Mechanical engineering and materials Books
John Wiley & Sons Inc Partition of Unity Methods
Book SynopsisAn understanding of the extended finite element method (XFEM) is critical for users, developers, researchers, and engineers working on industrial products. The first guide to the foundations of XFEM and its implementation, this book demystifies the theory behind this method and makes it accessible to anyone with previous knowledge of FEM.Table of ContentsList of Contributors xi Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The Finite Element Method 2 1.2 Suitability of the Finite Element Method 9 1.3 Some Limitations of the FEM 11 1.4 The Idea of Enrichment 16 1.5 Conclusions 19 2 A Step-by-Step Introduction to Enrichment 23 2.1 History of Enrichment for Singularities and Localized Gradients 25 2.2 Weak Discontinuities for One-dimensional Problems 38 2.3 Strong Discontinuities for One-dimensional Problem 58 2.4 Conclusions 61 3 Partition of Unity Revisited 67 3.1 Completeness, Consistency, and Reproducing Conditions 67 3.2 Partition of Unity 68 3.3 Enrichment 69 3.4 Numerical Examples 86 3.5 Conclusions 95 4 Advanced Topics 99 4.1 Size of the Enrichment Zone 99 4.2 Numerical Integration 100 4.3 Blending Elements and Corrections 108 4.4 Preconditioning Techniques 116 5 Applications 125 5.1 Linear Elastic Fracture in Two Dimensions with XFEM 125 5.2 Numerical Enrichment for Anisotropic Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics 130 5.3 Creep and Crack Growth in Polycrystals 133 5.4 Fatigue Crack Growth Simulations 138 5.5 Rectangular Plate with an Inclined Crack Subjected to Thermo-Mechanical Loading 140 6 Recovery-Based Error Estimation and Bounding in XFEM 145 6.1 Introduction 145 6.2 Error Estimation in the Energy Norm. The ZZ Error Estimator 147 6.3 Recovery-based Error Estimation in XFEM 151 6.4 Recovery Techniques in Error Bounding. Practical Error Bounds. 174 6.5 Error Estimation in Quantities of Interest 179 7 Φ-FEM: An Efficient Simulation Tool Using Simple Meshes for Problems in Structure Mechanics and Heat Transfer 191 7.1 Introduction 191 7.2 Linear Elasticity 194 7.3 Linear Elasticity with Multiple Materials 204 7.4 Linear Elasticity with Cracks 208 7.5 Heat Equation 212 7.6 Conclusions and Perspectives 214 8 eXtended Boundary Element Method (XBEM) for Fracture Mechanics and Wave Problems 217 8.1 Introduction 217 8.2 Conventional BEM Formulation 218 8.3 Shortcomings of the Conventional Formulations 226 8.4 Partition of Unity BEM Formulation 228 8.5 XBEM for Accurate Fracture Analysis 228 8.6 XBEM for ShortWave Simulation 235 8.7 Conditioning and its Control 243 8.8 Conclusions 245 9 Combined Extended Finite Element and Level Set Method (XFE-LSM) for Free Boundary Problems 249 9.1 Motivation 249 9.2 The Level Set Method 250 9.3 Biofilm Evolution 256 9.4 Conclusion 269 10 XFEM for 3D Fracture Simulation 273 10.1 Introduction 273 10.2 Governing Equations 274 10.3 XFEM Enrichment Approximation 275 10.4 Vector Level Set 280 10.5 Computation of Stress Intensity Factor 282 10.6 Numerical Simulations 288 10.7 Summary 300 11 XFEM Modeling of Cracked Elastic-Plastic Solids 303 11.1 Introduction 303 11.2 Conventional von Mises Plasticity 303 11.3 Strain Gradient Plasticity 312 11.4 Conclusions 323 12 An Introduction to Multiscale analysis with XFEM 329 12.1 Introduction 329 12.2 Molecular Statics 330 12.3 Hierarchical Multiscale Models of Elastic Behavior -- The Cauchy-Born Rule 336 12.4 Current Multiscale Analysis -- The Bridging Domain Method 338 12.5 The eXtended Bridging Domain Method 340 References 344 Index 345
£72.00
John Wiley & Sons Inc Rotordynamics of Turbomachinery
Book SynopsisDescribes the rotordynamic considerations that are important to the successful design or troubleshooting of a turbomachine.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Rotordynamic Considerations in Turbomachinery Design. Torsional Vibration Analysis. Critical Speeds and Response to Imbalance. Rotor Balancing in Turbomachinery. Bearings and Seals. Rotordynamic Instability in Turbomachinery. Measurements.
£161.06
John Wiley & Sons Inc Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion
Book SynopsisA multi-disciplinary, multi-industry overview of microbiologically influenced corrosion, with strategies for diagnosis and control or prevention Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion helps engineers and scientists understand and combat the costly failures that occur due to microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC).Trade Review"...strongly recommended for engineers and scientists that design components that might be exposed to MIC…would also make an excellent text…" (Journal of Metals Online, October 23, 2007)Table of Contents1. Biofilm Formation. 2. Causative Organisms and Possible Mechanisms. 3. Diagnosing MIC. 4. Electrochemical Techniques Applied to MIC. 5. Approaches for Monitoring MIC. 6. Impact of Alloying Elements to Susceptibility of MIC. 7. Design Features that Determine MIC. 8. Case Histories. 9. MIC of Non-metallics. 10. Strategies to Prevent or Mitigate MIC.
£95.36
Elsevier Science Tire and Vehicle Dynamics
Book SynopsisFocusing on tire mechanics, this title provides information you need to know about pneumatic tires and their impact on vehicle performance, including mathematic modeling and its practical application. It explains the relationship between operational variables, vehicle variables and tire modeling.Trade Review''An indispensable companion to every engineer working in vehicles system dynamics'' --Prof. P. Lugner, Editor-of-Chief for the International Journal of Vehicle System Dynamics "Pacejka (Delft U. of Technology, the Netherlands) updates the 2006 edition of his 2002 textbook and reference on modeling the dynamic behavior of inflated tires as components of vehicles. Readers are assumed to be students or practicing mechanical engineers, and the exercises require standard tools of the trade. His topics include basic tire modeling considerations, the theory of steady-state slip force and moment generation, single-contact-point transient tire models, the dynamic tire response to short road unevennesses, and motorcycle dynamics." --Reference and Research Book News, August 2012Table of Contents1. Tyre Characteristics and Vehicle Handling and Stability 2. Basic Tyre Modelling Considerations 3. Theory of Steady-State Slip Force and Moment Generation 4. Semi-Empirical Tyre Models 5. Non-Steady-State Out-of-Plane String-Based Tyre Models 6. Theory of the Wheel Shimmy Phenomenon 7. Single Contact Point Transient Tyre Models 8. Applications of Transient Tyre Models 9. Short Wavelength Intermediate Frequency Tyre Model 10. Dynamic Tyre Response to Short Road Unevennesses 11. Motorcycle Dynamics 12. Tyre steady-state and dynamic test facilities 13. Outlines of Three Advanced Dynamic Tyre Models: The RMOD-K Tyre Model, The FTire Tyre Model, The MF-Swift Tyre Model References Appendix 1. Sign Conventions for Force and Moment and Wheel Slip Appendix 2. Online Information Appendix 3. MF-Tyre/MF-Swift Parameters and Estimation Methods Index
£71.99
John Wiley & Sons Inc A Project Managers Book of Forms
Book SynopsisEssential project management forms aligned to the PMBOK GuideSixth Edition A Project Manager''s Book of Forms is an essential companion to the Project Management Institute''s A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge. Packed with ready-made forms for managing every stage in any project, this book offers both new and experienced project managers an invaluable resource for thorough documentation and repeatable processes. Endorsed by PMI and aligned with the PMBOK Guide, these forms cover all aspects of initiating, planning, executing, monitoring and controlling, and closing; each form can be used as-is directly from the book, or downloaded from the companion website and tailored to your project''s unique needs. This new third edition has been updated to align with the newest PMBOK Guide, and includes forms for agile, the PMI Talent Triangle, technical project management, leadership, straTable of ContentsAcknowledgments vii Introduction ix New for this Edition ix Audience ix Organization x 1 Initiating Forms 1 1.0 Initiating Process Group 1 1.1 Project Charter 2 1.2 Assumption Log 9 1.3 Stakeholder Register 12 1.4 Stakeholder Analysis 15 2 Planning Forms 17 2.0 Planning Process Group 17 2.1 Project Management Plan 20 2.2 Change Management Plan 25 2.3 Project Roadmap 28 2.4 Scope Management Plan 30 2.5 Requirements Management Plan 33 2.6 Requirements Documentation 37 2.7 Requirements Traceability Matrix 40 2.8 Project Scope Statement 45 2.9 Work Breakdown Structure 49 2.10 WBS Dictionary 52 2.11 Schedule Management Plan 56 2.12 Activity List 59 2.13 Activity Attributes 62 2.14 Milestone List 65 2.15 Network Diagram 67 2.16 Duration Estimates 70 2.17 Duration Estimating Worksheet 73 2.18 Project Schedule 78 2.19 Cost Management Plan 82 2.20 Cost Estimates 85 2.21 Cost Estimating Worksheet 88 2.22 Cost Baseline 93 2.23 Quality Management Plan 95 2.24 Quality Metrics 99 2.25 Responsibility Assignment Matrix 101 2.26 Resource Management Plan 104 2.27 Team Charter 109 2.28 Resource Requirements 113 2.29 Resource Breakdown Structure 116 2.30 Communications Management Plan 118 2.31 Risk Management Plan 121 2.32 Risk Register 128 2.33 Risk Report 131 2.34 Probability and Impact Assessment 137 2.35 Probability and Impact Matrix 142 2.36 Risk Data Sheet 144 2.37 Procurement Management Plan 147 2.38 Procurement Strategy 152 2.39 Source Selection Criteria 155 2.40 Stakeholder Engagement Plan 158 3 Executing Forms 163 3.0 Executing Process Group 163 3.1 Issue Log 165 3.2 Decision Log 168 3.3 Change Request 170 3.4 Change Log 175 3.5 Lessons Learned Register 178 3.6 Quality Audit 181 3.7 Team Performance Assessment 184 4 Monitoring and Controlling Forms 189 4.0 Monitoring and Controlling Process Group 189 4.1 Team Member Status Report 191 4.2 Project Status Report 196 4.3 Variance Analysis 202 4.4 Earned Value Analysis 206 4.5 Risk Audit 209 4.6 Contractor Status Report 213 4.7 Procurement Audit 218 4.8 Contract Closeout Report 222 4.9 Product Acceptance Form 226 5 Closing 229 5.0 Closing Process Group 229 5.1 Lessons Learned Summary 229 5.2 Project or Phase Closeout 235 6 Agile 239 6.1 Product Vision 240 6.2 Product Backlog 242 6.3 Release Plan 244 6.4 Retrospective 246 Index 249
£64.76
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Quantum Mechanics, Volume 2: Angular Momentum,
Book SynopsisThis new edition of the unrivalled textbook introduces concepts such as the quantum theory of scattering by a potential, special and general cases of adding angular momenta, time-independent and time-dependent perturbation theory, and systems of identical particles. The entire book has been revised to take into account new developments in quantum mechanics curricula. The textbook retains its typical style also in the new edition: it explains the fundamental concepts in chapters which are elaborated in accompanying complements that provide more detailed discussions, examples and applications. * The quantum mechanics classic in a new edition: written by 1997 Nobel laureate Claude Cohen-Tannoudji and his colleagues Bernard Diu and Franck Laloë * As easily comprehensible as possible: all steps of the physical background and its mathematical representation are spelled out explicitly * Comprehensive: in addition to the fundamentals themselves, the book contains more than 170 worked examples plus exercises Claude Cohen-Tannoudji was a researcher at the Kastler-Brossel laboratory of the Ecole Normale Supérieure in Paris where he also studied and received his PhD in 1962. In 1973 he became Professor of atomic and molecular physics at the Collège des France. His main research interests were optical pumping, quantum optics and atom-photon interactions. In 1997, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, together with Steven Chu and William D. Phillips, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his research on laser cooling and trapping of neutral atoms. Bernard Diu was Professor at the Denis Diderot University (Paris VII). He was engaged in research at the Laboratory of Theoretical Physics and High Energy where his focus was on strong interactions physics and statistical mechanics. Franck Laloë was a researcher at the Kastler-Brossel laboratory of the Ecole Normale Supérieure in Paris. His first assignment was with the University of Paris VI before he was appointed to the CNRS, the French National Research Center. His research was focused on optical pumping, statistical mechanics of quantum gases, musical acoustics and the foundations of quantum mechanics.Table of ContentsAN ELEMENTARY APPROACH TO THE QUANTUM THEORY OF SCATTERING BY A POTENTIAL Introduction Stationary Scattering States. Calculation of the Cross Section Scattering by a Central Potential. Method of Partial Waves Complements ELECTRON SPIN Introduction Special Properties of Angular Moment 1/2 Non-Relativistic Description of a Spin 1/2 Particle Complements ADDITION OF ANGULAR MOMENTA Introduction Addition of Two Spin 1/2's. Elementary Method Addition of Two Arbitrary Angular Momenta. General Methods Complements STATIONARY PERTURBATION THEORY Description of the Method Perturbation of a Non-Degenerate Level Perturbation of a Degenerate Level Complements AN APPLICATION OF PERTURBATION THEORY: THE FINE AND HYPERFINE STRUCTURE OF THE HYDROGEN ATOM Introduction Additional Terms in the Hamiltonian The Fine Structure of the N=2 Level The Hyperfine Structure of the N=1 Level The Zeeman Effect of the Hyperfine Structure of the 1s Ground State Complements APPROXIMATION METHODS FOR TIME-DEPENDENT PROBLEMS Statement of the Problem Approximate Solution of the Schrödinger Equation An Important Special Case: Sinusoidal or Constant Perturbation Complements SYSTEMS OF IDENTICAL PARTICLES Statement of the Problem Permutation Operators The Symmetrization Postulate Discussion Complements APPENDICES Fourier Series and the Fourier Transform The Dirac "Function" The Lagrangian and Hamiltonian in Classical Mechanics
£107.10
John Wiley & Sons Inc Principles of Solar Cells LEDs and Related
Book SynopsisThe second edition of the text that offers an introduction to the principles of solar cells and LEDs, revised and updated The revised and updated second edition of Principles of Solar Cells, LEDs and Related Devices offers an introduction to the physical concepts required for a comprehensive understanding of p-n junction devices, light emitting diodes and solar cells. The author a noted expert in the field presents information on the semiconductor and junction device fundamentals and extends it to the practical implementation of semiconductors in both photovoltaic and LED devices. In addition, the text offers information on the treatment of a range of important semiconductor materials and device structures including OLED devices and organic solar cells. This second edition contains a new chapter on the quantum mechanical description of the electron that will make the book accessible to students in any engineering discipline. The text also includes a neTable of ContentsIntroduction xi Acknowledgements xv 1 Introduction to Quantum Mechanics 1 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 The Classical Electron 2 1.3 Two Slit Electron Experiment 4 1.4 The Photoelectric Effect 7 1.5 Wave Packets and Uncertainty 10 1.6 The Wavefunction 12 1.7 The Schrödinger Equation 14 1.8 The Electron in a One-Dimensional Well 18 1.9 Electron Transmission and Reflection at Potential Energy Step 24 1.10 Expectation Values 26 1.11 Spin 26 1.12 The Pauli Exclusion Principle 29 1.13 Summary 30 Further Reading 32 Problems 33 2 Semiconductor Physics 37 2.1 Introduction 38 2.2 The Band Theory of Solids 38 2.3 Bloch Functions 40 2.4 The Kronig–Penney Model 42 2.5 The Bragg Model 47 2.6 Effective Mass 48 2.7 Number of States in a Band 50 2.8 Band Filling 52 2.9 Fermi Energy and Holes 53 2.10 Carrier Concentration 55 2.11 Semiconductor Materials 65 2.12 Semiconductor Band Diagrams 67 2.13 Direct Gap and Indirect Gap Semiconductors 72 2.14 Extrinsic Semiconductors 74 2.15 Carrier Transport in Semiconductors 79 2.16 Equilibrium and Non-Equilibrium Dynamics 83 2.17 Carrier Diffusion and the Einstein Relation 86 2.18 Quasi-Fermi Energies 88 2.19 The Diffusion Equation 91 2.20 Traps and Carrier Lifetimes 94 2.21 Alloy Semiconductors 98 2.22 Summary 100 References 103 Further Reading 103 Problems 105 3 The p–n Junction Diode 111 3.1 Introduction 112 3.2 Diode Current 113 3.3 Contact Potential 117 3.4 The Depletion Approximation 119 3.5 The Diode Equation 127 3.6 Reverse Breakdown and the Zener Diode 139 3.7 Tunnel Diodes 141 3.8 Generation/Recombination Currents 143 3.9 Metal–Semiconductor Junctions 145 3.10 Heterojunctions 156 3.11 Alternating Current (AC) and Transient Behaviour 157 3.12 Summary 159 Further Reading 160 Problems 161 4 Photon Emission and Absorption 165 4.1 Introduction to Luminescence and Absorption 166 4.2 Physics of Light Emission 167 4.3 Simple Harmonic Radiator 169 4.4 Quantum Description 170 4.5 The Exciton 174 4.6 Two-Electron Atoms 176 4.7 Molecular Excitons 184 4.8 Band-to-Band Transitions 186 4.9 Photometric Units 190 4.10 Summary 194 References 195 Further Reading 195 Problems 197 5 p–n Junction Solar Cells 201 5.1 Introduction 202 5.2 Light Absorption 204 5.3 Solar Radiation 207 5.4 Solar Cell Design and Analysis 207 5.5 Thin Solar Cells, G = 0 214 5.6 Thin Solar Cells, G > 0 218 5.7 Solar Cell Generation as a Function of Depth 220 5.8 Surface Recombination Reduction 224 5.9 Solar Cell Efficiency 225 5.10 Silicon Solar Cell Technology: Wafer Preparation 230 5.11 Silicon Solar Cell Technology: Solar Cell Finishing 233 5.12 Silicon Solar Cell Technology: Advanced Production Methods 237 5.13 Thin-Film Solar Cells: Amorphous Silicon 238 5.14 Telluride/Selenide/Sulphide Thin-Film Solar Cells 245 5.15 High-efficiency Multi-junction Solar Cells 247 5.16 Concentrating Solar Systems 251 5.17 Summary 253 References 254 Further Reading 255 Problems 257 6 Light-Emitting Diodes 265 6.1 Introduction 266 6.2 LED Operation and Device Structures 267 6.3 Emission Spectrum 269 6.4 Non-radiative Recombination 271 6.5 Optical Outcoupling 272 6.6 GaAs LEDs 275 6.7 GaAs1−x Px LEDs 277 6.8 Double Heterojunction Alx Ga1−x As LEDs 278 6.9 AlGaInP LEDs 285 6.10 Ga1−xInxN LEDs 286 6.11 LED Structures for Enhanced Outcoupling and High Lumen Output 294 6.12 Summary 299 References 300 Further Reading 301 Problems 303 7 Organic Semiconductors, OLEDs, and Solar Cells 307 7.1 Introduction to Organic Electronics 308 7.2 Conjugated Systems 309 7.3 Polymer OLEDs 314 7.4 Small-Molecule OLEDs 320 7.5 Anode Materials 323 7.6 Cathode Materials 324 7.7 Hole Injection Layer 325 7.8 Electron Injection Layer 326 7.9 Hole Transport Layer 326 7.10 Electron Transport Layer 328 7.11 Light-Emitting Material Processes 330 7.12 Host Materials 332 7.13 Fluorescent Dopants 334 7.14 Phosphorescent and Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Dopants 335 7.15 Organic Solar Cells 340 7.16 Organic Solar Cell Materials 344 7.17 Summary 349 References 352 Further Reading 352 Problems 353 8 Junction Transistors 359 8.1 Introduction 359 8.2 Bipolar Junction Transistor 360 8.3 Junction Field-Effect Transistor 367 8.4 BJT and JFET Symbols and Applications 371 8.5 Summary 372 Further Reading 373 Problems 375 Appendix 1: Physical Constants 377 Appendix 2: Derivation of the Uncertainty Principle 379 Appendix 3: Derivation of Group Velocity 383 Appendix 4: The Boltzmann Distribution Function 385 Appendix 5: Properties of Semiconductor Materials 391 Index 392
£66.56
John Wiley & Sons Introduction to Statistical Quality Control
Book Synopsis
£149.35
John Wiley & Sons Inc Cloud Technologies
