Electrical engineering Books

Book SynopsisAllan R. Hambley received his B.S. degree from Michigan Technological University, his M.S. degree from Illinois Institute of Technology, and his Ph.D. from Worcester Polytechnic Institute. He has worked in industry for Hazeltine Research Inc., Warwick Electronics, and Harris Government Systems. He is currently Professor of Electrical Engineering at Michigan Tech. The Michigan Tech chapter of Eta Kappa Nu named him the Outstanding Electrical Engineering Teacher of the Year in 1995. He has won the National Technological University Outstanding Instructor Award six times for his courses in communication systems. The American Society for Engineering Education presented him with the 1998 Meriam Wiley Distinguished Author Award for the first edition of his book, Electronics. His hobbies include fishing, boating in remote areas of Lake Superior, and gardening.Table of Contents 1 Introduction 2 Resistive Circuits 3 Inductance and Capacitance 4 Transients 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis 6 Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance 7 Logic Circuits 8 Computers, Microcontrollers, and Computer-Based Instrumentation Systems 9 Diodes 10 Amplifiers: Specifications and External Characteristics 11 Field-Effect Transistors 12 Bipolar Junction Transistors 13 Operational Amplifiers 14 Magnetic Circuits and Transformers 15 DC Machines 16 AC Machines Appendices A Complex Numbers B Nominal Values and the Color Code for Resistors C The Fundamentals of Engineering Examination D Answers for the Practice Tests

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Book SynopsisNature produces energy by slow, cool, implosive means - by a centripeta inward motion, while our presnt culture uses explosive centrifugal (outwards) movement, which is wasteful and many times less powerful and effective. It aslo uses up the Earth's resources and pollutes her ecosystems. This volume describes different kinds of energy machines which depend on the principle of implosion: a spring water-producing machine a tornado home energy generator a Klimator which produces mountain-quality air the biotechnical submarine a technique for producing power from ocean deeps

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Book SynopsisIntroduction to state-space methods covers feedback control; state-space representation of dynamic systems and dynamics of linear systems; frequency-domain analysis; controllability and observability; and shaping the dynamic response. Additional subjects encompass linear observers; compensator design by the separation principle; linear, quadratic optimum control; random processes; and Kalman filters. 1986 edition.

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 What is Digital Image Processing? 1.2 The Origins of Digital Image Processing 1.3 Examples of Fields that Use Digital Image Processing 1.4 Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing 1.5 Components of an Image Processing System 2 Digital Image Fundamentals 2.1 Elements of Visual Perception 2.2 Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum 2.3 Image Sensing and Acquisition 2.4 Image Sampling and Quantization 2.5 Some Basic Relationships Between Pixels 2.6 Introduction to the Basic Mathematical Tools Used in Digital Image Processing 3 Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering 3.1 Background 3.2 Some Basic Intensity Transformation Functions 3.3 Histogram Processing 3.4 Fundamentals of Spatial Filtering 3.5 Smoothing (Lowpass) Spatial Filters 3.6 Sharpening (Highpass) Spatial Filters 3.7 Highpass, Bandreject, and Bandpass Filters from Lowpass Filters 3.8 Combining Spatial Enhancement Methods 3.9 Using Fuzzy Techniques for Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering 4 Filtering in the Frequency Domain 4.1 Background 4.2 Preliminary Concepts 4.3 Sampling and the Fourier Transform of Sampled Functions 4.4 The Discrete Fourier Transform of One Variable 4.5 Extensions to Functions of Two Variables 4.6 Some Properties of the 2-D DFT and IDFT 4.7 The Basics of Filtering in the Frequency Domain 4.8 Image Smoothing Using Lowpass Frequency Domain Filters 4.9 Image Sharpening Using Highpass Filters 4.10 Selective Filtering 4.11 The Fast Fourier Transform 5 Image Restoration and Reconstruction 5.1 A Model of the Image Degradation/Restoration Process 5.2 Noise Models 5.3 Restoration in the Presence of Noise Only—Spatial Filtering 5.4 Periodic Noise Reduction Using Frequency Domain Filtering 5.5 Linear, Position-Invariant Degradations 5.6 Estimating the Degradation Function 5.7 Inverse Filtering 5.8 Minimum Mean Square Error (Wiener) Filtering 5.9 Constrained Least Squares Filtering 5.10 Geometric Mean Filter 5.11 Image Reconstruction from Projections 6 Wavelet and Other Image Transforms 6.1 Preliminaries 6.2 Matrix-based Transforms 6.3 Correlation 6.4 Basis Functions in the Time-Frequency Plane 6.5 Basis Images 6.6 Fourier-Related Transforms 6.7 Walsh-Hadamard Transforms 6.8 Slant Transform 6.9 Haar Transform 6.10 Wavelet Transforms 7 Color Image Processing 7.1 Color Fundamentals 7.2 Color Models 7.3 Pseudocolor Image Processing 7.4 Basics of Full-Color Image Processing 7.5 Color Transformations 7.6 Color Image Smoothing and Sharpening 7.7 Using Color in Image Segmentation 7.8 Noise in Color Images 7.9 Color Image Compression 8 Image Compression and Watermarking 8.1 Fundamentals 8.2 Huffman Coding 8.3 Golomb Coding 8.4 Arithmetic Coding 8.5 LZW Coding 8.6 Run-length Coding

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Book SynopsisA concise introduction to all the key tenets of electrical and mechanical engineering degree course, written by former NASA engineer Dr David Baker. A Degree in a Book: Electrical and Mechanical Engineering is presented in an attractive landscape format in full-color. With flow charts, infographics, timelines, feature spreads and information boxes, this highly visual guide will help readers quickly get to grips with the fundamentals of electrical and mechanical engineering and their practical applications.Covering Newtonian mechanics, nuclear engineering, artificial intelligence, 3D printing and more, this essential guide brings clarity to complex ideas. David Baker delves into the history and development of this far-reaching subject as well as the challenges of the future such as environmental responsibility. Complete with a useful glossary of key terms, this holistic introduction will equip students and laypeople alike with the knowledge of an engineering graduate. ABOUT THE SERIES: Get the knowledge of a degree for the price of a book with Arcturus Publishing''s A Degree in a Book series. Written by experts in their fields, these highly visual guides feature flow charts, infographics, handy timelines, information boxes, feature spreads and margin annotations, allowing readers to get to grips with complex subjects in no time.

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Spatial Transformations 3. Forward Kinematics 4. Inverse Kinematics 5. Velocities, Static Forces, and Jacobians 6. Dynamics 7. Trajectory Planning 8. Mechanical Design of Robots 9. Linear Control 10. Non-Linear Control 11. Force Control 12. Programming Languages and Systems 13. Simulation and Off-Line Programming

