Engineering: Mechanics of solids Books
John Wiley & Sons Inc Mechanics of Materials for Dummies
Book SynopsisYour ticket to excelling in mechanics of materials With roots in physics and mathematics, engineering mechanics is the basis of all the mechanical sciences: civil engineering, materials science and engineering, mechanical engineering, and aeronautical and aerospace engineering.Table of ContentsIntroduction 1 Part I: Setting the Stage for Mechanics of Materials 7 Chapter 1: Predicting Behavior with Mechanics of Materials 9 Chapter 2: Reviewing Mathematics and Units Used in Mechanics of Materials 15 Chapter 3: Brushing Up on Statics Basics 25 Chapter 4: Calculating Properties of Geometric Areas 41 Chapter 5: Computing Moments of Area and Other Inertia Calculations 55 Part II: Analyzing Stress 83 Chapter 6: Remain Calm, It’s Only Stress! 85 Chapter 7: More than Meets the Eye: Transforming Stresses 99 Chapter 8: Lining Up Stress Along Axial Axes 131 Chapter 9: Bending Stress Is Only Normal: Analyzing Bending Members 149 Chapter 10: Shear Madness: Surveying Shear Stress 161 Chapter 11: Twisting the Night Away with Torsion 177 Part III: Investigating Strain 189 Chapter 12: Don’t Strain Yourself: Exploring Strain and Deformation 191 Chapter 13: Applying Transformation Concepts to Strain 201 Chapter 14: Correlating Stresses and Strains to Understand Deformation 215 Part IV: Applying Stress and Strain 233 Chapter 15: Calculating Combined Stresses 235 Chapter 16: When Push Comes to Shove: Dealing with Deformations 251 Chapter 17: Showing Determination When Dealing with Indeterminate Structures 273 Chapter 18: Buckling Up for Compression Members 301 Chapter 19: Designing for Required Section Properties 313 Chapter 20: Introducing Energy Methods 331 Part V: The Part of Tens 343 Chapter 21: Ten Mechanics of Materials Pitfalls to Avoid 345 Chapter 22: Ten Tips to Solving Mechanics of Materials Problems 349 Index 355
£16.14
Elsevier Science Theory of Elasticity
Book SynopsisCovering not only the ordinary theory of the deformation of solids, this book also covers topics such as thermal conduction and viscosity in solids.Trade Review"I shall be surprised if this book does not come to be regarded as a masterpiece." --Journal of the Royal Institute of PhysicsTable of ContentsFundamental equations; The equilibrium of rods and plates; Elastic waves; Dislocations; Thermal conduction and viscosity in solids; Mechanics of liquid crystals; Index.
£48.59
Elsevier Science Mechanics
Book SynopsisDevoted to the foundation of mechanics, namely classical Newtonian mechanics, this mechanics text is based mainly on Galileo's principle of relativity and Hamilton's principle of least action. The exposition is simple and leads to a complete and direct means of solving problems in mechanics.Trade Review"The Landau and Lifshitz series is almost uniformly excellent... the level is appropriate in advanced undergraduate or beginning graduate students" --Philip B Burt, Clemson University, USA "An outstanding book for advanced students" --John H Lienhard, MIT University, USATable of ContentsThe equations of motion; Conservation laws; Integration of equations of motions; Collisions between particles; Small oscillations; Motion of a rigid body; Canonical equations.
£48.59
McGraw-Hill Education (Asia) Mechanics Of Materials 8th Edition, Si Units
Book SynopsisTable of Contents1) Introduction-Concept ofStress2) Stress and Strain-AxialLoading3) Torsion4) Pure Bending5) Analysis and Design ofBeams for Bending6) Shearing Stresses inBeams and Thin-Walled Members7) Transformations ofStress and Strain8) Principal StressesUnder a Given Loading9) Deflection of Beams10) Columns11) Energy MethodsAppendicesA - Principal Units Usedin MechanicsB - Centroids and Momentsof AreasC - Centroids and Momentsof Inertia of Common Geometric ShapesD - Typical Properties ofSelected Materials Used in EngineeringE - Properties ofRolled-Steel ShapesF - Beam Deflections andSlopesG - Fundamentals ofEngineering Examination
£56.04
Oxford University Press Introduction to Mechanics of Solid Materials
Book SynopsisIntroduction to Mechanics of Solid Materials is concerned with the deformation, flow, and fracture of solid materials. This textbook offers a unified presentation of the major concepts in Solid Mechanics for junior/senior-level undergraduate students in the many branches of engineering - mechanical, materials, civil, and aeronautical engineering among others. The book begins by covering the basics of kinematics and strain, and stress and equilibrium, followed by a coverage of the small deformation theories for different types of material response: (i) Elasticity; (ii) Plasticity and Creep; (iii) Fracture and Fatigue; and (iv) Viscoelasticity. The book has additional chapters covering the important material classes of: (v) Rubber Elasticity, and (vi) Continuous-fiber laminated composites. The text includes numerous examples to aid the student. A substantial companion volume with example problems is available free of charge on the book''s companion website.Trade ReviewThe book is well-crafted and organized logically. It fills a void in need for a book that is lucid and accessible to undergraduates taking a course in advanced mechanics of materials. The material covered spans a whole range of topics relevant to modern applications of solid mechanics, including fracture and fatigue, rubber elasticity, viscoelasticity, plasticity, and fiber-reinforced composites. This is an excellent book authored by leading authorities in the field who have taught this course at their respective universities. The companion book on example problems is a welcome addition. * Ravi Ravichandran, Caltech *This book is of the highest technical quality and maintains clarity for understanding. It covers a wide range of relevant topics for the undergraduate student in mechanics of solid materials and with a well thought out level of depth per topic. A notable feature of this book is that the authors are able to summarize the main ideas in easy to digest modules that give the student a sense of the topic... This book does a great job at bringing a fresh set of ideas into the undergraduate curriculum and therefore will find a wide audience with upper level undergraduates all over the world. * Shawn A. Chester, New Jersey Institute of Technology *This book covers at the right level of detail most of the important topics in solid mechanics including fracture, fatigue, viscoelasticity, composites, rubbers, etc., that are important in modern applications. * Prashant K. Purohit, University of Pennsylvania *The text is written with the required rigor to address the topics therein, while ensuring that the mathematics and surrounding prose is appealing to the intended target audience. * Dr Brian Mercer, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign *Table of Contents1: Kinematics and strain 2: Stress and equilibrium 3: Balance laws of forces and moments for small deformations 4: Stress and strain are symmetric second-order tensors 5: Isotropic linear elasticity 6: Elastic deformation of thick-walled cylinders 7: Stress concentration 8: Wave propagation in isotropic elastic bodies 9: Limits to elastic response 10: One-dimensional plasticity 11: Physical basis of metal plasticity 12: Three-dimensional rate-independent plasticity 13: Three-dimensional rate-dependent plasticity 14: Introduction to fracture mechanics 15: Linear elastic fracture mechanics 16: Energy-based approach to fracture 17: Fatigue 18: Linear viscoelasticity 19: Linear viscoelasticity under oscillatory strain and stress 20: Temperature dependence of linear viscoelastic response 21: Three-dimensional linear viscoelasticity 22: Rubber elasticity 23: Continuous-fiber polymer-matrix composites Appendices A: Thin-walled pressure vessels B: Elastic bending of beams C: Elastic buckling of columns D: Torsion of circular elastic shafts E: Castigliano's theorems F: Elasticity in different coordinate systems G: Hardness of a material H: Stress intensity factors for some crack configurations I: MATLAB codes
£55.40
Oxford University Press Anisotropic Elasticity
Book SynopsisAdvanced undergraduate students in Engineering and Materials Science should have a good understanding of the property of elasticity. This book will be a vital resource for the complete study of elasticity as it is the only book on the particular subject of anisotropic materials. Homogenous materials, such as rubber bands, are said to be isotropic, and the mechanics of isotropic materials are easy to study and their problems easy to solve. However, for the whole new class of materials called composites, where two or more substances are combined for greater strength or superconductive properties, solving problems of the material''s anisotropic elasticity are considerably more difficult. This book, however, is the first text to deal with the problems of composite, or anisotropic materials and their elasticity.Table of Contents1. Matrix Algebra ; 2. Linear Anisotropic Elastic Materials ; 3. Antiplane Deformations ; 4. The Lekhnitskii Formalism ; 5. The Stroh Formalism ; 6. The Structures and Identities of the Elasticity Matrices ; 7. Transformation of the Elasticity Matrices and Dual Coordinate Systems ; 8. Green's Functions for Infinite Space, Half-space, and Composite Space ; 9. Particular Solutions, Stress Singularities, and Stress Decay ; 10. Anisotropic Matrials with an Elliptic Boundary ; 11. Anisotropic Media with a Crack or a Rigid Line Inclusion ; 12. Steady State Motion and Surface Waves ; 13. Degenerate and Near Degenerate Materials ; 14. Generalization of the Stroh Formulism ; 15. Three-Dimensionsal Deformations
£180.00
OUP USA Orbital Mechanics
Book SynopsisAs more and more spaceflights are planned and designed, students and engineers will need better and better training and some good textbooks on orbital mechanics. This text by Conway and Prussing will meet that need. For the first time, all the topics important for a complete introduction to the subject of orbital mechanics are found in a single compact book. After completing the first seven chapters, the student is able to mission, such as propellant required, time of flight, launchand arrival times, and payload.
£65.00
Oxford University Press Liquid Crystal Elastomers
Book SynopsisLiquid crystals are fluids with a directionality defined. Polymers are long molecules with a shape that can be changed. As a network, polymers form rubber - a soft solid that is locally liquid-like and capable of huge extension. Liquid crystal elastomers are a combination of all these curious aspects, but with additional, revolutionary new phenomena - for example, spontaneous shape changes of several hundred percent induced by temperature change, with equally large opto-mechanical responses, shape change without energy cost (soft elasticity), colour change with strain, lasing and photonics, sensitivity to molecular handedness and soft solid ferroelectricity. This book is a primer for liquid crystals, polymers, rubber, and elasticity. It then describes the theory and experiment of these remarkable materials for the first time as a monograph. Worked examples are solved so that the reader can become proficient in the field himself. The book is directed at physicists, chemists, material scTrade ReviewIn short, this book is likely to become a classic: read it, learn from it, and let it inspire you. * Euro Pysics News *Table of Contents1. A bird's eye view of liquid crystal elastomers ; 2. Liquid crystals ; 3. Polymers, elastomers and rubber elasticity ; 4. Classical elasticity ; 5. Nematic elastomers ; 6. Nematic rubber elasticity ; 7. Soft elasticity ; 8. Distortions of nematic elastomers ; 9. Cholesteric elastomers ; 10. Continuum theory of nematic elastomers ; 11. Dynamics of liquid crystal elastomers ; 12. Smectic elastomers ; A. Nematic order in elastomers under strain ; B. Biaxial soft elasticity ; C. Stripe microstructure ; D. Couple-stress and Cosserat elasticity ; E. Expansion at small deformations and rotations
£68.40
Bloomsbury Publishing (UK) Structural Mechanics Worked Examples
Book SynopsisRAY HULSE was until recently Associate Dean of the Faculty of Engineering and Computing at Coventry University, UK. JACK CAIN was formerly Principal Lecturer and Course Leader for the Civil Engineering Degree course at Coventry University, UK.