Book SynopsisCLOUD TECHNOLOGIES Contains a variety of cloud computing technologies and explores how the cloud can enhance business operationsCloud Technologies offers an accessible guide to cloud-based systems and clearly explains how these technologies have changed the way organizations approach and implement their computing infrastructure. The author includes an overview of cloud computing and addresses business-related considerations such as service level agreements, elasticity, security, audits, and practical implementation issues. In addition, the book covers important topics such as automation, infrastructure as code, DevOps, orchestration, and edge computing.Cloud computing fundamentally changes the way organizations think about and implement IT infrastructure. Any manager without a firm grasp of basic cloud concepts is at a huge disadvantage in the modern world. Written for all levels of managers working in IT and other areas, the book explores cost savings andTable of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgments xv About the Companion Website xvii 1 What Is Cloud Computing? 1 Why Cloud Computing? 1 Cloud Computing’s Focus 2 Cost Reduction 2 Capacity Planning 4 Organizational Agility 5 How Is Cloud Computing Hosted? 6 Private Cloud Deployment 6 Public Cloud Deployment 6 Hybrid Cloud Deployment 7 What Are the Different Types of Cloud Solutions? 7 Software as a Service (SaaS) 8 Platform as a Service (PaaS) 9 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) 10 SaaS versus PaaS versus IaaS: A Review 12 Recovery as a Service (RaaS) 12 What Are General Benefits of Cloud Services? 13 What Are General Disadvantages of Cloud Services? 14 What Is the History Behind Cloud Computing? 14 Historic Perspective of Hardware Related to Cloud Computing 16 Historic Perspective of Software Related to Cloud Computing 17 SOA Explained in Terms of Lego Blocks 18 Summary 20 References 21 Bibliography 21 2 Who Uses the Cloud? 23 Individuals Users 23 Public Cloud Subscription Storage for Individuals 24 Private Cloud Storage (PCS) for Individuals 25 Hosted Personal Cloud Storage Using Third Party Hardware 27 Public Cloud versus Personal Cloud Storage 28 Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) Users 28 How Can Cloud Computing Save SMEs Money? 28 What Cloud Computing Features Appeal to SMEs? 32 SME Cloud Software 32 Accounting Software 32 Human Resources (HR) Software 33 Customer Relationship Management (CRM) 36 Project Management/Task Organization 40 Office Software 42 Data Analytics 44 Social Media 45 Purchasing and Procurement 46 Help Desk and Service Software 47 Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) 48 Corporate Managers and Users 49 Organizational Users of Cloud Computing 50 PaaS Users 50 IaaS Users 51 File Storage and Backup Users 51 Disaster Recovery Users 51 Big Data Analytics Users 51 Summary 51 References 52 Further Reading 52 Website Resources 52 Accounting Software 52 CRM Software 53 Data Analytics 53 ERP for SMEs 53 Help Desk 53 HR Software 53 Office Software 54 Project Management Tools 54 Purchasing and Procurement 54 Social Media 54 3 What Is Virtualization? 55 Hardware Virtualization 56 Hypervisors 56 Types of Hardware Virtualization 57 Hardware Virtualization Vendors and Products 59 Hardware Virtualization Benefits 60 Operating System Virtualization 62 Operating-System-Level Virtualization (Containerization) 62 Containerization Software 63 Containers versus Virtual Machines 65 Container Cloud Practices 66 Containers as a Service (CaaS) 67 Storage Virtualization 67 DAS (Direct Attached Storage) 67 SAN (Storage Area Networks) 69 NAS (Network Attached Storage) 70 Storage Virtualization Techniques 71 File- Versus Block-Level Virtualization 72 Summary 72 References 72 Further Reading 72 4 Can the Cloud Help Operations? 75 Load Balancing 75 Load Balancing Algorithms 77 Static Load Balancing Algorithms 77 Dynamic Load Balancing Algorithms 78 Cloud Load Balancing Algorithms 79 Hardware Versus Software Load Balancing 81 Cloud-Based Balancing 81 Cloud Load Balancing Versus DNS Load Balancing 82 Scalability and Elasticity 82 Elasticity in Cloud Environments 83 Challenges for Elasticity 84 Learning Curve 84 Response Time 84 Monitoring Elastic Applications 85 Stakeholder Needs 85 Multiple Levels of Cloud Control 85 Security 85 Privacy and Compliance 86 Benefits of Cloud Elasticity 86 Ease of Implementation 86 Failover and Fault Tolerance 86 On-Demand Computing 87 Pay Only for What You Use 87 Standardization of Server Pool 88 Summary 88 References 89 Further Reading 89 5 How Are Clouds Managed? 91 Automation 91 Orchestration 92 Automation Tasks 92 Implementing Orchestration with IaC 93 IaC Example 95 IaC Tools 97 Push Approach 97 Pull Approach 97 Puppet 98 Chef 98 SaltStack 99 Terraform 99 Cloud Provider Resource Management 99 AWS CloudFormation 99 Google Cloud Deployment Manager 100 Azure Resource Manager 101 Access Control for Resource Management Tools 102 Customized Policies 104 APIs and SDKs 105 APIs 105 SaaS APIs 105 PaaS APIs 105 IaaS APIs 105 SDKs 106 SDKs and APIs 106 Cloud Backup and Replication 106 Cloud Backup 107 Cloud Backup Processes 108 Cloud Backup Drawbacks 109 Cloud Backup Vendors 110 Cloud Replication 111 Replication Technologies 112 DRaaS 113 Summary 114 References 115 Further Reading 115 Website Resources 116 Backup Providers 116 DRaaS Providers 116 IaC Providers 117 6 What Are Cloud Business Concerns? 119 Monitoring and Console Tools 119 Resource Consumption Monitoring 120 Planning for Monitoring 121 Cloud Monitoring Tools 121 Monitoring Challenges 123 Cost Monitoring 123 Costs Associated with Zombie Resource Instances 126 Service Level Agreements (SLAs) 128 SLA Sources 129 SLA Components 129 SLA Metrics 130 Other Performance Considerations 133 Performance Failure Penalties 133 SLA Data Ownership Clause 134 Data Ownership 134 Data Location 134 Data Disposition 136 Data Breaches 136 Governmental Access Requests 137 SLA Revisions 138 Transferring SLAs 138 More on SLAs 138 Billing 139 Amazon Billing 140 Third Party Billing Tools 141 Summary 141 References 142 Further Reading 142 Website Resources 143 Cost and Monitoring Software 143 Zombie Instance Management Software 143 7 How Are Business Applications in the Cloud Managed Safely? 145 Cloud Vulnerabilities 145 Cloud Security Architecture 146 IaaS Security Architecture 146 IaaS Resource Misconfiguration 147 IaaS Resource Vulnerabilities 147 IaaS Zombies Vulnerabilities 149 PaaS Security Architecture 149 SaaS Security Architecture 151 Access and Identity Control in the Cloud 152 Identity Governance 153 IAM Considerations for Developers 154 Identity Provisioning 155 Cloud Licenses 156 IAM with Third Party Vendors 156 FIM Benefits 158 FIM Challenges 158 Identity and Access Management Products 159 Identity Management Standards 160 Summary 163 References 164 Bibliography 164 Website Bibliography 165 Identity Management 165 8 What Is Cloud Governance? 167 IT Governance Overview 167 IT Governance Boards 169 IT Governance Frameworks 169 COBIT 2019 170 ITIL (Information Technology Infrastructure Library) 171 AS 8015-2015 172 ISO/IEC 38500:2015 174 CMMI 174 FAIR 174 IT Governance in the Cloud 176 Choosing a Governance Framework 177 Cloud Risk Factors Related to Governance 177 IT Audit Committees 178 IT Auditor 179 IT Controls 179 End-User Controls 181 Shadow IT 183 Acceptable Risk 184 SOA Governance 185 Ensuring Secure Cloud Data 185 Cloud Provider Data Safety Measures 187 Cloud Encryption 187 Symmetric Key Encryption 189 Asymmetric Key Encryption 190 Other Encryption Methods 191 Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) 191 Key Management 194 Key Management System Products 195 Summary 195 References 196 Further Reading 196 9 What Other Services Run in the Cloud? 199 DevOps 199 DevOps Ingredients 200 Ingredient #1: Communication 200 Ingredient #2: Collaboration 201 Ingredient #3: Flow 201 Ingredient #4: Continuous Improvement 202 Ingredient #5: Lean Computing 202 Ingredient #6: Tool Kit 203 Ingredient #7: Quality 203 Cloud-Based Problem-Solving Approaches 204 DMAIC 204 TRIZ 205 Microservices 206 Cloud Database Applications 209 Cloud Data Models 209 Cloud Database Typical Features 211 DBaaS Product Examples 211 Amazon 211 Microsoft 211 Google 211 Other DBaaS Vendors 212 Cloud Analytics Services 212 Microsoft Power BI Service 214 Domo 215 IBM Analytics 215 Tableau 215 Hadoop 216 Hadoop in the Cloud 216 Apache Spark 217 Apache Storm 217 Open Source Private Cloud Software 218 OpenStack 218 OpenStack Components 219 Other Services 219 Compute Services 220 Application Services 220 Summary 221 References 221 Further Reading 221 Website Resources 222 Data Analytics Tools 222 DBaaS 222 NoSQL 222 SQL 222 DevOps 223 Hadoop Competitors 223 Private Clouds 223 Virtual Databases 223 NoSQL 223 SQL 223 10 What Is the Cloud Future? 225 NoOps 225 Everything as a Service (EaaS) 226 Zero Knowledge Cloud Storage 226 Serverless Architecture 226 Multicloud 227 Small Business Clouds 227 Machine Learning 228 Internet of Things (IoT) 229 Cloud Computing as a Utility 229 Cloud Streaming Services 230 Edge Computing 230 Fog Computing 231 Summary 232 References 233 Further Reading 233 Glossary 235 Chapter 1 List of Terms 235 Chapter 2 List of Terms 237 Chapter 3 List of Terms 240 Chapter 4 List of Terms 243 Chapter 5 List of Terms 245 Chapter 6 List of Terms 248 Chapter 7 List of Terms 250 Chapter 8 List of Terms 252 Chapter 9 List of Terms 256 Chapter 10 List of Terms 258 Index 261
£75.56
McGraw-Hill Education Water and Wastewater Engineering Design
Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.A Fully Updated, In-Depth Guide to Water and Wastewater EngineeringThoroughly revised to reflect the latest advances, procedures, and regulations, this authoritative resource contains comprehensive coverage of the design and construction of municipal water and wastewater facilities. Written by an environmental engineering expert and seasoned academic, Water and Wastewater Engineering: Design Principles and Practice, Second Edition, offers detailed explanations, practical strategies, and design techniques as well as hands-on safety protocols and operation and maintenance procedures. You will get cutting-edge information on water quality standards, corrosion control, piping materials, energy efficiency, direct and indirect potable reuseTable of ContentsPreface Professional Advisory Board for the Second Edition Professional Advisory Board for the First Edition 1 The Design and Construction Processes 1-1 Introduction 1-2 Project Participants 1-3 The Professional–Client Relationship and the Code of Ethics 1-4 Responsible Care 1-5 Overall Design Process 1-6 Overall Construction Process 1-7 Hints from the Field 1-8 Chapter Review 1-9 Problems 1-10 Discussion Questions 1-11 References 2 General Water Supply Design Considerations 2-1 Water Demand 2-2 Water Source Evaluation 2-3 Water Quality 2-4 Evaluation of Process Options 2-5 Plant Sizing and Layout 2-6 Plant Location 2-7 Chapter Review 2-8 Problems 2-9 Discussion Questions 2-10 References 3 Intake Structures 3-1 Introduction 3-2 Design Elements 3-3 Design Criteria 3-4 Operational Considerations 3-5 Operation and Maintenance 3-6 Chapter Review 3-7 Problems 3-8 Discussion Questions 3-9 References 4 Wells 4-1 Introduction 4-2 Design Elements 4-3 Well Protection 4-4 Well Design 4-5 Chapter Review 4-6 Problems 4-7 Discussion Questions 4-8 References 5 Chemical Handling and Storage 5-1 Introduction 5-2 Redundancy and Capacity Provisions 5-3 Delivery, Handling, and Storage 5-4 Chemical Feed and Metering Systems 5-5 Chemical Compatibility 5-6 Materials Compatibility 5-7 Designing for Safety and Hazardous Conditions 5-8 Operation and Maintenance 5-9 Chapter Review 5-10 Problems 5-11 Discussion Questions 5-12 References 6 Coagulation and Flocculation 6-1 Introduction 6-2 Characteristics of Particles 6-3 Coagulation Theory 6-4 Coagulation Practice 6-5 Flocculation Theory 6-6 Mixing Theory 6-7 Mixing Practice 6-8 Operation and Maintenance 6-9 Chapter Review 6-10 Problems 6-11 Discussion Questions 6-12 References 7 Lime-Soda Softening 7-1 Hardness 7-2 Lime-Soda Softening 7-3 Softening Processes 7-4 Chemical Dosages Based on Stoichiometry 7-5 Concurrent Removal of Other Constituents 7-6 Process Configurations and Design Criteria 7-7 Operation and Maintenance 7-8 Stabilization 7-9 Chapter Review 7-10 Problems 7-11 Discussion Questions 7-12 References 8 Ion Exchange 8-1 Introduction 8-2 Fundamental Concepts of Ion Exchange 8-3 Process Operation 8-4 Ion Exchange Practice 8-5 Operation and Maintenance 8-6 Chapter Review 8-7 Problems 8-8 Discussion Question 8-9 References 9 Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration 9-1 Introduction 9-2 Theory 9-3 Properties of RO and NF Membranes 9-4 RO and NF Practice 9-5 Electrodialysis 9-6 Chapter Review 9-7 Problems 9-8 Discussion Question 9-9 References 10 Sedimentation 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Sedimentation Theory 10-3 Sedimentation Practice 10-4 Sedimentation Basin Design 10-5 Operation and Maintenance 10-6 Chapter Review 10-7 Problems 10-8 Discussion Questions 10-9 References 11 Granular Filtration 11-1 Introduction 11-2 An Overview of the Filtration Process 11-3 Filter Media Characteristics 11-4 Granular Filtration Theory 11-5 Theory of Granular Filter Hydraulics 11-6 Granular Filtration Practice 11-7 Operation and Maintenance 11-8 Chapter Review 11-9 Problems 11-10 Discussion Questions 11-11 References 12 Membrane Filtration 12-1 Introduction 12-2 Membrane Filtration Theory 12-3 Properties of MF and UF Membranes 12-4 MF and UF Practice 12-5 Chapter Review 12-6 Problems 12-7 Discussion Questions 12-8 References 13 Disinfection, Lead and Copper Rule, Emergency Disinfection, and Fluoridation 13-1 Introduction 13-2 Disinfection 13-3 Corrosion Control 13-4 Contact Facilities 13-5 Emergency Disinfection 13-6 Fluoridation 13-7 Operation and Maintenance 13-8 Chapter Review 13-9 Problems 13-10 Discussion Questions 13-11 References 14 Removal of Specific Constituents 14-1 Introduction 14-2 Arsenic 14-3 Carbon Dioxide 14-4 Fluoride 14-5 Iron and Manganese 14-6 Nitrate 14-7 Natural Organic Matter (NOM) 14-8 Perchlorate 14-9 Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) 14-10 Radionuclides 14-11 Synthetic Organic Chemicals (SOCs) and Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOCs) 14-12 Taste and Odor (T&O) 14-13 Chapter Review 14-14 Problems 14-15 Discussion Questions 580 14-16 References 15 Water Plant Residuals Management 15-1 Introduction 15-2 Solids Computations 15-3 Solids Production and Characteristics 15-4 Minimization of Residuals Generation 15-5 Recovery of Treatment Chemicals 15-6 Residuals Conveyance 15-7 Management of Sludges 15-8 Management of Liquid Residuals 15-9 Disposal of Specific Residual Constituents 15-10 Ultimate Disposal 15-11 Chapter Review 15-12 Problems 15-13 Discussion Questions 15-14 References 16 Drinking Water Plant Process Selection and Integration 16-1 Introduction 16-2 Process Selection 16-3 Process Integration 16-4 Security 16-5 Chapter Review 16-6 Problems 16-7 Discussion Questions 16-8 References 17 Storage and Distribution Systems 17-1 Introduction 17-2 Demand Estimates 17-3 Service Pressures 17-4 Pipe Network Design 17-5 Storage Tank Design 17-6 Pump Selection 17-7 Network Analysis 17-8 Sanitary Protection 17-9 Chapter Review 17-10 Problems 17-11 Discussion Questions 17-12 References 18 General Wastewater Collection and Treatment Design Considerations 18-1 Wastewater Sources and Flow Rates 18-2 Wastewater Characteristics 18-3 Wastewater Treatment Standards 18-4 Sludge Disposal Regulations 18-5 Plant Sizing and Layout 18-6 Plant Location 18-7 Chapter Review 18-8 Problems 18-9 Discussion Questions 18-10 References 19 Sanitary Sewer Design 19-1 Introduction 19-2 Predesign Activities 19-3 Gravity Sewer Collection System Design 19-4 Alternative Sewers 19-5 Pump Station Design 19-6 Operation and Maintenance 19-7 Economic and Energy Considerations 19-8 Sewer Safety 19-9 Chapter Review 19-10 Problems 19-11 Discussion Questions 19-12 References 20 Headworks and Preliminary Treatment 20-1 Introduction 20-2 Pump Station 20-3 Flow Measurement 20-4 Bar Racks and Screens 20-5 Coarse Solids Reduction 20-6 Grit Removal 20-7 Flow Equalization 20-8 Alternative Preliminary Process Arrangements 20-9 Chapter Review 20-10 Problems 20-11 Discussion Questions 20-12 References 21 Primary Treatment 21-1 Introduction 21-2 Sedimentation Theory 21-3 Sedimentation Practice 21-4 Sedimentation Basin Design 21-5 Other Primary Treatment Alternatives 21-6 Chapter Review 21-7 Problems 21-8 References 22 Wastewater Microbiology 22-1 Introduction 22-2 Role of Microorganisms 22-3 Classification of Microorganisms 22-4 Microbial Biochemistry 22-5 Population Dynamics 22-6 Decomposition of Waste 22-7 Microbiology of Secondary Treatment Unit Processes 22-8 Operation and Maintenance 22-9 Chapter Review 22-10 Problems 22-11 Discussion Questions 22-12 References 23 Secondary Treatment by Suspended Growth Biological Processes 23-1 Introduction 23-2 Processes for BOD Removal and Nitrification 23-3 Processes for Denitrification 23-4 Processes for Phosphorus Removal 23-5 Biological Treatment with Membrane Separation 23-6 Suspended Growth Design Principles 23-7 Suspended Growth Design Practice 23-8 Membrane Bioreactor Design Practice 23-9 Chapter Review 23-10 Problems 23-11 Discussion Questions 23-12 References 24 Secondary Treatment by Attached Growth and Hybrid Biological Processes 24-1 Introduction 24-2 Attached Growth Processes 24-3 Attached Growth Design Principles 24-4 Attached Growth Design Practice 24-5 Hybrid Processes 24-6 Chapter Review 24-7 Problems 24-8 References 25 Secondary Settling, Disinfection, and Postaeration 25-1 Introduction 25-2 Secondary Settling 25-3 Disinfection 25-4 Postaeration 25-5 Chapter Review 25-6 Problems 25-7 Discussion Questions 25-8 References 26 Tertiary Treatment 26-1 Introduction 26-2 Chemical Precipitation of Phosphorus 26-3 Granular Filtration 26-4 Membrane Filtration 26-5 Carbon Adsorption 26-6 Advanced Oxidation Processes 26-7 Chapter Review 26-8 Problems 26-9 References 27 Wastewater Plant Residuals Management 27-1 Sludge Handling Alternatives 27-2 Sources and Characteristics of Solids and Biosolids 27-3 Solids Computations 27-4 Grit Handling and Sludge Pumping 27-5 Management of Solids 27-6 Storage and Thickening of Sludges 27-7 Alkaline Stabilization 27-8 Aerobic Digestion 27-9 Anaerobic Digestion 27-10 Sludge Conditioning 27-11 Dewatering < br/> 27-12 Alternative Disposal Techniques 27-13 Land Application of Biosolids 27-14 Chapter Review 27-15 Problems 27-16 References 28 Clean Water Plant Process Selection and Integration 28-1 Introduction 28-2 Process Selection 28-3 Simulation Modeling 28-4 Process Integration 28-5 Chapter Review 28-6 Problems 28-7 References 29 Direct and Indirect Potable Reuse 29-1 Introduction 29-2 Water Quality Standards 29-3 Basic Design Principles 29-4 Design Practice 29-5 Case Studies: Indirect Potable Reuse 29-6 Case Studies: Direct Potable Reuse 29-7 Chapter Review 29-8 References Appendix A Properties of Air, Water, and Selected Chemicals Appendix B U.S. Standard Sieve Sizes Appendix C Pipe, Fitting, and Valve Data Appendix D U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Ct Values for Disinfectants Index
£89.09
John Wiley & Sons Inc Hydraulic Fluid Power
Book SynopsisHYDRAULIC FLUID POWER LEARN MORE ABOUT HYDRAULIC TECHNOLOGY IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS DESIGN WITH THIS COMPREHENSIVE RESOURCEHydraulic Fluid Power provides readers with an original approach to hydraulic technology education that focuses on the design of complete hydraulic systems. Accomplished authors and researchers Andrea Vacca and Germano Franzoni begin by describing the foundational principles of hydraulics and the basic physical components of hydraulics systems. They go on to walk readers through the most practical and useful system concepts for controlling hydraulic functions in modern, state-of-the-art systems.Written in an approachable and accessible style, the book's concepts are classified, analyzed, presented, and compared on a system level. The book also provides readers with the basic and advanced tools required to understand how hydraulic circuit design affects the operation of the equipment in which it's found, focusing on the energy performance Table of ContentsPART I:Fundamental principles4 Objectives4 CHAPTER 1:Introduction to hydraulic control technology6 Historical perspective7 Fluid power symbology and its evolution12 Common ISO Symbols16 Problems25 CHAPTER 2:Hydraulic fluids28 Ideal vs. Actual hydraulic fluids28 Classification of hydraulic fluids31 Mineral oils (H)32 Fire resistant fluids (HF)33 Synthetic fluids (HS)34 Environmentally friendly fluids34 Water hydraulics34 Comparisons between hydraulic fluids35 Physical properties of hydraulic fluids36 Fluid compressibility: Bulk Modulus Fluid density38 Fluid viscosity42 Viscosity as a function of temperature43 Viscosity as a function of pressure47 Entrained air, gas solubility and cavitation48 Entrained air48 Gas solubility48 Equivalent properties of liquid-air mixtures50 Contamination in hydraulic fluids57 Considerations on hydraulic filters59 Filter placement64 Considerations on hydraulic reservoirs68 Tank volume68 Basic design of a tank69 Problems71 CHAPTER 3:Fundamental Equations73 Pascal’s law73 Basic law of fluid statics74 Volumetric flow rate77 Conservation of mass80 Application to a hydraulic cylinder81 Bernoulli’s Equation84 Generalized Bernoulli’s equation85 Major losses calculation87 Minor losses89 Hydraulic resistance90 Stationary modeling of flow networks92 Momentum equation96 Flow forces100 Problems106 CHAPTER 4(*):Orifice Basics111 The orifice equation111 Fixed and variable orifices115 Power loss in orifices117 Parallel and series connection of orifices119 Functions of orifices in hydraulic systems123 Orifices in pressure and return lines123 Orifices in pilot lines126 Problems131 CHAPTER 5:Dynamic Analysis of Hydraulic Systems134 Pressure build-up Equation - hydraulic capacitance134 Fluid inertia Equation - hydraulic inductance140 Modeling flow network – dynamic considerations146 Validity of the lumped parameter approach151 Further considerations on the line impedance model152 Damping effect of hydraulic accumulators153 Problems156 References160 PART II:Main hydraulic components4 Objectives5 CHAPTER 6 (**):Hydrostatic pumps and motors6 Introduction6 The ideal case7 General operating principle9 ISO symbols13 Ideal equations14 The real case16 Losses in pumps and motors17 Fluid compressibility17 Internal and external leakage20 Friction21 Other types of losses23 Volumetric and hydro-mechanical efficiency24 Trends for volumetric and hydromechanical efficiencies28 Design types34 Swashplate type axial piston machines35 Bent axis type axial piston machines38 Radial piston machines39 Gear machines40 Vane type machines43 Problems46 CHAPTER 7(*):Hydraulic cylinders50 Classification50 Cylinder analysis52 Ideal vs. real cylinder55 Problems61 CHAPTER 8(*):Hydraulic control valves63 Spring basics64 Check and shuttle valves65 Check valve65 Pilot operated check valve66 Shuttle valve67 Pressure control valves68 Pressure relief valve68 Direct acting pressure relief valve68 Pilot operated pressure relief valve72 Pressure reducing valve75 Direct acting pressure reducing relieving valve75 Pilot operated pressure reducing valve77 Flow control valves80 Two-way flow control valve80 Fixed displacement pump circuit with a two-way flow control valve83 Three-way flow control valve87 Fixed displacement pump circuit with a three-way flow control valve89 Directional control valves95 Meter-in and meter-out configurations97 Neutral position100 Actuation methods103 Servovalves107 Characteristic of servovalves112 Servovalves vs. proportional valves123 Problems126 CHAPTER 9(*):Hydraulic Accumulators132 Accumulator Types132 Weight loaded accumulators132 Spring-loaded accumulators132 Gas-charged accumulators133 Piston-type accumulators133 Diaphragm-type accumulators134 Bladder-type accumulators135 Operation of gas charged accumulators137 Typical applications138 Energy accumulation138 Emergency supply140 Energy recuperation140 Hydraulic suspensions140 Pulsation dampening – shock attenuation141 Equations and sizing142 Accumulator as energy storage device142 Accumulator as dampening device145 Problems151 References154 PART 3:Actuator control concepts3 Objectives3 CHAPTER 10 (*):Basics of actuator control5 Control methods: speed, force and position control5 Resistive and overrunning loads7 Power flow depending on the load conditions9 Problems11 CHAPTER 11:General concepts for controlling a single actuator13 Supply and control Concepts13 Flow supply – primary control18 Flow supply – metering control19 Flow supply – secondary control21 Pressure supply – primary control21 Pressure supply – metering control23 Pressure supply – secondary control25 Additional remarks26 CHAPTER 12:Regeneration with single rod actuators27 Basic Concept of regeneration27 Actual implementation32 Directional control valve with external regeneration valves32 Directional control valve with regenerative extension position33 Solution with automated selection of the regeneration mode34 Problems36 References38 PART 4:Metering controls for a single actuator3 Objectives3 CHAPTER 13:Fundamentals of metering control5 Basic meter-in and meter-out control