Testing of materials Books

Book SynopsisModal analysis is a discipline that has developed considerably during the last 30 years. Theoretical and Experimental Modal Analysis is a new book on modal analysis aimed at a wide range of readers, from academics such as post-graduate students and researchers, to engineers in many industries who use modal analysis tools and need to improve their knowledge of the subject. Divided into eight chapters, the book ranges from the basics of vibration theory and signal processing to more advanced topics, including identification techniques, substructural coupling, structural modification, updating of finite element models and nonlinear modal analysis. There is also an entire chapter dedicated to vibration testing techniques. It has been written with a diversity of potential readers in mind, so that all will be able to follow the book easily and assimilate the concepts involved.Table of ContentsSignal processing; modal testing practice; modal identification methods; coupling; structural modification; updating; non-linear modal analysis.

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Book SynopsisFundamentals of Crystalline State and Crystal Lattice.- Finite Symmetry Elements and Crystallographic Point Groups.- Infinite Symmetry Elements and Crystallographic Space Groups.- Formalization of Symmetry.- Nonconventional Symmetry.- Properties, Sources, and Detection of Radiation.- Fundamentals of Diffraction.- The Powder Diffraction Pattern.- Structure Factor.- Solving the Crystal Structure.- Powder Diffractometry.- Collecting Quality Powder Diffraction Data.- Preliminary Data Processing and Phase Analysis.- Determination and Refinement of the Unit Cell.- Solving Crystal Structure from Powder Diffraction Data.- Crystal Structure of LaNi4.85Sn0.15.- Crystal Structure of CeRhGe3.- Crystal Structure of Nd5Si4.- Empirical Methods of Solving Crystal Structures.- Crystal Structure of NiMnO2(OH).- Crystal Structure of ,i.tma V3O71.- Crystal Structure of ma2Mo7O221.- Crystal Structure of Mn7(OH)3(VO4)41.- Crystal Structure of FePO4.- Crystal Structure of Acetaminophen, C8H9NO2.Trade ReviewFrom a review of the first edition: “The book is well written and organized. The authors’ enthusiasm and dedication to the subject matter are clearly evident. I find the book to be not only an excellent introduction to structural characterization, but also a valuable introduction to the world of the working crystallographer. The text is rich in references to internet resources, software, literature, organizations, databases, and institutions that x-ray researchers employ routinely. As a class text the book could be used in an introductory course for third or fourth year undergraduates in materials science, chemistry, physics, or geochemistry. The detailed structural treatments may be too much for the typical introductory x-ray diffraction course, but students would be adding a valuable text for future reference to their libraries. The sections are also ideal for more advanced coursework at the graduate level. Beyond the classroom, any researcher desiring structural information on materials would benefit from this book.” - Materials Today, July/August 2004 Amazon.com readers: http://www.amazon.com/Fundamentals-Diffraction-Structural-Characterization-Materials/dp/0387241477/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1229536007&sr=8-1Table of ContentsFundamentals of Crystalline State and Crystal Lattice.- Finite Symmetry Elements and Crystallographic Point Groups.- Infinite Symmetry Elements and Crystallographic Space Groups.- Formalization of Symmetry.- Nonconventional Symmetry.- Properties, Sources, and Detection of Radiation.- Fundamentals of Diffraction.- The Powder Diffraction Pattern.- Structure Factor.- Solving the Crystal Structure.- Powder Diffractometry.- Collecting Quality Powder Diffraction Data.- Preliminary Data Processing and Phase Analysis.- Determination and Refinement of the Unit Cell.- Solving Crystal Structure from Powder Diffraction Data.- Crystal Structure of LaNi4.85Sn0.15.- Crystal Structure of CeRhGe3.- Crystal Structure of Nd5Si4.- Empirical Methods of Solving Crystal Structures.- Crystal Structure of NiMnO2(OH).- Crystal Structure of ,i.tma V3O71.- Crystal Structure of ma2Mo7O221.- Crystal Structure of Mn7(OH)3(VO4)41.- Crystal Structure of FePO4.- Crystal Structure of Acetaminophen, C8H9NO2.

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Book SynopsisThis book offers concise information on the properties of polymeric materials, particularly those most relevant to physical chemistry and chemical physics. Extensive updates and revisions to each chapter include eleven new chapters on novel polymeric structures, reinforcing phases in polymers, and experiments on single polymer chains.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews of the second edition: "This edition of Physical Properties of Polymers Handbook is a mammoth undertaking with 63 chapters divided into nine parts and 100 distinguished contributors with affiliations in industry, academia, and governmental agencies. The objectives of the book are very ambitious. … The compilations of physical properties are very readable and, depending on one’s interests, range from the mundane and practical to the esoteric. … All in all, this is a very useful compendium and should have a place on every polymer scientist’s bookshelf." (George Christopher Martin, Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 130 (3), 2008) "This handbook covers an enormous range of properties of polymeric materials, particularly those relevant to the areas of physical chemistry and chemical physics. … It is a reference work for researchers or advanced students studying polymeric materials. … The main goal of the book is to discuss and describe important results and modern developments. … If the reader … wishes to work in polymer applications or related areas, this is a good book to have available." (Christian Brosseau, Optics and Photonics News, February, 2008)Table of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition. -Preface to the First Edition. -STRUCTURE. -Chain Structures. -Names, Acronyms, Classes, and Structures of Some Important Polymers. -THEORY. -The Rotational Isomeric State Model. -Computational Parameters. -Theoretical Models and Simulations of Polymer Chains. -Scaling, Exponents, and Fractal Dimensions. -THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES. -Densities, Coefficients of Thermal Expansion, and Compressibilities of Amorphous Polymers. -Thermodynamic Properties of Proteins. -Heat Capacities of Polymers. -Thermal Conductivity. -Thermodynamic Quantities Governing Melting. -The Glass Temperature. -Sub-Tg Transitions. -Polymer-Solvent Interaction Parameter c. -Theta Temperatures. -Solubility Parameters. -Mark-Houwink-Staudinger-Sakurada Constants. -Polymers and Supercritical Fluids. -Thermodynamics of Polymer Blends. -SPECTROSCOPY. -NMR Spectroscopy of Polymers. -Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy to Study the Molecular Dynamics of Polymers Having Different Molecular Architectures. -Group Frequency Assignments for Major Infrared Bands Observed in Common Synthetic Polymers. -Small Angle Neutron and X-Ray Scattering. -MECHANICAL PROPERTIES. -Mechanical Properties. -Chain Dimensions and Entanglement Spacings. -Temperature Dependences of the Viscoelastic Response of Polymer Systems. -Adhesives. -Some Mechanical Properties of Typical Polymer-Based Composites. -Polymer Networks and Gels. -Force Spectroscopy of Polymers: Beyond Single Chain Mechanics. -REINFORCING PHASES. -Carbon Black. -Properties of Polymers Reinforced with Silica. -Physical Properties of Polymer/Clay Nanocomposites. -Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS). -Carbon Nanotube Polymer Composites: Recent Developments in Mechanical Properties. -Reinforcement Theories. -CRYSTALLINITY AND MORPHOLOGY. -Densities of Amorphous and Crystalline Polymers. -Unit Cell Information on Some Important Polymers. -Crystallization Kinetics of Polymers. -Block Copolymer Melts. -Polymer Liquid Crystals and Their Blends. -The Emergence of a New Macromolecular Architecture: 'The Dendritic State'. –Polyrotaxanes. -Foldamers: Nanoscale Shape Control at the Interface Between Small Molecules and High Polymers. -Recent Advances in Supramolecular Polymers. -ELECTRO-OPTICAL AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES. -Conducting Polymers: Electrical Conductivity. -Conjugated Polymer Electroluminescence. -Magnetic, Piezoelectric, Pyroelectric, and Ferroelectric Properties of Synthetic and Biological Polymers. -Nonlinear Optical Properties of Polymers. -Refractive Index, Stress-Optical Coefficient, and Optical Configuration Parameter of Polymers. -RESPONSES TO RADIATION, HEAT, AND CHEMICAL AGENTS. -Ultraviolet Radiation and Polymers. -The Effects of Electron Beam and g-Irradiation on Polymeric Materials. –Flammability. -Thermal-Oxidative Stability and Degradation of Polymers. -Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers for Medical Applications. -Biodegradability of Polymers. -Properties of Photoresist Polymers. -Pyrolyzability of Preceramic Polymers. -OTHER PROPERTIES. -Surface and Interfacial Properties. -Acoustic Properties. -Permeability of Polymers to Gases and Vapors. –MISCELLANEOUS. –Definitions. -Units and Conversion Factors. -Subject Index

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Book SynopsisPresent State of Electron Backscatter Diffraction and Prospective Developments.- Dynamical Simulation of Electron Backscatter Diffraction Patterns.- Representations of Texture.- Energy Filtering in EBSD.- Spherical Kikuchi Maps and Other Rarities.- Application of Electron Backscatter Diffraction to Phase Identification.- Phase Identification Through Symmetry Determination in EBSD Patterns.- Three-Dimensional Orientation Microscopy by Serial Sectioning and EBSD-Based Orientation Mapping in a FIB-SEM.- Collection, Processing, and Analysis of Three-Dimensional EBSD Data Sets.- 3D Reconstruction of Digital Microstructures.- Direct 3D Simulation of Plastic Flow from EBSD Data.- First-Order Microstructure Sensitive Design Based on Volume Fractions and Elementary Bounds.- Second-Order Microstructure Sensitive Design Using 2-Point Spatial Correlations.- Combinatorial Materials Science and EBSD: A High Throughput Experimentation Tool.- Grain Boundary Networks.- Measurement of the Five-ParameterTable of ContentsList of Contributors. 1. The Development of Automated Diffraction in Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy; D.J. Dingley. 2. Theoretical Framework for Electron Backscatter Diffraction; V. Randle. 3. Representation of Texture in Orientation Space; K. Rajan. 4. Rodriques-Frank Representations of Crystallographic Texture; K. Rajan. 5. Fundamentals of Automated EBSD; S.I. Wright. 6. Studies on the Accuracy of Electron Backscatter Diffraction Measurements; M.C. Demirel, B.S. El-Dasher, B.L. Adams, A.D. Rollett. 7. Phase Identification Using Electron Backscatter Diffraction in the Scanning Electron Microscope; J.R. Michael. 8. Three-Dimensional Orientation Imaging; D.J. Jensen. 9. Automated Electron Backscatter Diffraction: Present State and Prospects; R.A. Schwarzer. 10. EBSD: Buying a Systems; A. Eades. 11. Hardware and Software Optimization for Orientation Mapping and Phase Identification; P.P. Camus. 12. An Automated EBSD Acquisition and Processing System; P. Rolland, K.G. Dicks. 13. Advanced Software Capabilities for Automated EBSD; S.I. Wright, D.P. Field, D.J. Dingley. 14. Strategies for Analysis of EBSD Datasets; W.E. King, J.S. Stölken, M. Kumar, A.J. Schwartz. 15. Structure-Property Relations: EBSD-Based Materials-Sensitive Design; B.L. Adams, B.L. Henrie, L.L. Howell, R.J. Balling. 16. Use of EBSD Data in Mesoscale Numerical Analyses; R. Becker, H. Weiland. 17. Characterization of Deformed Microstructures; D.P. Field, H. Weiland. 18. AnisotropicPlasticity Modeling Incorporating EBSD Characterization of Tantalum and Zirconium; J.F. Bingert, G.C. Kaschner, T.A. Mason, P.J. Maudlin, G.T. Gray III. 19. Measuring Strains Using Electron Backscatter Diffraction; A.J. Wilkinson. 20. Mapping Residual Plastic Strain in Materials Using Electron Backscatter Diffraction; E.M. Lehockey, Yang-Pi Lin, O.E. Lepik. 21.EBSD Contra TEM Characterization of a Deformed Aluminum Single Crystal; Xiaoxu Huang, D.J. Jensen. 22. Continuous Recrystallization and Grain Boundaries in a Superplastic Aluminum Alloy; T.R. McNelley. 23. Analysis of Facets and Other Surfaces Using Electron Backscatter Diffraction; V. Randle. 24. EBSD of Ceramic Materials; J.K. Farrer, J.R. Michael, C.B. Carter. 25. Grain Boundary Character Based Design of Polycrystalline High Temperature Superconducting Wires; A. Goyal. Index.

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Book Synopsis1. Particle Size Characterization.- 2. Particle Shape Characterization.- 3. Structural Properties of Packings of Particles.- 4. Fundamental and Rheological Properties of Powders.- 5. Vibration of Fine Powders and its Application.- 6. Size Enlargement by Agglomeration.- 7. Pneumatic Conveying.- 8. Storage and Flow of Particulate Solids.- 9. Fluidization Phenomena and Fluidized Bed Technology.- 10. Spouting of Particulate Solids.- 11. Mixing of Powders.- 12. Size Reduction of Solids Crushing and Grinding Equipment.- 13. Sedimentation.- 14. Filtration of Solids from Liquid Streams.- 15. Cyclones.- 16. The Electrostatic Precipitator: Application And Concepts.- 17. Granular Bed Filters Part I. The Theory.- 17. Part II. Application and Design.- 18. Wet Scrubber Particulate Collection.- 19. Fire and Explosion Hazards in Powder Handling and Processing.- 20. Respirarle Dust Hazards.Trade ReviewUSA request forwarded to Chapman and Hall, New YorkTable of ContentsParticle size characterization. Particle shape characterization. Structural properties of packings of particles. Fundamental and rheological properties of powders. Vibration of fine powders and its application. Size enlargement by agglomeration. Pneumatic conveying. Storage and flow of particulate solids. Fluidization phenomena and fluidized bed technology. Spouting of particulate solids. Mixing of powders. Size reduction of solids and crushing/grinding equipment. Sedimentation. Filtration of solids from liquid streams. Cyclones. Electrostatic precipitator: application and concepts. Granular bed filters. Wet scrubber particulate collection. Fire and explosion hazards in powder handling and processing. Respirable dust hazards.