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Book SynopsisPWM DC-DC power converter technology underpins many energy conversion systems including renewable energy circuits, active power factor correctors, battery chargers, portable devices and LED drivers. Following the success of Pulse-Width Modulated DC-DC Power Converters this second edition has been thoroughly revised and expanded to cover the latest challenges and advances in the field. Key features of 2nd edition: Four new chapters, detailing the latest advances in power conversion, focus on: small-signal model and dynamic characteristics of the buck converter in continuous conduction mode; voltage-mode control of buck converter; small-signal model and characteristics of the boost converter in the discontinuous conduction mode and electromagnetic compatibility EMC. Provides readers with a solid understanding of the principles of operation, synthesis, analysis and design of PWM power converters and semiconductor power devices, includinTable of ContentsAbout the Author xxi Preface xxiii Nomenclature xxv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Classification of Power Supplies 1 1.2 Basic Functions of Voltage Regulators 3 1.3 Power Relationships in DC–DC Converters 4 1.4 DC Transfer Functions of DC–DC Converters 5 1.5 Static Characteristics of DC Voltage Regulators 6 1.6 Dynamic Characteristics of DC Voltage Regulators 9 1.7 Linear Voltage Regulators 12 1.7.1 Series Voltage Regulator 13 1.7.2 Shunt Voltage Regulator 14 1.8 Topologies of PWM DC–DC Converters 16 1.9 Relationships Among Current, Voltage, Energy, and Power 18 1.10 Summary 19 References 19 Review Questions 20 Problems 21 2 Buck PWM DC–DC Converter 22 2.1 Introduction 22 2.2 DC Analysis of PWM Buck Converter for CCM 22 2.2.1 Circuit Description 22 2.2.2 Assumptions 25 2.2.3 Time Interval: 0 < t ≤ DT 25 2.2.4 Time Interval: DT < t ≤ T 26 2.2.5 Device Stresses for CCM 27 2.2.6 DC Voltage Transfer Function for CCM 27 2.2.7 Boundary Between CCM and DCM 29 2.2.8 Capacitors 31 2.2.9 Ripple Voltage in Buck Converter for CCM 33 2.2.10 Switching Losses with Linear MOSFET Output Capacitance 39 2.2.11 Switching Losses with Nonlinear MOSFET Output Capacitance 40 2.2.12 Power Losses and Efficiency of Buck Converter for CCM 43 2.2.13 DC Voltage Transfer Function of Lossy Converter for CCM 48 2.2.14 MOSFET Gate-Drive Power 48 2.2.15 Gate Driver 49 2.2.16 Design of Buck Converter for CCM 50 2.3 DC Analysis of PWM Buck Converter for DCM 52 2.3.1 Time Interval: 0 < t ≤ DT 56 2.3.2 Time Interval: DT < t ≤ (D + D1)T 58 2.3.3 Time Interval: (D + D1)T < t ≤ T 58 2.3.4 Device Stresses for DCM 59 2.3.5 DC Voltage Transfer Function for DCM 59 2.3.6 Maximum Inductance for DCM 62 2.3.7 Power Losses and Efficiency of Buck Converter for DCM 63 2.3.8 Design of Buck Converter for DCM 65 2.4 Buck Converter with Input Filter 68 2.5 Buck Converter with Synchronous Rectifier 68 2.6 Buck Converter with Positive Common Rail 76 2.7 Quadratic Buck Converter 76 2.8 Tapped-Inductor Buck Converters 79 2.8.1 Tapped-Inductor Common-Diode Buck Converter 79 2.8.2 Tapped-Inductor Common-Transistor Buck Converter 81 2.8.3 Watkins–Johnson Converter 82 2.9 Multiphase Buck Converter 83 2.10 Switched-Inductor Buck Converter 85 2.11 Layout 85 2.12 Summary 85 References 87 Review Questions 88 Problems 88 3 Boost PWM DC–DC Converter 90 3.1 Introduction 90 3.2 DC Analysis of PWM Boost Converter for CCM 90 3.2.1 Circuit Description 90 3.2.2 Assumptions 91 3.2.3 Time Interval: 0 < t ≤ DT 93 3.2.4 Time Interval: DT < t ≤ T 94 3.2.5 DC Voltage Transfer Function for CCM 94 3.2.6 Boundary Between CCM and DCM 95 3.2.7 Ripple Voltage in Boost Converter for CCM 98 3.2.8 Power Losses and Efficiency of Boost Converter for CCM 100 3.2.9 DC Voltage Transfer Function of Lossy Boost Converter for CCM 102 3.2.10 Design of Boost Converter for CCM 103 3.3 DC Analysis of PWM Boost Converter for DCM 107 3.3.1 Time Interval: 0 < t ≤ DT 110 3.3.2 Time Interval: DT < t ≤ (D + D1)T 111 3.3.3 Time Interval: (D + D1)T < t ≤ T 112 3.3.4 Device Stresses for DCM 112 3.3.5 DC Voltage Transfer Function for DCM 112 3.3.6 Maximum Inductance for DCM 117 3.3.7 Power Losses and Efficiency of Boost Converter for DCM 117 3.3.8 Design of Boost Converter for DCM 120 3.4 Bidirectional Buck and Boost Converters 127 3.5 Synchronous Boost Converter 129 3.6 Tapped-Inductor Boost Converters 129 3.6.1 Tapped-Inductor Common-Diode Boost Converter 131 3.6.2 Tapped-Inductor Common-Load Boost Converter 132 3.7 Duality 133 3.8 Power Factor Correction 134 3.8.1 Power Factor 134 3.8.2 Boost Power Factor Corrector 138 3.8.3 Electronic Ballasts for Fluorescent Lamps 141 3.9 Summary 141 References 142 Review Questions 143 Problems 143 4 Buck–Boost PWM DC–DC Converter 145 4.1 Introduction 145 4.2 DC Analysis of PWM Buck–Boost Converter for CCM 145 4.2.1 Circuit Description 145 4.2.2 Assumptions 146 4.2.3 Time Interval: 0 < t ≤ DT 146 4.2.4 Time Interval: DT < t ≤ T 148 4.2.5 DC Voltage Transfer Function for CCM 149 4.2.6 Device Stresses for CCM 150 4.2.7 Boundary Between CCM and DCM 151 4.2.8 Ripple Voltage in Buck–Boost Converter for CCM 152 4.2.9 Power Losses and Efficiency of the Buck–Boost Converter for CCM 155 4.2.10 DC Voltage Transfer Function of Lossy Buck–Boost Converter for CCM 158 4.2.11 Design of Buck–Boost Converter for CCM 159 4.3 DC Analysis of PWM Buck–Boost Converter for DCM 162 4.3.1 Time Interval: 0 < t ≤ DT 165 4.3.2 Time Interval: DT < t ≤ (D + D1)T 166 4.3.3 Time Interval: (D + D1)T < t ≤ T 167 4.3.4 Device Stresses of the Buck–Boost Converter in DCM 167 4.3.5 DC Voltage Transfer Function of the Buck–Boost Converter for DCM 167 4.3.6 Maximum Inductance for DCM 170 4.3.7 Power Losses and Efficiency of the Buck–Boost Converter in DCM 172 4.3.8 Design of Buck–Boost Converter for DCM 174 4.4 Bidirectional Buck–Boost Converter 180 4.5 Synthesis of Buck–Boost Converter 181 4.6 Synthesis of Boost–Buck (ćuk) Converter 183 4.7 Noninverting Buck–Boost Converters 184 4.7.1 Cascaded Noninverting Buck–Boost Converters 184 4.7.2 Four-Transistor Noninverting Buck–Boost Converters 184 4.8 Tapped-Inductor Buck–Boost Converters 186 4.8.1 Tapped-Inductor Common-Diode Buck–Boost Converter 186 4.8.2 Tapped-Inductor Common-Transistor Buck–Boost Converter 187 4.8.3 Tapped-Inductor Common-Load Buck–Boost Converter 188 4.8.4 Tapped-Inductor Common-Source Buck–Boost Converter 191 4.9 Summary 192 References 192 Review Questions 193 Problems 193 5 Flyback PWM DC–DC Converter 195 5.1 Introduction 195 5.2 Transformers 196 5.3 DC Analysis of PWM Flyback Converter for CCM 197 5.3.1 Derivation of PWM Flyback Converter 197 5.3.2 Circuit Description 197 5.3.3 Assumptions 199 5.3.4 Time Interval: 0 < t ≤ DT 200 5.3.5 Time Interval: DT < t ≤ T 201 5.3.6 DC Voltage Transfer Function for CCM 203 5.3.7 Boundary Between CCM and DCM 204 5.3.8 Ripple Voltage in Flyback Converter for CCM 205 5.3.9 Power Losses and Efficiency of Flyback Converter for CCM 207 5.3.10 DC Voltage Transfer Function of Lossy Converter for CCM 210 5.3.11 Design of Flyback Converter for CCM 211 5.4 DC Analysis of PWM Flyback Converter for DCM 214 5.4.1 Time Interval: 0 < t ≤ DT 217 5.4.2 Time Interval: DT < t ≤ (D + D1)T 219 5.4.3 Time Interval: (D + D1)T < t ≤ T 220 5.4.4 DC Voltage Transfer Function for DCM 221 5.4.5 Maximum Magnetizing Inductance for DCM 222 5.4.6 Ripple Voltage in Flyback Converter for DCM 225 5.4.7 Power Losses and Efficiency of Flyback Converter for DCM 226 5.4.8 Design of Flyback Converter for DCM 228 5.5 Multiple-Output Flyback Converter 232 5.6 Bidirectional Flyback Converter 237 5.7 Ringing in Flyback Converter 237 5.8 Flyback Converter with Passive Dissipative Snubber 240 5.9 Flyback Converter with Zener Diode Voltage Clamp 240 5.10 Flyback Converter with Active Clamping 241 5.11 Two-Transistor Flyback Converter 241 5.12 Summary 243 References 244 Review Questions 244 Problems 245 6 Forward PWM DC–DC Converter 246 6.1 Introduction 246 6.2 DC Analysis of PWM Forward Converter for CCM 246 6.2.1 Derivation of Forward PWM Converter 246 6.2.2 Time Interval: 0 < t ≤ DT 248 6.2.3 Time Interval: DT < t ≤ DT + tm 251 6.2.4 Time Interval: DT + tm < t ≤ T 253 6.2.5 Maximum Duty Cycle 253 6.2.6 Device Stresses 254 6.2.7 DC Voltage Transfer Function for CCM 255 6.2.8 Boundary Between CCM and DCM 255 6.2.9 Ripple Voltage in Forward Converter for CCM 256 6.2.10 Power Losses and Efficiency of Forward Converter for CCM 258 6.2.11 DC Voltage Transfer Function of Lossy Converter for CCM 261 6.2.12 Design of Forward Converter for CCM 262 6.3 DC Analysis of PWM Forward Converter for DCM 269 6.3.1 Time Interval: 0 < t ≤ DT 269 6.3.2 Time Interval: DT < t ≤ DT + tm 272 6.3.3 Time Interval: DT + tm < t ≤ (D + D1)T 273 6.3.4 Time Interval: (D + D1)T < t ≤ T 273 6.3.5 DC Voltage Transfer Function for DCM 274 6.3.6 Maximum Inductance for DCM 277 6.3.7 Power Losses and Efficiency of Forward Converter for DCM 278 6.3.8 Design of Forward Converter for DCM 280 6.4 Multiple-Output Forward Converter 288 6.5 Forward Converter with Synchronous Rectifier 288 6.6 Forward Converters with Active Clamping 288 6.7 Two-Switch Forward Converter 290 6.8 Forward–Flyback Converter 291 6.9 Summary 292 References 293 Review Questions 293 Problems 294 7 Half-Bridge PWM DC–DC Converter 296 7.1 Introduction 296 7.2 DC Analysis of PWM Half-Bridge Converter for CCM 296 7.2.1 Circuit Description 296 7.2.2 Assumptions 299 7.2.3 Time Interval: 0 < t ≤ DT 299 7.2.4 Time Interval: DT < t ≤ T∕2 301 7.2.5 Time Interval: T∕2 < t ≤ T∕2 + DT 303 7.2.6 Time Interval: T∕2 + DT < t ≤ T 304 7.2.7 Device Stresses 304 7.2.8 DC Voltage Transfer Function of Lossless Half-Bridge Converter for CCM 304 7.2.9 Boundary Between CCM and DCM 305 7.2.10 Ripple Voltage in Half-Bridge Converter for CCM 306 7.2.11 Power Losses and Efficiency of Half-Bridge Converter for CCM 308 7.2.12 DC Voltage Transfer Function of Lossy Converter for CCM 311 7.2.13 Design of Half-Bridge Converter for CCM 312 7.3 DC Analysis of PWM Half-Bridge Converter for DCM 315 7.3.1 Time Interval: 0 < t ≤ DT 315 7.3.2 Time Interval: DT < t ≤ (D + D1)T 320 7.3.3 Time Interval: (D + D1)T < t ≤ T∕2 322 7.3.4 DC Voltage Transfer Function for DCM 322 7.3.5 Maximum Inductance for DCM 326 7.4 Summary 326 References 327 Review Questions 327 Problems 328 8 Full-Bridge PWM DC–DC Converter 330 8.1 Introduction 330 8.2 DC Analysis of PWM Full-Bridge Converter for CCM 330 8.2.1 Circuit Description 330 8.2.2 Assumptions 332 8.2.3 Time Interval: 0 < t ≤ DT 332 8.2.4 Time Interval: DT < t ≤ T∕2 334 8.2.5 Time Interval: T∕2 < t ≤ T∕2 + DT 336 8.2.6 Time Interval: T∕2 + DT < t ≤ T 336 8.2.7 Device Stresses 337 8.2.8 DC Voltage Transfer Function of Lossless Full-Wave Converter for CCM 337 8.2.9 Boundary Between CCM and DCM 338 8.2.10 Ripple Voltage in Full-Bridge Converter for CCM 339 8.2.11 Power Losses and Efficiency of Full-Bridge Converter for CCM 340 8.2.12 DC Voltage Transfer Function of Lossy Converter for CCM 344 8.2.13 Design of Full-Bridge Converter for CCM 345 8.3 DC Analysis of PWM Full-Bridge Converter for DCM 351 8.3.1 Time Interval: 0 < t ≤ DT 351 8.3.2 Time Interval: DT < t ≤ (D + D1)T 353 8.3.3 Time Interval: (D + D1)T < t ≤ T∕2 355 8.3.4 DC Voltage Transfer Function for DCM 356 8.3.5 Maximum Inductance for DCM 359 8.4 Phase-Controlled Full-Bridge Converter 361 8.5 Summary 362 References 362 Review Questions 362 Problems 363 9 Small-Signal Models of PWM Converters for CCM and DCM 365 9.1 Introduction 365 9.2 Assumptions 366 9.3 Averaged Model of Ideal Switching Network for CCM 366 9.4 Averaged Values of Switched Resistances 369 9.5 Model Reduction 375 9.6 Large-Signal Averaged Model for CCM 377 9.7 DC and Small-Signal Circuit Linear Models of Switching Network for CCM 381 9.7.1 Large-Signal Circuit Model of Switching Network for CCM 381 9.7.2 Linearization of Switching Network Model for CCM 384 9.8 Block Diagram of Small-signal Model of PWM DC–DC Converters 385 9.9 Family of PWM Converter Models for CCM 386 9.10 PWM Small-Signal Switch Model for CCM 389 9.11 Modeling of Ideal Switching Network for DCM 391 9.11.1 Relationships Among DC Components for DCM 391 9.11.2 Small-Signal Model of Ideal Switching Network for DCM 395 9.12 Averaged Parasitic Resistances for DCM 398 9.13 Summary 400 References 402 Review Questions 405 Problems 405 10 Small-Signal Characteristics of Buck Converter for CCM 407 10.1 Introduction 407 10.2 Small-Signal Model of the PWM Buck Converter 407 10.3 Open-Loop Transfer Functions 408 10.3.1 Open-Loop Control-to-Output Transfer Function 409 10.3.2 Delay in Control-to-Output Transfer Function 416 10.3.3 Open-Loop Input-to-Output Transfer Function 418 10.3.4 Open-Loop Input Impedance 420 10.3.5 Open-Loop Output Impedance 423 10.4 Open-Loop Step Responses 426 10.4.1 Open-Loop Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Input Voltage 426 10.4.2 Open-Loop Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Duty Cycle 431 10.4.3 Open-Loop Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Load Current 433 10.5 Open-Loop DC Transfer Functions 434 10.6 Summary 436 References 436 Review Questions 437 Problems 438 11 Small-Signal Characteristics of Boost Converter for CCM 439 11.1 Introduction 439 11.2 DC Characteristics 439 11.3 Open-Loop Control-to-Output Transfer Function 440 11.4 Delay in Open-Loop Control-to-Output Transfer Function 449 11.5 Open-Loop Audio Susceptibility 451 11.6 Open-Loop Input Impedance 455 11.7 Open-Loop Output Impedance 457 11.8 Open-Loop Step Responses 461 11.8.1 Open-Loop Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Input Voltage 461 11.8.2 Open-Loop Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Duty Cycle 464 11.8.3 Open-Loop Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Load Current 465 11.9 Summary 467 References 467 Review Questions 468 Problems 468 12 Voltage-Mode Control of PWM Buck Converter 470 12.1 Introduction 470 12.2 Properties of Negative Feedback 471 12.3 Stability 474 12.4 Single-Loop Control of PWM Buck Converter 475 12.5 Closed-Loop Small-Signal Model of Buck Converter 478 12.6 Pulse-Width Modulator 478 12.7 Feedback Network 483 12.8 Transfer Function of Buck Converter with Modulator and Feedback Network 486 12.9 Control Circuits 489 12.9.1 Error Amplifier 489 12.9.2 Proportional Controller 490 12.9.3 Integral Controller 492 12.9.4 Proportional-Integral Controller 493 12.9.5 Integral-Single-Lead Controller 497 12.9.6 Loop Gain 504 12.9.7 Closed-Loop Control-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function 504 12.9.8 Closed-Loop Input-to-Output Transfer Function 506 12.9.9 Closed-Loop Input Impedance 508 12.9.10 Closed-Loop Output Impedance 509 12.10 Closed-Loop Step Responses 511 12.10.1 Response to Step Change in Input Voltage 511 12.10.2 Response to Step Change in Reference Voltage 513 12.10.3 Closed-Loop Response to Step Change in Load Current 515 12.10.4 Closed-Loop DC Transfer Functions 515 12.11 Summary 518 References 519 Review Questions 519 Problems 520 13 Voltage-Mode Control of Boost Converter 521 13.1 Introduction 521 13.2 Circuit of Boost Converter with Voltage-Mode Control 521 13.3 Transfer Function of Modulator, Boost Converter Power Stage, and Feedback Network 523 13.4 Integral-Double-Lead Controller 527 13.5 Design of Integral-Double-Lead Controller 532 13.6 Loop Gain 536 13.7 Closed-Loop Control-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function 537 13.8 Closed-Loop Audio Susceptibility 539 13.9 Closed-Loop Input Impedance 539 13.10 Closed-Loop Output Impedance 542 13.11 Closed-Loop Step Responses 544 13.11.1 Closed-Loop Response to Step Change in Input Voltage 544 13.11.2 Closed-Loop Response to Step Change in Reference Voltage 547 13.11.3 Closed-Loop Response to Step Change in Load Current 548 13.12 Closed-Loop DC Transfer Functions 549 13.13 Summary 552 References 552 Review Questions 552 Problems 553 14 Current-Mode Control 554 14.1 Introduction 554 14.2 Principle of Operation of PWM Converters with Peak CMC 555 14.3 Relationship Between Duty Cycle and Inductor-Current Slopes 559 14.4 Instability of Closed-Current Loop 560 14.5 Slope Compensation 564 14.5.1 Analysis of Slope Compensation in Time Domain 564 14.5.2 Boundary of Slope Compensation for Buck and Buck–Boost Converters 569 14.5.3 Boundary Slope Compensation for Boost Converter 570 14.6 Sample-and-Hold Effect on Current Loop 570 14.6.1 Natural Response of Inductor Current to Small Perturbation in Closed-Current Loop 572 14.6.2 Forced Response of Inductor Current to Step Change in Control Voltage in Closed-Current Loop 575 14.6.3 Relationship Between s-Domain and z-Domain 577 14.6.4 Transfer Function of Closed-Current Loop in z-Domain 578 14.7 Closed-Loop Control Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function in s-Domain 580 14.7.1 Approximation of Hicl by Rational Transfer Function 582 14.7.2 Step Responses of Closed-Inner Loop 588 14.8 Loop Gain of Current Loop 588 14.8.1 Loop Gain of Inner Loop in z-Domain 588 14.8.2 Loop Gain of Inner Loop in s-Domain 590 14.9 Gain-Crossover Frequency of Inner Loop 595 14.10 Phase Margin of Inner Loop 596 14.11 Maximum Duty Cycle for Converters without Slope Compensation 598 14.12 Maximum Duty Cycle for Converters with Slope Compensation 600 14.13 Minimum Slope Compensation for Buck and Buck–Boost Converter 605 14.14 Minimum Slope Compensation for Boost Converter 607 14.15 Error Voltage-to-Duty Cycle Transfer Function 610 14.16 Closed-Loop Control Voltage-to-Duty Cycle Transfer Function of Current Loop 614 14.17 Alternative Representation of Current Loop 618 14.18 Current Loop with Disturbances 618 14.18.1 Modified Approximation of Current Loop 619 14.19 Voltage Loop of PWM Converters with Current-Mode Control 624 14.19.1 Control-to-Output Transfer Function for Buck Converter 624 14.19.2 Block Diagram of Power Stages of PWM Converters 627 14.19.3 Closed-Voltage Loop Transfer Function of PWM Converters with Current-Mode Control 628 14.19.4 Closed-Loop Audio Susceptibility of PWM Converters with Current-Mode Control 628 14.19.5 Closed-Loop Output Impedance of PWM Converters with Current-Mode Control 630 14.20 Feedforward Gains in PWM Converters with Current-Mode Control without Slope Compensation 631 14.21 Feedforward Gains in PWM Converters with Current-Mode Control and Slope Compensation 634 14.22 Control-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function of Inner Loop with Feedforward Gains 636 14.23 Audio-Susceptibility of Inner Loop with Feedforward Gains 637 14.24 Closed-Loop Transfer Functions with Feedforward Gains 638 14.25 Slope Compensation by Adding a Ramp to Inductor Current Waveform 638 14.26 Relationships for Constant-Frequency Current-Mode On-Time Control 639 14.27 Summary 639 References 640 Review Questions 644 Problems 644 14.28 Appendix: Sample-and-Hold Modeling 645 14.28.1 Sampler of the Control Voltage 645 14.28.2 Zero-Order Hold of Inductor Current 648 14.28.3 Approximations of esTs 650 15 Current-Mode Control of Boost Converter 653 15.1 Introduction 653 15.2 Open-Loop Small-Signal Transfer Functions 653 15.2.1 Open-Loop Duty Cycle-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function 653 15.2.2 High-Frequency Open-Loop Duty Cycle-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function 659 15.2.3 Open-Loop Input Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function 660 15.2.4 Open-Loop Inductor-to-Output Current Transfer Function 665 15.3 Open-Loop Step Responses of Inductor Current 667 15.3.1 Open-Loop Response of Inductor Current to Step Change in Input Voltage 667 15.3.2 Open-Loop Response of the Inductor Current to Step Change in the Duty Cycle 670 15.3.3 Open-Loop Response of Inductor Current to Step Change in Load Current 672 15.4 Closed-Current-Loop Transfer Functions 675 15.4.1 Forward Gain 675 15.4.2 Loop Gain of Current Loop 675 15.4.3 Closed-Loop Gain of Current Loop 675 15.4.4 Control-to-Output Transfer Function 677 15.4.5 Input Voltage-to-Duty Cycle Transfer Function 684 15.4.6 Load Current-to-Duty Cycle Transfer Function 688 15.4.7 Output Impedance of Closed-Current Loop 690 15.5 Closed-Voltage-Loop Transfer Functions 695 15.5.1 Control-to-Output Transfer Function 695 15.5.2 Control Voltage-to-Feedback Voltage Transfer Function 695 15.5.3 Loop Gain of Voltage Loop 697 15.5.4 Closed-Loop Gain of Voltage Loop 701 15.5.5 Closed-Loop Audio Susceptibility with Integral Controller 703 15.5.6 Closed-Loop Output Impedance with Integral Controller 704 15.6 Closed-Loop Step Responses 706 15.6.1 Closed-Loop Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Input Voltage 706 15.6.2 Closed-Loop Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Load Current 708 15.6.3 Closed-Loop Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Reference Voltage 708 15.7 Closed-Loop DC Transfer Functions 710 15.8 Summary 711 References 711 Review Questions 712 Problems 712 16 Open-Loop Small-Signal Characteristics of PWM Boost Converter for DCM 713 16.1 Introduction 713 16.2 Small-Signal Model of Boost Converter for DCM 713 16.3 Open-Loop Control-to-Output Transfer Function 716 16.4 Open-Loop Input-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function 719 16.5 Open-Loop Input Impedance 724 16.6 Open-Loop Output Impedance 725 16.7 Step Responses of Output Voltage of Boost Converter for DCM 728 16.7.1 Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Input Voltage 728 16.7.2 Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Duty Cycle 730 16.7.3 Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Load Current 730 16.8 Open-Loop Duty Cycle-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function 731 16.9 Open-Loop Input Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function 735 16.10 Open-Loop Output Current-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function 735 16.11 Step Responses of Inductor Current of Boost Converter for DCM 738 16.11.1 Step Response of Inductor Current to Step Change in Input Voltage 738 16.11.2 Step Response of Inductor Current to Step Change in Duty Cycle 740 16.11.3 Step Response of Inductor Current to Step Change in Load Current 741 16.12 DC Characteristics of Boost Converter for DCM 742 16.12.1 DC-to-DC Voltage Transfer Function of Lossless Boost Converter for DCM 742 16.12.2 DC-to-DC Voltage Transfer Function of Lossy Boost Converter for DCM 743 16.12.3 Efficiency of Boost Converter for DCM 745 16.13 Summary 745 References 745 Review Questions 746 Problems 746 17 Silicon and Silicon-Carbide Power Diodes 747 17.1 Introduction 747 17.2 Electronic Power Switches 747 17.3 Atom 748 17.4 Electron and Hole Effective Mass 749 17.5 Semiconductors 750 17.6 Intrinsic Semiconductors 751 17.7 Extrinsic Semiconductors 756 17.7.1 n-Type Semiconductor 756 17.7.2 p-Type Semiconductor 759 17.7.3 Maximum Operating Temperature 761 17.8 Wide Band Gap Semiconductors 762 17.9 Physical Structure of Junction Diodes 764 17.9.1 Formation of Depletion Layer 765 17.9.2 Charge Transport 767 17.10 Static I–V Diode Characteristic 768 17.11 Breakdown Voltage of Junction Diodes 772 17.11.1 Depletion-Layer Width 773 17.11.2 Electric Field Intensity Distribution 775 17.11.3 Avalanche Breakdown Voltage 779 17.11.4 Punch-Through Breakdown Voltage 781 17.11.5 Edge Terminations 782 17.12 Capacitances of Junction Diodes 784 17.12.1 Junction Capacitance 784 17.12.2 Diffusion Capacitance 787 17.13 Reverse Recovery of pn Junction Diodes 789 17.13.1 Qualitative Description 789 17.13.2 Reverse Recovery in Resistive Circuits 790 17.13.3 Charge-Continuity Equation 793 17.13.4 Reverse Recovery in Inductive Circuits 796 17.14 Schottky Diodes 798 17.14.1 Static I–V Characteristic of Schottky Diodes 801 17.14.2 Breakdown Voltages of Schottky Diodes 802 17.14.3 Junction Capacitance of Schottky Diodes 802 17.14.4 Switching Characteristics of Schottky Diodes 802 17.15 Solar Cells 806 17.16 Light-Emitting Diodes 809 17.17 SPICE Model of Diodes 810 17.18 Summary 811 References 815 Review Questions 816 Problems 817 18 Silicon and Silicon-Carbide Power MOSFETs 819 18.1 Introduction 819 18.2 Integrated MOSFETs 819 18.3 Physical Structure of Power MOSFETs 819 18.4 Principle of Operation of Power MOSFETs 824 18.4.1 Cutoff Region 824 18.4.2 Formation of MOSFET Channel 824 18.4.3 Linear Region 824 18.4.4 Saturation Region 825 18.4.5 Antiparallel Diode 825 18.5 Derivation of Power MOSFET Characteristics 826 18.5.1 Ohmic Region 826 18.5.2 Pinch-off Region 829 18.5.3 Channel-Length Modulation 830 18.6 Power MOSFET Characteristics 831 18.7 Mobility of Charge Carriers 833 18.7.1 Effect of Doping Concentration on Mobility 834 18.7.2 Effect of Temperature on Mobility 836 18.7.3 Effect of Electric Field on Mobility 840 18.8 Short-Channel Effects 846 18.8.1 Ohmic Region 846 18.8.2 Pinch-off Region 847 18.9 Aspect Ratio of Power MOSFETs 848 18.10 Breakdown Voltage of Power MOSFETs 850 18.11 Gate Oxide Breakdown Voltage of Power MOSFETs 852 18.12 Specific On-Resistance 852 18.13 Figures-of-Merit of Semiconductors 855 18.14 On-Resistance of Power MOSFETs 857 18.14.1 Channel Resistance 857 18.14.2 Accumulation Region Resistance 857 18.14.3 Neck Region Resistance 858 18.14.4 Drift Region Resistance 859 18.15 Capacitances of Power MOSFETs 862 18.15.1 Gate-to-Source Capacitance 862 18.15.2 Drain-to-Source Capacitance 864 18.15.3 Gate-to-Drain Capacitance 864 18.16 Switching Waveforms 875 18.17 SPICE Model of Power MOSFETs 877 18.18 IGBTs 879 18.19 Heat Sinks 880 18.20 Summary 886 References 888 Review Questions 888 Problems 889 19 Electromagnetic Compatibility 891 19.1 Introduction 891 19.2 Definition of EMI 891 19.3 Definition of EMC 892 19.4 EMI Immunity 892 19.5 EMI Susceptibility 893 19.6 Classification of EMI 893 19.7 Sources of EMI 895 19.8 Safety Standards 896 19.9 EMC Standards 896 19.10 Near Field and Far Field 897 19.11 Techniques of EMI Reduction 897 19.12 Insertion Loss 898 19.13 EMI Filters 898 19.14 Feed-Through Capacitors 900 19.15 EMI Shielding 900 19.16 Interconnections 902 19.17 Summary 903 References 903 Review Questions 903 Problem 904 A Introduction to SPICE 907 B Introduction to MATLAB® 910 C Physical Constants 915 Answers to Problems 917 Index 925