principles5 Meter-in control Extension with resistive loads Retraction with overrunning loads Meter-out control10 Extension with resistive loads 14 Retraction with overrunning loads18 Remarks on meter-in and meter-out controls19 Actual metering control components36 Single spool proportional DCVs41 Independent metering control elements38 Usage of anti-cavitation valve for unloaded meter-out51 Problems49 CHAPTER 14:Load holding and counterbalance valves53 Load holding valves53 Pilot operated check valve61 Counterbalance valves60 Basic operating principle67 CBV architecture69 CBV detailed operation72 Effect of the pilot ratio and of the pressure setting83 Counterbalance valve with vented spring chambers85 Problems78 CHAPTER 15:Bleed-off and open center circuits80 Bleed-off circuit operation91 Energy analysis94 Basic open center system97 Operation98 Open center valve design101 Energy analysis102 Advanced open center control architectures106 Negative flow control106 Basic Schematic106 Operation107 Pump displacement setting mechanism110 Positive flow control114 Basic Schematic114 Operation115 Pump displacement setting mechanism115 Energy analysis for advanced open center architectures116 Problems118 CHAPTER 16:Load sensing systems109 Basic load sensing control concept121 LS system with fixed displacement pump122 Basic Schematic122 Operation123 Energy analysis125 Saturation conditions126 Load sensing valve127 LS system with variable displacement pump137 Basic Schematic137 Operation138 Energy analysis139 Saturation conditions140 Load sensing pump148 LS solution with independent metering valves157 Electronic load sensing (E-LS)159 Problems162 CHAPTER 17:Constant pressure systems150 Constant pressure system based on a variable displacement pump163 Basic schematic and operation163 Energy analysis166 Constant pressure system with unloader (CPU)167 Constant pressure system based on a fixed displacement pump170 Basic schematic and operation170 Application to hydraulic braking circuits173 Problems175 References PART 5:Metering control of multiple actuators3 Objectives3 CHAPTER 18:Basics of multiple Actuator Systems5 Actuators in series and in parallel5 Series configuration6 Parallel configuration8 Elimination of the load interference in parallel actuators12 Solving load interference using compensators12 Solving load interference with a volumetric coupling13 Syncronization of parallel actuators through flow dividers15 Spool type flow divider15 Spool type flow divider-combiner16 Volumetric flow divider-combiner19 Linear flow divider-combiner24 Rotary flow divider-combiner25 Problems23 CHAPTER 19:Constant pressure systems for multiple actuators27 Basic concepts for a Multi-user constant pressure system27 Basic schematic35 Flow saturation36 Energy analysis37 Complete schematic of a multi-user constant pressure system29 Problems33 CHAPTER 20:Open center systems for multiple actuators35 Parallel open center systems36 Operation46 Energy analysis48 Flow saturation49 Considerations on the open center spool design49 Opening areas39 Opening delay (valve timing)41 Load interference in open center systems41 Tandem and series open center systems47 Tandem configuration60 Series configuration63 Advanced open center circuit for multiple users: the case of excavators49 Problems52 CHAPTER 21:Load sensing systems for controlling multiple actuators53 Load sensing system without pressure compensation (LS)53 Basic circuit69 Energy analysis72 Valve implementation and extension to more actuators74 Load sensing pressure compensated systems (LSPC)61 LSPC with pre-compensated valve technology61 Basic circuit79 Energy analysis82 Valve implementation and architecture84 LSPC with post-compensated valve technology70 Basic circuit90 Energy analysis92 Valve implementation and architecture94 Flow saturation and flow sharing in LS systems79 Flow saturation with pre-compensated LSPC80 Flow saturation with post-compensated LSPC82 Pre vs. post compensated comparison84 Independent metering systems with load sensing88 Problems91 CHAPTER 22:Power steering and hydraulic systems with priority function102 Hydraulic power steering103 Classification of hydraulic power steering systems103 Hydrostatic power steering111 Hydrostatic steering unit description114 Types of hydrostatic steering units119 Priority valves121 Priority valve for a fixed displacement flow supply121 Priority valve for load sensing circuits128 Problems131 References PART 6:Hydrostatic transmissions and hydrostatic actuators3 Objectives5 CHAPTER 23:Basics and classifications6 Hydrostatic transmissions and hydrostatic actuators6 Basic definitions6 Supply concepts used in HTs and HAs9 Primary units for hydrostatic transmissions and actuators10 Constant speed prime mover and variable displacement pump10 Variable speed prime mover and fixed displacement pump10 Variable speed prime mover and variable displacement pump11 Over-center variable displacement pump11 Typical applications12 CHAPTER 24:Hydrostatic transmissions15 Main parameters of a hydrostatic transmission15 Theoretical layouts19 Pump and motor with fixed displacement (PFMF)19 Variable displacement pump and fixed displacement motor (PVMF)20 Fixed displacement pump and variable displacement motor (PFMV)21 Variable displacement pump and variable displacement motor (PVMV)23 Variable displacement pump and dual displacement motor (PVM2)25 Open circuit hydrostatic transmissions29 Open-circuit HT with flow supply: basic circuit29 Open circuit HT with flow supply: common implementation31 Open circuit displacement regulator33 Open circuit HTs with pressure supply35 Closed circuit hydrostatic transmissions40 Charge circuit and filtration41 Cross-port relief valves45 Flushing circuit47 Closed circuit displacement regulators54 Electro-hydraulic displacement regulator for closed circuit pumps54 Automotive control for closed circuit pumps56 Conceptual schematic58 Actual implementation60 Electro-hydraulic displacement regulator for motors59 Automatic pressure regulator for motors60 Problems61 CHAPTER 25:Hydrostatic transmissions applied to vehicle propulsion67 Basic of vehicle transmission67 Classification for variable ratio transmission systems71 Power-split transmissions74 Planetary gear train76 Hydromechanical power split transmission78 Analysis of an output coupled hydromechanical power split transmission Analysis of an input coupled hydromechanical power split transmission Hybrid transmissions92 Series hybrids93 Parallel hybrids95 Series-parallel hybrids (or power split hybrids)97 Sizing hydrostatic transmissions for propel applications100 Step 1: Maximum tractive effort calculation101 Step 2: Fixed or variable displacement motor selection102 Step 3: Sizing of the motor (secondary unit)104 Step 4: Sizing of the pump (primary unit)105 Step 5: Check results106 Problems112 CHAPTER 26:Hydrostatic actuators113 Open circuit hydrostatic actuators113 Closed circuit hydrostatic actuators116 Cylinder extension117 Extension in pumping mode117 Extension in motoring mode118 Cylinder retraction120 Retraction in motoring mode121 Retraction in pumping mode122 Further considerations on the charge pump and the accumulator124 Final remarks on hydrostatic actuators127 CHAPTER 27:Secondary controlled hydrostatic transmissions129 Secondary control circuit with tachometric pump132 Secondary control circuit with tachometric pump and internal force feedback135 Secondary control circuit with electronic control137 Multiple actuators139 References APPENDIX 1 – Prime movers and their interaction with the hydraulic circuit Objectives Corner power method and its limitations Diesel engine and its interaction with a hydraulic pump Diesel engine regulation Engine stall Overrunning loads Fuel consumption Electric prime movers Brushed DC electric motors DC hydraulic power units Induction motors (or asynchronous motor) Synchronous motor Power limitation in hydraulic pumps Torque limiting using fixed displacement pumps Torque limiting using variable displacement pumps References
£109.76
Nova Science Publishers Inc Mechanical Design, Materials and Manufacturing
Book Synopsis
£163.19
John Wiley & Sons Inc Theory of SolidPropellant Nonsteady Combustion
Book SynopsisDespite significant developments and widespread theoretical and practical interest in the area of Solid-Propellant Nonsteady Combustion for the last fifty years, a comprehensive and authoritative text on the subject has not been available. Theory of Solid-Propellant Nonsteady Combustion fills this gap by summarizing theoretical approaches to the problem within the framework of the Zeldovich-Novozhilov (ZN-) theory. This book contains equations governing unsteady combustion and applies them systematically to a wide range of problems of practical interest. Theory conclusions are validated, as much as possible, against available experimental data. Theory of Solid-Propellant Nonsteady Combustion provides an accurate up-to-date account and perspectives on the subject and is also accompanied by a website hosting solutions to problems in the book.Table of ContentsAbout the Authors Preface Abbreviations CHAPTER I STEADY-STATE COMBUSTION 1.1 General Characteristics of Solid Propellants 1.2 Burning Rate and Surface Temperature 1.3 Combustion Wave Structure.Burning temperature 1.4 Combustion in Tangential Gas Stream 1.5 Gaseous flame 1.6 Combustion Wave in Condensed Phase 1.7 The Two Approaches to the Theory of Nonsteady Propellant Combustion 1.8 Steady-State Belyaev Model CHAPTER II EQUATIONS OF THE THEORY OF NONSTEADY COMBUSTION 2.1 Major Assumptions 2.2 Zeldovich Theory. Constant Surface Temperature 2.3 Variable Surface Temperature 2.4 Integral Formulation of the Theory 2.5 Theory Formulation through the set of Ordinary Differential Equations 2.6 Linear Approximation 2.7 Formal Mathematical Justification of the Theory CHAPTER III COMBUSTION UNDER CONSTANT PRESSURE 3.1 Stability Criterion for a Steady-state Combustion Regime 3.2 Asymptotical Perturbation Analysis 3.3 Two-dimensional Combustion Stability of Gasless Systems 3.4 Combustion Beyond Stability Region 3.5 Comparison to Experimental Data CHAPTER IV COMBUSTION UNDER HARMONICALLY OSCILLATING PRESSURE 4.1 Linear Burning Rate Response to Harmonically Oscillating Pressure 4.2 Acoustic Admittance of Propellant Surface 4.3 Quadratic Response Functions 4.4 Acoustic Admittance in the Second-order Approximation 4.5 Nonlinear Resonance 4.6 Response Function Bifurcations 4.7 Frequency – Amplitude Diagram 4.8 Comparison to Experimental Data CHAPTER V NONSTEADY EROSIVE COMBUSTION 5.1 Problem formulation 5.2 Linear Approximation 5.3 Nonlinear Effects in Nonsteady Erosive Combustion CHAPTER VI NONSTEADY COMBUSTION UNDER EXTERNAL RADIATION 6.1 Steady-state Combustion Regime 6.2 Heat Transfer Equation in the Linear Approximation 6.3 Linearization of Nonsteady Burning Laws 6.4 Steady-state Combustion Regime Stability 6.5 Burning Rate Response to Harmonically Oscillating Pressure 6.6 Burning Rate Response to Harmonically Oscillating Radiative Flux 6.7 Relation between Burning Rate Responses to Harmonically Oscillating Pressure and Radiative Flux CHAPTER VII NON-ACOUSTIC COMBUSTION REGIMES. EXTINCTION 7.1 Acoustic and Non-acoustic Combustion Regimes 7.2 Linear Approximation 7.3 Approximate Approach in the Theory of Nonsteady Combustion 7.4 Self-similar Solution 7.5 Self-similar Solution Stability 7.6 Propellant Combustion and Extinction under Depressurization. Constant Surface Temperature. 7.7 Propellant Combustion and Extinction under Depressurization. Variable Surface Temperature. CHAPTER VIII MODELING NONSTEADY COMBUSTION IN SOLID ROCKET MOTOR 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Non-acoustic Regimes. Problem Formulation 8.3 Stability of Steady-state Regime in a Semi-enclosed Volume 8.4 Transient Regimes 8.5 Unstable and Chaotic Regimes 8.6 Experimental Data 8.7 Acoustic Regimes 8.8 Automatic Control of Propellant Combustion Stability in a Semi- enclosed Volume CHAPTER IX INFLUENCE OF GAS-PHASE INERTIA ON NONSTEADY COMBUSTION 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Steady-state Combustion Regime Stability 9.3 Burning Rate Response to Harmonically Oscillating Pressure 9.4 Acoustic Admittance of Propellant Surface 9.5 Combustion and Extinction under Depressurization 9.6 approximation References Problems Problem Solutions Subject Index
£100.76
John Wiley & Sons Inc Density Functional Theory
Book SynopsisDensity Functional Theory A concise and rigorous introduction to the applications of DFT calculations In the newly revised second edition of Density Functional Theory: A Practical Introduction, the authors deliver a concise and easy-to-follow introduction to the key concepts and practical applications of density functional theory (DFT) with an emphasis on plane-wave DFT. The authors draw on decades of experience in the field, offering students from a variety of backgrounds a balanced approach between accessibility and rigor, creating a text that is highly digestible in its entirety. This new edition: Discusses in more detail the accuracy of DFT calculations and the choice of functionals Adds an overview of the wide range of available DFT codes Contains more examples on the use of DFT for high throughput materials calculations Puts more emphasis on computing phase diagrams and on open ensemble methods widely used in elTable of Contents1 What Is Density Functional Theory? 1.1 How to Approach This Book 1.2 Examples of DFT in Action 1.2.1 Ammonia Synthesis by Heterogeneous Catalysis 1.2.2 Embrittlement of Metals by Trace Impurities 1.2.3 Materials Properties for Modeling Planetary Formation 1.2.4 High Throughput/Big Data Case Study 1.3 The Schrödinger Equation 1.4 Density Functional Theory—From Wave Functions to Electron Density 1.5 Exchange– Correlation Functional 1.6 The Quantum Chemistry Tourist 1.6.1 Localized and Spatially Extended Functions 1.6.2 Wave-Function-Based Methods 1.6.3 Hartree– Fock Method 1.6.4 Beyond Hartree–Fock 1.7 What Can DFT Not Do? 1.8 Which DFT Code Should I Use? 1.9 Density Functional Theory in Other Fields 1.10 How to Approach This Book 2 DFT Calculations for Simple Solids 2.1 Periodic Structures, Supercells, and Lattice Parameters 2.2 Face-Centered Cubic Materials 2.3 Hexagonal Close-Packed Materials 2.4 Crystal Structure Prediction 2.5 Phase Transformations Exercises 3 Nuts and Bolts of DFT Calculations 3.1 Reciprocal Space and k Points 3.1.1 Plane Waves and the Brillouin Zone 3.1.2 Integrals in k Space 3.1.3 Choosing k Points in the Brillouin Zone 3.1.4 Metals—Special Cases in k Space; DFT+U 3.1.5 Summary of k Space 3.2 Energy Cutoffs 3.2.1 Pseudopotentials 3.3 Numerical Optimization 3.3.1 Optimization in One Dimension 3.3.2 Optimization in More than One Dimension 3.3.3 What Do I Really Need to Know about Optimization? 3.4 DFT Total Energies—An Iterative Optimization Problem 3.5 Geometry Optimization 3.5.1 Internal Degrees of Freedom 3.5.2 Geometry Optimization with Constrained Atoms 3.5.3 Optimizing Supercell Volume and Shape Appendix: Calculation Details 4 Thinking About Accuracy and Choosing Functionals for DFT Calculations 4.1 How Accurate Are DFT Calculations? 4.2 Choosing a Functional 4.3 Examples of Physical Accuracy 4.3.1 Benchmark Calculations for Molecular Systems—Energy and Geometry 4.3.2 Benchmark Calculations for Molecular Systems—Vibrational Frequencies 4.3.3 Crystal Structures and Cohesive Energies 4.3.4 Adsorption Energies and Bond Strengths 4.4 How to Use the Rest of this Book 5 DFT Calculations for Surfaces of Solids and Interfaces in Crystals 5.1 Importance of Surfaces 5.2 Periodic Boundary Conditions and Slab Models 5.3 Choosing k Points for Surface Calculations 5.4 Classification of Surfaces by Miller Indices 5.5 Surface Relaxation 5.6 Calculation of Surface Energies 5.7 Symmetric and Asymmetric Slab Models 5.8 Surface Reconstruction 5.9 Adsorbates on Surfaces 5.9.1 Accuracy of Adsorption Energies 5.10 Effects of Surface Coverage 5.11 Grain Boundaries in Solids Exercises Appendix: Calculation Details 6 DFT Calculations of Vibrational Frequencies 6.1 Isolated Molecules 6.2 Vibrations of a Collection of Atoms 6.3 Molecules on Surfaces 6.4 Zero-Point Energies 6.5 Phonons and Delocalized Modes Exercises 7 Calculating Rates of Chemical Processes Using Transition State Theory 7.1 One-Dimensional Example 7.2 Multidimensional Transition State Theory 7.3 Finding Transition States 7.3.1 Elastic Band Method 7.3.2 Nudged Elastic Band Method and the Dimer Method 7.3.3 Initializing NEB Calculations 7.4 Finding the Right Transition States 7.5 Connecting Individual Rates to Overall Dynamics 7.6 Quantum Effects and Other Complications 7.6.1 High Temperatures/Low Barriers 7.6.2 Quantum Tunneling 7.6.3 Zero-Point Energies Exercises Appendix: Calculation Details 8 Equilibrium Phase Diagrams and Electrochemistry with Open Ensemble Methods 8.1 Stability of Bulk Metal Oxides 8.1.1 Examples Including Disorder—Configurational Entropy 8.2 Stability of Metal and Metal Oxide Surfaces 8.3 Multiple Chemical Potentials and Coupled Chemical Reactions 8.4 DFT for Electrochemistry Exercises Appendix: Calculation Details 9 Electronic Structure and Magnetic Properties 9.1 Electronic Density of States 9.2 Local Density of States and Atomic Charges 9.3 Magnetism Exercises 10 Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics 10.1 Classical Molecular Dynamics 10.1.1 Molecular Dynamics with Constant Energy 10.1.2 Molecular Dynamics in the Canonical Ensemble 10.1.3 Practical Aspects of Classical Molecular Dynamics 10.2 Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics: Gaussian Basis Sets in Non-Plane Wave Codes 10.3 Applications of Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics 10.3.1 Exploring Structurally Complex Materials: Liquids and Amorphous Phases 10.3.2 Exploring Complex Energy Surfaces 10.4 Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory Exercises Appendix: Calculation Details 11 Methods beyond “Standard” Calculations 11.1 Choosing a Functional (Revisited) 11.2 Estimating Uncertainties in DFT Results Using the BEEF Approach 11.3 DFT+X Methods for Improved Treatment of Electron Correlation 11.3.1 Dispersion Interactions and DFT-D and D2, D3, TS methods 11.4 Self-Interaction Error, Strongly Correlated Electron Systems, and DFT+U 11.5 RPA 11.6 Larger System Sizes with Linear Scaling Methods and Classical Force Fields 11.7 Conclusion
£84.56
McGraw-Hill Education Transport Phenomena for Biological and
Book SynopsisA single source of information for the many facets of transport phenomenaThis hands-on guide lays out core principles and practices of heat, mass, and momentum transfer in one useful resource. Written by a seasoned biological and agricultural engineering professor, Transport Phenomena for Biological and Agricultural Engineers: A Problem-Based Approach includes examples and problem sets reflecting real-world applications. You will explore fluid, mass, and heat transfer; pressure measurements; Fickâs and Kirchhoffâs Laws; and much more. This textbook is designed to be the singular resource for biological and agricultural engineering students studying transport phenomena.Coverage includes: Modes of heat transfer Conduction heat transfer Steady-state conduction heat transfer Unsteady state conduction Convection heat transfer Design and analysis of heat exchangers Elements of thermal radiation
£83.69
Princeton University Press Flight Dynamics
Book SynopsisTrade Review"[A] tour de force of a text. . . . An ambitious and important work. . . . [It] brings the material up to the minute, tackles more topics with more depth, buttresses its analysis with MATLAB examples, and still does a superb job of stimulating and informing the reader. . . . Its push toward computational synthesis does open a new door for this type of text."---John Hodgkinson, AIAA Journal"This book provides a significant addition to the existing literature on flight mechanics. It deserves to be part of the library of scholars and practicing flight mechanics engineers alike."---Eric Feron, IEEE Control Systems
£100.00
Institute of Physics Publishing Nonlinear Ultrasonic Guided Waves
Book Synopsis
£23.75
John Wiley & Sons Inc Project Management Case Studies
Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface 1 PROJECT MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGIES Lakes Automotive Ferris HealthCare, Inc. Clark Faucet Company Creating a Methodology Honicker Corporation Acquisition Problem Zane Corporation 2 IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT Kombs Engineering Williams Machine Tool Company The Reluctant Workers Macon, Inc. Cordova Research Group Cortez Plastics The Enterprise Resource Planning Project The Prioritization of Projects Selling Executives on Project Management The New CIO The Invisible Sponsor Tradeoff Decisions (A) Tradeoff Decisions (B) The Project Audit 3 PROJECT MANAGEMENT CULTURES Como Tool and Die (A) Como Tool and Die (B) Apache Metals, Inc. Haller Specialty Manufacturing Coronado Communications Radiance International The Executive Director 4 PROJECT MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES Quasar Communications, Inc. Fargo Foods Government Project Management Falls Engineering White Manufacturing Martig Construction Company 5 NEGOTIATING FOR RESOURCES Ducor Chemical American Electronics International The Carlson Project Communication Failures 6 PROJECT ESTIMATING Capital Industries Small Project Cost Estimating at Percy Company Cory Electric Camden Construction Corporation The Estimating Problem The Singapore Software Group (A) The Singapore Software Group (B) The Singapore Software Group (C) The Singapore Software Group (D) To Bid or Not to Bid 7 PROJECT PLANNING Greyson Corporation Teloxy Engineering (A) Teloxy Engineering (B) Payton Corporation Kemko Manufacturing Chance of a Lifetime 8 PROJECT SCHEDULING Crosby Manufacturing Corporation The Scheduling Dilemma 9 PROJECT EXECUTION The Blue Spider Project Corwin Corporation Quantum Telecom The Trophy Project Margo Company Project Overrun The Automated Evaluation Project The Rise, Fall, and Resurrection of Iridium: A Project Management Perspective Health Care Partners, Inc. McRoy Aerospace The Poor Worker The Prima Donna The Team Meeting The Management Control Freak The Skills Inventory Project 10 CONTROLLING PROJECTS The Two-Boss Problem The Bathtub Period Irresponsible Sponsors The Need for Project Management Metrics (A) The Need for Project Management Metrics (B) The Need for Project Management Metrics (C) The Need for Project Management Metrics (D) The Need for Project Management Metrics (E) The Need for Project Management Metrics (F) The Need for Project Management Metrics (G) The Need for Project Management Metrics (H) 11 PROJECT RISK MANAGEMENT The Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster Packer Telecom Luxor Technologies Altex Corporation Acme Corporation The Risk Management Department Sandora 12 CONFLICT MANAGEMENT Facilities Scheduling at Mayer Manufacturing Scheduling the Safety Lab Telestar International The Problem with Priorities 13 MORALITY AND ETHICS The Project Management Lawsuit Managing Crisis Projects Is It Fraud? The Management Reserve Jill’s D 14 MANAGING SCOPE CHANGES Berlin Brandenburg Airport Sierra Telecom 15 WAGE AND SALARY ADMINISTRATION Photolite Corporation (A) Photolite Corporation (B) Photolite Corporation (C) Photolite Corporation (D) First Security Bank of Cleveland Jackson Industries 16 TIME MANAGEMENT Time Management Exercise 17 MANAGING INNOVATION PROJECTS The Government Think Tank LXT International 18 ASSESSING PROJECT MANAGEMENT MATURITY Simone Engineering Company NorthStar Software Company 19 INDUSTRY SPECIFIC: CONSTRUCTION Robert L. Frank Construction Company The Lyle Construction Project 20 INDUSTRY SPECIFIC: DISNEY THEME PARKS Disney (A) Imagineering Project Management Disney (B) Imagineering in Action: The Haunted Mansion Disney (C) Disney Theme Parks and Enterprise Environmental Factors Disney (D) The Globalization of Disney Disney (E) Hong Kong Ocean Park: Competing Against Disney 21 INDUSTRY SPECIFIC: THE OLYMPIC GAMES Olympics (A) Would You Want to Manage Projects for the City Hosting the Olympic Games? Olympics (B) Olympics, Project Management and PMI®’s Code of Ethics and Professional Responsibility Olympics (C) Would You Want to Manage Projects for Feeding the Athletes in the Olympic Village? Olympics (D) Managing Health and Safety Risks for Some of the Olympic Venues 22 INDUSTRY SPECIFIC: COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT INDUSTRY Boeing 787 Dreamliner Battery Issues Airbus A380 23 INDUSTRY SPECIFIC: AGILE/SCRUM PROJECT MANAGEMENT Agile (A) Understanding Implementation Risks Agile (B) The Agile Project Management Mindset Agile (C) Managing and Reporting Agility