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Book SynopsisThis handbook stresses the enduring theoretical principles of the design of measurement systems. The material is organized to correspond to the sequence in which a management system is first conceived, then designed, built, installed, and maintained.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: Theory and Philosophy of Measurement (L. Finklestein). Standardization of Measurement Fundamentals and Practices (P. H.Sydenham). Signals and Systems in the Time and Frequency Domain (E. G.Woschni). Discrete Signals and Frequency Spectra (M. J. Miller). Measurement Errors, Probability and Information Theory (D.Hofmann). Signal-to-noise Ratio Improvement (D. M. Munroe). Transmission of Data (R. W. Grimes).

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Book SynopsisThis handbook stresses the enduring theoretical principles of the design of measurement systems. The material is organized to correspond to the sequence in which a management system is first conceived, then designed, built, installed, and maintained.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: Static and Steady-State Considerations (P. Sydenham). Fundamentals of Transducers: Description by Mathematical Models (L.Finkelstein & R. Watts). Measurement of Electrical Signals and Quantities (L.Schnell). Electrical and Electronic Regime of Measuring Instruments (P.Sydenham). Transducer Practice: Displacement (P. Sydenham). Transducer Practice: Thermal (P. Sydenham). Design and Manufacture of Measurement Systems (F. Peuscher). Management of Existing Measurement Systems (J. Hobson). Sources of Information on Measurement (P. Sydenham). References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe book includes fundamental concepts of theory, instrumentation, and experimental practice as well as practical applications. An important chapter setting the book apart from other publications describes the properties of materials and presents case studies from industry.Trade Review"A textbook to be used in a curriculum of advanced material engineering, with enough practical aspects covered to support associated laboratory sessions as well." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 25, No. 3, September 2001)Table of ContentsPreface. Getting Started with Thermography for Nondestructive Testing. FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS. Introduction to Thermal Emission. Introduction to Heat Transfer. Infrared Sensors and Optic Fundamentals. Images. Automated Image Analysis. Materials. Experimental Concepts. ACTIVE THERMOGRAPHY. Active Thermography. Quantitative Data Analysis in Active Thermography. ACTIVE AND PASSIVE THERMOGRAPHY: CASE STUDIES. Applications. References and Bibliography. Appendix A: Computer Model. Appendix B: Smoothing Routing. Appendix C: Parabola Computations. Appendix D: Higher-Order Gradient Computations Based on the Roberts Gradient. Appendix E: Properties of Metals and Nonmetals. Appendix F: Matlab M-Scripts Available. Index.

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Book SynopsisWritten both for the novice and for the experienced scientist, this miniature encyclopedia concisely describes over one hundred materials methodologies, including evaluation, chemical analysis, and physical testing techniques. Each technique is presented in terms of its use, sample requirements, and the engineering principles behind its methodology. Real life industrial and academic applications are also described to give the reader an understanding of the significance and utilization of technique. There is also a discussion of the limitations of each technique.Table of ContentsFrom the Contents: Introduction/ Molecular Spectroscopy/ Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/ Mass Spectrometry/ Separation Techniques/ Elemental and Chemical Analysis/ X-Ray Analysis/ Microscopy/ Image Analysis/ Surface Analysis/ Thermal Analysis/ Rheology and Molecular Weight of Polymers/ Physical Properties of Particles and Polymers/ Physical Testing/ Scientific Computation.

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Book SynopsisThough there has been a lot of scattered information on specific aspects of wafer bonding--a technique for welding semiconductor wafers together without using glue, this is one of the first practical works to bring together a broad range of information into a coherent overview of the field.Table of ContentsBasics of Interactions Between Flat Surfaces. Influence of Particles, Surface Steps, and Cavities. Surface Preparation and Room-Temperature Wafer Bonding. Thermal Treatment of Bonded Wafer Pairs. Thinning Procedures. Electrical Properties of Bonding Interfaces. Stresses in Bonded Wafers. Bonding of Dissimilar Materials. Bonding of Structured Wafers. Mainstream Applications. Emerging and Future Applications. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis handbook provides ready access to all of the major concepts, techniques, problems, and solutions in the emerging field of pseudorandom pattern testing. Until now, the literature in this area has been widely scattered, and published work, written by professionals in several disciplines, has treated notation and mathematics in ways that vary from source to source. This book opens with a clear description of the shortcomings of conventional testing as applied to complex digital circuits, revewing by comparison the principles of design for testability of more advanced digital technology. Offers in-depth discussions of test sequence generation and response data compression, including pseudorandom sequence generators; the mathematics of shift-register sequences and their potential for built-in testing. Also details random and memory testing and the problems of assessing the efficiency of such tests, and the limitations and practical concerns of built-in testing.Table of ContentsDigital Testing and the Need for Testable Design. Principles of Testable Design. Pseudorandom Sequence Generators. Test Response Compression Techniques. Shift-Register Polynomial Division. Special-Purpose Shift-Register Circuits. Random Pattern Built-In Test. Built-In Test Structures. Limitations and Other Concerns of Random Pattern Testing. Test System Requirements for Built-In Test. Appendix. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisOffers practical coverage of vibration stresses and stress-induced displacements, isolation of sensitive components, and evaluation of elastic instability, fatigue and fracture as potential failure modes that arise in mechanical designs and aerospace. The approach taken is particularly useful in the early design stage--the physical problem is defined via known paramaters and a methodology is given for determining the unknown quantities and relating them to specified limiting values and failure modes to obtain an acceptable design. Many of the calculations can be performed on a PC or programmable calculator.Table of ContentsMechanical Loads and Failure Modes. Natural Frequency of Simple Components. Natural Frequency of Simple Structures. Random Vibration. Shock. Isolation. Fatigue. Fracture. Elastic Instability. Structural Analysis of Mounted Housings. Venting. Thermal Analysis. References. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisFailure Mechanisms in Semiconductor Devices Second Edition E. Ajith Amerasekera Texas Instruments Inc., Dallas, USA Farid N. Najm University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA Since the successful first edition of Failure Mechanisms in Semiconductor Devices, semiconductor technology has become increasingly important. The high complexity of today''s integrated circuits has engendered a demand for greater component reliability. Reflecting the need for guaranteed performance in consumer applications, this thoroughly updated edition includes more detailed material on reliability modelling and prediction. The book analyses the main failure mechanisms in terms of cause, effects and prevention and explains the mathematics behind reliability analysis. The authors detail methodologies for the identification of failures and describe the approaches for building reliability into semiconductor devices. Their thorough yet accessible text covers the physics of failure mechanisms from the semiconducTable of ContentsReliability Mathematics. Principal Failure Mechanisms. Failure Mechanisms in Technologies and Circuits. Reliability Testing. Reliability Prediction. Screening. Failure Analysis. Quality Assurance. Appendix. Indexes.

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Book SynopsisA practical guide to effectively analyzing t thin shell mechanical structures by discretizing methods. The relativity and implementation of these methods are important to solve engineering problems in the areas of dams, turbine blades, shell junctions, buckling loads and shape optimization.Table of ContentsConcepts of Elastic Stability. Postbuckling Behavior of Structures. Elements of a Simple Buckling Test--A Column Under Axial Compression. Modelling--Theory and Practice. Columns, Beams and Frameworks. Arches and Rings. Plate Buckling. References. Indexes.

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Book SynopsisContains 16 papers addressing a variety of issues in the testing and modeling of pavement materials and structures. This title discusses such topics as: asphalt materials; hot mix asphalt; asphalt pavements; and, concrete pavements. It also includes research papers with the findings from four National Science Foundation research projects.

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Book SynopsisThis book is devoted to the mathematical theory of regularization methods and gives an account of the currently available results about regularization methods for linear and nonlinear ill-posed problems.Trade Review`It is written in a very clear style, the material is well organized, and there is an extensive bibliography with 290 items. There is no doubt that this book belongs to the modern standard references on ill-posed and inverse problems. It can be recommended not only to mathematicians interested in this, but to students with a basic knowledge of functional analysis, and to scientists and engineers working in this field.' Mathematical Reviews Clippings, 97k `... it will be an extremely valuable tool for researchers in the field, who will find under the same cover and with unified notation material that is otherwise scattered in extremely diverse publications.' SIAM Review, 41:2 (1999) Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction: Examples of Inverse Problems. 2. Ill-Posed Linear Operator Equations. 3. Regularization Operators. 4. Continuous Regularization Methods. 5. Tikhonov Regularization. 6. Iterative Regularization Methods. 7. The Conjugate Gradient Method. 8. Regularization with Differential Operators. 9. Numerical Realization. 10. Tikhonov Regularization of Nonlinear Problems. 11. Iterative Methods for Nonlinear Problems. A. Appendix: A.1. Weighted Polynomial Minimization Problems. A.2. Orthogonal Polynomials. A.3. Christoffel Functions. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisProblems and defects of all kinds arise in the development and use of mechanical devises, electrical equipment, hydraulic systems, transportation mechanisms and the like. However, an extremely wide range of nondestructive testing (NDT) methods are available to help you examine these different problems and various defects in an assortment of materials under varying circumstances. It is imperative that you select the best method to solve a particular problem. And that requires a sufficient understanding of the basic processes involved to realize the advantages of each NDT method available. Practical hints and pertinent comments for the resolution of day to day problems, this book will give you sufficient basic theory to comprehend the principles of each method so that the most appropriate method can be selected and used to its fullest advantage. Typical illustrative calculations and a comprehensive bibliography are provided. This book will be particularly useful to advanced technicians

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Book SynopsisCovers the complete spectrum of technology dealing with heat-resistant materials, including high-temperature characteristics, effects of processing and microstructure on high-temperature properties, materials selection guidelines for industrial applications, and life-assessment methods. Also included is information on comparative properties.

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Book SynopsisThis detailed collection explores recent advances in molecular imaging techniques involving bioluminescence, currently employed in biolaboratories around the world.Table of ContentsPart I: Establishment of Luciferins and Luciferases 1. Gene Cloning and Functional Analysis of the Luciferase from Luminous Syllids of the Genus Odontosyllis Rie Yasuno, Yasuo Mitani, and Yoshihiro Ohmiya 2. Synthetic Coelenterazine Derivatives and Their Application for Bioluminescence Imaging Tianyu Jiang and Minyong Li 3. Visible Light Bioluminescence Imaging Platform for Animal Cell Imaging Nobuo Kitada, Shojiro Maki, and Sung-Bae Kim 4. Biosynthesis-Inspired Deracemizative Production of D-Luciferin In Vitro by Combining Luciferase and Thioesterase Kazuki Niwa and Dai-ichiro Kato 5. Production of Metridia Luciferase in Native Form by Oxidative Refolding from E. coli Inclusion Bodies Svetlana V. Markova, Marina D. Larionova, and Eugene S. Vysotski 6. Production of Copepod Luciferases via Baculovirus Expression System Marina D. Larionova, Svetlana V. Markova, and Eugene S. Vysotski 7. Molecular Tension Probe for In Vitro Bioassays Sung-Bae Kim, Rika Fujii, Simon Miller, and Mikio Tanabe Part II: Basic In Vitro Applications 8. Optimized Loop-Mediated Amplification (LAMP) Allows Single Copy Detection Using Bioluminescent Assay in Real Time (BART) Patrick Hardinge 9. A Simple and Rapid Bioluminescence-Based Functional Assay of Organic Anion Transporter 1 as a d-Luciferin Transporter Katsuhisa Inoue, Koki Sugiyama, and Takahito Furuya 10. A Simple Bioluminescent Assay for the Screening of Cytotoxic Molecules against the Intracellular Form of Leishmania infantum Diego Benítez, Andrea Medeiros, Cristina Quiroga, and Marcelo A. Comini 11. A Simple, Robust, and Affordable Bioluminescent Assay for Drug Screening against Infective African Trypanosomes Estefania Dibello, Marcelo A. Comini, and Diego Benítez 12. Imaging of Autonomous Bioluminescence Emission from Single Mammalian Cells Carola Gregor 13. Rapid Single-Cell Detection of Beer-contaminating Lactic Acid Bacteria Using Bioluminescence/Rapid Microbe Detection Toshihiro Takahashi and Yasukazu Nakakita 14. Bioluminescence of Aliivibrio fischeri in Artificial Seawater and Its Application in Fungicide Sensing Hitomi Kuwahara and Hiroshi Morita 15. A Bioluminescence Reporter Assay for Retinoic Acid Control of Translation of the GluR1 Subunit of the AMPA Glutamate Receptor Thabat Khatib, Berndt Müller, and Peter McCaffery 16. Design of an Intron-Retained Bioluminescence Reporter and Its Application in Imaging of Pre-mRNA Splicing in Living Subjects Fu Wang, Si Chen, Haifeng Zheng, and Bin Guo 17. Generation of Bi-Reporter Expressing Tri-Segmented Arenavirus Chengjin Ye and Luis Martinez-Sobrido 18. Bioluminescent and Fluorescent Reporter-Expressing Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Desarey Morales Vasquez, Kevin Chiem, Chengjin Ye, and Luis Martinez-Sobrido 19. Generation, Characterization, and Applications of Influenza A Reporter Viruses Kevin Chiem, Aitor Nogales, and Luis Martinez-Sobrido Part III: Basic In Vivo Applications 20. Optimized Aequorin Reconstitution Protocol to Visualize Calcium Ion Transients in the Heart of Transgenic Zebrafish Embryos In Vivo Manuel Vicente, Jussep Salgado-Almario, Antonio Martínez-Sielva, Juan Llopis, and Beatriz Domingo 21. Quantification and Imaging of Exosomes via Luciferase-Fused Exosome Marker Proteins: ExoLuc System Tomoya Hikita and Chitose Oneyama 22. Bioluminescent Tracking of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells In Vitro and In Vivo Toshinobu Nishimura, Kouta Niizuma, and Hiromitsu Nakauchi 23. Noninvasive In Vivo Tracking of Mammalian Cells Stably Expressing Firefly Luciferase Yang Bi, Nannan Zhang, and Yun He 24. Bioluminescence Imaging for Evaluation of Antitumor Effect In Vitro and In Vivo in Mice Xenografted Tumor Models Kazuhide Sato 25. Detection of Spontaneous Bone Metastases of Solid Human Tumor Xenografts in Mice Vera Labitzky, Ursula Valentiner, and Tobias Lange 26. In Vivo Imaging Analysis of an Inner Ear Drug Delivery in Mice: Comparison of Inner Ear Drug Concentrations Over Time Sho Kanzaki, Shinsuke Shibata, Masaya Nakamura, Masahiro Ozaki, and Hideyuki Okano 27. Protocols for the Evaluation of a Lymphatic Drug Delivery System Combined with Bioluminescence to Treat Metastatic Lymph Nodes Ariunbuyan Sukhbaatar and Tetsuya Kodama 28. In Vivo Bioluminescent Imaging of Rabies Virus Infection and Evaluation of Antiviral Drug Kentaro Yamada and Akira Nishizono 29. Imaging Infection by Vector-Borne Protozoan Parasites Using Whole-Mouse Bioluminescence Mónica Sá, David Mendes Costa, and Joana Tavares 30. Longitudinal Tracing of Lyssavirus Infection in Mice via In Vivo Bioluminescence Imaging Kate E. Mastraccio, Celeste Huaman, Eric D. Laing, Christopher C. Broder, and Brian C. Schaefer Part IV: Multiplex Imaging Platforms 31. Dual-Luciferase-Based Fast and Sensitive Detection of Malaria Hypnozoites for the Discovery of Anti-Relapse Compounds Annemarie M. Voorberg-van der Wel, Anne-Marie Zeeman, Ivonne G. Nieuwenhuis, Nicole M. van der Werff, and Clemens H. M. Kocken 32. Synthetic Assembly DNA Cloning of Multiplex Hextuple Luciferase Reporter Plasmids Alejandro Sarrion-Perdigones, Yezabel Gonzalez, and Koen J.T. Venken 33. Multiplex Hextuple Luciferase Assaying Alejandro Sarrion-Perdigones, Yezabel Gonzalez, Lyra Chang, Tatiana Gallego-Flores, Damian W. Young, and Koen J.T. Venken 34. Molecular Imaging of Tumor Progression and Angiogenesis by Dual Bioluminescence Yue Liu, Ziyu Huang, and Zongjin Li