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Book SynopsisThis dictionary includes 5,000 definitions of the terms, theories, and practices in the area of electronics and electrical science and engineering. It includes coverage of circuits, power, systems, magnetic devices, control theory, communications, signal processing, and telecommunications.Table of ContentsPrelimsA-Z textAppendices Abbreviations

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. INTRODUCTION. Case Study: Transformation of the Grid: The Impact of Distributed Energy Resources on Bulk Power Systems. History of Electric Power Systems. Present and Future Trends. Electric Utility Industry Structure. Computers in Power System Engineering. PowerWorld Simulator. 2. FUNDAMENTALS. Case Study: Investing in the Future: How Small Utilities are Finding Success with Advanced Distribution Management Systems. Phasors. Instantaneous Power in Single-Phase AC Circuits. Complex Power. Network Equations. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits. Power in Balanced Three-Phase Circuits. Advantages of Balanced Three-Phase vs. Single-Phase Systems. Energy Conversion. 3. POWER TRANSFORMERS. Case Study: Transformer Innovation in a Changing Energy Landscape The Ideal Transformer. Equivalent Circuits for Practical Transformers. The Per-Unit System. Three-Phase Transformer Connections and Phase Shift. Per-Unit Equivalent Circuits of Balanced Three-Phase Two-Winding Transformers. Three-Winding Transformers. Autotransformers. Transformers with Off-Nominal Turns Ratios. 4. TRANSMISSION-LINE PARAMETERS. Case Study: Renewables, Resiliency Drive Transmission Upgrades. Case Study: Greenlink Nevada to Drive Job Creation, Economic Recovery from Covid-19 . Transmission Line Design Considerations. Resistance. Conductance. Inductance: Solid Cylindrical Conductor. Inductance: Single-Phase Two-Wire Line and Three-Phase Three-Wire Line with Equal Phase Spacing. Inductance: Composite Conductors, Unequal Phase Spacing, Bundled Conductors. Series Impedances: Three-Phase Line with Neutral Conductors and Earth Return. Electric Field and Voltage: Solid Cylindrical Conductor. Capacitance: Single-Phase Two-Wire Line and Three-Phase Three-Wire Line with Equal Phase Spacing. Capacitance: Stranded Conductors, Unequal Phase Spacing, Bundled Conductors. Shunt Admittances: Lines with Neutral Conductors and Earth Return. Electric Field Strength at Conductor Surfaces and at Ground Level. Parallel Circuit Three-Phase Lines. 5. TRANSMISSION LINES: STEADY-STATE OPERATION. Case Study: Opportunities for Embedded High Voltage Direct Current. Medium and Short Line Approximations. Transmission-Line Differential Equations. Equivalent p Circuit. Lossless Lines. Maximum Power Flow. Line Loadability. Reactive Compensation Techniques. 6. POWER FLOWS. Case Study: Xcel Energy Strengthens the Grid with Advanced SVCs. Direct Solutions to Linear Algebraic Equations: Gauss Elimination. Iterative Solutions to Linear Algebraic Equations: Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel. Iterative Solutions to Nonlinear Algebraic Equations: Newton-Raphson. The Power Flow Problem. Power Flow Solution by Gauss-Seidel. Power Flow Solution by Newton-Raphson. Control of Power Flow. Sparsity Techniques. Fast Decoupled Power Flow. The DC" Power Flow. 7. ECONOMIC DISPATCH AND OPTIMAL POWER FLOW. Case Study: Electricity Markets in the United States. Economic Dispatch. Optimal Power Flow. Design Projects. 8. SYMMETRICAL FAULTS. Case Study: Pumped Storage Hydro: Then and Now. Series R-L Circuit Transients. Three-Phase Short Circuit ��� Unloaded Synchronous Machine. Power System Three-Phase Short Circuits. Bus Impedance Matrix. Circuit Breaker and Fuse Selection. Design Project. 9. SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS. Case Study: The Ups and Downs of Gravity Energy Storage. Definition of Symmetrical Components. Sequence Networks of Impedance Loads. Sequence Networks of Series Impedances. Sequence Networks of Three-Phase Lines. Sequence Networks of Rotating Machines. Per-Unit Sequence Models of Three-Phase Two-Winding Transformers. Per-Unit Sequence Models of Three-Phase Three-Winding Transformers. Power in Sequence Networks. 10. UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS. Case Study: ABB Commissions Switchgear Installation with Eco-Efficient Gas. Case Study: Transforming the Transmission Industry: The Rapid Adoption of Green Gas for Grid (g3) signals a global change in environmental responsibility. Case Study: PG&E to use SF6-Free Products from Siemens. System Representation. Single Line-to-Ground Fault. Line-to-Line Fault. Double Line-to-Ground Fault. Sequence Bus Impedance Matrices. Design Projects. 11. SYSTEM PROTECTION. Case Study: On Good Behavior: Inverter-Grid Protections for Integrating Distributed Photovoltaics. Instrument Transformers. Overcurrent Relays. Radial System Protection. Reclosers, Fuses and Sectionalizers. Directional Relays. Protection of Two-Source System with Directional Relays. Zones of Protection. Line Protection with Impedance (Distance) Relays. Differential Relays. Bus Protection with Differential Relays. Transformer Protection with Differential Relays. Pilot Relaying. Numeric Relaying. 12. TRANSIENT STABILITY. Case Study: The Impact of Renewables on Operational Security The Swing Equation. Simplified Synchronous Machine Model and System Equivalents. The Equal-Area Criterion. Numerical Integration of the Swing Equation. Multimachine Stability. A Two-Axis Synchronous Machine Model. Wind Turbine Machine Models. Design Methods for Improving Transient Stability. 13. POWER SYSTEM CONTROLS. Case Study: The Software-Defined Power Grid. Generator-Voltage Control. Turbine-Governor Control. Load-Frequency Control. 14. TRANSMISSION LINES: TRANSIENT OPERATION. Case Study: . Case Study: VariSTAR Type AZE Station-Class Surge Arresters for Systems through 345 kV IEEE Certified. Traveling Waves on Single-Phase Lossless Lines. Boundary Conditions for Single-Phase Lossless Lines. Bewley Lattice Diagram. Discrete-Time Models of Single-Phase Lossless Lines and Lumped RLC Elements. Lossy Lines. Multiconductor Lines. Power System Overvoltages. Insulation Coordination. 15. POWER DISTRIBUTION. Case Study: High-Frequency Power Electronics at the Grid Edge. Introduction to Distribution. Primary Distribution. Secondary Distribution. Transformers in Distribution Systems. Shunt Capacitors in Distribution Systems. Distribution Software. Distribution Reliability. Distribution Automation. Smart Grid. Appendix. Index."

