Body Stresses 77 5 Elastic Strain, Deflection, and Stability 119 6 Failure Theories, Safety Factors, and Reliability 161 7 Impact 192 8 Fatigue 210 9 Surface Damage 255 Part 2 Applications 282 10 Threaded Fasteners and Power Screws 282 11 Rivets, Welding, and Bonding 329 12 Springs 347 13 Lubrication and Sliding Bearings 379 14 Rolling-Element Bearings 413 15 Spur Gears 438 16 Helical, Bevel, and Worm Gears 481 17 Shafts and Associated Parts 511 18 Clutches and Brakes 530 19 Belts, Chains, and Other Components 555 20 Micro/Nanoscale Machine Elements 572 21 Machine Component Interrelationships—A Case Study 597 22 Design and Fabrication of the Mechanical Systems for a Remote Control Car—A Design Project Case Study 609 A Units A-1 B Properties of Sections and Solids A-7 C Material Properties and Uses A-11 D Shear, Moment, and Deflection Equations for Beams A-46 E Fits and Tolerances A-50 F MIL-HDBK-5J, Department of Defense Handbook: Metallic Materials and Elements for Aerospace Vehicle Structures A-53 G Force Equilibrium: A Vectorial Approach A-68 H Normal Distributions A-71 I S–N Formula A-74 J Gear Terminology and Contact-Ratio Analysis A-76 Index I-1

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Book SynopsisCharacterization of Condensed Matter A comprehensive and accessible introduction to the characterization of condensed materials The characterization of condensed materials is a crucial aspect of materials science. The science underlying this area of research and analysis is interdisciplinary, combining electromagnetic spectroscopy, surface and interface testing methods, physiochemical analysis methods, and more. All of this must be brought to bear in order to understand the relationship between microstructures and larger-scale properties of condensed matter. Characterization of Condensed Matter: An Introduction to Composition, Microstructure, and Surface Methods introduces the technologies involved in the characterization of condensed matter and their many applications. It incorporates more than a decades’ experience in teaching a successful undergraduate course in the subject and emphasizes accessibility and continuously reinforced learning. The result is a survey which promises to equip students with both underlying theory and real experimental instances of condensed matter characterization. Characterization of Condensed Matter readers will also find: Detailed treatment of techniques including electromagnetic spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption, electron microscopy, surface and element analysis, and more Incorporation of concrete experimental examples for each technique Exercises at the end of each chapter to facilitate understanding Characterization of Condensed Matter is a useful reference for undergraduates and early-career graduate students seeking a foundation and reference for these essential techniques.Table of ContentsPart I Fundamental of Universe, Matter, Condensed Matter and Materials 1 1 Universe, Matter, Condensed Matter and Materials 3 1.1 Features of the Universe and Fundamental Constants 4 1.2 Structure and Composition of Matter 9 1.2.1 Classification and Characteristics of Matter (Radiation Coupling and Energy Conservation) 9 1.2.2 Fundamental Particles 9 1.2.3 Fundamental Forces 11 1.3 Fundamental Constants Describing the Universe and Matter 15 1.4 Experiments to Study Fundamental Particles and Forces 20 1.5 Introduction to Condensed Matter and Materials 27 1.5.1 Classification of Condensed Matter 28 1.5.2 Structures and Compositions of Condensed Matter or Materials 30 1.5.3 Intrinsic Properties of Condensed Matter and Materials 32 1.6 Main Research Areas in Condensed Matter Physics 33 Questions for Thinking 34 References 34 2 The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory 37 2.1 A Brief History of Gravitational and Gravitational-Wave Measurements 37 2.2 Fundamentals of LIGO and Related Facility Development 39 2.2.1 Detecting Gravitational Waves 41 2.2.2 Educational Analogy Experiments 44 2.2.2.1 Herriott Delay Line 45 2.3 Key Components of the LIGO Facility 47 2.3.1 Coherent Laser Source and Laser 47 2.3.2 The Laser Interferometer Detector 47 2.3.3 Fourier Transform and Signal Processing System 48 2.4 Application of LIGO 49 2.4.1 Detection of a Supernova Explosion 49 2.4.2 Detection of Black Hole Fusion 50 Questions for Thinking 51 List of Abbreviations 51 References 51 3 Fundamentals of Crystallography: Microstructures and Crystal Phases of Condensed Matter 55 3.1 The Microstructure of Condensed Matter and Materials 55 3.1.1 The Microscale 55 3.1.2 The Hard-Sphere Model 56 3.1.3 Energy and Packing 57 3.1.4 Crystals, Quasicrystals and Amorphous Structures 58 3.2 The Unit Cell 60 3.2.1 Lattice and Motif 60 3.2.2 Lattice and Crystal Structure 61 3.2.3 Unit Cell and Unit Vectors 61 3.2.4 Unit Cells, Bravais Lattices and Crystal Systems 63 3.2.5 Unit Cells and Their Parameters 65 3.3 Crystal Structures (Phases) 65 3.3.1 Close Packing and Stacking 65 3.3.2 The Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) Lattice and its Parameters 67 3.3.3 The Body-Centered Cubic (BCC) Lattice and its Parameters 69 3.3.4 The Hexagonal Close-Packed (HCP) Lattice and its Parameters 70 3.3.5 Point Coordinates and Crystallographic Directions 71 3.3.6 Crystallographic Families and Symmetry 72 3.3.7 Coordinate Transformations 72 3.3.8 Crystallographic Planes and Miller Indices 73 3.3.9 Linear Density, Planar Density and Crystal Density 74 3.4 Quasicrystals 77 3.4.1 A Brief History of Quasicrystals 77 3.4.2 Phase and Structure Characteristics of Quasicrystals 79 Questions for Thinking 79 References 80 Part II Electromagnetic Spectroscopy 81 4 Elements of X-Ray Diffraction 83 4.1 Diffraction of X-Rays 83 4.1.1 The Kinematical Theory of Diffraction 85 4.1.2 The Dynamical Diffraction Theory 85 4.1.3 The Mechanism of the Interaction between X-Rays and the Unit Cell 86 4.1.4 Scattering of X-Rays and the Structure Factor of the Unit Cell 86 4.2 Development of X-Ray Diffraction 88 4.3 Generation of X-Rays 91 4.3.1 X-Ray Tubes: Cathode Ray Tube Structure 91 4.3.2 The Interaction of X-Rays with Matter 92 4.3.2.1 Scattering of X-Rays 92 4.3.2.2 Absorption of X-Rays by Matter 93 4.4 Applications 94 4.4.1 Crystal Phase Analysis 94 4.4.2 Determination of Inner Stress of Condensed Samples 97 4.4.2.1 Measurement of Residual Stress in Polycrystalline Materials 98 4.4.2.2 Measurement of Residual Stress in Single-Crystalline Materials 100 Questions for Thinking 101 References 101 5 X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) 103 5.1 Theoretical Foundations 103 5.2 General Setup of an XRF Spectrometer 104 5.3 Types of XRF Analyzers 107 5.4 History and Current Status of XRF 108 5.5 Applications 109 5.6 Appendix 112 5.6.1 Analysis of XRF Spectra 112 5.6.2 Total Reflection XRF, Proton-Excited XRF and Synchrotron Radiation XRF Spectrometry 113 Questions for Thinking 114 References 114 6 X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy (XES) 115 6.1 Principles of XAS and XES 115 6.2 Classification of XES 118 6.3 History of XES and Common XES Spectrometers 119 6.4 Applications 119 Questions for Thinking 121 References 121 7 X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) 123 7.1 The Physics of XAS 123 7.1.1 The Principle of X-Ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure (XANES) Spectroscopy 123 7.1.2 The Principle of Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) Spectroscopy 124 7.2 Generation of X-Ray Synchrotron Radiation 125 7.2.1 The Structure of Synchrotron Radiation Facilities 126 7.2.2 Synchrotron Radiation Facilities Around the World 127 7.3 Applications of XANES Spectroscopy 132 7.4 Applications of EXAFS Spectroscopy 133 7.5 Differences Between EXAFS and XANES 133 Questions for Thinking 134 References 134 8 X-Ray Raman Scattering (XRS) 137 8.1 Interaction of Light and Matter in XRS 137 8.2 A Brief History of XRS Spectrometers 139 8.3 Components of an XRS Spectrometer 141 8.3.1 X-Ray Scattering Crystal Detector 141 8.3.2 High-Resolution Crystal Detector 142 8.3.3 A Superlattice Thin-Film Mirror Surface as a Double Multilayer Monochromator 142 8.3.4 The Detection of Scattered Photons in XRS 143 8.4 Applications of XRS 143 8.4.1 Chemistry 143 8.4.2 Polymer Science 143 8.4.3 Materials Science 144 8.4.4 Biology 145 8.4.5 Chinese Herbal Medicine 146 8.4.6 Gem Research 146 8.4.7 Investigation of Cultural Relics 147 8.5 Summary and Outlook 147 Questions for Thinking 148 References 148 9 Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy 149 9.1 General Scope of FTIR Spectroscopy 149 9.2 A Brief History of IR Spectrometers 150 9.3 Basic Concepts 150 9.4 Setup of a Standard FTIR Instrument 153 9.5 Advantages of FTIR Spectroscopy 155 9.5.1 Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Linearity 155 9.5.2 Accuracy 155 9.5.3 Data Handling Facility 155 9.5.4 Mechanical Simplicity 155 9.6 Key Elements of an FTIR Spectrometer 156 9.6.1 IR Light Source and Laser 156 9.6.2 Michelson Interferometer and Beam Splitter 156 9.6.2.1 Michelson Interferometer 156 9.6.2.2 Measuring and Processing the Interferogram 158 9.6.2.3 Beamsplitter 160 9.6.3 Infrared Photodetector 160 9.6.4 Fourier Transform and Signal Processing System 161 9.7 Spectral Range 161 9.7.1 Far Infrared 161 9.7.2 Mid Infrared 161 9.7.3 Near Infrared 161 9.8 Application of FTIR Spectroscopy 162 9.8.1 Biological Materials 162 9.8.2 Microscopy and Imaging 162 9.8.3 Studies at the Nanoscale and Spectroscopy Below the Diffraction Limit 162 9.8.4 FTIR Systems as Detectors in Chromatography 162 9.8.5 Thermogravimetric Analysis 163 9.8.6 Emission Spectroscopy and IR Chemiluminescence 163 9.8.7 Kinetics of Chemical Reactions and Spectra of Transient Species 163 Questions for Thinking 164 References 164 10 Energy-Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) Spectroscopy of Elements 167 10.1 Principles of EDX Spectroscopy 167 10.1.1 Production of Characteristic X-Rays 167 10.2 A Brief History of EDX Spectrometer Development 169 10.3 Key Components of EDX Spectrometers 170 10.3.1 The X-Ray Generator 170 10.3.2 The Vacuum System 170 10.3.3 The X-Ray Detector 171 10.3.3.1 The Semiconductor Detectors 171 10.3.3.2 The Direct Detectors 172 10.3.3.3 The Indirect Detectors 172 10.3.4 The Signal Processing System 173 10.4 Applications of EDX Spectroscopy 173 10.4.1 Surface Penetration 173 10.4.2 Elemental Resolution, Reliability, and Errors 173 10.4.3 Characteristics of EDX Energy Spectrometers 174 Questions for Thinking 175 References 176 Part III Characterization Methods Based on the Particle (electron Or Electron Beam, Neutron)–matter Interaction 177 11 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 179 11.1 Interaction Between the Electron Beam and Matter 180 11.1.1 Elastic Scattering 180 11.1.2 Inelastic Scattering 181 11.2 Signal Detection 182 11.2.1 Primary and Secondary Electrons 183 11.2.2 Backscattered Electrons and Auger Electrons 183 11.2.3 The Relation Between Surface Topography and Secondary Electrons 184 11.2.4 The Relation Between Atomic Number z and Backscattered Electrons 184 11.3 History of SEM Development 185 11.4 Key Components of SEM Devices 186 11.4.1 Electron Beam Sources 186 11.4.1.1 Thermionic Electron Guns 186 11.4.1.2 Field-Emission Electron Guns 187 11.4.2 Electronic Detectors 187 11.4.3 Signal Processing and Imaging System 188 11.5 Application and Expansion of SEM 190 11.5.1 Analysis of Powder Particles 190 11.5.2 Fracture Analysis 190 11.5.3 Observation and Analysis Metallographic Structures 190 11.5.4 Dynamic Study of Fracture Processes 191 Questions for Thinking 191 References 191 12 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 193 12.1 The Interaction Between Electrons and Atoms 193 12.1.1 Transmitted Electrons and Bright-Field Image 195 12.2 Brief History of EM and TEM Development 195 12.3 Key Components of EM and TEM Instruments 198 12.3.1 The Basic Structure of a TEM 198 12.3.1.1 Illumination System 198 12.3.1.2 Electron Gun 199 12.3.1.3 Electromagnetic Lenses 199 12.3.1.4 Imaging System 201 12.3.1.5 Viewing and Recording System 202 12.4 Applications and Extensions of TEM 202 12.4.1 Analysis of Microstructure and Morphology 202 12.4.2 Element Distribution and Morphology Analysis Using EDX Combined with TEM 203 12.4.3 High-Angle Annular Dark-Field (HAADF) STEM 204 Questions for Thinking 205 References 206 13 Spherical-Aberration-Corrected Transmission Electron Microscopy (sac-tem) 207 13.1 The Principle of Spherical Aberration Correction 207 13.2 History of SAC-TEM and Spherical Aberration Correctors 207 13.2.1 The Development of SAC-TEM 207 13.2.2 Spherical Aberration Correctors 208 13.3 Applications of SAC-TEM or SAC-STEM 210 13.3.1 Atomic Structure Characterization 210 13.3.2 Surface and Interface Study 210 13.3.3 Differentiation of Light Elements 211 Questions for Thinking 213 References 213 14 Environmental Transmission Electron Microscopy (ETEM) 215 14.1 Design of Environmental TEM Instruments 216 14.1.1 Windowed Cell 216 14.1.2 Differential Pumping 217 14.2 Applications of ETEM 219 14.2.1 In-Situ Observation of Vapor–Liquid–Solid Growth in the Formation of Nanowires 219 14.2.2 In-Situ Reduction of Metal Oxides 220 14.2.3 Photocatalytic Splitting of Water 222 14.2.4 Particle Formation and Migration 223 14.2.5 Nucleation and Growth of Nanomaterials in Liquid Solution 224 Questions for Thinking 227 References 227 15 Holography 229 15.1 Principles and Foundations 229 15.1.1 The Holographic Principle 229 15.1.2 Electronic Holography 231 15.1.3 Characteristics of Electronic Holography 233 15.2 History 236 15.3 Applications of Electronic Holography 238 15.3.1 The Principle of Observing Electromagnetic Fields with Electronic Holography 238 15.3.2 Fine Structures of Domain Walls in Magnetic Films 239 15.3.3 Micro-Distribution of Magnetic Fields 240 15.3.4 Observing Recorded Magnetization Patterns 240 15.3.5 Quantitative Measurement of Magnetic Moments Using Electron Holography 241 Questions for Thinking 242 References 242 Part IV Characterization Methods for Hyperfine Structures Related to the Magnetic Properties of Electrons and Nuclei 245 16 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy 247 16.1 Basic Theory and Principles 247 16.1.1 Nuclear Spins and Magnetic Moments 247 16.1.2 Relaxation of Nuclear Magnetic Moments 249 16.2 Pulsed Fourier-Transform (FT) NMR Spectrometry 251 16.2.1 Basic Setup of an NMR Spectrometer 251 16.2.2 Basic Operating Principle 252 16.2.3 Parameters and Performance of NMR Measurements 253 16.3 Acquisition of NMR Signals 255 16.3.1 Magnetic Field Gradients 255 16.3.2 Pulse Sequences in MRI 257 Questions for Thinking 259 References 260 17 Mössbauer Effect and Mössbauer Spectroscopy 261 17.1 Introduction 261 17.2 History and Development 262 17.3 Principles and Fundamentals 263 17.3.1 Mössbauer Effect 263 17.3.2 Mössbauer Spectroscopy 264 17.4 Analysis of Mössbauer Spectra 265 17.4.1 Isomer Shift 265 17.4.2 Quadrupole Splitting 266 17.4.3 Magnetic Hyperfine Splitting or Nuclear Zeeman Effect 267 17.5 Instrumentation and Equipment 268 17.5.1 Actuating Device 268 17.5.2 γ-Ray Sources 269 17.5.3 γ-Ray Detectors 269 17.5.4 Amplifier and Pulse-Height Measuring System 271 17.5.5 Data Collector, Processor, and Analyzer 271 17.6 Applications of the Mössbauer Effect and Mössbauer Spectroscopy 272 17.6.1 Features of the Mössbauer Effect and of Mössbauer Spectroscopy 272 17.6.2 Specific Applications 273 Questions for Thinking 275 References 275 Part V Surface Analysis Method 277 18 Atomic Force Microscopy 279 18.1 Detection of Surface Morphology with AFM 279 18.2 History of AFM 281 18.3 Key Components of an AFM Instrument 281 18.3.1 Cantilever and Laser System 281 18.3.1.1 Laser 281 18.3.1.2 Cantilever 281 18.3.2 Piezoelectric Scanner 282 18.3.3 Operating Modes 283 18.3.3.1 Static or Contact Mode 283 18.3.3.2 Dynamic Mode 283 18.3.3.3 Tapping Mode 284 18.3.3.4 Noncontact Mode 285 18.4 Applications and Extensions of AFM 286 18.4.1 Surface Topography 286 18.4.2 Atomic Force Spectroscopy 287 18.4.3 In-situ Observation of Biomolecular Processes 287 18.5 Recent Progress of AFM 288 18.5.1 Principles and Applications of Scanning Near-Field Ultrasonic Holography Under AFM Platform 288 18.5.2 Ultrasonic AFM for the Detection of Subsurface Morphology 288 18.5.3 Photoacoustic Microscopy 290 Questions for Thinking 291 References 291 19 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 293 19.1 Brief History of XPS Spectroscopy 293 19.2 Applications of XPS Spectroscopy 293 19.2.1 Surface Sensitivity 293 19.2.2 Element Resolution, Reliability, and Error 294 19.2.3 Typical Analysis of XPS Spectra 295 Questions for Thinking 296 References 296 Part VI Some Progress and Perspective 297 20 New and Recent Experimental Techniques 299 20.1 Methods Based on Interactions Between Electromagnetic Waves and Matter 299 20.1.1 Confocal Laser Scanning Fluorescence Microscopy 299 20.1.2 Two-Photon Microscopy 301 20.1.3 Optical-Mode Photoacoustic Microscopy 302 20.1.4 Multicolor 3D Fluorescence Microscopy 303 20.1.5 Optical Coherence Tomography 305 20.1.6 X-Ray Free-Electron Lasers 307 20.1.7 Femtosecond Lasers 308 20.1.7.1 Applications of Femtosecond Lasers 309 20.2 Methods Based on Interactions Between Electrons and Matter 310 20.2.1 Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy 310 20.2.1.1 Main Features of ESEM 311 20.2.1.2 Representative Applications of ESEM 312 20.2.2 High-Resolution STEM 313 20.2.3 Transmission Electron Cryomicroscopy 314 20.2.4 Scanning-Probe Microscopy 315 Questions for Thinking 316 References 316 Answers to “Questions for Thinking” 319 Index 349