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Book SynopsisThis volume looks at the latest methods used to study imaging techniques, metabolic tracing, and deep muscle phenotyping. Comprehensive and thorough, Neuromuscular Assessments of Form and Function is a valuable resource for researchers interested in multiple methods used to study skeletal muscle neurophysiology.Table of ContentsSeries Preface…Preface…Table of Contents…Contributing Authors…1. Estimation of Lean Soft Tissue by Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry as a Surrogate for Muscle Mass in Health, Obesity, and SarcopeniaCamila L. P. Oliveira, Ana P. Pagano, M. Cristina Gonzalez, and Carla M. Prado2. Analysis of Skeletal Muscle Mass from Pre-Existing Computed Tomography (CT) ScansKatherine L. Ford, Bruna Ramos da Silva, Ana Teresa Limon-Miro, and Carla M. Prado3. Imaging Skeletal Muscle by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)Robert H. Morris and Craig Sale4. Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Mass: UltrasoundMartino V. Franchi and Marco V. Narici5. Measures of Neuromuscular FunctionMichael D. Roberts and Jason M. Defreitas6. Neuromuscular Function: High-Density Surface ElectromyographyEduardo Martinez-Valdes and Francesco Negro7. Neuromuscular Function: Intramuscular Electromyography Mathew Piasecki and Daniel W. Stashuk8. Magnetic Resonance Quantification of Muscle Phosphocreatine Resynthesis Kinetics during Exercise Recovery: An In Vivo Measure of Mitochondrial Function in HumansJordan J. McGing, Susan T. Francis, Sébastien Serres, Gordon W. Moran, and Paul L. Greenhaff9. Immunohistochemistry, Microscopy, and Image Analysis of Human Muscle Biopsies: Muscle Fibre Denervation as a Working ExampleCasper Soendenbroe, Jesper L. Andersen, and Abigail L. Mackey10. Stable Isotope Tracer Methods for the Measure of Skeletal Muscle Protein TurnoverMatthew S. Brook, Daniel J. Wilkinson, and Ken Smith 11. Ex Vivo Human Single Muscle Fibers: An Insightful Approach to Skeletal Muscle FunctionCarlo Reggiani12. Myokines, Measurement, and Technical ConsiderationsCraig R. G. Willis, Colleen S. Deane, and Timothy Etheridge13. Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cell Physiology and Function: Complimentary In Vitro and In Vivo Models and MethodsMark Viggars, Andy Nolan, Adam Sharples, and Claire Stewart14. Using the Model Organism Caenorhabditis elegans to Explore Neuromuscular FunctionSamantha Hughes and Nathaniel Szewczyk15. Methodologies to Quantify Skeletal Muscle Blood Flow/PerfusionEleanor J. Jones and Bethan E. PhillipsSubject Index List…

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Book SynopsisThis second edition details new and updated chapters on key methodologies and breakthroughs in the mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) field. Chapters guide readers through nano-Desorption Electrospray Ionisation (nDESI), Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionisation-2 (MALDI-2), Laser Ablation - Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) ,Imaging Mass Cytometry (IMC) with a variety of diverse samples including eye tissue, crop analysis, 3D cell culture models, and counterfeit goods analysis. Written in the format of the highly successfulMethods in Molecular Biologyseries, each chapter includes an introduction to the topic, lists necessary materials and reagents, includes tips on troubleshooting and known pitfalls, and step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols. Authoritative and cutting-edge,Imaging Mass Spectrometry: Methods and Protocols, Second Edition aims to be auseful and practical guide to new researchersand experts looking to expand their knowledge.Table of Contents1. MALDI and Trace Metal Analysis in Age Related Macular Degeneration Joshua Millar, Susan Campbell, Catherine Duckett, Sarah Doyle, and Laura M. Cole 2. HistoSnap: a novel software tool to extract m/z-specific images from large MSHC datasets K. Verheggen, N. Bhattacharya, M. Verhaert, B. Goossens, R. Sciot, and P. Verhaert 3. Spatially resolved quantitation of drug in skin equivalents using Mass Spectrometry Imaging (MSI) Cristina Russo and Malcolm R. Clench 4. Update DESI Mass Spectrometry Imaging (MSI) Emmanuelle Claude, Mark Towers, and Emrys Jones 5. Update Liquid Extraction Surface Analysis Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Denatured Intact Proteins Emma K. Sisley, James W. Hughes, Oliver J. Hale, and Helen J. Cooper 6. MALDI MS imaging of cucumbers Robert Bradshaw 7. The adaptation of the QV600 LLI Milli-Fluidics System to house ex vivo gastrointestinal tissue suitable for drug absorption and permeation studies, utilising MALDI-MSI and LC-MS/MS Chloe E. Spencer, Catherine J Duckett, Stephen Rumbelow, and Malcolm R Clench 8. Ambient Mass Spectrometry Imaging by Water-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization For Ex Vivo And In Vivo Applications Nina Ogrinc, Paul Chaillou, Alexandre Kruszewski, Cristian Duriez, Michel Salzet, and Isabelle Fournier 9. Cytological cytospin preparation for the spatial proteomics analysis of thyroid nodules using MALDI-MSI Isabella Piga, Fabio Pagni, Fulvio Magni, and Andrew Smith 10. Matrix effects free imaging of thin tissue sections using pneumatically assisted nano-DESI MSI Leonidas Mavroudakis and Ingela Lanekoff 11. Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Plant Materials Joseph Ready and Callie Seaman 12. Sample Preparation for Metabolite Detection in Mass Spectrometry Imaging Maria K. Andersen, Marco Giampà, Elise Midtbust, Therese S. Høiem, Sebastian Krossa, and May-Britt Tessem 13. Multimodal Mass Spectrometry Imaging of an Aggregated 3D Cell Culture Model Lucy Flint 14. Visualization of Small Intact Proteins in Breast Cancer FFPE tissue Marco Giampà, Maria K. Andersen, Sebastian Krossa, Vanna Denti, Andrew Smith, and Siver Andreas Moestue 15. Negative Ion-mode N-glycan Mass Spectrometry Imaging by MALDI-2-TOF-MS Jens Soltwisch and Bram Heijs 16. MS1-based data analysis approaches for FFPE tissue imaging of endogenous peptide ions by mass spectrometry histochemistry (MSHC) Nivedita Bhattacharya, Konstantin Nagornov, Kenneth Verheggen, Marthe Verhaert, Raf Sciot, and Peter Verhaert 17. Mass Spectrometry Imaging: The Next Five Years Malcolm R. Clench and Laura M. Cole

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Book SynopsisThis new book helps the engineer understand the principles of metal forming and analyze forming problems - both the mechanics of forming processes and how the properties of metals affect the processes. Interesting end-of-chapter notes have been added throughout, as well as references. More than 200 end-of-chapter problems are also included.Trade Review"very good coverage of the principles of mechanical metallurgy...Recommended." - CHOICETable of Contents1. Stress and strain; 2. Plasticity; 3. Strain hardening; 4. Plastic instability; 5. Temperature and strain-rate dependence; 6. Work balance; 7. Slab analysis and friction; 8. Friction and lubrication; 9. Upper-bound analysis; 10. Slip-line field analysis; 11. Deformation zone geometry; 12. Formability; 13. Bending; 14. Plastic anisotropy; 15. Cupping, redrawing and ironing; 16. Forming limit diagrams; 17. Stamping; 18. Hydroforming; 19. Other sheet forming operations; 20. Formability tests; 21. Sheet metal properties.