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Book SynopsisSocial Media Analytics and Practical Applications: The Change to the Competition Landscape provides a framework that allows you to understand and analyze the impact of social media in various industries. It illustrates how social media analytics can help firms build transformational strategies and cope with the challenges of social media technology. By focusing on the relationship between social media and other technology models, such as wisdom of crowds, healthcare, fintech and blockchain, machine learning methods, and 5G, this book is able to provide applications used to understand and analyze the impact of social media. Various industries are called out and illustrate how social media analytics can help firms build transformational strategies and at the same time cope with the challenges that are part of the landscape. The book discusses how social media is a driving force in shaping consumer behavior and spurring innovations by embracing and dire

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Book SynopsisCollins Complete DIY Manual has sold over 3 million copies and is the most comprehensive and authoritative DIY manual ever produced.For novices, DIY enthusiasts or professionals, this essential book continues to be the most in-depth, up-to-date and user-friendly DIY book on the market, covering everything from decorating and repairs to electricity, plumbing and much more.This fully updated version features an even more accessible design to help you navigate easily through the info, and thousands of new photographs and illustrations to make sure you get your job done quickly and safely. There have been many changes to regulations in recent years, particularly in electricity (the new Part P legislation and changes to cable colours) the Manual not only lists but also clearly explains these new regs and helps you work with them.And as we all become much more conscious of the environmental impact our homes have, new material on energy-saving DIY is essential reading for any householder saving you money too in the process.Trade Review“A book that does exactly what it says on the tin” – Sarah Vine, The Times “For novices and competent DIYers alike, it continues to be the most user-friendly manual for any job from installing a toilet to replacing a tap…A new generation of DIYers may no longer justify space for a weighty book like this on their shelves, but for me at least, it is an essential reference.” – Self Build & Design

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Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.BUILD, CONVERT, OR BUY A STATE-OF-THE-ART ELECTRIC VEHICLEThoroughly revised and expanded, Build Your Own Electric Vehicle, Third Edition, is your go-to guide for converting an internal combustion engine vehicle to electric or building an EV from the ground up. You'll also find out about the wide variety of EVs available for purchase and how they're being built. This new editiondetails all the latest breakthroughs, including AC propulsion and regenerative braking systems, intelligent controllers, batteries, and charging technologies.Filled with updated photos, this cutting-edge resource fully Table of ContentsChapter 1. Why Electric VehiclesWhat are Electric VehiclesNew Electricity Rates/Oil costsConversion costsChapter 2. Electric Vehicle BenefitsReports from the US Dept. of EnergyChapter 3. Electric Vehicle (recent) History Toyota's hybrid drive technologyGM and CARBFord and TH!NK CityTesla RoadsterChapter 4. Drive Systems, Chassis, and DesignsLithium Nono-phosphatesIntelligent Drive SystemsChapter 5. Sources, Parts, Conversion Companies and ExpertsUpdates on everything from previous edition, plus links to an online companion site that will be updated every 3 months or so for new informationChapter 6. Calculating Torque CurvesSoftware from Grassroots electric vehicles, Electric Vehicles of America, and NetGain technologiesChapter 7. Electric MotorsAC and DCMetric Mind CorporationAnaheim AutomationHi Performance Electric Vehicle SystemsAC PropulsionTesla MototrsWARP MotorsChapter 8. ControllersChapter 9. BatteriesLithiumLithium-polyphosphateNickelChapter 10. ChargersNewer, standardized SAE systemsChapter 11. AC/DC Drive and Controller PackagesLead Acid conversionsLithium Polymer conversionsChapter 12. Visions for Future Electric Cars and Electric Car Conversions

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Book SynopsisBranislav M. Notaroš received the Dipl.Ing. (B.Sc.), M.Sc., and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Yugoslavia, in 1988, 1992, and 1995, respectively. From 1996 to 1998, he was an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering at the University of Belgrade, and before that, from 1989 to 1996, a Teaching and Research Assistant (faculty position) in the same department.  He spent the 1998-1999 academic year as a Research Associate at the University of Colorado at Boulder. He was an Assistant Professor, from 1999 to 2004, and Associate Professor (with Tenure), from 2004 to 2006, in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth. He is currently an Associate Professor (with Tenure) of electrical and computer engineering at Colorado State University.   Research activities of Prof. Notaroš Trade ReviewThe worked examples are very good and seem to be the anchor for different “concept nuggets.” The examples either demonstrate the use of the mathematics in a very complete manner or model a real-world problem using the principles developed in the previous material. By rereading the material and carefully going over the example, the student will not be intimidated by the one or two questions and problems at the end of the chapter referenced at the end of the section.Table of Contents Chapter 1 Electrostatic Field in Free Space Chapter 2 Dielectrics, Capacitance, and Electric Energy Chapter 3 Steady Electric Currents Chapter 4 Magnetostatic Field in Free Space Chapter 5 Magnetostatic Field in Material Media Chapter 6 Slowly Time-Varying Electromagnetic Field Chapter 7 Inductance and Magnetic Energy Chapter 8 Rapidly Time-Varying Electromagnetic Field Chapter 9 Uniform Plane Electromagnetic Waves Chapter 10 Reflection and Transmission of Plane Waves Chapter 11 Field Analysis of Transmission Lines Chapter 12 Circuit Analysis of Transmission Lines Chapter 13 Waveguides and Cavity Resonators Chapter 14 Antennas and Wireless Communication Systems APPENDICES 1 Quantities, Symbols, Units, and Constants 2 Mathematical Facts and Identities 3 Vector Algebra and Calculus Index 4 Answers to Selected Problems Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisWritten by a leading author on the subject, PID and Predictive Control of Electric Drives and Power Supplies using MATLAB / Simulink provides a timely introduction to current research on PID and predictive control.Table of ContentsAbout the Authors xiii Preface xv Acknowledgment xix List of Symbols and Acronyms xxi 1 Modeling of AC Drives and Power Converter 1 1.1 Space Phasor Representation 1 1.1.1 Space Vector for Magnetic Motive Force 1 1.1.2 Space Vector Representation of Voltage Equation 4 1.2 Model of Surface Mounted PMSM 5 1.2.1 Representation in Stationary Reference Frame 5 1.2.2 Representation in Synchronous Reference Frame 7 1.2.3 Electromagnetic Torque 8 1.3 Model of Interior Magnets PMSM 10 1.3.1 Complete Model of PMSM 11 1.4 Per Unit Model and PMSM Parameters 11 1.4.1 Per Unit Model and Physical Parameters 11 1.4.2 Experimental Validation of PMSM Model 12 1.5 Modeling of Induction Motor 13 1.5.1 Space Vector Representation of Voltage Equation of Induction Motor 13 1.5.2 Representation in Stationary Reference Frame 17 1.5.3 Representation in Reference Frame 17 1.5.4 Electromagnetic Torque of Induction Motor 19 1.5.5 Model Parameters of Induction Motor and Model Validation 19 1.6 Modeling of Power Converter 21 1.6.1 Space Vector Representation of Voltage Equation for Power Converter 22 1.6.2 Representation in Reference Frame 22 1.6.3 Representation in Reference Frame 23 1.6.4 Energy Balance Equation 24 1.7 Summary 25 1.8 Further Reading 25 References 25 2 Control of Semiconductor Switches via PWM Technologies 27 2.1 Topology of IGBT Inverter 28 2.2 Six-step Operating Mode 30 2.3 Carrier Based PWM 31 2.3.1 Sinusoidal PWM 31 2.3.2 Carrier Based PWM with Zero-sequence Injection 32 2.4 Space Vector PWM 35 2.5 Simulation Study of the Effect of PWM 37 2.6 Summary 40 2.7 Further Reading 40 References 40 3 PID Control System Design for Electrical Drives and Power Converters 41 3.1 Overview of PID Control Systems Using Pole-assignment Design Techniques 42 3.1.1 PI Controller Design 42 3.1.2 Selecting the Desired Closed-loop Performance 43 3.1.3 Overshoot in Reference Response 45 3.1.4 PID Controller Design 46 3.1.5 Cascade PID Control Systems 48 3.2 Overview of PID Control of PMSM 49 3.2.1 Bridging the Sensor Measurements to Feedback Signals (See the lower part of Figure 3.6) 50 3.2.2 Bridging the Control Signals to the Inputs to the PMSM (See the top part of Figure 3.6) 51 3.3 PI Controller Design for Torque Control of PMSM 52 3.3.1 Set-point Signals to the Current Control Loops 52 3.3.2 Decoupling of the Current Control Systems 53 3.3.3 PI Current Controller Design 54 3.4 Velocity Control of PMSM 55 3.4.1 Inner-loop Proportional Control of q-axis Current 55 3.4.2 Cascade Feedback Control of Velocity:P Plus PI 57 3.4.3 Simulation Example for P Plus PI Control System 59 3.4.4 Cascade Feedback Control of Velocity:PI Plus PI 61 3.4.5 Simulation Example for PI Plus PI Control System 63 3.5 PID Controller Design for Position Control of PMSM 64 3.6 Overview of PID Control of Induction Motor 65 3.6.1 Bridging the Sensor Measurements to Feedback Signals 67 3.6.2 Bridging the Control Signals to the Inputs to the Induction Motor 67 3.7 PID Controller Design for Induction Motor 68 3.7.1 PI Control of Electromagnetic Torque of Induction Motor 68 3.7.2 Cascade Control of Velocity and Position 70 3.7.3 Slip Estimation 73 3.8 Overview of PID Control of Power Converter 74 3.8.1 Bridging Sensor Measurements to Feedback Signals 75 3.8.2 Bridging the Control Signals to the Inputs of the Power Converter 76 3.9 PI Current and Voltage Controller Design for Power Converter 76 3.9.1 P Control of d-axis Current 76 3.9.2 PI Control of q-axis Current 77 3.9.3 PI Cascade Control of Output Voltage 79 3.9.4 Simulation Example 80 3.9.5 Phase Locked Loop 80 3.10 Summary 82 3.11 Further Reading 83 References 83 4 PID Control System Implementation 87 4.1 P and PI Controller Implementation in Current Control Systems 87 4.1.1 Voltage Operational Limits in Current Control Systems 87 4.1.2 Discretization of Current Controllers 90 4.1.3 Anti-windup Mechanisms 92 4.2 Implementation of Current Controllers for PMSM 93 4.3 Implementation of Current Controllers for Induction Motors 95 4.4 Current Controller Implementation for Power Converter 97 4.4.1 Constraints on the Control Variables 97 4.5 Implementation of Outer-loop PI Control System 98 4.5.1 Constraints in the Outer-loop 98 4.5.2 Over Current Protection for AC Machines 99 4.5.3 Implementation of Outer-loop PI Control of Velocity 100 4.5.4 Over Current Protection for Power Converters 100 4.6 MATLAB Tutorial on Implementation of PI Controller 100 4.7 Summary 102 4.8 Further Reading 103 References 103 5 Tuning PID Control Systems with Experimental Validations 105 5.1 Sensitivity Functions in Feedback Control Systems 105 5.1.1 Two-degrees of Freedom Control System Structure 105 5.1.2 Sensitivity Functions 109 5.1.3 Disturbance Rejection and Noise Attenuation 110 5.2 Tuning Current-loop q-axis Proportional Controller (PMSM) 111 5.2.1 Performance Factor and Proportional Gain 112 5.2.2 Complementary Sensitivity Function 112 5.2.3 Sensitivity and Input Sensitivity Functions 114 5.2.4 Effect of PWM Noise on Current Proportional Control System 114 5.2.5 Effect of Current Sensor Noise and Bias 116 5.2.6 Experimental Case Study of Current Sensor Bias Using P Control 118 5.2.7 Experimental Case Study of Current Loop Noise 119 5.3 Tuning Current-loop PI Controller (PMSM) 123 5.4 Performance Robustness in Outer-loop Controllers 128 5.4.1 Sensitivity Functions for Outer-loop Control System 131 5.4.2 Input Sensitivity Functions for the Outer-loop System 135 5.5 Analysis of Time-delay Effects 136 5.5.1 PI Control of q-axis Current 137 5.5.2 P Control of q-axis Current 137 5.6 Tuning Cascade PI Control Systems for Induction Motor 138 5.6.1 Robustness of Cascade PI Control System 140 5.6.2 Robustness Study Using Nyquist Plot 143 5.7 Tuning PI Control Systems for Power Converter 147 5.7.1 Overview of the Designs 147 5.7.2 Tuning the Current Controllers 149 5.7.3 Tuning Voltage Controller 150 5.7.4 Experimental Evaluations 154 5.8 Tuning P Plus PI Controllers for Power Converter 157 5.8.1 Design and Sensitivity Functions 157 5.8.2 Experimental Results 158 5.9 Robustness of Power Converter Control System Using PI Current Controllers 159 5.9.1 Variation of Inductance Using PI Current Controllers 160 5.9.2 Variation of Capacitance on Closed-loop Performance 163 5.10 Summary 167 5.10.1 Current Controllers 167 5.10.2 Velocity, Position and Voltage Controllers 168 5.10.3 Choice between P Current Control and PI Current Control 169 5.11 Further Reading 169 References 169 6 FCS Predictive Control in d − q Reference Frame 171 6.1 States of IGBT Inverter and the Operational Constraints 172 6.2 FCS Predictive Control of PMSM 175 6.3 MATLAB Tutorial on Real-time Implementation of FCS-MPC 177 6.3.1 Simulation Results 179 6.3.2 Experimental Results of FCS Control 181 6.4 Analysis of FCS-MPC System 182 6.4.1 Optimal Control System 182 6.4.2 Feedback Controller Gain 184 6.4.3 Constrained Optimal Control 185 6.5 Overview of FCS-MPC with Integral Action 187 6.6 Derivation of I-FCS Predictive Control Algorithm 191 6.6.1 Optimal Control without Constraints 191 6.6.2 I-FCS Predictive Controller with Constraints 194 6.6.3 Implementation of I-FCS-MPC Algorithm 196 6.7 MATLAB Tutorial on Implementation of I-FCS Predictive Controller 197 6.7.1 Simulation Results 198 6.8 I-FCS Predictive Control of Induction Motor 201 6.8.1 The Control Algorithm for an Induction Motor 202 6.8.2 Simulation Results 204 6.8.3 Experimental Results 205 6.9 I-FCS Predictive Control of Power Converter 209 6.9.1 I-FCS Predictive Control of a Power Converter 209 6.9.2 Simulation Results 211 6.9.3 Experimental Results 214 6.10 Evaluation of Robustness of I-FCS-MPC via Monte-Carlo Simulations 215 6.10.1 Discussion on Mean Square Errors 216 6.11 Velocity and Position Control of PMSM Using I-FCS-MPC 218 6.11.1 Choice of Sampling Rate for the Outer-loop Control System 219 6.11.2 Velocity and Position Controller Design 223 6.12 Velocity and Position Control of Induction Motor Using I-FCS-MPC 224 6.12.1 I-FCS Cascade Velocity Control of Induction Motor 225 6.12.2 I-FCS-MPC Cascade Position Control of Induction Motor 226 6.12.3 Experimental Evaluation of Velocity Control 228 6.13 Summary 232 6.13.1 Selection of sampling interval 233 6.13.2 Selection of the Integral Gain 233 6.14 Further Reading 234 References 234 7 FCS Predictive Control in Reference Frame 237 7.1 FCS Predictive Current Control of PMSM 237 7.1.1 Predictive Control Using One-step-ahead Prediction 238 7.1.2 FCS Current Control in Reference Frame 239 7.1.3 Generating Current Reference Signals in Frame 240 7.2 Resonant FCS Predictive Current Control 241 7.2.1 Control System Configuration 241 7.2.2 Outer-loop Controller Design 242 7.2.3 Resonant FCS Predictive Control System 243 7.3 Resonant FCS Current Control of Induction Motor 247 7.3.1 The Original FCS Current Control of Induction Motor 247 7.3.2 Resonant FCS Predictive Current Control of Induction Motor 250 7.3.3 Experimental Evaluations of Resonant FCS Predictive Control 252 7.4 Resonant FCS Predictive Power Converter Control 255 7.4.1 FCS Predictive Current Control of Power Converter 255 7.4.2 Experimental Results of Resonant FCS Predictive Control 260 7.5 Summary 261 7.6 Further Reading 262 References 262 8 Discrete-time Model Predictive Control (DMPC) of Electrical Drives and Power Converter 265 8.1 Linear Discrete-time Model for PMSM 266 8.1.1 Linear Model for PMSM 266 8.1.2 Discretization of the Continuous-time Model 267 8.2 Discrete-time MPC Design with Constraints 268 8.2.1 Augmented Model 269 8.2.2 Design without Constraints 270 8.2.3 Formulation of the Constraints 272 8.2.4 On-line Solution for Constrained MPC 272 8.3 Experimental Evaluation of DMPC of PMSM 274 8.3.1 The MPC Parameters 274 8.3.2 Constraints 275 8.3.3 Response to Load Disturbances 275 8.3.4 Response to a Staircase Reference 277 8.3.5 Tuning of the MPC controller 278 8.4 Power Converter Control Using DMPC with Experimental Validation 280 8.5 Summary 281 8.6 Further Reading 282 References 283 9 Continuous-time Model Predictive Control (CMPC) of Electrical Drives and PowerConverter 285 9.1 Continuous-time MPC Design 286 9.1.1 Augmented Model 286 9.1.2 Description of the Control Trajectories Using Laguerre Functions 287 9.1.3 Continuous-time Predictive Control without Constraints 289 9.1.4 Tuning of CMPC Control System Using Exponential Data Weighting and Prescribed Degree of Stability 292 9.2 CMPC with Nonlinear Constraints 294 9.2.1 Approximation of Nonlinear Constraint Using Four Linear Constraints 294 9.2.2 Approximation of Nonlinear Constraint Using Sixteen Linear Constraints 294 9.2.3 State Feedback Observer 297 9.3 Simulation and Experimental Evaluation of CMPC of Induction Motor 298 9.3.1 Simulation Results 298 9.3.2 Experimental Results 300 9.4 Continuous-time Model Predictive Control of Power Converter 301 9.4.1 Use of Prescribed Degree of Stability in the Design 302 9.4.2 Experimental Results for Rectification Mode 303 9.4.3 Experimental Results for Regeneration Mode 303 9.4.4 Experimental Results for Disturbance Rejection 304 9.5 Gain Scheduled Predictive Controller 305 9.5.1 The Weighting Parameters 305 9.5.2 Gain Scheduled Predictive Control Law 307 9.6 Experimental Results of Gain Scheduled Predictive Control of Induction Motor 309 9.6.1 The First Set of Experimental Results 309 9.6.2 The Second Set of Experimental Results 311 9.6.3 The Third Set of Experimental Results 312 9.7 Summary 312 9.8 Further Reading 313 References 313 10 MATLAB®/Simulink® Tutorials on Physical Modeling and Test-bed Setup 315 10.1 Building Embedded Functions for Park-Clarke Transformation 315 10.1.1 Park-Clarke Transformation for Current Measurements 316 10.1.2 Inverse Park-Clarke Transformation for Voltage Actuation 317 10.2 Building Simulation Model for PMSM 318 10.3 Building Simulation Model for Induction Motor 320 10.4 Building Simulation Model for Power Converter 325 10.4.1 Embedded MATLAB Function for Phase Locked Loop (PLL) 325 10.4.2 Physical Simulation Model for Grid Connected Voltage Source Converter 328 10.5 PMSM Experimental Setup 332 10.6 Induction Motor Experimental Setup 334 10.6.1 Controller 334 10.6.2 Power Supply 334 10.6.3 Inverter 335 10.6.4 Mechanical Load 335 10.6.5 Induction Motor and Sensors 335 10.7 Grid Connected Power Converter Experimental Setup 335 10.7.1 Controller 335 10.7.2 Inverter 336 10.7.3 Sensors 336 10.8 Summary 337 10.9 Further Reading 337 References 337 Index 339