£71.95
John Wiley & Sons Inc Engineering Optimization
Book SynopsisThe revised and updated new edition of the popular optimization book for engineers The thoroughly revised and updated fifth edition ofEngineering Optimization: Theory and Practiceoffers engineers a guide to the important optimization methods that are commonly used in a wide range of industries. The authora noted expert on the topicpresents both the classical and most recent optimizations approaches. The book introduces the basic methods and includes information on more advanced principles and applications. The fifth edition presents four new chapters: Solution of Optimization Problems Using MATLAB; Metaheuristic Optimization Methods; Multi-Objective Optimization Methods; and Practical Implementation of Optimization. All of the book''s topics are designed to be self-contained units with the concepts described in detail with derivations presented. The author puts the emphasis on computational aspects of optimization and includes design examples and problemsTable of ContentsPreface xvii Acknowledgment xxi About the Author xxiii 1 Introduction to Optimization 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Historical Development 3 1.2.1 Modern Methods of Optimization 4 1.3 Engineering Applications of Optimization 5 1.4 Statement of an Optimization Problem 6 1.4.1 Design Vector 6 1.4.2 Design Constraints 7 1.4.3 Constraint Surface 7 1.4.4 Objective Function 8 1.4.5 Objective Function Surfaces 9 1.5 Classification of Optimization Problems 14 1.5.1 Classification Based on the Existence of Constraints 14 1.5.2 Classification Based on the Nature of the Design Variables 14 1.5.3 Classification Based on the Physical Structure of the Problem 15 1.5.4 Classification Based on the Nature of the Equations Involved 18 1.5.5 Classification Based on the Permissible Values of the Design Variables 27 1.5.6 Classification Based on the Deterministic Nature of the Variables 28 1.5.7 Classification Based on the Separability of the Functions 29 1.5.8 Classification Based on the Number of Objective Functions 31 1.6 Optimization Techniques 33 1.7 Engineering Optimization Literature 34 1.8 Solutions Using MATLAB 34 References and Bibliography 34 Review Questions 40 Problems 41 2 Classical Optimization Techniques 57 2.1 Introduction 57 2.2 Single-Variable Optimization 57 2.3 Multivariable Optimization with no Constraints 62 2.3.1 Definition: rth Differential of f 62 2.3.2 Semidefinite Case 67 2.3.3 Saddle Point 67 2.4 Multivariable Optimization with Equality Constraints 69 2.4.1 Solution by Direct Substitution 69 2.4.2 Solution by the Method of Constrained Variation 71 2.4.3 Solution by the Method of Lagrange Multipliers 77 2.5 Multivariable Optimization with Inequality Constraints 85 2.5.1 Kuhn–Tucker Conditions 90 2.5.2 Constraint Qualification 90 2.6 Convex Programming Problem 96 References and Bibliography 96 Review Questions 97 Problems 98 3 Linear Programming I: Simplex Method 109 3.1 Introduction 109 3.2 Applications of Linear Programming 110 3.3 Standard form of a Linear Programming Problem 112 3.3.1 Scalar Form 112 3.3.2 Matrix Form 112 3.4 Geometry of Linear Programming Problems 114 3.5 Definitions and Theorems 117 3.5.1 Definitions 117 3.5.2 Theorems 120 3.6 Solution of a System of Linear Simultaneous Equations 122 3.7 Pivotal Reduction of a General System of Equations 123 3.8 Motivation of the Simplex Method 127 3.9 Simplex Algorithm 128 3.9.1 Identifying an Optimal Point 128 3.9.2 Improving a Nonoptimal Basic Feasible Solution 129 3.10 Two Phases of the Simplex Method 137 3.11 Solutions Using MATLAB 143 References and Bibliography 143 Review Questions 143 Problems 145 4 Linear Programming II: Additional Topics and Extensions 159 4.1 Introduction 159 4.2 Revised Simplex Method 159 4.3 Duality in Linear Programming 173 4.3.1 Symmetric Primal–Dual Relations 173 4.3.2 General Primal–Dual Relations 174 4.3.3 Primal–Dual Relations when the Primal Is in Standard Form 175 4.3.4 Duality Theorems 176 4.3.5 Dual Simplex Method 176 4.4 Decomposition Principle 180 4.5 Sensitivity or Postoptimality Analysis 187 4.5.1 Changes in the Right-Hand-Side Constants bi 188 4.5.2 Changes in the Cost Coefficients cj 192 4.5.3 Addition of New Variables 194 4.5.4 Changes in the Constraint Coefficients aij 195 4.5.5 Addition of Constraints 197 4.6 Transportation Problem 199 4.7 Karmarkar’s Interior Method 202 4.7.1 Statement of the Problem 203 4.7.2 Conversion of an LP Problem into the Required Form 203 4.7.3 Algorithm 205 4.8 Quadratic Programming 208 4.9 Solutions Using Matlab 214 References and Bibliography 214 Review Questions 215 Problems 216 5 Nonlinear Programming I: One-Dimensional Minimization Methods 225 5.1 Introduction 225 5.2 Unimodal Function 230 Elimination Methods 231 5.3 Unrestricted Search 231 5.3.1 Search with Fixed Step Size 231 5.3.2 Search with Accelerated Step Size 232 5.4 Exhaustive Search 232 5.5 Dichotomous Search 234 5.6 Interval Halving Method 236 5.7 Fibonacci Method 238 5.8 Golden Section Method 243 5.9 Comparison of Elimination Methods 246 Interpolation Methods 247 5.10 Quadratic Interpolation Method 248 5.11 Cubic Interpolation Method 253 5.12 Direct Root Methods 259 5.12.1 Newton Method 259 5.12.2 Quasi-Newton Method 261 5.12.3 Secant Method 263 5.13 Practical Considerations 265 5.13.1 How to Make the Methods Efficient and More Reliable 265 5.13.2 Implementation in Multivariable Optimization Problems 266 5.13.3 Comparison of Methods 266 5.14 Solutions Using MATLAB 267 References and Bibliography 267 Review Questions 267 Problems 268 6 Nonlinear Programming II: Unconstrained Optimization Techniques 273 6.1 Introduction 273 6.1.1 Classification of Unconstrained Minimization Methods 276 6.1.2 General Approach 276 6.1.3 Rate of Convergence 276 6.1.4 Scaling of Design Variables 277 Direct Search Methods 280 6.2 Random Search Methods 280 6.2.1 Random Jumping Method 280 6.2.2 Random Walk Method 282 6.2.3 Random Walk Method with Direction Exploitation 283 6.2.4 Advantages of Random Search Methods 284 6.3 Grid Search Method 285 6.4 Univariate Method 285 6.5 Pattern Directions 288 6.6 Powell’s Method 289 6.6.1 Conjugate Directions 289 6.6.2 Algorithm 293 6.7 Simplex Method 298 6.7.1 Reflection 298 6.7.2 Expansion 301 6.7.3 Contraction 301 Indirect Search (Descent) Methods 304 6.8 Gradient of a Function 304 6.8.1 Evaluation of the Gradient 306 6.8.2 Rate of Change of a Function Along a Direction 307 6.9 Steepest Descent (Cauchy) Method 308 6.10 Conjugate Gradient (Fletcher–Reeves) Method 310 6.10.1 Development of the Fletcher–Reeves Method 310 6.10.2 Fletcher–Reeves Method 311 6.11 Newton’s Method 313 6.12 Marquardt Method 316 6.13 Quasi-Newton Methods 317 6.13.1 Computation of [Bi] 318 6.13.2 Rank 1 Updates 319 6.13.3 Rank 2 Updates 320 6.14 Davidon–Fletcher–Powell Method 321 6.15 Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno Method 327 6.16 Test Functions 330 6.17 Solutions Using Matlab 332 References and Bibliography 333 Review Questions 334 Problems 336 7 Nonlinear Programming III: Constrained Optimization Techniques 347 7.1 Introduction 347 7.2 Characteristics of a Constrained Problem 347 Direct Methods 350 7.3 Random Search Methods 350 7.4 Complex Method 351 7.5 Sequential Linear Programming 353 7.6 Basic Approach in the Methods of Feasible Directions 360 7.7 Zoutendijk’s Method of Feasible Directions 360 7.7.1 Direction-Finding Problem 362 7.7.2 Determination of Step Length 364 7.7.3 Termination Criteria 367 7.8 Rosen’s Gradient Projection Method 369 7.8.1 Determination of Step Length 372 7.9 Generalized Reduced Gradient Method 377 7.10 Sequential Quadratic Programming 386 7.10.1 Derivation 386 7.10.2 Solution Procedure 389 Indirect Methods 392 7.11 Transformation Techniques 392 7.12 Basic Approach of the Penalty Function Method 394 7.13 Interior Penalty Function Method 396 7.14 Convex Programming Problem 405 7.15 Exterior Penalty Function Method 406 7.16 Extrapolation Techniques in the Interior Penalty Function Method 410 7.16.1 Extrapolation of the Design Vector X 410 7.16.2 Extrapolation of the Function f 412 7.17 Extended Interior Penalty Function Methods 414 7.17.1 Linear Extended Penalty Function Method 414 7.17.2 Quadratic Extended Penalty Function Method 415 7.18 Penalty Function Method for Problems with Mixed Equality and Inequality Constraints 416 7.18.1 Interior Penalty Function Method 416 7.18.2 Exterior Penalty Function Method 418 7.19 Penalty Function Method for Parametric Constraints 418 7.19.1 Parametric Constraint 418 7.19.2 Handling Parametric Constraints 420 7.20 Augmented Lagrange Multiplier Method 422 7.20.1 Equality-Constrained Problems 422 7.20.2 Inequality-Constrained Problems 423 7.20.3 Mixed Equality–Inequality-Constrained Problems 425 7.21 Checking the Convergence of Constrained Optimization Problems 426 7.21.1 Perturbing the Design Vector 427 7.21.2 Testing the Kuhn–Tucker Conditions 427 7.22 Test Problems 428 7.22.1 Design of a Three-Bar Truss 429 7.22.2 Design of a Twenty-Five-Bar Space Truss 430 7.22.3 Welded Beam Design 431 7.22.4 Speed Reducer (Gear Train) Design 433 7.22.5 Heat Exchanger Design [7.42] 435 7.23 Solutions Using MATLAB 435 References and Bibliography 435 Review Questions 437 Problems 439 8 Geometric Programming 449 8.1 Introduction 449 8.2 Posynomial 449 8.3 Unconstrained Minimization Problem 450 8.4 Solution of an Unconstrained Geometric Programming Program using Differential Calculus 450 8.4.1 Degree of Difficulty 453 8.4.2 Sufficiency Condition 453 8.4.3 Finding the Optimal Values of Design Variables 453 8.5 Solution of an Unconstrained Geometric Programming Problem Using Arithmetic–Geometric Inequality 457 8.6 Primal–dual Relationship and Sufficiency Conditions in the Unconstrained Case 458 8.6.1 Primal and Dual Problems 461 8.6.2 Computational Procedure 461 8.7 Constrained Minimization 464 8.8 Solution of a Constrained Geometric Programming Problem 465 8.8.1 Optimum Design Variables 466 8.9 Primal and Dual Programs in the Case of Less-than Inequalities 466 8.10 Geometric Programming with Mixed Inequality Constraints 473 8.11 Complementary Geometric Programming 475 8.11.1 Solution Procedure 477 8.11.2 Degree of Difficulty 478 8.12 Applications of Geometric Programming 480 References and Bibliography 491 Review Questions 493 Problems 493 9 Dynamic Programming 497 9.1 Introduction 497 9.2 Multistage Decision Processes 498 9.2.1 Definition and Examples 498 9.2.2 Representation of a Multistage Decision Process 499 9.2.3 Conversion of a Nonserial System to a Serial System 500 9.2.4 Types of Multistage Decision Problems 501 9.3 Concept of Suboptimization and Principle of Optimality 501 9.4 Computational Procedure in Dynamic Programming 505 9.5 Example Illustrating the Calculus Method of Solution 507 9.6 Example Illustrating the Tabular Method of Solution 512 9.6.1 Suboptimization of Stage 1 (Component 1) 514 9.6.2 Suboptimization of Stages 2 and 1 (Components 2 and 1) 514 9.6.3 Suboptimization of Stages 3, 2, and 1 (Components 3, 2, and 1) 515 9.7 Conversion of a Final Value Problem into an Initial Value Problem 517 9.8 Linear Programming as a Case of Dynamic Programming 519 9.9 Continuous Dynamic Programming 523 9.10 Additional Applications 526 9.10.1 Design of Continuous Beams 526 9.10.2 Optimal Layout (Geometry) of a Truss 527 9.10.3 Optimal Design of a Gear Train 528 9.10.4 Design of a Minimum-Cost Drainage System 529 References and Bibliography 530 Review Questions 531 Problems 532 10 Integer Programming 537 10.1 Introduction 537 Integer Linear Programming 538 10.2 Graphical Representation 538 10.3 Gomory’s Cutting Plane Method 540 10.3.1 Concept of a Cutting Plane 540 10.3.2 Gomory’s Method for All-Integer Programming Problems 541 10.3.3 Gomory’s Method for Mixed-Integer Programming Problems 547 10.4 Balas’ Algorithm for Zero–One Programming Problems 551 Integer Nonlinear Programming 553 10.5 Integer Polynomial Programming 553 10.5.1 Representation of an Integer Variable by an Equivalent System of Binary Variables 553 10.5.2 Conversion of a Zero–One Polynomial Programming Problem into a Zero–One LP Problem 555 10.6 Branch-and-Bound Method 556 10.7 Sequential Linear Discrete Programming 561 10.8 Generalized Penalty Function Method 564 10.9 Solutions Using MATLAB 569 References and Bibliography 569 Review Questions 570 Problems 571 11 Stochastic Programming 575 11.1 Introduction 575 11.2 Basic Concepts of Probability Theory 575 11.2.1 Definition of Probability 575 11.2.2 Random Variables and Probability Density Functions 576 11.2.3 Mean and Standard Deviation 578 11.2.4 Function of a Random Variable 580 11.2.5 Jointly Distributed Random Variables 581 11.2.6 Covariance and Correlation 583 11.2.7 Functions of Several Random Variables 583 11.2.8 Probability Distributions 585 11.2.9 Central Limit Theorem 589 11.3 Stochastic Linear Programming 589 11.4 Stochastic Nonlinear Programming 594 11.4.1 Objective Function 594 11.4.2 Constraints 595 11.5 Stochastic Geometric Programming 600 References and Bibliography 602 Review Questions 603 Problems 604 12 Optimal Control and Optimality Criteria Methods 609 12.1 Introduction 609 12.2 Calculus of Variations 609 12.2.1 Introduction 609 12.2.2 Problem of Calculus of Variations 610 12.2.3 Lagrange Multipliers and Constraints 615 12.2.4 Generalization 618 12.3 Optimal Control Theory 619 12.3.1 Necessary Conditions for Optimal Control 619 12.3.2 Necessary Conditions for a General Problem 621 12.4 Optimality Criteria Methods 622 12.4.1 Optimality Criteria with a Single Displacement Constraint 623 12.4.2 Optimality Criteria with Multiple Displacement Constraints 624 12.4.3 Reciprocal Approximations 625 References and Bibliography 628 Review Questions 628 Problems 629 13 Modern Methods of Optimization 633 13.1 Introduction 633 13.2 Genetic Algorithms 633 13.2.1 Introduction 633 13.2.2 Representation of Design Variables 634 13.2.3 Representation of Objective Function and Constraints 635 13.2.4 Genetic Operators 636 13.2.5 Algorithm 640 13.2.6 Numerical Results 641 13.3 Simulated Annealing 641 13.3.1 Introduction 641 13.3.2 Procedure 642 13.3.3 Algorithm 643 13.3.4 Features of the Method 644 13.3.5 Numerical Results 644 13.4 Particle Swarm Optimization 647 13.4.1 Introduction 647 13.4.2 Computational Implementation of PSO 648 13.4.3 Improvement to the Particle Swarm Optimization Method 649 13.4.4 Solution of the Constrained Optimization Problem 649 13.5 Ant Colony Optimization 652 13.5.1 Basic Concept 652 13.5.2 Ant Searching Behavior 653 13.5.3 Path Retracing and Pheromone Updating 654 13.5.4 Pheromone Trail Evaporation 654 13.5.5 Algorithm 655 13.6 Optimization of Fuzzy Systems 660 13.6.1 Fuzzy Set Theory 660 13.6.2 Optimization of Fuzzy Systems 662 13.6.3 Computational Procedure 663 13.6.4 Numerical Results 664 13.7 Neural-Network-Based Optimization 665 References and Bibliography 667 Review Questions 669 Problems 671 14 Metaheuristic Optimization Methods 673 14.1 Definitions 673 14.2 Metaphors Associated with Metaheuristic Optimization Methods 673 14.3 Details of Representative Metaheuristic Algorithms 680 14.3.1 Crow Search Algorithm 680 14.3.2 Firefly Optimization Algorithm (FA) 681 14.3.3 Harmony Search Algorithm 684 14.3.4 Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization (TLBO) 687 14.3.5 Honey Bee Swarm Optimization Algorithm 689 References and Bibliography 692 Review Questions 694 15 Practical Aspects of Optimization 697 15.1 Introduction 697 15.2 Reduction of Size of an Optimization Problem 697 15.2.1 Reduced Basis Technique 697 15.2.2 Design Variable Linking Technique 698 15.3 Fast Reanalysis Techniques 700 15.3.1 Incremental Response Approach 700 15.3.2 Basis Vector Approach 704 15.4 Derivatives of Static Displacements and Stresses 705 15.5 Derivatives of Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 707 15.5.1 Derivatives of ;;i 707 15.5.2 Derivatives of Yi 708 15.6 Derivatives of Transient Response 709 15.7 Sensitivity of Optimum Solution to Problem Parameters 712 15.7.1 Sensitivity Equations Using Kuhn–Tucker Conditions 712 15.7.2 Sensitivity Equations Using the Concept of Feasible Direction 714 References and Bibliography 715 Review Questions 716 Problems 716 16 Multilevel and Multiobjective Optimization 721 16.1 Introduction 721 16.2 Multilevel Optimization 721 16.2.1 Basic Idea 721 16.2.2 Method 722 16.3 Parallel Processing 726 16.4 Multiobjective Optimization 729 16.4.1 Utility Function Method 730 16.4.2 Inverted Utility Function Method 730 16.4.3 Global Criterion Method 730 16.4.4 Bounded Objective Function Method 730 16.4.5 Lexicographic Method 731 16.4.6 Goal Programming Method 732 16.4.7 Goal Attainment Method 732 16.4.8 Game Theory Approach 733 16.5 Solutions Using MATLAB 735 References and Bibliography 735 Review Questions 736 Problems 737 17 Solution of Optimization Problems Using MATLAB 739 17.1 Introduction 739 17.2 Solution of General Nonlinear Programming Problems 740 17.3 Solution of Linear Programming Problems 742 17.4 Solution of LP Problems Using Interior Point Method 743 17.5 Solution of Quadratic Programming Problems 745 17.6 Solution of One-Dimensional Minimization Problems 746 17.7 Solution of Unconstrained Optimization Problems 746 17.8 Solution of Constrained Optimization Problems 747 17.9 Solution of Binary Programming Problems 750 17.10 Solution of Multiobjective Problems 751 References and Bibliography 755 Problems 755 A Convex and Concave Functions 761 B Some Computational Aspects of Optimization 767 B.1 Choice of Method 767 B.2 Comparison of Unconstrained Methods 767 B.3 Comparison of Constrained Methods 768 B.4 Availability of Computer Programs 769 B.5 Scaling of Design Variables and Constraints 770 B.6 Computer Programs for Modern Methods of Optimization 771 References and Bibliography 772 C Introduction to MATLAB® 773 C.1 Features and Special Characters 773 C.2 Defining Matrices in MATLAB 774 C.3 Creating m-Files 775 C.4 Optimization Toolbox 775 Answers to Selected Problems 777 Index 787
£114.26
McGraw-Hill Education Viscous Fluid Flow ISE
Book SynopsisSince 1974, Viscous Fluid Flow has been known for its academic rigor and effectiveness at serving as a convenient one-stop shop for those interested in expanding their knowledge of the rich and evolving field of fluid mechanics. The fourth edition contains important updates and over 200 new references while maintaining the tradition of fulfilling the role of a senior or first-year graduate textbook on viscous motion with a well-balanced mix of engineering applications.Students are expected to understand the basic foundations of fluid mechanics, vector calculus, partial differential equations, and rudimentary numerical analysis. The material can be selectively presented in a one-semester course or, with more extensive coverage, in two (or even three) semesters.Table of Contents1 Preliminary Concepts2 Fundamental Equations of Compressible Viscous Flow3 Solutions of The Newtonian Viscous-Flow Equations4 Laminar Boundary Layers5 The Stability of Laminar Flows6 Incompressible Turbulent Mean Flow7 Compressible-Boundary-Layer Flow
£53.09
McGraw-Hill Education A Working Guide to Process Equipment Fifth
Book SynopsisThe latest methods for troubleshooting and maintaining process equipmentThis extensively revised and updated practical resource fully explains how to diagnose, troubleshoot, and correct problems across a broad range of industriesâall without complex equations and without ever losing sight of the importance of direct field measurements and observations. This fifth edition features new and expanded coverage of: Causes and Effects of Wet Steam on Turbines and Strippers Distillation Design Errors and Inspecting Tower Internals Setting Pressure Relief Valves on Vessels and Heat Exchangers Reduction of Flare Losses Safer Procedures for Sampling Hazardous Material Taking Field Measurements Safely and Effectively Filled with real-world examples and illustrations, A Working Guide to Process Equipment, Fifth Edition clearly demonstrates how theory applies to solving real-world plant operation prob
£88.19
John Wiley & Sons Inc Vibrationbased Condition Monitoring