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Book SynopsisModelling and Estimation of Damage in Structures is a comprehensiveguide to solving the type of modelling and estimation problems associated with the physics of structural damage.Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Users' Guide 1 1.2 Modeling and Estimation Overview 2 1.3 Motivation 4 1.4 Structural Health Monitoring 7 1.4.1 Data-Driven Approaches 10 1.4.2 Physics-Based Approach 14 1.5 Organization and Scope 17 2 Probability 21 2.1 Probability Basics 23 2.2 Probability Distributions 25 2.3 Multivariate Distributions, Conditional Probability, and Independence 28 2.4 Functions of Random Variables 32 2.5 Expectations and Moments 39 2.6 Moment-Generating Functions and Cumulants 43 3 Random Processes 51 3.1 Properties of a Random Process 54 3.2 Stationarity 57 3.3 Spectral Analysis 61 3.3.1 Spectral Representation of Deterministic Signals 62 3.3.2 Spectral Representation of Stochastic Signals 65 3.3.3 Power Spectral Density 67 3.3.4 Relationship to Correlation Functions 71 3.3.5 Higher Order Spectra 74 3.4 Markov Models 81 3.5 Information Theoretics 82 3.5.1 Mutual Information 85 3.5.2 Transfer Entropy 87 3.6 Random Process Models for Structural Response Data 91 4 Modeling in Structural Dynamics 95 4.1 Why Build Mathematical Models? 96 4.2 Good Versus Bad Models – An Example 97 4.3 Elements of Modeling 99 4.3.1 Newton's Laws 101 4.3.2 Background to Variational Methods 101 4.3.3 Variational Mechanics 103 4.3.4 Lagrange's Equations 105 4.3.5 Hamilton's Principle 108 4.4 Common Challenges 114 4.4.1 Impact Problems 114 4.4.2 Stress Singularities and Cracking 117 4.5 Solution Techniques 119 4.5.1 Analytical Techniques I – Ordinary Differential Equations 119 4.5.2 Analytical Techniques II – Partial Differential Equations 128 4.5.3 Local Discretizations 131 4.5.4 Global Discretizations 132 4.6 Volterra Series for Nonlinear Systems 133 5 Physics-Based Model Examples 143 5.1 Imperfection Modeling in Plates 143 5.1.1 Cracks as Imperfections 143 5.1.2 Boundary Imperfections: In-Plane Slippage 145 5.2 Delamination in a Composite Beam 151 5.3 Bolted Joint Degradation: Quasi-static Approach 160 5.3.1 The Model 161 5.3.2 Experimental System and Procedure 164 5.3.3 Results and Discussion 166 5.4 Bolted Joint Degradation: Dynamic Approach 172 5.5 Corrosion Damage 178 5.6 Beam on a Tensionless Foundation 182 5.6.1 Equilibrium Equations and Their Solutions 184 5.6.2 Boundary Conditions 185 5.6.3 Results 187 5.7 Cracked, Axially Moving Wires 189 5.7.1 Some Useful Concepts from Fracture Mechanics 191 5.7.2 The Effect of a Crack on the Local Stiffness 193 5.7.3 Limitations 194 5.7.4 Equations of Motion 196 5.7.5 Natural Frequencies and Stability 198 5.7.6 Results 198 6 Estimating Statistical Properties of Structural Response Data 203 6.1 Estimator Bias and Variance 206 6.2 Method of Maximum Likelihood 209 6.3 Ergodicity 213 6.4 Power Spectral Density and Correlation Functions for LTI Systems 218 6.4.1 Estimation of Power Spectral Density 218 6.4.2 Estimation of Correlation Functions 234 6.5 Estimating Higher Order Spectra 240 6.5.1 Coherence Functions 246 6.5.2 Bispectral Density Estimation 248 6.5.3 Analytical Bicoherence for Non-Gaussian Signals 257 6.5.4 Trispectral Density Function 264 6.6 Estimation of Information Theoretics 275 6.7 Generating Random Processes 284 6.7.1 Review of Basic Concepts 285 6.7.2 Data with a Known Covariance and Gaussian Marginal PDF 287 6.7.3 Data with a Known Covariance and Arbitrary Marginal PDF 290 6.7.4 Examples 295 6.8 Stationarity Testing 302 6.8.1 Reverse Arrangement Test 304 6.8.2 Evolutionary Spectral Testing 306 6.9 Hypothesis Testing and Intervals of Confidence 312 6.9.1 Detection Strategies 313 6.9.2 Detector Performance 319 6.9.3 Intervals of Confidence 327 7 Parameter Estimation for Structural Systems 333 7.1 Method of Maximum Likelihood 336 7.1.1 Linear Least Squares 338 7.1.2 Finite Element Model Updating 341 7.1.3 Modified Differential Evolution for Obtaining MLEs 344 7.1.4 Structural Damage MLE Example 347 7.1.5 Estimating Time of Flight for Ultrasonic Applications 352 7.2 Bayesian Estimation 363 7.2.1 Conjugacy 365 7.2.2 Using Conjugacy to Assess Algorithm Performance 366 7.2.3 Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) Methods 374 7.2.4 Gibbs Sampling 379 7.2.5 Conditional Conjugacy: Sampling the Noise Variance 380 7.2.6 Beam Example Revisited 383 7.2.7 Population-Based MCMC 386 7.3 Multimodel Inference 392 7.3.1 Model Comparison via AIC 392 7.3.2 Reversible Jump MCMC 397 8 Detecting Damage-Induced Nonlinearity 403 8.1 Capturing Nonlinearity 407 8.1.1 Higher Order Cumulants 408 8.1.2 Higher Order Spectral Coefficients 410 8.1.3 Nonlinear Prediction Error 412 8.1.4 Information Theoretics 414 8.2 Bolted Joint Revisited 415 8.2.1 Composite Joint Experiment 415 8.2.2 Kurtosis Results 417 8.2.3 Spectral Results 419 8.3 Bispectral Detection: The Single Degree-of-Freedom (SDOF), Gaussian Case 421 8.3.1 Bispectral Detection Statistic 422 8.3.2 Test Statistic Distribution 423 8.3.3 Detector Performance 425 8.4 Bispectral Detection: the General Multi-Degree-of-Freedom (MDOF) Case 429 8.4.1 Bicoherence Detection Statistic Distribution 433 8.4.2 Which Bicoherence to Compute? 434 8.4.3 Optimal Input Probability Distribution for Detection 436 8.5 Application of the HOS to Delamination Detection 438 8.6 Method of Surrogate Data 444 8.6.1 Fourier Transform-Based Surrogates 446 8.6.2 AAFT Surrogates 448 8.6.3 IAFFT Surrogates 449 8.6.4 DFT Surrogates 450 8.7 Numerical Surrogate Examples 451 8.7.1 Detection of Bilinear Stiffness 451 8.7.2 Detecting Cubic Stiffness 456 8.7.3 Surrogate Invariance to Ambient Variation 461 8.8 Surrogate Experiments 464 8.8.1 Detection of Rotor – Stator Rub 465 8.8.2 Bolted Joint Degradation with Ocean Wave Excitation 467 8.9 Surrogates for Nonstationary Data 475 8.10 Chapter Summary 476 9 Damage Identification 481 9.1 Modeling and Identification of Imperfections in Shell Structures 481 9.1.1 Modeling of Submerged Shell Structures 482 9.1.2 Non-Contact Results Using Maximum Likelihood 487 9.1.3 Bayesian Identification of Dents 492 9.2 Modeling and Identification of Delamination 501 9.3 Modeling and Identification of Cracked Structures 508 9.3.1 Cracked Plate Model 508 9.3.2 Crack Parameter Identification 510 9.3.3 Optimization of Sensor Placement 523 9.4 Modeling and Identification of Corrosion 527 9.4.1 Experimental Setup 530 9.4.2 Results and Discussion 532 9.5 Chapter Summary 538 10 Decision Making in Condition-Based Maintenance 543 10.1 Structured Decision Making 544 10.2 Example: Ship in Transit 545 10.2.1 Loading Data 547 10.2.2 Ship "Stringer" Model 552 10.2.3 Cumulative Fatigue Model 559 10.3 Optimal Transit 562 10.3.1 Problem Statement 562 10.3.2 Solutions via Dynamic Programming 563 10.3.3 Transit Examples 565 10.4 Summary 568 Appendix A Useful Constants and Probability Distributions 571 Appendix B Contour Integration of Spectral Density Functions 575 Appendix C Derivation of Terms for the Trispectrum of an MDOF Nonlinear Structure 581 C.1 Simplification of CVIII pijk (τ1, τ2, τ3) 582 C.2 Submanifold Terms in the Trispectrum 583 C.3 Complete Trispectrum Expression 585 Index 587

