Meteorology and climatology Books

Book SynopsisWouldn't it be useful to be able to come up with an accurate weather forecast simply by reading the clouds? Well, with this book, you can!TV forecasts, online predictions and smartphone apps are all based on the same data a number-crunched overview of how air pressure and temperature affects the weather over a large geographical area. But to get an idea of how the weather will develop for the precise spot where you're standing (or walking, sailing, golfing, fishing, etc) you don't need any equipment or a wifi connection you just need to look up. This book will give you a great understanding of why clouds are symptoms of weather patterns, not causes. Highly practical, it shows you how by reading these signs in the sky and referring to the explanatory colour photos and diagrams, you will be able to tell exactly what those signs mean. After its very well received first edition, this second edition is revised and expanded, including plenty of new photos to cover every possible view oTrade ReviewWell researched - practical information in an easy to assimilate form * Professor Richard Collier, former President of the Royal Meteorological Society *So good that my Yachtmaster candidates would do well to read it. I learned something from this book. I bet you do too * Tom Cunliffe, author of The Complete Day Skipper and The Complete Yachtmaster *Absolutely brilliant; a must for anyone who does anything outside and for whom the weather might be important. Everyone, wherever they are in the world, will get something from this book * Duncan Wells, author of Stress-Free Sailing *If you've ever wanted to forecast the weather by analysing clouds, you'll love this book. * People's Friend *Table of ContentsForeword by Tom Cunliffe Foreword by Duncan Wells 1. Getting to know the basics 2. Reading the high clouds 3. Reading the middle clouds 4. Reading the low clouds 5. Clouds with vertical growth 6. Weather forecasting rules 7. Local conditions 8. Weather lore 9. Quiz - what did you learn? Appendix 1 - Logging your observations Appendix 2 - The Beaufort scale of wind speed Bibliography Glossary Quick reference guide

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Book SynopsisShortlisted for the Financial Times and McKinsey Business Book of the Year Award, and one of The Observer’s ‘Thirty books to help us understand the world’. Are we really to blame for the climate crisis? Over 70 per cent of global emissions come from the same 100 organisations, but fossil-fuel companies have taken no responsibility themselves. Instead, they have waged a 30-year campaign to blame individuals. The result has been disastrous for our planet. In The New Climate War, renowned scientist Michael E. Mann argues that all is not lost. He draws the battle lines between the people and the polluters — fossil-fuel companies, right-wing plutocrats, and petro-states — and outlines a plan for forcing our governments and corporations to wake up and make real change.Trade Review‘Mann shows that corporations and lobbyists have been successful in convincing us that climate change will be fine, if we just recycle our bottles and turn out the lights. Instead, he says, global warming is a problem way too hot for any one person to handle. He’s optimistic though, because he sees what we really can and will do. Read his book, and let’s get to work.’ -- Bill Nye, science educator, CEO of The Planetary Society‘Fossil fuel companies have, for decades longer than I have been alive, been the largest contributors to the climate crisis that affects my generation today — all in pursuit of profits and growth. In The New Climate War, Michael Mann holds them to account, and shows us how we can take the bold steps we must all take together to win the battle to save this planet.’ -- Greta Thunberg, climate activist‘This book takes the reader behind the front lines into the decades long information war waged by the fossil fuel industry and those that share their interests. From his perspective as a leader in the battle for scientific reason, Michael Mann provides hope and a roadmap for all of us to address the systemic issues fuelling climate change, and shows how we can come together to wage a new war in the fight for our future.’ -- Leonardo DiCaprio, actor and environmental activist‘With this book, Michael Mann details the challenges we face from enemies (“inactivists”) both without and within while dropping critically important breadcrumbs for us to follow to lead us out of the forest of despair and set us on the path of victory in a battle we must win. We need an army of Michaels, stat!’ -- Don Cheadle, actor, activist, and UN global goodwill ambassador‘Brilliant.’ -- Ben Cooke * The Times *‘A strategic, wide-ranging overview of humanity’s present predicament and an exploration of possible pathways out of it.’ -- Jonathan Watts * The Guardian *‘Comprehensive.’ * The Financial Times *‘The main focus of Mann’s book is a call to arms in the new war against “inactivists” who are using new tactics of “deception, distraction, and delay” to prevent the phase-out of fossil fuels. Mann is a robust character ... Mann does not pull his punches, but his aim is usually strong and true. This book will no doubt prove controversial for some climate campaigners, as well as the deniers, but I hope it will be read by everybody who is engaged in making the case for action.’ -- Bob Ward * The Observer *‘Pulling no punches, Michael Mann lays out our predicament and tells the shocking story of persistent climate denial and corporate deception. We are in a war for the planet, but one we are now on the verge of winning. And he deftly cuts through the propaganda and shows us the path forward.’ -- Jerry Brown, California governor, 1975-1983, 2011-2019‘For over two decades, Michael Mann has been our Janus at the gates, defending climate science from corporate-funded insinuations of confusion and suspicion. We would not have progressed this far had it not been for his unflinching and brilliant rejoinders to the traffickers of doubt. This chronicle of ongoing climate injustice may make you mad, but hopefully it will make us act. This is the only civilisation we have. Mann is its resolute champion once again.’ -- Paul Hawken, founder of Project Drawdown‘The New Climate War is an insightful treatise on how the polluting fossil fuel industry and their right-wing allies have deflected the blame for the climate crisis. The book charts a common sense course for collective actions to force government and corporations to make real solutions to the climate crisis — an existential threat to humanity and the planet.’ -- Robert D. Bullard, professor of Urban Planning and Environmental Policy at Texas Southern University‘Thought-provoking.’ -- Pilita Clark * Financial Times *‘The New Climate War is a punchy, provocative, informed … deeply personal take on the crisis, by a respected voice in the climate science and communications field.’ -- John Gibbons * The Irish Times *‘A fascinating journey through the minds and motivations of the champions of climate denialism as well as the more recent climate doomists. Along the way, we learn of the unequivocal scientific evidence and the rapid evolution of technological solutions. Most importantly, public opinion finally seems to be at a ‘tipping point’ to catalyse political will to leave the next generation a sustainable world — and not a moment too soon!’ -- Rosina Bierbaum, professor at University of Michigan and University of Maryland, and former Acting Director of OSTP‘Few people bear more scars from the climate wars than Michael Mann — and few have fought longer and harder for a basic, rational approach to dealing with this greatest of crises. Because of his persistence — and that of so many others — we are finally making progress!’ -- Bill McKibben, author of Falter: has the human game begun to play itself out?‘The New Climate War is engaging, approachable, and ultimately deeply uplifting. Mann outlines a hopeful vision of the transformation we must undertake in order to create a better, brighter future on this planet. He makes the clear case that our species is capable of great change, laying out exactly why and how we can rise to overcome the grave challenges before us.’ -- Sasha Sagan, author of For Small Creatures Such As We‘Provocative … The New Climate War makes a compelling case both for revising the global Green New Deal and for counteracting disinformation from climate sceptics.’ -- John Meagher * Irish Independent *‘Mann is the genuine article ... his prose rattles along, entertaining and horrifying us in equal measure as he exposes scientists, politicians, the conservative media and other supposed experts who have slowed climate action by caring more about the interests of big industry.’ -- Philippa Nuttall Jones * New Statesman *‘Mann’s call to get serious about climate change couldn’t be more timely.’ -- Richard Schiffman * New Scientist *‘Michael Mann is a pre-eminent climate scientist whose academic pedigree is beyond question.’ -- Art Flynn * Irish Examiner *‘A wonderfully confrontational book.’ -- David Robbins * Sunday Independent *‘This book is a must read not just for people currently working to address climate change but also for those who are new to the climate fight, the latter of whom will learn much about past challenges, struggles, and attacks that have been aimed at climate champions.’ * Science Magazine *‘One of the world’s leading climate scientists embarks on a journey into the minds of climate change deniers to try to understand their motivations and strategies … Blunt, lucid … Consistently displaying his comprehensive command of climate science and the attendant politics … An expert effectively debunks the false narrative of denialism and advocates communal resistance to fossil fuels.’ * Kirkus Reviews *‘Mann starts from the premise that we can save the planet from the worst impacts of climate change if we move to net-zero carbon emissions. As a scientist, he dismisses most scenarios of an uninhabitable Earth because they’re based on a misunderstanding of methane feedback loops, and, as a citizen, he has no time for “climate doom porn” because it leads to political paralysis. But if Mann is “objectively hopeful”, he’s not naïve. The challenges are real and the vested interests of business as usual are powerful ... Michael Mann may or may not be a Climate Jedi, but he is a climate smart guy and The New Climate War is a must read.’ -- Donald Wright * The Globe & Mail *‘The New Climate War is an informed, opinionated guide to an ever-changing conflict.’ * Shelf Awareness *‘An engrossing mix of footnoted history, acerbic political commentary, and personal anecdotes.’ * Science News *‘[P]unchy and illuminating … uses both peer-reviewed climate science research and combative wit to expose the strategies of people and industries bent on deflecting responsibility and limiting the systemic change necessary to move the world away from dependence on planet-destroying fossil fuel ... Mann clearly has skin in this game. Both his professional and personal reputations have been viciously attacked in response to his work. Here he fights back, settles some scores, and argues for the necessity and possibility of aggressive, systemic changes. It’s a bracing read — both eye-opening and even fun.’ -- Alden Mudge * BookPage *If there’s ever a Hall of Fame for climate scientists, Michael Mann will be among the first to be inducted. * Rolling Stone *‘The New Climate War is an enlightening exposé of something that many of us probably already took as given: vested financial interests are psychotic in their efforts to control the dialogue.’ -- David Ferrell * The Canberra Times *‘Fantastic.’ -- David Ritter * Pro Bono Australia *‘The New Climate War is a detailed, passionate, and insightful overview of the latest schemes by fossil fuel interests and their minions to halt or delay a transition to a clean energy economy.’ * The Progressive *‘Lucid, accessible, and an important read for anyone who cares about the present and future of climate action.’ * The Centre Daily Times *‘Mann’s book is an important addition to the pushback against inaction and doom that has delayed action against climate change for too long and led too many to surrender without even a fight.’ * Sierra Club magazine *‘Spirited.’ -- Caroline O’Doherty * Irish Independent *‘Extremely insightful.’ -- Tim Rook * H and V News *‘Few people bear more scars from the climate wars than Michael Mann — and few have fought longer and harder for a basic, rational approach to dealing with this greatest of crises. Because of his persistence — and that of so many others — we are finally making progress!’ -- Bill McKibben, author of Falter: has the human game begun to play itself out?‘Mann is an excellent communicator, and his book is also a very good place to find out what the current climate science actually does and does not say.’ -- Bibek Bhattacharya * Mint *‘Mann’s book is enlightening. Despite the seriousness of the subject, his book entertains, raises awareness, and inspires optimism. That is how we fight for the climate.’ -- Claudia Detsch, IPS Journal‘[The New Climate War] explains very clearly, with researched facts, that the focus on individual behaviours to slow climate chaos is the result of a marketing campaign that has succeeded in guilt tripping the individual and deflecting responsibility from the fossil fuel companies, where it belongs.’ -- Ruah Swennerfelt * Friends Journal *‘[The New Climate War] is a book relevant to people everywhere, and especially those in our region concerned about environmental change.’ -- Richard Frost‘An engaging, well-documented book about climate politics and the industrial and political forces that have resisted the science of climate change and continue to manipulate and distort public perceptions about its causes and effects.’ -- Susan Glick * Seacoast Online *‘An important and timely book — well worth reading.’ -- Stephen Shenfield * WSPUS Newsletter *‘This book can jolt you out of despair and ‘doomism’ over climate change.’ -- Jean Boivin * Blackrock Investment Institute *

