Petrology, petrography and mineralogy Books

Book Synopsis Dr. Dexter Perkins received his Ph.D. from the University of Michigan in 1979. He has published over 80 papers and three books. He has had research appointments at the University of Chicago and the Universite Blaise Pascal and has been a regular faculty member in the Department of Geology and Geological Engineering at the University of North Dakota for more than 20 years. His current research is focused on mineral equilibria and science education reform. Kevin R. Henke received his Ph.D. in geology from the University of North Dakota in 1997. He has had research and postdoctoral appointments at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, in the Chemistry Department at North Dakota State University, and in the Chemistry Department at the University of Kentucky. He has also taught in the Department of Geological Sciences at the University of Kentucky. Currently, he is researching the chemistry and environmental impacts of mercury and other heavy metals as an eTable of Contents I. THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS. What Is Light? Polarization of Light and the Polarizing Microscope. The Velocity of Light in Crystals and the Refractive Index. Interaction of Light and Crystals. Other Mineral Characteristics in Thin Sections. II. IDENTIFYING MINERALS IN THIN SECTION. Detailed Mineral Description. Appendix A: Common Opaque Minerals. Appendix B: Isotropic Minerals Ordered by Refractive Index. Appendix C: Uniaxial Minerals Sorted by Optic Sign and Ordered by Refractive Index. Appendix D: Biaxial Minerals Sorted by Optic Sign and Ordered by Refractive Index. Appendix E: Minerals Ordered by Interference Colors and Sorted by Optic System and Optic Sign. Appendix F: Alphabetical List of Minerals and Mineral Properties. Color Photographs. Mineral Index.

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Book SynopsisThe pioneering work of Gus Archie moved log interpretation into log analysis with the introduction of the equation that bears his name. Subsequent developments have mixed empiricism, physics, mathematical algorithms, and geological or engineering models as methods applied to petrophysical measurements in boreholes all over the world. Principles of Mathematical Petrophysics reviews the application of mathematics to petrophysics in a format that crystallizes the subject as a subdiscipline appropriate for the workstations of today. The subject matter is of wide interest to both academic and industrial professionals who work with subsurface data applied to energy, hydrology, and environmental issues.This book is the first of its kind, in that it addresses mathematical petrophysics as a distinct discipline. Other books in petrophysics are either extensive descriptions of tool design or interpretation techniques, typically in an ad hoc treatment. It covers mathematical methods that are applied to borehole and core petrophysical measurements to estimate rock properties of fluid saturation, pore types, permeability, mineralogy, facies, and reservoir characterization. These methods are demonstrated by a variety of case studies and summaries of applications. Principles of Mathematical Petrophysics is an invaluable resource for all people working with data related to petrophysics.Table of ContentsCONTENTS ; PREFACE ; ACKNOWLEGEMENTS ; CHAPTER 1: FLUID SATURATION EVALUATION ; CHAPTER 2: POROSITY VOLUMETRICS AND PORE TYPING ; CHAPTER 3: PERMEABILITY ESTIMATION ; CHAPTER 4: COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSIS OF MINERALOGY ; CHAPTER 5: PETROPHYSICAL ROCKS : ELECTROFACIES AND LITHOFACIES ; CHAPTER 6: PORE SYSTEM FACIES: PORE THROATS AND PORE BODIES ; CHAPTER 7: SATURATION -HEIGHT FUNCTIONS ; INDEX

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Book Synopsis1 Concepts in analytical chemistry.- 2 Classical and rapid methods of analysis.- 3 Optical spectrometry: principles and instrumentation.- 4 Atomic absorption spectrometry.- 5 Inductively coupled plasmaatomic emission spectrometry.- 6 Arc and spark source optical emission spectrometry.- 7 Ion-selective electrodes.- 8 X-ray fluorescence analysis: principles and practice of wavelength dispersive spectrometry.- 9 Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry.- 10 Electron probe microanalysis.- 11 Other microbeam and surface analysis techniques.- 12 Neutron activation analysis.- 13 Nuclear techniques for the determination of uranium and thorium and their decay products.- 14 Ion exchange preconcentration procedures.- 15 Gold and platinum group element analysis.- 16 Mass spectrometry: principles and instrumentation.- 17 Thermal ionization mass spectrometry.- 18 Gas source mass spectrometry.- 19 Spark source mass spectrometry.- 20 Inductively coupled plasmamass spectrometry.- References.Table of Contents1 Concepts in analytical chemistry.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Terms and definitions in analytical chemistry.- 1.3 Units of measurement: the international system (SI) of units.- 1.4 Statistics.- 1.5 Detection limits.- 1.6 Sampling strategies: inhomogeneity effects.- 1.7 Contamination effects.- 1.8 Reporting analytical data.- 1.9 Standard additions calibrations.- 1.10 Rock reference materials.- 1.11 Which technique for which element?.- 2 Classical and rapid methods of analysis.- 2.1 Rock dissolution techniques: acid attack.- 2.2 Rock dissolution procedures: fusion with alkali salts.- 2.3 Classical methods of rock analysis.- 2.4 Evolution of rapid methods of analysis.- 2.5 Photometry.- 2.6 Flame photometry.- 2.7 Titrations involving ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA).- 2.8 A rapid scheme of analysis.- 2.9 Determination of ferrous iron.- 2.10 The determination of water and carbon dioxide.- 2.11 The auto-analyser.- 3 Optical spectrometry: principles and instrumentation.- 3.1 Principles.- 3.2 The nature of light.- 3.3 Atomic spectroscopy.- 3.4 The electronic structure of atoms: quantum theory.- 3.5 Spectroscopic notation for electron orbital configurations: the Russell-Saunders coupling scheme.- 3.6 The absorption of light.- 3.7 The emission of light.- 3.8 Instrumentation for optical spectroscopy.- 3.9 Monochromator.- 3.10 Optical filters.- 3.11 Slits.- 3.12 Photon detectors.- 3.13 Classical monochromator designs.- 3.14 Stray light effects.- 3.15 Errors in spectrometric measurements.- 4 Atomic absorption spectrometry.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Instrumentation.- 4.3 Properties of flames.- 4.4 Flame chemistry and atomization interferences in the flame: atomization processes in the flame.- 4.5 Instrumental and spectral interferences.- 4.6 Instrument optimization for routine analysis.- 4.7 Schemes of analysis using flame atomic absorption.- 4.8 Interference suppression.- 4.9 Detection limits.- 4.10 Routine performance.- 4.11 Electrothermal atomization.- 4.12 Atomization in the hollow graphite furnace.- 4.13 Background correction.- 4.14 Geological applications of furnace AAS.- 4.15 Cold vapour and hydride generators.- 4.16 Solid sampling and novel atomization devices.- 5 Inductively coupled plasma—atomic emission spectrometry.- 5.1 Historic development and analytical capabilities.- 5.2 The inductively coupled argon plasma.- 5.3 Nebulizers and spray chambers.- 5.4 Physical structure of the plasma.- 5.5 Temperature distribution in the plasma.- 5.6 Atomization and excitation processes.- 5.7 Interferences in the argon plasma.- 5.8 Measurement and analysis of emission spectra.- 5.9 Some instrument considerations—simultaneous ?. sequential monochromators.- 5.10 Optimizing operating parameters.- 5.11 Calibrations for ICP—AES.- 5.12 Silicate rock analysis.- 5.13 Direct current plasma—optical emission spectrometry.- 6 Arc and spark source optical emission spectrometry.- 6.1 Historical perspective.- 6.2 Instrumentation.- 6.3 Sample preparation.- 6.4 Behaviour of elements in an arc discharge.- 6.5 Simultaneous multi-element analysis.- 6.6 Conclusions.- 7 Ion-selective electrodes.- 7.1 Analytical perspective.- 7.2 Instrumentation.- 7.3 The Nernst equation.- 7.4 Interference effects: non-ideal Nernst behaviour.- 7.5 Schemes for the analysis of geological samples for fluorine.- 7.6 Determination of chlorine by ion-selective electrodes.- 7.7 Other techniques for the determination of chlorine and fluorine.- 8 X-ray fluorescence analysis: principles and practice of wavelength dispersive spectrometry.- 8.1 Analytical characteristics.- 8.2 Energy and wavelength of x-rays.- 8.3 The origin of x-ray spectra.- 8.4 Competing de-excitation routes.- 8.5 Excitation of x-ray spectra.- 8.6 Interaction of x-rays with matter.- 8.7 Matrix effects in geological samples.- 8.8 Mathematical procedures for the correction of absorption-enhancement effects.- 8.9 Instrumentation for wavelength dispersive XRF analysis.- 8.10 Experimental considerations.- 8.11 Routine operating conditions and statistical considerations.- 8.12 Performance in routine analysis.- 8.13 Concluding remarks.- 9 Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry.- 9.1 The development of energy dispersive XRF.- 9.2 The Si(Li) detector.- 9.3 Detector configuration and characteristics.- 9.4 Pulse processing electronics.- 9.5 Interaction of x-rays with the silicon detector.- 9.6 Comparison of ED and WD spectrometers.- 9.7 Silicate rock analysis by ED-XRF using direct tube excitation.- 9.8 Spectrum analysis procedures.- 9.9 Routine analysis using direct tube excitation.- 9.10 Indirect excitation methods.- 9.11 Monochromatic polarized excitation using Bragg diffraction at 2?= 90°C.- 9.12 Radioisotope excitation.- 9.13 Total reflection of primary beam.- 9.14 Concluding remarks.- 10 Electron probe microanalysis.- 10.1 The development of microprobe techniques.- 10.2 Microbeam techniques.- 10.3 Instrumentation for the electron probe microanalyser.- 10.4 Electron column design.- 10.5 Vacuum requirements.- 10.6 Interactions between the electron beam and sample: the excited volume.- 10.7 Phenomena within the excited volume.- 10.8 X-ray production.- 10.9 Matrix correction procedures.- 10.10 X-ray spectrometers.- 10.11 Calibration and routine operation.- 10.12 Energy dispersive spectrometers.- 10.13 Sample preparation requirements.- 10.14 Microprobe mineral standards.- 10.15 Routine analytical performance.- 10.16 Analysis of non-silicate minerals: uranium, thorium and rare-earth elements.- 10.17 Bulk rock analysis by electron microprobe.- 10.18 The SEM as a microprobe.- 10.19 Concluding remarks.- 11 Other microbeam and surface analysis techniques.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 The ion probe.- 11.3 The laser microprobe.- 11.4 Particle-induced x-ray emission (PIXE).- 11.5 Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA).- 11.6 Transmission electron microscopy: the chemical analysis of thin foils.- 12 Neutron activation analysis.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 The growth and decay of radioactivity.- 12.3 Radioactive decay schemes.- 12.4 Instrumentation.- 12.5 Pulse-processing electronics.- 12.6 Interaction of gamma radiation with germanium detectors.- 12.7 Typical spectrum.- 12.8 Detector characteristics.- 12.9 Practical considerations—instrumental neutron activation.- 12.10 Determination of photopeak areas.- 12.11 Other analytical considerations.- 12.12 Interferences and systematic errors.- 12.13 Routine schemes of analysis.- 12.14 Chondrite normalized abundances.- 12.15 Epithermal ?. thermal irradiations.- 12.16 Short-lived isotopes.- 12.17 Radiochemical separation procedures.- 12.18 Prompt gamma neutron activation analysis.- 12.19 Concluding remarks.- 13 Nuclear techniques for the determination of uranium and thorium and their decay products.- 13.1 Techniques for uranium/thorium determination.- 13.2 The uranium—thorium decay chain.- 13.3 Delayed neutron fission activation analysis.- 13.4 Fission track analysis.- 13.5 Other autoradiography techniques for locating and analysing specific elements in thin section.- 13.6 Gamma spectrometry.- 13.7 Alpha spectrometry.- 13.8 Secular equilibrium with particular reference to uranium/thorium disequilibrium measurements.- 13.9 Uranium and thorium series disequilibrium.- 14 Ion exchange preconcentration procedures.- 14.1 Introduction.- 14.2 Ion exchange techniques.- 14.3 Characteristics of ion exchange resins.- 14.4 Some theoretical aspects of ion exchange.- 14.5 Optimizing column separations.- 14.6 Applications of ion exchange chromatography to rare-earth element separations.- 14.7 Chelating ion exchange resins.- 14.8 Other preconcentration procedures.- 15 Gold and platinum group element analysis.- 15.1 Introduction.- 15.2 Fire assay procedures.- 15.3 Acid extraction of noble metals.- 15.4 Other methods of noble metal analysis.- 15.5 Noble metal analysis-comparisons of data.- 15.6 A note on the distribution of noble metals.- 15.7 Graphical presentation of PGE data.- 16 Mass spectrometry: principles and instrumentation.- 16.1 Introduction.- 16.2 Mass spectrometric techniques in geology.- 16.3 The ion source.- 16.4 The mass analyser.- 16.5 Resolution.- 16.6 Double-focusing mass spectrometer.- 16.7 Quadrupole mass spectrometer.- 16.8 Ion detectors.- 16.9 Vacuum requirements.- 16.10 Abundance sensitivity.- 16.11 Beam switching ?. multiple collection.- 16.12 Isotopes and mass spectra: the structure of atoms and nuclear stability.- 16.13 Mass defect phenomena.- 16.14 Radioactive isotopes in nature.- 16.15 Geochronology.- 16.16 Geochronometers of geological importance.- 17 Thermal ionization mass spectrometry.- 17.1 Introduction.- 17.2 Ion production.- 17.3 Rubidium—strontium isotope analysis.- 17.4 Neodymium—samarium isotope analysis.- 17.5 Lead, uranium and thorium isotope analysis.- 17.6 Isotope dilution.- 18 Gas source mass spectrometry.- 18.1 Geological applications.- 18.2 Instrumentation.- 18.3 The delta convention for reporting isotope data.- 18.4 Hydrogen isotope analysis.- 18.5 Carbon isotope analysis.- 18.6 Nitrogen isotope analysis.- 18.7 Oxygen isotope analysis.- 18.8 Sulphur isotope analysis.- 18.9 Noble gas analysis.- 18.10 Potassium—argon geochronometry.- 19 Spark source mass spectrometry.- 19.1 Introduction.- 19.2 Instrumentation and ion production.- 19.3 Internal standardization.- 19.4 Routine data acquisition.- 19.5 Photoplate calibration and element sensitivities.- 19.6 Applications and results.- 19.7 Future developments.- 20 Inductively coupled plasma—mass spectrometry.- 20.1 Introduction.- 20.2 Development of ICP—MS instrumentation: the plasma—mass spectrometer interface.- 20.3 The inductively coupled plasma as ion source.- 20.4 ICP-mass spectrometry instrumentation.- 20.5 Performance and applications.- 20.6 Internal standardization.- 20.7 Isotope dilution.- References.