Book SynopsisVibration-based Condition Monitoring Stay up to date on the newest developments in machine condition monitoring with this brand-new resource from an industry leader The newly revised Second Edition of Vibration-based Condition Monitoring: Industrial, Automotive and Aerospace Applications delivers a thorough update to the most complete discussion of the field of machine condition monitoring. The distinguished author offers readers new sections on diagnostics of variable speed machines, including wind turbines, as well as new material on the application of cepstrum analysis to the separation of forcing functions, structural model properties, and the simulation of machines and faults. The book provides improved methods of order tracking based on phase demodulation of reference signals and new methods of determining instantaneous machine speed from the vibration response signal. Readers will also benefit from an insightful discussion of new methTable of ContentsChapter 1 Introduction and Background 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Maintenance strategies 1.3 Condition monitoring methods 1.3.1 Vibration analysis 1.3.2 Oil analysis 1.3.3 Performance analysis 1.3.4 Thermography 1.4 Types and benefits of vibration analysis 1.4.1 Benefits compared with other methods 1.4.2 Permanent vs intermittent monitoring 1.5 Vibration transducers 1.5.1 Absolute vs relative vibration measurement 1.5.2 Proximity probes 1.5.3 Velocity transducers 1.5.4 Accelerometers 1.5.5 Dual vibration probes 1.5.6 Laser vibrometers 1.6 Torsional vibration transducers 1.6.1 Shaft encoders 1.6.2 Torsional laser vibrometers 1.7 Condition monitoring – the basic problem References Chapter 2 Vibration Signals from Rotating and Reciprocating Machines 2.1 Signal classification 2.1.1 Stationary deterministic signals 2.1.2 Stationary random signals 2.1.3 Cyclostationary signals 2.1.4 Cyclo-non-stationary signals 2.2 Signals generated by rotating machines 2.2.1 Low shaft orders and subharmonics 2.2.2 Vibrations from gears 2.2.3 Rolling element bearings 2.2.4 Bladed machines 2.2.5 Electrical machines 2.3 Signals generated by reciprocating machines 2.3.1 Time-frequency diagrams 2.3.2 Torsional vibrations References Chapter 3 Basic signal processing techniques 3.1 Statistical measures 3.1.1 Probability and probability density 3.1.2 Moments and cumulants 3.2 Fourier analysis 3.2.1 Fourier series 3.2.2 Fourier integral transform 3.2.3 Sampled time signals 3.2.4 The discrete Fourier transform (DFT) 3.2.5 The fast Fourier transform (FFT) 3.2.6 Convolution and the convolution theorem 3.2.7 Zoom FFT 3.2.8 Practical FFT analysis and scaling 3.3 Hilbert transform and demodulation 3.3.1 Hilbert transform 3.3.2 Demodulation 3.4 Digital filtering 3.4.1 Realisation of digital filters 3.4.2 Comparison of digital filtering with FFT processing 3.5 Time/frequency analysis 3.5.1 The short time Fourier transform (STFT) 3.5.2 The Wigner-Ville distribution 3.5.3 Wavelet analysis 3.5.4 Empirical mode decomposition 3.6 Cyclostationary analysis and spectral correlation 3.6.1 Spectral correlation 3.6.2 Spectral correlation and envelope spectrum 3.6.3 Wigner-Ville spectrum 3.6.4 Cyclo-non-stationary analysis References Chapter 4 Fault Detection 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Rotating machines 4.2.1 Vibration criteria 4.2.2 Use of frequency spectra 4.2.3 CPB spectrum comparison 4.3 Reciprocating machines 4.3.1 Vibration criteria for reciprocating machines 4.3.2 Time/frequency diagrams 4.3.3 Torsional vibration References Chapter 5 Some special signal processing techniques 5.1 Order tracking 5.1.1 Comparison of methods 5.1.2 Computed order tracking(COT) 5.1.3 Phase demodulation based COT 5.1.4 COT over a wide speed range 5.2 Determination of instantaneous machine speed 5.2.1 Derivative of instantaneous phase 5.2.2 Teager Kaiser and other energy operators 5.2.3 Comparison of time and frequency domain approaches 5.2.4 Other methods 5.3 Deterministic/random signal separation 5.3.1 Time synchronous averaging 5.3.2 Linear prediction 5.3.3 Adaptive noise cancellation 5.3.4 Self adaptive noise cancellation 5.3.5 Discrete/random separation (DRS) 5.4 Minimum entropy deconvolution 5.5 Spectral kurtosis and the kurtogram 5.5.1 Spectral kurtosis – definition and calculation 5.5.2 Use of SK as a filter 5.5.3 The kurtogram References Chapter 6 Cepstrum analysis applied to machine diagnostics 6.1 Cepstrum terminology and definitions 6.1.1 Brief history of the cepstrum and terminology 6.1.2 Cepstrum types and definitions 6.2 Applications of the real cepstrum 6.2.1 Practical considerations with the cepstrum 6.2.2 Detecting and quantifying harmonic/sideband families 6.2.3 Separation of forcing and transfer functions 6.3 Modifying time signals using the real cepstrum 6.3.1 Removing harmonic/sideband families 6.3.2 Enhancing/removing modal properties 6.3.3 Cepstrum pre-whitening References Chapter 7 Diagnostic Techniques for particular applications 7.1 Harmonic and sideband cursors 7.1.1 Basic principles 7.1.2 Examples of cursor application 7.1.3 Combination with order tracking 7.2 Gear diagnostics 7.2.1 Techniques based on the TSA 7.2.2 Transmission error as a diagnostic tool 7.2.3 Cepstrum analysis for gear diagnostics 7.2.4 Separation of spalls and cracks 7.2.5 Diagnostics of gears with varying speed and load 7.3 Rolling element bearing diagnostics 7.3.1 Signal models for bearing faults 7.3.2 A semi-automated bearing diagnostic procedure 7.3.3 Alternative diagnostic methods for special conditions 7.3.4 Diagnostics of bearings with varying speed and load 7.4 Reciprocating machine and IC engine diagnostics 7.4.1 Time/frequency methods 7.4.2 Cylinder pressure identification 7.4.3 Mechanical fault identification References Chapter 8 Fault simulation 8.1 Background and justification 8.2 Simulation of faults in gears 8.2.1 Lumped parameter models of parallel gears 8.2.2 Separation of spalls and cracks 8.2.3 Lumped parameter models of planetary gears 8.2.4 Interaction of faults with ring and sun gears 8.3 Simulation of faults in bearings 8.3.1 Local faults in LPM gearbox model 8.3.2 Extended faults in LPM gearbox model 8.3.3 Reduced FE casing model combined with LPM gear model 8.4 Simulation of faults in engines 8.4.1 Misfire 8.4.2 Piston slap 8.4.3 Bearing knock References Chapter 9 Fault trending and prognostics 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Trend analysis 9.2.1 Trending of simple parameters 9.2.2 Trending of “impulsiveness” 9.2.3 Trending of spall size in bearings 9.3 Advanced prognostics 9.3.1 Physics-based models 9.3.2 Data-driven models 9.3.3 Hybrid models 9.3.4 Simulation-based prognostics 9.4 Future developments 9.4.1 Advanced modelling 9.4.2 Advances in data analytics References
£108.86
McGraw-Hill Education - Europe Pump Handbook
Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.Rely on the #1 Guide to Pump Design and Application--Now Updated with the Latest Technological Breakthroughs Long-established as the leading guide to pump design and application, the Pump Handbook has been fully revised and updated with the latest developments in pump technology. Packed with 1,150 detailed illustrations and written by a team of over 100 internationally renowned pump experts, this vital tool shows you how to select, purchase, install, operate, maintain, and troubleshoot cutting-edge pumps for all types of uses. The Fourth Edition of the Pump Handbook features:State-of-the-art guidance on every aspect of pump theory, design, application, and technTable of ContentsList of ContributorsPrefaceSI Units--A CommentaryChapter 1. Introduction: Classification and Selection of PumpsChapter 2. Centrifugal PumpsChapter 3. Displacement PumpsChapter 4. Solids PumpingChapter 5. Pump SealingChapter 6. Pump BearingsChapter 7. Jet PumpsChapter 8. Materials of ConstructionChapter 9. Pump Drivers and Power TransmissionChapter 10. Pump NoiseChapter 11. Pump SystemsChapter 12. Pump ServicesChapter 13. Intakes and Suction PumpingChapter 14. Selecting and Purchasing PumpsChapter 15. Installation, Operation, and MaintenanceChapter 16. Pump TestingAppendix: Technical DataIndex
£124.19
McGraw-Hill Education Steam Turbines
Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.The latest design and manufacturing details in mechanical drive steam turbinesSteam Turbines shows how to select, improve, operate, and maintain high-quality mechanical drive steam turbines-with maximum efficiency and minimum downtime. This new Second Edition offers authoritative information on the operating characteristics, design features, reliability, and maintenance of all steam turbines. A complete sourcebook, Steam Turbines delivers the expertise required to capitalize on the latest steam turbine and intermediate transmission unit innovations--and improve a plant's efficiency, availability, and profitability.Steam Turbines, Second Edition covers:Variable speed drives andTable of ContentsPrefaceAcknowledgmentsChapter 1. IntroductionChapter 2. Turbine Casing and Major Stationary ComponentsChapter 3. Bearings for Mechanical Drive TurbinesChapter 4. Rotors for Impulse TurbinesChapter 5. Rotors for Reaction TurbinesChapter 6. Turbine Blade Design OverviewChapter 7. Turbine AuxiliariesChapter 8. Governors and Control SystemsChapter 9. Couplings and Coupling ConsiderationsChapter 10. Rotor Dynamics TechnologyChapter 11. Campbell, Goodman, and SAFE Diagrams for Steam Turbine BladesChapter 12. Reaction vs. Impulse Type Steam TurbinesChapter 13. Transmission Elements for High-Speed Turbo-machineryChapter 14. Shortcut Graphical Methods of Turbine SelectionChapter 15. Elliott Shortcut Selection Method for Multivalve, Multistage TurbinesChapter 16. Rerates, Upgrades, and ModificationsAppendix A: GlossaryAppendix B: Units of MeasurementBibliography and List of ContributorsIndex
£95.39
McGraw-Hill Education - Europe TwoStroke Engine Repair and Maintenance
Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.Get Peak Performance from Two-Stroke EnginesDo you spend more time trying to start your weed trimmer than you do enjoying your backyard? With this how-to guide, you can win the battle with the temperamental two-stroke engine.Written by long-time mechanic and bestselling author Paul Dempsey, Two-Stroke Engine Repair & Maintenance shows you how to fix the engines that power garden equipment, construction tools, portable pumps, mopeds, generators, trolling motors, and more. Detailed drawings, schematics, and photographs along with step-by-step instructions make it easy to get the job done quickly. Save time and money when you learn how to:Troubleshoot the engine to determine tTable of ContentsIntroduction; Ch. 1. Fundamentals; Ch. 2. Troubleshooting; Ch. 3. Ignition Systems; Ch. 4. Fuel Systems; Ch. 5. Starters and Related Components; Ch. 6. Engine Service; Ch. 7. Power Transmission; Index
£18.99
McGraw-Hill Education - Europe Human Factors and Ergonomics Design Handbook
Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.Master the art of user-centric planning and design This thoroughly revised guide offers complete coverage of the latest trends and advances in ergonomics and psychology and lays out practical applications for todayâs designers. Written by a team of experts, Human Factors and Ergonomics Design Handbook, Third Edition, shows how to maximize functionality while reducing injuries and minimizing the impact on physical and psychological health. The ubiquitous use of smartphones, tablets, and other high-tech equipment is discussed in full detail. New chapters explain medical systems, robotics, handheld devices, cognitive workload, anTable of ContentsPart I: Macro Systems Ch 1. Arch SystemsCh 2. Transportation Systems Ch 3. Military and Government SystemsCh 4. Space SystemsCh 5. Industrial Systems Ch 6. AgriculturalCh 7. CommunicationCh 8. Consumer productCh 9. Medical EquipmentPart II: SubsystemsPart III: Components and Product Design Part IV: Human Factors DataPart V: Human Engineering Methods
£102.59
McGraw-Hill Education - Europe Making Things Move DIY Mechanisms for Inventors
Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.Get Your Move On!In Making Things Move: DIY Mechanisms for Inventors, Hobbyists, and Artists, you'll learn how to successfully build moving mechanisms through non-technical explanations, examples, and do-it-yourself projects--from kinetic art installations to creative toys to energy-harvesting devices. Photographs, illustrations, screen shots, and images of 3D models are included for each project. This unique resource emphasizes using off-the-shelf components, readily available materials, and accessible fabrication techniques. Simple projects give you hands-on practice applying the skills covered in each chapter, and more complex projects at the end of the book incorporate topics from multiple chapters. Turn your imaginative ideas into reality with help fromTable of Contents1 Introduction to Mechanisms and Machines2 Materials: How to Choose and Where to Find Them3 Screw It or Glue It: Fastening and Joining Parts4 Forces, Friction and Torque (Oh My)5 Mechanical and Electrical Power, Work, and Energy6 Eeny, Meeny, Miny, Motor: Options for Creating and Controlling Motion7 The Guts: Bearings, Couplers, Gears, Screws, and Springs8 Combining Simple Machines for Work and Fun9 Making Things and Getting Things Made10 ProjectsAppendix: BreadBoard Power and Arduino PrimerIndex
£31.34
McGraw-Hill Education - Europe Minitab Demystified
Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.Need to learn Minitab? Problem Solved!Get started using Minitab right way with help from this hands-on guide. Minitab Demystified walks you through essential Minitab features and shows you how to apply them to solve statistical analysis problems.Featuring coverage of Minitab 16, this practical guide explores the Minitab interface and the full range of Minitab graphics, Distribution models, statistical intervals, hypothesis testing, and sample size calculations are clearly explained. The book covers modeling tools of regression and the design of experiments (DOE) as well as the industrial quality tools of measurement systems analysis, control charts, capability analysis, acceptance sampling, and reliability analysis. Detailed exampTable of ContentsChapter 1. Getting Started with Minitab Statistical SoftwareChapter 2. Analyzing and Comparing Variables with GraphsChapter 3. Exploring the Minitab EnvironmentChapter 4. Selecting and Using Distribution Models in MinitabChapter 5. Making Decisions with IntervalsChapter 6. Testing HypothesesChapter 7. Calculating Sample SizeChapter 8. Fitting Regression ModelsChapter 9. Designing and Analyzing ExperimentsChapter 10. Assessing Measurement SystemsChapter 11. Control ChartingChapter 12. Measuring Process CapabilityChapter 13. Acceptance SamplingChapter 14. Reliability AnalysisFinal ExamAnswers to Quizzes and Final ExamFurther ReadingIndex
£37.04
McGraw-Hill Education Structural Engineering Formulas Second Edition
Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.PRACTICAL, PORTABLE, AND PACKED WITH UP-TO-DATE STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING FORMULASThoroughly revised with more than 300 new formulas,this compact yet comprehensive compilation puts essential data related to the design and analysis of engineeringstructures at your fingertips. StructuralEngineering Formulas, Second Edition covers a wide range of topics, including statics, soils, foundations, retaining structures, pipes, and tunnels, and explains the use and application of each ready-to-use formula. This time-saving reference for civil engineers is alsoinvaluable to students and those studying for licensinTable of ContentsPreface Acknowledgments Introduction Part I: Basis of Structural Analysis Chapter 1: Stress and Strain: Methods of Analysis Chapter 2: Properties of Geometric Sections Part II: Statics Chapter 3: Beams Chapter 4: Frames Chapter 5: Arches Chapter 6: Trusses Chapter 7: Plates Part III: Soils and Foundations Chapter 8: Soils Chapter 9: Foundations Part IV: Retaining Structures Chapter 10: Retaining Structures Chapter 11: Retaining Structures Part V: Pipes and Tunnels Chapter 12: Pipes and Tunnels Chapter 13: Pipes and Tunnels (part 2) Appendix
£46.54
McGraw-Hill Education The Handbook for Quality Management Second
Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.The definitive guide to organizational excellence--completely updatedFully revised for the latest American Society for Quality (ASQ) Certified Manager of Quality/Organizational Excellence (CMQ/QE) Body of Knowledge, The Handbook for Quality Management: A Complete Guide to Operational Excellence, Second Edition offers in-depth guidance on effectively applying the principles of quality management in today's business environment and delivering superior results. Designed to help you prepare for and pass the ASQ CMQ/QE exam, this authoritative volume also serves as an essential on-the-job reference.Coverage includes: Business-integrated quality systems Organizational structures The quality function Approaches to quali
£92.14
McGraw-Hill Education - Europe CATIA V5
Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.Write powerful, custom macros for CATIA V5CATIA V5 Macro Programming with Visual Basic Script shows you, step by step, how to create your own macros that automate repetitive tasks, accelerate design procedures, and automatically generate complex geometries. Filled with full-color screenshots and illustrations, this practical guide walks you through the entire process of writing, storing, and executing reusable macros for CATIA V5. Sample Visual Basic Script code accompanies the bookâs hands-on exercises and real-world case studies demonstrate key concepts and best practices. Coverage includes: CATIA V5 macro programming basics Communication with the environment Elements of CATParts and CATProducts 2D wireframTable of ContentsCh 1. BasicsCh 2. Communication with the EnvironmentCh 3. Elements of CATPartsCh 4. Elements of CATProductsCh 5. 2D Wireframe (Sketches)Ch 6. 3D Wireframe Geometry and SurfacesCh 7. Solid FeaturesCh 8. Description of Object ClassesCh 9. Description of VBScript Commands
£117.89
McGraw-Hill Education - Europe The Nalco Water Guide to Cooling Water Systems
Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.The Most Complete, Current Guide to Failure Analysis for Cooling Water SystemsFully updated for the latest technologies and techniques, this new edition describes proven procedures for determining the root cause of cooling system failure, correcting the problem, and preventing future occurrences.The first section covers cooling water system design and operation and features ten new chapters on the various materials most commonly found in cooling systems. The remaining four sections discuss waterside corrosion, cracking, mechanical damage, and material and design issues.This authoritative resource expTable of ContentsSection 1 – Deposits on the Water and Steam Side Water and Steam Formed DepositsCause of DepositionDeposit Related ProblemsSection 2 - Overheating Short Term OverheatingLong Term OverheatingSection 3 - Waterside Corrosion and DamageWaterside CorrosionCaustic CorrosionLow pH During ServiceHydrogen DamagePhosphate CorrosionChelant and Complexing Agent CorrosionOxygen CorrosionCorrosion During CleaningStress Assisted CorrosionPartingGraphitic CorrosionDealloyingWaterside Flow Related DamageCavitationFlow Accelerated CorrosionErosionSection 4 –Cracking CrackingCorrosion FatigueStress Corrosion CrackingSection 5 - Fireside Corrosion and DamageOil Ash CorrosionCoal Ash CorrosionWaterwall Fireside CorrosionCold End CorrosionDew Point CorrosionErosionSection 6 - Material DefectsForming DefectsWelding Defects
£127.79
McGraw-Hill Education Industrial Automation Hands On
Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.A practical guide to industrial automation concepts,terminology, and applicationsIndustrial Automation: Hands-On is a single source of essential information for those involved in the design and use of automated machinery. The book emphasizes control systems and offers full coverage of other relevant topics, including machine building, mechanical engineering and devices, manufacturing business systems, and job functions in an industrial environment. Detailed charts and tables serve as handy design aids. This is an invaluable reference for novices and seasoned automation professionals alike.COVERAGE INCLUDES:* Automation and manufacturing * Key concepts used inautomation, controls, machinery design, and docum
£53.09
McGraw-Hill Education Jurans Quality Essentials
Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.A practical, concise guide to improving business performance by properly applying quality management methods"Dr. Juran's wisdom on quality and management is timeless. The tenets of modern quality that were forged by Dr. Juran in the second half of the 20th century are made contemporary by Joe DeFeo's practical experience and application of these principles in hundreds of organizations. This book belongs in the library of every leader who strives for world-class performance andwants to understand the concepts, techniques, and tools that will deliver it." -- PAUL BORAWSKI, Chief Executive Officer, ASQ Table of ContentsPrefaceAcknowledgmentsCHAPTER 1: Embrace QualitySuperior Quality Always Leads to Sustainable Business ResultsQuality Impacts Revenue and CostsQuality, Earnings, and the Stock MarketBuilding Market Quality LeadershipQuality and Share of MarketChanges in Customer HabitsThe Twentieth Century and QualityThe Twenty-First Century and QualityThe Lessons LearnedReferencesCHAPTER 2: Three Universal Quality Management MethodsThe Concept of UniversalsManagement of Quality: The Financial and Cultural BenefitsThe Juran Trilogy DiagramReferencesCHAPTER 3: Leadership Role in Creating a Sustainable Culture of QualityCulture DefinedBreakthrough and Transformational ChangeBreakthroughs in Leadership and ManagementBreakthroughs in Organizational StructureBreakthroughs in Current PerformanceBreakthroughs in CultureBreakthroughs in AdaptabilityReferencesCHAPTER 4: Aligning Quality Goals with the Strategic PlanStrategic Planning and Quality: The BenefitsLaunching Strategic Planning and DeploymentDeveloping the Elements of Strategic Planning and DeploymentThe Role of LeadershipCompetitive QualityReferencesCHAPTER 5: Product InnovationTackling the First Process of the Trilogy: Designing Innovative ProductsThe Juran Quality by Design ModelThe Quality by Design ProblemJuran Quality by Design ModelReferencesCHAPTER 6: Creating Breakthroughs in PerformanceThe Universal Sequence for BreakthroughBreakthrough Models and MethodsSecuring Upper Management Approval and ParticipationCOPQ versus Cost ReductionDriving Bottom-Line PerformanceThe ResultsMobilizing for BreakthroughThe Executive “Quality Council”Breakthrough Goals in the Business PlanThe Nomination and Selection ProcessTeam OrganizationReview ProgressReferencesCHAPTER 7: Assuring Repeatable and Compliant ProcessesCompliance and Control DefinedThe Elements of the Feedback LoopThe Pyramid of ControlPlanning for ControlProcess ConformanceProduct Conformance: Fitness for PurposeThe Role of Statistical Methods in ControlThe Quality Control System and Policy ManualProvision for AuditsTasks for LeadersReferencesCHAPTER 8: Simplifying Macro Processes with Business Process ManagementWhy Business Process Management?The BPM MethodologyThe Planning Phase: Planning the New ProcessThe Transfer Phase: Transferring the New Process Plan to OperationsCreating Readiness for ChangeOperational Management Phase: Managing the New ProcessThe Future of BPM Combined with TechnologyReferencesCHAPTER 9: Benchmarking to Sustain Market LeadershipBenchmarking: What It Is and What It Is NotObjectives of BenchmarkingWhy Benchmark?Classifying BenchmarkingBenchmarking and Designing New ProductsBenchmarking and Long- and Short-Term PlanningThe Benchmarking ProcessPlanning and Project SetupData Collection and NormalizationAnalysis and Identification of Best PracticesReport DevelopmentLearning from Best PracticesImprovement Action Planning and ImplementationInstitutionalizing LearningLegal and Ethical Aspects of BenchmarkingManaging for Effective BenchmarkingReferencesIndex