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Book SynopsisThe fourth edition of this bestselling book explains how to combine professional weather forecasts with information from self-assessment of the signs in the sky, as well as from websites and apps, to arrive at a local forecast of coming weather. The Weather Handbook is the essential guide to how the weather is formed, providing readers with the ability to look at the sky and interpret its signs. This handbook has been the standard reference for over 20 years for skippers and crews of cruising and racing yachts. The fourth edition has been updated and expanded with new photos and explanatory text, addressing new sources of weather information. There are countless websites and apps providing forecast data, and The Weather Handbook guides users in how to use and interpret this information for themselves, taking a general forecast for a wide area to provide a local forecast for a specific location.The perfect introduction to understanding weather - <Trade ReviewAn absolute must for anyone who needs a forecast truly applicable to you, wherever you are. * RNLI magazine *The Weather Handbook is written in a conversational style that helps break down the jargon. And there are helpful summaries ... The handbook would be great to keep onboard, not necessarily as a reference, but as some easy and educational reading. * Sailing (US magazine) *The goal of the book is to teach readers to look at the sky, interpret its signs and leverage their knowledge to asses the coming weather. * Soundings (US) *

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Book SynopsisIn many parts of the world the weather forms a daily topic of conversation, In others it hardly changes from one week to the next. However, human life is governed by the weather which affects much of our activity, from farming to fishing and from shopping to holiday-making. Introducing Meteorology has been written to provide a succinct overview of the science of the weather for students and for interested amateurs wanting a topical guide to this complex science. The initial chapters describe the development of the science, the atmosphere and the forces which govern the weather. The author then discusses weather influences at global and local scales before describing the science of weather forecasting. Copiously illustrated, this book is intended for those whose interest in meteorology has been stimulated, perhaps by media coverage of dramatic weather events, and who want to know more. Technical terms are kept to a minimum and are explained in a glossary.Trade ReviewReviews of the first edition:‘It is sometimes said, with some justification, that those who are specialists in a particular field often express themselves when speaking of their subject in terms that are impenetrable to those of us who are not fellow specialists. No such criticism could be levelled at Jon Shonk… I have no hesitation in recommending this book.’ Weather (Royal Meteorological Society)‘Introducing Meteorology is a most welcome addition to the bookshelves of students, interested amateurs, meteorology educators, and those who simply enjoy a readable, affordable book on the weather. Jon Shonk has created a marvelously succinct and up-to­ date introduction to weather that serves a variety of audiences and purposes extremely well. I hope this is only the first of many excellent books from this young scientist.’ BAMS (American Meteorological Society)‘Over the vears there has been quite a deluge of books on the weather but John Shonk’s Introducing Meteorology, A Guide to Weather' is affordable, concise yet full of information. It is very readable and is generously illustrated with an excellent balance between pictures and diagrams, all in colour.’ Weather EyeTable of ContentsPreface. 1. Watching the weather; 2. From seaweed to supercomputers; 3. The Weather Station; 4. Gauging the Atmosphere; 5. Anatomy of the Atmosphere; 6. Water in the Atmosphere; 7. It all starts with the Sun; 8. Hot and Cold; 9. The Atmosphere in Motion; 10. Mid-Latitude Weather Systems; 11. Weather in the Tropics; 12. Convective Systems, Tornadoes and Thunderstorms; 13. Local Weather Effects; 14. Forecasting the Weather; 15. The Forecaster's Challenge; 16. The Changing Climate. Glossary. Further Reading.

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Book SynopsisThe wind powers everything a sailor does and this book will help you to understand it. As a result you will be more prepared for your race, able to anticipate changes in the wind better and know what to do when they come. The first edition of this book was published in 1986, and it has been the go-to wind book for dinghy champions ever since. This new-look fourth edition is fully updated for modern forecasting and analyses a revised set of popular racing venues around the world: unveiling what to expect from the weather at over 25 regatta locations, it will get you ahead of the competition and powering up the leaderboard.Trade Review“Wind Strategy remains the ‘go to’ book for racing sailors seeking to improve their understanding of the vagaries of the wind.” (Yachting Life) “It covers everything a dinghy sailor could possibly need to know about how wind and weather can affect you on the race course, and the knowledge here can help put you one step ahead of the competition before the start gun has even fired.” (The Final Beat) "A good read for sailors of all abilities with plenty of illustrations to guide the club sailor and regular racers." (Gybe Magazine) “This is very well illustrated and explains the wind brilliantly.” (UK Laser Association)Table of ContentsAbout The Authors; Foreword; Chapter 1: The Wind-Wise Sailor; Chapter 2: The Sailor’s Wind; Chapter 3: Wind Facts: Coasts, Lakes & Islands; Chapter 4: Wind Facts: Wind Bands, Water Temperature & The Tide; Chapter 5: Wind Facts: Gusts & Lulls; Chapter 6: Wind Facts: Southern Hemisphere; Chapter 7: The Sea Breeze; Chapter 8: Sea Breeze with Gradient Wind; Chapter 9: Afternoon Winds: Gradient Wind Onshore; Chapter 10: Lakes, Mountains, Valleys & Peninsulas; Chapter 11: As the Sun Goes Down; Chapter 12: Afternoon & Evening Winds: Southern Hemisphere; Chapter 13: Gravity Waves, Billows & Surges; Chapter 14: The Message of The Clouds; Chapter 15: Light Airs; Chapter 16: Obstacles in The Wind; Chapter 17: Water Currents; Chapter 18: Waves; Chapter 19: Dangerous Waves; Chapter 20: At The Regatta; Chapter 21: Which Sails?; Chapter 22: Popular Racing Venues; Summary Sheets.

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Book SynopsisThe oceans exert a vital moderating influence on the Earth's climate system. They provide inertia to the global climate, essentially acting as the pacemaker of climate variability and change, and they provide heat to high latitudes, keeping them habitable. This title offers a short, self-contained introduction to the subject.Trade Review"This easy-to-read illustrated book, filled with both data and accessible mathematical equations demonstrating the impact of the oceans on the Earth's climate, offers practitioners and stakeholders' state-of-the-art scientific analysis of how the oceans and climate interact that is both user friendly to the non-expert yet scientifically rigorous enough as bridge material for graduate students as they grapple with the compelling field of climate science and oceanography... These books at Princeton Primers in Climate are a superb resource to find meticulous, detailed, and clearly presented facts on climate change science."--Gabriel Thoumi, MongaBay.com "This is an excellent primer on the physical processes that control interactions within and between the atmosphere and ocean... It is a quick read that would be appropriate for scientists looking for information on the salient points of ocean-atmosphere interactions and climate. It would also serve as a useful complementary resource for an introductory-level course in oceanography."--Choice "I absolutely recommend this book. Those expecting a primer on oceans and climate will be rewarded with much more than a book that teaches the basics of a subject. I have taught about the ocean for more than 20 years and I still found plenty of insights in this text that will enhance my own teaching of undergraduate and graduate students."--Susan Lozier, Bulletin of the American Meteorological SocietyTable of ContentsPreface vii Chapter 1: Basics of Climate 1 Chapter 2: The Oceans: A Descriptive Overview 22 Chapter 3: A Brief Introduction to Dynamics 41 Chapter 4: The Ocean Circulation 75 Chapter 5: The Ocean's Overall Role in Climate 105 Chapter 6: Climate Variability from Weeks to Years 128 Chapter 7: Global Warming and the Ocean 156 Notes 205 Further Reading 211 Glossary 215 References 223 Index 229

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Book SynopsisTrade ReviewIn his deeply researched and exciting new book, A Cold Welcome, the historian Sam White focuses on the true stories of the English, Spanish, and French colonial expeditions in North America. He tells strange and surprising tales of drought, famine, bitterly cold winters, desperation, and death, while anchoring his research in the methods and results of the science of climate change and historical climatology…He weaves an intricate, complex tapestry as he examines the effects both of climate—meteorological conditions over relatively long periods of time—and of weather—the conditions of the atmosphere over a short term—on vulnerable colonists in North America in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries…His fresh account of the climatic forces shaping the colonization of North America differs significantly from long-standing interpretations of those early calamities. -- Susan Dunn * New York Review of Books *Meticulous environmental-historical detective work… White’s aim is to show how the patterns of European colonization in North America in the century before 1620 were driven by the engagement between settlers and the climatic and environmental conditions they encountered… A Cold Welcome is a pioneering and precise environmental history of the European settlement of North America. -- Robert J. Mayhew * Times Literary Supplement *Sam White’s aptly named A Cold Welcome is a remarkable journey through the complex impacts of the Little Ice Age on Colonial North America. His compelling narrative takes the study of early America in a new, and potentially highly important, direction that delves into a now vanished world of daunting climatic extremes. This beautifully written, important book leaves us in no doubt that we ignore the chronicle of past climate change at our peril. I found it hard to put down. -- Brian Fagan, author of The Little Ice AgeA Cold Welcome deserves a warm reception from anyone interested in colonial America, the early modern Atlantic, or the history of changing climates. Taking a holistic view of North America, White brilliantly illuminates the history of early Spanish, French, and English settlements as they struggled to come to grips with unexpected climates and a challenging spell during the Little Ice Age. -- J. R. McNeill, coauthor of The Great AccelerationThe period from 1492 to 1620 is the ‘forgotten century’ in American history, with most textbooks offering only a passing mention to early European exploration and settlement in North America. In fact, there were dozens of attempts to penetrate the continent, but all ended in starvation, disease, violence, and death. In A Cold Welcome, White explains how the Little Ice Age contributed to these failures. By combining archival research with the latest findings of climate scientists, he makes a brilliant contribution to both American and environmental history. -- Daniel Headrick, author of Power over PeoplesIn the barbarous early years of European colonization of North America, there have long been three acknowledged Horsemen of the Apocalypse: poor planning, cultural incomprehension, and bad timing. Sam White reminds us of a fourth deadly rider: climate change. His analysis of the Little Ice Age in North America makes the crucial point that failure to understand and adapt to climate change has been fatal. -- Joyce E. Chaplin, author of Round About the EarthWhite presents a fascinating account of Europeans’ 16th and early 17th century incursions into North America to highlight that colonial exploration was impeded by famines, diseases, afflictions and deaths for the British, the French, and the Spanish as they faced storms, icy winters, hurricanes, droughts, and extreme cold spells…In making climate history and climate reconstruction part of a contextualized historical inquiry, White not only stresses what was, but also implies what could have been for the early European expansion into Northern America…Beautifully written and skillfully researched, this book is highly relevant for scholars interested in the ways in which colonial history has been shaped at the intersection of human societies and the natural world, and more widely for all who seek to understand the consequences of present-day climate change on contemporary and future human communities…White’s book constitutes a reminder of the deleterious effects of uncontrolled climatic variations throughout social history, and yet another warning. -- Hélène B. Ducros * EuropeNow *An environmental historian by trade, [White] has produced a highly readable study of how people struggled to exist and gain a foothold in unfamiliar lands. -- Brian Renvall * Library Journal *Today, as we confront an uncertain future from global warming, A Cold Welcome reminds us of the risks of a changing and unfamiliar climate. * Northeastern Naturalist *