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Book SynopsisAstonishing, studio-quality photographs of beautiful objects and specimens bring every corner of the planet, from core to atmosphere, to the printed pageElegant design combined with beautiful images to explore and explain Earth's natural riches. This is an informative, visually arresting introduction to planet Earth. The core of the book features large, detailed photographs of single objects, many of them small enough to be held in the hand, that each speak volumes about an aspect of Earth's environments and how they work. For example, bubbles of ancient air trapped inside an Antarctic ice core reveal how Earth's climate has changed over time. A piece of pumice thrown several miles into the air by a volcano helps to explain what happens when tectonic plates collide. The book is structured around an imaginary journey that takes the reader from the inner core to Earth's surface (including both land and oceans) and up to the top of the atmosphere. Taking in environments such as grassl

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Book SynopsisDiscover the history of precious, semi-precious, and organic gemstones, their scientific properties, their mythical powers, and their traditional uses.Humans have been beguiled and fascinated by gemstones and crystals since prehistory, and made use of them for everything from currency and ceremonial decoration to tokens of love or power. But why have some been considered more significant than others - rare or otherwise? Learn all about the key characteristics of precious and semi-precious stones, and discover the science behind some of their more unusual and mysterious properties, and the various ways in which they have taken on powerful symbolic meanings. How did the Vikings use iolite to help them steer their ships, for example? Why did the Ancient Greeks and Romans believe that sardonyx could protect them in battle?Dive deep into the pages of this curated crystal book to discover:- A quirky and compelling angle on the subject of cryst

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Book Synopsis1 Origins and Applications of Loop-in-Loop Chains.- 2 General Information.- 3 Single Loop-in-Loop Chains (One in One, One Direction).- 4 Pinched Loop Chains (One in One, Perpendicular, One Direction).- 5 Double Loop-in-Loop Chains (One in Two, One Direction).- 6 Multidirectional Loop-in-Loop Chains (One in One, Two or More Directions; One in Two, Two or More Directions).- 7 Multiple Soldered Loop-in-Loop Chains.- 8 Multiple Woven Loop-in-Loop Chains.- 9 Clasps and Terminations.- Recommended Dowel Diameters and Wire Gauges for Basic Chain Types.- Dowel Diameter Relationships.- Troy Weights.- Alloying 22k Gold for Fused Loop Chains.- Drawing Wire.- Working in Gold.- Melting Points of Silver and Silver Solders.- Melting Points of Gold and Gold Solders.- Equipment, Tools and Supplies.- Some Sources of Equipment, Tools and Materials.Table of Contents1 Origins and Applications of Loop-in-Loop Chains.- 2 General Information.- 3 Single Loop-in-Loop Chains (One in One, One Direction).- 4 Pinched Loop Chains (One in One, Perpendicular, One Direction).- 5 Double Loop-in-Loop Chains (One in Two, One Direction).- 6 Multidirectional Loop-in-Loop Chains (One in One, Two or More Directions; One in Two, Two or More Directions).- 7 Multiple Soldered Loop-in-Loop Chains.- 8 Multiple Woven Loop-in-Loop Chains.- 9 Clasps and Terminations.- Recommended Dowel Diameters and Wire Gauges for Basic Chain Types.- Dowel Diameter Relationships.- Troy Weights.- Alloying 22k Gold for Fused Loop Chains.- Drawing Wire.- Working in Gold.- Melting Points of Silver and Silver Solders.- Melting Points of Gold and Gold Solders.- Equipment, Tools and Supplies.- Some Sources of Equipment, Tools and Materials.

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Book SynopsisMagmatism and Global Tectonic Processes.- Relation of present-day magmatism to global tectonic processes.- Geochemical characteristics of igneous rocks as petrogenetic indicators.- Partial melting processes in the Earth's upper mantle.- Processes which modify the composition of primary magmas.- Magmatism at Constructive Plate Margins.- Mid-ocean ridges.- Magmatism at Destructive Plate Margins.- Island arcs.- Active Continental Margins.- Back-arc Basins.- Magmatism within Plates.- Oceanic islands.- Continental Tholeiitic Flood Basalt Provinces.- Continental Rift Zone Magmatism.- Potassic Magmatism within Continental Plates.Table of ContentsMagmatism and Global Tectonic Processes.- Relation of present-day magmatism to global tectonic processes.- Geochemical characteristics of igneous rocks as petrogenetic indicators.- Partial melting processes in the Earth’s upper mantle.- Processes which modify the composition of primary magmas.- Magmatism at Constructive Plate Margins.- Mid-ocean ridges.- Magmatism at Destructive Plate Margins.- Island arcs.- Active Continental Margins.- Back-arc Basins.- Magmatism within Plates.- Oceanic islands.- Continental Tholeiitic Flood Basalt Provinces.- Continental Rift Zone Magmatism.- Potassic Magmatism within Continental Plates.