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface The Cover Acknowledgments Prologue 1. Signals and Systems 1.1 Signals, Systems, Models, and Properties 1.1.1 System Properties 1.2 Linear, Time-Invariant Systems 1.2.1 Impulse-Response Representation of LTI Systems 1.2.2 Eigenfunction and Transform Representation of LTI Systems 1.2.3 Fourier Transforms 1.3 Deterministic Signals and Their Fourier Transforms 1.3.1 Signal Classes and Their Fourier Transforms 1.3.2 Parseval’s Identity, Energy Spectral Density, and Deterministic Autocorrelation 1.4 Bilateral Laplace and Z-Transforms 1.4.1 The Bilateral z-Transform 1.4.2 The Bilateral Laplace Transform 1.5 Discrete-Time Processing of Continuous-Time Signals 1.5.1 Basic Structure for DT Processing of CT Signals 1.5.2 DT Filtering and Overall CT Response 1.5.3 Nonideal D/C Converters 1.6 Further Reading Problems Basic Problems Advanced Problems Extension Problems 2. Amplitude, Phase, and Group Delay 2.1 Fourier Transform Magnitude and Phase 2.2 Group Delay and the Effect of Nonlinear Phase 2.2.1 Narrowband Input Signals 2.2.2 Broadband Input Signals 2.3 All-Pass and Minimum-Phase Systems 2.3.1 All-Pass Systems 2.3.2 Minimum-Phase Systems 2.3.3 The Group Delay of Minimum-Phase Systems 2.4 Spectral Factorization 2.5 Further Reading Problems Basic Problems Advanced Problems Extension Problems 3. Pulse-Amplitude Modulation 3.1 Baseband Pulse-Amplitude Modulation 3.1.1 The Transmitted Signal 3.1.2 The Received Signal 3.1.3 Frequency-Domain Characterizations 3.1.4 Intersymbol Interference at the Receiver 3.2 Nyquist Pulses 3.3 Passband Pulse-Amplitude Modulation 3.3.1 Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK) 3.3.2 Phase-Shift Keying (PSK) 3.3.3 Quadrature-Amplitude Modulation (QAM) 3.4 Further Reading Problems Basic Problems Advanced Problems Extension Problems 4. State-Space Models 4.1 System Memory 4.2 Illustrative Examples 4.3 State-Space Models 4.3.1 DT State-Space Models 4.3.2 CT State-Space Models 4.3.3 Defining Properties of State-Space Models 4.4 State-Space Models from LTI Input-Output Models 4.5 Equilibria and Linearization of Nonlinear State-Space Models 4.5.1 Equilibrium 4.5.2 Linearization 4.6 Further Reading Problems Basic Problems Advanced Problems Extension Problems 5. LTI State-Space Models 5.1 Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time LTI Models 5.2 Zero-Input Response and Modal Representation 5.2.1 Undriven CT Systems 5.2.2 Undriven DT Systems 5.2.3 Asymptotic Stability of LTI Systems 5.3 General Response in Modal Coordinates 5.3.1 Driven CT Systems 5.3.2 Driven DT Systems 5.3.3 Similarity Transformations and Diagonalization 5.4 Transfer Functions, Hidden Modes, Reachability, and Observability 5.4.1 Input-State-Output Structure of CT Systems 5.4.2 Input-State-Output Structure of DT Systems 5.5 Further Reading

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Book SynopsisTough Test Questions? Missed Lectures? Not Enough Time? Textbook too Pricey?Fortunately, there's Schaum's. This all-in-one-package includes more than 500 fully-solved problems, examples, and practice exercises to sharpen your problem-solving skills. Plus, you will have access to 25 detailed videos featuring math instructors who explain how to solve the most commonly tested problemsâit's just like having your own virtual tutor! You'll find everything you need to build your confidence, skills, and knowledge and achieve the highest score possible.More than 40 million students have trusted Schaum's to help them study faster, learn better, and get top grades. Now Schaum's is better than ever-with a new look, a new format with hundreds of practice problems, and completely updated information to conform to the latest developments in every field of study. Each Outline presents all the essential course information in an easy-to-follow, topic-by-topic format andTable of Contents1. Introduction2. Circuit Concepts 3. Circuit Laws4. Analysis Methods5. Amplifiers and Operational Amplifier Circuits6. Waveforms and Signals7. First-Order Circuits8. Higher-Order Circuits and Complex Frequency9. Sinusoidal Steady-State Circuit Analysis10. AC Power11. Polyphase Circuits12. Frequency Response, Filters, and Resonance13. Two-Port Networks14. Mutual Inductance and Transformers15. Circuit Analysis Using Spice and Pspice16. The LaPlace Transform Method17. Fourier Method of Waveform AnalysisAppendix A Complex Number SystemAppendix B Matrices and Determinants

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Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.Up-to-date coverage of every facet of electric power in a single volumeThis fully revised, industry-standard resource offers practical details on every aspect of electric power engineering. The book contains in-depth discussions from more than 100 internationally recognized experts. Generation, transmission, distribution, operation, system protection, and switchgear are thoroughly explained. Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers, Seventeenth Edition, features brand-new sections on measurement and instrumentation, interconnected power grids, smart grids and