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Book SynopsisAn updated edition of The Cloud Book, featuring 12 new recognised cloud forms. This guide to the clouds helps you identify cloud types and understand their implications for the weather. It follows a logical progression from low clouds to high stratus clouds, and on to special clouds, with a foreword from the Met Office's chief meteorologist.Table of ContentsForeword from the Met Office Introduction: Clouds and their Classification How to use this Book Part 1: The Principal Clouds Low Clouds Medium Clouds High Clouds Part 2: Other Clouds and Effects Accessory Clouds Supplementary Features Special Clouds Man-made Clouds Optical Phenomena and Effects Afterword: Clouds and Climate Change Glossary Further Reading Index

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Book SynopsisDieses Buch leistet einen Beitrag zur Verbesserung der konzeptionellen Umsetzung der Hochwasservorbeugung und zur Effektivierung des praktischen Handelns im integrierten Hochwasserrisikomanagement. Dem Autor ist es ein Anliegen, auch den bisher noch nicht von Hochwasser betroffenen Akteuren anhand praktischer Beispiele vor Augen zu führen, dass sie bei vorausschauendem Handeln viele unnötige Hochwasserschäden verhindern können und gleichzeitig einen Beitrag zur Umsetzung der EG-Hochwasserrisikomanagementrichtlinie leisten. Table of ContentsEinleitung - Integriertes Hochwasserrisikomanagement - EG-Hochwasserrisikomanagementrichtlinie - Wasserwirtschaftliche Ausgangslage - Hochwasserereignis 2002 - Risikomanagement während des Ereignisses - Schäden und Sofortmaßnahmen - Hochwassernachsorge und Wiederaufbau - Hochwasservorbeugung - Fachliche Umsetzung der EG-Hochwasserrisikomanagementrichtlinie - Zusammenfassung - Ausblick

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Book SynopsisFocuses on atmospheric chemistry. This book begins with atmospheric structure, design of simple models, atmospheric transport, and the continuity equation, and continues with geochemical cycles, the greenhouse effect, aerosols, stratospheric ozone, the oxidizing power of the atmosphere, smog, and acid rain.Trade Review"The book is well suited to support students in introductory courses and provides a sound physical basis for more advanced work."--ChoiceTable of ContentsPreface xi 1 - Measures of Atmospheric Composition 3 1.1 Mixing Ratio 3 1.2 Number Density 4 1.3 Partial Pressure 8 Further Reading 11 Problems 11 1.1 Fog Formation 11 1.2 Phase Partitioning of Water in Cloud 11 1.3 The Ozone Layer 11 2 - Atmospheric Pressure 14 2.1 Measuring Atmospheric Pressure 14 2.2 Mass of the Atmosphere 14 2.3 Vertical Profiles of Pressure and Temperature 16 2.4 Barometric Law 18 2.5 The Sea-Breeze Circulation 21 Problems 22 2.1 Scale Height of the Martian Atmosphere 22 2.2 Scale Height and Atmospheric Mass 22 3 - Simple Models 24 3.1 One-Box Model 25 3.1.1 Concept of Lifetime 25 3.1.2 Mass Balance Equation 27 3.2 Multibox Models 30 3.3 Puff Models 33 Problems 36 3.1 Atmospheric Steady State 36 3.2 Ventilation of Pollution from the United States 37 3.3 Stratosphere- Troposphere Exchange 37 3.4 Interhemispheric Exchange 39 3.5 Long Range Transport of Acidity 39 3.6 Box versus Column Model for an Urban Airshed 40 3.7 The Montreal Protocol 40 4 - Atmospheric Transport 42 4.1 Geostrophic Flow 42 4.1.1 Coriolis Force 42 4.1.2 Geostrophic Balance 46 4.2 The General Circulation 48 4.3 Vertical Transport 53 4.3.1 Buoyancy 53 4.3.2 Atmospheric Stability 55 4.3.3 Adiabatic Lapse Rate 56 4.3.4 Latent Heat Release from Cloud Formation 58 4.3.5 Atmospheric Lapse Rate 60 4.4 Turbulence 63 4.4.1 Description of Turbulence 64 4.4.2 Turbulent Flux 64 4.4.3 Parameterization of Turbulence 67 4.4.4 Time Scales for Vertical Transport 70 Further Readinng 71 Problems 71 4.1 Dilution of Power Plant Plumes 71 4.2 Short Questions on Atmospheric Transport 72 4.3 Seasonal Motion of the ITCZ 73 4.4 A Simple Boundary Layer Model 74 4.5 Breaking a Nightime Inversion 74 4.6 Wet Convection 75 4.7 Scavenging of Water in a Thunderstorm 76 4.8 Global Source of Methane 76 4.9 Role of Molecular Diffusion in Atmosheric Transport 77 4.10 Vertical Transport Near the Surface 78 5 - The Continuity Equation 79 5.1 Eulerian Form 79 5.1.1 Derivation 79 5.1.2 Discretization 81 5.2 Lagrangian Form 84 Further Reading 85 Problems 85 5.1 Turbulent Diffusion Coefficient 85 6 - Geochemical Cycles 87 6.1 Geochemical Cycling of Elements 87 6.2 Early Evolution of the Atmosphere 89 6.3 The Nitrogen Cycle 90 6.4 The Oxygen Cycle 94 6.5 The Carbon Cycle 97 6.5.1 Mass Balance of Atmospheric CO2 97 6 5.2 Carbonate Chemistry in the Ocean 97 6.5.3 Uptake of CO2 by the Ocean 100 6 5.4 Uptake of CO2 by the Terrestrial Biosphere 104 6 5.5 Box Model of the Carbon Cycle 105 Further Reading 107 Problems 107 6.1 Short Questions on the Oxygen Cycle 107 6.2 Short Questions on the Carbon Cycle 108 6.3 Atmospheric Residence Time of Helium 108 6.4 Methyl Bromide 109 6.5 Global Fertilization of the Biosphere 111 6.6 Ocean pH 111 6.7 Cycling of CO2 with the Terrestrial Biosphere 112 6.8 Sinks of Atmospheric CO2 Deduced from Changes in Atmospheric O2 113 6.9 Fossil Fuel CO2 Neutralization by Marine CaCO3 113 7 - The Greenhouse Effect 115 7.1 Radiation 118 7.2 Effective Temperature of the Earth 121 7.2.1 Solar and Terrestrial Emission Spectra 121 7.2.2 Radiative Balance of the Earth 122 7.3 Absorption of Radiation by the Atmosphere 126 7.3.1 Spectroscopy of Gas Molecules 126 7.3.2 A Simple Greenhouse Model 128 7.3.3 Interpretation of the Terrestrial Radiation Spectrum 131 7.4 Radiative Forcing 133 7.4.1 Definition of Radiative Forcing 133 7.4.2 Application 135 7.4.3 Radiative Forcing and Surface Temperature 137 7.5 Water Vapor and Cloud Feedbacks 138 7.5.1 Water Vapor 138 7.5.2 Clouds 140 7.6 Optical Depth 140 Further Reading 142 Problems 142 7.1 Climate Response to Changes in Ozone 142 7.2 Interpretation of the Terrestrial Radiation Spectrum 143 7.3 Jupiter and Mars 144 7.4 The "Faint Sun " Problem 144 7.5 Planetary Skin 145 7.6 Absorption in the Atmospheric Window 145 8 - Aerosols 146 8.1 Sources and Sinks of Aerosols 146 8.2 Radiative Effects 148 8.2.1 Scattering of Radiation 148 8.2.2 Visibility Reduction 150 8.2.3 Perturbation to Climate 151 Further Reading 154 Problems 155 8.1 Residence Times of Aerosols 155 8.2 Aerosols and Radiation 155 9 - Chemical Kinetics 157 9.1 Rate Expressions for Gas-Phase Reactions 157 9.1.1 Bimolecular Reactions 157 9.1.2 Three-Body Reactions 158 9.2 Reverse Reactions and Chemical Equilibria 159 9.3 Photolysis 160 9.4 Radical-Assisted Reaction Chains 161 Further Reading 163 10 - Stratospheric Ozone 164 10.1 Chapman Mechanism 164 10.1.1 The Mechanism 164 10.1.2 Steady-State Solution 166 10.2 Catalytic Loss Cycles 171 10.2.1 Hydrogen Oxide Radicals (HOx) 171 10.2.2 Nitrogen Oxide Radicals (NOx)) 172 10.2.3 Chlorine Radicals (CIOx) 177 10.3 Polar Ozone Loss 179 10.3.1 Mechanism for Ozone Loss 181 10.3.2 PSC Formation 183 10.3.3 Chronology of the Ozone Hole 185 Problems 191 10.1 Shape of the Ozone Layer 191 10.2 The Chapman Mechanism and Steady State 191 10.3 The Detailed Chapman Mechanism 192 10.4 HOx-Catalyzed Ozone Loss 193 10.5 Chlorine Chemistry at Midlatitudes 193 10.6 Partitioning of Cly 195 10.7 Bromine-Catalyzed Ozone Loss 196 10.8 Limitation of Antarctic Ozone Depletion 197 10.9 Fixing the Ozone Hole 198 10.10 PSC Formation 199 11 - Oxidizing Power of the Troposphere 200 11.1 The Hydroxyl Radical 201 11.1.1 Tropospheric Production of OH 201 11.1.2 Global Mean OH Concentration 203 11.2 Global Budgets of CO and Methane 205 11.3 Cycling of HOx and Production of Ozone 207 11.3.1 The OH Titration Problem 207 11.3.2 CO Oxidation Mechanism 207 11.3.3 Methane Oxidation Mechanism 210 11.4 Global Budget of Nitrogen Oxides 212 11.5 Global Budget of Tropospheric Ozone 215 11.6 Anthropogenic Influence on Ozone and OH 216 Further Reading 219 Problems 219 11.1 Sources of CO 219 11.2 Sources of Tropospheric Ozone 220 11.3 Oxidizing Power of the Atmosphere 221 11.4 OH Concentrations in the Past 223 11.5 Acetone in the Upper Troposphere 223 11.6 Transport, Rainout, and Chemistry in the Marine Upper Troposphere 225 11.7 Bromine Chemistry in the Troposphere 227 11.8 Nighttime Oxidation of NOx 228 11.9 Peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN) as a Reservoir for NOx 229 12 - Ozone Air Pollution 231 12.1 Air Pollution and Ozone 231 12.2 Ozone Formation and Control Strategies 233 12.3 Ozone Production Efficiency 240 Further Reading 242 Problems 242 12.1 NOx- and Hydrocarbon-Limited Regimes for Ozone Production 242 12.2 Ozone Titration in a Fresh Plume 243 13 - Acid Rain 245 13.1 Chemical Composition of Precipitation 245 13.1.1 Natural Precipitation 245 13.1.2 Precipitation over North America 246 13.2 Sources of Acids: Sulfur Chemistry 249 13.3 Effects of Acid Rain 250 13.4 Emission Trends 252 Problems 253 13.1 What Goes Up Must Come Down 253 13.2 The True Acidity of Rain 253 13.3 Aqueous-Phase Oxidation of SO2 by Ozone 253 13.4 The Acid Fog Problem 254 13.5 Acid Rain: The Preindustrial Atmosphere Numerical Solutions to Problems 257 Appendix. Physical Data and Units 259 Index 261