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Book SynopsisA Optical Crystallography.- 1 The polarizing microscope.- 2 Orthoscopic observations.- 3 Observations under conoscopic light.- B Optical Mineralogy.- 1 Opaque minerals and substances.- 2 Optically isotropic (also pseudocubic) minerals and amorphous substances.- 3 Optically uniaxial minerals.- 4 Biaxial crystals.- C Appendices.- 1 Tables for the microscopic identification of rock-forming minerals.- 2 Diagrams for the classification of magmatic rocks.- 3 Diagrams of mineral and rock structures.Table of ContentsA Optical Crystallography.- 1 The polarizing microscope.- 1.1 Microscope components and their function.- 1.2 Accessory equipment.- 1.3 Adjustment of the microscope.- 1.3.1 Centring the condensing lens.- 1.3.2 Centring the objective.- 2 Orthoscopic observations.- 2.1 Observations with one polarizer.- 2.1.1 Light impervious (opaque) minerals and substances.- 2.1.2 Transparent minerals and substances.- 2.1.2.1 Characteristic crystal shapes.- 2.1.2.2 Cleavage.- 2.1.2.3 Colour and pleochroism.- 2.1.2.4 Refractive index: relief, chagrin, and the Becke line.- 2.2 Observations under crossed polars.- 2.2.1 Passage of light through isotropic media.- 2.2.2 Passage of light through anisotropic media.- 2.2.2.1 Birefringence and polarization.- 2.2.2.2 The indicatrix model.- 2.2.2.3 Optical character of elongation.- 2.2.2.4 Parallel, symmetric and oblique extinction.- 2.2.2.5 Twinning.- 3 Observations under conoscopic light.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Conoscopic examination of optically uniaxial crystals.- 3.2.1 Conoscopic images of uniaxial crystals in different orientations.- 3.2.2 Determination of the optical character of uniaxial crystals.- 3.3 Determination of the optical character of biaxial minerals in the conoscopic light path.- 3.3.1 Conoscopic images of biaxial minerals in different orientations.- 3.3.2 Identification of the optical character of biaxial crystals.- 3.3.3 Estimation of the optic axial angle 2V.- 3.3.4 Determination of optic axial angles 2V in oblique section.- Summary 1: Mineral identification with the polarizing microscope.- Summary 2: Protocol of mineral identification in thin section.- B Optical Mineralogy.- 1 Opaque minerals and substances.- 1.1 Magnetite.- 1.2 Ilmenite.- 1.3 Hematite.- 1.4 Pyrite.- 1.5 Pyrrhotite.- 1.6 Graphite.- 1.7 Carbonaceous substances.- 2 Optically isotropic (also pseudocubic) minerals and amorphous substances.- 2.1 Perovskite.- 2.2 Spinel group.- 2.3 Pyrochlore and koppite.- 2.4 Garnet group.- 2.4.1 Pyrope.- 2.4.2 Almandine.- 2.4.3 Grossularite.- 2.4.4 Melanite.- 2.5 Leucite.- 2.6 Sodalite group.- 2.7 Analcite.- 2.8 Cristobalite.- 2.9 Fluorite.- 2.10 Amorphous minerals, glass and cryptocrystalline material.- 2.10.1 Limonite.- 2.10.2 Opal.- 2.10.3 Rock-glass.- 3 Optically uniaxial minerals.- 3.1 Minerals which are optically uniaxial positive.- 3.1.1 Rutile.- 3.1.2 Cassiterite.- 3.1.3 Zircon.- 3.1.4 Xenotime.- 3.1.5 Melilite group.- 3.1.6 SiO2 group.- 3.1.6.1 Quartz.- 3.1.6.2 Chalcedony.- 3.1.6.3 Tridymite.- 3.1.7 Chabazite.- 3.2 Minerals with uniaxial negative character.- 3.2.1 Anatase.- 3.2.2 Trigonal carbonate group.- 3.2.2.1 Calcite.- 3.2.2.2 Dolomite.- 3.2.2.3 Magnesite.- 3.2.2.4 Siderite.- 3.2.3 Corundum.- 3.2.4 Vesuvianite.- 3.2.5 Tourmaline.- 3.2.6 Apatite.- 3.2.7 Beryl.- 3.2.8 Nepheline.- 3.2.9 Scapolite group.- 3.2.10 Apophyllite.- 3.2.11 Cancrinite.- 4 Biaxial crystals.- 4.1 Olivine group.- 4.2 Pyroxene group.- 4.2.1 Orthopyroxene group: enstatite, bronzite, hypersthene.- 4.2.2 Clinopyroxenes.- 4.2.2.1 Diopside group.- 4.2.2.2 Augite group.- 4.2.2.3 Titanaugite.- 4.2.2.4 Pigeonite.- 4.2.2.5 Aegirine-augite series.- 4.2.2.6 Jadeite.- 4.2.2.7 Omphacite.- Determination of the maximum extinction angle for pyroxenes and amphiboles.- 4.3 Amphibole group.- 4.3.1 Actinolite group.- 4.3.2 Green (‘common’) hornblende.- 4.3.3 Brown hornblende.- 4.3.4 Glaucophane and crossite.- 4.3.5 Arfvedsonite and riebeckite.- 4.4 Mica group.- 4.4.1 Muscovite.- 4.4.2 Phengite.- 4.4.3 Lithionite series.- 4.4.3.1 Lepidolite.- 4.4.3.2 Zinnwaldite.- 4.4.4 Biotite series.- 4.4.4.1 Phlogopite.- 4.4.4.2 Biotite s.s..- 4.4.5 Oxybiotite.- 4.4.6 Titanbiotite.- 4.5 Stilpnomelane.- 4.6 Glauconite and celadonite.- 4.7 Talc.- 4.8 Chlorite group.- 4.8.1 Orthochlorite.- 4.8.2 Leptochlorite.- 4.9 Serpentine group.- 4.9.1 Antigorite.- 4.9.2 Chrysotile.- 4.10 Feldspar family.- 4.10.1 Alkali feldspars.- 4.10.1.1 Sanidine.- 4.10.1.2 Orthoclase.- 4.10.1.3 Anorthoclase.- 4.10.1.4 Microcline.- 4.10.2 Plagioclase series.- 4.11 Zeolite family.- 4.11.1 Fibrous zeolites.- 4.11.1.1 Natrolite.- 4.11.1.2 Mesolite.- 4.11.1.3 Thomsonite.- 4.11.1.4 Scolecite.- 4.11.1.5 Mordenite.- 4.11.1.6 Laumontite.- 4.11.2 Flaky zeolites.- 4.11.2.1 Heulandite.- 4.11.2.2 Stilbite.- 4.11.2.3 Epistilbite.- 4.11.3 Cubic zeolites.- 4.11.3.1 Phillipsite.- 4.11.3.2 Harmotome.- 4.12 Aenigmatite (cossyrite).- 4.13 Sphene (titanite).- 4.14 Topaz.- 4.15 Cordierite.- 4.16 Al2SiO5 group.- 4.16.1 Andalusite.- 4.16.2 Sillimanite.- 4.16.3 Kyanite.- 4.17 Staurolite.- 4.18 Wollastonite.- 4.19 Chloritoid.- 4.20 Epidote zoisite group.- 4.20.1 Zoisite.- 4.20.2 Epidote.- 4.20.3 Clinozoisite.- 4.20.4 Orthite (allanite).- 4.21 Pumpellyite.- 4.22 Lawsonite.- 4.23 Anhydrite.- 4.24 Gypsum.- 4.25 Aragonite.- 4.26 Barite.- 4.27 Goethite.- 4.28 Prehnite.- C Appendices.- 1 Tables for the microscopic identification of rock-forming minerals.- 2 Diagrams for the classification of magmatic rocks.- 3 Diagrams of mineral and rock structures.

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Book SynopsisSpearheading the promotion of international technology transfer in the fields of mine planning, mining systems design, equipment selection and operation techniques, the International Symposium on Mine Planning and Equipment Selection is recognised by the mining society as a key annual event in highlighting developments within the field. Here in this volume, proceedings from the thirteenth annual symposium concentrate on the following major topics:* open pit and underground mine planning, modelling and design* geomechanics * mining and processing methods* design, monitoring and maintenance of mine equipment* simulation, optimalization and control of technological processes* management, mine economics and financial analysis* health, safety and environmental protection.Including 147 papers from leading experts and authorities, Mine Planning and Equipment Selection undoubtedly provides valuable information and insight for a range of engineers, scientists, researchers and consultants involved in the planning, design and operation of underground and surface mines.

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Book SynopsisThe Second Edition of this unique pocket field guide has been thoroughly revised and updated to include the advances in physical volcanology, emplacement of magmas and interpreting structures and textures in igneous rocks. New techniques include AMS and geophysical studies of pluton shape at depth.Trade Review“The reader will return repeatedly to the excellent sketches and tables throughout the book, and the "how to” sections provide some memorable highlights.” (PESGB, 1 January 2014) “A second edition of The Field Description of Igneous Rocks has been long overdue, and the authors are to be commended for reproducing an excellent and comprehensively revised version.” (Geological Journal, 1 January 2013) “Overall, if you are examining igneous rocks in the field or studying an OU course then, yes, I would recommend this book.” (Open University Geological Society Journal, 1 November 2012) “To be fair, the authors of this book have undertaken an incredibly difficult task. They succeed at reaching the novice audience but fall a bit short when it comes to more experienced mapping geologists.” (Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, 1 November 2012) "This book is certain to be of use to all geological students and enthusiasts interested in studying igneous geology in the field." (American Mineralogist, 2012) "As a pocket field guide, the book, because of its size, sometimes undersells the fantastic images it contains, but as a whole, it is a welcome, useful resource. Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates." (Choice, 1 October 2011)Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgements xv 1 Introduction and Occurrence 1 1.1 The Importance of Fieldwork 1 1.2 The Global Picture – Igneous Rocks in Relation to Regional Tectonics 2 1.3 Mode of Occurrence of Igneous Bodies 4 1.4 Summary 11 2 Field Skills and Outcrop Structures 15 2.1 Equipment 15 2.2 Preparing Maps and Basic Mapping 16 2.3 Notebooks and Data Recording 17 2.4 Primary Outcrop Structures 18 2.5 Secondary or Late Stage Outcrop Structures 28 2.6 Outcrop Contact Relationships 32 2.7 Summary of Igneous Outcrop Descriptions 33 3 Igneous Textures and Classification 37 3.1 Describing Rock Types 37 3.2 Colour and Composition 38 3.3 Texture, Grain-Size/Shape and Fabric 43 3.4 Mineral Identification 49 3.5 Naming and Classification 58 4 Volcanics 1 – Lava Flows 69 4.1 Lava Flow Emplacement Mechanisms 69 4.2 A Compositional Divide for Lava Flows 71 4.3 Mafic/Basaltic Lava Flows 73 4.4 Felsic/Silicic Flows 80 4.5 Pillow Lavas and Hyaloclastites 82 5 Volcanics 2 – Pyroclastic Rocks 93 5.1 Structures, Textures and Classification 93 5.2 Pyroclastic Flows and Ignimbrites 101 5.3 Scoria Cones 108 5.4 Water/Magma and Sediment/Magma Interactions 109 5.5 Epiclastic Deposits 112 6 Shallow-Level Intrusions 119 6.1 Sill and Dykes 119 6.2 Working Out Emplacement History 124 6.3 Volcanic Plugs and Diatremes 130 6.4 Shallow-Level Subvolcanic Intrusions 133 7 Granitic Complexes 137 7.1 Introduction 137 7.2 General Features and Occurrence 137 7.3 Zoned Plutons 142 7.4 Internal Structures and Textures 145 7.5 Internal Contacts 150 7.6 Emplacement Timing 158 7.7 Distinctive Granitoid Textures 162 7.8 Metamorphic Aureoles 164 7.9 Summary of the Field Characteristics of Granitic Complexes 165 8 Mafic Complexes 171 8.1 General Features and Occurrence 171 8.2 Continental Mafic-Ultramafic Intrusions 173 8.3 Ophiolite Complexes 177 8.4 Komatiites 183 8.5 Summary of the Field Characteristics of Mafic-Ultramafic Intrusions 184 9 Magma Mixing and Mingling 189 9.1 Magma Rheology 189 9.2 Magma Mixing 190 9.3 Magma Mingling 192 9.4 Synplutonic Dykes and Sills 196 9.5 Magma Mingling in Subvolcanic and Volcanic Environments 200 9.6 Xenoliths 201 9.7 A Word of Warning 202 9.8 Summary 203 10 Mineralisation and Geotechnical Properties 207 10.1 Mineralisation and Key Minerals 207 10.2 Mineralisation in Layered Mafic Intrusions 209 10.3 Geotechnical Properties of Igneous Rocks 213 10.4 Rock Mass Classification 216 10.5 Summary 226 Appendix 229 Further Reading 231 Index 233

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Book SynopsisAlso published by John Wiley & Sons, the thoroughly updated Laboratory Manual: Minerals and Rocks: Exercises in Crystal and Mineral Chemistry, Crystallography, X-ray Powder Diffraction, Mineral and Rock Identification, and Ore Mineralogy, 3e, is for use in the mineralogy laboratory and covers the subject matter in the same sequence as the Manual of Mineral Science, 23e. This outstanding resource can be used effectively with a variety of mineralogy texts, and includes specific page references to Nesse:Mineralogy, Perkins:Mineralogy, and Wenk and Bulakh:Minerals.