£39.99
Springer Stress and Strain Basic Concepts Of Continuum Mechanics For Geologists
Book SynopsisI Introductory.- 1 Material constitution of rocks.- 2 Mechanical state.- 3 Change in mechanical state.- 4 Mechanical significance of structure.- II Forces in Rocks.- 5 Classes of forces.- 6 Stress on a plane.- 7 The stress ellipsoid, I.- 8 The stress ellipsoid, II.- 9 Mohr circle for stress.- 10 Tensor components of stress.- 11 Cauchy's formula, transformation of tensor components.- 12 Stress fields.- 13 Stress history.- III Deformation of Rocks.- 14 Distortion and deformation, measures of distortion.- 15 The strain ellipsoid.- 16 Mohr circle for infinitesimal strain.- 17 Mohr circle for finite strain.- 18 Displacement and deformation gradients.- 19 Tensor components of infinitesimal strain, I.- 20 Tensor components of infinitesimal strain, II.- 21 Tensor components of finite strain, I.- 22 Tensor components of finite strain, II.- 23 Strain fields.- 24 Strain history.- IV Topics Involving Forces and Deformation.- 25 Hookean behavior.- 26 Newtonian behavior.- 27 Energy consumed in deforTable of ContentsI Introductory.- 1 Material constitution of rocks.- 2 Mechanical state.- 3 Change in mechanical state.- 4 Mechanical significance of structure.- II Forces in Rocks.- 5 Classes of forces.- 6 Stress on a plane.- 7 The stress ellipsoid, I.- 8 The stress ellipsoid, II.- 9 Mohr circle for stress.- 10 Tensor components of stress.- 11 Cauchy’s formula, transformation of tensor components.- 12 Stress fields.- 13 Stress history.- III Deformation of Rocks.- 14 Distortion and deformation, measures of distortion.- 15 The strain ellipsoid.- 16 Mohr circle for infinitesimal strain.- 17 Mohr circle for finite strain.- 18 Displacement and deformation gradients.- 19 Tensor components of infinitesimal strain, I.- 20 Tensor components of infinitesimal strain, II.- 21 Tensor components of finite strain, I.- 22 Tensor components of finite strain, II.- 23 Strain fields.- 24 Strain history.- IV Topics Involving Forces and Deformation.- 25 Hookean behavior.- 26 Newtonian behavior.- 27 Energy consumed in deformation.
£84.99
Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Springer Handbook of Experimental Solid Mechanics
Book SynopsisPart A Solid Mechanics Topics Chap. 1 Analytical Mechanics of Solids.- Chap. 2 Materials Science for the Experimental Mechanist.- Chap. 3 Polymers and Viscoelasticity.- Chap. 4 Composite Materials.- Chap. 5 Fracture Mechanics.- Chap. 6 Active Materials.- Chap. 7 Biological Soft Tissues.- Chap. 8 Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites.- Chap. 9 MEMS and NEMS.- Chap. 10 Hybrid Methods. Chap. 11 Statistical Analysis of Experimental Data.Part B Contact Methods Chap. 12 Electrical Resistance Strain Gages.- Chap. 13 Extensometers.- Chap. 14 Fiber Strain Gages.- Chap. 15 Residual Stress Measurement.- Chap. 16 Nanoindentation.- Chap. 17 Atomic Force Microscopy.Part C Noncontact Methods Chap. 18 Basics of Optics.- Chap. 19 Image Analysis and Processing.- Chap. 20 Digital Image Correlation.- Chap. 21 Geometric Moiré.- Chap. 22 Moiré Interferometry.- Chap. 23 Speckle Methods.- Chap. 24Table of ContentsPart A Solid Mechanics Topics Part A presents topics that fall within the purview of solid mechanics. The first five chapters cover familiar ground, but the next four present new material systems along with the new topics of MEMS and NEMS. The last two chapters describe methods of interpreting the results of tests.Chap. 1 Analytical Mechanics of Solids Chap. 2 Materials Science for the Experimental Mechanist Chap. 3 Polymers and ViscoelasticityChap. 4 Composite MaterialsChap. 5 Fracture MechanicsChap. 6 Active MaterialsChap. 7 Biological Soft Tissues Chap. 8 Ionic Polymer-Metal CompositesChap. 9 MEMS and NEMSChap. 10 Hybrid MethodsChap. 11 Statistical Analysis of Experimental DataPart B Contact Methods Part B starts with three practical chapters on the ‘backbones’ of experimental solid mechanics – strain gages and extensometers – followed by another mainstay – residual stress measurement. Nanoindentation is becoming more widely used for material property determination as is atomic force microscopy.Chap. 12 Electrical Resistance Strain GagesChap. 13 ExtensometersChap. 14 Fiber Strain GagesChap. 15 Residual Stress MeasurementChap. 16 NanoindentationChap. 17 Atomic Force MicroscopyPart C Noncontact Methods Part C is an overview of the rich field of optical methods in the first eight chapters ranging from modern versions of established such as photoelasticity to newer ones based on image analysis. Non-contacting methods at other wavelengths are described in the last three chapters.Chap. 18 Basics of OpticsChap. 19 Image Analysis and ProcessingChap. 20 Digital Image CorrelationChap. 21 Geometric MoiréChap. 22 Moiré InterferometryChap. 23 Speckle MethodsChap. 24 HolographyChap. 25 PhotoelasticityChap. 26 Thermoelastic Stress AnalysisChap. 27 Photoacoustic Characterization of MaterialsChap. 28 X-Ray Stress AnalysisPart D ApplicationsPart D presents applications of the methods and topics of the three previous parts to selected topics – all of which are new and important areas of modern technology. These are examples that demonstrate the breadth and depth of experimental solid mechanics.Chap. 29 Optical MethodsChap. 30 Mechanical Testing at the Micro/Nano ScaleChap. 31 Biological Tissue TestingChap. 32 Biomedical Devices and Biologically Inspired MaterialsChap. 33 High Strain Rate and Impact TestingChap. 34 Delamination MechanicsChap. 35 Structural Testing ApplicationsChap. 36 Electronic PackagingAbout the Authors.- Subject Index
£251.99
Elsevier Science Structural and Residual Stress Analysis by Nondestructive Methods
£260.00
John Wiley & Sons Inc Computational Methods for Plasticity
Book SynopsisThe subject of computational plasticity encapsulates the numerical methods used for the finite element simulation of the behaviour of a wide range of engineering materials considered to be plastic - i.e. those that undergo a permanent change of shape in response to an applied force.Table of ContentsPart One Basic concepts 1 Introduction 1.1 Aims and scope 1.2 Layout 1.3 General scheme of notation 2 ELEMENTS OF TENSOR ANALYSIS 2.1 Vectors 2.2 Second-order tensors 2.3 Higher-order tensors 2.4 Isotropic tensors 2.5 Differentiation 2.6 Linearisation of nonlinear problems 3 THERMODYNAMICS 3.1 Kinematics of deformation 3.2 Infinitesimal deformations 3.3 Forces. Stress Measures 3.4 Fundamental laws of thermodynamics 3.5 Constitutive theory 3.6 Weak equilibrium. The principle of virtual work 3.7 The quasi-static initial boundary value problem 4 The finite element method in quasi-static nonlinear solid mechanics 4.1 Displacement-based finite elements 4.2 Path-dependent materials. The incremental finite element procedure 4.3 Large strain formulation 4.4 Unstable equilibrium. The arc-length method 5 Overview of the program structure 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The main program 5.3 Data input and initialisation 5.4 The load incrementation loop. Overview 5.5 Material and element modularity 5.6 Elements. Implementation and management 5.7 Material models: implementation and management Part Two Small strains 6 The mathematical theory of plasticity 6.1 Phenomenological aspects 6.2 One-dimensional constitutive model 6.3 General elastoplastic constitutive model 6.4 Classical yield criteria 6.5 Plastic flow rules 6.6 Hardening laws 7 Finite elements in small-strain plasticity problems 7.1 Preliminary implementation aspects 7.2 General numerical integration algorithm for elastoplastic constitutive equations 7.3 Application: integration algorithm for the isotropically hardening von Mises model 7.4 The consistent tangent modulus 7.5 Numerical examples with the von Mises model 7.6 Further application: the von Mises model with nonlinear mixed hardening 8 Computations with other basic plasticity models 8.1 The Tresca model 8.2 The Mohr-Coulomb model 8.3 The Drucker-Prager model 8.4 Examples 9 Plane stress plasticity 9.1 The basic plane stress plasticity problem 9.2 Plane stress constraint at the Gauss point level 9.3 Plane stress constraint at the structural level 9.4 Plane stress-projected plasticity models 9.5 Numerical examples 9.6 Other stress-constrained states 10 Advanced plasticity models 10.1 A modified Cam-Clay model for soils 10.2 A capped Drucker-Prager model for geomaterials 10.3 Anisotropic plasticity: the Hill, Hoffman and Barlat-Lian models 11 Viscoplasticity 11.1 Viscoplasticity: phenomenological aspects 11.2 One-dimensional viscoplasticity model 11.3 A von Mises-based multidimensional model 11.4 General viscoplastic constitutive model 11.5 General numerical framework 11.6 Application: computational implementation of a von Mises-based model 11.7 Examples 12 Damage mechanics 12.1 Physical aspects of internal damage in solids 12.2 Continuum damage mechanics 12.3 Lemaitre's elastoplastic damage theory 12.4 A simplified version of Lemaitre's model 12.5 Gurson's void growth model 12.6 Further issues in damage modelling Part Three Large strains 13 Finite strain hyperelasticity 13.1 Hyperelasticity: basic concepts 13.2 Some particular models 13.3 Isotropic finite hyperelasticity in plane stress 13.4 Tangent moduli: the elasticity tensors 13.5 Application: Ogden material implementation 13.6 Numerical examples 13.7 Hyperelasticity with damage: the Mullins effect 14 Finite strain elastoplasticity 14.1 Finite strain elastoplasticity: a brief review 14.2 One-dimensional finite plasticity model 14.3 General hyperelastic-based multiplicative plasticity model 14.4 The general elastic predictor/return-mapping algorithm 14.5 The consistent spatial tangent modulus 14.6 Principal stress space-based implementation 14.7 Finite plasticity in plane stress 14.8 Finite viscoplasticity 14.9 Examples 14.10 Rate forms: hypoelastic-based plasticity models 14.11 Finite plasticity with kinematic hardening 15 Finite elements for large-strain incompressibility 15.1 The F-bar methodology 15.2 Enhanced assumed strain methods 15.3 Mixed u/p formulations 16 Anisotropic finite plasticity: Single crystals 16.1 Physical aspects 16.2 Plastic slip and the Schmid resolved shear stress 16.3 Single crystal simulation: a brief review 16.4 A general continuum model of single crystals 16.5 A general integration algorithm 16.6 An algorithm for a planar double-slip model 16.7 The consistent spatial tangent modulus 16.8 Numerical examples 16.9 Viscoplastic single crystals Appendices A Isotropic functions of a symmetric tensor A.1 Isotropic scalar-valued functions A.1.1 Representation A.1.2 The derivative of anisotropic scalar function A.2 Isotropic tensor-valued functions A.2.1 Representation A.2.2 The derivative of anisotropic tensor function A.3 The two-dimensional case A.3.1 Tensor function derivative A.3.2 Plane strain and axisymmetric problems A.4 The three-dimensional case A.4.1 Function computation A.4.2 Computation of the function derivative A.5 A particular class of isotropic tensor functions A.5.1 Two dimensions A.5.2 Three dimensions A.6 Alternative procedures B The tensor exponential B.1 The tensor exponential function B.1.1 Some properties of the tensor exponential function B.1.2 Computation of the tensor exponential function B.2 The tensor exponential derivative B.2.1 Computer implementation B.3 Exponential map integrators B.3.1 The generalised exponential map midpoint rule C Linearisation of the virtual work C.1 Infinitesimal deformations C.2 Finite strains and deformations C.2.1 Material description C.2.2 Spatial description D Array notation for computations with tensors D.1 Second-order tensors D.2 Fourth-order tensors D.2.1 Operations with non-symmetric tensors References Index