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Book SynopsisFrom deciding the best day for a picnic, to the devastating effects of hurricanes and typhoons, the weather impacts our lives on a daily basis. Although new techniques allow us to forecast the weather with increasing accuracy, most people do not realise the vast global movements and forces which result in their day-to-day weather.In this Very Short Introduction Storm Dunlop explains what weather is and how it differs from climate, discussing what causes weather, and how we measure it. Analysing the basic features and properties of the atmosphere, he shows how these are directly related to the weather experienced on the ground, and to specific weather phenomena and extreme weather events. He describes how the global patterns of temperature and pressure give rise to the overall circulation within the atmosphere, the major wind systems, and the major oceanic currents, and how features such as mountains and the sea affect local weather. He also looks at examples of extreme and dangerous weather, such as of tropical cyclones (otherwise known as hurricanes and typhoons), describing how ''Hurricane Hunters'' undertake the dangerous task of flying through them.We measure weather in a number of ways: observations taken on the land and sea; observations within the atmosphere; and measurements from orbiting satellites. Dunlop concludes by looking at how these observations have been used to develop increasingly sophisticated long- and short-range weather forecasting, including ensemble forecasting.ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.Trade ReviewThe perfect introduction to one of the most fascinating topics. * Professor Liz Bentley, Chief Executive, Royal Meteorological Society *Though the book is small ... there's plenty of information in here, illustrated with black and white diagrams and photography. * TGO The Great Outdoors *Table of ContentsREFERENCES; FURTHER READING; INDEX

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Book SynopsisA radical, yet accessible, new theory of the origins and future of the universe by two of the world's leading cosmologistsTrade ReviewA very readable tale of scientific investigation * DAILY EXPRESS *

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Book SynopsisFor the past decade, historian Dipesh Chakrabarty has been one of the most influential scholars addressing the meaning of climate change. Climate change, he argues, upends long-standing ideas of history, modernity, and globalization. The burden of The Climate of History in a Planetary Age is to grapple with what this means and to confront humanities scholars with ideas they have been reluctant to reconsiderfrom the changed nature of human agency to a new acceptance of universals. Chakrabarty argues that we must see ourselves from two perspectives at once: the planetary and the global. This distinction is central to Chakrabarty's workthe globe is a human-centric construction, while a planetary perspective intentionally decenters the human. Featuring wide-ranging excursions into historical and philosophical literatures, The Climate of History in a Planetary Age boldly considers how to frame the human condition in troubled times. As we open ourselves to the implications of the AnthropoTrade Review“With his new masterwork, Chakrabarty confirms that he is one of the most creative and philosophically-minded historians writing today. The oppositions he proposes between the global of globalization and the global of global warming, between the world and the planet, between sustainability and habitability are illuminating and effective for thinking and acting through our highly uncertain and disoriented times.” * François Hartog, author of 'Chronos' *“One of the first thinkers to reckon with the concept of the Anthropocene and its relation to humanism and its critics, Chakrabarty forges new territory in his account of the planetary. If globalism was an era of human and market interconnection, the planetary marks the intrusion of geological forces, transforming both the concept of ‘the human’ and its accompanying sense of agency. This is a tour de force of critical thinking that will prove to be a game changer for the humanities.” * Claire Colebrook, Pennsylvania State University *"Historian Dipesh Chakrabarty confronts the ‘planeticide’ by calling for a humanistic and critical approach to the Anthropocene. . . . Ever alert to the holistic and far reaching vision upheld by ‘deep history,’ the Chicago professor re-raises the old question of the human condition in the new framework of the geobiological history of the planet." * Arquitectura Viva *"The Climate of History in a Planetary Age, by Dipesh Chakrabarty, is in my judgment the most compelling and encompassing book by a humanist on the complexities and asymmetries of the Anthropocene to date." * The Contemporary Condition *“For Chakrabarty, ‘global’ does not refer to the entirety of the world, but rather to a particular mode of thought. . . . In critiquing the global, Chakrabarty offers another mode of thinking that can perhaps provide the philosophical grounding for a truly ecological approach. He terms it the ‘planetary.’ Chakrabarty argues the ‘planetary’ is not a unified totality, but rather ‘a dynamic ensemble of relationships.’ While the global mode of thought retains the centrality of the human observer, the planetary mode of thought decentres the human and its apprehension of the world. The human becomes only one node within a much more complex and multivalent system of actors, both human and non-human.” -- Christopher McAteer * Green European Journal *"In The Climate of History in a Planetary Age, University of Chicago historian and theorist Dipesh Chakrabarty provides an expansive, but hardly exhaustive, overview of the Anthropocene, focusing on how historians, in particular, have grappled with the conditions of a world under physical duress. As humans have become a 'geological force' in this new epoch and the earth has itself become an archive, with human behavior imprinted in the fossil record and ice caps, we are at the cusp of a new understanding of the agency of humankind and other terrestrial beings. This 'planetary' understanding can, in turn, offer a new ethical paradigm for inhabiting this afflicted present, and can apply to remote pasts and possible futures. Such, at least, is the hope expressed in Chakrabarty’s book." * The Hedgehog Review *"Immensely clarifying and illuminating. . . . while Chakrabarty frequently invokes research produced by natural scientists, his argument carves out an important space for humanists in interpreting and responding to the consequences of anthropogenic geological agency." * Isis Journal *"This book provides a thought-provoking, complex discussion of how climate change challenges the humanities, history, and the human sense of time but presupposes a command of intellectual history. . . . Overall, Chakrabarty outlines the overlapping of different histories once thought to be distinct. The planet itself, he argues, is a 'humanist category.'" * Choice *"Environmental humanists... tend to treat 'globe' and 'planet' as synonyms; Chakrabarty shows the critical and generative importance of the distinction. Evoking geological time is de rigueur; he shows what it means to dwell with that time without displacing it onto world historical time. Rapturous treatments of multispecies agency abound; he challenges the latent anthropocentrism and even paternalism of some new materialisms." * American Literary History *"The Climate of History in a Planetary Age is a breathtaking book. Chakrabarty challenges us to reimagine the human from a planetary perspective, a deep history—an infinite horizon of human history—in order to come to terms with the climate crisis that human actions have precipitated." * The Book Review India *"Chakrabarty’s approach to the Anthropocene is a rich collage of intellectual influences primarily from India, Europe, Australia and North America. The book is an exemplary illustration that the magnitude and scope of the Anthropocene is not only challenging. For many academics, it is an inviting opportunity to take stock of one’s lessons learnt through research and personal experience. At this stage of the academic debate, the Anthropocene offers plenty of room for thematic manoeuvres. Chakrabarty displays a version of such intellectual playfulness in an overall sense-making attempt." * British Journal for the History of Science *"It's no overstatement to think of this book as having clanged the bell for a new normal in the humanities and social sciences when it comes to telling the story of ourselves, that is, when it comes to human history. Responsible history should today be geological even when recounting the human record. Chakrabarty raised a series of open-ended, difficult questions about a range of core concerns in the humanities and social sciences from how we can understand ourselves and society to how we ought to think about political economy and morality." * Environmental Philosophy *"Our academic engagements with law and development and social sciences more broadly must attempt to make sense of the rifts between the global and the planetary, even if such endeavours transcend and disrupt disciplinary confines and assumptions... The objective should be to displace the ideological supremacy of human species, Euroamerican and universalistic cosmologies, and simultaneously further the plurality of human-nonhuman relations, minority thought and just political action. Chakrabarty's book is one essential step in this direction." * Review of European, Comparative and International Environmental Law *"In contrast to most of the interventions that we can read about the ecological catastrophe, Chakrabarty does not rush to give us solutions, but rather seeks to sharpen the problem... By locating this difficulty at the intersection of the two great critical events of our history, decolonization on the one hand and global warming on the other, and by identifying the problematic node from these two distinct figures of totalization that are globalization and planetarization, Chakrabarty inscribes himself in an original way in a body of contemporary research in which the legacy of the critique of colonization and ecological awareness are mixed... Chakrabarty is an Aufklärer, and in this book as in the previous one, a single question is at work: how to inherit the Enlightenment? How to prolong the cosmopolitical project?" * Critique *"Chakrabarty’s argument about what postcolonial studies has to offer the environmental humanities goes well beyond the established appeals to inequality that constitute climate justice discourse . . . As such, this book comes highly recommended for anyone working in the environmental humanities." * Ecozon@ *"The new book by Dipesh Chakrabarty, The Climate of History in a Planetary Age, is to my mind currently the best available introduction to the new challenges for political thinking in the Anthropocene." * Postcolonial Studies *"The challenge of Anthropocene research is not that it compels determining which view is the singly correct one; the challenge is that almost all views (if not all of them) are to some extent correct. How, then, do we go about addressing these multiple (potentially and partially correct) views? Open the pages of The Climate of History in a Planetary Age and see for yourself." * History and Theory *Table of ContentsIntroduction: Intimations of the PlanetaryPart I: The Globe and the Planet 1 Four Theses 2 Conjoined Histories 3 The Planet: A Humanist CategoryPart II: The Difficulty of Being Modern 4 The Difficulty of Being Modern 5 Planetary Aspirations: Reading a Suicide in India 6 In the Ruins of an Enduring FablePart III: Facing the Planetary 7 Anthropocene Time 8 Toward an Anthropological Clearing Postscript: The Global Reveals the Planetary: A Conversation with Bruno Latour Acknowledgments Notes Index