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive resource covering the foundational thermal-fluid sciences and engineering analysis techniques used to design and develop internal combustion engines Internal Combustion Engines: Applied Thermosciences, Fourth Edition combines foundational thermal-fluid sciences with engineering analysis techniques for modeling and predicting the performance of internal combustion engines. This new 4th edition includes brand new material on: New engine technologies and concepts Effects of engine speed on performance and emissions Fluid mechanics of intake and exhaust flow in engines Turbocharger and supercharger performance analysis Chemical kinetic modeling, reaction mechanisms, and emissions Advanced combustion processes including low temperature combustion Piston, ring and journal bearing friction analysis The 4th Edition expands on the combined analytical and Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgements xiii About the Companion Website xv 1. Introduction to Internal Combustion Engines 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Historical Background 4 1.3 Engine Cycles 6 1.4 Engine Performance Parameters 10 1.5 Engine Configurations 21 1.6 Examples of Internal Combustion Engines 25 1.7 Alternative Powertrain Technology 29 1.8 Further Reading 33 1.9 References 33 1.10 Homework 33 2. Ideal Gas Engine Cycles 35 2.1 Introduction 35 2.2 Gas Cycle Energy Addition 36 2.3 Constant Volume Energy Addition 37 2.4 Constant Pressure Energy Addition 41 2.5 Limited Pressure Cycle 44 2.6 Miller Cycle 45 2.7 Ideal Four-Stroke Process and Residual Fraction 49 2.8 Finite Energy Release 58 2.9 References 75 2.10 Homework 75 3. Thermodynamic Properties of Fuel–Air Mixtures 79 3.1 Introduction 79 3.2 Properties of Ideal Gas Mixtures 79 3.3 Liquid–Vapor–Gas Mixtures 86 3.4 Stoichiometry 90 3.5 Chemical Equilibrium 93 3.6 Low Temperature Combustion Modeling 96 3.7 Chemical Equilibrium Using Lagrange Multipliers 101 3.8 Chemical Equilibrium Using Equilibrium Constants 104 3.9 Isentropic Compression and Expansion 111 3.10 Chemical Kinetics 114 3.11 References 120 3.12 Homework 121 4. Thermodynamics of Combustion 123 4.1 Introduction 123 4.2 First-Law Analysis of Combustion 123 4.3 Second-Law Analysis of Combustion 129 4.4 Fuel–Air Otto Cycle 133 4.5 Four-Stroke Fuel–Air Otto Cycle 137 4.6 Limited-Pressure Fuel–Air Cycle 141 4.7 Two-Zone Finite-Energy Release Model 146 4.8 Compression Ignition Engine Fuel–Air Model 153 4.9 Comparison of Fuel–Air Cycles with Actual Spark and Compression Ignition Cycles 156 4.10 Further Reading 160 4.11 Homework 160 5. Intake and Exhaust Flow 163 5.1 Introduction 163 5.2 Flow Through Intake and Exhaust Valves 163 5.3 Intake and Exhaust Manifold Flow 185 5.4 Airflow in Two-Stroke Engines 190 5.5 Superchargers and Turbochargers 199 5.6 Further Reading 219 5.7 References 219 5.8 Homework 221 6. Fuel and Air Flow in the Cylinder 225 6.1 Introduction 225 6.2 Fuel Injection – Spark Ignition 225 6.3 Fuel Injection – Compression Ignition 228 6.4 Fuel Sprays 233 6.5 Gaseous Fuel Injection 241 6.6 Prechambers 246 6.7 Carburetion 249 6.8 Large-Scale In-Cylinder Flow 252 6.9 In-Cylinder Turbulence 258 6.10 Further Reading 268 6.11 References 269 6.12 Homework 270 7. Combustion Processes in Engines 273 7.1 Introduction 273 7.2 Combustion in Spark-Ignition Engines 274 7.3 Abnormal Combustion (Knock) in Spark-Ignition Engines 286 7.4 Combustion in Compression Ignition Engines 290 7.5 Low Temperature Combustion 302 7.6 Further Reading 311 7.7 References 311 7.8 Homework 313 8. Emissions 317 8.1 Introduction 317 8.2 Nitrogen Oxides 318 8.3 Carbon Monoxide 329 8.4 Hydrocarbons 332 8.5 Particulates 335 8.6 Emissions Regulation and Control 342 8.7 Further Reading 350 8.8 References 350 8.9 Homework 351 9. Fuels 355 9.1 Introduction 355 9.2 Refining 356 9.3 Hydrocarbon Chemistry 357 9.4 Thermodynamic Properties of Fuel Mixtures 360 9.5 Gasoline Fuels 370 9.6 Alternative Fuels for Spark-Ignition Engines 373 9.7 Diesel Fuels 383 9.8 Further Reading 389 9.9 Homework 391 10. Friction and Lubrication 393 10.1 Introduction 393 10.2 Friction Coefficient 393 10.3 Engine Oils 396 10.4 Friction Power and Mean Effective Pressure 399 10.5 Friction Measurements 400 10.6 Friction Scaling Parameters 403 10.7 Piston and Ring Friction 404 10.8 Journal Bearings 418 10.9 Valve Train Friction 423 10.10 Accessory Friction 427 10.11 Pumping Mean Effective Pressure 428 10.12 Overall Engine Friction Mean Effective Pressure 429 10.13 Further Reading 432 10.14 References 432 10.15 Homework 433 11. Heat and Mass Transfer 435 11.1 Introduction 435 11.2 Engine Cooling Systems 436 11.3 Engine Energy Balance 437 11.4 Heat Transfer Measurements 441 11.5 Heat Transfer Modeling 444 11.6 Heat Transfer Correlations 449 11.7 Radiation Heat Transfer 455 11.8 Heat Transfer in the Exhaust System 459 11.9 Mass Loss or Blowby 460 11.10 Further Reading 463 11.11 References 463 11.12 Homework 464 12. Engine Instrumentation and Testing 467 12.1 Introduction 467 12.2 Instrumentation 468 12.3 Combustion Analysis 475 12.4 Exhaust Gas Analysis 480 12.5 Control Systems in Engines 491 12.6 Vehicle Emissions Testing 493 12.7 Further Reading 495 12.8 References 495 12.9 Homework 496 13. Overall Engine Performance 499 13.1 Introduction 499 13.2 Effect of Engine Size, Bore, and Stroke 499 13.3 Effect of Engine Speed 502 13.4 Effect of Air–Fuel Ratio and Load 503 13.5 Engine Performance Maps 506 13.6 Effect of Ignition and Injection Timing 510 13.7 Effect of Compression Ratio 512 13.8 Vehicle Performance Simulation 513 13.9 Further Reading 513 13.10 References 513 13.11 Homework 514 Appendices 517 A Conversion Factors and Physical Constants 517 B Physical Properties of Air 519 C Thermodynamic Property Tables for Various Ideal Gases 521 D Curve-Fit Coefficients for Thermodynamic Properties of Various Fuels and Ideal Gases 529 E Detailed Thermodynamic and Fluid Flow Analyses 533 E.1 Thermodynamic Derivatives 533 E.2 Numerical Solution of Equilibrium Combustion Equations 535 E.3 Isentropic Compression/Expansion with Known ΔP 538 E.4 Isentropic Compression/Expansion with Known Δv 538 E.5 Constant Volume Combustion 539 E.6 Quality of Exhaust Products 540 E.7 Finite Difference Form of the Reynolds Slider Equation 542 E.8 Reference 542 F Computer Programs 543 F.1 Volume.m 544 F.2 Velocity.m 544 F.3 BurnFraction.m 545 F.4 FiniteHeatRelease.m 545 F.5 FiniteHeatMassLoss.m 547 F.6 CIHeatRelease.m 550 F.7 FourStrokeOtto.m 552 F.8 RunFarg.m 553 F.9 farg.m 554 F.10 fuel.m 557 F.11 RunEcp.m 559 F.12 ecp.m 560 F.13 AdiabaticFlameTemp.m 570 F.14 OttoFuelAir.m 571 F.15 FourStrokeFuelAir.m 573 F.16 TwoZoneFuelAir.m 577 F.17 Fuel_Injected.m 583 F.18 LimitPressFuelAir.m 588 F.19 ValveFlow.m 592 F.20 Droplet.m 603 F.21 Kinetic.m 610 F.22 Soot.m 613 F.23 TwoZoneNO.m 614 F.24 RingPressure.m 621 F.25 Friction.m 624 F.26 HeatTransfer.m 625 Index 631

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Book SynopsisFocusing on tire mechanics, this title provides information you need to know about pneumatic tires and their impact on vehicle performance, including mathematic modeling and its practical application. It explains the relationship between operational variables, vehicle variables and tire modeling.Trade Review''An indispensable companion to every engineer working in vehicles system dynamics'' --Prof. P. Lugner, Editor-of-Chief for the International Journal of Vehicle System Dynamics "Pacejka (Delft U. of Technology, the Netherlands) updates the 2006 edition of his 2002 textbook and reference on modeling the dynamic behavior of inflated tires as components of vehicles. Readers are assumed to be students or practicing mechanical engineers, and the exercises require standard tools of the trade. His topics include basic tire modeling considerations, the theory of steady-state slip force and moment generation, single-contact-point transient tire models, the dynamic tire response to short road unevennesses, and motorcycle dynamics." --Reference and Research Book News, August 2012Table of Contents1. Tyre Characteristics and Vehicle Handling and Stability 2. Basic Tyre Modelling Considerations 3. Theory of Steady-State Slip Force and Moment Generation 4. Semi-Empirical Tyre Models 5. Non-Steady-State Out-of-Plane String-Based Tyre Models 6. Theory of the Wheel Shimmy Phenomenon 7. Single Contact Point Transient Tyre Models 8. Applications of Transient Tyre Models 9. Short Wavelength Intermediate Frequency Tyre Model 10. Dynamic Tyre Response to Short Road Unevennesses 11. Motorcycle Dynamics 12. Tyre steady-state and dynamic test facilities 13. Outlines of Three Advanced Dynamic Tyre Models: The RMOD-K Tyre Model, The FTire Tyre Model, The MF-Swift Tyre Model References Appendix 1. Sign Conventions for Force and Moment and Wheel Slip Appendix 2. Online Information Appendix 3. MF-Tyre/MF-Swift Parameters and Estimation Methods Index