£121.46
John Wiley & Sons Inc The Duffing Equation
Book SynopsisThe Duffing Equation: Nonlinear Oscillators and their Behaviour brings together the results of a wealth of disseminated research literature on the Duffing equation, a key engineering model with a vast number of applications in science and engineering, summarizing the findings of this research.Trade Review"The book is a very well written and tightly edited exposition, not only of Duffing equations, but also of the general behavior of nonlinear oscillators. The book is likely to be of interest and use to students, engineers, and researchers in the ongoing studies of nonlinear phenomena. The book cites over 340 references." (Zentralblatt MATH, 2011) Table of ContentsList of Contributors. Preface. 1 Background: On Georg Duffing and the Duffing Equation (Ivana Kovacic and Michael J. Brennan). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Historical perspective. 1.3 A brief biography of Georg Duffing. 1.4 The work of Georg Duffing. 1.5 Contents of Duffing's book. 1.6 Research inspired by Duffing’s work. 1.7 Some other books on nonlinear dynamics. 1.8 Overview of this book. References. 2 Examples of Physical Systems Described by the Duffing Equation (Michael J. Brennan and Ivana Kovacic). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Nonlinear stiffness. 2.3 The pendulum. 2.4 Example of geometrical nonlinearity. 2.5 A system consisting of the pendulum and nonlinear stiffness. 2.6 Snap-through mechanism. 2.7 Nonlinear isolator. 2.8 Large deflection of a beam with nonlinear stiffness. 2.9 Beam with nonlinear stiffness due to inplane tension. 2.10 Nonlinear cable vibrations. 2.11 Nonlinear electrical circuit. 2.12 Summary. References. 3 Free Vibration of a Duffing Oscillator with Viscous Damping (Hiroshi Yabuno). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Fixed points and their stability. 3.3 Local bifurcation analysis. 3.4 Global analysis for softening nonlinear stiffness (γ< 0). 3.5 Global analysis for hardening nonlinear stiffness (γ< 0). 3.6 Summary. Acknowledgments. References. 4 Analysis Techniques for the Various Forms of the Duffing Equation (Livija Cveticanin). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Exact solution for free oscillations of the Duffing equation with cubic nonlinearity. 4.3 The elliptic harmonic balance method. 4.4 The elliptic Galerkin method. 4.5 The straightforward expansion method. 4.6 The elliptic Lindstedt–Poincaré method. 4.7 Averaging methods. 4.8 Elliptic homotopy methods. 4.9 Summary. References. Appendix AI: Jacob elliptic function and elliptic integrals. Appendix 4AII: The best L2 norm approximation. 5 Forced Harmonic Vibration of a Duffing Oscillator with Linear Viscous Damping (Tamas Kalmar-Nagy and Balakumar Balachandran). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Free and forced responses of the linear oscillator. 5.3 Amplitude and phase responses of the Duffing oscillator. 5.4 Periodic solutions, Poincare sections, and bifurcations. 5.5 Global dynamics. 5.6 Summary. References. 6 Forced Harmonic Vibration of a Duffing Oscillator with Different Damping Mechanisms (Asok Kumar Mallik). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Classification of nonlinear characteristics. 6.3 Harmonically excited Duffing oscillator with generalised damping. 6.4 Viscous damping. 6.5 Nonlinear damping in a hardening system. 6.6 Nonlinear damping in a softening system. 6.7 Nonlinear damping in a double-well potential oscillator. 6.8 Summary. Acknowledgments. References. 7 Forced Harmonic Vibration in a Duffing Oscillator with Negative Linear Stiffness and Linear Viscous Damping (Stefano Lenci and Giuseppe Rega). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Literature survey. 7.3 Dynamics of conservative and nonconservative systems. 7.4 Nonlinear periodic oscillations. 7.5 Transition to complex response. 7.6 Nonclassical analyses. 7.7 Summary. References. 8 Forced Harmonic Vibration of an Asymmetric Duffing Oscillator (Ivana Kovacic and Michael J. Brennan). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Models of the systems under consideration. 8.3 Regular response of the pure cubic oscillator. 8.4 Regular response of the single-well Helmholtz–Duffing oscillator. 8.5 Chaotic response of the pure cubic oscillator. 8.6 Chaotic response of the single-well Helmholtz–Duffing oscillator. 8.7 Summary. References. Appendix Translation of Sections from Duffing's Original Book (Keith Worden and Heather Worden). Glossary. Index.
£102.56
John Wiley & Sons Inc Mechanics and Physics of Porous Solids
Book SynopsisPhysical Mechanics of Porous Solids addresses the physics and mechanics of deformable porous materials, whose porous space is filled by one or several fluid mixtures interacting with the solid matrix.Table of ContentsForeword 1 The Strange World of Porous Solids 2 Fluid Mixtures 2.1 Chemical potential 2.2 Gibbs-Duhem Equality 2.3 Ideal Mixtures 2.4 Regular Solutions 3 The Deformable Porous Solid 3.1 Strain 3.2 Stress 3.3 Strain Work 3.4 From Solids to Porous Solids 4 The Saturated Poroelastic Solid 4.1 The Poroelastic Solid 4.2 Filling the Porous Solid 4.3 The Thermoporoelastic Solid 4.4 The Poroviscoelastic Solid 5 Fluid Transport and Deformation 5.1 Transport Laws 5.2 Coupling the Deformation and the Flow 5.3 Consolidation of a Soil Layer 6 Surface Energy and Capillarity 6.1 Physics and Mechanics of Interfaces 6.2 Capillarity in Porous Solids 6.3 Transport in Unsaturated Porous Solids 7 The Unsaturated Poroelastic Solid 7.1 Interface Stress as a Pre-Stress 7.2 Energy Balance for the Unsaturated Porous Solid 7.3 The Linear Unsaturated Poroelastic Solid 7.4 Extending Linear Unsaturated Poroelasticity 8 Uncon.ned Phase Transition 8.1 Chemical Potential and Phase Transition 8.2 Liquid-Vapor Transition 8.3 Liquid-Solid Transition 8.4 Gas bubble formation 8.5 Surface Energy and Phase Transition 9 Phase Transition in Porous Solids 9.1 In-Pore Phase Transition 9.2 Kinetics and Mechanics of Drying 9.3 Mechanics of Con.ned Crystallization 10 The Poroplastic Solid 10.1 Basic Concepts of Plasticity 10.2 From Plasticity to Poroplasticity 10.3 From material to structure 11 By Way of Conclusion
£93.56
John Wiley & Sons Inc Beam Structures Classical and Advanced Theories
Book SynopsisBeam theories are exploited worldwide to analyze civil, mechanical, automotive, and aerospace structures. Many beam approaches have been proposed during the last centuries by eminent scientists such as Euler, Bernoulli, Navier, Timoshenko, Vlasov, etc.Table of ContentsAbout the Authors ix Preface xi Introduction xiii References xvii 1 Fundamental equations of continuous deformable bodies 1 1.1 Displacement, strain, and stresses 1 1.2 Equilibrium equations in terms of stress components and boundary conditions 3 1.3 Strain displacement relations 4 1.4 Constitutive relations: Hooke’s law 4 1.5 Displacement approach via principle of virtual displacements 5 References 8 2 The Euler–Bernoulli and Timoshenko theories 9 2.1 The Euler–Bernoulli model 9 2.1.1 Displacement field 10 2.1.2 Strains 12 2.1.3 Stresses and stress resultants 12 2.1.4 Elastica 15 2.2 The Timoshenko model 16 2.2.1 Displacement field 16 2.2.2 Strains 16 2.2.3 Stresses and stress resultants 17 2.2.4 Elastica 18 2.3 Bending of a cantilever beam: EBBT and TBT solutions 18 2.3.1 EBBT solution 19 2.3.2 TBT solution 20 References 22 3 A refined beam theory with in-plane stretching: the complete linear expansion case 23 3.1 The CLEC displacement field 23 3.2 The importance of linear stretching terms 24 3.3 A finite element based on CLEC 28 Further reading 31 4 EBBT, TBT, and CLEC in unified form 33 4.1 Unified formulation of CLEC 33 4.2 EBBT and TBT as particular cases of CLEC 36 4.3 Poisson locking and its correction 38 4.3.1 Kinematic considerations of strains 38 4.3.2 Physical considerations of strains 38 4.3.3 First remedy: use of higher-order kinematics 39 4.3.4 Second remedy: modification of elastic coefficients 39 References 42 5 Carrera Unified Formulation and refined beam theories 45 5.1 Unified formulation 46 5.2 Governing equations 47 5.2.1 Strong form of the governing equations 47 5.2.2 Weak form of the governing equations 54 References 63 Further reading 63 6 The parabolic, cubic, quartic, and N-order beam theories 65 6.1 The second-order beam model, N =2 65 6.2 The third-order, N = 3, and the fourth-order, N = 4, beam models 67 6.3 N-order beam models 69 Further reading 71 7 CUF beam FE models: programming and implementation issue guidelines 73 7.1 Preprocessing and input descriptions 74 7.1.1 General FE inputs 74 7.1.2 Specific CUF inputs 79 7.2 FEM code 85 7.2.1 Stiffness and mass matrix 85 7.2.2 Stiffness and mass matrix numerical examples 91 7.2.3 Constraints and reduced models 95 7.2.4 Load vector 98 7.3 Postprocessing 100 7.3.1 Stresses and strains 101 References 103 8 Shell capabilities of refined beam theories 105 8.1 C-shaped cross-section and bending–torsional loading 105 8.2 Thin-walled hollow cylinder 107 8.2.1 Static analysis: detection of local effects due to a point load 109 8.2.2 Free-vibration analysis: detection of shell-like natural modes 112 8.3 Static and free-vibration analyses of an airfoil-shaped beam 116 8.4 Free vibrations of a bridge-like beam 119 References 121 9 Linearized elastic stability 123 9.1 Critical buckling load classic solution 123 9.2 Higher-order CUF models 126 9.2.1 Governing equations, fundamental nucleus 127 9.2.2 Closed form analytical solution 127 9.3 Examples 128 References 132 10 Beams made of functionally graded materials 133 10.1 Functionally graded materials 133 10.2 Material gradation laws 136 10.2.1 Exponential gradation law 136 10.2.2 Power gradation law 136 10.3 Beam modeling 139 10.4 Examples 141 References 148 11 Multi-model beam theories via the Arlequin method 151 11.1 Multi-model approaches 152 11.1.1 Mono-theory approaches 152 11.1.2 Multi-theory approaches 152 11.2 The Arlequin method in the context of the unified formulation 153 11.3 Examples 157 References 167 12 Guidelines and recommendations 169 12.1 Axiomatic and asymptotic methods 169 12.2 The mixed axiomatic–asymptotic method 170 12.3 Load effect 174 12.4 Cross-section effect 175 12.5 Output location effect 177 12.6 Reduced models for different error inputs 178 References 179 Index 181
£79.16
John Wiley & Sons Inc Dynamics of Flight Stability and Control
Book SynopsisThis revised text emphasizes the principles of the physics of flight. The increased importance of automatic control (AFCS) is reflected in an expanded chapter on this subject that prepares students for work with stability augmentation, autopilots and guidance systems.Table of ContentsStatic Stability and Control 1. Static Stability and Control 2. General Equations of Unsteady Motion. The Stability Derivatives. Stability of Uncontrolled Motion. Response to Actuation of the Controls-Open Loop. Closed-Loop Control. Appendices. References. Index.