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Book SynopsisStructural Reliability Analysis and Prediction, Third Edition is a textbook which addresses the important issue of predicting the safety of structures at the design stage and also the safety of existing, perhaps deteriorating structures. Attention is focused on the development and definition of limit states such as serviceability and ultimate strength, the definition of failure and the various models which might be used to describe strength and loading. This book emphasises concepts and applications, built up from basic principles and avoids undue mathematical rigour. It presents an accessible and unified account of the theory and techniques for the analysis of the reliability of engineering structures using probability theory. This new edition has been updated to cover new developments and applications and a new chapter is included which covers structural optimization in the context of reliability analysis. New examples and end of chapter problems are also now includeTable of ContentsPreface xv Preface to the Second Edition xvii Preface to the First Edition xviii Acknowledgements xx 1 Measures of Structural Reliability 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Deterministic Measures of Limit State Violation 2 1.2.1 Factor of Safety 2 1.2.2 Load Factor 3 1.2.3 Partial Factor (‘Limit State Design’) 4 1.2.4 A Deficiency in Some Safety Measures: Lack of Invariance 5 1.2.5 Invariant Safety Measures 8 1.3 A Partial Probabilistic Safety Measure of Limit State Violation—The Return Period 8 1.4 Probabilistic Measure of Limit State Violation 12 1.4.1 Introduction 12 1.4.2 The Basic Reliability Problem 14 1.4.3 Special Case: Normal Random Variables 17 1.4.4 Safety Factors and Characteristic Values 19 1.4.5 Numerical Integration of the Convolution Integral 23 1.5 Generalized Reliability Problem 24 1.5.1 Basic Variables 24 1.5.2 Generalized Limit State Equations 25 1.5.3 Generalized Reliability Problem Formulation 26 1.5.4 Conditional Reliability Problems∗ 27 1.6 Conclusion 29 2 Structural Reliability Assessment 31 2.1 Introduction 31 2.2 Uncertainties in Reliability Assessment 33 2.2.1 Identification of Uncertainties 33 2.2.2 Phenomenological Uncertainty 34 2.2.3 Decision Uncertainty 34 2.2.4 Modelling Uncertainty 34 2.2.5 Prediction Uncertainty 35 2.2.6 Physical Uncertainty 36 2.2.7 Statistical Uncertainty 36 2.2.8 Uncertainties Due to Human Factors 37 2.2.8.1 Human Error 37 2.2.8.2 Human Intervention 40 2.2.8.3 Modelling of Human Error and Intervention 43 2.2.8.4 Quality Assurance 44 2.2.8.5 Hazard Management 45 2.3 Integrated Risk Assessment 45 2.3.1 Calculation of the Probability of Failure 45 2.3.2 Analysis and Prediction 47 2.3.3 Comparison to Failure Data 48 2.3.4 Validation—a Philosophical Issue 50 2.3.5 The Tail Sensitivity ‘Problem’ 50 2.4 Criteria for Risk Acceptability 51 2.4.1 Acceptable Risk Criterion 51 2.4.1.1 Risks in Society 51 2.4.1.2 Acceptable or Tolerable Risk Levels 53 2.4.2 Socio-economic Criterion 54 2.5 Nominal Probability of Failure 56 2.5.1 General 56 2.5.2 Axiomatic Definition 56 2.5.3 Influence of Gross and Other Errors 57 2.5.4 Practical Implications 58 2.5.5 Target Values for Nominal Failure Probability 59 2.6 Hierarchy of Structural Reliability Measures 60 2.7 Conclusion 61 3 Integration and Simulation Methods 63 3.1 Introduction 63 3.2 Direct and Numerical Integration 63 3.3 Monte Carlo Simulation 65 3.3.1 Introduction 65 3.3.2 Generation of Uniformly Distributed Random Numbers 65 3.3.3 Generation of Random Variates 66 3.3.4 Direct Sampling (‘Crude’ Monte Carlo) 68 3.3.5 Number of Samples Required 69 3.3.6 Variance Reduction 72 3.3.7 Stratified and Latin Hypercube Sampling 73 3.4 Importance Sampling 73 3.4.1 Theory of Importance Sampling 73 3.4.2 Importance Sampling Functions 75 3.4.3 Observations About Importance Sampling Functions 76 3.4.4 Improved Sampling Functions 79 3.4.5 Search or Adaptive Techniques 80 3.4.6 Sensitivity 81 3.5 Directional Simulation∗ 82 3.5.1 Basic Notions 82 3.5.2 Directional Simulation with Importance Sampling 84 3.5.3 Generalized Directional Simulation 85 3.5.4 Directional Simulation in the Load Space 87 3.5.4.1 Basic Concept 87 3.5.4.2 Variation of Strength with Radial Direction 89 3.5.4.3 Line Sampling 90 3.6 Practical Aspects of Monte Carlo Simulation 90 3.6.1 Conditional Expectation 90 3.6.2 Generalized Limit State Function – Response Surfaces 91 3.6.3 Systematic Selection of Random Variables 92 3.6.4 Applications 92 3.7 Conclusion 93 4 Second-Moment and Transformation Methods 95 4.1 Introduction 95 4.2 Second-Moment Concepts 95 4.3 First-Order Second-Moment (FOSM) Theory 97 4.3.1 The Hasofer–Lind Transformation 97 4.3.2 Linear Limit State Function 98 4.3.3 Sensitivity Factors and Gradient Projection 101 4.3.4 Non-Linear Limit State Function—General Case 102 4.3.5 Non-Linear Limit State Function—Numerical Solution 106 4.3.6 Non-Linear Limit State Function—HLRF Algorithm 106 4.3.7 Geometric Interpretation of Iterative Solution Scheme 109 4.3.8 Interpretation of First-Order Second-Moment (FOSM) Theory 110 4.3.9 General Limit State Functions—Probability Bounds 112 4.4 The First-Order Reliability (FOR) Method 112 4.4.1 Simple Transformations 112 4.4.2 The Normal Tail Transformation 114 4.4.3 Transformations to Independent Normal Basic Variables 116 4.4.3.1 Rosenblatt Transformation 117 4.4.3.2 Nataf Transformation 118 4.4.4 Algorithm for First-Order Reliability (FOR) Method 121 4.4.5 Observations 124 4.4.6 Asymptotic Formulation 125 4.5 Second-Order Reliability (SOR) Methods 126 4.5.1 Basic Concept 126 4.5.2 Evaluation Through Sampling 126 4.5.3 Evaluation Through Asymptotic Approximation 127 4.6 Application of FOSM/FOR/SOR Methods 128 4.7 Mean Value Methods 129 4.8 Conclusion 130 5 Reliability of Structural Systems 131 5.1 Introduction 131 5.2 Systems Reliability Fundamentals 132 5.2.1 Structural System Modelling 132 5.2.1.1 Load Modelling 132 5.2.1.2 Material Modelling 133 5.2.1.3 System Modelling 135 5.2.2 Solution Approaches 136 5.2.2.1 Failure Mode Approach 136 5.2.2.2 Survival Mode Approach 137 5.2.2.3 Upper and Lower Bounds—Plastic Theory 138 5.2.3 Idealizations of Structural Systems 139 5.2.3.1 Series Systems 139 5.2.3.2 Parallel Systems—General 141 5.2.3.3 Parallel Systems—Ideal Plastic 143 5.2.3.4 Combined and Conditional Systems 146 5.3 Monte Carlo Techniques for Systems 147 5.3.1 General Remarks 147 5.3.2 Importance Sampling 147 5.3.2.1 Series Systems 147 5.3.2.2 Parallel Systems 149 5.3.2.3 Search-Type Approaches in Importance Sampling 150 5.3.2.4 Failure Modes Identification in Importance Sampling 151 5.3.3 Directional Simulation 151 5.3.4 Directional Simulation in the Load Space 151 5.4 System Reliability Bounds 153 5.4.1 First-Order Series Bounds 153 5.4.2 Second-Order Series Bounds 154 5.4.3 Second-Order Series Bounds by Loading Sequences 157 5.4.4 Series Bounds by Modes and Loading Sequences 158 5.4.5 Improved Series Bounds and Parallel System Bounds 158 5.4.6 First-Order Second-Moment Method in Systems Reliability 159 5.4.7 Correlation Effects 164 5.4.8 Bounds by Matrix Operations and Linear Programming* 164 5.5 Implicit Limit States 168 5.5.1 Introduction 168 5.5.2 Response Surfaces 169 5.5.2.1 Basics of Response Surfaces 169 5.5.2.2 Fitting the Response Surface 170 5.5.3 Applications of Response Surfaces 172 5.5.4 Other Techniques for Obtaining Surrogate Limit States 173 5.6 Functionally Dependent Limit States 173 5.6.1 Effect of Order of Loading 173 5.6.2 Failure Mode Enumeration and Reduction 174 5.6.3 Reduction of Number of Limit States—Truncation 175 5.6.4 Applications 176 5.7 Conclusion 177 6 Time-Dependent Reliability 179 6.1 Introduction 179 6.2 Time-Integrated Approach 182 6.2.1 Basic Notions 182 6.2.2 Conversion to a Time-Independent Format* 184 6.3 Discretized Approach 185 6.3.1 Known Number of Discrete Events 185 6.3.2 Random Number of Discrete Events 187 6.3.3 Return Period 188 6.3.4 Hazard Function 189 6.4 Stochastic Process Theory 191 6.4.1 Stochastic Process 191 6.4.2 Stationary Processes 192 6.4.3 Derivative Process 193 6.4.4 Ergodic Processes 194 6.4.5 First-Passage Probability 194 6.4.6 Distribution of Local Maxima 196 6.5 Stochastic Processes and Outcrossings 196 6.5.1 Discrete Processes 196 6.5.1.1 Borges Processes 196 6.5.1.2 Poisson Counting Process 197 6.5.1.3 Filtered Poisson process 198 6.5.1.4 Poisson Spike Process 199 6.5.1.5 Poisson Square Wave Process 200 6.5.1.6 Renewal Processes 201 6.5.2 Continuous Processes 202 6.5.3 Barrier (or Level) Upcrossing Rate 202 6.5.4 Outcrossing Rate 205 6.5.4.1 Generalization from Barrier Crossing Rate 205 6.5.4.2 Outcrossings for Discrete Processes 207 6.5.4.3 Outcrossings for Continuous Gaussian Processes 209 6.5.4.4 General Regions and Processes 213 6.5.5 Numerical Evaluation of Outcrossing Rates 214 6.6 Time-Dependent Reliability 215 6.6.1 Introduction 215 6.6.2 Sampling Methods for Unconditional Failure Probability 216 6.6.2.1 Importance and Conditional Sampling 216 6.6.2.2 Directional Simulation in the Load Process Space 217 6.6.3 FOSM/FOR Methods for Unconditional Failure Probability 218 6.6.4 Summary for Time-Dependent Reliability Estimation 225 6.7 Load Combinations 226 6.7.1 Introduction 226 6.7.2 General Formulation 226 6.7.3 Discrete Processes 228 6.7.4 Simplifications 230 6.7.4.1 Load Coincidence Method 230 6.7.4.2 Borges Processes 231 6.7.4.3 Deterministic Load Combination—Turkstra’s Rule 233 6.8 Ensemble Crossing Rate and Barrier Failure Dominance 234 6.8.1 Introduction 234 6.8.2 Ensemble Crossing Rate Approximation 234 6.8.3 Application to Turkstra’s Rule and the Point Crossing Formula 235 6.8.4 Barrier Failure Dominance 236 6.8.5 Validity 237 6.9 Dynamic Analysis of Structures 237 6.9.1 Introduction 237 6.9.2 Frequency Domain Analysis 238 6.9.3 Reliability Analysis 240 6.10 Fatigue Analysis 241 6.10.1 General Formulation 241 6.10.2 The S-N Model 242 6.10.3 Fracture Mechanics Models 243 6.11 Conclusion 244 7 Load and Load Effect Modelling 247 7.1 Introduction 247 7.2 Wind Loading 248 7.3 Wave Loading 252 7.4 Floor Loading 255 7.4.1 General 255 7.4.2 Sustained Load Representation 256 7.4.3 Equivalent Uniformly Distributed Load 260 7.4.4 Distribution of Equivalent Uniformly Distributed Load 263 7.4.5 Maximum (Lifetime) Sustained Load 265 7.4.6 Extraordinary Live Loads 267 7.4.7 Total Live Load 268 7.4.8 Permanent and Construction Loads 269 7.5 Conclusion 271 8 Resistance Modelling 273 8.1 Introduction 273 8.2 Basic Properties of Hot-Rolled Steel Members 273 8.2.1 Steel Material Properties 273 8.2.2 Yield Strength 274 8.2.3 Moduli of Elasticity 277 8.2.4 Strain-Hardening Properties 278 8.2.5 Size Variation 278 8.2.6 Properties for Reliability Assessment 279 8.3 Properties of Steel Reinforcing Bars 280 8.4 Concrete Statistical Properties 281 8.5 Statistical Properties of Structural Members 284 8.5.1 Introduction 284 8.5.2 Methods of Analysis 284 8.5.3 Second-moment Analysis 284 8.5.4 Simulation 287 8.6 Connections 290 8.7 Incorporation of Member Strength in Design 290 8.8 Conclusion 292 9 Codes and Structural Reliability 293 9.1 Introduction 293 9.2 Structural Design Codes 294 9.3 Safety-Checking Formats 296 9.3.1 Probability-Based Code Rules 296 9.3.2 Partial Factors Code Format 297 9.3.3 Simplified Partial Factors Code Format 299 9.3.4 Load and Resistance Factor Code Format 300 9.3.5 Some Observations 300 9.4 Relationship Between Level 1 and Level 2 Safety Measures 301 9.4.1 Derivation from FOSM / FOR Theory 302 9.4.2 Special Case: Linear Limit State Function 303 9.5 Selection of Code Safety Levels 304 9.6 Code Calibration Procedure 305 9.7 Example of Code Calibration 310 9.8 Observations 315 9.8.1 Applications 315 9.8.2 Some Theoretical Issues 316 9.9 Performance-Based Design 317 9.10 Conclusion 319 10 Probabilistic Evaluation of Existing Structures 321 10.1 Introduction 321 10.2 Assessment Procedures 323 10.2.1 Overall Procedure 323 10.2.2 Service-Proven Structures 325 10.2.3 Proof Loading 326 10.3 Updating Probabilistic Information 327 10.3.1 Bayes Theorem 327 10.3.2 Updating Failure Probabilities for Proof Loads 328 10.3.3 Updating Probability Density Functions 328 10.3.4 Pre-Posterior Analysis 332 10.4 Analytical Assessment 333 10.4.1 General 333 10.4.2 Models for Deterioration 334 10.5 Acceptance Criteria for Existing Structures 338 10.5.1 Nominal Probabilities 338 10.5.2 Semi-Probabilistic Safety Checking Formats 339 10.5.3 Probabilistic Criteria 340 10.5.4 Decision-Theory-Based Criteria 340 10.5.5 Life-Cycle Decision Approach 342 10.6 Conclusion 343 11 Structural Optimization and Reliability 345 11.1 Introduction 345 11.2 Types of Reliability-based Optimization Problems 346 11.2.1 Introduction 346 11.2.2 Deterministic Design Optimization (DDO) 347 11.2.2.1 Formulation 347 11.2.2.2 Example of DDO Using FOSM 348 11.2.3 Reliability-Based Design Optimization (RBDO) 349 11.2.3.1 Formulation 349 11.2.3.2 Example of RBDO using FOSM 350 11.2.4 Life-Cycle Cost and Risk Optimization (LCRO) 351 11.2.4.1 Formulation 351 11.2.4.2 Example of LCRO using FOSM 352 11.2.5 Comparison, Summary and Outlook 353 11.3 Reliability Based Design Optimization (RBDO) Using First Order Reliability (FOR) 354 11.3.1 Introduction 354 11.3.2 Alternative Robust Solutions Schemes 354 11.3.3 Comparison Between RIA and PMA Solution Schemes 357 11.3.4 Solution of Nested Optimization Problems 358 11.3.5 Example of RBDO Using RIA and PMA 358 11.3.6 Decoupling Techniques for Solving RBDO Problems 361 11.3.6.1 Decoupling: Serial Single Loop Methods 361 11.3.6.2 Decoupling: Uni-level Methods 361 11.3.6.3 Sequential Approximate Programming (SAP) 361 11.4 RBDO with System Reliability Constraints 362 11.4.1 Formulation of System RBDO 362 11.4.2 Structural Systems RBDO with Component Reliability Constraints 363 11.4.3 Structural System RBDO—solution Schemes 363 11.5 Simulation-based Design Optimization 363 11.5.1 Introduction 363 11.5.2 Problem Formulation 364 11.5.3 Remarks About Solutions 365 11.6 Life-cycle Cost and Risk Optimization 367 11.6.1 Introduction 367 11.6.2 Optimal Structural Design Under Stochastic Loads 367 11.6.3 Optimal Structural Design Considering Inspections and Maintenance 368 11.7 Discussion and Conclusion 368 A Summary of Probability Theory 371 A.1 Probability 371 A.2 Mathematics of Probability 371 A.2.1 Axioms 371 A.2.2 Derived Results 372 A.2.2.1 Multiplication Rule 372 A.2.2.2 Complementary Probability 372 A.2.2.3 Conditional Probability 372 A.2.2.4 Total Probability Theorem 372 A.2.2.5 Bayes’ Theoremx 372 A.3 Description of Random Variables 373 A.4 Moments of Random Variables 373 A.4.1 Mean or Expected Value (First Moment) 373 A.4.2 Variance and Standard Deviation (Second Moment) 374 A.4.3 Bounds on the Deviations from the Mean 374 A.4.4 Skewness 𝛾1 (Third Moment) 374 A.4.5 Coefficient 𝛾2 of Kurtosis (Fourth Moment) 375 A.4.6 Higher Moments 375 A.5 Common Univariate Probability Distributions 375 A.5.1 Binomial B(n, p) 375 A.5.2 Geometric G(p) 376 A.5.3 Negative Binomial NB(k, p) 376 A.5.4 Poisson PN(𝜈t) 377 A.5.5 Exponential EX(𝜈) 377 A.5.6 Gamma GM(k, 𝜈) [and Chi-squared 𝜒2(n)] 378 A.5.7 Normal (Gaussian) N(𝜇, 𝜎) 379 A.5.8 Central Limit Theorem 381 A.5.9 Lognormal LN(𝜆, 𝜀) 381 A.5.10 Beta BT(a, b, q, r) 383 A.5.11 Extreme Value Distribution Type I EV – I(𝜇, 𝛼) [Gumbel distribution] 385 A.5.12 Extreme Value Distribution Type II EV - II(u, k) [Frechet Distribution] 386 A.5.13 Extreme Value Distribution Type III EV - III(𝜀, u, k) [Weibull] 388 A.5.14 Generalized Extreme Value distribution GEV 390 A.6 Jointly Distributed Random Variables 390 A.6.1 Joint Probability Distribution 390 A.6.2 Conditional Probability Distributions 391 A.6.3 Marginal Probability Distributions 391 A.7 Moments of Jointly Distributed Random Variables 392 A.7.1 Mean 392 A.7.2 Variance 393 A.7.3 Covariance and Correlation 393 A.8 Bivariate Normal Distribution 393 A.9 Transformation of Random Variables 397 A.9.1 Transformation of a Single Random Variable 397 A.9.2 Transformation of Two or More Random Variables 397 A.9.3 Linear and Orthogonal Transformations 398 A.10 Functions of Random Variables 398 A.10.1 Function of a Single Random Variable 398 A.10.2 Function of Two or More Random Variables 398 A.10.3 Some Special Results 399 A.10.3.1 Y = X1 + X2 399 A.10.3.2 Y = X1X2 399 A.11 Moments of Functions of Random Variables 400 A.11.1 Linear Functions 400 A.11.2 Product of Variates 400 A.11.3 Division of Variates 401 A.11.4 Moments of a Square Root [Haugen, 1968] 401 A.11.5 Moments of a Quadratic Form [Haugen, 1968] 402 A.12 Approximate Moments for General Functions 402 B Rosenblatt and Other Transformations 403 B.1 Rosenblatt Transformation 403 B.2 Nataf Transformation 405 B.3 Orthogonal Transformation of Normal Random Variables 407 B.4 Generation of Dependent Random Vectors 410 C Bivariate and Multivariate Normal Integrals 415 C.1 Bivariate Normal Integral 415 C.1.1 Format 415 C.1.2 Reductions of Form 417 C.1.3 Bounds 417 C.2 Multivariate Normal Integral 419 C.2.1 Format 419 C.2.2 Numerical Integration of Multi-Normal Integrals 419 C.2.3 Reduction to a Single Integral 420 C.2.4 Bounds on the Multivariate Normal Integral 420 C.2.5 First-Order Multi-Normal (FOMN) Approach 421 C.2.5.1 Basic Method: B-FOMN 421 C.2.5.2 Improved Method: I-FOMN 424 C.2.5.3 Generalized Method: G-FOMN 425 C.2.6 Product of Conditional Marginals (PCM) Approach 426 D Complementary Standard Normal Table 429 D.1 Standard Normal Probability Density Function 𝜙(x) 432 E Random Numbers 433 F Selected Problems 435 References 457 Index497

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Book SynopsisDynamic Response of Advanced Ceramics Discover fundamental concepts and recent advances in experimental, analytical, and computational research into the dynamic behavior of ceramicsIn Dynamic Response of Advanced Ceramics, an accomplished team of internationally renowned researchers delivers a comprehensive exploration of foundational and advanced concepts in experimental, analytical, and computational aspects of the dynamic behavior of advanced structural ceramics and transparent materials. The book discusses new techniques used for determination of dynamic hardness and dynamic fracture toughness, as well as edge-on-impact experiments for imaging evolving damage patterns at high impact velocities. The authors also include descriptions of the dynamic deformation behavior of icosahedral ceramics and the dynamic behavior of several transparent materials, like chemically strengthened glass and glass ceramics. The developments discussed within the book have applications in everything froTable of ContentsChapter 1: A Brief History of Ceramic Materials And Introduction To Their Dynamic Behavior Chapter 2: High-Strain-Rate Experimental Techniques Chapter 3: Brief Overview of Deformation Mechanisms during Projectile Impact on a Confined Ceramic Chapter 4: Static and Dynamic Responses of Ceramics Chapter 5: Shock Response of Brittle Solids Chapter 6: Dynamic Deformation of Icosahedral Boron-Based Ceramics Chapter 7: Dynamic Behavior of Brittle Transparent Materials Chapter 8: Emerging Directions: Ceramics with Tailored Properties

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Book SynopsisDurability of Industrial Composites offers numerical and quantitative solutions to long-term composite failures that are useful to practicing engineers, researchers, and students. All modes of laminate long-term failure are contemplated, with resin toughness and environmental conditions considered. The book develops a simple unified equation to compute the load-dependent durability of laminates under the simultaneous action of cyclic and static loads. The load-independent durability and residual life of equipment immersed in corrosive chemicals are also discussed. The book presents a full discussion of the elusive strain-corrosion mode of failure as well as a complete solution to the durability issue of underground sanitation pipes. The currently accepted durability parameters of HDB, Sb and Sc are discarded as incorrect and replaced with the appropriate threshold parameters. The entirely new concept of the anomalous failure is fully discussed and solved. The Table of ContentsPart 1: Computation of Total Strains. Chapter 1. Ply Properties. Chapter 2. Laminate Circularity. Chapter 3. Computing the Total Ply Strains. Chapter 4. Laminate Matrices. Chapter 5. Total Strains in ± 55 Laminates. Chapter 6. Total Strains in ± 70 Laminates. Chapter 7. Total Strains in Hoop-Chop Sanitation Pipes. Part 2: Computation of Durability. Chapter 8: the Eight Modes of Long-Term Failure. Chapter 9: The Regression Equations. Chapter 10: Temperature, Moisture and Resin Toughness. Chapter 11: Service Life and the Corrosion Barrier. Chapter 12: Long-Term Fiber Rupture. Chapter 13: Infiltration, Weep and Stiffness Failures. Chapter 14: Laminate Strain-Corrosion. Chapter 15: Abrasion Life. Chapter 16: The Unified Equation. Chapter 17: The Interaction Parameter Gsc. Chapter 18: Numerical Computation of the Interaction Parameter Gsc. Chapter 19: The Unified Equation Applied to API 15HR. Chapter 20: Short-Term Strengths of ± 55 Oil Pipes. Chapter 21: Impermeable Pipes. Appendix: The Fatigue Mechanism.