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Book SynopsisGetting mixed signals in your signalsand systems course? The concepts covered in a typical signalsand systems course are often considered by engineering students to be some of the most difficult to master. Thankfully, Signals & Systems For Dummies is your intuitive guide to this tricky course, walking you step-by-step through some of the more complex theories and mathematical formulas in a way that is easy to understand. From Laplace Transforms to Fourier Analyses, Signals & Systems For Dummies explains in plain English the difficult concepts that can trip you up. Perfect as a study aid or to complement your classroom texts, this friendly,hands-on guide makes it easy tofigure outthe fundamentals of signal and system analysis. Serves as a useful tool for electrical and computer engineering students looking to grasp signal and system analysis Provideshelpful explanations of complex concepts and techniques related to signals and systemTable of ContentsIntroduction 1 About This Book 1 Conventions Used in This Book 1 What You’re Not to Read 2 Foolish Assumptions 2 How This Book Is Organized 2 Part I: Getting Started with Signals and Systems 3 Part II: Exploring the Time Domain 3 Part III: Picking Up the Frequency Domain 3 Part IV: Entering the s- and z-Domains 3 Part V: The Part of Tens 4 Icons Used in This Book 4 Where to Go from Here 4 Part I: Getting Started with Signals and Systems 7 Chapter 1: Introducing Signals and Systems 9 Applying Mathematics 10 Getting Mixed Signals and Systems 11 Going on and on and on 11 Working in spurts: Discrete-time signals and systems 13 Classifying Signals 14 Periodic 14 Aperiodic 15 Random 15 Signals and Systems in Other Domains 16 Viewing signals in the frequency domain 16 Traveling to the s- or z-domain and back 18 Testing Product Concepts with Behavioral Level Modeling 18 Staying abstract to generate ideas 19 Working from the top down 19 Relying on mathematics 20 Exploring Familiar Signals and Systems 20 MP3 music player 21 Smartphone 22 Automobile cruise control 22 Using Computer Tools for Modeling and Simulation 23 Getting the software 24 Exploring the interfaces 25 Seeing the Big Picture 26 Chapter 2: Brushing Up on Math 29 Revealing Unknowns with Algebra 29 Solving for two variables 30 Checking solutions with computer tools 30 Exploring partial fraction expansion 31 Making Nice Signal Models with Trig Functions 35 Manipulating Numbers: Essential Complex Arithmetic 36 Believing in imaginary numbers 37 Operating with the basics 39 Applying Euler’s identities 41 Applying the phasor addition formula 42 Catching Up with Calculus 44 Differentiation 44 Integration 45 System performance 47 Geometric series 48 Finding Polynomial Roots 50 Chapter 3: Continuous-Time Signals and Systems 51 Considering Signal Types 52 Exponential and sinusoidal signals 52 Singularity and other special signal types 55 Getting Hip to Signal Classifications 60 Deterministic and random 60 Periodic and aperiodic 62 Considering power and energy 63 Even and odd signals 68 Transforming Simple Signals 69 Time shifting 69 Flipping the time axis 70 Putting it together: Shift and flip 70 Superimposing signals 71 Checking Out System Properties 72 Linear and nonlinear 73 Time-invariant and time varying 73 Causal and non-causal 74 Memory and memoryless 74 Bounded-input bounded-output 75 Choosing Linear and Time-Invariant Systems 75 Chapter 4: Discrete-Time Signals and Systems 77 Exploring Signal Types 77 Exponential and sinusoidal signals 78 Special signals 80 Surveying Signal Classifications in the Discrete-Time World 83 Deterministic and random signals 84 Periodic and aperiodic 85 Recognizing energy and power signals 88 Computer Processing: Capturing Real Signals in Discrete-Time 89 Capturing and reading a wav file 90 Finding the signal energy 91 Classifying Systems in Discrete-Time 92 Checking linearity 92 Investigating time invariance 93 Looking into causality 93 Figuring out memory 94 Testing for BIBO stability 95 Part II: Exploring the Time Domain 97 Chapter 5: Continuous-Time LTI Systems and the Convolution Integral 99 Establishing a General Input/Output Relationship 100 LTI systems and the impulse response 100 Developing the convolution integral 101 Looking at useful convolution integral properties 103 Working with the Convolution Integral 105 Seeing the general solution first 105 Solving problems with finite extent signals 107 Dealing with semi-infinite limits 111 Stepping Out and More 116 Step response from impulse response 116 BIBO stability implications 117 Causality and the impulse response 117 Chapter 6: Discrete-Time LTI Systems and the Convolution Sum 119 Specializing the Input/Output Relationship 120 Using LTI systems and the impulse response (sequence) 120 Getting to the convolution sum 121 Simplifying with Convolution Sum Properties and Techniques 124 Applying commutative, associative, and distributive properties 124 Convolving with the impulse function 126 Transforming a sequence 126 Solving convolution of finite duration sequences 128 Working with the Convolution Sum 133 Using spreadsheets and a tabular approach 133 Attacking the sum directly with geometric series 136 Connecting the step response and impulse response 144 Checking the BIBO stability 145 Checking for system causality 146 Chapter 7: LTI System Differential and Difference Equations in the Time Domain 149 Getting Differential 150 Introducing the general Nth-order system 150 Considering sinusoidal outputs in steady state 151 Finding the frequency response in general Nth-order LCC differential equations 153 Checking out the Difference Equations 156 Modeling a system using a general Nth-order LCC difference equation 156 Using recursion to find the impulse response of a first-order system 158 Considering sinusoidal outputs in steady state 159 Solving for the general Nth-order LCC difference equation frequency response 161 Part III: Picking Up the Frequency Domain 163 Chapter 8: Line Spectra and Fourier Series of Periodic Continuous-Time Signals 165 Sinusoids in the Frequency Domain 166 Viewing signals from the amplitude, phase, and frequency parameters 167 Forming magnitude and phase line spectra plots 168 Working with symmetry properties for real signals 171 Exploring spectral occupancy and shared resources 171 Establishing a sum of sinusoids: Periodic and aperiodic 172 General Periodic Signals: The Fourier Series Representation 175 Analysis: Finding the coefficients 176 Synthesis: Returning to a general periodic signal, almost 178 Checking out waveform examples 179 Working problems with coefficient formulas and properties 186 Chapter 9: The Fourier Transform for Continuous-Time Signals and Systems 191 Tapping into the Frequency Domain for Aperiodic Energy Signals 192 Working with the Fourier series 192 Using the Fourier transform and its inverse 194 Getting amplitude and phase spectra 197 Seeing the symmetry properties for real signals 197 Finding energy spectral density with Parseval’s theorem 201 Applying Fourier transform theorems 203 Checking out transform pairs 208 Getting Around the Rules with Fourier Transforms in the Limit 210 Handling singularity functions 210 Unifying the spectral view with periodic signals 211 LTI Systems in the Frequency Domain 213 Checking out the frequency response 214 Evaluating properties of the frequency response 214 Getting connected with cascade and parallel systems 216 Ideal filters 216 Realizable filters 218 Chapter 10: Sampling Theory 219 Seeing the Need for Sampling Theory 220 Periodic Sampling of a Signal: The ADC 221 Analyzing the Impact of Quantization Errors in the ADC 226 Analyzing Signals in the Frequency Domain 228 Impulse train to impulse train Fourier transform theorem 229 Finding the spectrum of a sampled bandlimited signal 230 Aliasing and the folded spectrum 233 Applying the Low-Pass Sampling Theorem 233 Reconstructing a Bandlimited Signal from Its Samples: The DAC 234 Interpolating with an ideal low-pass filter 236 Using a realizable low-pass filter for interpolation 239 Chapter 11: The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform for Discrete-Time Signals 241 Getting to Know DTFT 242 Checking out DTFT properties 243 Relating the continuous-time spectrum to the discrete-time spectrum 244 Getting even (or odd) symmetry properties for real signals 245 Studying transform theorems and pairs 249 Working with Special Signals 252 Getting mean-square convergence 252 Finding Fourier transforms in the limit 255 LTI Systems in the Frequency Domain 258 Taking Advantage of the Convolution Theorem 260 Chapter 12: The Discrete Fourier Transform and Fast Fourier Transform Algorithms 263 Establishing the Discrete Fourier Transform 264 The DFT/IDFT Pair 265 DFT Theorems and Properties 270 Carrying on from the DTFT 271 Circular sequence shift 272 Circular convolution 274 Computing the DFT with the Fast Fourier Transform 277 Decimation-in-time FFT algorithm 277 Computing the inverse FFT 280 Application Example: Transform Domain Filtering 280 Making circular convolution perform linear convolution 281 Using overlap and add to continuously filter sequences 281 Part IV: Entering the s- and z-Domains 283 Chapter 13: The Laplace Transform for Continuous-Time 285 Seeing Double: The Two-Sided Laplace Transform 286 Finding direction with the ROC 286 Locating poles and zeros 288 Checking stability for LTI systems with the ROC 289 Checking stability of causal systems through pole positions 290 Digging into the One-Sided Laplace Transform 290 Checking Out LT Properties 292 Transform theorems 292 Transform pairs 296 Getting Back to the Time Domain 298 Dealing with distinct poles 299 Working double time with twin poles 299 Completing inversion 299 Using tables to complete the inverse Laplace transform 300 Working with the System Function 302 Managing nonzero initial conditions 303 Checking the frequency response with pole-zero location 304 Chapter 14: The z-Transform for Discrete-Time Signals 307 The Two-Sided z-Transform 308 The Region of Convergence 309 The significance of the ROC 309 Plotting poles and zeros 311 The ROC and stability for LTI systems 311 Finite length sequences 313 Returning to the Time Domain 315 Working with distinct poles 316 Managing twin poles 316 Performing inversion 317 Using the table-lookup approach 317 Surveying z-Transform Properties 320 Transform theorems 321 Transform pairs 322 Leveraging the System Function 323 Applying the convolution theorem 324 Finding the frequency response with pole-zero geometry 325 Chapter 15: Putting It All Together: Analysis and Modeling Across Domains 327 Relating Domains 328 Using PyLab for LCC Differential and Difference Equations 329 Continuous time 330 Discrete time 332 Mashing Domains in Real-World Cases 334 Problem 1: Analog filter design with a twist 334 Problem 2: Solving the DAC ZOH droop problem in the z-domain 340 Part V: The Part of Tens 343 Chapter 16: More Than Ten Common Mistakes to Avoid When Solving Problems 345 Miscalculating the Folding Frequency 345 Getting Confused about Causality 346 Plotting Errors in Sinusoid Amplitude Spectra 346 Missing Your Arctan Angle 347 Being Unfamiliar with Calculator Functions 347 Foregoing the Return to LCCDE 348 Ignoring the Convolution Output Interval 348 Forgetting to Reduce the Numerator Order before Partial Fractions 348 Forgetting about Poles and Zeros from H(z) 349 Missing Time Delay Theorems 349 Disregarding the Action of the Unit Step in Convolution 349 Chapter 17: Ten Properties You Never Want to Forget 351 LTI System Stability 351 Convolving Rectangles 351 The Convolution Theorem 352 Frequency Response Magnitude 352 Convolution with Impulse Functions 352 Spectrum at DC 353 Frequency Samples of N-point DFT 353 Integrator and Accumulator Unstable 353 The Spectrum of a Rectangular Pulse 354 Odd Half-Wave Symmetry and Fourier Series Harmonics 354 Index 355

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPart I 1) Lattice Geometry 2) Point Groups and Space Groups 3) Crystal Structures 4) Amorphous Materials and Special Types of Crystal–Solid Aggregates 5) Tensors 6) Strain, Stress, Piezoelectricity and Elasticity Part II 7) Glide 8) Dislocations 9) Dislocations in Crystals 10) Point Defects 11) Twinning 12) Martensitic Transformations 13) Grain Boundaries 14) Interphase Boundaries 15) Texture Appendices 1 to 8 Index

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1 INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW OF MANUFACTURING 1.1 What Is Manufacturing? 1.2 Materials in Manufacturing 1.3 Manufacturing Processes 1.4 Production Systems 1.5 Manufacturing Economics Part I Engineering Materials and Product Attributes 2 THE NATURE OF MATERIALS 2.1 Atomic Structure and the Elements 2.2 Bonding between Atoms and Molecules 2.3 Crystalline Structures 2.4 Noncrystalline (Amorphous) Structures 2.5 Engineering Materials 3 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS 3.1 Stress-Strain Relationships 3.2 Hardness 3.3 Effect of Temperature on Properties 3.4 Fluid Properties 3.5 Viscoelastic Behavior of Polymers 4 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS 4.1 Volumetric and Melting Properties 4.2 Thermal Properties 4.3 Mass Diffusion 4.4 Electrical Properties 4.5 Electrochemical Processes 5 ENGINEERING MATERIALS 5. 1 Metals and Their Alloys 5.2 Ceramics 5.3 Polymers 5.4 Composite Materials 6 DIMENSIONS, SURFACES, AND THEIR MEASUREMENT 6.1 Dimensions, Tolerances, and Related Attributes 6.2 Conventional Measuring Instruments and Gages 6.3 Surfaces 6.4 Measurement of Surfaces 6.5 Effect of Manufacturing Processes Part II Solidification Processes 7 FUNDAMENTALS OF METAL CASTING 7.1 Overview of Casting Technology 7.2 Heating and Pouring 7.3 Solidification and Cooling 8 METAL CASTING PROCESSES 8.1 Sand Casting 8.2 Other Expendable-Mold Casting Processes 8.3 Permanent-Mold Casting Processes 8.4 Foundry Practice 8.5 Casting Quality 8.6 Castability and Casting Economics 8.7 Product Design Considerations 9 GLASSWORKING 9.1 Raw Materials Preparation and Melting 9.2 Shaping Processes in Glassworking 9.3 Heat Treatment and Finishing 9.4 Product Design Considerations 10 SHAPING PROCESSES FOR PLASTICS 10.1 Properties of Polymer Melts 10.2 Extrusion 10.3 Production of Sheet and Film 10.4 Fiber and Filament Production (Spinning) 10.5 Coating Processes 10.6 Injection Molding 10.7 Compression and Transfer Molding 10.8 Blow Molding and Rotational Molding 10.9 Thermoforming 10.10 Casting 10.11 Polymer Foam Processing and Forming 10.12 Product Design Considerations 11 PROCESSING OF POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITES AND RUBBER 11.1 Overview of PMC Processing 11.2 Open-Mold Processes 11.3 Closed-Mold Processes 11.4 Other PMC Shaping Processes 11.5 Rubber Processing and Shaping 11.6 Manufacture of Tires and Other Rubber Products Part III Particulate Processing of Metals and Ceramics 12 POWDER METALLURGY 12.1 Characterization of Engineering Powders 12.2 Production of Metallic Powders 12.3 Conventional Pressing and Sintering 12.4 Alternative Pressing and Sintering Techniques 12.5 Powder Metallurgy Materials and Economics 12.6 Product Design Considerations in Powder Metallurgy 13 PROCESSING OF CERAMICS AND CERMETS 13.1 Processing of Traditional Ceramics 13.2 Processing of New Ceramics 13.3 Processing of Cermets 13.4 Product Design Considerations Part IV Metal Forming and Sheet Metalworking 14 FUNDAMENTALS OF METAL FORMING 14.1 Overview of Metal Forming 14.2 Material Behavior in Metal Forming 14.3 Temperature in Metal Forming 14.4 Strain Rate Sensitivity 14.5 Friction and Lubrication in Metal Forming 14.6 Forming Limit Diagram 15 BULK DEFORMATION PROCESSES IN METAL WORKING 15.1 Rolling 15.2 Forging 15.3 Extrusion 15.4 Wire and Bar Drawing 16 SHEET METALWORKING 16.1 Cutting Operations 16.2 Bending Operations 16.3 Drawing 16.4 Equipment and Economics for Sheet-Metal Pressworking 16.5 Other Sheet-Metal-Forming Operations 16.6 Sheet-Metal Operations Not Performed on Presses 16.7 Bending of Tube Stock Part V Material Removal Processes 17 THEORY OF METAL MACHINING 17.1 Overview of Machining Technology 17.2 Theory of Chip Formation in Metal Machining 17.3 Force Relationships and the Merchant Equation 17.4 Power and Energy Relationships in Machining 17.5 Cutting Temperature 18 MACHINING OPERATIONS AND MACHINE TOOLS 18.1 Machining and Part Geometry 18.2 Turning and Related Operations 18.3 Drilling and Related Operations 18.4 Milling 18.5 Machining Centers and Turning Centers 18.6 Other Machining Operations 18.7 Machining Operations for Special Geometries 18.8 High-Speed Machining 19 CUTTING-TOOL TECHNOLOGY 19.1 Tool Life 19.2 Tool Materials 19.3 Tool Geometry 19.4 Cutting Fluids 20 ECONOMIC AND PRODUCT DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS IN MACHINING 20.1 Machinability 20.2 Tolerances and Surface Finish 20.3 Machining Economics 20.4 Product Design Considerations in Machining 21 GRINDING AND OTHER ABRASIVE PROCESSES 21.1 Grinding 21.2 Related Abrasive Processes 22 NONTRADITIONAL MACHINING AND THERMAL CUTTING PROCESSES 22.1 Mechanical Energy Processes 22.2 Electrochemical Machining Processes 22.3 Thermal Energy Processes 22.4 Chemical Machining 22. 5 Hybrid Machining Systems 22.6 Application Considerations Part VI Property Enhancing and Surface Processing Operations 23 HEAT TREATMENT OF METALS 23.1 Annealing 23.2 Martensite Formation in Steel 23.3 Precipitation Hardening 23.4 Surface Hardening 23.5 Heat Treatment Methods and Facilities 24 SURFACE PROCESSING OPERATIONS 24.1 Industrial Cleaning Processes 24.2 Diffusion and Ion Implantation 24.3 Plating and Related Processes 24.4 Conversion Coating 24.5 Vapor Deposition Processes 24.6 Organic Coatings 24.7 Porcelain Enameling and Other Ceramic Coatings 24.8 Thermal and Mechanical Coating Processes Part VII Joining and Assembly Processes 25 FUNDAMENTALS OF WELDING AND WELDING PROCESSES 25.1 Overview of Welding Technology 25.2 The Weld Joint 25.3 Physics of Welding 25.4 Features of a Fusion-Welded Joint 25.5 Arc Welding 25.6 Resistance Welding 25.7 Oxyfuel Gas Welding 25.8 Other Fusion-Welding Processes 25.9 Solid-State Welding 25.10 Weld Quality 25.11 Weldability and Welding Economics 25.12 Design Considerations in Welding 26 BRAZING, SOLDERING, AND ADHESIVE BONDING 26.1 Brazing 26.2 Soldering 26.3 Adhesive Bonding 27 MECHANICAL ASSEMBLY 27.1 Threaded Fasteners 27.2 Rivets and Eyelets 27.3 Assembly Methods Based on Interference Fits 27.4 Other Mechanical Fastening Methods 27.5 Molding Inserts and Integral Fasteners 27.6 Design for Assembly 27.7 DFMA Guidelines Part VIII Special Processing and Assembly Technologies (Available in e-text for students) 28 ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 28.1 Fundamentals of Additive Manufacturing 28.2 Additive Manufacturing Technologies 28.3 Cycle Time and Cost Analysis 28.4 Additive Manufacturing Applications 28.5 File formats of Additive Manufacturing 29 PROCESSING OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS 29.1 Overview of IC Processing 29.2 Silicon Processing 29.3 Lithography 29.4 Layer Processes Used in IC Fabrication 29.5 Integrating the Fabrication Steps 29.6 IC Packaging 29.7 Yields in IC Processing 30 ELECTRONICS ASSEMBLY AND PACKAGING 30.1 Electronics Packaging 30.2 Printed Circuit Boards 30.3 Printed Circuit Board Assembly 30.4 Electrical Connector Technology 31 MICROFABRICATION TECHNOLOGIES 31.1 Microsystem Products 31.2 Microfabrication Processes REFERENCES REVIEW QUESTIONS 32 NANOFABRICATION TECHNOLOGIES 32.1 Nanotechnology Products and Applications 32.2 Introduction to Nanoscience 32.3 Nanofabrication Processes Part IX Manufacturing Systems 33 AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS 33.1 Automation Fundamentals 33.2 Hardware for Automation 33.3 Computer Numerical Control 33.4 Industrial Robotics 34 INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS 34.1 Material Handling 34.2 Fundamentals of Production Lines 34.3 Manual Assembly Lines 34.4 Automated Production Lines 34.5 Cellular Manufacturing 34.6 Flexible Manufacturing Systems 34.7 Computer-Integrated Manufacturing 34.7.1 Protocols used in Integrated Manufacturing Part X Manufacturing Support Systems 35 PROCESS PLANNING AND PRODUCTION CONTROL 35.1 Process Planning 35.2 Other Manufacturing Engineering Functions 35.3 Production Planning and Control 35.4 Just-in-Time Delivery Systems 35.5 Lean Production 35.6 Agile Production REFERENCES REVIEW QUESTIONS PROBLEMS 36 QUALITY CONTROL AND INSPECTION 36.1 Product Quality 36.2 Process Capability and Tolerances 36.3 Statistical Process Control 36.4 Quality Programs in Manufacturing 36.5 Inspection Principles 36.6 Modern Inspection Technologies REFERENCES STANDARD UNITS USED IN THIS BOOK ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS BOOK INDEX