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Book SynopsisRevised and updated, it reflects the recent developments and changing emphasis in the field of paleoecology. While the basic organization remains the same as the original edition, there are several major changes, including an extensive reorganization and shortening of Chapter 2, focusing now on environmental parameters rather than individual taxonomic groups; greater use of tables with references to pertinent literature; inclusion of a new chapter on taphonomy; elimination of the chapter on skeletons as sedimentary particles; removal of many of the recurring examples from the Neogene of the Kettlemen Hills; and inclusion of new references on all topics. Older references have been kept and will serve to blend the historical and important milestones in the development of paleoecology with the most current research.Table of ContentsTaxonomic Uniformitarianism. Biogeochemistry. Skeletal Structure. Adaptive Functional Morphology. Ichnology. Taphonomy. Populations in Paleoecology. Ecosystems and Communities in Paleoecology. Paleobiogeography: The Provincial Level. Temporal Patterns. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisTaking a mathematical approach, this book brings together the essential theory required to understand the behaviour of trace elements in magmas and magma-derived rocks. It provides an excellent resource for graduate students, petrologists, geochemists and mineralogists, as well as researchers in geophysics and materials science.Trade Review'… a very clearly written book that will find extensive use by advanced undergraduates and will act as an excellent reference for the postgraduate and research community.' Journal of Geological MagazineTable of ContentsPreface; 1. Introduction; 2. Partition coefficients; 3. Crystallisation: basic trace element modelling; 4. Crystallisation: variation of mineral proportions, partition coefficients and fluid phase proportion; 5. Crystallisation assimilation, recharge and eruption; 6. Trace element evidence for crystallisation processes; 7. Melting: basic trace element modelling; 8. Melting: more complex processes; 9. Dynamic mantle melting; Index.

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Book SynopsisDecades of field and microscope studies, and more recent quantitative geochemical analyses have resulted in a vast, and sometimes overwhelming, array of nomenclature and terminology associated with igneous rocks. This book presents a complete classification of igneous rocks based on all the recommendations of the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) Subcommission on the Systematics of Igneous Rocks. The glossary of igneous terms has been fully updated since the first edition and now includes 1637 entries, of which 316 are recommended by the Subcommission. Incorporating a comprehensive bibliography of source references for all the terms included in the glossary, this book is an indispensable reference guide for all geologists studying igneous rocks, either in the field or the laboratory. It presents a standardised and widely accepted naming scheme that will allow geologists to interpret terminology in the primary literature and provide formal names for rock samples based onTrade Review'… an indispensable reference and cook book for up-to-date petrographers and regional mappers.' Tomas Feininger, The Canadian Mineralogist' … this is an excellent reference book. It is a must for all Earth Science libraries and those involved in the study of igneous rocks.' Geological Magazine'It is far from a dry text being full of interesting information and written so well …'. Open University Geological Society JournalTable of ContentsFigures; Tables; Albert Streckeisen; Foreword to 1st edition; Chairman's Preface; Editor's Preface; 1. Introduction; 2. Classification and nomenclature; 3. Glossary of terms; 4. Bibliography of terms; Appendices.

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Book SynopsisUnderstanding how and why crystals nucleate and grow is important not only for modern technologies, but also in understanding the interior of the Earth and biomineralization. This clear explanation of the atomic processes behind crystal growth, and case studies of complex systems is essential reading for advanced graduates and researchers.Trade Review"I can recommend [the book] to any mineralogist who cn appreciate new ideas in the theoretical approach to crystal forms and in different methods and techniques for internal and external study of crystals. This up-to-date work has a place also in introductory courses in crystallography and mineralogy." The Canadian Mineralogist, R.I. Kostov, University of Mining and Geology, Bulgaria"In this reviewer's opinion, this is the comst comprehensive book currently available on crystal growth and morphology." --Gems and GemologyTable of ContentsForeword to the English translation; Preface; Part I. Fundamental Concepts: 1. Introduction; 2. Crystal forms; 3. Crystal growth; 4. Factors determining the morphology of polyhedral crystals; 5. Surface microtopography of crystal faces; 6. Perfection and homogeneity of single crystals; 7. Regular intergrowth of crystals; 8. Forms and textures of polycrystalline aggregates; Part II. Application to Complicated and Complex Systems (Case Studies): 9. Diamond; 10. Rock-crystal (quartz); 11. Pyrite and calcite; 12. Minerals formed by vapour growth; 13. Crystals formed by metasomatism and metamorphism; 14. Crystals formed through biological activity; Appendixes; Materials index; Subject index.

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Book SynopsisProvides a very clear guide to sedimentary rock types as seen under the microscope supported by practical aspects of slide preparation.

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Book SynopsisCarbonate cements are very common and abundant in clastic sequences. They profoundly influence the quality of hydrocarbon reservoirs and supply important information on palaeoenvironments and the chemical composition and flow patterns of fluids in sedimentary basins. Despite this importance, their distribution patterns in time and space and their geochemical evolution are not yet deeply explored and elucidated. This Special Publication contains 21 review papers and case studies on carbonate cementation in clastic sequences written by invited specialists on the subject. These papers present a wide and deep coverage that enhance our knowledge about carbonate cementation in various clastic depositional environments, tectonic settings and burial histories. The book will be of special interest to researchers, petroleum geologists and teachers and students at the postgraduate level. If you are a member of the International Association of Sedimentologists, for purchasing details,Trade Review"This volume gives a good overview of the "state of the art" in sandstone diagenesis. It should be a useful text for researchers dealing with sandstone diagenesis." (Journal of Sedimentary Research)Table of ContentsCarbonate cementation in sandstones: controls on distribution patterns and geochemical evolution. Origin and spatial distribution of early vadose and phreatic calcite cements in the Zia Formation, Albuquerque Basin, New Mexico, USA. Carbonate diagenesis and porosity evolution in sheet-flood sandstones: evidence from the Middle and Lower Lunde Members (Triassic) in the Snorre Field, Norwegian North Sea. Carbonate diagenesis in non-marine foreland sandstones at the western edge of the Alleghanian Overthrust Belt, southern Appalachians. Paleogeographic, paleoclimatic and burial-history controls on the diagenetic evolution of reservoir sandstones: evidence from the Lower Cretaceous Serraria sandstones in Sergipe-Alagoas Basin, NE Brazil. Carbonate cements in the Tertiary sandstones of the Swiss Molasse Basin: their petrography, isotope geochemistry and relevance to paleohydrodynamic reconstruction. Carbonate cement in the Triassic Chaunoy Formation of the Paris Basin: distribution and effect on flow properties. Calcite cement in shallow marine sandstones-growth mechanisms and geometry. Origin of low-permeability calcite-cemented lenses in shallow-marine sandstones and CaCO3 cementation mechanisms: an example from the Lower Jurassic Luxemburg Sandstone Formation, Luxemburg. Geochemical history of calcite precipitation in Tertiary sandstones, Northern Apennines, Italy. Diagenetic evolution of synorogenic hybrid and lithic arenites (Miocene), northern Apennines, Italy. Carbonate cementation in Tertiary sandstones, San Joaquin Basin, California. Carbonate cementation in the Middle Jurassic Oseberg reservoir sandstones, Oseberg field: a case study of late diagenetic-high temperature poikilotopic calcite. Origin and timing of carbonate cementation of the Namorado Sandstone (Cretaceous), Albacora Field, Brazil: implications for oil recovery. Structural controls on seismic-scale carbonate cementation in hydrocarbon-bearing Jurassic fluvial and marine sandstones from Australia: a comparison. Carbonate cementation - key to reservoir properties of four sandstone level (Cretaceous) in Hibernia Oilfield, Jeane d'Arc Basin, Newfoundland, Canada. The significance of d13C of carbonate cements in reservoir sandstones: a regional perspective from the Jurassic of the Northern North Sea. Origin and significance of fracture-related dolomite in porous sandstones: an example from the Carboniferous of County Antrim, Northern Ireland. Saddle (baroque) dolomite in carbonates and sandstones: a reappraisal of a burial-diagenetic concept. Application of quantitative back-scattered electron image analysis in isotopic interpretation of siderite cement: Tirrawarra Sandstone, Cooper Basin (Australia). Carbonate cement dissolution during a cyclic CO2 enhanced oil recovery treatment.

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Book SynopsisPractical, concise, and easy to use, Simon & Schuster's Guide to Rocks and Minerals contains everything that the rock and mineral enthusiast needs to know. This field guide is divided into two large sections -- one devoted to minerals and one to rocks, each prefaced by a comprehensive introduction t

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Book SynopsisThis volume, the second in a series of biographical sketches of students who attended the College of New Jersey (later Princeton University), brings the story of the College and its alumni to the beginning of the American Revolution. It records not only the contributions of the early sons of Nassau Hall to the formation of the Republic but also theTable of Contents*FrontMatter, pg. i*Contents, pg. vii*List of Illustrations, pg. ix*Preface, pg. xi*Introduction, pg. xvii*Abbreviations and Short Titles Frequently Used, pg. xxxiii*Class of 1769, pg. 1*Class of 1770, pg. 63*Class of 1771, pg. 129*Class of 1772, pg. 175*Class of 1773, pg. 261*Class of 1774, pg. 357*Class of 1775, pg. 447*Appendix, pg. 541*Index, pg. 551

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface vii Acknowledgments ix 1 Introduction and Occurrence 1 1.1 The Importance of Fieldwork in Metamorphic Terrains 1 1.2 Understanding Metamorphism; Pressure/Temperature Relationships 4 1.3 Mode of Occurrence of Metamorphic Bodies 4 1.4 Summary 13 2 Field Skills and Mapping Outcrop Structures 17 2.1 Equipment 17 2.2 Preparing Maps and Basic Mapping 19 2.3 Notebooks and Data Recording 20 2.4 Digital 3D Outcrop Mapping 33 3 Metamorphic Minerals, Rock Types, and Classification 37 3.1 Minerals 37 3.2 The Basic Classification of Metamorphic Rocks in P-T 46 3.3 Metamorphic Rock Names 48 3.4 Reporting Rock Types 50 3.5 Compositional Category and Metamorphic Grade 54 4 Understanding Textures and Fabrics 1: Banding, Cleavage, Schistosity, and Lineations 67 4.1 General Terminology 67 4.2 Rocks without a Metamorphic Directional Fabric 71 4.3 Banding 71 4.4 The Development of Fabric, Cleavage, Schistosity, and Lineations 79 4.5 Refraction, Kinking, and Shearing of Fabrics 88 4.6 Deformation Fabrics and Folds 89 5 Understanding Textures and Fabrics 2: Metamorphic Crystals, Pseudomorphs, and Scattered Entities 95 5.1 Recording Metamorphic Textures 95 5.2 Metamorphic Crystal Growth and Porphyroblasts 97 5.3 Boudins, Shear Pods, and Knockers 109 6 Contacts, Reaction Zones, and Veins 115 6.1 Igneous Contacts – Aureoles and Metasomatism 115 6.2 Veins and Pegmatites 124 6.3 Reaction Zones and Chemical Changes at Contacts 130 7 Faults, Mylonites, and Cataclasites 137 7.1 Fault and Shear Zone Types 137 7.2 Faults and Fault Breccias 138 7.3 Cataclasites and Pseudotachylites 141 7.4 Mylonites and Shear Zones 144 8 Summary Tables, Checklists, and Mapping Report Advice 151 8.1 Compositional Categories and Their Grade Indicators 151 8.2 Minerals 157 8.3 Further Mapping Advice; Formations, Markers, and a Final Report 164 Checklist of Rock Features 171 Further Reading Suggestions 173 Index 175