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Book SynopsisA unique combination of theoretical knowledge and practical analysis experience Derived from Yoshihide Hase?s Handbook of Power Systems Engineering, 2nd Edition, this book provides readers with everything they need to know about power system dynamics. Presented in three parts, it covers power system theories, computation theories, and how prevailed engineering platforms can be utilized for various engineering works. It features many illustrations based on ETAP to help explain the knowledge within as much as possible. Recompiling all the chapters from the previous book, Power System Dynamics with Computer Based Modeling and Analysis offers nineteen new and improved content with updated information and all new topics, including two new chapters on circuit analysis which help engineers with non-electrical engineering backgrounds. Topics covered include: Essentials of Electromagnetism; Complex Number Notation (Symbolic Method) and Laplace-trTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xxix Preface xxxi Acknowledgments xxxiii Part A Power Systems Theories and Practices 1 1 Essentials of Electromagnetism 3 1.1 Overview 3 1.2 Voltage, Current, Electric Power, and Resistance 3 1.3 Electromagnetic Induction (Faraday’s Law) 4 1.4 Self Inductance and Mutual Inductance 6 1.5 Mutual Capacitance 7 2 Complex Number Notation (Symbolic Method) and the Laplace Transform 11 2.1 Euler’s Formula 11 2.2 Complex Number Notation of Electricity Based on Euler’s Formula 12 2.3 LR Circuit Transient Calculation Using Complex Number Notation and the Laplace Transform 14 2.4 LCR Circuit Transient Calculation 16 2.5 Resistive, Inductive, and Capacitive Load, and Phasor Expressions 21 3 Transmission Line Matrices and Symmetrical Components 25 3.1 Overhead Transmission Lines with Inductive LR Constants 25 3.2 Overhead Transmission Lines with Capacitive C Constants 30 3.3 Symmetrical Coordinate Method (Symmetrical Components) 32 3.4 Conversion of a Three-Phase Circuit into a Symmetrical Coordinated Circuit 39 3.5 Transmission Lines by Symmetrical Components 39 3.6 Generator by Symmetrical Components (Simplified Description) 47 3.7 Description of a Three-Phase Load Circuit by Symmetrical Components 49 4 Physics of Transmission Lines and Line Constants 51 4.1 Inductance 51 4.2 Capacitance and Leakage Current 59 4.3 Actual Configuration of Overhead Transmission Lines 66 4.4 Special Properties of Working Inductance and Working Capacitance 68 4.5 MKS Rational Unit System 71 5 The Per-Unit Method 77 5.1 Fundamental Concepts of the PU Method 77 5.2 PU Method for a Single-Phase Circuit 77 5.3 PU Method for Three-Phase Circuits 79 5.4 Base Quantity Modification of Unitized Impedance 80 5.5 Unitized Symmetrical Circuit: Numerical Example 81 6 Transformer Modeling 91 6.1 Single-Phase Three-Winding Transformer 91 6.2 − − Δ-Connected Three-Phase, Three-Winding Transformer 95 6.3 Three-Phase Transformers with Various Winding Connections 101 6.4 Autotransformers 105 6.5 On-Load Tap-Changing Transformer (LTC Transformer) 107 6.6 Phase-Shifting Transformer 109 6.7 Woodbridge Transformers and Scott Transformers 113 6.8 Neutral Grounding Transformer 116 6.9 Transformer Magnetic Characteristics and Inrush Current Phenomena 118 7 Fault Analysis Based on Symmetrical Components 127 7.1 Fundamental Concepts of Fault Analysis Based on the Symmetrical Coordinate Method 127 7.2 Line-to-Ground Fault (Phase-a to Ground Fault: 1ϕG) 127 7.3 Fault Analysis at Various Fault Modes 132 7.4 Conductor Opening 137 7.5 Visual Vector Diagrams of Voltages and Currents under Fault Conditions 139 7.6 Three-Phase-Order Misconnections 151 8 Fault Analysis with the αβ0-Method 155 8.1 αβ0-Method (Clarke-Components) 155 8.2 Fault Analysis with αβ0-Components 166 8.3 Advantages of the αβ0-Method 171 8.4 Fault-Transient Analysis with Symmetrical Components and the αβ0-Method 171 9 Power Cables 175 9.1 Structural Features of Power Cables 175 9.2 Circuit Constants of Power Cables 183 9.3 Metallic Sheaths and Outer Coverings 190 10 Synchronous Generators, Part 1: Circuit Theory 195 10.1 Generator Model in a Phase abc-Domain 195 10.2 dq0 Method (dq0 Components) 203 10.3 Transformation of Generator Equations from the abc-Domain to the dq0-Domain 206 10.4 Physical Meanings of Generator Equations in the dq0-Domain 210 10.5 Generator dq0-Domain Equations 213 10.6 Generator dq0-Domain Equivalent Circuit 218 10.7 Generator Operating Characteristics and Vector Diagram on the d- and q-Axes Plane 220 10.8 Generator Transient Reactance 223 10.9 Symmetrical Equivalent Circuits of Generators 225 10.10 Laplace-Transformed Generator Equations and Time Constants 231 10.12 Relations Between the dq0-Domain and αβ0-Domain 239 10.13 Calculating Generator Short-Circuit Transient Current Under Load 239 11 Synchronous Generators, Part 2: Characteristics of Machinery 251 11.1 Apparent Power P + jQ in the abc-, 012-, dq0-Domains 251 11.2 Mechanical (Kinetic) Power and Generating (Electrical) Power 257 11.3 Kinetic Equation for Generators 259 11.4 Generator Operating Characteristics with P-Q (or p-q) Coordinates 269 11.5 Generator Ratings and Capability Curves 271 11.6 Generator’s Locus in the pq-Coordinate Plane under Various Operating Conditions 275 11.7 Leading Power-Factor (Under-Excitation Domain) Operation, and UEL Function by AVR 277 11.8 Operation at Over-Excitation (Lagging Power-Factor Operation) 282 11.9 Thermal Generators’ Weak Points (Negative-Sequence Current, Higher Harmonic Current, Shaft-Torsional Distortion) 282 11.10 Transient Torsional Twisting Torque of a TG Coupled Shaft 287 11.11 General Description of Modern Thermal/Nuclear TG Units 290 12 Steady-State, Transient, and Dynamic Stability 297 12.1 P-δ Curves and Q-δ Curves 297 12.2 Power Transfer Limits of Grid-Connected Generators (Steady-State Stability) 299 12.3 Transient Stability 306 12.4 Dynamic Stability 309 12.5 Four-Terminal Circuit and the P − δ Curve under Fault Conditions 310 12.6 P-δ Curve under Various Fault-Mode Conditions 312 12.7 PQV Characteristics and Voltage Instability (Voltage Avalanche) 313 12.8 Generator Characteristics with an AVR 319 12.9 Generator Operation Limit With and Without an AVR in PQ Coordinates 330 12.10 VQ (Voltage and Reactive Power) Control with an AVR 332 13 Induction Generators and Motors (Induction Machines) 337 13.1 Introduction to Induction Motors and Generators 337 13.2 Doubly Fed Induction Generators and Motors 337 13.3 Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors 355 13.4 Proportional Relations of Mechanical Quantities and Electrical Quantities as a Basis of Power-Electronic Control 367 14 Directional Distance Relays and R–X Diagrams 371 14.1 Overview of Protective Relays 371 14.2 Directional Distance Relays (DZ-Ry) and R–X Coordinate Plane 372 14.3 R–X Diagram Locus under Fault Conditions 375 14.4 Impedance Locus under Ordinary Load Conditions and Step-Out Conditions 381 14.5 Impedance Locus Under Faults with Load-Flow Conditions 385 14.6 Loss of Excitation Detection by Distance Relays (40-Relay) 386 15 Lightning and Switching Surge Phenomena and Breaker Switching 391 15.1 Traveling Wave on a Transmission Line, and Equations 391 15.2 Four-Terminal Network Equations between Two Arbitrary Points 398 15.3 Examination of Line Constants 399 15.4 Behavior of Traveling Waves at Transition Points 401 15.5 Surge Overvoltages and Their Three Different, Confusing Notations 404 15.6 Behavior of Traveling Waves at a Lightning-Strike Point 406 15.7 Traveling Wave Phenomena of Three-Phase Transmission Lines 408 15.8 Reflection Lattices and Transient Behavior Modes 413 15.9 Switching Surge Phenomena Caused by Breakers Tripping 415 15.10 Breaker Phase Voltages and Recovery Voltages after Fault Tripping 424 15.11 Three-Phase Breaker TRVs across Independent Poles 426 15.12 Circuit Breakers and Switching Practices 432 15.13 Switching Surge Caused by Line Switches (Disconnecting Switches) 452 15.14 Surge Phenomena Caused on Power Cable Systems 454 15.15 Lightning Surge Caused on Cable Lines 456 15.16 Switching Surge Caused on Cable Lines 458 15.17 Surge Voltages Caused on Cables and GIS Jointed Points 459 16 Overvoltage Phenomena 463 16.1 Neutral-Grounding Methods 463 16.2 Arc-Suppression Coil (Petersen Coil) Neutral-Grounded Method 467 16.3 Overvoltages Caused by a Line-to-Ground Fault 467 16.4 Other Low-Frequency Overvoltage Phenomena (Non-resonant Phenomena) 469 16.5 Lower-Frequency Resonant Overvoltages 472 16.6 Interrupted Ground Fault of a Cable Line in a Neutral-Ungrounded System 475 16.7 Switching Surge Overvoltages 475 16.8 Overvoltage Phenomena Caused by Lightning Strikes 477 17 Insulation Coordination 481 17.1 Overvoltages as Insulation Stresses 481 17.2 Classification of Overvoltages 483 17.3 Fundamental Process of Insulation Coordination 486 17.4 Countermeasures on Transmission Lines to Reduce Overvoltages and Flashover 487 17.5 Tower-Mounted Arrester Devices 489 17.6 Using Unequal Circuit Insulation (Double-Circuit Lines) 490 17.7 Using High-Speed Reclosing 490 17.8 Overvoltage Protection with Arresters at Substations 491 17.9 Station Protection Using OGWs and Reduced Grounding Resistance 499 17.10 Insulation Coordination Details 501 17.11 Transfer Surge Voltages through Transformers, and Generator Protection 509 17.12 Transformer Internal High-Frequency Voltage Oscillation Phenomena 518 17.13 Oil-Filled Transformers Versus Gas-Filled Transformers 524 18 Harmonics and Waveform Distortion Phenomena 527 18.1 Classification of Harmonics and Waveform Distortion 527 18.2 Impact of Harmonics 527 18.3 Harmonic Phenomena Caused by Power Cable Line Faults 529 19 Power Electronic Applications, Part 1: Devices 535 19.1 Fundamental Concepts of Power Electronics 535 19.2 Power Switching with Power Devices 535 19.3 Snubber Circuit 539 19.4 Voltage Conversion with Switching 540 19.5 Power Electronics Devices 542 19.6 Mathematical Background for Analyzing Power Electronics Applications 547 20 Power Electronics Applications, Part 2: Circuit Theory 553 20.1 AC-to-DC Conversion: A Rectifier with a Diode 553 20.2 AC-to-DC Controlled Conversion: Rectifier with a Thyristor 562 20.3 DC-to-DC Converters (DC-to-DC Choppers) 571 20.4 DC-to-AC Inverters 579 20.5 PWM Control of Inverters 583 20.6 AC-to-AC Converters (Cycloconverters) 587 21 Power Electronics Applications, Part 3: Control Theory 589 21.1 Introduction 589 21.2 Driving Motors 589 21.3 Static Var Compensators (SVC: A Thyristor-Based Approach) 597 21.4 Active Filters 603 21.5 Generator Excitation Systems 609 21.6 Adjustable-Speed Pumped-Storage Generator-Motor Units 610 21.7 Wind Generation 615 21.8 Small Hydro Generation 618 21.9 Solar Generation (Photovoltaic Generation) 619 21.10 High-Voltage DC Transmission (HVDC Transmission) 621 21.11 FACTS Technology 625 21.12 Railway Applications 62721.13 Uninterruptible Power Supplies 628Appendix A Mathematical Formulae 631Appendix B Matrix Equation Formulae 635 Part B Digital Computation Theories 639 22 Digital Computation Basics 641 22.1 Introduction 641 22.2 Network Types 642 22.3 Circuit Elements 645 22.4 Ohm’s Law 653 22.5 Kirchhoff’s Circuit Laws 655 22.6 Electrical Division Principle 656 22.7 Instantaneous, Average, and RMS Values 657 22.8 Nodal Formulation 658 22.9 Procedure for Mesh Analysis 662 22.10 Norton’s and Thévenin’s Equivalents 664 22.11 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem 668 22.13 Network Topology 675 22.14 Power System Matrices 681 22.15 Transformer Modeling 692 22.16 Transmission Line Modeling 696 23 Power-Flow Methods 701 23.1 Newton–Raphson Method 701 23.2 Gauss–Seidel Method 702 23.3 Adaptive Newton–Raphson Method 703 23.4 Fast-Decoupled Method 703 24 Short-Circuit Methods 705 24.1 ANSI/IEEE Calculation Methods 705 24.2 IEC Calculation Methods 719 25 Harmonics 729 25.1 Problem Formulation 729 25.2 Methodology and Standards 733 25.3 Harmonic Indices 735 25.4 Harmonic Component Modeling 740 25.5 Power System Components 741 25.6 System Resonance 743 25.7 Harmonic Mitigation 744 26 Reliability 749 26.1 Methodology and Standards 749 26.2 Performance Indices 752 27 Numerical Integration Methods 755 27.1 Accuracy 755 27.2 Stability 755 27.3 Stiffness 757 27.4 Predictor–Corrector 757 27.5 Runge–Kutta 758 28 Optimization 761 28.1 Power-Flow Injections 761 28.2 Voltage Magnitude Constraints 762 28.3 Line-Flow Thermal Constraints 762 28.4 Line-Flow Constraints as Current Limitations 763 28.5 Line-Flow Constraints as Voltage Angle Constraints 763 Part C Analytical Practices and Examples using ETAP 765 29 Introduction to Power System Analysis 767 29.1 Planning Studies 767 29.2 Need for Power-System Analysis 768 29.3 Computers in Power Engineering 768 29.4 Study Approach 768 29.5 Operator Training 772 29.6 System Reliability and Maintenance 772 29.7 Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) 772 30 One-Line Diagrams 777 30.1 Introduction 777 30.2 Engineering Parameters 777 30.3 One-Line Diagram Symbols 778 30.4 Power-System Configurations 780 30.5 Network Topology Processing 787 30.6 Illustrative Example – Per-Unit and Single-Line Diagram 790 31 Load Flow 791 31.1 Introduction 791 31.2 Study Objectives 791 31.3 Problem Formulation 792 31.4 Calculation Methodology 794 31.5 Required Data for ETAP 796 31.6 Data Collection and Preparation 797 31.7 Model Validation 797 31.8 Study Scenarios 799 31.9 Contingency Analysis 800 31.10 Optimal or Optimum Power Flow 801 31.11 Illustrative Examples 803 32 Short-Circuit/Fault Analysis 841 32.1 Introduction 841 32.2 Analysis Objectives 841 32.3 Methodology and Standards 846 32.4 Study Scenarios 855 32.5 Results and Reports 856 32.6 Illustrative Examples 858 33 Motor Starting 881 33.1 Methods 881 33.2 Analysis Objectives 893 33.3 Methodology and Standards 894 33.4 Required Data 902 33.5 Illustrative Examples 903 33.6 Motor-Starting Plots and Results 913 33.7 Motor-Starting Alerts 916 34 Harmonics 917 34.1 Introduction 917 34.2 Analysis Objectives 919 34.3 Required Data 921 34.4 Harmonic Load Flow and Frequency Scan 923 34.5 Illustrative Examples 924 35 Transient Stability 939 35.1 Introduction 939 35.2 Analysis Objectives 940 35.3 Basic Concepts of Transient Stability 942 35.4 Dynamic Models 944 35.5 User-Defined Models 967 35.6 Parameter Tuning 967 35.7 Single-Generator Power System Model 971 35.8 Data Collection and Preparation 973 35.9 Study Scenarios 974 35.10 Stability Improvement 977 35.11 System Simulation 977 35.12 Illustrative Examples 979 36 Reliability Assessment 1003 36.1 Introduction 1003 36.2 Analysis Objectives 1003 36.3 Problem Formulation 1004 36.4 Required Data 1005 36.5 Illustrative Examples 1005 37 Protective Device Coordination 1019 37.1 Introduction 1019 37.2 Relays 1022 37.3 Methodology 1028 37.4 Required Data 1035 37.5 Principle of Protection 1036 37.6 Principle of Selectivity/Coordination 1037 37.7 Art of Protection and Coordination >600 V 1040 37.8 Illustrative Examples 1048Appendix C Standards, Regulations, and Best Practice 1071 Further Reading 1083 Index 1085

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Book SynopsisEquip yourself with the tools for success in Electrical Installations with this comprehensive and updated edition of our bestselling textbook, published in association with City & Guilds and IET. - Study with confidence using the most up-to-date information available for the new industry standards, including the 2022 amendments to BS7671: 2018, The IET Wiring Regulations 18th edition - Enhance your understanding of concepts in electrical installation with 100s of clear and accurate technical drawings and step-by-step photo sequences- Get ready for the workplace with industry tips- Prepare for your trade tests or end-of-year exams with end-of-chapter practice questions - Engage with author Peter Tanner''s accessible text, drawing on his extensive industry experience- Target your learning with detailed qualification mapping grids for the latest City & Guilds Level 2 qualifications - including the 2365, 8202, 5357 and 5393 specifications, as well as t

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Book SynopsisThe best way to learn design in any field is to study examples, and some of the best examples of software design come from the tools programmers use in their own work. Software Design by Example: A Tool-Based Introduction with Python therefore builds small versions of the things programmers use in order to demystify them and give some insights into how experienced programmers think. From a file backup system and a testing framework to a regular expression matcher, a browser layout engine, and a very small compiler, we explore common design patterns, show how making code easier to test also makes it easier to reuse, and help readers understand how debuggers, profilers, package managers, and version control systems work so that they can use them more effectively.This material can be used for self-paced study, in an undergraduate course on software design, or as the core of an intensive weeklong workshop for working programmers. Each chapter has a set of exercises ranging in siz

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Book SynopsisWritten by former NASA engineer Dr David Baker, this full-colour hardback guide provides a rich overview of electrical and mechanical engineering, perfect for students and enthusiasts alike. Covering Newtonian mechanics, nuclear engineering, artificial intelligence, 3D printing and more, this essential guide brings clarity to complex ideas. Inside you will discover the history of this far-reaching subject as well as the new developments and challenges of the future. The accessible text is accompanied by helpful diagrams, photographs, further reading, and easily digestible features, making getting to grips with the subject as easy as ever.By the time you finish reading this book, you will be able to answer questions such as:• How do materials affect function?• What is reliability?• How did we get to the Moon?• What is nuclear engineering? ABOUT THE SERIES: Knowledge 101