£41.79
McGraw-Hill Education - Europe Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook 9th Edition
Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.Up-to-Date Coverage of All Chemical Engineering Topicsâfrom the Fundamentals to the State of the ArtNow in its 85th Anniversary Edition, this industry-standard resource has equipped generations of engineers and chemists with vital information, data, and insights. Thoroughly revised to reflect the latest technological advances and processes, Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, Ninth Edition, provides unsurpassed coverage of every aspect of chemical engineering. You will get comprehensive details on chemical processes, reactor modeling, biological processes, biochemical and membrane separation, process and chemical plant safety, and much more.This fully updated edition covers:Unit Conversi
£173.59
McGraw-Hill Education Statics and Mechanics of Materials MECHANICAL
Book SynopsisThe approach of the Beer and Johnston texts has been appreciated by hundreds of thousands of students over decades of engineering education. The Statics and Mechanics of Materials text uses this proven methodology in an - extensively revised second edition aimed at programs that teach these two subjects together or as a two semester sequence.Maintaining the proven methodology and pedagogy of the Beer and Johnson series, Statics and Mechanics of Materials, second edition combines the theory and application behind these two subjects into one cohesive text. A wealth of problems, Beer and Johnston's hallmark sample problems, and valuable review and summary sections at the end of each chapter highlight the key pedagogy of the text.Also available with this second edition is Connect. Connect is the only integrated learning system that empowers students by continuously adapting to deliver precisely what they need, when they need it, how they need it, so that class time is more
£185.39
Elsevier Science Pressure Vessel Design Manual
Book SynopsisProviding a wealth of design procedures, methods, techniques, formulae and tables for use in the design of pressure vessels, their respective parts and equipment, this book offers the explanation and context that regulatory documentation and data-heavy references lack, delivered in a straightforward and digestible form.Table of Contents1. General Topics2. General Design3. Flange Design4. Design of Vessel Supports5. Vessel Internals6. Special Designs7. Local Loads8. High Pressure Vessels9. Related Equipment10. Transportation & Erection11. Materials & TestingAppendices
£106.20
Oxford University Press Atomic Force Microscopy
Book SynopsisAtomic force microscopy (AFM) is an amazing technique that allies a versatile methodology (that allows measurement of samples in liquid, vacuum or air) to imaging with unprecedented resolution. But it goes one step further than conventional microscopic techniques; it allows us to make measurements of magnetic, electrical or mechanical properties of the widest possible range of samples, with nanometre resolution.This book will demystify AFM for the reader, making it easy to understand, and to use. It is written by authors who together have more than 30 years experience in the design, construction, and use of AFMs and will explain why the microscopes are made the way they are, how they should be used, what data they can produce, and what can be done with the data. Illustrative examples from the physical sciences, materials science, life sciences, nanotechnology and industry demonstrate the different capabilities of the technique.Trade ReviewAtomic Force Microscopy is a great introduction to AFMs for beginners and, although light on theory, also serves as a good starting point for more serious users. * Udo D. Schwarz, Physics Today *There is definitely room for a general book on AFM which concentrates on how to get the most from the instrument and teaches the beginner/moderately experienced user the 'tricks of the trade'. * Jamie Hobbs, Sheffield University, UK *Atomic Force Microscopy is the manual that should accompany any Atomic Force Microscope. * Othmar Marti, University of Ulm, Germany *I recommend this book to any reader who wants to enter the world of force microscopy. This book is easy to read, entertaining, with a practical approach. * Carmen Serra, Nanotechnology and Surface Analysis Service, University of Vigo, Spain *Table of Contents1: Introduction 2: Instrumental Aspects of AFM 3: AFM Modes 4: Measuring AFM Images 5: Image Processing in AFM 6: Image Artifacts in AFM 7: Applications of AFM Appendix 1: AFM Standards and Calibration Specimens Appendix 2: AFM Software
£48.99
The University of Chicago Press An Ethics of Remembering History Heterology and
Book SynopsisThe Digital Factory reveals the hidden human labor that supports today's digital capitalism. The workers of today's digital factory include those in Amazon warehouses, delivery drivers, Chinese gaming workers, Filipino content moderators, and rural American search engine optimizers. Repetitive yet stressful, boring yet often emotionally demanding, these jobs require little formal qualification, but can demand a large degree of skills and knowledge. This work is often hidden behind the supposed magic of algorithms and thought to be automated, but it is in fact highly dependent on human labor. The workers of today's digital factory are not as far removed from a typical auto assembly line as we might think. Moritz Altenried takes us inside today's digital factories, showing that they take very different forms, including gig economy platforms, video games, and Amazon warehouses. As Altenried shows, these digital factories often share surprising similarities with factories from the industrial age. As globalized capitalism and digital technology continue to transform labor around the world, Altenried offers a timely and poignant exploration of how these changes are restructuring the social division of labor and its geographies as well as the stratifications and lines of struggle.Trade Review"The Digital Factory is an important contribution to the discussion of digital labor. But it also makes clear that researchers must now address the next task at hand: how to turn these bad jobs into good jobs." * Science *"Altenried's insights into the rapidly changing relationship between technological change, digitization and global work are breathtaking. The Digital Factory develops a deeper knowledge of the terrain, both social and physical, on which present and future labor disputes willy-nilly have to be fought. Continuing, expanding and diversifying this endeavor is and will remain an enormous undertaking. Books of similar intellectual thoroughness and comparable political depth are badly needed." * Kritisch-Lesen *"In this extensively researched volume, Altenreid uses interviews with workers in this complex digital economy to deftly link the hidden human labor behind automation and algorithms to the Taylorist factories of the Industrial Age. Covering everything from the complex interactions between humans and automation at Amazon’s distribution centers to World of Warcraft gold farmers in China and the unseen human labor behind Facebook and Google algorithms, The Digital Factory gives readers who may not be as familiar with Taylorism and its relationship to the complex landscape of the digital factory age a solid foundation on the topic." * Choice *"Altenried takes readers on an amazing tour into the contemporary mutations of what Marx famously called 'the hidden abode of production.' What looms behind the magic of algorithms, artificial intelligence, and automation is a world of heterogeneous labor regimes, exploitation, and struggles. The Digital Factory is a landmark contribution to the study of contemporary capitalism, a must-read for scholars and activists." -- Sandro Mezzadra, University of Bologna"From the warehouse to the multiplayer game, content moderation to people-as-a-service, Altenried unearths the shifting stakes, geographies, and experiences of digital labor. The Digital Factory offers no solace to purveyors of data and automation fantasies. By exposing how the power of machines entangles living knowledge, intelligence and subjectivity, this remarkable book offers resources for changing the worlds of work and technology alike." -- Brett Neilson, Institute for Culture and Society, Western Sidney University"In this ground-breaking book, Altenried shows us that, far from marking the end of the factory era the digital age is spreading the factory model of centralized control of vulnerable labor beyond its walls, extending into every corner of the global economy. Drawing on vivid first-hand observations, he spotlights the experiences of workers carrying out the hidden tasks that keep the information economy going, from the hidden housework of the Internet to the delivery of parcels under the panoptic surveillance of the algorithm." -- Ursula Huws, University of HertfordshireTable of ContentsOne Workers Leaving the Factory: Introduction Two The Global Factory: Logistics Three The Factory of Play: Gaming Four The Distributed Factory: Crowdwork Five The Hidden Factory: Social Media Six The Platform as Factory: Conclusion Seven The Contagious Factory: Epilogue Acknowledgments Notes Bibliography Index
£78.85
Yale University Press Dangerous Years
Book SynopsisA leading environmental thinker takes a hard look at the obstacles and possibilities on the long road to sustainability This gripping, deeply thoughtful book considers future of civilization in the light of what we know about climate change and related threats. David Orr, an award-winning, internationally recognized leader in the field of sustainability and environmental education, pulls no punches: even with the Paris Agreement of 2015, Earth systems will not reach a new equilibrium for centuries. Earth is becoming a different planetmore threadbare and less biologically diverse, with more acidic oceans and a hotter, more capricious climate. Furthermore, technology will not solve complex problems of sustainability. Yet we are not fated to destroy the Earth, Orr insists. He imagines sustainability as a quest and a transition built upon robust and durable democratic and economic institutions, as well as changes in heart and mindset. The transition, he writes, is beginning from the bTrade Review". . . sets out a way to reform society from bottom up by radically changing our economics, our education system—even our evolutionary traits."—Louise Gray, BBC Wildlife"The seminal work on the threats of climate change to the planet and society. . . . Orr’s book is full of philosophical wisdom, founded on environmental evidence, which will help us to generate a more sustainable planet."—Jim Lynch, BiologistWinner of the Green Prize, given to authors, illustrators, and publishers who produce quality books for adults and young people that make significant contributions to, support the ideas of, and broaden public awareness of sustainability.“A valuable addition to environmental and philosophical wisdom.”—Edward O. Wilson, Harvard University"No one knows more about the hole we're in, and no one has worked any harder to get us out of it—David Orr is a necessary guide to the great climate crisis we find ourselves in, and this is a vital book."—Bill McKibben, author Eaarth: Making a Life on a Tough New Planet"David Orr has written a perfectly marvelous book, a deep and wide-ranging reflection on the human condition. It's a winner, and a rare one at that."—James Gustave Speth, author of Red Sky at Morning, The Bridge at the End of the World, and America the Possible"David Orr has for many years provided a broad view of our ecological challenges. Now he provides a long view, sounding the alarm about the future we are heedlessly creating today. Like the Sorcerer’s Apprentice, we have put in motion a process of fossil-fueled growth that has gone out of control. In the absence of a wizard to right the situation magically, Orr calls for human intervention before it is too late—not just in our power plants and motor vehicles, but in the way we live our lives and organize society. To do so, he once wrote, 'hope is an imperative.'"—Timothy E. Wirth, former U.S. Senator (Colorado) and President Emeritus, The United Nations Foundation"An extremely valuable look at humanity's horizon, the challenging millennium ahead and how we might—indeed must—transition to sustainability. The distillation of a lifetime of constructive consideration of the environmental challenges we have brought upon ourselves, Dangerous Years will help us chart the way through the inchoate wilderness of our own making. Destined to become one of the great environmental classics."—Thomas E. Lovejoy, George Washington University
£16.14
Taylor & Francis Ltd Fibre Reinforced Cement and Concrete Proceedings
Book SynopsisThis book presents the latest research development on fibre reinforced cementitious materials, especially those related to ageing and durability. The book forms the Proceedings of the International Symposium held at Sheffield in July 1992, the latest in a series of RILEM symposia on this subject, organised by RILEM Technical Committee 102-AFC Ageing and Durability to Fibre Cement Composites.Trade Review"This book provides a comprehensive updating on recent research and development into these materials from over 100 leading specialists from all parts of the world." - Concrete AbstractsTable of ContentsPreface. Keynote papers: Fibre reinforced concrete - where do we go from here? - B I G Barr, UK. Performance driven design of fibre reinforced cementitious composites - V C Li, USA. "From forest to factory to fabrication" - R S P Coutts, Australia. Part titles: New fibres, fabrication, early age and strength properties. Engineering properties, dynamic behaviour. Fracture behaviour. Modelling. Structural behaviour. Applications. Ageing and durability. Special fibres, natural fibres. Synthetic fibres and reinforcement. Ferrocement. Author index. Subject index.
£570.00
John Wiley & Sons Inc Dielectric Films for Advanced Microelectronics
Book SynopsisThe topic of thin films is an area of increasing importance in materials science, electrical engineering and applied solid state physics; with both research and industrial applications in microelectronics, computer manufacturing, and physical devices.Trade Review"The book is well organized and has excellent technical depth with recent state-of-the-art information. Researchers, graduate students, and those in industry working on finding new materials and processes for thin-film dielectric materials would find this book to be a valuable resource." (IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, March/April 2009)Table of ContentsSeries Preface. Preface. (Mikhail Baklanov, Martin Green and Karen Maex). 1. Low and Ultralow Dielectric Constant Films Prepared by Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition. (A. Grill). 2. Spin-On Dielectric Materials. (Geraud Dubois, Willi Volksen and Robert D. Miller). 3.Porosity of Low Dielectric Constant Materials. 3.1 Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy. (David W. Gidley, Hua-Gen Peng, and Richard Vallery). 3.2Structure Characterization of Nanoporous Interlevel Dielectric Thin Films with X-ray and Neutron Radiation. (Christopher L. Soles, Hae-Jeong Lee, Bryan D. Vogt, Eric K. Lin, Wen-li Wu). 3.3 Ellipsometric Porosimetry. (M. R. Baklanov). 4.Mechanical and Transport Properties of Low-k Dielectrics. (J.L. Plawsky, R. Achanta, W. Cho, O. Rodriguez, R. Saxena, and W.N. Gill). 5. Integration of low-k dielectric films in damascene processes. (R.J.O.M. Hoofman, V.H. Nguyen,V. Arnal, M. Broekaart, L.G. Gosset,W.F.A. Besling, M. Fayolle and F. Iacopi). 6. ONO structures and oxynitrides in modern microelectronics. Material science, characterization and application. (Yakov Roizin and Vladimir Gritsenko). High Dielectric constant Materials. 7. Material Engineering of High-k Gate Dielectrics. (Akira Toriumi and Koji Kita). 8. Physical Characterisation of ultra-thin high-k dielectric. (T. Conard, H. Bender and W. Vandervorst). 9. Electrical Characterization of Advanced Gate Dielectrics. (Robin Degraeve, Jurriaan Schmitz, Luigi Pantisano, Eddy Simoen, Michel Houssa, Ben Kaezer, and Guido Groeseneken). Medium dielectric constant materials. 10. Integration Issues of High-k Gate Dielectrics. (Yasuo Nara). Dielectric films for interconnects (packaging). 11. Anisotropic Conductive Film (ACF) for Advanced Microelectronic Interconnects. (Yi Li, C. P. Wong). Index.
£198.86
John Wiley & Sons Inc Materials Processing During Casting
Book SynopsisCasting is one of the most important processes in materials technology. In this unique book, each step in the casting and solidification process is described and models are set up, which in many cases can be approximated by simplified analytical expressions.Trade Review"…an excellent text for a metallurgy or materials engineering program…scientists and engineers working in this field would benefit by having access to this book." (Journal of Metals Online, September 27, 2006)Table of ContentsPreface. Chapter 1: Component Casting. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Casting of Components. Chapter 2: Cast House Processes. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Ingot Casting. 2.3 Continuous Casting. 2.4 From Ladle to Chill-mould in Continuous Casting of Steel. 2.5 Near Net Shape Casting. 2.6 The ESR Process. Chapter 3 Casting Hydrodynamics. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Basic Hydrodynamics. 3.3 Gating Systems in Component Casting. 3.4 Gating System in Ingot Casting. 3.5 Gating System in Continuous Casting. 3.6 Inclusion Control in Gating Systems – Ceramic Filters. 3.7 Maximum Fluidity Length. Summary. Exercises. Chapter 4: Heat Transport during Component Casting. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Basic Concepts and Laws of Heat Transport. 4.3 Theory of Heat Transport in Casting of Metals and Alloys. 4.4 Heat Transport in Component Casting. Summary. Exercises. Chapter 5: Heat Transport in Cast House Processes. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Natural Convection in Metal Melts. 5.3 Heat Transport in Ingot Casting. 5.4 Water Cooling. 5.5 Heat Transport during Continuous Casting of Steel. 5.6 Heat Transport in the ESR Process. 5.7 Heat Transport in Near Net Shape Casting. 5.8 Heat Transport in Spray Casting. Summary. Exercises. Chapter 6: Structure and Structure Formation in Cast Materials. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Structure Formation in Cast Materials. 6.3 Dendrite Structure and Dendrite Growth. 6.4 Eutectic Structure and Eutectic Growth. 6.5 Cooling Curves and Structure. 6.6 Unidirectional Solidification. 6.7 Macrostructures in Cast Materials. 6.8 Macrostructures in Ingot Cast Materials. 6.9 Macrostructures in Continuously Cast Materials. 6.10 Macrostructures in Near Net Shape Cast Materials. 6.11 Amorphous Metals. Summary. Exercises. Chapter 7: Microsegregation in Alloys – Peritectic Reactions and Transformations. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Cooling Curves, Dendritic Growth, and Microsegregation. 7.3 Scheil’s Segregation Equation – a Model of Microsegregation. 7.4 Solidification Processes in Alloys. 7.5 Influence of Back Diffusion in the Solid Phase on Microsegregation of Alloys. 7.6 Solidification Processes and Microsegregation in Iron-base Alloys. 7.7 Peritectic Reactions and Transformations in Binary Iron-base Alloys. 7.8 Microsegregation in Multicomponent Alloys. 7.9 Microsegregation and Peritectic Reactions and Transformations in Multicomponent Iron-base Alloys. Summary. Exercises. Chapter 8: Heat Treatment and Plastic Forming. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Homogenization. 8.3 Dissolution of Secondary Phases. 8.4 Change of Casting Structure During Cooling and Plastic Deformation. 8.5 Cooling Shrinkage and Stress Relief Heat Treatment. 8.6 Hot Isostatic Pressing. Summary. Exercises. Chapter 9: Precipitation of Pores and Slag Inclusions during Casting Processes. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Units and Laws. 9.3 Precipitation of Gases in Metal Melts. 9.4 Precipitation of Inclusions in Metal Melts. 9.5 Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys. 9.6 Copper and Copper Alloys. 9.7 Steel and Iron Alloys. 9.8 Cast Iron. 9.9 Nickel and Nickel-Base Alloys. Summary. Exercises. Chapter 10: Solidification and Cooling Shrinkage of Metals and Alloys. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Solidification and Cooling Shrinkage. 10.3 Concepts and Laws. Methods of Measurement. 10.4 Solidification and Cooling Shrinkage during Casting. 10.5 Solidification Shrinkage during Ingot Casting. 10.6 Solidification and Cooling Shrinkage during Continuous Casting. 10.7 Thermal Stress and Crack Formation during Solidification and Cooling Processes. Summary. Exercises. Chapter 11: Macrosegregation in Alloys. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Macrosegregation due to Solidification Shrinkage. 11.3 Macrosegregation during Unidirectional Solidification. 11.4 Inverse Macrosegregation. 11.5 Macrosegregation during Continuous Casting. 11.6 Centre Segregation during Continuous Casting. 11.7 Freckles. 11.8 Macrosegregation during Horizontal Solidification. 11.9 Macrosegregations in Steel Ingots. Summary. Exercises. Answers to Exercises. Index.