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Book SynopsisPeople have been fascinated by minerals since prehistory. The attractions of minerals lie in their colours, their beautiful crystals and the discoveries of their uses and the metals that can be obtained from them. Minerals receive attention from a wide variety of people: mining executives, collectors, prospectors and scientists unravelling their molecular structure and origins. But, for someone new to mineralogy, the subject can appear to be overwhelmingly complex.In Introducing Mineralogy John Mason considers the essence of mineralogy in a clear and logical manner. The book begins with the basic chemistry of minerals and the way in which the mineral kingdom is classified. It then considers mineral occurrences, both typical, such as the minerals that largely make up common rocks like granite, and atypical, such as concentrations of rare metals in ore-deposits. The ways in which minerals are studied using microscopes and the importance of careful observation and interpretation are discussed and the topics of mineral collecting and related issues are addressed. The final chapters explore the uses of minerals, both industrial and scientific, and take a look at environmental issues associated with mineral extraction and usageLavishly illustrated in colour and complete with a glossary, the book is aimed at students embarking on courses in the Earth Sciences and at the amateur collector who wants to find out more about the colourful rocks they may find when out walking.Trade Review'The writing style is very clever, presenting concise technical information pitched at a level where even somebody with very little knowledge of science can become absorbed and learn at ease…In summary, this book does exactly what the title says: Introducing Mineralogy. It is an excellent introductory book on mineralogy, well written and covers all of the basics very well…'Mineralogical Magazine'Unlike others book about minerals, this does not provide pages of descriptions of individual minerals, for that is an area that's already well covered. Neither does it present a deep coverage of mineralogy in the style of some of the dusty old textbooks that I remember from my undergraduate days (thank goodness).What we have here is a refreshing approach to the subject from an author who knows minerals well from a collectors perspective, but who is a geology graduate - arguably the perfect person to write such a book to introduce the subject… The book is beautifully illustrated by specimens that haven't been chosen to make the book look pretty, but for good scientific reasons. I repeat that in many ways this a unique approach to the subject of mineralogy, but it is one that works and will provide anyone looking for a way in to the subject with some sound and interesting material.'Down to Earth magazine'Introducing Mineralogy is aimed at the amateur collector and anyone interested in minerals. It would also be appropriate for an introductory mineralogy class for nonscience majors. The author, John Mason, has done an outstanding job of presenting complex notions in simple terms, providing many examples to which the reader can relate. The book is divided into seven chapters, and throughout, terms defined in the exhaustive glossary are highlighted. The book is also well illustrated, with over 100 color photographs mostly illustrating examples from the UK.'ElementsTable of ContentsPrologue: a mineral prospector's tale; 1. The basics of mineralogy; 2. Typical mineral occurrences; 3. Atypical concentrations of minerals; 4. Mineral collecting: where science and leisure overlap; 5. Studying mineral assemblages and parageneses; 6. Uses of minerals; 7. Minerals and the environment. Epilogue. Glossary. Further reading and resources.

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Book SynopsisCarbonate rocks are of fundamental importance in many respects: in the manufacture of cement, as building stone and aggregates, and they form the reservoirs for about 40% of the world's oil reserves. In engineering terms they frequently underly the most intractable geotechnical problems and often provide the foundations for coastal structures and offshore structures. This book provides the geological background to carbonate sediments and rocks and furnishes basic information on the compositions, origins, and distributions of carbonate sediments. The descriptions that follow provide models for the earth scientist and a predictive framework for engineering works in such areas. It provides a basic reference tool for the geologist and a reference framework in which the practising engineer unfamiliar with terms is able to understand and evaluate reports provided by experts from other fields. Case studies provide further elucidation. Readership: practitioners and students in earth science, engineering geology, petroleum geology, foundation and civil engineering.Table of ContentsMineralogy and composition of carbonate rocks and sediments; Marine carbonate environments; Evaporites associated with carbonates; Continental carbonate environments; Geological classification of carbonate rocks and sediments; Carbonate diagenesis; Dolomites; Physical properties and tectonics of limestones and dolomites; Karst; Pedogenic carbonates; Engineering characteristics of carbonate rocks; Hydrological aspects of carbonates. Case studies. Bibliography.

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Book SynopsisThis book offers a high-level summary of shallow magmatic systems (dykes, sills and laccoliths) to support geoscience master and PhD students, scientists and practicing professionals. The product of the LASI (Laccoliths and Sills conference) workshop, it comprises thematic sections written by one or more experts on the respective field. It features reviews concerning the physical properties of magma, geotectonic settings, and the structure of subvolcanic systems, as well as case studies on the best-known systems. The book provides readers a broad and comprehensive understanding of the subvolcanic perspective on pluton growth, which is relevant for mineralogical processes as well as the genesis of mineral deposits.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Physical properties of magma / Behaviour of magma at shallow levels.- Geotectonic settings: magma transport and typical shallow level systems.- Types of shallow level complexes.- Geometry and dimension.- Association with volcanic centres.- Volcanic-plutonic connection.- Structure of subvolcanic systems.- Internal structures.- Textures in the host.- Geophysics and remote sensing.- Modelling emplacement and cooling.- Analog experiments.- Numerical modelling.- Shallow-level magmatic systems and the environment.- Landslides and initiation of eruptions.- Climate change.- Societal aspects of shallow level igneous systems.- Raw materials.- Associated mineralizations.- Hydrogeology.- Shallow level bodies in hydrocarbon fields.- Case studies on shallow level magmatic complexes.- Halle Volcanic Complex.- British Cenozoic Igneous Province.- Elba Island.- Henry Mtns.- Karoo.- Iceland.- Bushveld.

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Book SynopsisMining is a capital-intensive industry, and involves long lead times to develop projects that demand a structured approach, from mine exploration to exit. This book provides mine developers, investors, owners, shareholders, and mineral policymakers a comprehensive game plan to raise capital for the development of new mining projects or to bolster operational mines. The author, an experienced mining capital consultant, shows how mine developers and mine owners can secure capital in any phase of the commodity price cycle, at any site, and at any project stage. The book follows a proven and structured approach that enables mine developers and owners to successfully raise capital for their projects. With the aid of case studies and practical methods, the reader will learn the essentials on topics ranging from developing and marketing a business case for investment, to the types and sources of mining capital for different project stages, as well as the structure and significance of due diligence. The author presents actual mining projects and their funding plans, transaction structures and term sheets for capital. The mining projects discussed represent various project stages, commodities, and parts of the globe, offering a comprehensive reference guide for mine developers, investors and promoters alike. Table of ContentsCharacteristics of Mining Capital.- Developing a Mining Business Case for Investment: Methods.- Marketing the Mining Business Case: Best Practice.- Raising Mining Capital: Best Practices.- Mining Capital Case Studies.- References.

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Book SynopsisThis book consolidates the latest research on the Hadean Eon - the first 500 million years of Earth history - which has permitted hypotheses of early Earth evolution to be tested, including geophysical models that include the possibility of plate tectonic-like behavior. These new observations challenge the longstanding Hadean paradigm – based on no observational evidence - of a desiccated, lifeless, continent-free wasteland in which surface petrogenesis was largely due to extraterrestrial impacts. The eon was termed “Hadean” to reflect such a hellish environment. That view began to be challenged in 2001 as results of geochemical analyses of greater than 4 billion year old zircons from Australia emerged. These data were consistent with the zircons forming in a world much more similar to today than long thought and interpreted to indicate that sediment cycling was occurring in the presence of liquid water. This new view leaves open the possibility that life could have emerged shortly after Earth accretion. The epistemic limitations under which the old paradigm persisted are closely examined. The book is principally designed as a monograph but has the potential to be used as a text for advanced graduate courses on early Earth evolution.Table of ContentsChapter 1: Why HadeanChapter 2: Thermal evolution modelsChapter 3: Radionuclide produced isotopic variations in mantle rocks Chapter 4: The lunar surface and Late Heavy Bombardment conceptChapter 5: Models of continental growth and destructionChapter 6: Plate boundary interactions through geologic historyChapter 7: Hadean Jack Hills zircon geochemistryChapter 8: Hadean zircons elsewhere in the solar systemChapter 9: Proposed sources of Hadean zirconsChapter 10: Could the Hadean eon have been habitable?Chapter 11: Morpho- and chemo-fossil evidence for the appearance of lifeChapter 12: CollectaneaAppendix I: Expanding the search for terrestrial Hadean zircons