£243.86
John Wiley & Sons Inc Diffusion in Solids Field Theory SolidState
Book SynopsisThis reference provides a modern treatment of the topic focusing on the core skills needed by practising engineers. It develops concepts in diffusion field theory and presents a few of its applications, then focuses on key solid-state principles needed to apply diffusion theory to real materials.Table of ContentsFIELD THEORY. Laws of Diffusion. Diffusion in Generalized Media. Solutions to the Linear Diffusion Equation. Diffusion Couple. Diffusion Point Sources in Higher Dimensions. Generalized Sources. Diffusion-Reaction. Linear Flow in Finite Systems. Spherical Bodies. Steady-State Diffusion. Inverse Methods. SOLID-STATE PRINCIPLES. Random Walks and Diffusion. Structure and Diffusion. Correlation Effects in Diffusion. Vacancy-Assisted Diffusion. Diffusion in Dilute Alloys. Kirkendall Effect. Influence of Solution Ideality. Diffusional Anelasticity. Field-Assisted Diffusion. Multiparticle Diffusion: Capillary Effects. Population Dynamics. Multicomponent Diffusion. Multicomponent Diffusion: Profiler Program. Appendices. Index.
£147.56
John Wiley & Sons Inc Thermodynamics of Materials Volume 1
Book SynopsisIn-depth reference for solid material thermodynamics Thermodynamics of Materials provides a comprehensive reference for chemical engineers and others whose work involves material science. Volume 1 covers the statistical and classical thermodynamics of solids, including enthalpy, entropy, energy exchange, and more. In-depth examination of property relationships includes chemical potentials, heat capacity, compressibility, magnetism, and others, while further exploration of equilibrium states and electrochemistry provide the essential information necessary to work with solid materials in theoretical and practical applications. Extensive appendices provide essential formulas and reference lists for current, volume, pressure, energy, and more.Table of ContentsFirst Law. Second Law. Property Relationships. Equilibrium. Chemical Equilibrium. Electrochemistry. Solutions. Phase Rule. Phase Diagrams. Statistical Thermodynamics. Appendix. Index.
£220.46
John Wiley & Sons Inc Thermodynamics of Materials Volume 2
Book SynopsisClear explanation of reaction kinetics for liquids, gases, and solids Thermodynamics of Materials provides a comprehensive reference for chemical engineers and others whose work involves materials science. Volume 2 reviews macroscopic thermodynamics before moving on to the more complex behavior of defects and interfaces. The kinetics of liquids and gases are explored through discussion of evaporation, diffusion, and molecular movement, while solids are explored through in-depth explanations of nucleation, spinodal decomposition, and reaction kinetics. Concise, with clearly-defined equations and constants, this guide is an invaluable reference for both theoretical and practical applications.Table of ContentsThermodynamics: Review. Statistical Thermodynamics. Defects in Solids. Surfaces and Interfaces. Diffusion. Transformations. Reaction Kinetics. Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics. Index.
£220.46
John Wiley & Sons Inc Solid Mechanics in Engineering
Book SynopsisThis book provides a systematic, modern introduction to solid mechanics that is carefully motivated by realistic Engineering applications.Trade Review"...The book is clearly laid out, well illustrated and the quality of reproduction is excellent...highly recommended..." (Materials World, September 2002)Table of ContentsPreface. PART A: BASIC CONCEPTS. 1 Introductory Concepts of Solid Mechanics. 2 Internal Forces and Stress. 3 Deformation and Strain. 4 Behaviour of Materials: Constitutive Equations. 5 Summary of Basic Results and Further Idealisations: Solutions using the "Mechanics-of-Materials" Approach. PART B: APPLICATIONS TO SIMPLE ELEMENTS. 6 Axial Loadings. 7 Torsion of Circular Cylindrical Rods: Coulomb Torsion. 8 Symmetric Bending of Beams - Basic Relations and Stresses. 9 Symmetric Bending of Beams: Deflections, Fundamental Solutions and Superposition. 10 Thin-Wall Pressure Vessels: Thin Shells Under Pressure. 11 Stability and Instability of Rods under Axial Compression: Beam-Columns and Tie-Rods. 12 Torsion of Elastic Members of Arbitrary Cross-Section: de Saint Venant Torsion. 13 General Bending Theory of Beams. PART C: ENERGY METHODS AND VIRTUAL WORK. 14 Basic Energy Theorems, Principles of Virtual Work and their Application to Structural Mechanics. 15 Stability of Mechanical Systems by Energy Considerations: Approximate Methods. Appendix A: Properties of Areas. Appendix B: Some Mathematical Relations. Appendix C: The Membrane Equation. Appendix D: Material Properties. Appendix E: Table of Structural Properties. Appendix F: Reactions, Deflections and Slopes of Selected Beams. Answers to Selected Problems. Index.
£53.06
John Wiley & Sons Inc An Introduction to the Mechanical Properties of
Book SynopsisProvides a comprehensive introduction to the mechanical behaviour of solid polymers. Extensively revised and updated throughout, the second edition now includes new material on mechanical relaxations and anisotropy, composites modelling, non-linear viscoelasticity, yield behaviour and fracture of tough polymers. The accessible approach of the book has been retained with each chapter designed to be self contained and the theory and applications of the subject carefully introduced where appropriate. The latest developments in the field are included alongside worked examples, mathematical appendices and an extensive reference. * Fully revised and updated throughout to include all the latest developments in the field * Worked examples at the end of the chapter * An invaluable resource for students of materials science, chemistry, physics or engineering studying polymer scienceTable of ContentsPreface. 1 Structure of Polymers. 2 The Deformation of an Elastic Solid. 3 Rubber-like Elasticity. 4 Principles of Linear Viscoelasticity. 5 The Measurement of Viscoelastic Behaviour. 6 Experimental Studies of Linear Viscoelastic Behaviour as a Function of Frequency and Temperature: Time-Temperature Equivalence. 7 Anisotropic Mechanical Behaviour. 8 Polymer Composites: Macroscale and Microscale. 9 Relaxation Transitions: Experimental Behaviour and Molecular Interpretation. 10 Creep, Stress Relaxation and Non-linear Viscoelasticity. 11 Yielding and Instability in Polymers. 12 Breaking Phenomena. Appendix 1. Appendix 2. Answers to Problems. Index.
£53.96
John Wiley & Sons Inc Metal Forming
Book SynopsisThis comprehensive reference presents the latest techniques for numerical analysis of forming operations. This is the perfect tool for those who wish to investigate new analytical methods for forming.Table of ContentsThe Tensile Test and Basic Material Behavior. Tensors, Matrices, Notation. Stress. Strain. Standard Mechanical Principles. Elasticity. Plasticity. Crystal-Based Plasticity. Friction. Classical Forming Analysis. Index.
£205.16
John Wiley & Sons Inc Dynamic Behavior of Materials
Book SynopsisAddresses fundamentals and advanced topics relevant to the behavior of materials under in-service conditions such as impact, shock, stress and high-strain rate deformations. Deals extensively with materials from a microstructure perspective which is the future direction of research today.Table of ContentsDynamic Deformation and Waves. Elastic Waves. Plastic Waves. Shock Waves. Shock Waves: Equations of State. Differential Form of Conservation Equations and Numerical Solutionsto More Complex Problems. Shock Wave Attenuation, Interaction, and Reflection. Shock Wave-Induced Phase Transformations and ChemicalChanges. Explosive-Material Interactions. Detonation. Experimental Techniques: Diagnostic Tools. Experimental Techniques: Methods to Produce DynamicDeformation. Plastic Deformation at High Strain Rates. Plastic Deformation in Shock Waves. Shear Bands (Thermoplastic Shear Instabilities). Dynamic Fracture. Applications. Indexes.
£175.46
John Wiley & Sons Inc Nonlinear Solid Mechanics
Book SynopsisNonlinear Solid Mechanics a Continuum Approach for Engineering Gerhard A. Holzapfel Graz University of Technology, Austria With a modern, comprehensive approach directed towards computational mechanics, this book covers a unique combination of subjects at present unavailable in any other text.Trade Review"…this book is really outstanding because it fills a gap in the scientific literature…" (Meccanica, No.37 2002)Table of ContentsIntroduction to Vectors and Tensors. Kinematics. The Concept of Stress. Balance Principles. Some Aspects of Objectivity. Hyperelastic Materials. Thermodynamics of Materials. Variational Principles. References. Index.
£52.16
John Wiley & Sons Inc Transient Stability of Power Systems
Book SynopsisAn in-depth treatment of the transient stability problem, its physical description and formulation. Discusses methods for transient stability analysis, sensitivity assessment and control. Considers conventional and non-conventional techniques including direct and artificial intelligence, system theory, load modeling, evaluation of machine parameters, saturation effects and pattern recognition approaches. Features practical examples and simulation results.Table of ContentsSynchronous Machines--Mathematical Description. Modeling of Power Systems for Stability Studies. Conventional Methods of Analysis. Lyapunov-Like Direct Methods. Extended Equal-Area Criterion. Decision Tree Transient Stability Method. Composite Electromechanical Distance Method. Appendices. References. Index.
£435.56
John Wiley & Sons Inc FluidStructure Interaction
Book SynopsisThe aim of this book is to describe the methods leading to mechanical and numerical modelling of the linear vibrations of elastic structures coupled with internal fluids (sloshing, hydroelasticity and structural acoustics). It is characteristic of the problems under consideration that they are multidisciplinary involving structural and fluid representation and related numerical aspects. The problems are solved by direct resolution of the coupled systems by finite element methods and modal reduction procedures using the eigenmodes of ?elementary subsystems?. The numerical methods described in this book have applications in various engineering disciplines such as the automotive and aerospace industries, civil engineering, nuclear engineering and bioengineering.Table of ContentsVibrations of Elastic Structures. Linearized Equations of Small Movements of Inviscid Fluids. Sloshing Modes. Sloshing Under Surface Tension. Hydroelastic Vibrations. Hydroelastic Vibrations Under Gravity. Acoustic Cavity Modes. Structural-Acoustic Vibrations. Modal Reduction in Fluid-Structure Interaction. Bibliography. Index.