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Book SynopsisMuch-needed, fresh approach that brings a greater insight into the physical understanding of aerodynamics Based on the author s decades of industrial experience with Boeing, this book helps students and practicing engineers to gain a greater physical understanding of aerodynamics.Trade Review“As someone who has been involved with aerodynamics for more years than I care to remember, I have rarely come across a book that is so readable and that provides so many (to me a least) genuinely new insights into the subject and its applications. This book should be high on the wish list of any practising aerodynamicist, whether in industry or academia.” (Aeronautical Journal, 1 August 2013) “This is a sophisticated book for people immersed in the study of fluid dynamics and aerodynamics; it will give them in-depth knowledge of both the physical phenomena and the mathematical equations that are used to describe and predict these phenomena. Summing Up: Recommended. Graduate students in aerospace engineering, researchers/faculty, and aircraft design professionals.” (Choice, 1 July 2013) “Based on the author’s decades of industrial experience with Boeing, this book helps students and practicing engineers to gain a greater physical understanding of aerodynamics. Relying on clear physical arguments and examples, Mcleanprovides a much-needed, fresh approach to this sometimes contentious subject without shying away from addressing "real" aerodynamic situations as opposed to the oversimplified ones frequently used for mathematical convenience.” (Expofairs.com, 11 March 2013)Table of ContentsForeword xi Series Preface xiii Preface xv List of Symbols xix 1 Introduction to the Conceptual Landscape 1 2 From Elementary Particles to Aerodynamic Flows 5 3 Continuum Fluid Mechanics and the Navier-Stokes Equations 13 3.1 The Continuum Formulation and Its Range of Validity 13 3.2 Mathematical Formalism 16 3.3 Kinematics: Streamlines, Streaklines, Timelines, and Vorticity 18 3.3.1 Streamlines and Streaklines 18 3.3.2 Streamtubes, Stream Surfaces, and the Stream Function 19 3.3.3 Timelines 22 3.3.4 The Divergence of the Velocity and Green’s Theorem 23 3.3.5 Vorticity and Circulation 24 3.3.6 The Velocity Potential in Irrotational Flow 26 3.3.7 Concepts that Arise in Describing the Vorticity Field 26 3.3.8 Velocity Fields Associated with Concentrations of Vorticity 29 3.3.9 The Biot-Savart Law and the “Induction” Fallacy 31 3.4 The Equations of Motion and their Physical Meaning 33 3.4.1 Continuity of the Flow and Conservation of Mass 34 3.4.2 Forces on Fluid Parcels and Conservation of Momentum 35 3.4.3 Conservation of Energy 36 3.4.4 Constitutive Relations and Boundary Conditions 37 3.4.5 Mathematical Nature of the Equations 37 3.4.6 The Physics as Viewed in the Eulerian Frame 38 3.4.7 The Pseudo-Lagrangian Viewpoint 40 3.5 Cause and Effect, and the Problem of Prediction 40 3.6 The Effects of Viscosity 43 3.7 Turbulence, Reynolds Averaging, and Turbulence Modeling 48 3.8 Important Dynamical Relationships 55 3.8.1 Galilean Invariance, or Independence of Reference Frame 55 3.8.2 Circulation Preservation and the Persistence of Irrotationality 56 3.8.3 Behavior of Vortex Tubes in Inviscid and Viscous Flows 57 3.8.4 Bernoulli Equations and Stagnation Conditions 58 3.8.5 Crocco’s Theorem 60 3.9 Dynamic Similarity 60 3.9.1 Compressibility Effects and the Mach Number 63 3.9.2 Viscous Effects and the Reynolds Number 63 3.9.3 Scaling of Pressure Forces: the Dynamic Pressure 64 3.9.4 Consequences of Failing to Match All of the Requirements for Similarity 65 3.10 “Incompressible” Flow and Potential Flow 66 3.11 Compressible Flow and Shocks 70 3.11.1 Steady 1D Isentropic Flow Theory 71 3.11.2 Relations for Normal and Oblique Shock Waves 74 4 Boundary Layers 79 4.1 Physical Aspects of Boundary-Layer Flows 80 4.1.1 The Basic Sequence: Attachment, Transition, Separation 80 4.1.2 General Development of the Boundary-Layer Flowfield 82 4.1.3 Boundary-Layer Displacement Effect 90 4.1.4 Separation from a Smooth Wall 93 4.2 Boundary-Layer Theory 99 4.2.1 The Boundary-Layer Equations 100 4.2.2 Integrated Momentum Balance in a Boundary Layer 108 4.2.3 The Displacement Effect and Matching with the Outer Flow 110 4.2.4 The Vorticity “Budget” in a 2D Incompressible Boundary Layer 113 4.2.5 Situations That Violate the Assumptions of Boundary-Layer Theory 114 4.2.6 Summary of Lessons from Boundary-Layer Theory 117 4.3 Flat-Plate Boundary Layers and Other Simplified Cases 117 4.3.1 Flat-Plate Flow 117 4.3.2 2D Boundary-Layer Flows with Similarity 121 4.3.3 Axisymmetric Flow 123 4.3.4 Plane-of-Symmetry and Attachment-Line Boundary Layers 125 4.3.5 Simplifying the Effects of Sweep and Taper in 3D 128 4.4 Transition and Turbulence 130 4.4.1 Boundary-Layer Transition 131 4.4.2 Turbulent Boundary Layers 138 4.5 Control and Prevention of Flow Separation 150 4.5.1 Body Shaping and Pressure Distribution 150 4.5.2 Vortex Generators 150 4.5.3 Steady Tangential Blowing through a Slot 155 4.5.4 Active Unsteady Blowing 157 4.5.5 Suction 157 4.6 Heat Transfer and Compressibility 158 4.6.1 Heat Transfer, Compressibility, and the Boundary-Layer Temperature Field 158 4.6.2 The Thermal Energy Equation and the Prandtl Number 159 4.6.3 The Wall Temperature and Other Relations for an Adiabatic Wall 159 4.7 Effects of Surface Roughness 162 5 General Features of Flows around Bodies 163 5.1 The Obstacle Effect 164 5.2 Basic Topology of Flow Attachment and Separation 168 5.2.1 Attachment and Separation in 2D 169 5.2.2 Attachment and Separation in 3D 171 5.2.3 Streamline Topology on Surfaces and in Cross Sections 176 5.3 Wakes 186 5.4 Integrated Forces: Lift and Drag 189 6 Drag and Propulsion 191 6.1 Basic Physics and Flowfield Manifestations of Drag and Thrust 192 6.1.1 Basic Physical Effects of Viscosity 193 6.1.2 The Role of Turbulence 193 6.1.3 Direct and Indirect Contributions to the Drag Force on the Body 194 6.1.4 Determining Drag from the Flowfield: Application of Conservation Laws 196 6.1.5 Examples of Flowfield Manifestations of Drag in Simple 2D Flows 204 6.1.6 Pressure Drag of Streamlined and Bluff Bodies 207 6.1.7 Questionable Drag Categories: Parasite Drag, Base Drag, and Slot Drag 210 6.1.8 Effects of Distributed Surface Roughness on Turbulent Skin Friction 212 6.1.9 Interference Drag 222 6.1.10 Some Basic Physics of Propulsion 225 6.2 Drag Estimation 241 6.2.1 Empirical Correlations 242 6.2.2 Effects of Surface Roughness on Turbulent Skin Friction 243 6.2.3 CFD Prediction of Drag 250 6.3 Drag Reduction 250 6.3.1 Reducing Drag by Maintaining a Run of Laminar Flow 251 6.3.2 Reduction of Turbulent Skin Friction 251 7 Lift and Airfoils in 2D at Subsonic Speeds 259 7.1 Mathematical Prediction of Lift in 2D 260 7.2 Lift in Terms of Circulation and Bound Vorticity 265 7.2.1 The Classical Argument for the Origin of the Bound Vorticity 267 7.3 Physical Explanations of Lift in 2D 269 7.3.1 Past Explanations and their Strengths and Weaknesses 269 7.3.2 Desired Attributes of a More Satisfactory Explanation 284 7.3.3 A Basic Explanation of Lift on an Airfoil, Accessible to a Nontechnical Audience 286 7.3.4 More Physical Details on Lift in 2D, for the Technically Inclined 302 7.4 Airfoils 307 7.4.1 Pressure Distributions and Integrated Forces at Low Mach Numbers 307 7.4.2 Profile Drag and the Drag Polar 316 7.4.3 Maximum Lift and Boundary-Layer Separation on Single-Element Airfoils 319 7.4.4 Multielement Airfoils and the Slot Effect 329 7.4.5 Cascades 335 7.4.6 Low-Drag Airfoils with Laminar Flow 338 7.4.7 Low-Reynolds-Number Airfoils 341 7.4.8 Airfoils in Transonic Flow 342 7.4.9 Airfoils in Ground Effect 350 7.4.10 Airfoil Design 352 7.4.11 Issues that Arise in Defining Airfoil Shapes 354 8 Lift and Wings in 3D at Subsonic Speeds 359 8.1 The Flowfield around a 3D Wing 359 8.1.1 General Characteristics of the Velocity Field 359 8.1.2 The Vortex Wake 362 8.1.3 The Pressure Field around a 3D Wing 371 8.1.4 Explanations for the Flowfield 371 8.1.5 Vortex Shedding from Edges Other Than the Trailing Edge 375 8.2 Distribution of Lift on a 3D Wing 376 8.2.1 Basic and Additional Spanloads 376 8.2.2 Linearized Lifting-Surface Theory 379 8.2.3 Lifting-Line Theory 380 8.2.4 3D Lift in Ground Effect 382 8.2.5 Maximum Lift, as Limited by 3D Effects 384 8.3 Induced Drag 385 8.3.1 Basic Scaling of Induced Drag 385 8.3.2 Induced Drag from a Farfield Momentum Balance 386 8.3.3 Induced Drag in Terms of Kinetic Energy and an Idealized Rolled-Up Vortex Wake 389 8.3.4 Induced Drag from the Loading on the Wing Itself: Trefftz-Plane Theory 391 8.3.5 Ideal (Minimum) Induced-Drag Theory 394 8.3.6 Span-Efficiency Factors 396 8.3.7 The Induced-Drag Polar 397 8.3.8 The Sin-Series Spanloads 398 8.3.9 The Reduction of Induced Drag in Ground Effect 401 8.3.10 The Effect of a Fuselage on Induced Drag 402 8.3.11 Effects of a Canard or Aft Tail on Induced Drag 404 8.3.12 Biplane Drag 409 8.4 Wingtip Devices 411 8.4.1 Myths Regarding the Vortex Wake, and Some Questionable Ideas for Wingtip Devices 411 8.4.2 The Facts of Life Regarding Induced Drag and Induced-Drag Reduction 414 8.4.3 Milestones in the Development of Theory and Practice 420 8.4.4 Wingtip Device Concepts 422 8.4.5 Effectiveness of Various Device Configurations 423 8.5 Manifestations of Lift in the Atmosphere at Large 427 8.5.1 The Net Vertical Momentum Imparted to the Atmosphere 427 8.5.2 The Pressure Far above and below the Airplane 429 8.5.3 Downwash in the Trefftz Plane and Other Momentum-Conservation Issues 431 8.5.4 Sears’s Incorrect Analysis of the Integrated Pressure Far Downstream 435 8.5.5 The Real Flowfield Far Downstream of the Airplane 436 8.6 Effects of Wing Sweep 444 8.6.1 Simple Sweep Theory 444 8.6.2 Boundary Layers on Swept Wings 449 8.6.3 Shock/Boundary-Layer Interaction on Swept Wings 464 8.6.4 Laminar-to-Turbulent Transition on Swept Wings 465 8.6.5 Relating a Swept, Tapered Wing to a 2D Airfoil 468 8.6.6 Tailoring of the Inboard Part of a Swept Wing 469 9 Theoretical Idealizations Revisited 471 9.1 Approximations Grouped According to how the Equations were Modified 471 9.1.1 Reduced Temporal and/or Spatial Resolution 472 9.1.2 Simplified Theories Based on Neglecting Something Small 472 9.1.3 Reductions in Dimensions 472 9.1.4 Simplified Theories Based on Ad hoc Flow Models 472 9.1.5 Qualitative Anomalies and Other Consequences of Approximations 481 9.2 Some Tools of MFD (Mental Fluid Dynamics) 482 9.2.1 Simple Conceptual Models for Thinking about Velocity Fields 482 9.2.2 Thinking about Viscous and Shock Drag 485 9.2.3 Thinking about Induced Drag 486 9.2.4 A Catalog of Fallacies 487 10 Modeling Aerodynamic Flows in Computational Fluid Dynamics 491 10.1 Basic Definitions 493 10.2 The Major Classes of CFD Codes and Their Applications 493 10.2.1 Navier-Stokes Methods 493 10.2.2 Coupled Viscous/Inviscid Methods 497 10.2.3 Inviscid Methods 498 10.2.4 Standalone Boundary-Layer Codes 501 10.3 Basic Characteristics of Numerical Solution Schemes 501 10.3.1 Discretization 501 10.3.2 Spatial Field Grids 502 10.3.3 Grid Resolution and Grid Convergence 506 10.3.4 Solving the Equations, and Iterative Convergence 507 10.4 Physical Modeling in CFD 508 10.4.1 Compressibility and Shocks 508 10.4.2 Viscous Effects and Turbulence 510 10.4.3 Separated Shear Layers and Vortex Wakes 511 10.4.4 The Farfield 513 10.4.5 Predicting Drag 514 10.4.6 Propulsion Effects 515 10.5 CFD Validation? 515 10.6 Integrated Forces and the Components of Drag 516 10.7 Solution Visualization 517 10.8 Things a User Should Know about a CFD Code before Running it 524 References 527 Index 539