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Book Synopsis1 Mechanical Properties of Arteries and Arterial Grafts.- Mechanical Properties of Arteries.- PET and PTFE Prostheses.- Biological Grafts.- Elastomeric Prostheses.- Conclusions.- 2 Blood Compatibility in Cardiopulmonary Bypass.- Blood-Material Interactions.- Blood Gas Exchange in Extracorporeal Devices.- Influence of Cardiopulmonary Bypass on Blood Components.- 3 Collagen in Cardiovascular Tissues.- Collagen in Health and Disease.- The Collagen Molecule.- Biosynthesis.- Different Types of Collagen.- Continuum Between Cytoplasm and Extracellular Matrix...- Wound Healing.- Fibrosis.- Fibrotic Response to Implantation of Foreign Materials..- Collagen Degradation.- Crosslinking.- Blood Vessels: Arteries and Veins.- Heart Valves.- Biomechanical Modulation of Connective Tissue Metabolism.- Collagen, Platelet Aggregation and Thrombosis.- Collagen as a Biomaterial.- Crosslinking of Collagen by Glutaraldehyde.- Vascular Grafts.- Relationship Between Surface Charge of the Vascular Interface and Thrombosis.- Calcification of Vascular Tissues.- Mechanisms of Calcification.- Calcification of Collagen-Based Cardiovascular Prostheses.- 4 Biostability of Vascular Protheses.- Current Vascular Prostheses.- Biological Response.- Long-Term Failure Modes.- New Materials.- 5 Heart Valve Replacements: Problems and Developments.- Mechanical Valves.- Tissue Valves.- Conclusions.- 6 Cardiac Assist Devices.- Housing.- Diaphragm.- Valves.- Conduits.- Comphance Chamber.Table of Contents1 Mechanical Properties of Arteries and Arterial Grafts.- Mechanical Properties of Arteries.- Structure of the Arterial Wall.- Wall Distensibility In Vivo.- Elastic Properties.- Viscoelastic Properties.- Effect of Age and Disease on Arterial Elasticity.- PET and PTFE Prostheses.- PET and PTFE Fabric Prostheses.- Expanded PTFE Prostheses.- Mechanical Properties of PET and PTFE Prostheses…..- Compliance.- Long-Term Properties.- Biological Grafts.- Human Umbilical Vein Grafts.- Autogenous Vein Grafts.- Elastomeric Prostheses.- Conclusions.- 2 Blood Compatibility in Cardiopulmonary Bypass.- Blood-Material Interactions.- Haemostasis and Thrombosis.- Natural and Artificial Surfaces.- Consequences of Blood Contact With Artificial Surfaces.- Role of Antithrombotic Agents.- Blood Gas Exchange in Extracorporeal Devices.- Gas Exchange.- Blood Flow.- Device Utilization.- Influence of Cardiopulmonary Bypass on Blood Components.- Nature of Process.- Circuit Priming.- Microemboli.- Alteration to Blood Components.- 3 Collagen in Cardiovascular Tissues.- Collagen in Health and Disease.- The Collagen Molecule.- Biosynthesis.- The Procollagen Molecule.- Intracellular Event Leading to the Synthesis of Procollagen.- Translational, Co-translational and Early Post-translational Events.- Intracellular Translocation of Procollagen and Extrusion into the Extracellular Space.- Lysyl Oxidase.- Fibrillogenesis.- Collagen Metabolism.- Different Types of Collagen.- Type I Collagen.- Type III Collagen.- Type IV Collagen and Other Basement Membrane-Associated Macromolecules.- Type V Collagen.- Non-collagenous Proteins Associated with Basement Membranes.- Laminin.- Fibronectin.- Proteoglycans.- Continuum Between Cytoplasm and Extracellular Matrix...- Wound Healing.- Fibrosis.- Fibrotic Response to Implantation of Foreign Materials…..- Collagen Degradation.- Crosslinking.- Intramolecular and Intermolecular Cross-links.- Collagen Composition of the Normal and Diseased Blood Vessel Wall.- Blood Vessels: Arteries and Veins.- Heart Valves.- Biomechanical Modulation of Connective Tissue Metabolism.- Collagen, Platelet Aggregation and Thrombosis.- Collagen as a Biomaterial.- Crosslinking of Collagen by Glutaraldehyde.- Vascular Grafts.- Relationship Between Surface Charge of the Vascular Interface and Thrombosis.- Calcification of Vascular Tissues.- Mechanisms of Calcification.- Calcification of Collagen-Based Cardiovascular Prostheses.- 4 Biostability of Vascular Protheses.- Current Vascular Prostheses.- Unprocessed Biological Prostheses.- Processed Biological Prostheses.- The Synthetic or Alloplastic Prostheses.- Biological Response.- Biological Grafts.- PET Vascular Prostheses.- PTFE Vascular Prostheses.- Long-Term Failure Modes.- Processed Biological Prostheses.- PTFE.- PET Vascular Prostheses.- New Materials.- Processed Biological Prostheses.- New Synthetic Grafts.- Conclusion.- 5 Heart Valve Replacements: Problems and Developments.- Mechanical Valves.- Tissue Valves.- Conclusions.- 6 Cardiac Assist Devices.- Housing.- Diaphragm.- Valves.- Conduits.- Comphance Chamber.

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Book SynopsisSince the very first workshop, held at the prestigious Instituto de Fisica Teorica in Sao Paulo, and organized by the same organizer of the 1989 workshop, Professor Valdir Casaca Aguilera-Navarro, the meeting has taken place annually six times in Latin America, four in Europe and three in the United States.Table of ContentsQuantum and Classical Fluids.- Thomas-Fermi Equation of State — The Hot Curve.- New Mechanism of Transport Phenomena in Spin-Polarized Quantum Systems.- Correlated Wave Functions Theory of the Spectral Function.- Momentum Distributions in 3He-4He Mixtures.- Finite Temperature Properties for the Electron Gas with Localization up to 3 Dimensions.- Generalized Momentum Distributions of Quantum Fluids.- Ground State Energy and Landau Parameters of Spin-Polarized Deuterium Using Green’s Function Methods.- Quantum Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Electron Bubbles in a Dense Helium Gas.- Quantum Liquid Films: A Generic Many-Body Problem.- Structure and Dynamics of Supercooled Fluids.- Correlated RPA Calculations for Model Nuclear Matter.- Theory of the Critical Point of He4.- Correlations and Momentum Distribution in the Ground State of Liquid 3He.- Optimized 4He Wave Functions Using Monte Carlo Integration.- The Normal Phase of a Correlated Bose Fluid.- A New Approach to Excited States in 4He: Rotons and Vortices.- Superconductivity.- Vibrational Density-of-States, Isotope Effect, and Superconductivity in Ba1-xKxBiO3 Cubic Oxides.- Variational Monte-Carlo Study of Superconductivity and Magnetism in the Two-Dimensional Hubbard Model.- Finite-Temperature Many-Body Perturbation Theory for Superconducting Fermion Systems.- Abnormal Occupation, Tighter-Bound Cooper Pairs and High Tc Superconductivity.- On the Role of Electron-Medium Coupling in High Temperature Superconductors.- Correlated Spin-Density-Wave Theory.- Composites, Magnetism, Semiconductors and Plasmas.- Effective Dielectric Response of Composites: A New Diagramatic Approach.- The Trajectories of Magnetic Field Lines in Tokamaks with Helical Windings.- Spin-Splitted Phase Transition in the Quantized Hall Effect in Narrow-Gap Hg(1-x) CdxTe Inversion Layers.- High Magnetic Susceptibility Liquid Metals.- Atoms, Molecules and Nuclei.- Translationally-Invariant Coupled Cluster Theory Applied to the 4He Nucleus.- Electron Correlations in Atoms.- The Foundation of the Nuclear Shell Model.- Developments in Multireference Coupled-Cluster Applications to Molecular Systems.- Formal Methods.- On the Bargmann Space Approach to the Extended Coupled Cluster Method for Simple Anharmonic Systems.- Quantum Many-Body Systems: Orthogonal Coordinates.- Dissipative Evolutions in Quantum Mechanics.- Extended Coupled Cluster Techniques for Excited States: Applications to Quasispin Models.- Temporal Evolution of Fluctuations.- Squeezed States Representation: An ?-Expansion of Statistical Mechanics.- Maximum Entropy Principle and Quantum Mechanics.- Baym-Kadanoff Theory Made Even Planar.- Contributors and Participants.