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Book SynopsisThis book of Springer Proceedings in Geoarchaeology and Archaeological Mineralogy contains selected papers presented at the 7th Geoarchaeology Conference, which took place during October 19–23, 2020, at the South Urals Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Miass, Russia. The Proceedings combine studies in archeometry, geoarchaeology, and ancient North Eurasian technologies, including paleometallurgy, stone tools investigation, past exploitation of geological resources, bioarchaeology, residue analysis, pottery, and lithics studies. This book also specializes in various non-organic materials, rocks, minerals, ores, and metals, especially copper and metallurgical slags. Many types of research also use modern analytical methods of isotopic, chemical, and mineralogical analysis to address the composition and structure of ancient materials and the technological practices of past human populations of modern Russia, Ukraine, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Mongolia. This book is intended for archaeologists, historians, museum workers, and geologists, as well as students, researchers from other disciplines, and the general public interested in the interdisciplinary research in the field of archaeology and archaeological materials, strategies and techniques of past quarrying, mining, metallurgy and lithic technologies at different chronological periods in Eurasian steppe and adjacent forest zone.Table of Contents​PART 1 ANCIENT METALLURGY: GENERAL ISSUESInternal and external impulses for the development of ancient Chinese metallurgyGrigoriev S. Iron sources and technologies during the Early Iron Age in the Northern Pontic regionKulkova M., Kashuba M., Kulkov A., Ryabkova T. Vetrova M., Zanoci A., Bubnova O. Lead isotope analysis of the Bronze Age metal from the steppe of the Cis- and Trans-UralsKiseleva D., Soloshenko N., Okuneva T., Shagalov E., Tkachev V., Bogdanov S., Ankushev M., Koryakova L., Vinogradov N. PART 2 ANCIENT METALLURGY: CASE STUDIESMetalworking and metallurgical slag in the Tokskoe Late Bronze Age settlement Ankushev M., Faizullin I., Artemyev D., Blinov I. Arrowheads from Two Sarmatian Burials of the One Mound: Metal Composition and Shape RelationBlinov I., Tairov A. The ancient Bronzes of Bashkiria: findings on the composition of non-ferrous metal obtained at the burial grounds of the Bronze AgeBakhshiev I., Kamaleev E. Mineral Composition of the Ground Material from the Stone Pestles of the Gonur-Depe Administrative and Religious Center (South-Eastern Karakum)Yuminov A., Dubova N., Ankusheva N. Comparison of the results of studying the alloy composition of coins of the Chersonesos minting during Roman and Byzantine times Antipenko A.V., Maksimova E.M., Naumenko V.E., Naukhatskiy I.A., Smekalova T.N."A Crucible with Solidified Substance" or an Ore Sample: Experience of the Complex Analysis of a Unique Find of the Chepetskaya Archaeological CultureRusskikh E. Kazburun archaeological micro-district of the Late Bronze Age and copper ore mines in the Southern Trans-Urals Shcherbakov N., Shuteleva I. PART 3 BIOARCHAEOLOGY AND RESIDUE ANALYSISDiet and Mobility in the Pre-Urals Bronze Age, Russia (Preliminary Results of Stable Isotope Analysis) Epimakhov A. Sampling Methodology for Assessing a Multi-Proxy Bioavailable Strontium Isotope Baseline for the Orenburg Region (Russia): Fieldwork Results Kiseleva D., Shagalov E., Ryanskaya A., Pankrushina E. Provenance of the Bronze Age Wool Textiles from the Western Orenburg Region (Russia)Shishlina N., Kiseleva D., Kuptsova L., Okuneva T., Soloshenko N., Shagalov E., Faizullin I. Preliminary results of REE distribution and 87Sr/86Sr ratio in organic and mineral sources from the Paleolithic sites of Mongolia Vishnevskaya I., Okuneva T., Bazargur D., Urazova K., Klementiev A., Marchenko D., Gunchinsuren B., Rybin E., Olsen J., Khatsenovich A. PART 4 MINING OF ORES AND MINERALS IN THE PASTStarodubtseva Yama - a new ancient mine in the steppes of the Southern Trans-Urals Ankusheva P., Alaeva I., Ankushev M., Artemyev D., Bazhenov E., Yuminov A. The Paleosoils Properties of Vorovskaya Yama Copper Mine and the Late Bronze Age Climate on the Trans-Urals PlateauPlekhanova L. New objects of geoarchaeology of Baishevsky archaeological micro-district and adjacent territory of Bashkir Trans-Urals (Southern Urals) Kazakov P. Assessment of Excavated Volume and Labor Investment at the Novotemirsky Copper Ore Mining SiteChechushkov I. PART 5 ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTTERYMiddle Eastern Glazed Ceramics of the 11th Century in Bilyar, the Capital of Volga BulgariaValiulina S. Chemical and Technological Characteristics of Glazed Vessels from the Pottery Workshop of the Tsarevskoye Medieval City Valiulina S., Bocharov S. Asbestos Ceramics from Archaeological Sites of Southern Fennoscandia (Karelia): Mineralogical and Geochemical AspectsKulkova M., Gerasimov D., Kulkov A., Zhulnikov A., Danilov G., Streltsov M. PART 6 LITHIC TOOLS AND MATERIALSDiversity of Lithic Raw Material Types Used by the Population of the Mountain-Forest Trans-Urals (3rd – 2nd Millennium BC)Korochkova O., Spiridonov I., Usacheva I., Shagalov E. Stone raw materials as an indicator of economy relations (based on the materials of the sites of the Cucuteni-Tripolye culture heyday in the Bug-Dniester interfluve)Terekhina V., Skakun N., Bicbaev V. The Role of Non-Isotropic Stone Raw Materials in Industrial Complexes of the Upper Paleolithic Sites (Based on Materials from the Cosauti Site, Republic of Moldova)Skakun N., Kovalenko S., Terekhina V., Shulga D., Mednikova E. Use of pebble raw materials in the Paleolithic and Mesolithic of the UralsSerikov Yu.Obsidian as the primary main raw material for the production of tools in the early agricultural societies of Azerbaijan Arazova R., Skakun N. “Home, sweet home”: stones from the Bronze Age settlement hearths (South Trans-Urals, Russia)Alaeva I., Ankushev M., Ankusheva P., Vasyuchkov E. PART 7 SITE ANALYSES AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS) IN ARCHAEOLOGYGeoarchaeological studies of kurgans with moustaches: achievements and prospects Grudochko I. The remote methods for search and study of archaeological objects in Bashkortostan Nasretdinov R., Bakhshiev I., Gabitov R. Complex investigation (GIS, photogrammetry and natural-scientific methods) of the historical and cultural landscape of Northwestern Colchis in the late antique and medieval timesTrebeleva G., Yurkov G. Kizilov A., Glazov K., Tatiana Yu. Shvedchikova T. Application of remote sensing methods for studying the ancient land division system of Tauric Chersonesos on the Mayachnyi peninsulaSmekalova T., Terekhin E. Geoarchaeological Studies on the Territory of Baikal Siberia: Approach and Methods Berdnikova N., Berdnikov I., Vorobyova G., Shchetnikov A., Filinov I., Krutikova K., Zolotarev D., Lipnina E. PART 8 REVIEWS. THOUGHTS. MEMOIRSHistorical experience and ancient metal production in the South UralsVinogradov N. Problems with the definition of artifacts material (the help of the geologists to archaeologists)Kabanova L., Zaykova E. Search and Mining of Silver in the UralsKurlaev E. Problems and perspectives of stone type investigation: elimination of the depassportization of medieval statues of Eurasian nomadsYevglevskyy A. About the Life and Work of Archaeologist Prof. Gennady B. ZdanovichOn Behalf of the Editorial Board

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Book SynopsisThis book represents a detailed introduction to the geology, structure, and stratigraphy of Kutch Basin, known for its rich fossilized megafauna and the wide range of condensed sections exposing Bathonian to Pleistocene. With its vast assortment of geological features, geomorphology, and geoheritage, the Kutch Basin shows geology, stratigraphy, and paleontology almost as a textbook. Besides the beautiful illustrations given in the book, in the form of good field photographs depicting the landscape, and geological and geomorphological features, this guidebook serves as an inspiring reading reference. Furthermore, this guidebook will be a handy reference book for the tourists visiting Kutch Basin in planning their visit to explore the beautiful Kutch region. The guidebook is intended to interest scientists, researchers, students from schools and universities, tourists, and geoscience professionals of the mining and oil industry working in Kutch.Table of ContentsChapter 1- Introduction to Geology of The Kachchh (Kutch) Basin, Western India 1.1. Introduction 1.2 Basin Architecture 1.3 Stratigraphy 1.4 Tectonic Framework and Structural Style 1.5 Igneous Activity 1.6. Intrusive Bodies 1.7. Volcanic Activity 1.8 Tectonic Evolution 1.9 References Chapter 2- Guide to Field Traverses 2.1. Traverse-1: Bhuj – Pachham (Kaladongar) Hill Top 2.2 Tertiary section across peripheral coastal plains: Bhuj-Naliya-Waior-Narayan Sarovar Road Traverse: Visit to Tertiary stratigraphy of Kutch 2.3 Mesozoic of Kutch - section across Northern Range: Bhuj-Nakhtarana-Hajipir- Nara-Jumara-Rawapur-Matanumadh (Bhuj-Lakhpat Road via Lakhapur) traverse 2.4. Bhuj-Mandvi Road Traverse: N-S section across Katrol Hill uplift 2.5 Kankawati River Traverse 2.6 Gadhuli-Ghuneri Traverse 2.7 Keera Dome Traverse 2.8 South Wagad Fault Zone Traverse Chapter 3: Guide to Litho-Stratotype Sections 3.1. Introduction 3.2 Mesozoic Lithostratigraphy 3.2.1 Mainland Group 3.2.1.1. Jhurio Formation 3.2.1.2 Jumara Formation 3.2.1.3 Jhuran Formation 3.2.1.4. Bhuj Formation 3.2.2 Pachham Group 3.2.2.1. Kaladongar Formation 3.2.2.2. Goradongar Formation 3.2.3. Khadir-Wagad Group 3.2.3.1. Khadir Formation 3.2.3.2. Washtawa Formation 3.2.3.3. Wagad Sandstone 3.2.4. Deccan Trap Formation 3.3: Tertiary Lithostratigraphy 3.3.1. Matanumadh Formation 3.3.2. Naredi Formation 3.3.3. Harudi Formation 3.3.4. Fulra Limestone 3.3.5. Maniyara Fort Formation 3.3.6. Khari Nadi Formation 3.3.7. Chhasra Formation

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Book SynopsisThis book covers in detail the entire workflow for quantitative seismic interpretation of subsurface modeling and characterization. It focusses on each step of the geo-modeling workflow starting from data preconditioning and wavelet extraction, which is the basis for the reservoir geophysics described and introduced in the following chapters. This book allows the reader to get a comprehensive insight of the most common and advanced workflows. It aims at graduate students related to energy (hydrocarbons), CO2 geological storage, and near surface characterization as well as professionals in these industries. The reader benefits from the strong and coherent theoretical background of the book, which is accompanied with real case examples.Table of ContentsList of acronyms.- Acknowledgements.- Chapter 1 Introduction.- Chapter 2 The seismic method.- Chapter 3 Seismic acquisition essentials.- Chapter 4 Seismic pre-conditioning.- Chapter 5 Seismic well ties and wavelets.- Chapter 6 Interpreting seismic amplitudes.- Chapter 7 Predicting subsurface properties from seismic data.- Chapter 8 Rock properties prediction.- Chapter 9 The way forward.- References.

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Book SynopsisThe monograph offers a comprehensive discussion of the role of evaporites in hydrocarbon generation and trapping, and new information on low temperature and high temperature ores. It also provides a wealth of information on exploitable salts, in a comprehensive volume has been assembled and organized to provide quick access to relevant information on all matters related to evaporites and associated brines. In addition, there are summaries of evaporite karst hazards, exploitative methods and problems that can arise in dealing with evaporites in conventional and solution mining. This second edition has been revised and extended, with three new chapters focusing on ore minerals in different temperature settings and a chapter on meta-evaporites. Written by a field specialist in research and exploration, the book presents a comprehensive overview of the realms of low- and high-temperature evaporite evolution. It is aimed at earth science professionals, sedimentologists, oil and gas explorers, mining geologists as well as environmental geologists.Table of ContentsInterpreting evaporite textures.- Depositional chemistry and hydrology.- Sabkhas, saline mudflats and pans.- Subaqueous salts: salinas and perennial lakes.- Ancient basins and stratigraphic evolution.- Flowing salt: Halokinesis.- Pointers to vanished evaporites: Karst, breccia, nodules and cement.- Hypersaline fluid evolution during burial and uplift.- Halotolerant life in feast or famine (a source of hydrocarbons and a fixer of metals).- Hydrocarbons and evaporites.- Potash resources: Occurrences and controls.- Non-Potash Salts: Borates, Na-sulphates, Na-carbonate, lithium salts, gypsum, halite and zeolites.- Solution mining and salt cavern usage.- Meta-evaporites.- Lower temperature metals in evaporitic frameworks.- Magma-evaporite-hydrothermal metal associations.

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Book SynopsisHere is a comprehensive and up to-do-date presentation of the origins, and properties of clay minerals at the Earth´s surface. The text reviews the relatively simple laws that govern the chemical or isotopic composition and the crystalline structure of clays, and then discusses their genesis and alteration. Concluding chapters show that clay minerals can form in variety of different environments: meteorites, lavas, subduction zones, among others.Table of ContentsCrystal Structure — Species — Crystallisation.- Crystal Chemistry of Clay Minerals.- Energy Balances: Thermodynamics — Kinetics.- Isotopic Composition of Clay Minerals.- Surface Properties — Behaviour Rules — Microtextures.- Clays in Soils and Weathered Rocks.- Clays in Sedimentary Environments.- Diagenesis and Very Low-Grade Metamorphism.- Hydrothermal Process — Thermal Metamorphism.- Clays Under Extreme Conditions.

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Book SynopsisThis sourcebook to the prodigious literature on applications of computers and statistics to geology contains over 2000 references. The glossary provides succinct explanations of most statistical and mathematical terms. Computer topics include hardware, software, programming languages, databases, and communications graphics, CAO/CAM, CAI, GIS and expert systems. Statistical topics range from elementary properties of numbers through univariate, bivariate to multivariate methods. The brief notes on each method provide a general guide to what the technique does, and are illustrated with worked examples from a wide range of geological disciplines. Students and researchers will find the book useful in coping with the explosion of information which has taken place in geology, and to make the best possible use of computers in interpreting acquired data.Table of ContentsList of symbols and abbreviations used.- Section I. Introduction to geological computer use.- Section II. The behavior of numbers: Elementary statistics.- Section III: Interpreting data of one variable: Univariate statistics.- Section IV. Interpreting data with two variable: Bivariate statistics.- Section V: Some Special types of geological data.- Section VI: Advanced techniques.- Selective bibliography of numerical geology.