£253.76
John Wiley & Sons Inc Elementary Mechanics of Plastic Flow in Metal
Book SynopsisThis textbook presents the fundamentals of continuum mechanics as they apply to the analysis of plastic flow in metal forming. The basic theory behind flow mechanics is explained in detail before it is applied in a variety of machine-tool design situations.Table of ContentsMetal-forming Operations. Kinematics of Deformable Bodies--The Velocity Field. Further Kinematics of Deformable Bodies--The Strain-rateField. Kinetics of Deformable Bodies--Stokes' Principle of PowerExpended. Plastic Flow of Mises Materials. Accounting for Work-hardening. Index.
£398.66
John Wiley & Sons Inc Stochastic Processes and Random Vibrations
Book SynopsisBeginning with the basics of probability and an overview of stochastic process, this book goes on to explore their engineering applications: random vibration and system analysis. It addresses extreme conditions such as distribution of large vibration peaks, probabilities of exceeding certain limits, and fatigue.Table of ContentsFundamentals of Probability Calculus with Applications. The Basic Theory of Stochastic Processes. Random Excitation and Response of Simple Linear Systems. Random Excursions and Failure Probabilities. Random Excitation and Response of Multiple and Continuous Systems. Some Fundamental Stochastic Processes. Fourier Analysis and Data Processing. Earthquake Hazard and Seismic Risk Analysis. References. Index.
£80.96
Cambridge University Press Elasticity and Geomechanics
Book SynopsisConcisely examines the use of elasticity in solving geotechnical engineering problems. In a highly illustrated and user-friendly format, the book provides a thorough grounding in the linear theory of elasticity and an understanding of the applications, for upper level students in civil engineering and engineering geology.Trade Review"...this reviewer liked Elasticity and Geomechanics. The writing style is informal and reads easily....If an instructor is looking for a book on basic elasticity with a geomaterial focus, this reviewer would encourage that instructor to look at this work; he or she might be pleasantly surprised." E.B. Pitman, Applied Mechanics Reviews"...a valuable guide....Overall, a pleasantly readable book. Highly recommended...." ChoiceTable of Contents1. Some ideas from the theory of elasticity; 2. The elastic constants; 3. Fundamental solutions; 4. Applications of fundamental solutions; Appendices.
£103.55
Cambridge University Press Reciprocity in Elastodynamics
Book SynopsisProfessor Achenbach discusses uses of reciprocity relations for the determination of elastodynamic fields, and presents a novel method to solve for wave fields by reciprocity of the actual field with a so-called virtual solution, shedding new light on the use of reciprocity relations for dynamic fields in elastic bodies.Trade Review'… this book provides a good basis for research workers in such fields who want to develop their knowledge in reciprocity formulations in elastodynamics.' ZAMM'This book is a delight to read. No matter how complicated a particular reasoning or derivation may be, every step is explained with insight and clarity that make the material easily accessible and enjoyable for beginners and experts alike. High-quality copyediting, printing, and page layout by Cambridge University Press complement this impression. If there has ever been a page-turner written on elastodynamics, this is the one.' Journal of Sound and VibrationTable of Contents1. Introduction; 2. Some elastodynamic theory; 3. Wave motion in an unbounded elastic solid; 4. Some simple applications of reciprocity; 5. Wave motion guided by a carrier wave; 6. Waves in an elastic layer; 7. Reciprocity considerations for the elastic layer; 8. Forced motion of an elastic layer; 9. Integral representations and integral equations; 10. Scattering waveguides and bounded bodies; Bibliography; Index.
£105.45
Cambridge University Press Impact Mechanics
Book SynopsisValuable for both professionals and advanced undergraduate and graduate students, this second edition builds upon foundation courses in dynamics and strength of materials, developing several different methodologies for analysing collisions between structures, new general methods of solving multibody impact, and including new chapters and examples.Trade Review'… this is an excellent reference book for graduate-level students and professionals interested in non-colliding impacts. The rich theoretical content of this book alongside recent advances in experimental and numerical methods can provide engineers in particular with necessary knowledge and tools to design more effectively for complex impact problems.' Iman Mohagheghian, The Aeronautical JournalTable of Contents1. Introduction to analysis of low-speed impact; 2. Collinear rigid body impact; 3. Planar or 2-D rigid body impact; 4. 3-D impact of rough rigid bodies; 5. Tangential compliance in planar impact of rough bodies; 6. Continuum modeling for local deformation neat contact area; 7. Wave propagation from impact on slender deformable bodies; 8. Generalized impact analysis of multibody systems; 9. Viscoelastic or viscoplastic impact; 10. Impact against flexible structures; 11. Propagating transformations of state in self-organizing systems; 12. Impact of sports balls.
£133.95
Cambridge University Press Theory of Dislocations
Book SynopsisTheory of Dislocations provides unparalleled coverage of the fundamentals of dislocation theory, with applications to specific metal and ionic crystals. Rather than citing final results, step-by-step developments are provided to offer an in-depth understanding of the topic. The text provides the solid theoretical foundation for researchers to develop modeling and computational approaches to discrete dislocation plasticity, yet it covers important experimental observations related to the effects of crystal structure, temperature, nucleation mechanisms, and specific systems. This new edition incorporates significant advances in theory, experimental observations of dislocations, and new findings from first principles and atomistic treatments of dislocations. Also included are new discussions on thin films, deformation in nanostructured systems, and connection to crystal plasticity and strain gradient continuum formulations. Several new computer programs and worked problems allow the readeTrade Review'The classic book by Hirth and Lothe has been made much more assessable to a wider audience of students and researchers. The chapters include greatly expanded and improved illustrations. A complete set of worked solutions and supporting MATLAB codes for the problems at the end of each chapter, a set of Powerpoint files containing all figures in the book and Errata are all available at the Cambridge University Press website.' William D. Nix, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford UniversityTable of ContentsPart I. Isotropic Continua: 1. Introductory material; 2. Elasticity; 3. Theory of straight dislocations; 4. Theory of curved dislocations; 5. Applications to dislocation interactions; 6. Applications to self energies; 7. Dislocations at high velocities; Part II. Effects of Crystal Structure: 8. The influence of lattice periodicity; 9. Slip systems of perfect dislocations; 10. Partial dislocations in FCC metals; 11. Partial dislocations in other structures; 12. Dislocations in ionic crystals; 13. Dislocations in anisotropic elastic media; Part III. Interactions with Point Defects: 14. Equilibrium defect concentrations; 15. Diffusive glide and climb processes; 16. Glide of jogged dislocations; 17. Dislocation motion in vacancy supersaturations; 18. Effects of solute atoms on dislocation motion; Part IV. Groups of Dislocations: 19. Grain boundaries and interfaces; 20. Dislocation sources; 21. Dislocation pileups and cracks; 22. Dislocation intersections and barriers; 23. Deformation twinning.
£94.99
Cambridge University Press A Primer on Theoretical Soil Mechanics
Book SynopsisA Primer to Theoretical Soil Mechanics is about adapting continuum mechanics to granular materials. The field of continuum mechanics offers many fruitful concepts and methods, however there is declining interest in the field due to its complex and fragmented nature. This book''s purpose is therefore to facilitate the understanding of the theoretical principles of soil mechanics, as well as introducing the new theory of barodesy. This title argues for barodesy as a simple alternative to the plasticity theory used currently and provides a systematic insight into this new constitutive model for granular materials. This book therefore introduces a complex field from a fresh and innovative perspective using simple concepts, succinct equations and explanatory sketches. Intended for advanced undergraduates, graduates and PhD students, this title is also apt for researchers seeking advanced training on fundamental topics.Trade Review'The last several decades have seen a surge of papers on the constitutive modelling of soils, the vast majority of them based on complex and often obscure plasticity concepts. Scientists not specializing in the field lost track and got largely confused. The present book by one of the most prominent scholars in the field succeeds in structuring both the fundamentals and the essential knowledge gained hitherto in a very appealing concise form … The underlying principles are easy to follow and the resulting equations astonishingly short. Predictions of the soil response reproduce all essential features observed in experiments. Besides theory, the text contains justified criticism on current issues in civil engineering. The book is a pleasure to read, and will hopefully become, especially for young scientists, a guide to navigate through the complex field of soil mechanics.' Christos Vrettos, Technical University of Kaiserslautern'With this book, Prof. Kolymbas has successfully created a future reference work in which the connections between continuum mechanics and soil mechanics are presented clearly and precisely. The author systematically bridges the topics of soil mechanics with continuum mechanics. First, the basic to more manifold soil behavior is introduced, followed by the basics of continuum mechanics. Later, an introduction to different frameworks for modelling soils, such as Plasticity, Hypoplasticity and Barodesy, is given. Prof Kolymbas has created an objective book written with passion and inspiration.' Hans Henning Stutz, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Soil Mechanics and Rock MechanicsTable of ContentsPreface. 1. Granular materials as soft solids; 2. Mechanical behaviour of soil – experimental results; 3. Mechanical behaviour of soil – intuitively; 4. Vectors and tensors; 5. Fields; 6. Deformation; 7. Stress; 8. Conservation laws (balance equations); 9. Internal friction and shear strength; 10. Collapse; 11. Constitutive equations; 12. Elasticity; 13. Elastic waves; 14. Plasticity theory; 15. Hypoplasticity; 16. Barodesy; 17. Uniqueness; 18. Symmetry; 19. Interaction with water; 20. Computing in soil mechanics; 21. Outlook. References. Index.
£47.49
Cambridge University Press Finite Element and Finite Volume Methods for Heat
Book SynopsisIntroduces the two most common numerical methods for heat transfer and fluid dynamics equations, using clear and accessible language. This unique approach covers all necessary mathematical preliminaries at the beginning of the book for the reader to sail smoothly through the chapters. Students will work step-by-step through the most common benchmark heat transfer and fluid dynamics problems, firmly grounding themselves in how the governing equations are discretized, how boundary conditions are imposed, and how the resulting algebraic equations are solved. Providing a detailed discussion of the discretization steps and time approximations, and clearly presenting concepts of explicit and implicit formulations, this graduate textbook has everything an instructor needs to prepare students for their exams and future careers. Each illustrative example shows students how to draw comparisons between the results obtained using the two numerical methods, and at the end of each chapter they can tTrade Review'I am delighted to recommend this textbook to beginners and early career researchers wanting to work in computational heat and fluid flow problems. This book is a useful tool for teaching postgraduate and senior undergraduate courses and will be an excellent addition to the bookshelves of senior researchers.' Perumal Nithiarasu, Swansea UniversityTable of ContentsPart I. Preliminaries: 1. Mathematical Preliminaries; 2. Equations of Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics; 3. Solution Methods for Algebraic Equations; Part II. The Finite Element Method: 4. The Finite Element Method: Steady-State Heat Transfer; 5. The Finite Element Method: Unsteady Heat Transfer; 6. Finite Element Analysis of Viscous Incompressible Flows; Part III. The Finite Volume Method: 7. The Finite Volume Method: Diffusion Problems; 8. The Finite Volume Method: Advection-Diffusion Problems; 9. Finite Volume Methods for Viscous Incompressible Flows; 10. Advanced Topics.
£71.24
Cambridge University Press Discrete Variational Problems with Interfaces
Book SynopsisThis text presents a complete treatment of variational problems on discrete sets with an overall behavior driven by surface energies. Covering both applications and perspectives, it can be used as an advanced graduate course text, as well as a reference for mathematical analysts and applied mathematicians working in related fields.Table of Contents1. Introduction; 2. Preliminaries; 3. Homogenization of pairwise systems with positive coefficients; 4. Compactness and integral representation; 5. Random lattices; 6. Extensions; 7. Frustrated systems; 8. Perspectives towards dense graphs; A. Multiscale analysis; B. Spin systems as limits of elastic interactions; References; Index.