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Book SynopsisDetection of Optical Signals provides a comprehensive overview of important technologies for photon detection, from the X-ray through ultraviolet, visible, infrared to far-infrared spectral regions. It uniquely combines perspectives from many disciplines, particularly within physics and electronics, which are necessary to have a complete understanding of optical receivers.This interdisciplinary textbook aims to: Guide readers into more detailed and technical treatments of readout optical signals Give a broad overview of optical signal detection including terahertz region and two-dimensional material Help readers further their studies by offering chapter-end problems and recommended reading. This is an invaluable resource for graduate students in physics and engineering, as well as a helpful refresher for those already working with aerospace sensors and systems, remote sensing, thermal imaging, military imaging, optical telec

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Book SynopsisSoon, robots will leave the factories and make their way into living rooms, supermarkets, and care facilities. They will cooperate with humans in everyday life, taking on more than just practical tasks. How should they communicate with us? Do they need eyes, a screen, or arms? Should they resemble humans? Or may they enrich social situations precisely because they act so differently from humans?Meaningful Futures with Robots: Designing a New Coexistence provides insight into the opportunities and risks that arise from living with robots in the future, anchored in current research projects on everyday robotics. As well as generating ideas for robot developers and designers, it also critically discusses existing theories and methods for social robotics from different perspectives - ethical, design, artistical and technological â and presents new approaches to meaningful human-robot interaction design.Key Features: Provides insights into current Table of Contents1. Towards Designing Meaningful Relationships with Robots 2. Concept and Content of the Book Part 1 Designing a New Species Interaction Design and Product Design of Robots 3. How to Design Robots with Superpowers Robin Neuhaus, Ronda Ringfort Felner, Judith Dörrenbächer, Marc Hassenzahl 4. Social Robots Should Mediate, not Replace, Social Interactions Timo Kaerlein 5. Neither Human Nor Computer —A Symbiotic Human-Robot Collaboration in Autism Therapy Ronda Ringfort-Felner, Judith Dörrenbächer 6. Counting Characters and Spaces—On Robot Disabilities, Robot Care, and Technological Dependencies Lenneke Kuijer 7. Designing Robots with Personality Lara Christoforakos, Sarah Diefenbach, Daniel Ullrich 8. Designing Robots as Social Counterparts— A Discussion about a Technology Claiming its Own Needs Lara Christoforakos, Tobias Störzinger 9. Falling in Love With a Machine— What Happens if the Only Affection a Person Gets is From Machines? Felix Carros (F.C.), Anne Wierling (A.W.), Adrian Preussner (A.P.) 10. I am Listening to You!—How to Make Different Robotic Species Speak the Same Language Judith Dörrenbächer, Anne Wierling 11. How to Really Get in Touch with Robots—Haptic Interaction Technologies for VR and Teleoperation Bernhard Weber, Thomas Hulin, Lisa Schiffer Part 2 Designing Future Enviroments—Social Innovation Initiated by Robots 12. Design Fiction—The Future of Robots Needs Imagination Ronda Ringfort-Felner, Robin Neuhaus, Judith Dörrenbächer, Marc Hassenzahl 13. Cramer’s Funeral Service for Androids Uwe Post 14. Googly Eyes Marc Hassenzahl 15 Empathizing with Robots—Animistic and Performative Methods to Anticipate a Robot’s Impact Judith Dörrenbächer, Marc Hassenzahl 16. From the Lab to a Real-World Supermarket— About Anticipating the Chances and Challenges of a Shopping Robot Robin Neuhaus, Judith Dörrenbächer 17. Dominant, Persuasive or Polite?— About Human Curiosity, Provocative Users and Solving Conflicts between Humans and Robots Judith Dörrenbächer 18. Seven Observations, or Why Domestic Robots are Struggling to Enter the Habitats of Everyday Life James Auger 19. Is this a Patient or a Wall?— Adapting Robots from an Industrial Context to a Rehabilitation Clinic Jochen Feitsch, Bernhard Weber 20. Robotics x Book Studies Imagining a Robotic Archive of Embodied Knowledge Corinna Norrick-Rühl 21. "That’s the Future, I’m Telling You.” Antje Herden 22. Graphic Recording Cool Johanna Benz Part 3 Designing together with People— Civic Participation and Ethical Implications Concerning Robots 23. Citizen Participation in Social Robotics Research Felix Carros, Johanna Langendorf, Dave Randall, Rainer Wieching, Volker Wulf 24. Learning from Each Other— How Roboticists Learn from Users and how Users Teach their Robots Felix Carros, Adrian Preussner 25. My Friend Simsala, the Robot Edi Haug, Laura M. Schwengber 26. Move Away from the Stereotypical User in the Picture-perfect Scenario—A Plea for Early and Broad User Integration Stephanie Häusler Weiss, Kilian Röhm, Tobias Störzinger 27. Is it Good?— A Philosophical Approach Towards Ethics Centered- Design (ECD) Catrin Misselhorn, Manuel Scheidegger, Tobias Störzinger 28. Are Robots Good at Everything? A Robot in an Elementary School Elke Buttgereit 29. The Medium has a Message Educational Robots in a Didactic Triangle Scarlet Schaffrath 30. The Friendly Siblings of Workhorses and Killer Robots—About Becoming Alive Through the Nonliving, and Feeling Blessed by a Religious Machine Ilona Nord

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Book SynopsisCovering a range of topics, from DC magnetic circuits to electronic control of DC and AC motors, this work includes many problems with detailed solutions to help students learn quickly and raise test scores without investing unnecessary time. It is useful for undergraduate students of electrical engineering.

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Book SynopsisThe ideal review for your digital signal processing courseMore than 40 million students have trusted Schaumâs Outlines for their expert knowledge and helpful solved problems. Written by renowned experts in their respective fields, Schaumâs Outlines cover everything from math to science, nursing to language. The main feature for all these books is the solved problems. Step-by-step, authors walk readers through coming up with solutions to exercises in their topic of choice. Outline format facilitates quick and easy review of course fundamentals Hundreds of examples illustrate applications and complex calculations More than 300 solved problems Exercises to help you test your mastery of digital signal processing Appropriate for the following courses: Signals and Systems; Digital Signal Processing; Digital Filters and Signal Processing; Discrete-Time and Continuous-Time Linear Systems Supports and supplements the bestselling textbooks in digital

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Book SynopsisFundamentals of Semiconductor Devices provides a realistic and practical treatment of modern semiconductor devices. A solid understanding of the physical processes responsible for the electronic properties of semiconductor materials and devices is emphasized. With this emphasis, the reader will appreciate the underlying physics behind the equations derived and their range of applicability. The authorâs clear writing style, comprehensive coverage of the core material, and attention to current topics are key strengths of this book.Table of ContentsPart 1 - Materials1) Electron Energy and States in Semiconductors2) Homogeneous Semiconductors3) Current Flow in Homogeneous Semiconductors4) Nonhomogeneous SemiconductorsSupplement to Part 1Supplement 1ASupplement 1B Part 2 - Diodes5) Prototype pn Homojunctions6) Additional Considerations for DiodesSupplement to Part 2Part 3 - Field-Effect Transistors7) The MOSFET8) Additional Considerations for FETsSupplement to Part 3Part 4 - Bipolar Junction Transistors9) Bipolar Junction Devices: Statics10) Time-Dependent Analysis of BJTsSupplement to Part 4Part 5 - Optoelectronic Devices11) Optoelectronic DevicesAppendix A - ConstantsAppendix B - List of SymbolsAppendix C - FabricationAppendix D - Density-of-States Function, Density-of-States Effective Mass, Conductivity Effective MassAppendix E - Some Useful IntegralsAppendix F - Useful EquationsAppendix G - List of Suggested Readings

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Book SynopsisThis book answers all your questions on the basics of inspection and testing with clear reference to the latest legal requirements. Christopher Kitcher not only tells you what tests are needed but also describes all of them in a step-by-step manner with the help of colour photos. Sample forms show how to verify recorded test results and how to certify and fill in the required documentation. The book is packed with handy advice on how to avoid and solve common problems encountered on the job. Entirely up to date with the 17th Edition IET Wiring Regulations Step-by-step descriptions and photos of the tests show exactly how to carry them out Covers City & Guilds 2394, 2395 and Part P courses. With its focus on the practical side of the actual inspection and testing rather than just the requirements of the regulations, this book is ideal for students, experienced electricians and those working in allied industries on domestic and industrial installations.All of the theory required for passing the City & Guilds 2394 and 2395 certificates is explained in clear, easy to remember language along with sample questions and scenarios as encountered in the exam. The book will also help prepare students on Part P Competent Person courses, City & Guilds Level 3 courses, NVQs and apprenticeship programmes for their practical inspection and testing exam.

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Book SynopsisThis introductory guide to electrical installation work provides all the key concepts and practical know-how you need to pass your course, minus the difficult maths and complicated theory.Written in a clear, readable style and with a highly visual layout, this book will quickly provide you with the all-important knowledge you need to understand electrical installation work. End of chapter revision questions will help you to check your progress, and online animations and video demonstrations will help you get to grips with relevant theory and practice. Designed to match the 17th edition of the IEE Wiring Regulations and the new City & Guilds 2365 and 2357 Diplomas in Electrotechnical Technology, this book covers everything you need to get started on your path towards a career in electrical installation or related trades.Also available: Basic Electrical Installation Work 6th editionTrevor LinsleyISBN: 9780080966281Table of ContentsPreface. 1 Working effectively and safely in an electrical environment. 2 Basic principles of electrotechnology. 3 Health and safety application and electrical principles. 4 Installation (Building and structures). 5 Environmental technology systems. Solutions to assessment questions. Appendix A: Environmental organisations. Index.

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Table of ContentsIntroduction History of Vehicle Electrification Basic Terminology Battery Pack Design Criteria and Selection Li-ion Cells Packaging and Material Selection Thermal Management Battery Management System Electronics The Future of Li-ion Batteries

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Table of ContentsSteam power plant cycles Steam generator Fuels and combustion Pulverized coal fired boiler Fluidized bed combustion boiler Steam turbine Gas turbine and heat recovery steam generator Diesel power plant Steam power plant systems Automatic control Interlock & protection Start-up & shut-down Abnormal operating conditions Air pollution control Codes and standards for power plant design and operation

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Introduction: The Overarching Issues2. The Regulatory Framework for Coal-Fired Electricity Generation3. Setting the Technical Foundation for Modern Power Plants – 1 (1900 – 1919) 4. Setting the Technical Foundation for Modern Power Plants – 2 (1920 – 1945)5. The Emergence of Modern Coal Fired Generation (1945 – 1975)6. Conventional Power Plant Technology Advanced at the End of the 20th Century (1970-2000) 7. Development of New Approaches to Coal Untilization for Electricity Generation8. Coal-fired Power Plants: 2000 – Present . . . and Beyond9. The Development of Post Combustion Control Technology

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Introduction to Power Quality 2. Harmonic Models of Transformers 3. Modeling and Analysis of Induction Machines 4. Modeling and Analysis of Synchronous Machines 5. Performance of Power-Electronic Drives with Respect to Speed and Torque 6. Interaction of Harmonics with Capacitors 7. Lifetime Reduction of Transformers and Induction Machines 8. Power System Modeling under Nonsinusoidal Operating Conditions 9. Impact of Poor Power Quality on Reliability, Relaying and Security 10. The Roles of Filters in Power Systems and Unified Power Quality Conditioners 11. Optimal Placement and Sizing of Shunt Capacitor Banks in the Presence of Harmonics 12. Power Quality Solutions for Renewable Energy Systems

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Computer Abstractions and Technology 2. Instructions: Language of the Computer 3. Arithmetic for Computers 4. The Processor 5. Large and Fast: Exploiting Memory Hierarchy 6. Parallel Processors from Client to Cloud Appendix A. Assemblers, Linkers, and the SPIM Simulator B. The Basics of Logic Design C. Graphics and Computing GPUs D. Mapping Control to Hardware E. A Survey of RISC Architectures for Desktop, Server, and Embedded Computers

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Introduction to MATLAB 2. MATLAB as a Calculator 3. Plotting with MATLAB 4. MATLAB Programming 5. Programming II: Looping 6. Spice