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Book SynopsisMetals in the earth's crust are very unevenly distributed and, traditionally, a small number of ore deposits, districts or countries have dominated the world supply and have influenced commodity prices. The importance of exceptionally large, or rich, deposits has greatly increased in the age of globalization when a small number of international corporations dominate the metals market, based on few very large ore deposits, practically anywhere in the world. Search for giant orebodies thus drives the exploration industry: not only the in-house teams of large internationals, but also hundreds of junior companies hoping to sell their significant discoveries to the "big boys". Geological characteristics of giant metallic deposits and their setting and the politico-economic constraints of access to and exploitation in prospective areas have been a "hot topic" in the past fifteen years, but the knowledge generated and published has been one-sided, scattered and fragmented. This is the first comprehensive book on the subject that provides body of solid facts rather than rapidly changing theories, written by author of the Empirical Metallogeny book series and founder of the Data Metallogenica visual knowledge system on mineral deposits of the world, who has had an almost 40 years long international academic and industrial experience. The book will provide abundant material for comparative research in metallogeny, practical information for the explorationists as to where to look for the "elephants", and some inspiration for commodity investors.Table of ContentsCivilization based on metals.- Data on metallic deposits and magnitude categories: the giant and world class deposits.- From trace metals to giant deposits.- Geological divisions that contain ore giants: introduction and the role of mantle.- Oceans and young island arc systems.- Andean-type convergent continental margins (upper volcanic-sedimentary level).- Cordilleran granitoids in convergent continental margins (lower, plutonic levels).- Intracratonic (intraplate) orogens granites hydrothermal deposits.- Volcano-sedimentary orogens.- Precambrian greenstone-granite terrains.- Proterozoic-style intracratonic orogens and basins: extension, sedimentation, magmatism.- Rifts, paleorifts, rifted margins, anorogenic and alkaline magmatism.- Sedimentary associations and regolith.- Higher-grade metamorphic associations.- Giant deposits in geological context.- Giant deposits: industry, economics, politics.- Finding or acquiring giant deposits.- Epilogue.- References.- Index of mineral deposits.- Appendix: Database of significant metal accumulations.

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Book SynopsisDiamonds in Nature: A Guide to Rough Diamonds illustrates the range of crystal shapes, colours, surface textures, and mineral inclusions of rough, uncut, naturally forming diamonds. Each chapter contains photographs that show the unique physical characteristics of the diamonds, and the accompanying text describes the processes that led to their formation. This book is an invaluable reference manual for professional geoscientists—including gemmologists and exploration geologists.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews:“The focus of the book is exclusively on natural uncut diamonds, their characteristic features, and their mineral and fluid inclusions. How these provide insights into the growth processes of diamonds and the workings of our planet’s interior is clearly developed and explained. The authors achieve their aims in an excellent style. ... The book should also appeal to a wider audience of people outside of the earth sciences who wish to become acquainted with a fascinating detective story that has already placed these small carbon crystals in a unique position as closed-system repositories for evidence of geologic processes that took place billions of years ago.” (John Gurney, Economic Geology, Vol. 106 (8), December 2011)“The authors are from the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton. … They have done an excellent job in describing the geology and crystallography of natural diamonds. This book is a scholarly work: each statement has a citation to one or more of the 325 research papers alphabetically listed in References. … Exactly a century after Fersmann and Goldschmidt published their book … we now have the pleasure of a highly recommended, colourful and up-to-date successor, also produced in Heidelberg.” (Moreton Moore, Crystallography Reviews, Vol. 18 (4), 2012) Table of Contents1. The origin of diamonds, 2. The morphologies and shapes of diamonds, 3. The colors of diamonds, 4. The surface texture of diamonds, 5. Inclusions in diamonds and their geological meaning.

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Book SynopsisIn the Spring of 2000 the idea of a consortium of Mediterranean countries support- ing the Italian bid to host the 32nd International Geological Congress took off during ageological fieldtrip on the slopes ofMountVesuviushosted byProf. Bruno D'Argenio (University of Naples) with the sponsorship of SMED(the UNESCO-CNR Office for Scientific and Technological Cooperation with Mediterranean Countries). On that st occasion, the head of the Italian delegation to the coming 31 IGCProf. Gian Battista Vaichampionedthe notionthat - had the bid been accepted - such cooperationshould have not only translated into the participation of the Mediterranean countries in the organization of the future congress, but also should have been a springboard for launching a scientific project focused on the Mediterranean region and whose re- sults had to be presented at the congress. st During the 31 IGCin Riode Janeiro,after the designation of Florence bythe lUGS nd Council as the venue for the 32 IGC,the Mediterranean Consortium was set up. In its full configuration, the Consortium was an association of thirty-one Mediterra- nean and nearbycountries. Alongwith Italy,they are:Albania,Algeria,Austria, Bosnia- Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Egypt, France, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya,Macedonia, Malta,Morocco,Palestine, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia,Slovenia,Spain, Switzerland, Syria,Tunisia, and Turkey. Each member country nominated a National Representative who served as a liai- son between his/her national geological community and the IGCOrganizing Commit- tee.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews: "It provides the current state-of-the-art on the geodynamic architecture and history of the Mediterranean region … . The TRANSMED Atlas is a very interesting work for those who are working in the Mediterranean and are in need of a concise overview of the current ideas on the geodynamic evolution of this particular region. … A great asset of this atlas is the extensive, up-to-date reference list. The atlas is very well illustrated. The CD-ROM is, moreover, very user friendly." (Manuel Sintubin, Geologica Belgica, Vol. 8 (3), 2005) Table of ContentsOne — Printed Volume.- 1 The Mediterranean Area and the Surrounding Regions: Active Processes, Remnants of Former Tethyan Oceans and Related Thrustbelts.- Abstract.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Mediterranean Fold-and-thrust Belts.- 1.3 Mediterranean Marine Basins.- 1.4 Geological-geophysical Baseline.- 1.4.1 Heat Flow.- 1.4.2 Crustal and Lithospheric Structure.- 1.4.3 Gravity.- 1.4.4 Magnetic Field.- 1.4.5 Seismicity.- 1.4.6 Geodetic Data.- 1.4.7 Stress Field.- 1.5 Global Dynamics and Active Processes Exemplified in the Mediterranean.- 1.5.1 Subduction of the Eastern Mediterranean Lithosphere beneath the Calabrian and Aegean.- 1.5.2 Rifting and Passive Margin Development in Back-arc Regions and Other MediterranRelated to Tectonic Wedges, Tilted Blocks and Sedimentary Loadingean Domains.- 1.5.3 Mud and Salt Diapirism (Eastern Mediterranean Ridge, Alboran Sea, Nile Delta).- 1.5.4 Sea-level Changes, Salinity Crisis, Flooding (Messinian Mediterranean versus Pleistocene Black Sea).- 1.6 Record of Ancient Dynamics of the Tethyan Oceans, Ophiolitic Sutures, Mantle Tomography versus Paleogeography of the Mediterranean Realm.- 1.6.1 Collisional vs. Intracontinental Thrust Belts and Oceanic Sutures.- 1.6.2 Plate Dynamics and Palinspastic Restorations: Demise of the Concept of a Single Tethys.- 1.6.3 Cenozoic Magmatism in the Mediterranean Region.- 1.7 Conclusions.- Acknowledgements.- 2 A Tomographic View on Western Mediterranean Geodynamics.- Abstract.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 The Global Tomography Model BS2000.- 2.3 Interpretation of Model BS2000 for the Western Mediterranean Mantle.- 2.3.1 Alps, Apennines, and the Western Mediterranean.- 2.3.2 The Betic-Rif and Alboran Region.- 2.4 Analysis: the Geodynamic Evolution of the Western Mediterranean.- 2.4.1 Tomographic Evidence for Slab Roll-back.- 2.4.2 Northern Apennines and Alpine-Tethys Subduction.- 2.4.3 Slab Detachment beneath the Central-southern Apennines.- 2.4.4 Calabria Subduction.- 2.4.5 The North African Margin.- 2.4.6 Betic-Rif and Alboran Region: I. Subduction and Roll-back of Predominantly Oceanic Lithosphere.- 2.4.7 Betic-Rif and Alboran Region: II. Development of Arc Geometry and Subduction Roll-back.- 2.4.8 Synthesis of Tomographic Constraints on the Geodynamic Evolution of the Western Mediterranean Region.- 2.5 Summary.- Acknowledgements.- Appendix 1 (CD-ROM).- Appendix 2 (CD-ROM).- 3 The TRANSMED Transects in Space and Time: Constraints on the Paleotectonic Evolution of the Mediterranean Domain.- Abstract.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 The Western Tethys Main Plate Tectonic Constraints.- 3.2.1 The East Mediterranean-Neotethys Connection.- 3.2.2 The Apulia-Adria Problem.- 3.3 The Geodynamic Evolution of Greater Apulia and Surrounding Regions.- 3.3.1 Paleotethys Evolution (Figs. 3.2–3.6).- 3.3.2 Cimmerian Events and Triassic Marginal Oceans (Figs. 3.6–3.9).- 3.3.3 The Jurassic Oceans: Alpine Tethys, Central Atlantic and Vardar (Figs. 3.8–3.11).- 3.3.4 The Cretaceous Oceans: North Atlantic and the Pyrenean Domain (Figs. 3.10–3.14).- 3.4 The TRANSMED Transects in Space and Time.- 3.4.1 Transects I-II-III West.- 3.4.2 Transects IV-V-VI.- 3.4.3 Transects III East, VII and VIII.- 3.5 Conclusions.- Acknowledgements.- Appendix 3 (CD-ROM).- References: Preface, Chapters 1, 2 and 3.- References: CD-ROM.- Transect I: Iberian Meseta — Guadalquivir Basin — Betic Cordillera — Alboran Sea — Rif — Moroccan Meseta — High Atlas — Sahara Domain.- Transect II: Aquitaine Basin — Pyrenees — Ebro Basin — Catalan Coastal Ranges — Valencia Trough — Balearic Promontory — Algerian Basin — Kabylies — Atlas — Saharan Domain.- Transect III: Massif Central — Provence — Gulf of Lion — Provençal Basin — Sardinia — Tyrrhenian Basin — Southern Apennines — Apulia — Adriatic Sea — Albanian Dinarides — Balkans — Moesian Platform.- Transects IV, V and VI: The Alps and Their Forelands.- Transect VII: East European Craton — Scythian Platform — Dobrogea — Balkanides — Rhodope Massif — Hellenides — East Mediterranean — Cyrenaica.- Transect VIII: Eastern European Craton — Crimea — Black Sea — Anatolia C2014; Cyprus — Levant Sea — Sinai — Red Sea.