£85.49
Cambridge University Press Theory of Machines and Mechanisms
Book SynopsisThoroughly updated sixth edition of an established and respected work, this is the ideal text for the complete study of the kinematics and dynamics of machines. Includes over 840 figures, 140 worked examples, 620 end-of-chapter problems, and solutions for instructors.Trade Review'In the sixth edition of this classic and comprehensive machine design text, the authors have produced an update that stays true to the strengths of the previous editions (e.g., kinematic coefficients) and incorporates state of the art advances to both content and presentation.' Pierre Larochelle, South Dakota School of Mines & Technology'The analytical approaches implemented in this book paired with the graphical methods facilitate learning for students. The order of sections in both kinematics and kinetics chapters are well thought out. The chapters on cams and gears are very inclusive. The example problems are very practical, ranging from easy to complicated.' Ahmad Ghasemloonia, University of Calgary'This is the most comprehensive undergraduate textbook available on the theory of mechanisms and their kinematics. It covers linkages, cams, gears, engine dynamics, and more with rigorous mathematics, yet it is sufficiently thorough to serve as an introduction to the material for students seeing it for the first time.' Christopher Barrett, Mississippi State UniversityTable of ContentsPreface; About the authors; Part I. Kinematics and Mechanisms: 1. The world of mechanisms; 2. Position, posture and displacement; 3. Velocity; 4. Acceleration; 5. Multi-degree-of-freedom planar linkages; Part II. Design of Mechanisms: 6. Cam design; 7. Spur gears; 8. Helical gears, bevel gears, worms, and worm gears; 9. Synthesis of linkages; 10. Spatial mechanisms and robotics; Part III. Dynamics of Machines: 11. Static force analysis; 12. Dynamic force analysis; 13. Vibration analysis; 14. Dynamics of reciprocating engines; 15. Balancing; 16. Flywheels, governors, and gyroscopes; Appendix A. Tables; Appendix B. Answers to selected problems; Index.
£90.24
Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Ergodic Theory
Book SynopsisThis volume in the Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science, Second Edition, covers recent developments in classical areas of ergodic theory, including the asymptotic properties of measurable dynamical systems, spectral theory, entropy, ergodic theorems, joinings, isomorphism theory, recurrence, nonsingular systems.Table of ContentsIntroduction to Ergodic Theory Ergodic Theory: Basic Examples and Constructions Ergodicity and Mixing Properties Ergodic Theory: Recurrence Ergodic Theorems Spectral Theory of Dynamical Systems Joinings in Ergodic Theory Entropy in Ergodic Theory Isomorphism Theory in Ergodic Theory Dynamical Systems of Probabilistic Origin: Gaussian and Poisson Systems Ergodic Theory: Non-singular Transformations Sarnak’s Conjecture from the Ergodic Theory Point of View Smooth Ergodic Theory Ergodic and spectral theory of area-preserving flows on surfaces Pressure and Equilibrium States in Ergodic Theory Parallels Between Topological Dynamics and Ergodic Theory Symbolic Dynamics Operator ergodic theory Dynamical Systems and C-algebras The complexity and the structure and classification of Dynamical Systems Ergodic Theory: Interactions with Combinatorics and Number Theory Ergodic Theory on Homogeneous Spaces and Metric Number Theory Ergodic Theory: Rigidity Chaos and Ergodic Theory Ergodic Theory: Fractal Geometry
£224.99
Cambridge University Press Ultrasonic Guided Waves in Solid Media
Book SynopsisUltrasonic guided waves in solid media are important in nondestructive testing and structural health monitoring, as new faster, sensitive, and economical ways of looking at materials and structures have become possible. This book can be read by managers from a 'black box' point of view, or used as a professional reference or textbook.Table of ContentsPreface; Acknowledgments; 1. Introduction; 2. Dispersion principles; 3. Unbounded isotropic and anisotropic media; 4. Reflection and refraction; 5. Oblique incidence; 6. Waves in plates; 7. Surface and subsurface waves; 8. Finite element method for guided wave mechanics; 9. The semi-analytical finite element method (SAFE); 10. Guided waves in hollow cylinders; 11. Circumferential guided waves; 12. Guided waves in layered structures; 13. Source influence on guided wave excitation; 14. Horizontal shear; 15. Guided waves in anisotropic media; 16. Guided wave phased arrays in piping; 17. Guided waves in viscoelastic media; 18. Ultrasonic vibrations; 19. Guided wave array transducers; 20. Introduction to guided wave nonlinear methods; 21. Guided wave imaging methods; Appendix A: ultrasonic nondestructive testing principles, analysis and display technology; Appendix B: basic formulas and concepts in the theory of elasticity; Appendix C: physically based signal processing concepts for guided waves; Appendix D: guided wave mode and frequency selection tips.
£79.79
Cambridge University Press Introduction to Finite Element Vibration Analysis
Book SynopsisAn introduction to the mathematical basis of finite element analysis as applied to vibrating systems. Finite element analysis is a technique that is very important in modeling the response of structures to dynamic loads and is widely used in aeronautical, civil, and mechanical engineering as well as naval architecture.Trade Review"The contents of this work are very well organized, and Petyt (Univ. of Southhamption, UK) gradually introduces important concepts, making it a very useful theoretical reference." X. Le, Wentworth Institute of Technology"The contents of this work are very well organized ... a very useful theoretical reference. ...Recommended." CHOICETable of Contents1. Formulation of the equations of motion; 2. Element energy functions; 3. Introduction to the finite element displacement method; 4. In-plane vibration of plates; 5. Vibration of solids; 6. Flexural vibration of plates; 7. Vibration of stiffened plates and folded plate structures; 8. Vibration of shells; 9. Vibration of laminated plates and shells; 10. Hierarchical finite element method; 11. Analysis of free vibration; 12. Forced response; 13. Forced response II; 14. Computer analysis technique.
£47.99
Cambridge University Press Rigid Body Kinematics
Book SynopsisMaster the conceptual, theoretical and practical aspects of kinematics with this exhaustive text, which provides a rigorous analysis and description of general motion in mechanical systems, with numerous examples from spinning tops to wheel ground-vehicles. Over 400 figures illustrate the main ideas and provide a geometrical interpretation and a deeper understanding of concepts, and exercises and problems throughout the text provide additional hands-on practice. Ideal for students taking courses on rigid body kinematics, and an invaluable reference for researchers.Trade Review'The Rigid Body Kinematics book by Batlle and Barjau presents the concepts of kinematics for points, rigid bodies and multibody systems with a depth and thoroughness which is not common in textbooks nowadays. This is a very good text for readers who look for a very solid foundation on their understanding of kinematics. The language is accessible and the quiz questions included are a good and quick way for the reader to test their understanding of each chapter.' Alba Pérez Gracia, Polytechnic University of Catalonia'Rigid Body Kinematics provides a clear and comprehensive account of the kinematics of rigid bodies in three-dimensional space, built from the ground up. It doesn't cut corners nor shies away from difficult topics: if you need a thorough understanding of how to analyze the movement of mechanical systems, this is your book. Its content has been honed by decades of continuous improvement. It was foundational for those of us lucky enough to be exposed to it by Professors Batlle and Barjau, providing many pleasant aha! moments when it made many previously disjoint ideas fit into a beautiful coherent whole.' Juan Reyero, Thestarmaps.com'I've been following the authors' teaching practices and materials since I started teaching mechanics to future engineers more than 30 years ago. This is a nicely updated English translation of the authors' teaching materials developed along an entire life devoted to the teaching of mechanics of particles and rigid bodies. With a rigorous but clear style, the book tenderly covers all the relevant kinematics concepts required for engineers at different levels, paving the ground for an advanced dynamics course. Plenty of inspiring examples and exercises, it uses a clear and explicit notation and language. I found this style inspiring in my multibody dynamics teaching practice. Definitely, my first choice as a teaching reference book.' Javier Ros, Public University of Navarre (UPNA)'Rigid Body Kinematics is … very original in the way in which its relevant principles are presented. An essential textbook for engineering students. The originality of the [book] is in the applications it makes of the fundamental principles of Classical Mechanics to practical cases. It is beautifully illustrated with realistic schemes, [and with] clear and easily understandable text…' Maria Rosario Isabel Lopez Hermoso, University of Barcelona'This book can serve as an excellent standard text at the advanced undergraduate level … Highly recommended.' M. O. Farooq, ChoiceTable of Contents1. Space and time; 2. Particle kinematics; 3. Rigid body kinematics; 4. Introduction to mechanical systems kinematics.