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Book SynopsisReconstructing Earth's Climate History There has never been a more critical time for students to understand the record of Earth's climate history, as well as the relevance of that history to understanding Earth's present and likely future climate. There also has never been a more critical time for students, as well as the public-at-large, to understand how we know, as much as what we know, in science. This book addresses these needs by placing you, the student, at the center of learning. In this book, you will actively use inquiry-based explorations of authentic scientific data to develop skills that are essential in all disciplines: making observations, developing and testing hypotheses, reaching conclusions based on the available data, recognizing and acknowledging uncertainty in scientific data and scientific conclusions, and communicating your results to others.The context for understanding global climate change today lies in the records of Earth's past, Table of ContentsThe Authors viii Foreword from First Edition x Acknowledgments xi Book Introduction to the Second Edition for Students and Instructors xii About the Companion Website xvii 1 Chapter 1. Introduction to Paleoclimate Records 3 Part 1.1. Archives and Proxies 13 Part 1.2. Obtaining Cores from Terrestrial and Marine Paleoclimate Archives 27 Part 1.3. Owens Lake – An Introductory Case Study of Paleoclimate Reconstruction 31 Chapter 2. Seafloor Sediments 33 Part 2.1. Sediment Predictions 34 Part 2.2. Core Observation and Description 41 Part 2.3. Sediment Composition 52 Part 2.4. Seafloor Sediment Synthesis 57 Chapter 3. Geologic Time and Geochronology 59 Part 3.1. The Geologic Timescale 62 Part 3.2. Principles of Stratigraphy and Determining Relative Ages 64 Part 3.3. Radiometric Age Dating Fundamentals 69 Part 3.4. Using 40K – 40Ar Dating to Determine the Numerical Ages of Layered Volcanic Rocks 76 Part 3.5. Using Uranium Series Dating to Determine Changes in Growth Rate of Speleothems 89 Chapter 4. Paleomagnetism and Magnetostratigraphy 91 Part 4.1. Earth’s Magnetic Field Today and the Paleomagnetic Record of Deep‐Sea Sediments 100 Part 4.2. History of Discovery: Paleomagnetism in Ocean Crust and Marine Sediments 108 Part 4.3. Using Paleomagnetism to Test the Seafloor Spreading Hypothesis 114 Part 4.4. The Geomagnetic Polarity Timescale 119 Chapter 5. Microfossils and Biostratigraphy 121 Part 5.1. What Are Microfossils? Why Are They Important in Climate Change Science? 130 Part 5.2. Microfossils in Deep‐Sea Sediments 137 Part 5.3. Application of Microfossil First and Last Occurrences 144 Part 5.4. Using Microfossil Datums to Calculate Sedimentation Rates 149 Part 5.5. How Reliable Are Microfossil Datums? 156 Part 5.6. Organic‐Walled Microfossils: Marine Dinoflagellates and Terrestrial Pollen and Spores 165 Chapter 6. CO2 as a Climate Regulator During the Phanerozoic and Today 167 Part 6.1. The Short‐Term Global Carbon Cycle 169 Part 6.2. CO2 and Temperature 179 Part 6.3. Recent Changes in CO2 183 Part 6.4. The Long‐Term Global Carbon Cycle, CO2, and Phanerozoic Climate History 191 Part 6.5. Carbon Isotopes as a Tool for Tracking Changes in the Carbon Cycle 200 Chapter 7. Oxygen Isotopes as Proxies of Climate Change 202 Part 7.1. Introduction to Oxygen Isotope Records from Ice and Ocean Sediments 205 Part 7.2. The Hydrologic Cycle and Isotopic Fractionation 209 Part 7.3. δ18O in Meteoric Water and Glacial Ice 218 Part 7.4. δ18O in Marine Sediments 226 Chapter 8. Climate Cycles 228 Part 8.1. Patterns and Periodicities 245 Part 8.2. Orbital Metronome 250 Part 8.3. Glacial–Interglacial Periods and Modern Climate Change 255 Chapter 9. The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) Event 257 Part 9.1. An Important Discovery 260 Part 9.2. Global Consequences of the PETM 296 Part 9.3. Two Hypotheses for the Cause of the PETM 299 Part 9.4. Rates of Onset and Duration of Event 306 Part 9.5. Global Warming Today and Lessons from the PETM 314 Chapter 10. Glaciation of Antarctica: The Oi1 Event 316 Part 10.1. Initial Evidence 321 Part 10.2. Evidence for Global Change 342 Part 10.3. Mountain Building, Weathering, CO2 and Climate 349 Part 10.4. Legacy of the Oi1 Event: The Development of the Psychrosphere 355 Chapter 11. Antarctic Climate Variability in the Neogene 358 Part 11.1. What Do We Think We Know About the History of Antarctic Climate? 362 Part 11.2. What is Antarctica’s Geographic and Geologic Context? 375 Part 11.3. Selecting Drillsites to Best Answer our Questions 379 Part 11.4. What Sediment Facies are Common on the Antarctic Margin? 390 Part 11.5. The BIG Picture of ANDRILL 1‐B 398 Chapter 12. Pliocene Warmth as an Analog for Our Future 400 Part 12.1. The Last 5 Million Years 407 Part 12.2. Pliocene Latitudinal Temperature Gradient 414 Part 12.3. Estimates of Pliocene CO2 416 Part 12.4. Sea Level Past, Present, and Future 430 Chapter 13. Climate, Climate Change, and Life 432 Part 13.1. Initial Ideas 433 Part 13.2. The Long View: “Precambrian” and Phanerozoic Life and Climate 441 Part 13.3. Examples of Cenozoic Terrestrial Evolution and Climate Connections 458 Part 13.4. Examples of Cenozoic Marine Biotic Evolution and Climate Connections 469 Part 13.5. Humanity, Climate, and Life 481 Part 13.6. Humanity and Future Climate: At a Tipping Point 487 Chapter 14. Climate Change and Civilization 489 Part 14.1. Climate Change Here and Now 497 Part 14.2. Evidence of Climatic Stress on Ancient Maya Civilization 513 Part 14.3. The Precipitation Record of the North American Southwest: The Physical Record and Human Response 536 Index

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Book SynopsisThis book comprehensively describes essential research and projects on climate change and biodiversity. Moreover, it includes contributions on how to promote the climate agenda and biodiversity conservation at the local level. Climate change as a whole and global warming in particular are known to have a negative impact on biodiversity in three main ways. Firstly, increases in temperatures are detrimental to a number of organisms, especially those in sensitive habitats such as coral reefs and rainforests. Secondly, the pressures posed by a changing climate may lead to sets of responses in areas as varied as phenology, range and physiology of living organisms, often leading to changes in their lifecycles (especially but not only in reproduction), losses in productivity or even death. In some cases, the very survival of very sensitive species may be endangered. Thirdly, the impacts of climate change on biodiversity will be felt in the short term with regard to some species and ecosystems, but also in the medium and long term in many biomes. Indeed, if left unchecked, some of these impacts may be irreversible. Many individual governments, financial institutes and international donors are currently spending billions of dollars on projects addressing climate change and biodiversity, but with little coordination. Quite often, the emphasis is on adaptation efforts, with little emphasis on the connections between physio-ecological changes and the lifecycles and metabolisms of fauna and flora, or the influence of poor governance on biodiversity. As such, there is a recognized need to not only better understand the impacts of climate change on biodiversity, but to also identify, test and implement measures aimed at managing the many risks that climate change poses to fauna, flora and micro-organisms. In particular, the question of how to restore and protect ecosystems from the impact of climate change also has to be urgently addressed. This book was written to address this need. The respective papers explore matters related to the use of an ecosystem-based approach to increase local adaptation capacity, consider the significance of a protected areas network in preserving biodiversity in a changing northern European climate, and assess the impacts of climate change on specific species, including wild terrestrial animals. The book also presents a variety of case studies such as the Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative, the effects of climate change on the biodiversity of Aleppo pine forest in Senalba (Algeria), climate change and biodiversity response in the Niger Delta region, and the effects of forest fires on the biodiversity and the soil characteristics of tropical peatlands in Indonesia. This is a truly interdisciplinary publication, and will benefit all scholars, social movements, practitioners and members of governmental agencies engaged in research and/or executing projects on climate change and biodiversity around the world.Table of ContentsWater Management and Climate Change in the Focus of International Master Programs in Latin America and the Caribbean.- Mangrove Conservation Policies in the Gulf of Guayaquil.- Biodiversity Issues Should be Better Taken into Account in the Energy Transition.- Approaches to Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity Assessment in Belarus.- Community Action for Biodiversity and Forest Conservation and Adaptation to Climate Change in the Wild Coffee Forests (CAFA).- Impact of Climate Change on Sawfly (Suborder: Symphyta) Polinators in Andalusia Region, Spain.- Coffee, Climate and Biodiversity: Understanding the Carbon Stocks of the Shade Coffee Production System of India.- Implications for Biodiversity of Potentially Committed Global Climate Change (from Science and Policy).- Ensuring Co-Benefits for Biodiversity, Climate Change and Sustainable Development.- Sustainable Hydropower: using Ecosystem-based Adaptation to increase local Adaptation Capacity in Brazil.- The Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative as an Adaptive Response to Climate Change.- Saving the Last Endemic-Church Forests in Ethiopia: The Case of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve.- Factors Affecting Communication and Information Sharing for Water Resource Management in Lake Victoria Basin (LVB).- Climate Sentinels Research Program: Developing Indicators of the Effects of Climate Change on Biodiversity in the Region of New Aquitaine (South West, France).- Introducing Spatio-Temporal Conservation Units: Models for Flexible Optimization of Species Persistence under Climate Change.- The Impact of Climate Change and Variability on Wild Terrestrial Animals in Selected Rural Coastal Regions of Kenya.- Biodiversity Risks for Belarus Connected with the UV Climate Change.- The Impact of Forest Fire on the Biodiversity and the Soil Charactersitics of Tropical Peatland.- Promoting Climate Agenda and Biodiversity Conservation at the Local Level: A Case for Nepal’s Rural and Urban Municipalities.

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Book SynopsisAn updated and pocket-sized edition of The Cloud Book, featuring 12 new recognised cloud forms. This guide to the clouds helps you identify cloud types and understand their implications for the weather. It follows a logical progression from low clouds to high stratus clouds, and on to special clouds.

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Book SynopsisAn Independent Climate Book of the Year 2023 In this sweeping work of science and history, the renowned climate scientist and author of The New Climate War shows us the conditions on Earth that allowed humans not only to exist but thrive, and how they are imperiled if we veer off course. For the vast majority of its 4.54 billion years, Earth has proven it can manage just fine without human beings. Then came the first proto-humans, who emerged just a little more than 2 million years ago — a fleeting moment in geological time. What is it that made this benevolent moment of ours possible? Ironically, it’s the very same thing that now threatens us — climate change. Climate variability has at times created new niches that humans or their ancestors could potentially exploit, and challenges that at times have spurred innovation. But the conditions that allowed humans to live on this earth are fragile, incredibly so. There’s a relatively narrow envelope of climate variability within which human civilisation remains viable. And our survival depends on conditions remaining within that range. In this book, renowned climate scientist Michael Mann arms readers with the knowledge necessary to appreciate the gravity of the unfolding climate crisis, while emboldening them — and others — to act before it truly does become too late. Trade Review‘This is a gently radical book, which clearly depicts the beauty of the planet we call home.’ -- Megan Kenyon * New Statesman *‘This detailed and yet marvellously readable look at our climatic past offers us the information we need to understand our climatic future — and more importantly, to act to shape that future in the here and now.’ -- Bill McKibben, author of The End of Nature‘Reading Our Fragile Moment is like taking a spectacular hike through billions of years of Earth’s climate history with one of the great scientists of our time. Oh look — there’s the meteor that wiped out the dinosaurs! There’s the great ocean conveyor! There’s the Rossby waves! When you reach the summit of Mann’s wonderful book, you will understand just how rare and beautiful our moment is — and why we need to fight harder to protect it.’ -- Jeff Goodell, author of The Heat Will Kill You First‘Mann has masterfully woven the climate story from our past to the future. Drawing upon a wealth of data, research, and expertise, he slays the persistent zombie theories that climate scientists ignore historical context.’ -- Dr Marshall Shepherd, international expert in weather and climate, and Distinguished Professor of Geography and Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Georgia‘A gripping tale of Earth’s climate history, this book is a must-read for every global citizen. It dispels common climate myths with surgical clarity and provides an essential roadmap to understanding our past and choosing our future.’ -- Katharine Hayhoe, climate scientist, Distinguished Professor at Texas Tech University, UN Champion of the Earth, and author of Saving Us‘Mann shows that over the last few hundreds of millions of years, Earth has been snowball cold, tropic hot, rainforest wet, and desert dry. Its atmosphere has been oxygen poor, oxygen rich, or choked with deadly gas. But Earth has never been through anything quite like humankind. Our current comfortable climate is disappearing — because of us. It’s cause for thundering alarm, but is not cause for despair or doomist gloom. It’s time for action. Don’t believe me? Read this book.’ -- Bill Nye, science educator and CEO of The Planetary Society‘Written with clarity, brevity, and wit, Mann presents a riveting and instructive narrative of Earth’s climate changes to help us navigate this new epoch of human-altered climate. This honest, informed look at planetary history serves as both a defence against doomism and a call to action to forge a livable world that is still well within our grasp.’ -- David Grinspoon, astrobiologist and author of Earth in Human Hands‘Deeply-researched, sprawling in scope, and with insights and surprises on every page. This is the sort of historical understanding that leads to wisdom.’ -- Seth Godin, Founding Editor of The Carbon Almanac‘Mann has a tremendous depth of knowledge about the history of our planet’s climate, which is why his words of warning and optimism are so important. This book provides important lessons from humanity’s past to empower readers to help protect our future.’ -- Former US Vice President Al Gore‘In this sober warning, Mann … examines epochal climate events of the past to underscore the current threat posed by global warming … this enlightens even as it unsettles.’ * Publishers Weekly *‘A renowned climatologist and science journalist casts a hard eye on the probability that climate change is irreversible … An evenhanded take on a crucial topic. While our goose may not be cooked, it’s still time to reduce the heat.’ * Kirkus Reviews *‘“Are we doomed?” This is the question Michael Mann explores in his latest book on the climate crisis … Mann cuts through the noise of panic and denial, presenting an argument that errs surprisingly on the side of hope. But the hope that Mann endorses is not the passive kind; rather, it is an urgent motivator for taking accountability. This book is a compelling call to action.’ -- Cheryl Akle * The Weekend Australian *‘Timely.’ -- Jason Steger * The Sydney Morning Herald *‘For history buffs, aspiring paleoclimatologists or anyone interested in our planet’s past, Michael Mann’s book will make a perfect addition to their bookshelf … Instead of just examining the climate crisis as it is now, Mr Mann guides the reader through a history of the global climate and how climate change across the millennia has impacted societies of the past.’ -- Katie Hawkinson * Yahoo News *‘A sweeping work of science and history.’ -- Duncan Ashcroft * Environment Times *Praise for The New Climate War: ‘Mann’s voice is especially powerful on the subject.’ -- David Montgomery * The Washington Post *Praise for The New Climate War: ‘Mann has combined the roles of groundbreaking scientific researcher, compelling popular communicator, and courageous activist in a way few have since Carl Sagan. His latest book, The New Climate War, provides a thoughtful perspective on the forces impeding meaningful climate action.’ -- David Carlin * Forbes *