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface xIntroduction 11. What is a Neural Network? 12. The Human Brain 63. Models of a Neuron 104. Neural Networks Viewed As Directed Graphs 155. Feedback 186. Network Architectures 217. Knowledge Representation 248. Learning Processes 349. Learning Tasks 3810. Concluding Remarks 45Notes and References 46 Chapter 1 Rosenblatt’s Perceptron 471.1 Introduction 471.2. Perceptron 481.3. The Perceptron Convergence Theorem 501.4. Relation Between the Perceptron and Bayes Classifier for a Gaussian Environment 551.5. Computer Experiment: Pattern Classification 601.6. The Batch Perceptron Algorithm 621.7. Summary and Discussion 65Notes and References 66Problems 66 Chapter 2 Model Building through Regression 682.1 Introduction 682.2 Linear Regression Model: Preliminary Considerations 692.3 Maximum a Posteriori Estimation of the Parameter Vector 712.4 Relationship Between Regularized Least-Squares Estimation and MAP Estimation 762.5 Computer Experiment: Pattern Classification 772.6 The Minimum-Description-Length Principle 792.7 Finite Sample-Size Considerations 822.8 The Instrumental-Variables Method 862.9 Summary and Discussion 88Notes and References 89Problems 89 Chapter 3 The Least-Mean-Square Algorithm 913.1 Introduction 913.2 Filtering Structure of the LMS Algorithm 923.3 Unconstrained Optimization: a Review 943.4 The Wiener Filter 1003.5 The Least-Mean-Square Algorithm 1023.6 Markov Model Portraying the Deviation of the LMS Algorithm from the Wiener Filter 1043.7 The Langevin Equation: Characterization of Brownian Motion 1063.8 Kushner’s Direct-Averaging Method 1073.9 Statistical LMS Learning Theory for Small Learning-Rate Parameter 1083.10 Computer Experiment I: Linear Prediction 1103.11 Computer Experiment II: Pattern Classification 1123.12 Virtues and Limitations of the LMS Algorithm 1133.13 Learning-Rate Annealing Schedules 1153.14 Summary and Discussion 117Notes and References 118Problems 119 Chapter 4 Multilayer Perceptrons 1224.1 Introduction 1234.2 Some Preliminaries 1244.3 Batch Learning and On-Line Learning 1264.4 The Back-Propagation Algorithm 1294.5 XOR Problem 1414.6 Heuristics for Making the Back-Propagation Algorithm Perform Better 1444.7 Computer Experiment: Pattern Classification 1504.8 Back Propagation and Differentiation 1534.9 The Hessian and Its Role in On-Line Learning 1554.10 Optimal Annealing and Adaptive Control of the Learning Rate 1574.11 Generalization 1644.12 Approximations of Functions 1664.13 Cross-Validation 1714.14 Complexity Regularization and Network Pruning 1754.15 Virtues and Limitations of Back-Propagation Learning 1804.16 Supervised Learning Viewed as an Optimization Problem 1864.17 Convolutional Networks 2014.18 Nonlinear Filtering 2034.19 Small-Scale Versus Large-Scale Learning Problems 2094.20 Summary and Discussion 217Notes and References 219Problems 221 Chapter 5 Kernel Methods and Radial-Basis Function Networks 2305.1 Introduction 2305.2 Cover’s Theorem on the Separability of Patterns 2315.3 The Interpolation Problem 2365.4 Radial-Basis-Function Networks 2395.5 K-Means Clustering 2425.6 Recursive Least-Squares Estimation of the Weight Vector 2455.7 Hybrid Learning Procedure for RBF Networks 2495.8 Computer Experiment: Pattern Classification 2505.9 Interpretations of the Gaussian Hidden Units 2525.10 Kernel Regression and Its Relation to RBF Networks 2555.11 Summary and Discussion 259Notes and References 261Problems 263 Chapter 6 Support Vector Machines 2686.1 Introduction 2686.2 Optimal Hyperplane for Linearly Separable Patterns 2696.3 Optimal Hyperplane for Nonseparable Patterns 2766.4 The Support Vector Machine Viewed as a Kernel Machine 2816.5 Design of Support Vector Machines 2846.6 XOR Problem 2866.7 Computer Experiment: Pattern Classification 2896.8 Regression: Robustness Considerations 2896.9 Optimal Solution of the Linear Regression Problem 2936.10 The Representer Theorem and Related Issues 2966.11 Summary and Discussion 302Notes and References 304Problems 307 Chapter 7 Regularization Theory 3137.1 Introduction 3137.2 Hadamard’s Conditions for Well-Posedness 3147.3 Tikhonov’s Regularization Theory 3157.4 Regularization Networks 3267.5 Generalized Radial-Basis-Function Networks 3277.6 The Regularized Least-Squares Estimator: Revisited 3317.7 Additional Notes of Interest on Regularization 3357.8 Estimation of the Regularization Parameter 3367.9 Semisupervised Learning 3427.10 Manifold Regularization: Preliminary Considerations 3437.11 Differentiable Manifolds 3457.12 Generalized Regularization Theory 3487.13 Spectral Graph Theory 3507.14 Generalized Representer Theorem 3527.15 Laplacian Regularized Least-Squares Algorithm 3547.16 Experiments on Pattern Classification Using Semisupervised Learning 3567.17 Summary and Discussion 359Notes and References 361Problems 363 Chapter 8 Principal-Components Analysis 3678.1 Introduction 3678.2 Principles of Self-Organization 3688.3 Self-Organized Feature Analysis 3728.4 Principal-Components Analysis: Perturbation Theory 3738.5 Hebbian-Based Maximum Eigenfilter 3838.6 Hebbian-Based Principal-Components Analysis 3928.7 Case Study: Image Coding 3988.8 Kernel Principal-Components Analysis 4018.9 Basic Issues Involved in the Coding of Natural Images 4068.10 Kernel Hebbian Algorithm 4078.11 Summary and Discussion 412Notes and References 415Problems 418 Chapter 9 Self-Organizing Maps 4259.1 Introduction 4259.2 Two Basic Feature-Mapping Models 4269.3 Self-Organizing Map 4289.4 Properties of the Feature Map 4379.5 Computer Experiments I: Disentangling Lattice Dynamics Using SOM 4459.6 Contextual Maps 4479.7 Hierarchical Vector Quantization 4509.8 Kernel Self-Organizing Map 4549.9 Computer Experiment II: Disentangling Lattice Dynamics Using Kernel SOM 4629.10 Relationship Between Kernel SOM and Kullback—Leibler Divergence 4649.11 Summary and Discussion 466Notes and References 468Problems 470 Chapter 10 Information-Theoretic Learning Models 47510.1 Introduction 47610.2 Entropy 47710.3 Maximum-Entropy Principle 48110.4 Mutual Information 48410.5 Kullback—Leibler Divergence 48610.6 Copulas 48910.7 Mutual Information as an Objective Function to be Optimized 49310.8 Maximum Mutual Information Principle 49410.9 Infomax and Redundancy Reduction 49910.10 Spatially Coherent Features 50110.11 Spatially Incoherent Features 50410.12 Independent-Components Analysis 50810.13 Sparse Coding of Natural Images and Comparison with ICA Coding 51410.14 Natural-Gradient Learning for Independent-Components Analysis 51610.15 Maximum-Likelihood Estimation for Independent-Components Analysis 52610.16 Maximum-Entropy Learning for Blind Source Separation 52910.17 Maximization of Negentropy for Independent-Components Analysis 53410.18 Coherent Independent-Components Analysis 54110.19 Rate Distortion Theory and Information Bottleneck 54910.20 Optimal Manifold Representation of Data 55310.21 Computer Experiment: Pattern Classification 56010.22 Summary and Discussion 561Notes and References 564Problems 572 Chapter 11 Stochastic Methods Rooted in Statistical Mechanics 57911.1 Introduction 58011.2 Statistical Mechanics 58011.3 Markov Chains 58211.4 Metropolis Algorithm 59111.5 Simulated Annealing 59411.6 Gibbs Sampling 59611.7 Boltzmann Machine 59811.8 Logistic Belief Nets 60411.9 Deep Belief Nets 60611.10 Deterministic Annealing 61011.11 Analogy of Deterministic Annealing with Expectation-Maximization Algorithm 61611.12 Summary and Discussion 617Notes and References 619Problems 621 Chapter 12 Dynamic Programming 62712.1 Introduction 62712.2 Markov Decision Process 62912.3 Bellman’s Optimality Criterion 63112.4 Policy Iteration 63512.5 Value Iteration 63712.6 Approximate Dynamic Programming: Direct Methods 64212.7 Temporal-Difference Learning 64312.8 Q-Learning 64812.9 Approximate Dynamic Programming: Indirect Methods 65212.10 Least-Squares Policy Evaluation 65512.11 Approximate Policy Iteration 66012.12 Summary and Discussion 663Notes and References 665Problems 668 Chapter 13 Neurodynamics 67213.1 Introduction 67213.2 Dynamic Systems 67413.3 Stability of Equilibrium States 67813.4 Attractors 68413.5 Neurodynamic Models 68613.6 Manipulation of Attractors as a Recurrent Network Paradigm 68913.7 Hopfield Model 69013.8 The Cohen—Grossberg Theorem 70313.9 Brain-State-In-A-Box Model 70513.10 Strange Attractors and Chaos 71113.11 Dynamic Reconstruction of a Chaotic Process 71613.12 Summary and Discussion 722Notes and References 724Problems 727 Chapter 14 Bayseian Filtering for State Estimation of Dynamic Systems 73114.1 Introduction 73114.2 State-Space Models 73214.3 Kalman Filters 73614.4 The Divergence-Phenomenon and Square-Root Filtering 74414.5 The Extended Kalman Filter 75014.6 The Bayesian Filter 75514.7 Cubature Kalman Filter: Building on the Kalman Filter 75914.8 Particle Filters 76514.9 Computer Experiment: Comparative Evaluation of Extended Kalman and Particle Filters 77514.10 Kalman Filtering in Modeling of Brain Functions 77714.11 Summary and Discussion 780Notes and References 782Problems 784 Chapter 15 Dynamically Driven Recurrent Networks 79015.1 Introduction 79015.2 Recurrent Network Architectures 79115.3 Universal Approximation Theorem 79715.4 Controllability and Observability 79915.5 Computational Power of Recurrent Networks 80415.6 Learning Algorithms 80615.7 Back Propagation Through Time 80815.8 Real-Time Recurrent Learning 81215.9 Vanishing Gradients in Recurrent Networks 81815.10 Supervised Training Framework for Recurrent Networks Using Nonlinear Sequential State Estimators 82215.11 Computer Experiment: Dynamic Reconstruction of Mackay—Glass Attractor 82915.12 Adaptivity Considerations 83115.13 Case Study: Model Reference Applied to Neurocontrol 83315.14 Summary and Discussion 835Notes and References 839Problems 842Bibliography 845Index 889

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Book SynopsisProfessor John M. Parr received his Bachelor of Science degree in Electrical Engineering from Auburn University in 1969, an MSEE from the Naval Postgraduate School in 1974, and a PhD in Electrical Engineering from Auburn University in 1988.  A retired U.S. Navy Officer, he served as a Program Manager/Project Engineer at Naval Electronic Systems Command in Washington, DC and Officer in Charge - Naval Ammunition Production Engineering Center, Crane, Indiana in addition to sea duty in five ships. Dr. Parr participated in research related to the Space Defense Initiative at Auburn University before joining the faculty at the University of Evansville. Dr. Parr is a co-author of another successful Electrical Engineering textbook, Signals, System and Transforms, by Phillips, Parr and Riskin. He is a registered professional engineer in Indiana, and is a member of the scientific research society Sigma Xi, the American Society of Engineering Educators (ASEE), and a Senior MembeTrade ReviewThis book presents mathematically oriented classical control theory in a concise manner such that undergraduate students are not overwhelmed by the complexity of the materials. In each chapter, it is organized such that the more advanced material is placed toward the end of the chapter.Table of Contents1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Control Problem 1.2 Examples of Control Systems 1.3 Short History of Control References 2 MODELS OF PHYSICAL SYSTEMS 2.1 System Modeling 2.2 Electrical Circuits 2.3 Block Diagrams and Signal Flow Graphs 2.4 Masonís Gain Formula 2.5 Mechanical Translational Systems 2.6 Mechanical Rotational Systems 2.7 Electromechanical Systems 2.8 Sensors 2.9 Temperature-control System 2.10 Analogous Systems 2.11 Transformers and Gears 2.12 Robotic Control System 2.13 System Identification 2.14 Linearization 2.15 Summary References Problems 3 STATE-VARIABLE MODELS 3.1 State-Variable Modeling 3.2 Simulation Diagrams 3.3 Solution of State Equations 3.4 Transfer Functions 3.5 Similarity Transformations 3.6 Digital Simulation 3.7 Controls Software 3.8 Analog Simulation 3.9 Summary References Problems 4 SYSTEM RESPONSES 4.1 Time Response of First-Order Systems 4.2 Time Response of Second-order Systems 4.3 Time Response Specifications in Design 4.4 Frequency Response of Systems 4.5 Time and Frequency Scaling 4.6 Response of Higher-order Systems 4.7 Reduced-order Models 4.8 Summary References Problems 5 CONTROL SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS 5.1 Closed-loop Control System 5.2 Stability 5.3 Sensitivity 5.4 Disturbance Rejection 5.5 Steady-state Accuracy 5.6 Transient Response 5.7 Closed-loop Frequency Response 5.8 Summary References Problems 6 STABILITY ANALYSIS 6.1 Routh-Hurwitz Stability Criterion 6.2 Roots of the Characteristic Equation 6.3 Stability by Simulation 6.4 Summary Problems 7 ROOT-LOCUS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 7.1 Root-Locus Principles 7.2 Some Root-Locus Techniques 7.3 Additional Root-Locus Techniques 7.4 Additional Properties of the Root Locus 7.5 Other Configurations 7.6 Root-Locus Design 7.7 Phase-lead Design 7.8 Analytical Phase-Lead Design 7.9 Phase-Lag Design 7.10 PID Design 7.11 Analytical PID Design 7.12 Complementary Root Locus 7.13 Compensator Realization 7.14 Summary References Problems 8 FREQUENCY-RESPONSE ANALYSIS 8.1 Frequency Responses 8.2 Bode Diagrams 8.3 Additional Terms 8.4 Nyquist Criterion 8.5 Application of the Nyquist Criterion 8.6 Relative Stability and the Bode Diagram 8.7 Closed-Loop Frequency Response 8.8 Summary References Problems 9 FREQUENCY-RESPONSE DESIGN 9.1 Control System Specifications 9.2 Compensation 9.3 Gain Compensation 9.4 Phase-Lag Compensation 9.5 Phase-Lead Compensation 9.6 Analytical Design 9.7 Lag-Lead Compensation 9.8 PID Controller Design 9.9 Analytical PID Controller Design 9.10 PID Controller Implementation 9.11 Frequency-Response Software 9.12 Summary References Problems 10 MODERN CONTROL DESIGN 10.1 Pole-Placement Design 10.2 Ackermannís Formula 10.3 State Estimation 10.4 Closed-Loop System Characteristics 10.5 Reduced-Order Estimators 10.6 Controllability and Observability 10.7 Systems with Inputs 10.8 Summary References Problems 11 DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEMS 11.1 Discrete-Time System 11.2 Transform Methods 11.3 Theorems of the z-Transform 11.4 Solution of Difference Equations 11.5 Inverse z-Transform 11.6 Simulation Diagrams and Flow Graphs 11.7 State Variables 11.8 Solution of State Equations 11.9 Summary References Problems 12 SAMPLED-DATA SYSTEMS 12.1 Sampled Data 12.2 Ideal Sampler 12.3 Properties of the Starred Transform 12.4 Data Reconstruction 12.5 Pulse Transfer Function 12.6 Open-Loop Systems Containing Digital Filters 12.7 Closed-Loop Discrete-Time Systems 12.8 Transfer Functions for Closed-Loop Systems 12.9 State Variables for Sampled-Data Systems 12.10 Summary References Problems 13 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DIGITAL CONTROL SYSTEMS 13.1 Two Examples 13.2 Discrete System Stability 13.3 Juryís Test 13.4 Mapping the s-Plane into the z-Plane 13.5 Root Locus 13.6 Nyquist Criterion 13.7 Bilinear Transformation 13.8 RouthñHurwitz Criterion 13.9 Bode Diagram 13.10 Steady-State Accuracy 13.11 Design of Digital Control Systems 13.12 Phase-Lag Design 13.13 Phase-Lead Design 13.14 Digital PID Controllers 13.15 Root-Locus Design 13.16 Summary References Problems 14 DISCRETE-TIME POLE-ASSIGNMENT AND STATE ESTIMATION 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Pole Assignment 14.3 State Estimtion 14.4 Reduced-Order Observers 14.5 Current Observers 14.6 Controllability and Observability 14.7 Systems and Inputs 14.8 Summary References Problems 15 NONLINEAR SYSTEM ANALYSIS 15.1 Nonlinear System Definitions and Properties 15.2 Review of the Nyquist Criterion 15.3 Describing Function 15.4 Derivations of Describing Functions 15.5 Use of the Describing Function 15.6 Stability of Limit Cycles 15.7 Design 15.8 Application to Other Systems 15.9 Linearization 15.10 Equilibrium States and Lyapunov Stability 15.11 State Plane Analysis 15.12 Linear-System Response 15.13 Summary References Problems APPENDICES A Matrices B Laplace Transform C Laplace Transform and z-Transform Tables D MATLAB Commands Used in This Text E Answers to Selected Problems INDEX

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