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Book SynopsisModern mineral exploration is the Modern Hunting of the Solid Earth". It provides a vital bridging between mineral explorations coupled with committed intellectual investment. Mineral explorers like: geochemists, geophysists, geomatists, geo-technical engineers, mineral chemists, environmental scientists, ceramic engineers, metallurgists and business communities with diverse range of interests and in training the experts of specific research needs. This volume covers major areas like: Mineral resources. Modern techniques for exploration of resources. Exploration and exploitation of water resources. Environmental studies. Economic development. This collection of illustrations with maps, photographs, figures, satellite images, colour photographs and tables will be found beneficial to students, researchers, field professionals and to decision makers." jacketTable of ContentsMineral Resources: 1. Uranium Mineralisation in Leucogranites Around Suryapet, Nalgonda District, Andhra Pradesh by S.K. De, A.S.Khotpal, M.Rajani Kumar, B.Harirao, Mridula Chauhan, K. Raghuramaiah and A.Sivasamy 2. Rare Earth Minerals in Carbonatites and their Significance in Earth Science by G.B.Sukumaran and M.Kumar 3. Integrated Sequence and Chemostratigraphic Modeling A Sure-fire Technique for Stratigraphic Correlation Petroleum Exploration and Reservoir Characterization by Mu.Ramkumar and G.Sathish 4. India - A Potential Global Contestant in Ilmenite Placer Mineral Production by S. Vasudevan, M. Arumugam, R. Sakthivel and K.Vadivelan 5. Mineral Exploration - A Geomatics Perspective by R. Neelakantan, D. Ramesh and M.Karthikeyan 6. Chrysoberyl from Southern Tamil Nadu of South India, with Implications for Gondwana Studies by G. Manimaran, Deepak Bagai and P.T.Roy Chacko 7. Clay Mineralogical and Textural Studies of Warkalli Formation Varkala, Kerala by D. Senthil Nathan, Arun K. Sreedhar and R.Resmi 8. Geological Setting and Physico - Chemical Properties of Uttatur Clays, Ariyalur Area, Tamil Nadu by R. Prabhakaran, M. Arumugam, R.S.Kumar, T.Jeyavel Rajakumar and B.Selvaraj 9. Role of Microfossils in Identifying the Source Rocks for Oil in Nagaland, India by R.Venkatachalapathy, Kapesa Lokho and D.S.N..Raju 10. Heavy Mineral Enrichment Pattern in the Vaippar River and its Significance to the Vaippar Beach Placer Deposits Southern Tamil Nadu, India by P.Udayaganesan, N.Angusamy , J.Sahayam and G.Victor Rajamanickam Modern Techniques For Exploration of Resources: 11. Lineament Detection to Identify Probable Location of Mineralized Zone - A Case Study in Panchmahal District Gujarat Western India - Using Remote Sensing Techniques by G.Bhaskaran, S.Rajendran and N.Radhakrishnan 12. Remote Sensing Applications for Hydrocarbon Exploration in the Pericratonic Basins of the Tamil Nadu Coast by D.Ramesh, S.Palanivel, R.Neelakantan and S.Mahendran 13. Mapping of Geology and Structure of Iron Ore Deposits in Parts of Salem District Using Remote Sensing Technique by A.Thirunavukkarasu, S.Rajendran and B.Poovalingaganesh 14. Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in Identification of Groundwater Potential Zones in Gadilam Lower Sub Basin of Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu -A Case Study by D.Radhakrishnan, M.Ramalingam 15. Geological and Geomorphological Features in and Around Salem, Tamil Nadu by K.Sankar 16. Geoelectrical Response Over Archaean Hard Rocks of Sankaran Kovil and Tenkasi Taluks of Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu by T.Jeyavel Rajakumar, R.S.Kumar and S.Rajendran 17. Targeting Potential Groundwater Zones in Hard Rock Environment Using GIS for Rural Development- An Integrated Approach by C.Lakshumanan and M.Govindaraju 18. A Remote Sensing and Gis Approach to Groundwater Prospecting in Gayatri River Basin, Kerala, India by A.P.Sreejith and Amit K.Bhattacharya 19. Regional Geological Setting and Major Geochemical Pattern of Upper Agniar and Vellar Basins, Tamil Nadu by S.Palanivel 20. Inverse Slope Method of Interpretation of Geoelectrical Sounding Curves and Its Application for Groundwater Exploration in Crystalline Rock Terrains by T.S.Badrinarayanan and R.Venkatesan 21. Groundwater Prospective Zones in Western Doon Valley Using Remote Sensing and GIS by R.S.Kumar and S.Aravindan 22. Aerogeophysical Data as Tool in Mapping and Mineral Exploration - Case Studies by T.V.Ramachandran 23. Mapping of Groundwater Recharge Zones of A Watershed Using Remote Sensing and GIS by G.Kannan and S.Poongothai 24. Simulation of Groundwater Contamination in Upper Palar River Basin, Tamil Nadu by C.Sivakumar and L.Elango 25. Demarcating Groundwater Potential Zone by Using Ves Method in Kadayampatty Panchayat Union Salem District, Tamil Nadu by K.R.Ravindran, S.Venketeswaran, G.Vanaraju, S.Karthikeyan, C.Praba 26. Groundwater Prospects Mapping Using Remote Sensing and Gis Techniques - A Case Study in Theni District, Tamil Nadu by K. Vaithiyanathan, M.Kamaraj, M.Ramalinagam and N.Raja Exploration and Exploitation of Water Resources: 27. Study of Trace Element Concentration in Part of Neveli Aquifer, Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu by S.Aravindan and I.Jainamb 28. Hydrogeochemical Study of Mecheri Panchayat Union Salem District Tamil Nadu by S.Venkateswaran, S.Karuppannan, K.R.Ravindran, R.Saravanan 29. Exploration and Development of Groundwater in the Crystalline Rocks of Composit Tiruchirappalli District, Tamil Nadu by G.Bhaskaran, S.Rajendran and R.Jaganathan 30. Spatial Analyses of Crop Water Requirement in Buthangudy Canal Command Area Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu India Using Gis Techniques by B.S.Nagashree, N.Manikumari and S.Rajendra 31. An Integrated Geophysical Approach for Groundwater Prospecting in the Omalur Panchayat Union Salem District, Tamil Nadu by S.Venkateswaran and A.Karthikeyan 32. Analysis of Groundwater Quality in Cuddalore District Using Geographic Information System by S.Jothi Ganesh and S.Rajendran 33. Priliminary Studies of Hydrogeochemical Behaviour in Valapadi Taluk Salem District, Tamil Nadu by B.Gurugnanam, N.Prabhakaran, S.Radha and S.Murugan 34. A Study on Thermodynamic Stability of Groundwater in Different Lithounits From Gadilam River Basin Tamil Nadu, India by S.Chidambaram, M.V.Prasanna, K. Srinivasamoorthy and P.Anandhan 35. Cyanobacterial Diversity in the Veeranam Lake with Special Reference to Soil Microflora - Using Sem-insa-eds by K. Sivakumar and R.Senthilkumar 36. Hydrogeochemistry of Fluoride in Groundwater from Northwestern Part of Salem District, Tamil Nadu by K.Srinivasamoorthy, S.Chidambaram, P.Anandhan ,S.Vasudevan and M.V.Prasanna 37. Occurrence of High Fluoride in Parts of Kadyampatty Area of Omalur Taluk in Salem District by M.Arumugam, K.Manokaran and R.Venkatesan 38. Assessment of Surface Water Resources of A Watershed Using GIS by N. Nagarajan and S.Poongothai 39. Addressing the Extent of Aquifer for Groundwater Favorability through GIS in Valapadi Taluk, Salem District, Tamil Nadu by B.Gurugnanam, S.Vasudevan, N.Prabaharan, N.Vijayakumar and S.Murugan Environmental Studies: 40. Applications of Geochemical Strategy for Suitable Site Selection in Coastal Region by R.Arthur James and A.Rajendran 41. Airborne Altimetric Lidar in Coastal Management by V.Emayavaramban and A.Ganesh 42. Environment Baseline and Impact Assessment of Ptk Mines by K.M.Barath Chandran, S.Senthilkumar, M.Manivel 43. Hydrogeological Studies of Ptk Mines Using Remote Sensing and GIS by M.Deepasaraswathi, S.Preetha, P.Madhumitha, T.Ramasubbulakshmi, C.Chitra and M.Manivel Economic Development: 44. Geoscientific Criteria and Commercial Significance of Pyroxene Syenite of Slvamalai Area,Periyar District, Tamil Nadu by G.B.Sukumaran, R.Balaji and M.Kumar 45. Valuation of Granite Deposits by B.Kanishkan

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Book SynopsisThe molecular mechanisms underlying the fact that a crystal can take a variety of external forms is something we have come to understand only in the last few decades. This is due to recent developments in theoretical and experimental investigations of crystal growth mechanisms. Morphology of Crystals is divided into three separately available volumes. Part A contains chapters on roughening transition; equilibrium form; step pattern theory; modern PBC; and surface microtopography. This part provides essentially theoretical treatments of the problem, particularly the solid-liquid interface. Part B contains chapters on ultra-fine particles; minerals; transition from polyhedral to dendrite; theory of dendrite; and snow crystals. All chapters are written by world leaders in their respective areas, and some can be seen as representing the essence of a life's work. This is the first English-language work which covers all aspects of the morphology of crystals - a topic which has attracted top scientific minds for centuries. As such, it is indispensable for anyone seeking an answer to a question relating to this fascinating problem: mineralogists, petrologists, crystallographers, materials scientists, workers in solid-state physics and chemistry, etc. In Parts A: Fundamentals and B: Fine Particles, Minerals and Snow equilibrium and kinetic properties of crystals are generally approached from an `atomistic' point of view. In contrast, Part C: The Geometry of Crystal Growth follows the alternative and complementary `geometrical' description, where bulk phases are considered as continuous media and their interfaces as mathematical surfaces with orientation-dependent properties. Equations of motion for a crystal surface are expressed in terms of vector and tensor operators working on surface free energy and growth rate, both expressed as functions of surface orientation and driving force, or `affinity' for growth. This approach emphasizes the interrelation between equilibrium and kinetic behavior. Part 1 establishes the theoretical framework. Part 2 gives a construction toolbox for explicit (analytic) functions. An extra chapter is devoted to experimental techniques for measuring such functions: a new approach to sphere growth experiments. The emphasis throughout is on principles and new concepts. Audience: Advanced readers familiar with traditional aspects of crystal growth theory. Can be used as the basis for an advanced course, provided supplementation is provided in the areas of atomistic models of the advancing surface, diffusion fields, etc.Table of Contents-- Part C: 1. The continuum approach to crystal interfaces: basics. I: Theoretical framework. 2. Operators for orientation-dependent parameters. 3. Mechanics and thermodynamics of interfaces. 4. Equilibrium structures of junctions, edges and vertices. 5. Growth: kinematic wave theory revisited. 6. Kinetic behaviour of junctions, edges and vertices. 7. Structural phase transitions of a crystal surface as a branch of soliton physics. 8. Miscellaneous topics. II: Growth rate functions. 9. Analytic representations of R(n,A) functions. 10. Nonlinear networks and the `assembled function' notation. 11. Physical aspects of assembling operations. 12. The systematic construction of R(n,A) functions by a sequence of assembling steps. 13. Notes on sphere-growth experiments. 14. Summary: Conclusions and outstanding questions. References. List of symbols, abbreviations and notations.

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