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Book SynopsisReeds Cloud Handbook is a quick-access, easy-to-use guide to identifying cloud types and how to predict what each cloud type can tell us about the weather and predict how it will change. This concise pocket reference will appeal to those who spend time outdoors and wants to better understand the weather, with its principal focus for sailors and also anyone going walking, fishing, cycling etc. This portable handbook will give you the essential information about common and unusual cloud types, how they form and what weather patterns are associated with them.Fully illustrated with colour photography and clear diagrams, this cloud identification guide includes sections on different weather patterns and how clouds form, different clouds according to where they appear in the sky, related features and different forms of fog. Each entry gives guidance on how and when to spot different cloud types and effects, and how the clouds relate to wind and rain patterns.Table of ContentsIntroduction to the weather How to use this book A brief introduction to the clouds Deciphering cloud names A bit of history Weather systems Air masses Depressions Anticyclones High clouds Cirrus Thick cirrus (cirrus spissatus) Cirrostratus Cirrocumulus Contrails (cirrus homogenitus) Middle clouds Altocumulus floccus Altocumulus castellanus Altocumulus sheets (altocumulus stratiformis) Altocumulus lenticularis Thin altostratus (altostratus translucidus) Thick altostratus (altostratus opacus) Lower clouds Cumulus Cumulus fractus Fair weather cumulus (cumulus humilis) Towering cumulus (cumulus congestus) Cumulus cloud streets (cumulus radiatus) Featureless stratus (stratus nebulosus) Broken stratus (stratus fractus) Stratocumulus Stratocumulus stratiformis Stratocumulus castellanus Nimbostratus Cumulonimbus calvus Cumulonimbus capillatus Thunderstorms Supplementary features and accessory clouds Supplementary features Asperitas Mamma Fall streaks (virga) Anvil (incus) Funnel cloud (tuba) Shelf and roll clouds (arcus) Kelvin-Helmholtz waves (fluctus) Accessory clouds Cap clouds (pileus) Pannus Velum Fog Sea fog (advection fog) Land fog (radiation fog) Upslope fog Frontal fog Sea smoke Clouds outside the troposphere Nacreous (mother of pearl) Noctilucent Optical phenomena Rainbow Corona Halo Mock sun/sun dog/parhelion Iridescence Ice rainbow (circumzenithal arc) Sunbeams and crepuscular rays Glory Cloud weather lore Glossary Quick cloud identifier Index

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Book SynopsisDiscover the science behind wild and wonderful weather in this fact-packed book!Ever wondered what causes thunderstorms, how snowflakes form, or why our climate is changing? Get all the answers to these questions and more in this children''s book about the weather!Inside the pages of this responsibly sourced science picture book from DK Books, you''ll discover:- Beautiful illustrations to introduce scientific topics in a simple and accessible way- Stand out facts are presented clearly on each spread- Easy to understand text teaches children about climate change, meteorology, and geography- The science behind hot, cold, wet, and wild weather suitable for Key Stage 1 and 2 development From heatwaves and big freezes to tornadoes and fog, this science book gives your budding meteorologist a glimpse into all the action that happens in the sky. Learn about all kinds of weather and marvel at how powerful it can be!At a time when ex

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Book SynopsisBuild your child's reading confidence at home with books at the right levelFrom whirling sandstorms to freezing blizzards, take a journey around the Earth to see some of its wildest weather.This is a Band 11/Lime book in the Collins Big Cat reading programme which has longer sentence structures and a greater use of literary language. This is an information book and includes a comprehensive glossary on page 29 to aid comprehension. All the wild weather is brought together neatly on pages 30 and 31, with a handy table of all weather types covered, along with locations and causes. This story supports learning around geography and will help children identify seasonal and daily weather patterns in the United Kingdom and the location of hot and cold areas of the world in relation to the Equator and the North and South Poles. For more guided reading books in this Collins Big Cat band, try Minibeasts (9780007185375) written by Siobhan Hardy and illustrated by Steve Lumb.

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Book SynopsisWith significant advances in the field of atmospheric radiation and remote sensing in recent years, the need for an up-to-date treatment of radiation and cloud physics has become evident. This monograph addresses these advances, focusing on the physical principles and approximations required to develop specific subjects. In addition to its scientific value, the information presented here is essential for the development of better weather prediction models for medium- and long-range forecasting. It is also critical for achieving accurate retrieval of temperature and humidity profiles from satellite measurements, since new techniques for monitoring global biogeochemical changes rely on radiation theory and a precise knowledge of clouds and their role in radiative transfer.Trade Review'The author is an expert in the field of cloud-radiation interaction. His book presents basic material in a clear and interesting manner, mentioning very recent publications - essential in such a rapidly developing field. The author has also not been afraid to note areas where understanding is incomplete ... and the book is destined to become a classic reference in the subject.' Times Higher Education Supplement'This volume of substance is clearly written and would be useful for postgraduate courses.' M.J. Rycroft, Cranfield Institute of Technology, Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics'The material is topical but, despite its importance, few books cover the same area ... The author is an expert in the field fo cloud-radiation interaction. His book presents basic material in a clear and interesting manner ... the book is destined to become a classic reference in the subject.' Peter Jonas, Times Higher Educ Supplement, 16 April 1993 d'This book discusses the significant advances in the field of atmospheric radiation and remot sensing in the past 20 years.' Bulletin of the AMSTable of ContentsIntroduction; Theory and parameterization of thermal infrared radiative transfer; Theory and parameterization of solar radiation transfer; Theory, observation and modeling of cloud processes in the atmosphere; Radiative transfer in clouds; Atmospheres in radiative and thermal equilibrium; The role of radiation and cloud processes in atmospheric models; Appendices: Physical constants; Standard atmospheric profiles; Complex refractive indices of water and ice.

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Book SynopsisBoundary layer meteorology is the study of the physical processes that take place in the layer of air that is most influenced by the earth''s underlying surface. This text gives an uncomplicated view of the structure of the boundary layer, the instruments available for measuring its mean and turbulent properties, how best to make the measurements, and ways to process and analyse the data. The main applications of the book are in atmospheric modelling, wind engineering, air pollution, and agricultural meteorology. The authors have pioneered research on atmospheric turbulence and flow, and are noted for their contributions to the study of the boundary layer. This important work will interest atmospheric scientists, meteorologists, and students and faculty in these fields.Trade Review'Chandram Kaimal has an impressive background in measuring the structure of the atmospheric boundary layer ... John Finnigan also brings a wealth of experience in measuring atmospheric boundary-layer flow. This ia a practically oriented book designed with the experimentalist in mind. It is well written and gives a valuable overview of the structure of the ABL. I highly recommend it.' Dale Hess, Australian Meteorological Magazine 43:2 June 1994... this book provides a clear, broad overview of the subject, with an emphasis on empirical and experimental aspects. The analysis of ABL data is not trivial, and a comprehensive discussion of the topic is very valuable. The approach adopted by Kaimal and Finningan is very accessible and should act as a useful introduction to many topics within ABL research. Because of its breadth of practical descriptions and guidance for ABL researchers, this book is a valuable addition to the resources available to ABL scientists and research students. * Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestiral Physics *Table of Contents1. Flow over flat uniform terrain ; 2. Spectra and cospectra over flat uniform terrain ; 3. Flow over plant canopies ; 4. Flow over changing terrain ; 5. Flow over hills ; 6. Sensors and techniques for observing the boundary layer ; 7. Acquisition and processing of boundary layer data ; Index

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Book SynopsisAtmospheric Convection is a scientifically rigorous description of the multitude of convective circulations in the Earth''s atmosphere. The book introduces the student to three principal techniques used in understanding and predicting convective motion: theory, field experiment, and numerical modelling. Each chapter is followed by a set of exercises designed to test the understanding of the phenomena themselves as well as the techniques used in exploiting them. Topics covered include dry convection, Raleigh-Benard convection, the thermodynamics of moist and cloudy air, and the characteristics of individual convective clouds.Trade Review"[A]n excellent monograph by a leading atmospheric scientist...will be consulted by everyone interested in the complexities of dynamical meteorology and in the improvement of practical methods of climate and weather prediction."--Physics Today "Exceptionally interesting....Stimulating....Moist convection is not easy to characterize by models that can be analyzed analytically and yet illuminate essential physical mechanisms. The strength of this book is to blaze an intellectual trail through the field by collecting such models and presenting them and their assumptions completely and clearly enough that readers can derive and understand for themselves all essential equations and results....A major contribution that belongs on the bookshelf of any scholar of the subject. Its orientation toward conceptual models also makes it particularly useful for and accessible to researchers in areas such as climate dynamics....Makes a nice (and affordable) textbook on atmospheric convection for mathematically inclined advanced graduate students and it includes exercises of all levels of difficulty." --Christopher S. Bretherton, University of Seattle, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society "The author...has written an excellent graduate level teaching text....If the reviewer had not inherited the book by way of reviewing, he would have gone out and bought it anyway for its contained value in shaping and forming one's avenue of approach to the subject - praise enough, indeed!--Physics in Canada "Each chapter concludes with exercises for students and the author gives as well the e-mail address from which codes useful for solving some of them are available. The clear layout of the text and the favorable selection of the illustrations should also be emphasized...Useful not only for students but for professionals as well. A valuable contribution to the library of meteorological textbooks and monographs."--Krzysztof Haman, Institute of GeophysicsTable of ContentsPART I: Dry Convection 1: General Principles 2: Convection from Local Sources 3: Global Convection: The Rayleigh-Benard Problem and Dry Convective Boundary Layers PART II: Moist Thermodynamics and Stability 4: Moist Thermodynamic Processes 5: Graphical Techniques 6: Stability PART III: Local Properties of Moist Convection 7: Observed Characteristics of Nonprecipitating Cumuli 8: Theory of Mixing in Cumulus Clouds 9: Observed Characteristics of Precipitating Convection 10: Numerical Modeling of Convective Clouds 11: Dynamics of Precipitating Convection 12: Slantwise Convection PART IV: Global Moist Convection 13: Stratocumulus and Trade-Cumulus Boundary Layers 14: Deep Convective Regimes 15: Interaction of Convection with Large-scale Flows 16: Cumulus Representations in Numerical Models