£71.96
Wiley Wear
Book SynopsisThis excellent publication is the culmination of an idea spawned from a special issue on Wear in the Journal of Engineering Tribology that was guest edited by the author.Table of ContentsList of Contributors xiii Series Editors’ Foreword xvii Preface xix 1 The Challenge of Wear 1I.M. Hutchings Abstract 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Definitions and Development of Wear Studies 1 1.3 Scope and Challenges 2 1.4 Conclusions 6 References 6 2 Classification of Wear Mechanisms/Models 9K. Kato Abstract 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Classification of Wear Mechanisms and Wear Modes 10 2.2.1 Mechanical, Chemical and Thermal Wear 10 2.2.2 Wear Modes: Abrasive, Adhesive, Flow and Fatigue Wear 11 2.2.3 Corrosive Wear 14 2.2.4 Melt and Diffusive Wear 15 2.3 General Discussion of Wear Mechanisms and Their Models 15 2.3.1 Material Dependence 15 2.3.2 Wear Maps 16 2.3.3 Wear Mode Transition 17 2.3.4 Erosion 17 2.4 Conclusion 18 Acknowledgements 18 References 18 3 Wear of Metals: A Material Approach 21S.K. Biswas Abstract 21 3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 Mild Wear and Transition to Severe Wear 223.2.1 Mild Wear 22 3.2.2 Transition to Severe Wear 23 3.3 Strain Rate Estimates and Bulk Surface Temperature 27 3.3.1 Strain Rate Response Maps 28 3.3.2 Bulk Surface Temperature 30 3.3.3 The Phenomenological Argument 30 3.3.4 Micrographic Observations 31 3.4 Summary 34 3.4.1 Homogeneous Deformation – Severe Wear 34 3.4.2 Homogeneous Deformation – Mild Wear 35 3.4.3 Inhomogeneous Deformation – Severe Wear 35 Acknowledgements 35 References 35 4 Boundary Lubricated Wear 37S.M. Hsu, R.G. Munro, M.C. Shen, and R.S. Gates Abstract 37 4.1 Introduction 37 4.2 Lubricated Wear Classification 38 4.3 Lubricated Wear Versus “Dry” Wear 38 4.4 Wear Measurement in Well-Lubricated Systems 42 4.5 Measurement Procedures 44 4.5.1 Run-In Process 46 4.5.2 General Performance Wear Test (GPT) 49 4.5.3 Enhanced Oxidation Wear Test (EOT) 52 4.5.4 Boundary Film Persistence Test (BFPT) 53 4.5.5 Case Study with GPT and BFPT 55 4.5.6 Boundary Film Failure Test (BFFT) 57 4.6 Wear Mechanisms Under Lubricated Conditions 61 4.7 Modeling of Lubricated Wear 65 4.7.1 Wear 65 4.7.2 Contact Area 65 4.7.3 Rheology 66 4.7.4 Film Thickness 67 4.7.5 Contact Stress 67 4.7.6 Flash Temperatures 67 4.8 Summary 68 Acknowledgments 69 References 69 5 Wear and Chemistry of Lubricants 71A. Neville and A. Morina 5.1 Encountering Wear in Tribological Contacts 71 5.2 Lubricant Formulations – Drivers for Change 73 5.3 Tribochemistry and Wear 76 5.4 Antiwear Additive Technologies 77 5.4.1 Antiwear Technologies 77 5.4.2 ZDDP – Antiwear Mechanism 78 5.4.3 Interaction of ZDDP with Other Additives 83 5.4.4 New Antiwear Additive Technologies 87 5.5 Extreme Pressure Additives 88 5.6 Lubricating Non-Fe Materials 89 References 90 6 Surface Chemistry in Tribology 95A.J. Gellman and N.D. Spencer Abstract 95 6.1 Introduction 95 6.2 Boundary Lubrication and Oiliness Additives 95 6.2.1 Introduction 95 6.2.2 Monolayers, Multilayers and Soaps 96 6.2.3 Viscous Near-Surface Layers 102 6.2.4 Boundary Lubrication in Natural Joints 102 6.2.5 Summary 103 6.3 Zinc Dialkyldithiophosphate 103 6.3.1 Background 103 6.3.2 Analytical Approaches 104 6.3.3 Summary of Film-Formation Mechanism 104 6.3.4 Studies of Film Structure, Composition, and Thickness 105 6.4 Hard Disk Lubrication 109 6.5 Vapor-Phase Lubrication 112 6.6 Tribology of Quasicrystals 115 6.7 Conclusions 118 Acknowledgments 118 References 118 7 Tribology of Engineered Surfaces 123K. Holmberg and A. Matthews Abstract 123 7.1 Introduction 123 7.2 Definition of an Engineered Surface 125 7.3 Tribomechanisms of Coated Surfaces 125 7.3.1 Scales of Tribology 125 7.3.2 Macromechanical Friction and Wear 126 7.3.3 Micromechanical Mechanisms 131 7.3.4 Modelling Stresses and Strains in a Coated Microcontact 132 7.3.5 Tribochemical Mechanisms 133 7.3.6 Nanoscale Mechanisms 135 7.3.7 Debris Generation and Transfer Layers 136 7.4 Contact Types 139 7.4.1 Sliding 139 7.4.2 Abrasion 141 7.4.3 Impact 141 7.4.4 Surface Fatigue 141 7.4.5 Fretting 142 7.4.6 Chemical Dissolution 143 7.4.7 Lubricated 143 7.5 Advanced Coating Types 144 7.5.1 Hard Binary Compound Coatings 145 7.5.2 Multilayer Coatings 146 7.5.3 Nanocomposite Coatings 149 7.5.4 Hybrid and Duplex Coatings 151 7.6 Applications 152 7.7 Conclusions 154 References 155 8 Wear of Ceramics: Wear Transitions and Tribochemical Reactions 167S. Jahanmir Abstract 167 8.1 Introduction 168 8.2 Structure and Properties of Ceramics 168 8.2.1 Alumina Ceramics 168 8.2.2 Silicon Nitride Ceramics 169 8.2.3 Silicon Carbide Ceramics 170 8.3 Wear Transitions 170 8.3.1 Alumina 171 8.3.2 Silicon Nitride 174 8.3.3 Silicon Carbide 175 8.4 Damage Formation in Hertzian Contacts 177 8.4.1 Brittle Behavior 177 8.4.2 Quasi-Plastic Behavior 177 8.4.3 Brittleness Index 180 8.5 Transition Loads in Sliding Contacts 181 8.5.1 Quasi-Plastic Behavior 181 8.5.2 Brittle Behavior 183 8.5.3 Transition from Brittle Fracture to Quasi-Plasticity 184 8.6 Ceramics in Tribological Applications 185 Acknowledgments 187 References 187 9 Tribology of Diamond and Diamond-Like Carbon Films: An Overview 191A. Erdemir and Ch. Donnet Abstract 191 9.1 General Overview 192 9.2 Diamond Films 194 9.2.1 Deposition and Film Microstructure 194 9.2.2 Tribology of Diamond Films 195 9.2.3 Practical Applications 204 9.3 Diamond-like Carbon Films 207 9.3.1 Structure and Composition 207 9.3.2 Tribology of DLC Films 209 9.3.3 Synthesis of Carbon Films with Superlow-Friction and -Wear Properties 215 9.3.4 Practical Applications 217 9.4 Summary and Future Direction 219 Acknowledgments 219 References 220 10 Tribology of Polymeric Solids and Their Composites 223B.J. Briscoe and S.K. Sinha Abstract 223 10.1 Introduction 224 10.2 The Mechanisms of Polymer Friction 225 10.2.1 The Ploughing Term – Brief Summary 225 10.2.2 The Adhesion Term – Brief Summary 227 10.3 Wear 228 10.3.1 Semantics and Rationalizations 228 10.3.2 Wear Classification Based on Generic Scaling Responses 230 10.3.3 Phenomenological Classification of Wear Damages 232 10.3.4 Wear Classification Based on Polymeric Responses 240 10.4 Tribology of Polymer Composites 249 10.4.1 ‘Soft and Lubricating’ Phases in a Harder Matrix 249 10.4.2 ‘Hard and Strong’ Phases in a ‘Soft’ Matrix 250 10.4.3 Hybrid Polymer Composites 253 10.5 Environmental and Lubrication Effects 254 10.6 A Case Study: Polymers in Hip and Knee Prosthetic Applications – Ultrahigh-Molecular-Weight Poly(ethylene) (UHMWPE) 256 10.7 Concluding Remarks 260 Acknowledgements 261 References 261 11 Wear of Polymer Composites 269K. Friedrich, Z. Zhang and P. Klein Abstract 269 11.1 Introduction 269 11.2 Sliding Wear of Filler Reinforced Polymer Composites 270 11.2.1 Short Fibres and Internal Lubricants 270 11.2.2 PTFE Matrix Composites 272 11.2.3 Micro- and Nanoparticle Reinforcements 275 11.2.4 Integration of Traditional Fillers with Inorganic Nanoparticles 277 11.2.5 Functionally Graded Tribo-Materials 279 11.3 Artificial Neural Networks Approach for Wear Prediction 280 11.4 Fibre Orientation, Wear Mechanisms and Stress Conditions in Continuous Fibre Reinforced Composites 282 11.5 Conclusions 286 Acknowledgements 286 References 287 12 Third-Body Reality – Consequences and Use of the Third-Body Concept to Solve Friction and Wear Problems 291Y. Berthier Abstract 291 12.1 Introduction 292 12.2 Relationship Between the Third Body and Friction 292 12.2.1 Boundary Conditions 292 12.2.2 Friction Analysis 292 12.3 Relationship Between the Third Body and Wear 293 12.3.1 Wear Laws 293 12.3.2 Material Hardness and Wear 294 12.4 What Methods Exist for Studying Friction and Wear? 294 12.4.1 The Scientific Context Surrounding Tribology 294 12.4.2 Physical Difficulties Related to Studying Contacts 295 12.4.3 So Where to from Here? 297 12.5 The Third-Body Concept 298 12.5.1 Artificial and Natural Third Bodies 298 12.5.2 Contact Without the Third Body 299 12.5.3 Types of “Solid” Third Body from the Mechanical Viewpoint 299 12.5.4 “Action Heights” of Third Bodies 300 12.6 Functions and Behaviour of the Third Body 300 12.6.1 Functions of the Third Body 300 12.6.2 Operation of Solid Third Bodies 301 12.6.3 Tribological Circuit of Third-Body Flows 302 12.6.4 Rheology of the Third Body 303 12.6.5 Scientific and Technological Consequences of the Tribological Circuit 303 12.7 Roles of the Materials in a Tribological Contact 304 12.7.1 Indirect Role of the Materials – Scale of the Actual Mechanism or Mechanical Device 304 12.7.2 Direct Role of the Materials – Scale of First Bodies 304 12.7.3 Optimal Direct Response of Material to the Tribological Contact 305 12.7.4 Consequences on the Approach Used for Solving Technological Problems 306 12.8 Taking into Account the Effects of the Mechanism 306 12.8.1 Choosing the Conditions to be Modelled 306 12.8.2 Technological Consequences of the Effects of the Mechanism 307 12.9 Taking into Account the Effect of the First Bodies 307 12.9.1 Local Contact Dynamics 307 12.9.2 Technological Consequences of the Effects of the First Bodies 307 12.10 “Solid” Natural Third-Body Modelling 308 12.10.1 Reconstruction of the Tribological Circuit 308 12.10.2 Technological Consequences of the Third Body 309 12.11 Correspondence of the Strategy Proposed to Reality 310 12.12 Control of Input Conditions 310 12.12.1 Objectives 310 12.12.2 Procedure 311 12.12.3 Precautions 311 12.13 Performing Experiments 312 12.13.1 Initial Conditions 312 12.13.2 Exterior of the Contact 313 12.13.3 Interior of the Contact 313 12.14 Conclusions 314 Acknowledgements 314 References 315 13 Basic Principles of Fretting 317P. Kapsa, S. Fouvry and L. Vincent Abstract 317 13.1 Introduction 317 13.2 Wear 319 13.3 Industrial Needs 320 13.4 Fretting in Assemblies 321 13.5 Fretting Processes 322 13.6 Fretting Parameters 330 13.6.1 Nature of Loading 330 13.6.2 Nature of the First Bodies 331 13.6.3 Coatings 332 13.6.4 Environment 334 13.6.5 Frequency 335 13.6.6 Temperature 335 13.7 Conclusions 336 References 337 14 Characterization and Classification of Abrasive Particles and Surfaces 339G.W. Stachowiak, G.B. Stachowiak, D. De Pellegrin and P. Podsiadlo Abstract 339 14.1 Introduction 340 14.2 General Descriptors of Particle Shape 340 14.3 Particle Angularity Parameters 341 14.3.1 Angularity Parameters SP and SPQ and Their Relation to Abrasive and Erosive Wear 342 14.3.2 Cone-Fit Analysis (CFA) 344 14.3.3 Sharpness Analysis 349 14.4 Particle Size Effect in Abrasive Wear 353 14.5 Sharpness of Surfaces 356 14.5.1 Characterization of Surface Sharpness by the Modified SPQ Method 356 14.5.2 Characterization of Surface Sharpness by SA 358 14.6 Classification of Abrasive Surfaces 359 14.7 Summary 364 Acknowledgements 365 References 365 15 Wear Mapping of Materials 369S.M. Hsu and M.C. Shen 15.1 Introduction 369 15.1.1 Wear – A System Perspective 370 15.1.2 Historical Material Selection Guide 370 15.2 Basic Definition of Wear 372 15.2.1 Nature of Wear 372 15.2.2 Wear Characterization 372 15.3 Wear as a System Function 375 15.4 Wear Maps as a Classification Tool to Define the System 376 15.5 Wear as an “Intrinsic” Material Property as Defined by Wear Maps 377 15.6 Different Kinds of Wear Maps 378 15.7 Application of Wear Maps 380 15.7.1 Material Comparison Based on Wear Maps 381 15.7.2 Wear Transition Diagrams 385 15.7.3 Material Selection Guided by Wear Maps 389 15.7.4 Wear Mechanism Identification 391 15.7.5 Wear Modeling Guide Based on Wear Maps 396 15.7.6 Wear Prediction Based on Wear Maps 405 15.8 Construction Techniques of Wear Maps 411 15.8.1 Conducting Wear Experiments 411 15.8.2 Wear Data 412 15.8.3 Data Trend Analysis 413 15.8.4 Wear Mapping 414 15.8.5 Selection of Parameters for Mapping 416 15.8.6 Assumptions in the Step-Loading Test Procedure 418 15.9 Application Map Concept and Examples 420 15.10 Future Wear Map Research 421 References 422 16 Machine Failure and Its Avoidance – Tribology’s Contribution to Effective Maintenance of Critical Machinery 425B.J. Roylance Abstract 425 16.1 Introduction 425 16.2 Maintenance Practice and Tribological Principles 426 16.2.1 Maintenance Practice – A Brief Historical Overview 426 16.2.2 Tribological Principles 427 16.2.3 Tribology and Maintenance 431 16.3 Failure Diagnoses 432 16.3.1 Failure Morphology and Analysis 432 16.3.2 Dealing with Failure – Two Short Case Studies 434 16.3.3 Comment 436 16.4 Condition-Based Maintenance 436 16.5 Wear and Wear Debris Analysis 440 16.5.1 Wear Modes and Associated Debris Characteristics – Some Experimental Results and Their Application to RAF Early Failure Detection Centres 443 16.5.2 Summary of Laboratory Test Results 445 16.5.3 Wear Particle Classification and Application 446 16.6 Predicting the Remaining Useful Life and Evaluating the Cost Benefits 448 16.6.1 Remaining Useful Life Predictions 448 16.6.2 Evaluating the Cost Benefits 449 16.7 Closure 450 Acknowledgements 450 References 451 Index 453
£141.26
Wiley-Blackwell Military Avionics Systems
Book SynopsisIan Moir and Allan Seabridge Military avionics is a complex and technically challenging field which requires a high level of competence from all those involved in the aircraft design and maintenance.Trade Review"…an extremely comprehensive book which, successfully, covers this complex subject in great depth." (RAes- Aerospace International, October 2006)Table of ContentsSeries Preface. Acknowledgements. About the Authors. Introduction. 1 Military roles. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Air superiority. 1.3 Ground attack. 1.4 Strategic bomber. 1.5 Maritime patrol. 1.6 Battlefield surveillance. 1.7 Airborne early warning. 1.8 Electronic warfare. 1.9 Photographic reconnaissance. 1.10 Air-to-air refuelling. 1.11 Troop/materiel transport. 1.12 Unmanned air vehicles. 1.13 Training. 1.14 Special roles. 1.15 Summary. Further Reading. 2 Technology and architectures. 2.1 Evolution of avionics architectures. 2.2 Aerospace-specific data buses. 2.3 JIAWG architecture. 2.4 COTS data buses. 2.5 Real-time operating systems. 2.6 RF integration. 2.7 Pave Pace/F-35 shared aperture architecture. References. 3 Basic radar systems. 3.1 Basic principles of radar. 3.2 Radar antenna characteristics. 3.3 Major radar modes. 3.4 Antenna directional properties. 3.5 Pulsed radar architecture. 3.6 Doppler radar. 3.7 Other uses of radar. 3.8 Target tracking. References. 4 Advanced radar systems. 4.1 Pulse compression. 4.2 Pulsed Doppler operation. 4.3 Pulsed Doppler radar implementation. 4.4 Advanced antennas. 4.5 Synthetic aperture radar. 4.6 Low observability. References. 5 Electrooptics. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Television. 5.3 Night-vision goggles. 5.4 IR imaging. 5.5 IR tracking. 5.6 Lasers. 5.7 Integrated systems. References. 6 Electronic warfare. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Signals intelligence (SIGINT). 6.3 Electronic support measures. 6.4 Electronic countermeasures and counter-countermeasures. 6.5 Defensive aids. References. 7 Communications and identification. 7.1 Definition of CNI. 7.2 RF propagation. 7.3 Transponders. 7.4 Data links. 7.5 Network-centric operations. References. 8 Navigation. 8.1 Navigation principles. 8.2 Radio navigation. 8.3 Inertial navigation fundamentals. 8.4 Satellite navigation. 8.5 Integrated navigation. 8.6 Flight management system. 8.7 Navigation aids. 8.8 Inertial navigation. 8.9 Global navigation satellite systems. 8.10 Global air transport management (GATM). References. 9 Weapons carriage and guidance. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 F-16 Fighting Falcon. 9.3 AH-64 C/D Longbow Apache. 9.4 Eurofighter Typhoon. 9.5 F/A-22 Raptor. 9.6 Nimrod MRA4. 9.7 F-35 joint strike fighter. 9.8 MIL-STD-1760 standard stores interface. 9.9 Air-to-air missiles. 9.10 Air-to-ground ordnance. Resources. References. 10 Vehicle Management Systems. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Historical development of control of utility systems. 10.3 Summary of utility systems. 10.4 Control of utility systems. 10.5 Subsystem descriptions. 10.6 Design considerations. References. Further reading. 11 Displays. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Crew station. 11.3 Head-up display. 11.4 Helmet-mounted displays. 11.5 Head-down displays. 11.6 Emerging display technologies. 11.7 Visibility requirements. References. Bibliography. Glossary. Index.
£117.85
John Wiley & Sons Inc Surface Analysis 2e The Principal Techniques
Book SynopsisThis completely updated and revised second edition of Surface Analysis: The Principal Techniques, deals with the characterisation and understanding of the outer layers of substrates, how they react, look and function which are all of interest to surface scientists.Table of ContentsList of Contributors xv Preface xvii 1 Introduction 1John C. Vickerman 1.1 How do we Define the Surface? 1 1.2 How Many Atoms in a Surface? 2 1.3 Information Required 3 1.4 Surface Sensitivity 5 1.5 Radiation Effects – Surface Damage 7 1.6 Complexity of the Data 8 2 Auger Electron Spectroscopy 9Hans Jörg Mathieu 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Principle of the Auger Process 10 2.2.1 Kinetic Energies of Auger Peaks 11 2.2.2 Ionization Cross-Section 15 2.2.3 Comparison of Auger and Photon Emission 16 2.2.4 Electron Backscattering 17 2.2.5 Escape Depth 18 2.2.6 Chemical Shifts 19 2.3 Instrumentation 21 2.3.1 Electron Sources 22 2.3.2 Spectrometers 24 2.3.3 Modes of Acquisition 24 2.3.4 Detection Limits 29 2.3.5 Instrument Calibration 30 2.4 Quantitative Analysis 31 2.5 Depth Profile Analysis 33 2.5.1 Thin Film Calibration Standard 34 2.5.2 Depth Resolution 36 2.5.3 Sputter Rates 37 2.5.4 Preferential Sputtering 40 2.5.5 λ-Correction 41 2.5.6 Chemical Shifts in AES Profiles 42 2.6 Summary 43 References 44 Problems 45 3 Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis 47Buddy D. Ratner and David G. Castner 3.1 Overview 47 3.1.1 The Basic ESCA Experiment 48 3.1.2 A History of the Photoelectric Effect and ESCA 48 3.1.3 Information Provided by ESCA 49 3.2 X-ray Interaction withMatter, the Photoelectron Effect and Photoemission from Solids 50 3.3 Binding Energy and the Chemical Shift 52 3.3.1 Koopmans’ Theorem 53 3.3.2 Initial State Effects 53 3.3.3 Final State Effects 57 3.3.4 Binding Energy Referencing 58 3.3.5 Charge Compensation in Insulators 60 3.3.6 Peak Widths 61 3.3.7 Peak Fitting 62 3.4 Inelastic Mean Free Path and Sampling Depth 63 3.5 Quantification 67 3.5.1 Quantification Methods 68 3.5.2 Quantification Standards 70 3.5.3 Quantification Example 71 3.6 Spectral Features 73 3.7 Instrumentation 80 3.7.1 Vacuum Systems for ESCA Experiments 80 3.7.2 X-ray Sources 82 3.7.3 Analyzers 84 3.7.4 Data Systems 86 3.7.5 Accessories 88 3.8 Spectral Quality 88 3.9 Depth Profiling 89 3.10 X–Y Mapping and Imaging 94 3.11 Chemical Derivatization 96 3.12 Valence Band 96 3.13 Perspectives 99 3.14 Conclusions 100 Acknowledgements 101 References 101 Problems 109 4 Molecular Surface Mass Spectrometry by SIMS 113John C. Vickerman 4.1 Introduction 113 4.2 Basic Concepts 116 4.2.1 The Basic Equation 116 4.2.2 Sputtering 116 4.2.3 Ionization 121 4.2.4 The Static Limit and Depth Profiling 123 4.2.5 Surface Charging 124 4.3 Experimental Requirements 125 4.3.1 Primary Beam 125 4.3.2 Mass Analysers 131 4.4 Secondary Ion Formation 140 4.4.1 Introduction 140 4.4.2 Models of Sputtering 143 4.4.3 Ionization 149 4.4.4 Influence of the Matrix Effect in Organic Materials Analysis 151 4.5 Modes of Analysis 155 4.5.1 Spectral Analysis 155 4.5.2 SIMS Imaging or Scanning SIMS 166 4.5.3 Depth Profiling and 3D Imaging 173 4.6 Ionization of the Sputtered Neutrals 183 4.6.1 Photon Induced Post-Ionization 184 4.6.2 Photon Post-Ionization and SIMS 190 4.7 Ambient Methods of Desorption Mass Spectrometry 194 References 199 Problems 203 5 Dynamic SIMS 207David McPhail and Mark Dowsett 5.1 Fundamentals and Attributes 207 5.1.1 Introduction 207 5.1.2 Variations on a Theme 211 5.1.3 The Interaction of the Primary Beam with the Sample 214 5.1.4 Depth Profiling 217 5.1.5 Complimentary Techniques and Data Comparison 224 5.2 Areas and Methods of Application 226 5.2.1 Dopant and Impurity Profiling 226 5.2.2 Profiling High Concentration Species 227 5.2.3 Use of SIMS in Near Surface Regions 230 5.2.4 Applications of SIMS Depth Profiling in Materials Science 233 5.3 Quantification of Data 233 5.3.1 Quantification of Depth Profiles 233 5.3.2 Fabrication of Standards 239 5.3.3 Depth Measurement and Calibration of the Depth Scale 241 5.3.4 Sources of Error in Depth Profiles 242 5.4 Novel Approaches 246 5.4.1 Bevelling and Imaging or Line Scanning 246 5.4.2 Reverse-Side Depth Profiling 250 5.4.3 Two-Dimensional Analysis 251 5.5 Instrumentation 252 5.5.1 Overview 252 5.5.2 Secondary Ion Optics 253 