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Book SynopsisA single reference for exergy data, standards, and extensivenessWritten by a team of engineering experts and experienced educators, this hands-on resource provides a comprehensive âœat your fingertipsâ list of exergy values for energy-containing chemicals, fuels, high-energy waste, and other common energy sources. Designed to be a valuable time saver, Exergy Tables: A Comprehensive Set of Exergy Values to Streamline Energy Efficiency Analysis does the hard work for youâthe book contains all the data needed to improve designs and maximize energy efficiency without performing complex calculations. You will get an easy-to-use index of over a thousand exergy sources computed at many different temperatures and pressuresâall in one handy reference. With this volume, youâll be able to wield the power of exergy analysis with ease.Coverage includes: An introduction to exergy Exergy from thermodynamics Using exergy data in analyses

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface: Why and How ix 1. What Gets Included 1 2. How We Got Here 11 2.1 Materials Used by Organisms 13 2.2 Materials in Prehistory 18 2.3 Ancient and Medieval Materials 23 2.4 Materials in the Early Modern Era 33 2.5 Creating Modern Material Civilization 39 2.6 Materials in the Twentieth Century 48 3. What Matters Most 61 3.1 Biomaterials 63 3.2 Construction Materials 71 3.3 Metals 78 3.4 Plastics 84 3.5 Industrial Gases 89 3.6 Fertilizers 94 3.7 Materials in Electronics 97 4. How the Materials Flow 103 4.1 Material Flow Accounts 106 4.2 US and European Material Flows 111 4.3 Materials in China’s Modernization 118 4.4 Energy Cost of Materials 126 4.5 Life- Cycle Assessments 138 4.6 Recycling 148 5. Are We Dematerializing? 159 5.1 Apparent Dematerializations 162 5.2 Relative Dematerializations: Specific Weight Reductions 164 5.3 Consequences of Dematerialization 173 5.4 Relative Dematerialization in Modern Economies 184 5.5 Decarbonization and Desulfurization 194 6. Material Outlook 199 6.1 Natural Resources 202 6.2 Materials for Energy Transition 207 6.3 Wasting Less 213 6.4 Circular Economy 218 6.5 Limits of Dematerialization 223 References 241 Index 283

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisPresents uparalleled coverage of Na-ion battery technology, including the most recent research and emerging applications Na-ion battery technologies have emerged as cost-effective, environmentally friendly alternatives to Li-ion batteries, particularly for large-scale storage applications where battery size is less of a concern than in portable electronics or electric vehicles. Scientists and engineers involved in developing commercially viable Na-ion batteries need to understand the state-of-the-art in constituent materials, electrodes, and electrolytes to meet both performance metrics and economic requirements. Sodium-Ion Batteries: Materials, Characterization, and Technology provides in-depth coverage of the material constituents, characterization, applications, upscaling, and commercialization of Na-ion batteries. Contributions by international experts discuss the development and performance of cathode and anode materials and their characterization - using methods such as NMR spectroscopy, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and computational studies - as well as ceramics, ionic liquids, and other solid and liquid electrolytes. Discusses the development of battery technology based on the abundant alkali ion sodium Features a thorough introduction to Na-ion batteries and their comparison with Li-ion batteries Reviews recent research on the structure-electrochemical performance relationship and the development of new solid electrolytes Includes a timely overview of commercial perspectives, cost analysis, and safety issues of Na-ion batteries Covers emerging technologies including Na-ion capacitors, aqueous sodium batteries, and Na-S batteries The handbook Sodium-Ion Batteries: Materials, Characterization, and Technology is an indispensable reference for researchers and development engineers, materials scientists, electrochemists, and engineering scientists in both academia and industry.Table of ContentsVolume 1 Preface xiii Part I Anodes 1 1 Graphite as an Anode Material in Sodium-Ion Batteries 3Gustav Avall, Mustafa Goktas, and Philipp Adelhelm 2 Hard Carbon Anodes for Na-Ion Batteries 27Fei Xie, Zhen Xu, Zhenyu Guo, Yuqi Li, Yaxiang Lu, Maria-Magdalena Titirici, and Yong-Sheng Hu 3 Alloy Anodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries 61Yan Yu, Xianhong Rui, and Xianghua Zhang Part II Cathodes 93 4 Sodium Layered Oxide Cathode Materials 95A. Robert Armstrong, Stephanie F. Linnell, Philip A. Maughan, Begoña Silván, and Nuria Tapia-Ruiz 5 Phosphate-Based Polyanionic Sodium-Ion Electrode Materials 129G. M. Nolis, M. Casas-Cabanas, and M. Galceran 6 Prussian Blue Electrodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries 167Sai Gourang Patnaik and Philipp Adelhelm Part III Advanced Characterization of Na-Ion Battery Electrodes 189 7 Understanding Na-Ion Batteries on the Atomic Scale Through Operando X-ray and Neutron Scattering 191Christian Kolle Christensen and Dorthe Bomholdt Ravnsbæk 8 NMR Investigations of Sodium-Ion Batteries 215Christopher A. O’Keefe and Clare P. Grey 9 Computational Studies on Na-Ion Electrode Materials 259Emilia Olsson and Qiong Cai 10 Pair Distribution Function Analysis of Sodium-Ion Batteries 301Phoebe K. Allan and Joshua M. Stratford Volume 2 Preface xiii Part IV Electrolytes 333 11 Ester- and Ether-Based Electrolytes for Na-Ion Batteries 335Yuqi Li, Lin Zhou, Fei Xie, Yu Li, Zhao Chen, Yaxiang Lu, and Yong-Sheng Hu 12 Ionic Liquid and Polymer-Based Electrolytes for Sodium Battery Applications 357Maria Forsyth, Faezeh Makhlooghiazad, Fangfang Chen, Ju Sun, and Patrick C. Howlett 13 Sodium-ion-conducting Oxides Used as Solid Electrolytes in Sodium Batteries -- Learning from the Past 391F. Tietz 14 Polymers in Sodium-Ion Batteries 429Heather Au and Maria Crespo-Ribadeneyra Part V Safety and Other Practical Aspects 501 15 Sodium-Ion Batteries: Aging, Degradation, Failure Mechanisms and Safety 503Julia Weaving, James Robinson, Daniela Ledwoch, Guanjie He, Emma Kendrick, Paul Shearing, and Daniel Brett 16 Practical Application of Room Temperature Na-Ion Batteries 531Kun Tang and Yu Ren 17 On the Environmental Competitiveness of Sodium-Ion Batteries -- Current State of the Art in Life Cycle Assessment 551Jens Peters, Manuel Baumann, Marcel Weil, and Stefano Passerini Part VI Other Na Based Technologies 573 18 High-Power Sodium-Ion Batteries and Sodium-Ion Capacitors 575Binson Babu and Andrea Balducci 19 Rechargeable Seawater Batteries 603Wang-geun Lee and Youngsik Kim 20 Sodium Solid-state Batteries 641Edouard Quérel and Ainara Aguadero Index 705

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Book SynopsisPlasma Science and Technology An accessible introduction to the fundamentals of plasma science and its applications In Plasma Science and Technology: Lectures in Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and Engineering, distinguished researcher Dr. Alexander Fridman delivers a comprehensive introduction to plasma technology, including fulsome descriptions of the fundamentals of plasmas and discharges. The author discusses a wide variety of practical applications of the technology to medicine, energy, catalysis, coatings, and more, emphasizing engineering and science fundamentals. Offering readers illuminating problems and concept questions to support understanding and self-study, the book also details organic and inorganic applications of plasma technologies, demonstrating its use in nature, in the lab, and in both novel and well-known applications. Readers will also find: A thorough introduction to the kinetics of excited atoms and molecules Comprehensive explorations of non-equilibrium atmospheric pressure cold discharges Practical discussions of plasma processing in microelectronics and other micro-technologies Expert treatments of plasma in environmental control technologies, including the cleaning of air, exhaust gases, water, and soil Perfect for students of chemical engineering, physics, and chemistry, Plasma Science and Technology will also benefit professionals working in these fields who seek a contemporary refresher in the fundamentals of plasma science and its applications.Table of ContentsPreface xxxi Part I Plasma Fundamentals: Kinetics, Thermodynamics, Fluid Mechanics, and Electrodynamics 1 Lecture 1 The Major Component of the Universe, the Cornerstone of Microelectronics, The High-Tech Magic Wand of Technology 3 Lecture 2 Elementary Processes of Charged Particles in Plasma 17 Lecture 3 Elementary Processes of Excited Atoms and Molecules in Plasma 43 Lecture 4 Physical Kinetics and Transfer Processes of Charged Particles in Plasma 71 Lecture 5 Physical and Chemical Kinetics of Excited Atoms and Molecules in Plasma 89 Lecture 6 Plasma Statistics and Thermodynamics, Heat and Radiation Transfer Processes 111 Lecture 7 Plasma Electrostatics and Electrodynamics, Waves in Plasma 133 Lecture 8 Plasma Magneto-hydrodynamics, Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics 151 Part II Plasma Physics and Engineering of Electric Discharges 173 Lecture 9 Electric Breakdown, Steady-state Discharge Regimes, and Instabilities 175 Lecture 10 Nonthermal Plasma Sources: Glow Discharges 197 Lecture 11 Thermal Plasma Sources: Arc Discharges 219 Lecture 12 Radio-frequency, Microwave, and Optical Discharges 245 Lecture 13 Atmospheric Pressure Cold Plasma Discharges: Corona, Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD), Atmospheric Pressure Glow (APG), Plasma Jet 277 Lecture 14 Nonequilibrium Transitional “Warm” Discharges: Nonthermal Gliding Arc, Moderate-pressure Microwave Discharge, Different Types of Sparks and Microdischarges 297 Lecture 15 Ionization and Discharges in Aerosols; Dusty Plasma Physics; Electron Beams and Plasma Radiolysis 311 Lecture 16 Electric Discharges in Water and Other Liquids 331 Part III Plasma in Inorganic Material Treatment, Energy Systems, and Environmental Control 343 Lecture 17 Energy Balance and Energy Efficiency of Plasma-chemical Processes, Plasma Dissociation of CO2 345 Lecture 18 Synthesis of Nitrogen Oxides, Ozone, and Other Gas-phase Plasma Synthetic and Decomposition Processes 367 Lecture 19 Plasma Metallurgy: Production and Processing of Metals and their Compounds 391 Lecture 20 Plasma Powders, Micro- and Nano-technologies: Plasma Spraying, Deposition, Coating, Dusty Plasma-chemistry 411 Lecture 21 Plasma Processing in Microelectronics and Other Micro-technologies: Etching, Deposition, and Ion Implantation Processes 431 Lecture 22 Plasma Fuel Conversion and Hydrogen Production, Plasma Catalysis 455 Lecture 23 Plasma Energy Systems: Ignition and Combustion, Thrusters, High-speed Aerodynamics, Power Electronics, Lasers, and Light Sources 481 Lecture 24 Plasma in Environmental Control: Cleaning of Air, Exhaust Gases, Water, and Soil 505 Part IV Organic and Polymer Plasma Chemistry, Plasma Medicine, and Agriculture 523 Lecture 25 Organic Plasma Chemistry: Synthesis and Conversion of Organic Materials and Their Compounds, Synthesis of Diamonds and Diamond Films 525 Lecture 26 Plasma Polymerization, Processing of Polymers, Treatment of Polymer Membranes 545 Lecture 27 Plasma Biology, Nonthermal Plasma Interaction with Cells 567 Lecture 28 Plasma Disinfection and Sterilization of Different Surfaces, Air, and Water Streams 587 Lecture 29 Plasma Agriculture and Food Processing, Chemical and Physical Properties of Plasma-activated Water, Fundamentals and Applications to Wash and Disinfect Produce 607 Lecture 30 Plasma Medicine: Safety, Selectivity, and Efficacy; Penetration Depth of Plasma-Medical Effects; Standardization and Dosimetry 639 Lecture 31 Plasma Medicine: Healing of Wounds and Ulcerations, Blood Coagulation 665 Lecture 32 Plasma Medicine: Dermatology and Cosmetics, Dentistry, Inflammatory Dysfunctions, Gastroenterology, Cardiovascular, and Other Diseases, Bioengineering and Regenerative Medicine, Cancer Treatment and Immunotherapy 687 Afterword and Acknowledgements 717 References 721 Index 741