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Book SynopsisEarth, like the other inner planets, receives virtually all of its energy from space in the form of solar electromagnetic radiation. The Earth''s total heat content does not vary significantly with time, indicating a close overall balance between absorbed solar radiation and the diffuse stream of low-temperature, thermal radiation emitted by the plant. This book, a reprint of the second edition of Goody''s classic work, is concerned with the interaction of solar electromagnetic energy with planetary atmospheres, the subsequent redistribution of this energy, and its ultimate return to space as terrestrial thermal radiation.Trade ReviewI have always regarded the original first edition of this book by Richard Goody as being the definitive reference text on atmospheric radiative transfer. This new edition provides a welcome update to the original 1964 text which, after 33 years, benefits from the inclusion of more recent developments both in the remote-sensing field and in measurements of atmospheric constituents ... this new edition is much more than just a cosmetic updating of the old edition. The structure of the book has been modified to include new topics and many of the figures are new. This makes its purchase clearly justifiable not only for those who do not have the original edition, but also for those who do. For anyone with more than a superficial interest in atmospheric radiation, this book is mandatory reading, to gain an insight into the physical processes involved. * R.W. Sauders, Royal Meteorological Society *This is the book I actually used the most in my career to understand what I was trying to do with infrared instruments to study the atmospheres of the Earth and planets from spacecraft ... 'Goody' is still the Bible * Astronomy Now *Table of ContentsIntroduction ; 1. Theory of Radiative Transfer ; 2. Vibration-Rotation Spectra of Gaseous Molecules ; 3. Band Models ; 4. Absorption by Atmospheric Gases ; 5. Radiation Calculations in a Clear Atmosphere ; 6. Extinction by Molecules and Droplets ; 7. Radiative Transfer in a Scattering Atmosphere ; 8. Atmospheres in Radiative Equilibrium ; 9. Evolution of a Thermal Disturbance ; Appendix 1: Physical constants ; Appendix 2: Spectroscopic units ; Appendix 3: A model atmosphere ; Appendix 4: Properties of water vapor ; Appendix 5: The Planck function ; Appendix 6: The exponential integrals ; Appendix 7: The Ladenburg and Reiche function ; Appendix 8: The Elsasser function ; Appendix 9: The physical state of the sun

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Book SynopsisAs the next generation weather satellites are being designed, the impact of cirrus on remote sensing and the global energy budget must be recognized and accommodated. This book, devoted entirely to cirrus clouds, captures the state of knowledge of cirrus and serves as a practical handbook as well.Trade ReviewCirrus will, for many years to come, form a cornerstone of knowledge for new researchers entering the field of cirrus. * The Holocene *... this is a much-needed text for this field. Cirrus not only bridges the very large gap between elementary texts and forefront research papers but is also a summary of the current basic state of knowlege in this area. In any field of research that is significantly evolving, it is essential to redefine the state of knowledge from time to time, and Cirrus has done this. * The Holocene *Table of Contents1. Cirrus: History and Definition ; 2. Cirrus: A Modern Perspective ; 3. Ice Crystals in Cirrus ; 4. Mid-latitude and Tropical Cirrus: Microphysical Properties ; 5. Laboratory Studies of Cirrus Cloud Processes ; 6. Cirrus and Weather: A Satellite Perspective ; 7. Satellite Remote Sensing of Cirrus ; 8. Ground-based Remote Sensing of Cirrus Clouds ; 9. Molecular-Backscatter Lidar Profiling of the Volume-Scattering Coefficient in Cirrus ; 10. Structural and Optical Properties of Cirrus from LIRAD-type Observations ; 11. Contrial Cirrus ; 12. Subvisual Cirrus ; 13. Radiative Transfer in Cirrus Clouds: Light Scatting and Spectral Information ; 14. On Cirrus Modeling for General Circulation and Climate Models ; 15. GCM Simulations of Cirrus for Climate Studies ; 16. Ice Clouds in Numerical Weather Prediction Models: Progress, Problems and Prospects ; 17. Dynamic Processes in Cirrus Clouds: A Review of Observational Results ; 18. Dynamic Processes in Cirrus Clouds: Concepts and Models ; 19. Microphysical Processes in Cirrus and Their Impact on Radiation: A Mesoscale Modeling Perspective ; 20. Cirrus, Climate and Global Change ; 21. Cirrus: The Future

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Book SynopsisThe Pharnerozoic Carbon Cycle applies an earth system science approach to the study of the long-term carbon cycle, which involves the transfer of carbon between rocks and the atmosphere, oceans and life. Theoretical modeling is used to calculate how levels of atmosphere CO2 nad O2 have changed over the past 550 million years.Trade ReviewProfessor Berner's book is an important addition to the burgeoning literature on all aspects on Earth's carbon cycle. American Journal of Science, November 2006, Vol. 306, No.pTable of Contents1: Introduction 2: Processes of the Long-term Carbon Cycle: Chemical Weathering of Silicates 3: Processes of the Long-term Carbon Cycle: Organic Matter and Carbonate Burial and Weathering 4: Processes of the Long-term Carbon Cycle: Degassing of Carbon Dioxide and Methane 5: Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide over Phanerozoic Time 6: Atmospheric O2 over Phanerozoic Time

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Book SynopsisWeather has always affected human life. Understanding how weather events form and predicting what kind of weather is coming can help enormously to manage weather-risk and will become even more important as we shift towards strongly weather-dependent energy sources. Some big steps forward in numerical weather prediction have been made in the past 40 years, thanks to advances in four key areas: the way we observe the Earth, the scientific understanding of the phenomena, advances in high-performance computing (that have allowed the use of increasingly complex models), and improved modelling techniques. Today we are capable of predicting extreme events such as hurricanes and extra-tropical windstorms very accurately up to 7 to 10 days ahead. We can predict the most likely path and intensity of storms before they hit a community, estimate the confidence level of the forecast, and can give very valuable indications of their probable impact. Larger-scale phenomena that affect entire countriesTable of ContentsPreface 1 Weather And Climate 1.1 What Is The Key Difference Between Weather And Climate? 1.2 Do Weather And Climate Vary Spatially And Temporally? 1.3 Is There A Clear Separation Between Weather And Climate? 1.4 Is Weather Affected By All (Small-And-Fast And Large-And-Slow) Phenomena? 1.5 Which Coordinate System Is Used To Study Atmospheric And Oceanic Motions? 1.6 What Are The Key Weather Variables? 1.7 Why Does Weather Change? 1.8 How Are Motions In The Atmosphere Generated? 1.9 Key Points Discussed In Chapter One 'Weather And Climate' 2 The Earth System 2.1 What Does 'Earth System' Mean In Numerical Weather Prediction? 2.2 What Is An Accurate And Skilful Forecast? 2.3 What Are The Key Building Blocks Of An Earth System Model? 2.4 What Are The Key Processes Simulated By An Earth System Model? 2.5 How Is Heat Transported And Exchanged In The Earth System? 2.6 Where Does The Energy That Drives The Earth Climate Come From? 2.7 What Are The Key Similarities And Differences Of The Atmosphere And The Ocean? 2.8 Key Points Discussed In Chapter Two 'The Earth-System' 3 Observing The Earth System 3.1 Why Do We Need Observations? 3.2 What Are The Key Observation Types? 3.3 Are Observations Affected By Errors? 3.4 How Do Observation Information And Errors Propagate? 3.5 Did Covid Affect Weather Forecast Quality? 3.6 How Do We Observe The State Of The Atmosphere Using Satellites? 3.7 Do We Have Enough Observations To Determine The State Of The Earth-System? 3.8 Is It Important To Observe The Whole Atmosphere? 3.9 Key Points Discussed In Chapter Three 'Observing The Earth System' 4 Modelling The Earth System 4.1 From Where Should We Start To Model The Earth System? 4.2 What Are The State Variables Of A System? 4.3 How Many Variables Define The State Of The Whole Earth System? 4.4 What Is An Equation? 4.5 What Are Analytical And Numerical Solutions Of An Equation? 4.6 How Do We Deduce The Equations Used To Predict The Weather And The Climate? 4.7 What Is An Example Of A Set Of Equations That Can Predict The Weather? 4.8 How Do We Solve The Primitive Equations? 4.9 What Is The Difference Between A Prognostic And A Diagnostic Equation? 4.10 Can We Use Simple Models To Understand The Behaviour Of Complex Systems? 4.11 Key Points Discussed In Chapter Four 'Modelling The Earth System' 5 Numerical Weather Prediction 5.1 How Do We Solve Numerically The Primitive Equations? 5.2 What Are The Key Steps Involved In Operational Weather Prediction? 5.3 How Do We Determine The Initial Conditions? 5.4 What Is Data Assimilation? 5.5 Do We Need A Super-Computer For Numerical Weather Prediction? 5.6 Do We Need An Earth-System Model To Predict The Weather? 5.7 What Are The Key Differences Between A Global And A Limited-Area Model? 5.8 How Can We Assess Whether A Model Is Realistic And Accurate? 5.9 How Much Data Is Involved In Weather Prediction? 5.10 Key Points Discussed In Chapter Five 'Numerical Weather Prediction' 6 Chaos And Weather Prediction 6.1 What Is A Chaotic System? 6.2 What Is The Lorenz' 3-Dimensional Model? 6.3 What Is The 'Butterfly Effect'? 6.4 What Are The Sources Of Forecast Error? 6.5 How Can We Reduce Initial Condition Uncertainties? 6.6 How Can We Reduce Model Uncertainties? 6.7 How Do We Measure Forecast Errors? 6.8 What Is An Ensemble? 6.9 Are Ensemble Forecasts More Valuable Than Single Ones? 6.10 Key Points Discussed In Chapter Six 'Chaos And Weather Prediction' 7 Dealing With Uncertainties And Probabilistic Forecasting 7.1 How Do We Build An 'Accurate And Reliable' Ensemble? 7.2 What Is A Probabilistic Forecast? 7.3 How Can We Communicate Forecast Uncertainty? 7.4 How Can We Take Decisions Using Probabilistic Forecasts? 7.5 What Is A Scenario Forecast? 7.6 What Is A Cluster Analysis? 7.7 How Do We Measure The Accuracy And Reliability Of A Probabilistic Forecast? 7.8 What Are Reforecasts And Reanalyses? 7.9 Why Are Reanalyses And Reforecasts Useful? 7.10 Key Points Discussed In Chapter Seven 'Dealing With Uncertainties And Probabilistic Forecasting' 8 The Forecast Skill Horizon 8.1 Are Weather Forecasts More Accurate And Reliable Today Than In The Past? 8.2 How Did We Succeed To Improve The Accuracy And Reliability Of Weather Forecasts? 8.3 Can We Visualize In A Single Diagram Our Prediction Capabilities? 8.4 Why Does The Forecast Skill Depend On The Phenomena We Are Trying To Predict? 8.5 Are Extreme Events More Difficult To Predict Than The 'Normal' Weather? 8.6 What Is The Minimum Spatial Scale That A Model Can Simulate Realistically? 8.7 What Is The Minimum Spatial Scale Properly Resolved In Data Assimilation? 8.8 How Can We Further Extend Predictability? 8.9 Key Points Discussed In Chapter Eight 'The Forecast Skill Horizon' 9 Climate Change And Numerical Weather Prediction 9.1 Why Should We Talk About Climate Change In This Book? 9.2 What Is The Greenhouse Effect? 9.3 What Is The State Of The Climate? 9.4 How Much Greenhouse Gases Do We Emit In The Atmosphere? 9.5 Is There A Link Between Greenhouse Gas Emissions And Average Global Warming? 9.6 Are We Responsible For Climate Change? 9.7 What Are The Key Sources Of Uncertainty Affecting Climate Predictions? 9.8 What Do We Mean With 'Initial Value' And 'Boundary Condition' Problems? 9.9 Has Climate Change Impacted Weather Prediction? 9.10 Has Numerical Weather Prediction Helped Understanding Climate Change? 9.11 Which Aspects Of The Future Climate Can We Predict? 9.12 Key Points Discussed In Chapter Nine 'Climate Change And Numerical Weather Prediction' 10 A Look Into The Future 10.1 What Are The Focus Areas Of Research In Numerical Weather Prediction? 10.2 What Is An Earth Digital Twin? 10.3 Will We Be Able To Continue To Improve The Quality Of Weather Forecasts? 10.4 Will We Ever Be Able To Issue A 'Perfect' Forecast? 10.5 In 2050, Will We Be Able To Predict The Local Weather Of The Next Season? 10.6 Can Artificial Intelligence Lead To Improve Predictions? 10.7 What Is An 'Environmental Prediction Model'? 10.8 Is Weather Prediction Evolving Into Environmental Prediction? 10.9 As Global Models Keep Increasing Resolution, Will We Still Use Limited-Area Model? 10.10 Would A Future Operational Suite Look Very Different From Today's One? 10.11 Key Points Discussed In Section 10 'A Look Into The Future' Essential Glossary Further Reading Useful Links The Author