£75.04
John Wiley & Sons Inc Understanding Solids
Book SynopsisThe second edition of a modern introduction to the chemistry and physics of solids. This textbook takes a unique integrated approach designed to appeal to both science and engineering students. Review of 1st edition an extremely wide-ranging, useful book that is accessible to anyone with a firm grasp of high school sciencethis is an outstanding and affordable resource for the lifelong learner or current student. Choice, 2005 The book provides an introduction to the chemistry and physics of solids that acts as a foundation to courses in materials science, engineering, chemistry, and physics. It is equally accessible to both engineers and scientists, through its more scientific approach, whilst still covering the material essential to engineers. This edition contains new sections on the use of computing methods to solve materials problems and has been thoroughly updated to include the many developments and advances made in thTrade Review“Summing Up: Recommended. Lower-division undergraduates and two-year technical program students.” (Choice, 1 February 2014)Table of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition xvii Preface to the First Edition xix PART 1 STRUCTURES AND MICROSTRUCTURES 1 1 The electron structure of atoms 3 1.1 The hydrogen atom 3 1.1.1 The quantum mechanical description 3 1.1.2 The energy of the electron 4 1.1.3 Electron orbitals 5 1.1.4 Orbital shapes 5 1.2 Many-electron atoms 7 1.2.1 The orbital approximation 7 1.2.2 Electron spin and electron configuration 7 1.2.3 The periodic table 9 1.3 Atomic energy levels 11 1.3.1 Spectra and energy levels 11 1.3.2 Terms and term symbols 11 1.3.3 Levels 13 1.3.4 Electronic energy level calculations 14 Further reading 15 Problems and exercises 16 2 Chemical bonding 19 2.1 Ionic bonding 19 2.1.1 Ions 19 2.1.2 Ionic size and shape 20 2.1.3 Lattice energies 21 2.1.4 Atomistic simulation 23 2.2 Covalent bonding 24 2.2.1 Valence bond theory 24 2.2.2 Molecular orbital theory 30 2.3 Metallic bonding and energy bands 35 2.3.1 Molecular orbitals and energy bands 36 2.3.2 The free electron gas 37 2.3.3 Energy bands 40 2.3.4 Properties of metals 41 2.3.5 Bands in ionic and covalent solids 43 2.3.6 Computation of properties 44 Further reading 45 Problems and exercises 46 3 States of aggregation 49 3.1 Weak chemical bonds 49 3.2 Macrostructures, microstructures and nanostructures 52 3.2.1 Structures and scale 52 3.2.2 Crystalline solids 52 3.2.3 Quasicrystals 53 3.2.4 Non-crystalline solids 54 3.2.5 Partly crystalline solids 55 3.2.6 Nanoparticles and nanostructures 55 3.3 The development of microstructures 57 3.3.1 Solidification 58 3.3.2 Processing 58 3.4 Point defects 60 3.4.1 Point defects in crystals of elements 60 3.4.2 Solid solutions 61 3.4.3 Schottky defects 62 3.4.4 Frenkel defects 63 3.4.5 Non-stoichiometric compounds 64 3.4.6 Point defect notation 66 3.5 Linear, planar and volume defects 68 3.5.1 Edge dislocations 68 3.5.2 Screw dislocations 69 3.5.3 Partial and mixed dislocations 69 3.5.4 Planar defects 69 3.5.5 Volume defects: precipitates 70 Further reading 73 Problems and exercises 73 4 Phase diagrams 77 4.1 Phases and phase diagrams 77 4.1.1 One-component (unary) systems 77 4.1.2 The phase rule for one-component (unary) systems 79 4.2 Binary phase diagrams 80 4.2.1 Two-component (binary) systems 80 4.2.2 The phase rule for two-component (binary) systems 81 4.2.3 Simple binary diagrams: nickel–copper as an example 81 4.2.4 Binary systems containing a eutectic point: tin–lead as an example 83 4.2.5 Intermediate phases and melting 87 4.3 The iron–carbon system near to iron 88 4.3.1 The iron–carbon phase diagram 88 4.3.2 Steels and cast irons 89 4.3.3 Invariant points 89 4.4 Ternary systems 90 4.5 Calculation of phase diagrams: CALPHAD 93 Further reading 94 Problems and exercises 94 5 Crystallography and crystal structures 101 5.1 Crystallography 101 5.1.1 Crystal lattices 101 5.1.2 Crystal systems and crystal structures 102 5.1.3 Symmetry and crystal classes 104 5.1.4 Crystal planes and Miller indices 106 5.1.5 Hexagonal crystals and Miller-Bravais indices 109 5.1.6 Directions 110 5.1.7 Crystal geometry and the reciprocal lattice 112 5.2 The determination of crystal structures 114 5.2.1 Single crystal X-ray diffraction 114 5.2.2 Powder X-ray diffraction and crystal identification 115 5.2.3 Neutron diffraction 118 5.2.4 Electron diffraction 118 5.3 Crystal structures 118 5.3.1 Unit cells, atomic coordinates and nomenclature 118 5.3.2 The density of a crystal 119 5.3.3 The cubic close-packed (A1) structure 121 5.3.4 The body-centred cubic (A2) structure 121 5.3.5 The hexagonal (A3) structure 122 5.3.6 The diamond (A4) structure 122 5.3.7 The graphite (A9) structure 123 5.3.8 The halite (rock salt, sodium chloride, B1) structure 123 5.3.9 The spinel (H11) structure 125 5.4 Structural relationships 126 5.4.1 Sphere packing 126 5.4.2 Ionic structures in terms of anion packing 128 5.4.3 Polyhedral representations 129 Further reading 131 Problems and exercises 131 PART 2 CLASSES OF MATERIALS 137 6 Metals, ceramics, polymers and composites 139 6.1 Metals 139 6.1.1 The crystal structures of pure metals 140 6.1.2 Metallic radii 141 6.1.3 Alloy solid solutions 142 6.1.4 Metallic glasses 145 6.1.5 The principal properties of metals 146 6.2 Ceramics 147 6.2.1 Bonding and structure of silicate ceramics 147 6.2.2 Some non-silicate ceramics 149 6.2.3 The preparation and processing of ceramics 152 6.2.4 The principal properties of ceramics 154 6.3 Silicate glasses 154 6.3.1 Bonding and structure of silicate glasses 155 6.3.2 Glass deformation 157 6.3.3 Strengthened glass 159 6.3.4 Glass-ceramics 160 6.4 Polymers 161 6.4.1 Polymer formation 162 6.4.2 Microstructures of polymers 165 6.4.3 Production of polymers 170 6.4.4 Elastomers 173 6.4.5 The principal properties of polymers 175 6.5 Composite materials 177 6.5.1 Fibre-reinforced plastics 177 6.5.2 Metal-matrix composites 177 6.5.3 Ceramic-matrix composites 178 6.5.4 Cement and concrete 178 Further reading 181 Problems and exercises 182 PART 3 REACTIONS AND TRANSFORMATIONS 189 7 Diffusion and ionic conductivity 191 7.1 Self-diffusion, tracer diffusion and tracer impurity diffusion 191 7.2 Non-steady-state diffusion 194 7.3 Steady-state diffusion 195 7.4 Temperature variation of diffusion coefficient 195 7.5 The effect of impurities 196 7.6 Random walk diffusion 197 7.7 Diffusion in solids 198 7.8 Self-diffusion in one dimension 199 7.9 Self-diffusion in crystals 201 7.10 The Arrhenius equation and point defects 202 7.11 Correlation factors for self-diffusion 204 7.12 Ionic conductivity 205 7.12.1 Ionic conductivity in solids 205 7.12.2 The relationship between ionic conductivity and diffusion coefficient 208 Further reading 209 Problems and exercises 209 8 Phase transformations and reactions 213 8.1 Sintering 213 8.1.1 Sintering and reaction 213 8.1.2 The driving force for sintering 215 8.1.3 The kinetics of neck growth 216 8.2 First-order and second-order phase transitions 216 8.2.1 First-order phase transitions 217 8.2.2 Second-order transitions 217 8.3 Displacive and reconstructive transitions 218 8.3.1 Displacive transitions 218 8.3.2 Reconstructive transitions 219 8.4 Order–disorder transitions 221 8.4.1 Positional ordering 221 8.4.2 Orientational ordering 222 8.5 Martensitic transformations 223 8.5.1 The austenite–martensite transition 223 8.5.2 Martensitic transformations in zirconia 226 8.5.3 Martensitic transitions in Ni–Ti alloys 227 8.5.4 Shape-memory alloys 228 8.6 Phase diagrams and microstructures 230 8.6.1 Equilibrium solidification of simple binary alloys 230 8.6.2 Non-equilibrium solidification and coring 230 8.6.3 Solidification in systems containing a eutectic point 231 8.6.4 Equilibrium heat treatment of steel in the Fe–C phase diagram 233 8.7 High-temperature oxidation of metals 236 8.7.1 Direct corrosion 236 8.7.2 The rate of oxidation 236 8.7.3 Oxide film microstructure 237 8.7.4 Film growth via diffusion 238 8.7.5 Alloys 239 8.8 Solid-state reactions 240 8.8.1 Spinel formation 240 8.8.2 The kinetics of spinel formation 241 Further reading 242 Problems and exercises 242 9 Oxidation and reduction 247 9.1 Galvanic cells 247 9.1.1 Cell basics 247 9.1.2 Standard electrode potentials 249 9.1.3 Cell potential and Gibbs energy 250 9.1.4 Concentration dependence 251 9.2 Chemical analysis using galvanic cells 251 9.2.1 pH meters 251 9.2.2 Ion selective electrodes 253 9.2.3 Oxygen sensors 254 9.3 Batteries 255 9.3.1 ‘Dry’ and alkaline primary batteries 255 9.3.2 Lithium-ion primary batteries 256 9.3.3 The lead–acid secondary battery 257 9.3.4 Lithium-ion secondary batteries 257 9.3.5 Lithium–air batteries 259 9.3.6 Fuel cells 260 9.4 Corrosion 262 9.4.1 The reaction of metals with water and aqueous acids 262 9.4.2 Dissimilar metal corrosion 264 9.4.3 Single metal electrochemical corrosion 265 9.5 Electrolysis 266 9.5.1 Electrolytic cells 267 9.5.2 Electroplating 267 9.5.3 The amount of product produced during electrolysis 268 9.5.4 The electrolytic preparation of titanium by the FFC Cambridge Process 269 9.6 Pourbaix diagrams 270 9.6.1 Passivation, corrosion and leaching 270 9.6.2 The stability field of water 270 9.6.3 Pourbaix diagram for a metal showing two valence states, M2þ and M3þ 271 9.6.4 Pourbaix diagram displaying tendency for corrosion 273 Further reading 274 Problems and exercises 275 PART 4 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 279 10 Mechanical properties of solids 281 10.1 Strength and hardness 281 10.1.1 Strength 281 10.1.2 Stress and strain 282 10.1.3 Stress–strain curves 283 10.1.4 Toughness and stiffness 286 10.1.5 Superelasticity 286 10.1.6 Hardness 287 10.2 Elastic moduli 289 10.2.1 Young’s modulus (the modulus of elasticity) (E or Y) 289 10.2.2 Poisson’s ratio (n) 291 10.2.3 The longitudinal or axial modulus (L or M) 292 10.2.4 The shear modulus or modulus of rigidity (G or m) 292 10.2.5 The bulk modulus, K or B 293 10.2.6 The Lame modulus (l) 293 10.2.7 Relationships between the elastic moduli 293 10.2.8 Ultrasonic waves in elastic solids 293 10.3 Deformation and fracture 295 10.3.1 Brittle fracture 295 10.3.2 Plastic deformation of metals 298 10.3.3 Dislocation movement and plastic deformation 298 10.3.4 Brittle and ductile materials 301 10.3.5 Plastic deformation of polymers 302 10.3.6 Fracture following plastic deformation 302 10.3.7 Strengthening 304 10.3.8 Computation of deformation and fracture 306 10.4 Time-dependent properties 307 10.4.1 Fatigue 307 10.4.2 Creep 308 10.5 Nanoscale properties 312 10.5.1 Solid lubricants 312 10.5.2 Auxetic materials 313 10.5.3 Thin films and nanowires 315 10.6 Composite materials 317 10.6.1 Young’s modulus of large particle composites 317 10.6.2 Young’s modulus of fibre-reinforced composites 318 10.6.3 Young’s modulus of a two-phase system 319 Further reading 320 Problems and exercises 321 11 Insulating