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Book SynopsisPhysics and Chemistry of Interfaces Comprehensive textbook on the interdisciplinary field of interface science, fully updated with new content on wetting, spectroscopy, and coatings Physics and Chemistry of Interfaces provides a comprehensive introduction to the field of surface and interface science, focusing on essential concepts rather than specific details, and on intuitive understanding rather than convoluted math. Numerous high-end applications from surface technology, biotechnology, and microelectronics are included to illustrate and help readers easily comprehend basic concepts. The new edition contains an increased number of problems with detailed, worked solutions, making it ideal as a self-study resource. In topic coverage, the highly qualified authors take a balanced approach, discussing advanced interface phenomena in detail while remaining comprehensible. Chapter summaries with the most important equations, facts, and phenomena are included to aid the reader in information retention. A few of the sample topics included in Physics and Chemistry of Interfaces are as follows: Liquid surfaces, covering microscopic picture of a liquid surface, surface tension, the equation of Young and Laplace, and curved liquid surfaces Thermodynamics of interfaces, covering surface excess, internal energy and Helmholtz energy, equilibrium conditions, and interfacial excess energies Charged interfaces and the electric double layer, covering planar surfaces, the Grahame equation, and limitations of the Poisson-Boltzmann theory Surface forces, covering Van der Waals forces between molecules, macroscopic calculations, the Derjaguin approximation, and disjoining pressure Physics and Chemistry of Interfaces is a complete reference on the subject, aimed at advanced students (and their instructors) in physics, material science, chemistry, and engineering. Researchers requiring background knowledge on surface and interface science will also benefit from the accessible yet in-depth coverage of the text.Table of Contents1. Introduction 2. Liquid Surfaces 2.1 Microscopic Picture of a Liquid Surface 2.2 Surface Tension 2.3 Equation of Young and Laplace 2.3.1 Curved Liquid Surfaces 2.3.2 Derivation of Young?Laplace Equation 2.3.3 Applying the Young?Laplace Equation 2.4 Techniques to Measure Surface Tension 2.5 Kelvin Equation 2.6 Capillary Condensation 2.7 Nucleation Theory 2.8 Summary 2.9 Exercises 3. Thermodynamics of Interfaces 3.1 Thermodynamic Functions for Bulk Systems 3.2 Surface Excess 3.3 Thermodynamic Relations for Systems with an Interface 3.3.1 Internal Energy and Helmholtz Energy 3.3.2 Equilibrium Conditions 3.3.3 Location of Interface 3.3.4 Gibbs Energy and Enthalpy 3.3.5 Interfacial Excess Energies 3.4 Pure Liquids 3.5 Gibbs Adsorption Isotherm 3.5.1 Derivation 3.5.2 System of Two Components 3.5.3 Experimental Aspects 3.5.4 Marangoni Effect 3.6 Summary 3.7 Exercises 4. Charged Interfaces and the Electric Double Layer 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Poisson?Boltzmann Theory of Diffuse Double Layer 4.2.1 Poisson?Boltzmann Equation 4.2.2 Planar Surfaces 4.2.3 The Full One-Dimensional Case 4.2.4 The Electric Double Layer around a Sphere 4.2.5 Grahame Equation 4.2.6 Capacitance of Diffuse Electric Double Layer 4.3 Beyond Poisson?Boltzmann Theory 4.3.1 Limitations of Poisson?Boltzmann Theory 4.3.2 Stern Layer 4.4 Gibbs Energy of Electric Double Layer 4.5 Electrocapillarity 4.5.1 Theory 4.5.2 Measurement of Electrocapillarity 4.6 Examples of Charged Surfaces 4.7 Measuring Surface Charge Densities 4.7.1 Potentiometric Colloid Titration 4.7.2 Capacitances 4.8 Electrokinetic Phenomena: the Zeta Potential 4.8.1 Navier?Stokes Equation 4.8.2 Electro-Osmosis and Streaming Potential 4.8.3 Electrophoresis and Sedimentation Potential 4.9 Types of Potential 4.10 Summary 4.11 Exercises 5. Surface Forces 5.1 Van der Waals Forces between Molecules 5.2 Van der Waals Force between Macroscopic Solids 5.2.1 Microscopic Approach 5.2.2 Macroscopic Calculation ? Lifshitz Theory 5.2.3 Retarded Van der Waals Forces 5.2.4 Surface Energy and the Hamaker Constant 5.3 Concepts for the Description of Surface Forces 5.3.1 The Derjaguin Approximation 5.3.2 Disjoining Pressure 5.4 Measurement of Surface Forces 5.5 Electrostatic Double-Layer Force 5.5.1 Electrostatic Interaction between Two Identical Surfaces 5.5.2 DLVO Theory 5.6 Beyond DLVO Theory 5.6.1 Solvation Force and Confined Liquids 5.6.2 Non-DLVO Forces in Aqueous Medium 5.7 Steric and Depletion Interaction 5.7.1 Properties of Polymers 5.7.2 Force between Polymer-Coated Surfaces 5.7.3 Depletion Forces 5.8 Spherical Particles in Contact 5.9 Summary 5.10 Exercises 6. Contact Angle Phenomena and Wetting 6.1 Young?s Equation 6.1.1 Contact Angle 6.1.2 Derivation 6.1.3 Line Tension 6.1.4 Complete Wetting and Wetting Transitions 6.1.5 Theoretical Aspects of Contact Angle Phenomena 6.2 Important Wetting Geometries 6.2.1 Capillary Rise 6.2.2 Particles at Interfaces 6.2.3 Network of Fibers 6.3 Measurement of Contact Angles 6.3.1 Experimental Methods 6.3.2 Hysteresis in Contact Angle Measurements 6.3.3 Surface Roughness and Heterogeneity 6.3.4 Superhydrophobic Surfaces 6.4 Dynamics of Wetting and Dewetting 6.4.1 Spontaneous Spreading 6.4.2 Dynamic Contact Angle 6.4.3 Coating and Dewetting 6.5 Applications 6.5.1 Flotation 6.5.2 Detergency 6.5.3 Microfluidics 6.5.4 Electrowetting 6.6 Thick Films: Spreading of One Liquid on Another 6.7 Summary 6.8 Exercises 7. Solid Surfaces 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Description of Crystalline Surfaces 7.2.1 Substrate Structure 7.2.2 Surface Relaxation and Reconstruction 7.2.3 Description of Adsorbate Structures 7.3 Preparation of Clean Surfaces 7.3.1 Thermal Treatment 7.3.2 Plasma or Sputter Cleaning 7.3.3 Cleavage 7.3.4 Deposition of Thin Films 7.4 Thermodynamics of Solid Surfaces 7.4.1 Surface Energy, Surface Tension, and Surface Stress 7.4.2 Determining Surface Energy 7.4.3 Surface Steps and Defects 7.5 Surface Diffusion 7.5.1 Theoretical Description of Surface Diffusion 7.5.2 Measurement of Surface Diffusion 7.6 Solid?Solid Interfaces 7.7 Microscopy of Solid Surfaces 7.7.1 Optical Microscopy 7.7.2 Electron Microscopy 7.7.3 Scanning Probe Microscopy 7.8 Diffraction Methods 7.8.1 Diffraction Patterns of Two-Dimensional Periodic Structures 7.8.2 Diffraction with Electrons, X-Rays, and Atoms 7.9 Spectroscopic Methods 7.9.1 Optical Spectroscopy of Surfaces 7.9.2 Spectroscopy Using Mainly Inner Electrons 7.9.3 Spectroscopy with Outer Electrons 7.9.4 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry 7.10 Summary 7.11 Exercises 8. Adsorption 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Definitions 8.1.2 Adsorption Time 8.1.3 Classification of Adsorption Isotherms 8.1.4 Presentation of Adsorption Isotherms 8.2 Thermodynamics of Adsorption 8.2.1 Heats of Adsorption 8.2.2 Differential Quantities of Adsorption and Experimental Results 8.3 Adsorption Models 8.3.1 Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm 8.3.2 Langmuir Constant and Gibbs Energy of Adsorption 8.3.3 Langmuir Adsorption with Lateral Interactions 8.3.4 BET Adsorption Isotherm 8.3.5 Adsorption on Heterogeneous Surfaces 8.3.6 Potential Theory of Polanyi 8.4 Experimental Aspects of Adsorption from Gas Phase 8.4.1 Measuring Adsorption to Planar Surfaces 8.4.2 Measuring Adsorption to Powders and Textured Materials 8.4.3 Adsorption to Porous Materials 8.4.4 Special Aspects of Chemisorption 8.5 Adsorption from Solution 8.6 Summary 8.7 Exercises 9. Surface Modification 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Physical and Chemical Vapor Deposition 9.2.1 Physical Vapor Deposition 9.2.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition 9.3 Soft Matter Deposition 9.3.1 Self-Assembled Monolayers 9.3.2 Physisorption of Polymers 9.3.3 Polymerization on Surfaces 9.3.4 Plasma Polymerization 9.4 Etching Techniques 9.5 Lithography 9.6 Summary 9.7 Exercises 10. Friction, Lubrication, and Wear 10.1 Friction 10.1.1 Introduction 10.1.2 Amontons? and Coulomb?s Law 10.1.3 Static, Kinetic, and Stick-Slip Friction 10.1.4 Rolling Friction 10.1.5 Friction and Adhesion 10.1.6 Techniques to Measure Friction 10.1.7 Macroscopic Friction 10.1.8 Microscopic Friction 10.2 Lubrication 10.2.1 Hydrodynamic Lubrication 10.2.2 Boundary Lubrication 10.2.3 Thin-Film Lubrication 10.2.4 Superlubricity 10.2.5 Lubricants 10.3 Wear 10.4 Summary 10.5 Exercises 11. Surfactants, Micelles, Emulsions, and Foams 11.1 Surfactants 11.2 Spherical Micelles, Cylinders, and Bilayers 11.2.1 Critical Micelle Concentration 11.2.2 Influence of Temperature 11.2.3 Thermodynamics of Micellization 11.2.4 Structure of Surfactant Aggregates 11.2.5 Biological Membranes 11.3 Macroemulsions 11.3.1 General Properties 11.3.2 Formation 11.3.3 Stabilization 11.3.4 Evolution and Aging 11.3.5 Coalescence and Demulsification 11.4 Microemulsions 11.4.1 Size of Droplets 11.4.2 Elastic Properties of Surfactant Films 11.4.3 Factors Influencing the Structure of Microemulsions 11.5 Foams 11.5.1 Classification, Application, and Formation 11.5.2 Structure of Foams 11.5.3 Soap Films 11.5.4 Evolution of Foams 11.6 Summary 11.7 Exercises 12. Thin Films on Surfaces of Liquids 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Phases of Monomolecular Films 12.3 Experimental Techniques to Study Monolayers 12.3.1 Optical Microscopy 12.3.2 Infrared and Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy 12.3.3 X-Ray Reflection and Diffraction 12.3.4 Surface Potential 12.3.5 Rheologic Properties of Liquid Surfaces 12.4 Langmuir?Blodgett Transfer 12.5 Summary 12.6 Exercises 13. Solutions to Exercises 14. Analysis of Diffraction Patterns 14.1 Diffraction at Three-Dimensional Crystals 14.1.1 Bragg Condition 14.1.2 Laue Condition 14.1.3 Reciprocal Lattice 14.1.4 Ewald Construction 14.2 Diffraction at Surfaces 14.3 Intensity of Diffraction Peaks Appendix A Symbols and Abbreviations References Index

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Book SynopsisR.C. Hibbeler graduated from the University of Illinois-Urbana with a B.S. in Civil Engineering (major in Structures) and an M.S. in Nuclear Engineering. He obtained his PhD in Theoretical and Applied Mechanics from Northwestern University. Professor Hibbeler's professional experience includes postdoctoral work in reactor safety and analysis at Argonne National Laboratory, and structural and stress analysis work at Chicago Bridge and Iron, as well as at Sargent and Lundy in Chicago. He has practiced engineering in Ohio, New York, and Louisiana.Table of Contents General Principles Force Vectors Equilibrium of a Particle Force System Resultants Equilibrium of a Rigid Body Structural Analysis Internal Forces Friction Center of Gravity and Centroid Moments of Inertia Virtual Work Appendix Mathematical Review and Expressions Fundamental Problems Solutions and Answers Review Problem Solutions

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Book SynopsisIntroduction to Mechatronics and Measurement Systems, Fifth Edition, provides comprehensive and accessible coverage of the field of mechatronics for mechanical, electrical and aerospace engineering majors. The author presents a concise review of electrical circuits, solid-state devices, digital circuits, and motors- all of which are fundamental to understanding mechatronic systems.Mechatronics design considerations are presented throughout the text, and in Design Example features. The text''s numerous illustrations, examples, class discussion items, and chapter questions & exercises provide an opportunity to understand and apply mechatronics concepts to actual problems encountered in engineering practice. This text has been tested over several years to ensure accuracy.Introduction to Mechatronics and Measurement Systems, Fifth Edition -  is a multifaceted resource which is designed to serve as a text for modern instrumentation and measurements courses, hybrid electTable of ContentsLists Class Discussion Items Examples Design Examples Threaded Design Examples Preface Chapter 1Introduction 1.1 Mechatronics 1.2 Measurement Systems 1.3 Threaded Design Examples Chapter 2Electric Circuits and Components 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Basic Electrical Elements 2.3 Kirchhoff’s Laws 2.4 Voltage and Current Sources and Meters 2.5 Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits 2.6 Alternating Current Circuit Analysis 2.7 Power in Electrical Circuits 2.8 Transformer 2.9 Impedance Matching 472.10 Practical ConsiderationsChapter 3Semiconductor Electronics 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Semiconductor Physics as the Basis for Understanding Electronic Devices 3.3 Junction Diode 3.4 Bipolar Junction Transistor 3.5 Field-Effect Transistors Chapter 4System Response 4.1 System Response 4.2 Amplitude Linearity 4.3 Fourier Series Representation of Signals 4.4 Bandwidth and Frequency Response 4.5 Phase Linearity 4.6 Distortion of Signals 4.7 Dynamic Characteristics of Systems 4.8 Zero-Order System 4.9 First-Order System 4.10 Second-Order System 4.11 System Modeling and Analogies Chapter 5Analog Signal Processing Using Operational Amplifiers 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Amplifiers 5.3 Operational Amplifiers 5.4 Ideal Model for the Operational Amplifier 5.5 Inverting Amplifier 5.6 Noninverting Amplifier 5.7 Summer 5.8 Difference Amplifier 5.9 Instrumentation Amplifier 5.10 Integrator 5.11 Differentiator 5.12 Sample and Hold Circuit 5.13 Comparator 5.14 The Real Op Amp Chapter 6Digital Circuits 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Digital Representations 6.3 Combinational Logic and Logic Classes 6.4 Timing Diagrams 6.5 Boolean Algebra 6.6 Design of Logic Networks 6.7 Finding a Boolean Expression Given a Truth Table 6.8 Sequential Logic 6.9 Flip-Flops 6.10 Applications of Flip-Flops 6.11 TTL and CMOS Integrated Circuits 6.12 Special Purpose Digital Integrated Circuits 6.13 Integrated Circuit System Design Chapter 7Microcontroller Programming and Interfacing 7.1 Microprocessors and Microcomputers 7.2 Microcontrollers 7.3 The PIC16F84 Microcontroller 7.4 Programming a PIC 7.5 PicBasic Pro 7.6 Using Interrupts 7.7 The Arduino Prototyping Platform 7.8 Interfacing Common PIC Peripherals 7.9 Interfacing to the PIC 7.10 Serial Communication7.11 Method to Design a Microcontroller-Based System 7.12 Practical Considerations Chapter 8Data Acquisition 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Reconstruction of Sampled Signals8.3 Quantizing Theory 8.4 Analog-to-Digital Conversion 8.5 Digital-to-Analog Conversion 8.6 Virtual Instrumentation, Data Acquisition, and Control8.7 Practical Considerations Chapter 9Sensors 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Position and Speed Measurement 9.3 Stress and Strain Measurement 9.4 Temperature Measurement 9.5 Vibration and Acceleration Measurement 9.6 Pressure and Flow Measurement 9.7 Semiconductor Sensors and Microelectromechanical Devices Chapter 10Actuators 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Electromagnetic Principles 10.3 Solenoids and Relays 10.4 Electric Motors 10.5 DC Motors 10.6 Stepper Motors 10.7 RC Servo Motors10.8 Selecting a Motor 10.9 Hydraulics 10.10 Pneumatics Chapter 11Mechatronic Systems—Control Architectures and Case Studies 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Control Architectures 11.3 Introduction to Control Theory Appendix AMeasurement Fundamentals A.1 Systems of Units A.2 Significant Figures A.3 Statistics A.4 Error Analysis Appendix BPhysical Principles Appendix CMechanics of Materials C.1 Stress and Strain Relations Index