5.5.3 Dual Beam Methods and ToF 254 5.5.4 Gating 254 5.6 Conclusions 256 References 257 Problems 267 6 Low-Energy Ion Scattering and Rutherford Backscattering 269Edmund Taglauer 6.1 Introduction 269 6.2 Physical Basis 271 6.2.1 The Scattering Process 271 6.2.2 Collision Kinematics 272 6.2.3 Interaction Potentials and Cross-sections 275 6.2.4 Shadow Cone 278 6.2.5 Computer Simulation 281 6.3 Rutherford Backscattering 284 6.3.1 Energy Loss 284 6.3.2 Apparatus 287 6.3.3 Beam Effects 289 6.3.4 Quantitative Layer Analysis 290 6.3.5 Structure Analysis 293 6.3.6 Medium-Energy Ion Scattering (MEIS) 297 6.3.7 The Value of RBS and Comparison to Related Techniques 298 6.4 Low-Energy Ion Scattering 300 6.4.1 Neutralization 300 6.4.2 Apparatus 303 6.4.3 Surface Composition Analysis 307 6.4.4 Structure Analysis 316 6.4.5 Conclusions 323 Acknowledgement 324 References 324 Problems 330 Key Facts 330 7 Vibrational Spectroscopy from Surfaces 333Martyn E. Pemble and Peter Gardner 7.1 Introduction 333 7.2 Infrared Spectroscopy from Surfaces 334 7.2.1 Transmission IR Spectroscopy 335 7.2.2 Photoacoustic Spectroscopy 340 7.2.3 Reflectance Methods 342 7.3 Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) 361 7.3.1 Inelastic or ‘Impact’ Scattering 362 7.3.2 Elastic or ‘Dipole’ Scattering 365 7.3.3 The EELS (HREELS) Experiment 367 7.4 The Group Theory of Surface Vibrations 368 7.4.1 General Approach 368 7.4.2 Group Theory Analysis of Ethyne Adsorbed at a Flat, Featureless Surface 369 7.4.3 Group Theory Analysis of Ethyne Adsorbed at a (100) Surface of an FCC Metal 373 7.4.4 The Expected Form of the RAIRS and Dipolar EELS (HREELS) Spectra 374 7.5 Laser Raman Spectroscopy from Surfaces 375 7.5.1 Theory of Raman Scattering 376 7.5.2 The Study of Collective Surface Vibrations (Phonons) using Raman Spectroscopy 377 7.5.3 Raman Spectroscopy from Metal Surfaces 379 7.5.4 Spatial Resolution in Surface Raman Spectroscopy 380 7.5.5 Fourier Transform Surface Raman Techniques 380 7.6 Inelastic Neutron Scattering (INS) 381 7.6.1 Introduction to INS 381 7.6.2 The INS Spectrum 382 7.6.3 INS Spectra ofHydrodesesulfurization Catalysts 382 7.7 Sum-Frequency Generation Methods 383 References 386 Problems 389 8 Surface Structure Determination by Interference Techniques 391Christopher A. Lucas 8.1 Introduction 391 8.1.1 Basic Theory of Diffraction – Three Dimensions 392 8.1.2 Extension to Surfaces – Two Dimensions 398 8.2 Electron Diffraction Techniques 402 8.2.1 General Introduction 402 8.2.2 Low Energy Electron Diffraction 403 8.2.3 Reflection High Energy Electron Diffraction (RHEED) 418 8.3 X-ray Techniques 424 8.3.1 General Introduction 424 8.3.2 X-ray Adsorption Spectroscopy 427 8.3.3 Surface X-ray Diffraction (SXRD) 447 8.3.4 X-ray Standing Waves (XSWs) 456 8.4 Photoelectron Diffraction 464 8.4.1 Introduction 464 8.4.2 Theoretical Considerations 465 8.4.3 Experimental Details 469 8.4.4 Applications of XPD and PhD 470 References 474 9 Scanning Probe Microscopy 479Graham J. Leggett 9.1 Introduction 479 9.2 Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy 480 9.2.1 Basic Principles of the STM 481 9.2.2 Instrumentation and Basic Operation Parameters 487 9.2.3 Atomic Resolution and Spectroscopy: Surface Crystal and Electronic Structure 489 9.3 Atomic Force Microscopy 511 9.3.1 Basic Principles of the AFM 511 9.3.2 Chemical Force Microscopy 524 9.3.3 Friction Force Microscopy 526 9.3.4 Biological Applications of the AFM 532 9.4 Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy 537 9.4.1 Optical Fibre Near-Field Microscopy 537 9.4.2 Apertureless SNOM 541 9.5 Other Scanning Probe Microscopy Techniques 542 9.6 Lithography Using Probe Microscopy Methods 544 9.6.1 STM Lithography 544 9.6.2 AFM Lithography 545 9.6.3 Near-Field Photolithography 549 9.6.4 The ‘Millipede’ 550 9.7 Conclusions 551 References 552 Problems 559 10 The Application of Multivariate Data Analysis Techniques in Surface Analysis 563Joanna L.S. Lee and Ian S. Gilmore 10.1 Introduction 563 10.2 Basic Concepts 565 10.2.1 Matrix and Vector Representation of Data 565 10.2.2 Dimensionality and Rank 567 10.2.3 Relation to Multivariate Analysis 568 10.2.4 Choosing the Appropriate Multivariate Method 568 10.3 Factor Analysis for Identification 569 10.3.1 Terminology 570 10.3.2 Mathematical Background 570 10.3.3 Principal Component Analysis 571 10.3.4 Multivariate Curve Resolution 579 10.3.5 Analysis of Multivariate Images 582 10.4 Regression Methods for Quantification 591 10.4.1 Terminology 591 10.4.2 Mathematical Background 592 10.4.3 Principal Component Regression 594 10.4.4 Partial Least Squares Regression 595 10.4.5 Calibration, Validation and Prediction 596 10.4.6 Example – Correlating ToF–SIMS Spectra with PolymerWettability Using PLS 598 10.5 Methods for Classification 600 10.5.1 Discriminant Function Analysis 601 10.5.2 Hierarchal Cluster Analysis 602 10.5.3 Artificial Neural Networks 603 10.6 Summary and Conclusion 606 Acknowledgements 608 References 608 Problems 611 Appendix 1 Vacuum Technology for Applied Surface Science 613Rod Wilson A1.1 Introduction: Gases and Vapours 613 A1.2 The Pressure Regions of Vacuum Technology and their Characteristics 619 A1.3 Production of a Vacuum 622 A1.3.1 Types of Pump 622 A1.3.2 Evacuation of a Chamber 634 A1.3.3 Choice of Pumping System 635 A1.3.4 Determination of the Size of Backing Pumps 636 A1.3.5 Flanges and their Seals 636 A1.4 Measurement of Low Pressures 637 A1.4.1 Gauges for Direct Pressure Measurement 638 A1.4.2 Gauges Using Indirect Means of Pressure Measurement 640 A1.4.3 Partial Pressure Measuring Instruments 644 Acknowledgement 647 References 647 Appendix 2 Units, Fundamental Physical Constants and Conversions 649 A2.1 Base Units of the SI 649 A2.2 Fundamental Physical Constants 650 A2.3 Other Units and Conversions to SI 651 References 652 Index 653
£179.06
John Wiley & Sons Inc Surface Analysis
Book SynopsisThis completely updated and revised second edition of Surface Analysis: The Principal Techniques, deals with the characterisation and understanding of the outer layers of substrates, how they react, look and function which are all of interest to surface scientists. Within this comprehensive text, experts in each analysis area introduce the theory and practice of the principal techniques that have shown themselves to be effective in both basic research and in applied surface analysis. Examples of analysis are provided to facilitate the understanding of this topic and to show readers how they can overcome problems within this area of study.Table of ContentsList of Contributors xv Preface xvii 1 Introduction 1John C. Vickerman 1.1 How do we Define the Surface? 1 1.2 How Many Atoms in a Surface? 2 1.3 Information Required 3 1.4 Surface Sensitivity 5 1.5 Radiation Effects – Surface Damage 7 1.6 Complexity of the Data 8 2 Auger Electron Spectroscopy 9Hans Jörg Mathieu 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Principle of the Auger Process 10 2.2.1 Kinetic Energies of Auger Peaks 11 2.2.2 Ionization Cross-Section 15 2.2.3 Comparison of Auger and Photon Emission 16 2.2.4 Electron Backscattering 17 2.2.5 Escape Depth 18 2.2.6 Chemical Shifts 19 2.3 Instrumentation 21 2.3.1 Electron Sources 22 2.3.2 Spectrometers 24 2.3.3 Modes of Acquisition 24 2.3.4 Detection Limits 29 2.3.5 Instrument Calibration 30 2.4 Quantitative Analysis 31 2.5 Depth Profile Analysis 33 2.5.1 Thin Film Calibration Standard 34 2.5.2 Depth Resolution 36 2.5.3 Sputter Rates 37 2.5.4 Preferential Sputtering 40 2.5.5 λ-Correction 41 2.5.6 Chemical Shifts in AES Profiles 42 2.6 Summary 43 References 44 Problems 45 3 Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis 47Buddy D. Ratner and David G. Castner 3.1 Overview 47 3.1.1 The Basic ESCA Experiment 48 3.1.2 A History of the Photoelectric Effect and ESCA 48 3.1.3 Information Provided by ESCA 49 3.2 X-ray Interaction withMatter, the Photoelectron Effect and Photoemission from Solids 50 3.3 Binding Energy and the Chemical Shift 52 3.3.1 Koopmans’ Theorem 53 3.3.2 Initial State Effects 53 3.3.3 Final State Effects 57 3.3.4 Binding Energy Referencing 58 3.3.5 Charge Compensation in Insulators 60 3.3.6 Peak Widths 61 3.3.7 Peak Fitting 62 3.4 Inelastic Mean Free Path and Sampling Depth 63 3.5 Quantification 67 3.5.1 Quantification Methods 68 3.5.2 Quantification Standards 70 3.5.3 Quantification Example 71 3.6 Spectral Features 73 3.7 Instrumentation 80 3.7.1 Vacuum Systems for ESCA Experiments 80 3.7.2 X-ray Sources 82 3.7.3 Analyzers 84 3.7.4 Data Systems 86 3.7.5 Accessories 88 3.8 Spectral Quality 88 3.9 Depth Profiling 89 3.10 X–Y Mapping and Imaging 94 3.11 Chemical Derivatization 96 3.12 Valence Band 96 3.13 Perspectives 99 3.14 Conclusions 100 Acknowledgements 101 References 101 Problems 109 4 Molecular Surface Mass Spectrometry by SIMS 113John C. Vickerman 4.1 Introduction 113 4.2 Basic Concepts 116 4.2.1 The Basic Equation 116 4.2.2 Sputtering 116 4.2.3 Ionization 121 4.2.4 The Static Limit and Depth Profiling 123 4.2.5 Surface Charging 124 4.3 Experimental Requirements 125 4.3.1 Primary Beam 125 4.3.2 Mass Analysers 131 4.4 Secondary Ion Formation 140 4.4.1 Introduction 140 4.4.2 Models of Sputtering 143 4.4.3 Ionization 149 4.4.4 Influence of the Matrix Effect in Organic Materials Analysis 151 4.5 Modes of Analysis 155 4.5.1 Spectral Analysis 155 4.5.2 SIMS Imaging or Scanning SIMS 166 4.5.3 Depth Profiling and 3D Imaging 173 4.6 Ionization of the Sputtered Neutrals 183 4.6.1 Photon Induced Post-Ionization 184 4.6.2 Photon Post-Ionization and SIMS 190 4.7 Ambient Methods of Desorption Mass Spectrometry 194 References 199 Problems 203 5 Dynamic SIMS 207David McPhail and Mark Dowsett 5.1 Fundamentals and Attributes 207 5.1.1 Introduction 207 5.1.2 Variations on a Theme 211 5.1.3 The Interaction of the Primary Beam with the Sample 214 5.1.4 Depth Profiling 217 5.1.5 Complimentary Techniques and Data Comparison 224 5.2 Areas and Methods of Application 226 5.2.1 Dopant and Impurity Profiling 226 5.2.2 Profiling High Concentration Species 227 5.2.3 Use of SIMS in Near Surface Regions 230 5.2.4 Applications of SIMS Depth Profiling in Materials Science 233 5.3 Quantification of Data 233 5.3.1 Quantification of Depth Profiles 233 5.3.2 Fabrication of Standards 239 5.3.3 Depth Measurement and Calibration of the Depth Scale 241 5.3.4 Sources of Error in Depth Profiles 242 5.4 Novel Approaches 246 5.4.1 Bevelling and Imaging or Line Scanning 246 5.4.2 Reverse-Side Depth Profiling 250 5.4.3 Two-Dimensional Analysis 251 5.5 Instrumentation 252 5.5.1 Overview 252 5.5.2 Secondary Ion Optics 253 5.5.3 Dual Beam Methods and ToF 254 5.5.4 Gating 254 5.6 Conclusions 256 References 257 Problems 267 6 Low-Energy Ion Scattering and Rutherford Backscattering 269Edmund Taglauer 6.1 Introduction 269 6.2 Physical Basis 271 6.2.1 The Scattering Process 271 6.2.2 Collision Kinematics 272 6.2.3 Interaction Potentials and Cross-sections 275 6.2.4 Shadow Cone 278 6.2.5 Computer Simulation 281 6.3 Rutherford Backscattering 284 6.3.1 Energy Loss 284 6.3.2 Apparatus 287 6.3.3 Beam Effects 289 6.3.4 Quantitative Layer Analysis 290 6.3.5 Structure Analysis 293 6.3.6 Medium-Energy Ion Scattering (MEIS) 297 6.3.7 The Value of RBS and Comparison to Related Techniques 298 6.4 Low-Energy Ion Scattering 300 6.4.1 Neutralization 300 6.4.2 Apparatus 303 6.4.3 Surface Composition Analysis 307 6.4.4 Structure Analysis 316 6.4.5 Conclusions 323 Acknowledgement 324 References 324 Problems 330 Key Facts 330 7 Vibrational Spectroscopy from Surfaces 333Martyn E. Pemble and Peter Gardner 7.1 Introduction 333 7.2 Infrared Spectroscopy from Surfaces 334 7.2.1 Transmission IR Spectroscopy 335 7.2.2 Photoacoustic Spectroscopy 340 7.2.3 Reflectance Methods 342 7.3 Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) 361 7.3.1 Inelastic or ‘Impact’ Scattering 362 7.3.2 Elastic or ‘Dipole’ Scattering 365 7.3.3 The EELS (HREELS) Experiment 367 7.4 The Group Theory of Surface Vibrations 368 7.4.1 General Approach 368 7.4.2 Group Theory Analysis of Ethyne Adsorbed at a Flat, Featureless Surface 369 7.4.3 Group Theory Analysis of Ethyne Adsorbed at a (100) Surface of an FCC Metal 373 7.4.4 The Expected Form of the RAIRS and Dipolar EELS (HREELS) Spectra 374 7.5 Laser Raman Spectroscopy from Surfaces 375 7.5.1 Theory of Raman Scattering 376 7.5.2 The Study of Collective Surface Vibrations (Phonons) using Raman Spectroscopy 377 7.5.3 Raman Spectroscopy from Metal Surfaces 379 7.5.4 Spatial Resolution in Surface Raman Spectroscopy 380 7.5.5 Fourier Transform Surface Raman Techniques 380 7.6 Inelastic Neutron Scattering (INS) 381 7.6.1 Introduction to INS 381 7.6.2 The INS Spectrum 382 7.6.3 INS Spectra ofHydrodesesulfurization Catalysts 382 7.7 Sum-Frequency Generation Methods 383 References 386 Problems 389 8 Surface Structure Determination by Interference Techniques 391Christopher A. Lucas 8.1 Introduction 391 8.1.1 Basic Theory of Diffraction – Three Dimensions 392 8.1.2 Extension to Surfaces – Two Dimensions 398 8.2 Electron Diffraction Techniques 402 8.2.1 General Introduction 402 8.2.2 Low Energy Electron Diffraction 403 8.2.3 Reflection High Energy Electron Diffraction (RHEED) 418 8.3 X-ray Techniques 424 8.3.1 General Introduction 424 8.3.2 X-ray Adsorption Spectroscopy 427 8.3.3 Surface X-ray Diffraction (SXRD) 447 8.3.4 X-ray Standing Waves (XSWs) 456 8.4 Photoelectron Diffraction 464 8.4.1 Introduction 464 8.4.2 Theoretical Considerations 465 8.4.3 Experimental Details 469 8.4.4 Applications of XPD and PhD 470 References 474 9 Scanning Probe Microscopy 479Graham J. Leggett 9.1 Introduction 479 9.2 Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy 480 9.2.1 Basic Principles of the STM 481 9.2.2 Instrumentation and Basic Operation Parameters 487 9.2.3 Atomic Resolution and Spectroscopy: Surface Crystal and Electronic Structure 489 9.3 Atomic Force Microscopy 511 9.3.1 Basic Principles of the AFM 511 9.3.2 Chemical Force Microscopy 524 9.3.3 Friction Force Microscopy 526 9.3.4 Biological Applications of the AFM 532 9.4 Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy 537 9.4.1 Optical Fibre Near-Field Microscopy 537 9.4.2 Apertureless SNOM 541 9.5 Other Scanning Probe Microscopy Techniques 542 9.6 Lithography Using Probe Microscopy Methods 544 9.6.1 STM Lithography 544 9.6.2 AFM Lithography 545 9.6.3 Near-Field Photolithography 549 9.6.4 The ‘Millipede’ 550 9.7 Conclusions 551 References 552 Problems 559 10 The Application of Multivariate Data Analysis Techniques in Surface Analysis 563Joanna L.S. Lee and Ian S. Gilmore 10.1 Introduction 563 10.2 Basic Concepts 565 10.2.1 Matrix and Vector Representation of Data 565 10.2.2 Dimensionality and Rank 567 10.2.3 Relation to Multivariate Analysis 568 10.2.4 Choosing the Appropriate Multivariate Method 568 10.3 Factor Analysis for Identification 569 10.3.1 Terminology 570 10.3.2 Mathematical Background 570 10.3.3 Principal Component Analysis 571 10.3.4 Multivariate Curve Resolution 579 10.3.5 Analysis of Multivariate Images 582 10.4 Regression Methods for Quantification 591 10.4.1 Terminology 591 10.4.2 Mathematical Background 592 10.4.3 Principal Component Regression 594 10.4.4 Partial Least Squares Regression 595 10.4.5 Calibration, Validation and Prediction 596 10.4.6 Example – Correlating ToF–SIMS Spectra with PolymerWettability Using PLS 598 10.5 Methods for Classification 600 10.5.1 Discriminant Function Analysis 601 10.5.2 Hierarchal Cluster Analysis 602 10.5.3 Artificial Neural Networks 603 10.6 Summary and Conclusion 606 Acknowledgements 608 References 608 Problems 611 Appendix 1 Vacuum Technology for Applied Surface Science 613Rod Wilson A1.1 Introduction: Gases and Vapours 613 A1.2 The Pressure Regions of Vacuum Technology and their Characteristics 619 A1.3 Production of a Vacuum 622 A1.3.1 Types of Pump 622 A1.3.2 Evacuation of a Chamber 634 A1.3.3 Choice of Pumping System 635 A1.3.4 Determination of the Size of Backing Pumps 636 A1.3.5 Flanges and their Seals 636 A1.4 Measurement of Low Pressures 637 A1.4.1 Gauges for Direct Pressure Measurement 638 A1.4.2 Gauges Using Indirect Means of Pressure Measurement 640 A1.4.3 Partial Pressure Measuring Instruments 644 Acknowledgement 647 References 647 Appendix 2 Units, Fundamental Physical Constants and Conversions 649 A2.1 Base Units of the SI 649 A2.2 Fundamental Physical Constants 650 A2.3 Other Units and Conversions to SI 651 References 652 Index 653
£49.46
John Wiley & Sons Inc Computational Modelling and Simulation of
Book SynopsisThis first volume of Computational Modelling of Aircraft and the Environment provides a comprehensive guide to the derivation of computational models from basic physical & mathematical principles, giving the reader sufficient information to be able to represent the basic architecture of the synthetic environment. Highly relevant to practitioners, it takes into account the multi-disciplinary nature of the aerospace environment and the integrated nature of the models needed to represent it. Coupled with the forthcoming Volume 2: Aircraft Models and Flight Dynamics it represents a complete reference to the modelling and simulation of aircraft and the environment. All major principles with this book are demonstrated using MATLAB and the detailed mathematics is developed progressively and fully within the context of each individual topic area, thereby rendering the comprehensive body of material digestible as an introductory level text. The author has drawn from his experiTrade Review"Overall this is an excellent book which leads the reader though a clear description of the subject and is easily navigated so that it also makes a good reference. I would not hesitate to recommend this book to novice and experienced practitioners of Earth modelling, inertial navigation, GPS systems and the like." (The Aeronautical Journal, May 2010) Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. List of Abbreviations. How To Use This Book. Series Preface. Chapter 1: Introduction. 1.1 Computational Modelling. 1.2 Modelling and Simulation (M&S). 1.3 Development Processes. 1.4 Models. 1.5 Meta-models. 1.6 Aerospace Applications. 1.7 Integration and Interoperability. 1.8 The End of the Beginning. Chapter 2: Platform Kinematics. 2.1 Axis Systems. 2.2 Changing Position and Orientation. 2.3 Rotating Axis Systems. 2.4 Quaternions. 2.5 Line of Sight. Chapter 3: Geospatial Reference Model. 3.1 Spherical Earth. 3.2 Spherical Trigonometry. 3.3 Great Circle Navigation. 3.4 Rhumb Line Navigation. 3.5 Reference Ellipsoids. 3.6 Coordinate Systems. 3.7 Navigation on an Ellipsoidal Earth. 3.8 Mapping. 3.9 General Principles of Map Projection. 3.10 Mercator Projection . 3.11 Transverse Mercator Projection. 3.12 Conformal Latitude. 3.13 Polar Stereographic Projection. 3.14 Three-Dimensional Mapping. 3.15 Actual Latitudes, Longitudes and Altitudes. Chapter 4: Positional Astronomy. 4.1 Earth and Sun. 4.2 Observational Reference Frames. 4.3 Measurement of Time. 4.4 Calendars and the J2000 Reference Epoch. 4.5 Chronological Scale. 4.6 Astrometric Reference Frames. 4.7 Orbital Mechanics. 4.8 Solar System Orbit Models. 4.9 GPS Orbit Models. 4.10 Night Sky. Chapter 5: Geopotential Fields. 5.1 Potential Fields. 5.2 Gravitation. 5.3 Geomagnetism. 5.4 Geopotential Computation. 5.5 Final Comment on Geopotential Models. Chapter 6: Atmosphere. 6.1 Overview. 6.2 Standard Atmosphere Models. 6.3 ISA Constants and Relationships. 6.4 Geopotential Altitude. 6.5 Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere. 6.6 Pressure Altitude. 6.7 Reference Atmospheres. 6.8 Seasonal Variation. 6.9 Climatic Regions. 6.10 Air Density. 6.11 Water Vapour. 6.12 Weather Systems. Appendix A: Introduction to MATLAB. A. 1 MATLAB. A. 2 The MATLAB Product Family. A. 3 Getting Started. A. 4 Getting Help. A. 5 Where? A. 6 Numbers: Variables and Literals. A. 7 Arithmetic. A. 8 Logic. A. 9 M-Files and Functions. A.10 Built-in Functions. A.11 Constants. A.12 Creating Graphs. A.13 Summary of Appendix A. Appendix B: Data and Function. B.1 Types of Data. B.2 Data Type Descriptions. B.2.1 ‘double’. B.2.2 ‘logical’. B.2.3 ‘char’. B.2.4 ‘cell’. B.2.5 ‘struct’. B.2.6 ‘function_handle’. B.3 Program Structure. B.3.1 Syntax. B.3.2 Conditional Execution. B.3.3 Iterative Execution. B.3.4 Exception Handling. B.3.5 Omissions. B.4 User-defined Functions. B.4.1 Interfacing. B.4.2 Generic Functions. B.4.3 Recursive Functions. B.4.4 Private Functions. B.5 User-defined Classes. B.6 Practical Implementation. B.6.1 Naming Convention. B.6.2 Program Architecture. B.6.3 Precedence. B.6.4 Preferences. B.7 Summary of Appendix B Appendix C: Organisations. C.1 Specialist Agencies of the United Nations. C.2 International Organisations. C.3 US Government Organisations. C.4 UK Government Organisations. C.5 European Organisations. C.6 Open Projects and Consortia. Bibliography. Index.
£93.05