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Book Synopsis1. Introduction.- 1.1. Imaging Capabilities.- 1.2. Structure Analysis.- 1.3. Elemental Analysis.- 1.4. Summary and Outline of This Book.- Appendix A. Overview of Scanning Electron Microscopy.- Appendix B. Overview of Electron Probe X-Ray Microanalysis.- References.- 2. The SEM and Its Modes of Operation.- 2.1. How the SEM Works.- 2.1.1. Functions of the SEM Subsystems.- 2.1.1.1. Electron Gun and Lenses Produce a Small Electron Beam.- 2.1.1.2. Deflection System Controls Magnification.- 2.1.1.3. Electron Detector Collects the Signal.- 2.1.1.4. Camera or Computer Records the Image.- 2.1.1.5. Operator Controls.- 2.1.2. SEM Imaging Modes.- 2.1.2.1. Resolution Mode.- 2.1.2.2. High-Current Mode.- 2.1.2.3. Depth-of-Focus Mode.- 2.1.2.4. Low-Voltage Mode.- 2.1.3. Why Learn about Electron Optics?.- 2.2. Electron Guns.- 2.2.1. Tungsten Hairpin Electron Guns.- 2.2.1.1. Filament.- 2.2.1.2. Grid Cap.- 2.2.1.3. Anode.- 2.2.1.4. Emission Current and Beam Current.- 2.2.1.5. Operator Control of the ElecTrade Review“There is no other single volume that covers as much theory and practice of SEM or X-ray microanalysis as Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-ray Microanalysis, 3rd Edition does. It is clearly written ... well organized. ... This is a reference text that no SEM or EPMA laboratory should be without.” (Thomas J. Wilson, Scanning, Vol. 27 (4), July/August, 2005) “As the authors pointed out, the number of equations in the book is kept to a minimum, and important conceptions are also explained in a qualitative manner. A lot of very distinct images and schematic drawings make for a very interesting book and help readers who study scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. The principal application and sample preparation given in this book are suitable for undergraduate students and technicians learning SEEM and EDS/WDS analyses. It is an excellent textbook for graduate students, and an outstanding reference for engineers, physical, and biological scientists.” (Microscopy and Microanalysis, Vol. 9 (5), October, 2003)Table of Contents1. Introduction.- 1.1. Imaging Capabilities.- 1.2. Structure Analysis.- 1.3. Elemental Analysis.- 1.4. Summary and Outline of This Book.- Appendix A. Overview of Scanning Electron Microscopy.- Appendix B. Overview of Electron Probe X-Ray Microanalysis.- References.- 2. The SEM and Its Modes of Operation.- 2.1. How the SEM Works.- 2.1.1. Functions of the SEM Subsystems.- 2.1.1.1. Electron Gun and Lenses Produce a Small Electron Beam.- 2.1.1.2. Deflection System Controls Magnification.- 2.1.1.3. Electron Detector Collects the Signal.- 2.1.1.4. Camera or Computer Records the Image.- 2.1.1.5. Operator Controls.- 2.1.2. SEM Imaging Modes.- 2.1.2.1. Resolution Mode.- 2.1.2.2. High-Current Mode.- 2.1.2.3. Depth-of-Focus Mode.- 2.1.2.4. Low-Voltage Mode.- 2.1.3. Why Learn about Electron Optics?.- 2.2. Electron Guns.- 2.2.1. Tungsten Hairpin Electron Guns.- 2.2.1.1. Filament.- 2.2.1.2. Grid Cap.- 2.2.1.3. Anode.- 2.2.1.4. Emission Current and Beam Current.- 2.2.1.5. Operator Control of the Electron Gun.- 2.2.2. Electron Gun Characteristics.- 2.2.2.1. Electron Emission Current.- 2.2.2.2. Brightness.- 2.2.2.3. Lifetime.- 2.2.2.4. Source Size, Energy Spread, Beam Stability.- 2.2.2.5. Improved Electron Gun Characteristics.- 2.2.3. Lanthanum Hexaboride (LaB6) Electron Guns.- 2.2.3.1. Introduction.- 2.2.3.2. Operation of the LaB6 Source.- 2.2.4. Field Emission Electron Guns.- 2.3. Electron Lenses.- 2.3.1. Making the Beam Smaller.- 2.3.1.1. Electron Focusing.- 2.3.1.2. Demagnification of the Beam.- 2.3.2. Lenses in SEMs.- 2.3.2.1. Condenser Lenses.- 2.3.2.2. Objective Lenses.- 2.3.2.3. Real and Virtual Objective Apertures.- 2.3.3. Operator Control of SEM Lenses.- 2.3.3.1. Effect of Aperture Size.- 2.3.3.2. Effect of Working Distance.- 2.3.3.3. Effect of Condenser Lens Strength.- 2.3.4. Gaussian Probe Diameter.- 2.3.5. Lens Aberrations.- 2.3.5.1. Spherical Aberration.- 2.3.5.2. Aperture Diffraction.- 2.3.5.3. Chromatic Aberration.- 2.3.5.4. Astigmatism.- 2.3.5.5. Aberrations in the Objective Lens.- 2.4. Electron Probe Diameter versus Electron Probe Current.- 2.4.1. Calculation of dmin and imax.- 2.4.1.1. Minimum Probe Size.- 2.4.1.2. Minimum Probe Size at 10-30 kV.- 2.4.1.3. Maximum Probe Current at 10-30 kV.- 2.4.1.4. Low-Voltage Operation.- 2.4.1.5. Graphical Summary.- 2.4.2. Performance in the SEM Modes.- 2.4.2.1. Resolution Mode.- 2.4.2.2. High-Current Mode.- 2.4.2.3. Depth-of-Focus Mode.- 2.4.2.4. Low-Voltage SEM.- 2.4.2.5. Environmental Barriers to High-Resolution Imaging.- References.- 3. Electron Beam–Specimen Interactions.- 3.1. The Story So Far.- 3.2. The Beam Enters the Specimen.- 3.3. The Interaction Volume.- 3.3.1. Visualizing the Interaction Volume.- 3.3.2. Simulating the Interaction Volume.- 3.3.3. Influence of Beam and Specimen Parameters on the Interaction Volume.- 3.3.3.1. Influence of Beam Energy on the Interaction Volume.- 3.3.3.2. Influence of Atomic Number on the Interaction Volume.- 3.3.3.3. Influence of Specimen Surface Tilt on the Interaction Volume.- 3.3.4. Electron Range: A Simple Measure of the Interaction Volume.- 3.3.4.1. Introduction.- 3.3.4.2. The Electron Range at Low Beam Energy.- 3.4. Imaging Signals from the Interaction Volume.- 3.4.1. Backscattered Electrons.- 3.4.1.1. Atomic Number Dependence of BSE.- 3.4.1.2. Beam Energy Dependence of BSE.- 3.4.1.3. Tilt Dependence of BSE.- 3.4.1.4. Angular Distribution of BSE.- 3.4.1.5. Energy Distribution of BSE.- 3.4.1.6. Lateral Spatial Distribution of BSE.- 3.4.1.7. Sampling Depth of BSE.- 3.4.2. Secondary Electrons.- 3.4.2.1. Definition and Origin of SE.- 3.4.2.2. SE Yield with Primary Beam Energy.- 3.4.2.3. SE Energy Distribution.- 3.4.2.4. Range and Escape Depth of SE.- 3.4.2.5. Relative Contributions of SE1 and SE2.- 3.4.2.6. Specimen Composition Dependence of SE.- 3.4.2.7. Specimen Tilt Dependence of SE.- 3.4.2.8. Angular Distribution of SE.- References.- 4. Image Formation and Interpretation.- 4.1. The Story So Far.- 4.2. The Basic SEM Imaging Process.- 4.2.1. Scanning Action.- 4.2.2. Image Construction (Mapping).- 4.2.2.1. Line Scans.- 4.2.2.2. Image (Area) Scanning.- 4.2.2.3. Digital Imaging: Collection and Display.- 4.2.3. Magnification.- 4.2.4. Picture Element (Pixel) Size.- 4.2.5. Low-Magnification Operation.- 4.2.6. Depth of Field (Focus).- 4.2.7. Image Distortion.- 4.2.7.1. Projection Distortion: Gnomonic Projection.- 4.2.7.2. Projection Distortion: Image Foreshortening.- 4.2.7.3. Scan Distortion: Pathological Defects.- 4.2.7.4. Moiré Effects.- 4.3. Detectors.- 4.3.1. Introduction.- 4.3.2. Electron Detectors.- 4.3.2.1. Everhart–Thornley Detector.- 4.3.2.2. “Through-the-Lens” (TTL) Detector.- 4.3.2.3. Dedicated Backscattered Electron Detectors.- 4.4. The Roles of the Specimen and Detector in Contrast Formation.- 4.4.1. Contrast.- 4.4.2. Compositional (Atomic Number) Contrast.- 4.4.2.1. Introduction.- 4.4.2.2. Compositional Contrast with Backscattered Electrons.- 4.4.3. Topographic Contrast.- 4.4.3.1. Origins of Topographic Contrast.- 4.4.3.2. Topographic Contrast with the Everhart–Thornley Detector.- 4.4.3.3. Light-Optical Analogy.- 4.4.3.4. Interpreting Topographic Contrast with Other Detectors.- 4.5. Image Quality.- 4.6. Image Processing for the Display of Contrast Information.- 4.6.1. The Signal Chain.- 4.6.2. The Visibility Problem.- 4.6.3. Analog and Digital Image Processing.- 4.6.4. Basic Digital Image Processing.- 4.6.4.1. Digital Image Enhancement.- 4.6.4.2. Digital Image Measurements.- References.- 5. Special Topics in Scanning Electron Microscopy.- 5.1. High-Resolution Imaging.- 5.1.1. The Resolution Problem.- 5.1.2. Achieving High Resolution at High Beam Energy.- 5.1.3. High-Resolution Imaging at Low Voltage.- 5.2. STEM-in-SEM: High Resolution for the Special Case of Thin Specimens.- 5.3. Surface Imaging at Low Voltage.- 5.4. Making Dimensional Measurements in the SEM.- 5.5. Recovering the Third Dimension: Stereomicroscopy.- 5.5.1. Qualitative Stereo Imaging and Presentation.- 5.5.2. Quantitative Stereo Microscopy.- 5.6. Variable-Pressure and Environmental SEM.- 5.6.1. Current Instruments.- 5.6.2. Gas in the Specimen Chamber.- 5.6.2.1. Units of Gas Pressure.- 5.6.2.2. The Vacuum System.- 5.6.3. Electron Interactions with Gases.- 5.6.4. The Effect of the Gas on Charging.- 5.6.5. Imaging in the ESEM and the VPSEM.- 5.6.6. X-Ray Microanalysis in the Presence of a Gas.- 5.7. Special Contrast Mechanisms.- 5.7.1. Electric Fields.- 5.7.2. Magnetic Fields.- 5.7.2.1. Type 1 Magnetic Contrast.- 5.7.2.2. Type 2 Magnetic Contrast.- 5.7.3. Crystallographic Contrast.- 5.8. Electron Backscatter Patterns.- 5.8.1. Origin of EBSD Patterns.- 5.8.2. Hardware for EBSD.- 5.8.3. Resolution of EBSD.- 5.8.3.1. Lateral Spatial Resolution.- 5.8.3.2. Depth Resolution.- 5.8.4. Applications.- 5.8.4.1. Orientation Mapping.- 5.8.4.2. Phase Identification.- References.- 6. Generation of X-Rays in the SEM Specimen.- 6.1. Continuum X-Ray Production (Bremsstrahlung).- 6.2. Characteristic X-Ray Production.- 6.2.1. Origin.- 6.2.2. Fluorescence Yield.- 6.2.3. Electron Shells.- 6.2.4. Energy-Level Diagram.- 6.2.5. Electron Transitions.- 6.2.6. Critical Ionization Energy.- 6.2.7. Moseley’s Law.- 6.2.8. Families of Characteristic Lines.- 6.2.9. Natural Width of Characteristic X-Ray Lines.- 6.2.10. Weights of Lines.- 6.2.11. Cross Section for Inner Shell Ionization.- 6.2.12. X-Ray Production in Thin Foils.- 6.2.13. X-Ray Production in Thick Targets.- 6.2.14. X-Ray Peak-to-Background Ratio.- 6.3. Depth of X-Ray Production (X-Ray Range).- 6.3.1. Anderson–Hasler X-Ray Range.- 6.3.2. X-Ray Spatial Resolution.- 6.3.3. Sampling Volume and Specimen Homogeneity.- 6.3.4.Depth Distribution of X-Ray Production, ?(?z).- 6.4. X-Ray Absorption.- 6.4.1. Mass Absorption Coefficient for an Element.- 6.4.2. Effect of Absorption Edge on Spectrum.- 6.4.3. Absorption Coefficient for Mixed-Element Absorbers.- 6.5. X-Ray Fluorescence.- 6.5.1. Characteristic Fluorescence.- 6.5.2. Continuum Fluorescence.- 6.5.3. Range of Fluorescence Radiation.- References.- 7. X-Ray Spectral Measurement: EDS and WDS.- 7.1. Introduction.- 7.2. Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer.- 7.2.1. Operating Principles.- 7.2.2. The Detection Process.- 7.2.3. Charge-to-Voltage Conversion.- 7.2.4. Pulse-Shaping Linear Amplifier and Pileup Rejection Circuitry.- 7.2.5. The Computer X-Ray Analyzer.- 7.2.6. Digital Pulse Processing.- 7.2.7. Spectral Modification Resulting from the Detection Process.- 7.2.7.1. Peak Broadening.- 7.2.7.2. Peak Distortion.- 7.2.7.3. Silicon X-Ray Escape Peaks.- 7.2.7.4. Absorption Edges.- 7.2.7.5. Silicon Internal Fluorescence Peak.- 7.2.8. Artifacts from the Detector Environment.- 7.2.9. Summary of EDS Operation and Artifacts.- 7.3. Wavelength-Dispersive Spectrometer.- 7.3.1. Introduction.- 7.3.2. Basic Description.- 7.3.3. Diffraction Conditions.- 7.3.4. Diffracting Crystals.- 7.3.5. The X-Ray Proportional Counter.- 7.3.6. Detector Electronics.- 7.4. Comparison of Wavelength-Dispersive Spectrometers with Conventional Energy-Dispersive Spectrometers.- 7.4.1. Geometric Collection Efficiency.- 7.4.2. Quantum Efficiency.- 7.4.3. Resolution.- 7.4.4. Spectral Acceptance Range.- 7.4.5. Maximum Count Rate.- 7.4.6. Minimum Probe Size.- 7.4.7. Speed of Analysis.- 7.4.8. Spectral Artifacts.- 7.5. Emerging Detector Technologies.- 7.5.1. X-Ray Microcalorimetery.- 7.5.2. Silicon Drift Detectors.- 7.5.3. Parallel Optic Diffraction-Based Spectrometers.- References.- 8. Qualitative X-Ray Analysis.- 8.1. Introduction.- 8.2. EDS Qualitative Analysis.- 8.2.1. X-Ray Peaks.- 8.2.2. Guidelines for EDS Qualitative Analysis.- 8.2.2.1. General Guidelines for EDS Qualitative Analysis.- 8.2.2.2. Specific Guidelines for EDS Qualitative Analysis.- 8.2.3. Examples of Manual EDS Qualitative Analysis.- 8.2.4. Pathological Overlaps in EDS Qualitative Analysis.- 8.2.5. Advanced Qualitative Analysis: Peak Stripping.- 8.2.6. Automatic Qualitative EDS Analysis.- 8.3. WDS Qualitative Analysis.- 8.3.1. Wavelength-Dispersive Spectrometry of X-Ray Peaks.- 8.3.2. Guidelines for WDS Qualitative Analysis.- References.- 9. Quantitative X-Ray Analysis: The Basics.- 9.1. Introduction.- 9.2. Advantages of Conventional Quantitative X-Ray Microanalysis in the SEM.- 9.3. Quantitative Analysis Procedures: Flat-Polished Samples.- 9.4. The Approach to X-Ray Quantitation: The Need for Matrix Corrections.- 9.5. The Physical Origin of Matrix Effects.- 9.6. ZAF Factors in Microanalysis.- 9.6.1. Atomic number effect, Z.- 9.6.1.1. Effect of Backscattering (R) and Energy Loss (S ).- 9.6.1.2. X-Ray Generation with Depth, ?(?z).- 9.6.2. X-Ray Absorption Effect, A.- 9.6.3. X-Ray Fluorescence, F.- 9.7. Calculation of ZAF Factors.- 9.7.1. Atomic Number Effect, Z.- 9.7.2. Absorption correction, A.- 9.7.3. Characteristic Fluorescence Correction, F.- 9.7.4. Calculation of ZAF.- 9.7.5. The Analytical Total.- 9.8. Practical Analysis.- 9.8.1. Examples of Quantitative Analysis.- 9.8.1.1. Al–Cu Alloys.- 9.8.1.2. Ni–10 wt% Fe Alloy.- 9.8.1.3. Ni–38.5 wt% Cr–3.0 wt% Al Alloy.- 9.8.1.4. Pyroxene: 53.5 wt% SiO2, 1.11 wt% Al2O3, 0.62 wt% Cr2O3, 9.5 wt% FeO, 14.1 wt% MgO, and 21.2 wt% CaO.- 9.8.2. Standardless Analysis.- 9.8.2.1. First-Principles Standardless Analysis.- 9.8.2.2. “Fitted-Standards” Standardless Analysis.- 9.8.3. Special Procedures for Geological Analysis.- 9.8.3.1. Introduction.- 9.8.3.2. Formulation of the Bence–Albee Procedure.- 9.8.3.3. Application of the Bence–Albee Procedure.- 9.8.3.4. Specimen Conductivity.- 9.8.4. Precision and Sensitivity in X-Ray Analysis.- 9.8.4.1. Statistical Basis for Calculating Precision and Sensitivity.- 9.8.4.2. Precision of Composition.- 9.8.4.3. Sample Homogeneity.- 9.8.4.4. Analytical Sensitivity.- 9.8.4.5. Trace Element Analysis.- 9.8.4.6. Trace Element Analysis Geochronologic Applications.- 9.8.4.7. Biological and Organic Specimens.- References.- 10. Special Topics in Electron Beam X-Ray Microanalysis.- 10.1. Introduction.- 10.2. Thin Film on a Substrate.- 10.3. Particle Analysis.- 10.3.1. Particle Mass Effect.- 10.3.2. Particle Absorption Effect.- 10.3.3. Particle Fluorescence Effect.- 10.3.4. Particle Geometric Effects.- 10.3.5. Corrections for Particle Geometric Effects.- 10.3.5.1. The Consequences of Ignoring Particle Effects.- 10.3.5.2. Normalization.- 10.3.5.3. Critical Measurement Issues for Particles.- 10.3.5.4. Advanced Quantitative Methods for Particles.- 10.4. Rough Surfaces.- 10.4.1. Introduction.- 10.4.2. Rough Specimen Analysis Strategy.- 10.4.2.1. Reorientation.- 10.4.2.2. Normalization.- 10.4.2.3. Peak-to-Background Method.- 10.5. Beam-Sensitive Specimens (Biological, Polymeric).- 10.5.1. Thin-Section Analysis.- 10.5.2. Bulk Biological and Organic Specimens.- 10.6. X-Ray Mapping.- 10.6.1. Relative Merits of WDS and EDS for Mapping.- 10.6.2. Digital Dot Mapping.- 10.6.3. Gray-Scale Mapping.- 10.6.3.1. The Need for Scaling in Gray-Scale Mapping.- 10.6.3.2. Artifacts in X-Ray Mapping.- 10.6.4. Compositional Mapping.- 10.6.4.1. Principles of Compositional Mapping.- 10.6.4.2. Advanced Spectrum Collection Strategies for Compositional Mapping.- 10.6.5. The Use of Color in Analyzing and Presenting X-Ray\ Maps.- 10.6.5.1. Primary Color Superposition.- 10.6.5.2. Pseudocolor Scales.- 10.7. Light Element Analysis.- 10.7.1. Optimization of Light Element X-Ray Generation.- 10.7.2. X-Ray Spectrometry of the Light Elements.- 10.7.2.1. Si EDS.- 10.7.2.2. WDS.- 10.7.3. Special Measurement Problems for the Light Elements.- 10.7.3.1. Contamination.- 10.7.3.2. Overvoltage Effects.- 10.7.3.3. Absorption Effects.- 10.7.4.Light Element Quantification.- 10.8. Low-Voltage Microanalysis.- 10.8.1. “Low-Voltage” versus “Conventional” Microanalysis.- 10.8.2. X-Ray Production Range.- 10.8.2.1. Contribution of the Beam Size to the X-Ray Analytical Resolution.- 10.8.2.2. A Consequence of the X-Ray Range under Low-Voltage Conditions.- 10.8.3. X-Ray Spectrometry in Low-Voltage Microanalysis.- 10.8.3.1. The Oxygen and Carbon Problem.- 10.8.3.2. Quantitative X-Ray Microanalysis at Low Voltage.- 10.9. Report of Analysis.- References.- 11. Specimen Preparation of Hard Materials: Metals, Ceramics, Rocks, Minerals, Microelectronic and Packaged Devices, Particles, and Fibers.- 11.1. Metals.- 11.1.1. Specimen Preparation for Surface Topography.- 11.1.2. Specimen Preparation for Microstructural and Microchemical Analysis.- 11.1.2.1. Initial Sample Selection and Specimen Preparation Steps.- 11.1.2.2. Final Polishing Steps.- 11.1.2.3. Preparation for Microanalysis.- 11.2. Ceramics and Geological Samples.- 11.2.1. Initial Specimen Preparation: Topography and Microstructure.- 11.2.2. Mounting and Polishing for Microstructural and Microchemical Analysis.- 11.2.3. Final Specimen Preparation for Microstructural and Microchemical Analysis.- 11.3. Microelectronics and Packages.- 11.3.1. Initial Specimen Preparation.- 11.3.2. Polishing.- 11.3.3. Final Preparation.- 11.4. Imaging of Semiconductors.- 11.4.1. Voltage Contrast.- 11.4.2. Charge Collection.- 11.5. Preparation for Electron Diffraction in the SEM.- 11.5.1. Channeling Patterns and Channeling Contrast.- 11.5.2. Electron Backscatter Diffraction.- 11.6. Special Techniques.- 11.6.1. Plasma Cleaning.- 11.6.2. Focused-Ion-Beam Sample Preparation for SEM.- 11.6.2.1. Application of FIB for Semiconductors.- 11.6.2.2. Applications of FIB in Materials Science.- 11.7.Particles and Fibers.- 11.7.1. Particle Substrates and Supports.- 11.7.1.1. Bulk Particle Substrates.- 11.7.1.2. Thin Particle Supports.- 11.7.2. Particle Mounting Techniques.- 11.7.3. Particles Collected on Filters.- 11.7.4. Particles in a Solid Matrix.- 11.7.5. Transfer of Individual Particles.- References.- 12. Specimen Preparation of Polymer Materials.- 12.1. Introduction.- 12.2. Microscopy of Polymers.- 12.2.1. Radiation Effects.- 12.2.2. Imaging Compromises.- 12.2.3. Metal Coating Polymers for Imaging.- 12.2.4. X-Ray Microanalysis of Polymers.- 12.3. Specimen Preparation Methods for Polymers.- 12.3.1. Simple Preparation Methods.- 12.3.2. Polishing of Polymers.- 12.3.3. Microtomy of Polymers.- 12.3.4. Fracture of Polymer Materials.- 12.3.5. Staining of Polymers.- 12.3.5.1. Osmium Tetroxide and Ruthenium Tetroxide.- 12.3.5.2. Ebonite.- 12.3.5.3. Chlorosulfonic Acid and Phosphotungstic Acid.- 12.3.6. Etching of Polymers.- 12.3.7. Replication of Polymers.- 12.3.8. Rapid Cooling and Drying Methods for Polymers.- 12.3.8.1. Simple Cooling Methods.- 12.3.8.2. Freeze-Drying.- 12.3.8.3. Critical-Point Drying.- 12.4. Choosing Specimen Preparation Methods.- 12.4.1. Fibers.- 12.4.2. Films and Membranes.- 12.4.3. Engineering Resins and Plastics.- 12.4.4. Emulsions and Adhesives.- 12.5. Problem-Solving Protocol.- 12.6. Image Interpretation and Artifacts.- References.- 13. Ambient-Temperature Specimen Preparation of Biological Material.- 13.1. Introduction.- 13.2. Preparative Procedures for the Structural SEM of Single Cells, Biological Particles, and Fibers.- 13.2.1. Particulate, Cellular, and Fibrous Organic Material.- 13.2.2. Dry Organic Particles and Fibers.- 13.2.2.1. Organic Particles and Fibers on a Filter.- 13.2.2.2. Organic Particles and Fibers Entrained within a Filter.- 13.2.2.3. Organic Particulate Matter Suspended in a Liquid.- 13.2.2.4. Manipulating Individual Organic Particles.- 13.3. Preparative Procedures for the Structural Observation of Large Soft Biological Specimens.- 13.3.1. Introduction.- 13.3.2. Sample Handling before Fixation.- 13.3.3. Fixation.- 13.3.4. Microwave Fixation.- 13.3.5. Conductive Infiltration.- 13.3.6. Dehydration.- 13.3.7. Embedding.- 13.3.8. Exposing the Internal Contents of Bulk Specimens.- 13.3.8.1. Mechanical Dissection.- 13.3.8.2. High-Energy-Beam Surface Erosion.- 13.3.8.3. Chemical Dissection.- 13.3.8.4. Surface Replicas and Corrosion Casts.- 13.3.9. Specimen Supports and Methods of Sample Attachment.- 13.3.10. Artifacts.- 13.4. Preparative Procedures for the in Situ Chemical Analysis of Biological Specimens in the SEM.- 13.4.1. Introduction.- 13.4.2. Preparative Procedures for Elemental Analysis Using X-Ray Microanalysis.- 13.4.2.1. The Nature and Extent of the Problem.- 13.4.2.2. Types of Sample That May be Analyzed.- 13.4.2.3. The General Strategy for Sample Preparation.- 13.4.2.4. Criteria for Judging Satisfactory Sample Preparation.- 13.4.2.5. Fixation and Stabilization.- 13.4.2.6. Precipitation Techniques.- 13.4.2.7. Procedures for Sample Dehydration, Embedding, and Staining.- 13.4.2.8. Specimen Supports.- 13.4.3. Preparative Procedures for Localizing Molecules Using Histochemistry.- 13.4.3.1. Staining and Histochemical Methods.- 13.4.3.2. Atomic Number Contrast with Backscattered Electrons.- 13.4.4. Preparative Procedures for Localizing Macromolecues Using Immunocytochemistry.- 13.4.4.1. Introduction.- 13.4.4.2. The Antibody–Antigen Reaction.- 13.4.4.3. General Features of Specimen Preparation for Immunocytochemistry.- 13.4.4.4. Imaging Procedures in the SEM.- References.- 14. Low-Temperature Specimen Preparation.- 14.1. Introduction.- 14.2. The Properties of Liquid Water and Ice.- 14.3. Conversion of Liquid Water to Ice.- 14.4. Specimen Pretreatment before Rapid (Quench) Cooling.- 14.4.1. Minimizing Sample Size and Specimen Holders.- 14.4.2. Maximizing Undercooling.- 14.4.3. Altering the Nucleation Process.- 14.4.4. Artificially Depressing the Sample Freezing Point.- 14.4.5. Chemical Fixation.- 14.5. Quench Cooling.- 14.5.1. Liquid Cryogens.- 14.5.2. Solid Cryogens.- 14.5.3. Methods for Quench Cooling.- 14.5.4. Comparison of Quench Cooling Rates.- 14.6. Low-Temperature Storage and Sample Transfer.- 14.7. Manipulation of Frozen Specimens: Cryosectioning, Cryofracturing, and Cryoplaning.- 14.7.1. Cryosectioning.- 14.7.2. Cryofracturing.- 14.7.3. Cryopolishing or Cryoplaning.- 14.8. Ways to Handle Frozen Liquids within the Specimen.- 14.8.1. Frozen-Hydrated and Frozen Samples.- 14.8.2. Freeze-Drying.- 14.8.2.1. Physical Principles Involved in Freeze-Drying.- 14.8.2.2. Equipment Needed for Freeze-Drying.- 14.8.2.3. Artifacts Associated with Freeze-Drying.- 14.8.3. Freeze Substitution and Low-Temperature Embedding.- 14.8.3.1. Physical Principles Involved in Freeze Substitution and Low-Temperature Embedding.- 14.8.3.2. Equipment Needed for Freeze Substitution and Low-Temperature Embedding.- 14.9. Procedures for Hydrated Organic Systems.- 14.10. Procedures for Hydrated Inorganic Systems.- 14.11. Procedures for Nonaqueous Liquids.- 14.12. Imaging and Analyzing Samples at Low Temperatures.- References.- 15. Procedures for Elimination of Charging in Nonconducting Specimens.- 15.1. Introduction.- 15.2. Recognizing Charging Phenomena.- 15.3. Procedures for Overcoming the Problems of Charging.- 15.4. Vacuum Evaporation Coating.- 15.4.1. High-Vacuum Evaporation Methods.- 15.4.2. Low-Vacuum Evaporation Methods.- 15.5. Sputter Coating.- 15.5.1. Plasma Magnetron Sputter Coating.- 15.5.2. Ion Beam and Penning Sputtering.- 15.6. High-Resolution Coating Methods.- 15.7. Coating for Analytical Studies.- 15.8. Coating Procedures for Samples Maintained at Low Temperatures.- 15.9. Coating Thickness.- 5.10. Damage and Artifacts on Coated Samples.- 15.11. Summary of Coating Guidelines.- References.- Enhancements CD.