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Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.The industry-standard resource for stress and strain formulasâfully updated for the latest advances and restructured for ease of useThis newly designed and thoroughly revised guide contains accurate and thorough tabulated formulations that can be applied to the stress analysis of a comprehensive range of structural components. Roark's Formulas for Stress and Strain, Ninth Edition has been reorganized into a user-friendly format that makes it easy to access and apply the information. The book explains all of the formulas and analyses needed by designers and engineers for mechanical system design. You will get a solid grounding in the theory behind each formula along with real-world applications that cover a wide range of materials.Cov

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Book SynopsisComprehensive, state-of-the-art coverage of every important simulation techniqueThis fully-revised book has the most comprehensive and up-to-date coverage of all aspects of a simulation study. Equally well suited for use in university courses, simulation practice, and self-study, the book offers clear and intuitive explanations as well as 300 figures, 218 examples, and 217 problems. You will get detailed discussions on modeling and simulation, simulation software, model verification and validation, input modeling, random-number and variate generation, statistical design and analysis of simulation experiments, experimental design, simulation optimization, agent-based simulation, machine learning, and much more.Authored by an operations research analyst and industrial engineer with more than 40 years of experience, Simulation Modeling and Analysis is widely regarded as the âœbibleâ of simulation and now has more than 178,000 copies in print and 23,700 citat

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Book SynopsisThis accessible new text introduces the theoretical concepts and tools essential for graduate courses on the physics of materials. A range of traditional and modern topics are covered, with applications, exercises, color illustrations, online slides and solutions for instructors, and appendices reviewing fundamental physics and mathematical tools.Trade Review'This book elucidates the essentials of practical electronic structure theory utilized under the hood of commonly employed electronic structure codes, revealed with a clarity and succinctness that only these authors with many decades of experience at the research forefront can provide. This masterpiece is essential reading for researchers engaged in modern materials research, including recent topics in topological constraints and two-dimensional materials.' Evan Reed, Materials Computation and Theory Group, Stanford University'This is a wonderful book clearly explaining essential concepts of the quantum theory of materials. It should become a classic text in this field.' Marvin Cohen, University of California, Berkeley'A must-read for aspiring scientists and engineers in the age of interdisciplinary nanoscale science and technology. Two renowned masters in materials physics have opened the depth of condensed matter physics theories to the communities of condensed matter physics, materials science, physical chemistry, and chemical engineering!' Kyeongjae Cho, University of Texas, Dallas'Written by two leaders in the field … the book features a clear exposition of solid- state physics' fundamental theoretical principles, an excellent account of modern computational approaches and applications, and a first- rate introduction to modern topological concepts and their role in shaping the dynamics of Bloch electrons. Because of the authors' clarity, focus on basic principles, and thoughtful choice of examples, Quantum Theory of Materials serves as a top-notch introduction to solid-state physics not only for physicists but also for chemists, engineers, and materials scientists.' Roberto Car, Princeton UniversityTable of Contents1. From atoms to solids; 2. Electrons in crystals: translational periodicity; 3. Symmetries beyond translational periodicity; 4. From many-particles to the single-particle picture; 5. Electronic properties of crystals; 6. Electronic excitations; 7. Lattice vibrations and deformations; 8. Phonon interactions; 9. Dynamics and topological constraints; 10. Magnetic behavior of solids; Appendix A: mathematical tools; Appendix B: classical electrodynamics; Appendix C: quantum mechanics; Appendix D: thermodynamics and statistical mechanics.

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Book SynopsisThis book defines the correct procedures for doing a failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) to achieve high quality in products and processes, outlining how to successfully apply the FMEA procedure in design, development, manufacturing, and service applications.Table of ContentsSeries Editor’s Foreword xvii Copyrights and Permissions xix Acknowledgments xxi Introduction xxiii Chapter 1 The Case for Failure Mode and Effects Analysis 1 In This Chapter 1 1.1 The Need for Effective FMEAs 1 1.2 FMEA Application by Industry 4 1.3 The Factor of 10 Rule 5 1.4 FMEA Successes 6 1.5 Brief History of FMEA 8 1.6 FMEA Standards and Guidelines 8 1.7 How to Use This Book 9 1.8 Web Companion to Effective FMEAs 10 1.9 End of Chapter Problems 10 References 11 Chapter 2 The Philosophy and Guiding Principles for Effective FMEAs 12 In This Chapter 12 2.1 What Is Philosophy and Why Does It Matter to FMEAs? 12 2.2 Guiding Principles for Effective FMEAs 13 2.3 The Role of FMEA in Design for Reliability 17 2.4 You Can’t Anticipate Everything 18 2.5 End of Chapter Problems 19 References 20 Chapter 3 Understanding the Fundamental Definitions and Concepts of FMEAs 21 In This Chapter 21 3.1 Definition of FMEA 21 3.2 Primary Objective of FMEA 22 3.3 Definition of Failure Mode Effects and Criticality Analysis 22 3.4 Types of FMEAs 23 3.5 FMEA Definitions and Examples 25 3.6 Is It a Failure Mode, Effect, or Cause? 48 3.7 FMEA Glossary 49 3.8 Web Companion to Effective FMEAs 51 3.9 End of Chapter Problems 51 References 55 Chapter 4 Selection and Timing of FMEA Projects 56 In This Chapter 56 4.1 Guidelines for When to Do FMEAs 56 4.2 FMEA Project Selection Criteria 58 4.3 Preliminary Risk Assessment 59 4.4 When to Do Different Types of FMEAs 60 4.5 Responsibility for FMEAs between OEMs and Suppliers 62 4.6 Introducing the All-Terrain Bicycle Case Study 63 4.7 End of Chapter Problems 64 Chapter 5 How to Perform an FMEA Project: Preparation 66 In This Chapter 66 Use of the Bicycle Examples in the Chapter 66 5.1 The Subject of FMEA Preparation 67 5.2 Preparation Tasks Done Once for All FMEA Projects 67 5.3 Preparation Tasks for Each New FMEA Project 78 5.4 End of Chapter Problems 103 References 106 Chapter 6 How to Perform an FMEA Project: Procedure 107 In This Chapter 107 Use of the Bicycle Examples in the Chapter 107 6.1 FMEA Procedure Sequence of Steps 108 6.2 Basic FMEA Procedure 109 6.3 FMEA Linkages 152 6.4 End of Chapter Problems 158 References 161 Chapter 7 How to Develop and Execute Effective Risk Reduction Actions 162 In This Chapter 162 Use of the Bicycle Examples in the Chapter 162 7.1 Prioritize Issues for Corrective Action 163 7.2 Develop Effective Recommended Actions 165 7.3 Action Strategies to Reduce Risk 166 7.4 Examples of Recommended Actions 176 7.5 FMEA Execution Enablers 176 7.6 The Essence of Execution 182 7.7 Documenting Actions Taken 182 7.8 Ensuring Risk Is Reduced to an Acceptable Level 183 7.9 End of Chapter Problems 183 References 186 Chapter 8 Case Studies 187 In This Chapter 187 8.1 Case Study: Shock Absorber Assembly 188 8.2 Case Study: Strudel Pastry Manufacturing 190 8.3 Case Study: Motorola Solutions “Press-to-Talk” Feature 193 8.4 Case Study: Flashlight 200 8.5 Case Study: DC-10 Cargo Door Failure 200 8.6 Case Study: Space Shuttle Challenger O-Ring Failure 204 8.7 Case Study: Projector Lamp 206 8.8 Case Study: All-Terrain Bicycle 206 8.9 Case Study: Resin Lever 213 8.10 Case Study: Power Steering 217 8.11 Other Case Studies and Examples 217 8.12 Web Companion to Effective FMEAs 221 8.13 End of Chapter Problems 221 References 224 Chapter 9 Lessons Learned for Effective FMEAs 226 In This Chapter 226 9.1 The Most Common FMEA Mistakes: How to Avoid Them and Audit Them 226 9.2 Summary of FMEA Quality Objectives 235 9.3 FMEA Quality Audit Procedure 235 9.4 End of Chapter Problems 236 Chapter 10 How to Facilitate Successful FMEA Projects 241 In This Chapter 241 10.1 FMEA Facilitation 241 10.2 Effective Meetings 242 10.3 Primary FMEA Facilitation Skills 243 10.4 Unleashing Team Creativity 252 10.5 FMEA Facilitation Roles and Responsibilities 255 10.6 How to Reduce FMEA In-Meeting Time 261 10.7 Difficulty Getting Consensus on Competing Ideas 261 10.8 End of Chapter Problems 263 References 265 Chapter 11 Implementing an Effective Company-Wide FMEA Process 266 In This Chapter 266 11.1 What is a Company-Wide FMEA Process and Why is it Important? 266 11.2 Management Roles and Responsibilities 267 11.3 Effective FMEA Process 268 11.4 Lessons Learned in Implementing a Company-Wide FMEA Process 279 11.5 Company Climate for Sharing Failure Information 281 11.6 End of Chapter Problems 282 Chapter 12 Failure Mode Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA) 285 In This Chapter 285 12.1 Introduction to FMECA 285 12.2 When to Use FMECA 286 12.3 Brief History of FMECA 286 12.4 Types of FMECA 287 12.5 Quantitative Criticality Analysis 287 12.6 Qualitative Criticality Analysis 289 12.7 FMECA Criticality Matrix 292 12.8 FMECA Worksheet 292 12.9 Summary Output of FMECA 292 12.10 End of Chapter Problems 294 References 296 Chapter 13 Introduction to Design Review Based on Failure Mode (DRBFM) 297 In This Chapter 297 13.1 What Is DRBFM? 297 13.2 Change Point Analysis 300 13.3 Conducting DRBFM Projects 302 13.4 How DRBFM Integrates with FMEA 304 13.5 DRBFM Worksheet 304 13.6 DRBFM Examples and Case Studies 304 13.7 Design Review Based on Test Results 309 13.8 DRBFM Glossary 311 13.9 DRBFM Resources for Further Study 312 13.10 End of Chapter Problems 313 References 315 Chapter 14 Introduction to Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) 316 In This Chapter 316 14.1 What Is Fault Tree Analysis? 316 14.2 FTA and FMEA 317 14.3 Brief History of FTA 318 14.4 Models 318 14.5 Events and Gates 318 14.6 FTA Example 319 14.7 FTA Glossary 320 14.8 FTA Procedure 323 14.9 FTA Handbooks and Standards 324 14.10 Use of FTA on Software 324 14.11 FTA Benefits and Limitations 324 14.12 End of Chapter Problems 326 References 327 Chapter 15 Other FMEA Applications 328 In This Chapter 328 15.1 Reliability-Centered Maintenance 328 15.2 Hazard Analysis 340 15.3 Concept FMEA 347 15.4 Software FMEA 348 15.5 Failure Modes, Mechanisms, and Effects Analysis 356 15.6 Failure Modes, Effects, and Diagnostic Analysis 358 15.7 End of Chapter Problems 361 References 363 Chapter 16 Selecting the Right FMEA Software 365 In This Chapter 365 16.1 Characteristics of Excellent FMEA Software 365 16.2 Why Not Just Use Spreadsheet Software? 368 16.3 Advantages of Relational Database 368 16.4 Using the Criteria for Selecting Relational Database Software 369 16.5 End of Chapter Problems 369 Reference 370 Appendices 371 Appendix A FMEA Scales 371 Appendix B FMEA Worksheet Forms 376 B.1 Design FMEA Worksheet Forms 377 B.2 Process FMEA Worksheet Forms 382 Appendix C All-Terrain Bicycle Documents 388 Appendix D Lists and Checklists 392 D.1 FMEA Preparation Checklists 392 Checklist 393 D.2 Lists of Failure Mechanisms (excerpts from book) 396 D.3 FMEA Quality Objectives 399 D.4 FMEA Facilitation Checklists 400 D.5 FMEA Action Strategy Checklist 405 D.6 FMEA Quality Audit Procedure 409 D.7 FMEA Quality Survey Form 413 Appendix E FMEA Glossary 414 References 418 Index 419