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a critical update of the most recent and innovative developments of avalanche science. It aims at re-founding avalanche science on clear scientific bases, from field observations and experiments up to mathematical and physical analysis and modeling. In this respect, it stands in a still unoccupied but fundamental niche amidst the abundant avalanche literature.In the current context of a accelerated climate warming, the book also discusses possible evolutions of snow cover extent and stability. It also shows how the present analysis can be extended, in mountainous areas, to other gravitationally induced phenomena that are likely to take over from avalanches under specific circumstances.The text is supported by online links to field experiments and lectures on triggering mechanisms, risk management, and decision making.Trade ReviewProvides the best overall understanding of avalanche science in the most practical way. * Henry Schniewind, Director of Henry's Avalanche Talk (HAT), London and Val d'Isère *Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION SNOW, AN INTRIGUING, COMPLEX AND CHANGEABLE SOLID 2.1: From ice to snow 2.2: Snow crystals 2.3: From snowfalls to snow layers 2.4: Snow as a granular medium 2.5: Snow as a porous medium: the concept of percolation BASICS OF DEFORMATION, FRACTURE AND FRICTION PROCESSES 3.1: Deformation of solids 3.2: Fracture initiation and extension 3.3: Griffith's criterion 3.4: The brittle to ductile transition 3.5: Coulomb's law of friction SLAB AVALANCHE RELEASE: DATA AND FIELD EXPERIMENTS 4.1: Geometry and dynamical characteristics 4.2: Statistical aspects: scale invariance 4.3: The weak layer, starting point for slab avalanche release 4.4: Stability and Bridging indexes SLAB AVALANCHE MODELING 5.1: Old myths and beliefs to shoot down 5.2: Basis for modeling 5.3: Statistical approach: Playing with cellular 5.4: Sliding or sticking? 5.5: Slab avalanche release in four steps SUPERFICIAL AND FULL-DEPTH AVALANCHES 6.1: Loose snow avalanches 6.2: Full depth avalanches 6.3: Summary SNOW AND AVALANCHES IN A CLIMATE WARMING CONTEXT 7.1: Climate change 7.2: Possible consequences on avalanching SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION APPENDIX A COMPLEXITY AND CRITICAL PHENOMENA A1: From simple to complex systems A2: Scale invariance and self-organized criticality APPENDIX B MODELING A FLUID TO SOLID PHASE TRANSITION IN SNOW WEAK-LAYERS. B1: A fluid to solid phase transition in healable granular materials B2: Application to slab avalanche release APPENDIX C STABILITY OF A SINTERED WEAK LAYER DISK SURROUNDED BY A RING-SHAPED FLUID WEAK LAYER ZONE

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Book SynopsisThe British have always been obsessed by the weather. Astronomers at Durham Observatory began weather observations in 1841; weather records continue unbroken to this day, one of the longest continuous series of single-site weather records in Europe. Durham Weather and Climate since 1841 represents the first full publication of this newly digitised record of English weather, which will be of lasting appeal to interested readers and climate researchers alike. The book celebrates 180 years of weather in north-east England by describing how the records were (and are) made and the people who made them, examines monthly and seasonal weather patterns and extremes across two centuries, and considers long-term climate change. Local documentary sources and contemporary photographs bring the statistics to life, from the great flood of 1771 and skating on the frozen River Wear in February 1895 right up to Durham''s hottest-ever day in July 2019 and its wettest winter in 2021. Extensive links are provided to full daily weather records back to 1843. This volume is a sister publication to Oxford Weather and Climate since 1767 by the same authors, published by Oxford University Press in 2019.Trade ReviewGroundbreaking book on climate...The book includes 11 detailed appendixes, and the Stephen and Tim employ statistical methodology suitable for study in college statistics courses. This volume will prove indispensable for research universities and teaching colleges with programs in environmental science. * Choice *In this groundbreaking book on climate, Stephen Burt (Univ. of Reading) and Tim Burt (emer., Durham Univ.) consider data gathered for 180 years, from 1843 to the present, at the Durham University Observatory. This is the longest single-site meteorological study in northern England and among the lengthiest in all of Western Europe. * J. P. Davis, Hopkinsville Community College, CHOICE connect *This book represents climatology at its best, particularly through the efforts to improve the homogeneity of past records and to present them in a single publication. The value of the observations to us is probably beyond the imagination of the original observers. * Julian Mayes, Weather, August 2022 *Durham University has a venerable history of observational climate science. When Gordon Manley, perhaps the greatest British climatologist of the 20th century, arrived in Durham in 1928 to establish the Department of Geography, he resolved to place the Durham Observatory weather records on the same basis as those of the Radcliffe Observatory in Oxford, which had long been recognised as a valuable resource. This book updates and extends Manley's pioneering work. * Karen O'Brien, Vice-Chancellor, Durham University *This definitive book beautifully discusses the variations in the weather and climate in Durham over nearly two centuries, including all the highs and lows. The long-term view provided by these detailed records clearly highlights the warming of our climate and the fingerprint of human influence on our weather, even at this local scale. * Ed Hawkins MBE, University of Reading, UK *This lovingly-crafted history will be the envy of all long-term weather stations around the world. Tim and Stephen have respectfully interpreted the painstaking efforts of those who came before them, delivering an engaging and useful volume which transports you to the University grounds throughout the seasons and the decades. As the Earth continues to warm, these kinds of careful histories will only become more important. * Linden Ashcroft, The University of Melbourne, Australia *Durham Weather and Climate since 1841 undertakes a comprehensive rescue and analysis of this hugely valuable long-term meteorological station record including an in-depth reconstruction of the station history. The resulting meticulous data analysis provides key new insights into long-term UK climate changes that are essential to understanding our rapidly changing climate. * Peter Thorne, ICARUS Climate Research Centre, Maynooth University, Ireland *Climate science relies on long, carefully re-evaluated meteorological records. It is this long-term view that allows changes in weather and climate to be assessed and put into perspective. In Durham Weather and Climate since 1841, Tim Burt and Stephen Burt, two widely-known experts in the field, present another long record. The book describes the history of weather and climate in northern England and the role of weather in daily lives. It tells the story of meteorological measurements in Durham, which at the same time is a story about astronomy, the University and about the life-long dedication of individuals such as Gordon Manley - and the authors of this book. * Stefan Brönnimann, University of Bern, Switzerland *Durham has long been known for its eminence in meteorology and climatology. In this beautifully illustrated volume, Stephen Burt and Tim Burt place Durham's long record of observations in their complete historical and social context. They describe the struggles and accomplishments of the observers, both the famous and those who quietly carried out their daily duties. Burt and Burt take these centuries' worth of observations and turn them into analytical descriptions of Durham's climate, month by month and season by season, linking climatic events with citizen's daily lives. Packed with statistics, meteorological and climatological analysis, and historical commentary, this will be of interest to anyone interested in long-term climate change, observational records, historical climatology, weather analysis and the history of meteorology. * Victoria Slonosky, McGill University, Montreal, Canada *Durham provides an excellent record for discussing climate change in north-east England and for a wider area. * Chris Folland, Met Office, Exeter, UK *While the Durham record is less well-known than the Oxford one, it is still impressive and its analysis will give a picture of a very different location. Climate change is an increasingly significant issue. The volume is very timely. * Andrew Goudie, University of Oxford *Table of ContentsPart 1 Durham's weather and climate 1: Durham - its regional, economic and physical setting 2: Meteorological observations in Durham Part 2 Durham weather through the year 3: The annual cycle 4: January 5: February 6: March 7: April 8: May 9: June 10: July 11: Aaugust 12: September 13: October 14: November 15: December 16: The calender year Part 3 Durham weather through the seasons 17: Winter: December, January and February 18: Spring: March, April and May 19: Summer: June, July and August 20: Autumn: September, October, November Part 4 Long-term climate change in Durham 21: Climate change in Durham 22: Chronology of notable weather events in and around Durham Part 5 Durham weather averages and extremes 23: Warmest, driest, sunniest 24: Temperature extremes in Durham 25: Precipitation extremes in Durham 26: Sunshine extremes in Durham 27: Barometric pressure extremes in Durham APPENDICES Appendix 1 Appendix 2 Appendix 3 Appendix 4 Appendix 5 Appendix 6 Appendix 7 Appendix 8 Appendix 9 Appendix 10 Appendix 11

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Book SynopsisClimate change is a major topic of concern today, scientifically, socially, and politically. It will undoubtedly continue to be so for the foreseeable future, as predicted changes in global temperatures, rainfall, and sea level take place, and as human society adapts to these changes. In this remarkable new work, Jan Zalasiewicz and Mark Williams demonstrate how the Earth''s climate has continuously altered over its 4.5 billion-year history. The story can be read from clues preserved in the Earth''s strata - the evidence is abundant, though always incomplete, and also often baffling, puzzling, infuriating, tantalizing, seemingly contradictory. Geologists, though, are becoming ever more ingenious at interrogating this evidence, and the story of the Earth''s climate is now being reconstructed in ever-greater detail - maybe even providing us with clues to the future of contemporary climate change. The history is dramatic and often abrupt. Changes in global and regional climate range from bitterly cold to sweltering hot, from arid to humid, and they have impacted hugely upon the planet''s evolving animal and plant communities, and upon its physical landscapes of the Earth. And yet, through all of this, the Earth has remained consistently habitable for life for over three billion years - in stark contrast to its planetary neighbours. Not too hot, not too cold; not too dry, not too wet, it is aptly known as ''the Goldilocks planet''.Trade ReviewVery engaging * Michael Gross, Society of Chemical Industry *A balanced, well written, mostly comprehensive and well-argued book. * Times Higher Education Supplement *Table of ContentsPROLOGUE; A BRIEF WORD ON TIME; NOTES; FURTHER READING; REFERENCES

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Book SynopsisThe earth's climate changes abruptly every few thousand years, with breathtaking speed, cooling the climate worldwide. For most mammals this has a devastating effect on population. This volume argues that the cycle has instigated the increase in brain size and complexity of human beings.Trade Review"William Calvin uses an adventure across today's Earth to draw laser-sharp insights about our human past, and possibly its future. In A Brain for All Seasons, Calvin shows how gyrating weather patterns may have forged our ancestors' evolutionary path. And since Earth's climate may resume those catastrophic swings at any time, evolution may not be finished with us yet." - David Brin, author of The Transparent Society

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Book SynopsisIn this unique travelogue, William H. Calvin takes us around the globe and back in time, showing how such cycles of cool, crash and burn provided the impetus for enormous increases in the intelligence and complexity of human beings.

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