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Book SynopsisThe Science of Solar System IcesTable of ContentsForeword.- Preface.- Acknowledgements.- Part I - Optical Remote Sensing of Planetary Ices.- Chapter 1: Observed Ices in the Solar System.- Chapter 2: Photometric Properties of Solar System Ices.- Chapter 3: Ultraviolet Properties of Planetary Ices.- Chapter 4: The Ices on Transneptunain Objects and Centaurs.- Part II: Ice Physical Properties and Planetary Applications.- Chapter 5: First-Principles Calculations of Physical Properties of Planetary Ices.- Chapter 6: Frictional Sliding of Cold Ice: A Fundamental Process Underlying Tectonic Activity Within Icy Satellites.- Chapter 7: Planetary Ices Attenuation Properties.- Chapter 8: Deformation Behavior of Ice in Polar Ice Sheets.- Chapter 9: Cratering in Icy Bodies.- Chapter 10: Geology of Icy Bodies.- Part III - Volatiles in Ices.- Chapter 11: Amorphous and Crystalline H2O-Ice.- Chapter 12: Clathrate Hydrates: Implications for Exchange Processes in the Outer Solar System.- Chapter 13: Cometary Ices.- Chapter 14: Gas Trapping in Ice and Its Release Upon Warming.- Part IV: Surface Ice Chemistry.- Chapter 15: Chemistry in Ices - From Fundamentals to Planetary Applications.- Chapter 16: Radiation Effects in Water ice in the Outer Solar System.- Chapter 17: Sputtering of Ices.- Chapter 18: Photochemistry in Terrestrial Ices.- Index.

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