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Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.A Fully Updated, In-Depth Guide to Water and Wastewater EngineeringThoroughly revised to reflect the latest advances, procedures, and regulations, this authoritative resource contains comprehensive coverage of the design and construction of municipal water and wastewater facilities. Written by an environmental engineering expert and seasoned academic, Water and Wastewater Engineering: Design Principles and Practice, Second Edition, offers detailed explanations, practical strategies, and design techniques as well as hands-on safety protocols and operation and maintenance procedures. You will get cutting-edge information on water quality standards, corrosion control, piping materials, energy efficiency, direct and indirect potable reuseTable of ContentsPreface Professional Advisory Board for the Second Edition Professional Advisory Board for the First Edition 1 The Design and Construction Processes 1-1 Introduction 1-2 Project Participants 1-3 The Professional–Client Relationship and the Code of Ethics 1-4 Responsible Care 1-5 Overall Design Process 1-6 Overall Construction Process 1-7 Hints from the Field 1-8 Chapter Review 1-9 Problems 1-10 Discussion Questions 1-11 References 2 General Water Supply Design Considerations 2-1 Water Demand 2-2 Water Source Evaluation 2-3 Water Quality 2-4 Evaluation of Process Options 2-5 Plant Sizing and Layout 2-6 Plant Location 2-7 Chapter Review 2-8 Problems 2-9 Discussion Questions 2-10 References 3 Intake Structures 3-1 Introduction 3-2 Design Elements 3-3 Design Criteria 3-4 Operational Considerations 3-5 Operation and Maintenance 3-6 Chapter Review 3-7 Problems 3-8 Discussion Questions 3-9 References 4 Wells 4-1 Introduction 4-2 Design Elements 4-3 Well Protection 4-4 Well Design 4-5 Chapter Review 4-6 Problems 4-7 Discussion Questions 4-8 References 5 Chemical Handling and Storage 5-1 Introduction 5-2 Redundancy and Capacity Provisions 5-3 Delivery, Handling, and Storage 5-4 Chemical Feed and Metering Systems 5-5 Chemical Compatibility 5-6 Materials Compatibility 5-7 Designing for Safety and Hazardous Conditions 5-8 Operation and Maintenance 5-9 Chapter Review 5-10 Problems 5-11 Discussion Questions 5-12 References 6 Coagulation and Flocculation 6-1 Introduction 6-2 Characteristics of Particles 6-3 Coagulation Theory 6-4 Coagulation Practice 6-5 Flocculation Theory 6-6 Mixing Theory 6-7 Mixing Practice 6-8 Operation and Maintenance 6-9 Chapter Review 6-10 Problems 6-11 Discussion Questions 6-12 References 7 Lime-Soda Softening 7-1 Hardness 7-2 Lime-Soda Softening 7-3 Softening Processes 7-4 Chemical Dosages Based on Stoichiometry 7-5 Concurrent Removal of Other Constituents 7-6 Process Configurations and Design Criteria 7-7 Operation and Maintenance 7-8 Stabilization 7-9 Chapter Review 7-10 Problems 7-11 Discussion Questions 7-12 References 8 Ion Exchange 8-1 Introduction 8-2 Fundamental Concepts of Ion Exchange 8-3 Process Operation 8-4 Ion Exchange Practice 8-5 Operation and Maintenance 8-6 Chapter Review 8-7 Problems 8-8 Discussion Question 8-9 References 9 Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration 9-1 Introduction 9-2 Theory 9-3 Properties of RO and NF Membranes 9-4 RO and NF Practice 9-5 Electrodialysis 9-6 Chapter Review 9-7 Problems 9-8 Discussion Question 9-9 References 10 Sedimentation 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Sedimentation Theory 10-3 Sedimentation Practice 10-4 Sedimentation Basin Design 10-5 Operation and Maintenance 10-6 Chapter Review 10-7 Problems 10-8 Discussion Questions 10-9 References 11 Granular Filtration 11-1 Introduction 11-2 An Overview of the Filtration Process 11-3 Filter Media Characteristics 11-4 Granular Filtration Theory 11-5 Theory of Granular Filter Hydraulics 11-6 Granular Filtration Practice 11-7 Operation and Maintenance 11-8 Chapter Review 11-9 Problems 11-10 Discussion Questions 11-11 References 12 Membrane Filtration 12-1 Introduction 12-2 Membrane Filtration Theory 12-3 Properties of MF and UF Membranes 12-4 MF and UF Practice 12-5 Chapter Review 12-6 Problems 12-7 Discussion Questions 12-8 References 13 Disinfection, Lead and Copper Rule, Emergency Disinfection, and Fluoridation 13-1 Introduction 13-2 Disinfection 13-3 Corrosion Control 13-4 Contact Facilities 13-5 Emergency Disinfection 13-6 Fluoridation 13-7 Operation and Maintenance 13-8 Chapter Review 13-9 Problems 13-10 Discussion Questions 13-11 References 14 Removal of Specific Constituents 14-1 Introduction 14-2 Arsenic 14-3 Carbon Dioxide 14-4 Fluoride 14-5 Iron and Manganese 14-6 Nitrate 14-7 Natural Organic Matter (NOM) 14-8 Perchlorate 14-9 Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) 14-10 Radionuclides 14-11 Synthetic Organic Chemicals (SOCs) and Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOCs) 14-12 Taste and Odor (T&O) 14-13 Chapter Review 14-14 Problems 14-15 Discussion Questions 580 14-16 References 15 Water Plant Residuals Management 15-1 Introduction 15-2 Solids Computations 15-3 Solids Production and Characteristics 15-4 Minimization of Residuals Generation 15-5 Recovery of Treatment Chemicals 15-6 Residuals Conveyance 15-7 Management of Sludges 15-8 Management of Liquid Residuals 15-9 Disposal of Specific Residual Constituents 15-10 Ultimate Disposal 15-11 Chapter Review 15-12 Problems 15-13 Discussion Questions 15-14 References 16 Drinking Water Plant Process Selection and Integration 16-1 Introduction 16-2 Process Selection 16-3 Process Integration 16-4 Security 16-5 Chapter Review 16-6 Problems 16-7 Discussion Questions 16-8 References 17 Storage and Distribution Systems 17-1 Introduction 17-2 Demand Estimates 17-3 Service Pressures 17-4 Pipe Network Design 17-5 Storage Tank Design 17-6 Pump Selection 17-7 Network Analysis 17-8 Sanitary Protection 17-9 Chapter Review 17-10 Problems 17-11 Discussion Questions 17-12 References 18 General Wastewater Collection and Treatment Design Considerations 18-1 Wastewater Sources and Flow Rates 18-2 Wastewater Characteristics 18-3 Wastewater Treatment Standards 18-4 Sludge Disposal Regulations 18-5 Plant Sizing and Layout 18-6 Plant Location 18-7 Chapter Review 18-8 Problems 18-9 Discussion Questions 18-10 References 19 Sanitary Sewer Design 19-1 Introduction 19-2 Predesign Activities 19-3 Gravity Sewer Collection System Design 19-4 Alternative Sewers 19-5 Pump Station Design 19-6 Operation and Maintenance 19-7 Economic and Energy Considerations 19-8 Sewer Safety 19-9 Chapter Review 19-10 Problems 19-11 Discussion Questions 19-12 References 20 Headworks and Preliminary Treatment 20-1 Introduction 20-2 Pump Station 20-3 Flow Measurement 20-4 Bar Racks and Screens 20-5 Coarse Solids Reduction 20-6 Grit Removal 20-7 Flow Equalization 20-8 Alternative Preliminary Process Arrangements 20-9 Chapter Review 20-10 Problems 20-11 Discussion Questions 20-12 References 21 Primary Treatment 21-1 Introduction 21-2 Sedimentation Theory 21-3 Sedimentation Practice 21-4 Sedimentation Basin Design 21-5 Other Primary Treatment Alternatives 21-6 Chapter Review 21-7 Problems 21-8 References 22 Wastewater Microbiology 22-1 Introduction 22-2 Role of Microorganisms 22-3 Classification of Microorganisms 22-4 Microbial Biochemistry 22-5 Population Dynamics 22-6 Decomposition of Waste 22-7 Microbiology of Secondary Treatment Unit Processes 22-8 Operation and Maintenance 22-9 Chapter Review 22-10 Problems 22-11 Discussion Questions 22-12 References 23 Secondary Treatment by Suspended Growth Biological Processes 23-1 Introduction 23-2 Processes for BOD Removal and Nitrification 23-3 Processes for Denitrification 23-4 Processes for Phosphorus Removal 23-5 Biological Treatment with Membrane Separation 23-6 Suspended Growth Design Principles 23-7 Suspended Growth Design Practice 23-8 Membrane Bioreactor Design Practice 23-9 Chapter Review 23-10 Problems 23-11 Discussion Questions 23-12 References 24 Secondary Treatment by Attached Growth and Hybrid Biological Processes 24-1 Introduction 24-2 Attached Growth Processes 24-3 Attached Growth Design Principles 24-4 Attached Growth Design Practice 24-5 Hybrid Processes 24-6 Chapter Review 24-7 Problems 24-8 References 25 Secondary Settling, Disinfection, and Postaeration 25-1 Introduction 25-2 Secondary Settling 25-3 Disinfection 25-4 Postaeration 25-5 Chapter Review 25-6 Problems 25-7 Discussion Questions 25-8 References 26 Tertiary Treatment 26-1 Introduction 26-2 Chemical Precipitation of Phosphorus 26-3 Granular Filtration 26-4 Membrane Filtration 26-5 Carbon Adsorption 26-6 Advanced Oxidation Processes 26-7 Chapter Review 26-8 Problems 26-9 References 27 Wastewater Plant Residuals Management 27-1 Sludge Handling Alternatives 27-2 Sources and Characteristics of Solids and Biosolids 27-3 Solids Computations 27-4 Grit Handling and Sludge Pumping 27-5 Management of Solids 27-6 Storage and Thickening of Sludges 27-7 Alkaline Stabilization 27-8 Aerobic Digestion 27-9 Anaerobic Digestion 27-10 Sludge Conditioning 27-11 Dewatering < br/> 27-12 Alternative Disposal Techniques 27-13 Land Application of Biosolids 27-14 Chapter Review 27-15 Problems 27-16 References 28 Clean Water Plant Process Selection and Integration 28-1 Introduction 28-2 Process Selection 28-3 Simulation Modeling 28-4 Process Integration 28-5 Chapter Review 28-6 Problems 28-7 References 29 Direct and Indirect Potable Reuse 29-1 Introduction 29-2 Water Quality Standards 29-3 Basic Design Principles 29-4 Design Practice 29-5 Case Studies: Indirect Potable Reuse 29-6 Case Studies: Direct Potable Reuse 29-7 Chapter Review 29-8 References Appendix A Properties of Air, Water, and Selected Chemicals Appendix B U.S. Standard Sieve Sizes Appendix C Pipe, Fitting, and Valve Data Appendix D U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Ct Values for Disinfectants Index

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Book SynopsisDensity Functional Theory A concise and rigorous introduction to the applications of DFT calculations In the newly revised second edition of Density Functional Theory: A Practical Introduction, the authors deliver a concise and easy-to-follow introduction to the key concepts and practical applications of density functional theory (DFT) with an emphasis on plane-wave DFT. The authors draw on decades of experience in the field, offering students from a variety of backgrounds a balanced approach between accessibility and rigor, creating a text that is highly digestible in its entirety. This new edition: Discusses in more detail the accuracy of DFT calculations and the choice of functionals Adds an overview of the wide range of available DFT codes Contains more examples on the use of DFT for high throughput materials calculations Puts more emphasis on computing phase diagrams and on open ensemble methods widely used in elTable of Contents1 What Is Density Functional Theory? 1.1 How to Approach This Book 1.2 Examples of DFT in Action 1.2.1 Ammonia Synthesis by Heterogeneous Catalysis 1.2.2 Embrittlement of Metals by Trace Impurities 1.2.3 Materials Properties for Modeling Planetary Formation 1.2.4 High Throughput/Big Data Case Study 1.3 The Schrödinger Equation 1.4 Density Functional Theory—From Wave Functions to Electron Density 1.5 Exchange– Correlation Functional 1.6 The Quantum Chemistry Tourist 1.6.1 Localized and Spatially Extended Functions 1.6.2 Wave-Function-Based Methods 1.6.3 Hartree– Fock Method 1.6.4 Beyond Hartree–Fock 1.7 What Can DFT Not Do? 1.8 Which DFT Code Should I Use? 1.9 Density Functional Theory in Other Fields 1.10 How to Approach This Book 2 DFT Calculations for Simple Solids 2.1 Periodic Structures, Supercells, and Lattice Parameters 2.2 Face-Centered Cubic Materials 2.3 Hexagonal Close-Packed Materials 2.4 Crystal Structure Prediction 2.5 Phase Transformations Exercises 3 Nuts and Bolts of DFT Calculations 3.1 Reciprocal Space and k Points 3.1.1 Plane Waves and the Brillouin Zone 3.1.2 Integrals in k Space 3.1.3 Choosing k Points in the Brillouin Zone 3.1.4 Metals—Special Cases in k Space; DFT+U 3.1.5 Summary of k Space 3.2 Energy Cutoffs 3.2.1 Pseudopotentials 3.3 Numerical Optimization 3.3.1 Optimization in One Dimension 3.3.2 Optimization in More than One Dimension 3.3.3 What Do I Really Need to Know about Optimization? 3.4 DFT Total Energies—An Iterative Optimization Problem 3.5 Geometry Optimization 3.5.1 Internal Degrees of Freedom 3.5.2 Geometry Optimization with Constrained Atoms 3.5.3 Optimizing Supercell Volume and Shape Appendix: Calculation Details 4 Thinking About Accuracy and Choosing Functionals for DFT Calculations 4.1 How Accurate Are DFT Calculations? 4.2 Choosing a Functional 4.3 Examples of Physical Accuracy 4.3.1 Benchmark Calculations for Molecular Systems—Energy and Geometry 4.3.2 Benchmark Calculations for Molecular Systems—Vibrational Frequencies 4.3.3 Crystal Structures and Cohesive Energies 4.3.4 Adsorption Energies and Bond Strengths 4.4 How to Use the Rest of this Book 5 DFT Calculations for Surfaces of Solids and Interfaces in Crystals 5.1 Importance of Surfaces 5.2 Periodic Boundary Conditions and Slab Models 5.3 Choosing k Points for Surface Calculations 5.4 Classification of Surfaces by Miller Indices 5.5 Surface Relaxation 5.6 Calculation of Surface Energies 5.7 Symmetric and Asymmetric Slab Models 5.8 Surface Reconstruction 5.9 Adsorbates on Surfaces 5.9.1 Accuracy of Adsorption Energies 5.10 Effects of Surface Coverage 5.11 Grain Boundaries in Solids Exercises Appendix: Calculation Details 6 DFT Calculations of Vibrational Frequencies 6.1 Isolated Molecules 6.2 Vibrations of a Collection of Atoms 6.3 Molecules on Surfaces 6.4 Zero-Point Energies 6.5 Phonons and Delocalized Modes Exercises 7 Calculating Rates of Chemical Processes Using Transition State Theory 7.1 One-Dimensional Example 7.2 Multidimensional Transition State Theory 7.3 Finding Transition States 7.3.1 Elastic Band Method 7.3.2 Nudged Elastic Band Method and the Dimer Method 7.3.3 Initializing NEB Calculations 7.4 Finding the Right Transition States 7.5 Connecting Individual Rates to Overall Dynamics 7.6 Quantum Effects and Other Complications 7.6.1 High Temperatures/Low Barriers 7.6.2 Quantum Tunneling 7.6.3 Zero-Point Energies Exercises Appendix: Calculation Details 8 Equilibrium Phase Diagrams and Electrochemistry with Open Ensemble Methods 8.1 Stability of Bulk Metal Oxides 8.1.1 Examples Including Disorder—Configurational Entropy 8.2 Stability of Metal and Metal Oxide Surfaces 8.3 Multiple Chemical Potentials and Coupled Chemical Reactions 8.4 DFT for Electrochemistry Exercises Appendix: Calculation Details 9 Electronic Structure and Magnetic Properties 9.1 Electronic Density of States 9.2 Local Density of States and Atomic Charges 9.3 Magnetism Exercises 10 Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics 10.1 Classical Molecular Dynamics 10.1.1 Molecular Dynamics with Constant Energy 10.1.2 Molecular Dynamics in the Canonical Ensemble 10.1.3 Practical Aspects of Classical Molecular Dynamics 10.2 Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics: Gaussian Basis Sets in Non-Plane Wave Codes 10.3 Applications of Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics 10.3.1 Exploring Structurally Complex Materials: Liquids and Amorphous Phases 10.3.2 Exploring Complex Energy Surfaces 10.4 Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory Exercises Appendix: Calculation Details 11 Methods beyond “Standard” Calculations 11.1 Choosing a Functional (Revisited) 11.2 Estimating Uncertainties in DFT Results Using the BEEF Approach 11.3 DFT+X Methods for Improved Treatment of Electron Correlation 11.3.1 Dispersion Interactions and DFT-D and D2, D3, TS methods 11.4 Self-Interaction Error, Strongly Correlated Electron Systems, and DFT+U 11.5 RPA 11.6 Larger System Sizes with Linear Scaling Methods and Classical Force Fields 11.7 Conclusion

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"[A] tour de force of a text. . . . An ambitious and important work. . . . [It] brings the material up to the minute, tackles more topics with more depth, buttresses its analysis with MATLAB examples, and still does a superb job of stimulating and informing the reader. . . . Its push toward computational synthesis does open a new door for this type of text."---John Hodgkinson, AIAA Journal"This book provides a significant addition to the existing literature on flight mechanics. It deserves to be part of the library of scholars and practicing flight mechanics engineers alike."---Eric Feron, IEEE Control Systems

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Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.Get Peak Performance from Two-Stroke EnginesDo you spend more time trying to start your weed trimmer than you do enjoying your backyard? With this how-to guide, you can win the battle with the temperamental two-stroke engine.Written by long-time mechanic and bestselling author Paul Dempsey, Two-Stroke Engine Repair & Maintenance shows you how to fix the engines that power garden equipment, construction tools, portable pumps, mopeds, generators, trolling motors, and more. Detailed drawings, schematics, and photographs along with step-by-step instructions make it easy to get the job done quickly. Save time and money when you learn how to:Troubleshoot the engine to determine tTable of ContentsIntroduction; Ch. 1. Fundamentals; Ch. 2. Troubleshooting; Ch. 3. Ignition Systems; Ch. 4. Fuel Systems; Ch. 5. Starters and Related Components; Ch. 6. Engine Service; Ch. 7. Power Transmission; Index

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Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.Master the art of user-centric planning and design  This thoroughly revised guide offers complete coverage of the latest trends and advances in ergonomics and psychology and lays out practical applications for todayâs designers. Written by a team of experts, Human Factors and Ergonomics Design Handbook, Third Edition, shows how to maximize functionality while reducing injuries and minimizing the impact on physical and psychological health. The ubiquitous use of smartphones, tablets, and other high-tech equipment is discussed in full detail. New chapters explain medical systems, robotics, handheld devices, cognitive workload, anTable of ContentsPart I: Macro Systems Ch 1. Arch SystemsCh 2. Transportation Systems Ch 3. Military and Government SystemsCh 4. Space SystemsCh 5. Industrial Systems Ch 6. AgriculturalCh 7. CommunicationCh 8. Consumer productCh 9. Medical EquipmentPart II: SubsystemsPart III: Components and Product Design Part IV: Human Factors DataPart V: Human Engineering Methods

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