solids 327 11.1 Dielectrics 327 11.1.1 Relative permittivity and polarisation 327 11.1.2 Polarisability 329 11.1.3 Polarisability and relative permittivity 330 11.1.4 The frequency dependence of polarisability and relative permittivity 331 11.1.5 The relative permittivity of crystals 332 11.2 Piezoelectrics, pyroelectrics and ferroelectrics 333 11.2.1 The piezoelectric and pyroelectric effects 333 11.2.2 Crystal symmetry and the piezoelectric and pyroelectric effects 335 11.2.3 Piezoelectric mechanisms 336 11.2.4 Quartz oscillators 337 11.2.5 Piezoelectric polymers 338 11.3 Ferroelectrics 340 11.3.1 Ferroelectric crystals 340 11.3.2 Hysteresis and domain growth in ferroelectric crystals 341 11.3.3 Antiferroelectrics 344 11.3.4 The temperature dependence of ferroelectricity and antiferroelectricity 344 11.3.5 Ferroelectricity due to hydrogen bonds 345 11.3.6 Ferroelectricity due to polar groups 347 11.3.7 Ferroelectricity due to medium-sized transition-metal cations 348 11.3.8 Poling and polycrystalline ferroelectric solids 349 11.3.9 Doping and modification of properties 349 11.3.10 Relaxor ferroelectrics 351 11.3.11 Ferroelectric nanoparticles, thin films and superlattices 352 11.3.12 Flexoelectricity in ferroelectrics 353 Further reading 354 Problems and exercises 355 12 Magnetic solids 361 12.1 Magnetic materials 361 12.1.1 Characterisation of magnetic materials 361 12.1.2 Magnetic dipoles and magnetic flux 362 12.1.3 Atomic magnetism 363 12.1.4 Overview of magnetic materials 365 12.2 Paramagnetic materials 368 12.2.1 The magnetic moment of paramagnetic atoms and ions 368 12.2.2 High and low spin: crystal field effects 369 12.2.3 Temperature dependence of paramagnetic susceptibility 371 12.2.4 Pauli paramagnetism 373 12.3 Ferromagnetic materials 374 12.3.1 Ferromagnetism 374 12.3.2 Exchange energy 376 12.3.3 Domains 378 12.3.4 Hysteresis 380 12.3.5 Hard and soft magnetic materials 380 12.4 Antiferromagnetic materials and superexchange 381 12.5 Ferrimagnetic materials 382 12.5.1 Cubic spinel ferrites 382 12.5.2 Garnet structure ferrites 383 12.5.3 Hexagonal ferrites 383 12.5.4 Double exchange 384 12.6 Nanostructures 385 12.6.1 Small particles and data recording 385 12.6.2 Superparamagnetism and thin films 386 12.6.3 Superlattices 386 12.6.4 Photoinduced magnetism 387 12.7 Magnetic defects 389 12.7.1 Magnetic defects in semiconductors 389 12.7.2 Charge and spin states in cobaltites and manganites 390 Further reading 393 Problems and exercises 393 13 Electronic conductivity in solids 399 13.1 Metals 399 13.1.1 Metals, semiconductors and insulators 399 13.1.2 Electron drift in an electric field 401 13.1.3 Electronic conductivity 402 13.1.4 Resistivity 404 13.2 Semiconductors 405 13.2.1 Intrinsic semiconductors 405 13.2.2 Band gap measurement 407 13.2.3 Extrinsic semiconductors 408 13.2.4 Carrier concentrations in extrinsic semiconductors 409 13.2.5 Characterisation 411 13.2.6 The p-n junction diode 413 13.3 Metal–insulator transitions 416 13.3.1 Metals and insulators 416 13.3.2 Electron–electron repulsion 417 13.3.3 Modification of insulators 418 13.3.4 Transparent conducting oxides 419 13.4 Conducting polymers 420 13.5 Nanostructures and quantum confinement of electrons 423 13.5.1 Quantum wells 424 13.5.2 Quantum wires and quantum dots 425 13.6 Superconductivity 426 13.6.1 Superconductors 426 13.6.2 The effect of magnetic fields 427 13.6.3 The effect of current 428 13.6.4 The nature of superconductivity 428 13.6.5 Josephson junctions 430 13.6.6 Cuprate high-temperature superconductors 430 Further reading 438 Problems and exercises 438 14 Optical aspects of solids 445 14.1 Light 445 14.1.1 Light waves 445 14.1.2 Photons 447 14.2 Sources of light 449 14.2.1 Incandescence 449 14.2.2 Luminescence and phosphors 450 14.2.3 Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) 453 14.2.4 Solid-state lasers 454 14.3 Colour and appearance 460 14.3.1 Luminous solids 460 14.3.2 Non-luminous solids 460 14.3.3 Attenuation 461 14.4 Refraction and dispersion 462 14.4.1 Refraction 462 14.4.2 Refractive index and structure 464 14.4.3 The refractive index of metals and semiconductors 465 14.4.4 Dispersion 465 14.5 Reflection 466 14.5.1 Reflection from a surface 466 14.5.2 Reflection from a single thin film 467 14.5.3 The reflectivity of a single thin film in air 469 14.5.4 The colour of a single thin film in air 469 14.5.5 The colour of a single thin film on a substrate 470 14.5.6 Low-reflectivity (antireflection) and high-reflectivity coatings 471 14.5.7 Multiple thin films and dielectric mirrors 471 14.6 Scattering 472 14.6.1 Rayleigh scattering 472 14.6.2 Mie scattering 475 14.7 Diffraction 475 14.7.1 Diffraction by an aperture 475 14.7.2 Diffraction gratings 476 14.7.3 Diffraction from crystal-like structures 477 14.7.4 Photonic crystals 478 14.8 Fibre optics 479 14.8.1 Optical communications 479 14.8.2 Attenuation in glass fibres 479 14.8.3 Dispersion and optical fibre design 480 14.8.4 Optical amplification 482 14.9 Energy conversion 483 14.9.1 Photoconductivity and photovoltaic solar cells 483 14.9.2 Dye sensitized solar cells 485 14.10 Nanostructures 486 14.10.1 The optical properties of quantum wells 486 14.10.2 The optical properties of nanoparticles 487 Further reading 489 Problems and exercises 489 15 Thermal properties 495 15.1 Heat capacity 495 15.1.1 The heat capacity of a solid 495 15.1.2 Classical theory of heat capacity 496 15.1.3 Quantum theory of heat capacity 496 15.1.4 Heat capacity at phase transitions 497 15.2 Thermal conductivity 498 15.2.1 Heat transfer 498 15.2.2 Thermal conductivity of solids 498 15.2.3 Thermal conductivity and microstructure 500 15.3 Expansion and contraction 501 15.3.1 Thermal expansion 501 15.3.2 Thermal expansion and interatomic potentials 502 15.3.3 Thermal contraction 503 15.3.4 Zero thermal contraction materials 505 15.4 Thermoelectric effects 506 15.4.1 Thermoelectric coefficients 506 15.4.2 Thermoelectric effects and charge carriers 508 15.4.3 The Seebeck coefficient of solids containing point defect populations 509 15.4.4 Thermocouples, power generation and refrigeration 509 15.5 The magnetocaloric effect 512 15.5.1 The magnetocaloric effect and adiabatic cooling 512 15.5.2 The giant magnetocaloric effect 513 Further reading 514 Problems and exercises 514 PART 5 NUCLEAR PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS 517 16 Radioactivity and nuclear reactions 519 16.1 Radioactivity 519 16.1.1 Naturally occurring radioactive elements 519 16.1.2 Isotopes and nuclides 520 16.1.3 Nuclear equations 520 16.1.4 Radioactive series 521 16.1.5 Nuclear stability 523 16.2 Artificial radioactive atoms 524 16.2.1 Transuranic elements 524 16.2.2 Artificial radioactivity in light elements 527 16.3 Nuclear decay 527 16.3.1 The rate of nuclear decay 527 16.3.2 Radioactive dating 529 16.4 Nuclear energy 531 16.4.1 The binding energy of nuclides 531 16.4.2 Nuclear fission 532 16.4.3 Thermal reactors for power generation 533 16.4.4 Fuel for space exploration 535 16.4.5 Fast breeder reactors 535 16.4.6 Fusion 535 16.4.7 Solar cycles 536 16.5 Nuclear waste 536 16.5.1 Nuclear accidents 537 16.5.2 The storage of nuclear waste 537 Further reading 538 Problems and exercises 539 Subject Index 543
£126.85
John Wiley & Sons Inc Understanding Solids
Book SynopsisHailed by the reviews as an extremely wide-ranging, useful book, this book provides a modern introduction to the chemistry and physics of solids. It offers a unique integrated approach, equally accessible to scientists and engineers.Trade Review“Summing Up: Recommended. Lower-division undergraduates and two-year technical program students.” (Choice, 1 February 2014)Table of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition xvii Preface to the First Edition xix PART 1 STRUCTURES AND MICROSTRUCTURES 1 1 The electron structure of atoms 3 1.1 The hydrogen atom 3 1.1.1 The quantum mechanical description 3 1.1.2 The energy of the electron 4 1.1.3 Electron orbitals 5 1.1.4 Orbital shapes 5 1.2 Many-electron atoms 7 1.2.1 The orbital approximation 7 1.2.2 Electron spin and electron configuration 7 1.2.3 The periodic table 9 1.3 Atomic energy levels 11 1.3.1 Spectra and energy levels 11 1.3.2 Terms and term symbols 11 1.3.3 Levels 13 1.3.4 Electronic energy level calculations 14 Further reading 15 Problems and exercises 16 2 Chemical bonding 19 2.1 Ionic bonding 19 2.1.1 Ions 19 2.1.2 Ionic size and shape 20 2.1.3 Lattice energies 21 2.1.4 Atomistic simulation 23 2.2 Covalent bonding 24 2.2.1 Valence bond theory 24 2.2.2 Molecular orbital theory 30 2.3 Metallic bonding and energy bands 35 2.3.1 Molecular orbitals and energy bands 36 2.3.2 The free electron gas 37 2.3.3 Energy bands 40 2.3.4 Properties of metals 41 2.3.5 Bands in ionic and covalent solids 43 2.3.6 Computation of properties 44 Further reading 45 Problems and exercises 46 3 States of aggregation 49 3.1 Weak chemical bonds 49 3.2 Macrostructures, microstructures and nanostructures 52 3.2.1 Structures and scale 52 3.2.2 Crystalline solids 52 3.2.3 Quasicrystals 53 3.2.4 Non-crystalline solids 54 3.2.5 Partly crystalline solids 55 3.2.6 Nanoparticles and nanostructures 55 3.3 The development of microstructures 57 3.3.1 Solidification 58 3.3.2 Processing 58 3.4 Point defects 60 3.4.1 Point defects in crystals of elements 60 3.4.2 Solid solutions 61 3.4.3 Schottky defects 62 3.4.4 Frenkel defects 63 3.4.5 Non-stoichiometric compounds 64 3.4.6 Point defect notation 66 3.5 Linear, planar and volume defects 68 3.5.1 Edge dislocations 68 3.5.2 Screw dislocations 69 3.5.3 Partial and mixed dislocations 69 3.5.4 Planar defects 69 3.5.5 Volume defects: precipitates 70 Further reading 73 Problems and exercises 73 4 Phase diagrams 77 4.1 Phases and phase diagrams 77 4.1.1 One-component (unary) systems 77 4.1.2 The phase rule for one-component (unary) systems 79 4.2 Binary phase diagrams 80 4.2.1 Two-component (binary) systems 80 4.2.2 The phase rule for two-component (binary) systems 81 4.2.3 Simple binary diagrams: nickel–copper as an example 81 4.2.4 Binary systems containing a eutectic point: tin–lead as an example 83 4.2.5 Intermediate phases and melting 87 4.3 The iron–carbon system near to iron 88 4.3.1 The iron–carbon phase diagram 88 4.3.2 Steels and cast irons 89 4.3.3 Invariant points 89 4.4 Ternary systems 90 4.5 Calculation of phase diagrams: CALPHAD 93 Further reading 94 Problems and exercises 94 5 Crystallography and crystal structures 101 5.1 Crystallography 101 5.1.1 Crystal lattices 101 5.1.2 Crystal systems and crystal structures 102 5.1.3 Symmetry and crystal classes 104 5.1.4 Crystal planes and Miller indices 106 5.1.5 Hexagonal crystals and Miller-Bravais indices 109 5.1.6 Directions 110 5.1.7 Crystal geometry and the reciprocal lattice 112 5.2 The determination of crystal structures 114 5.2.1 Single crystal X-ray diffraction 114 5.2.2 Powder X-ray diffraction and crystal identification 115 5.2.3 Neutron diffraction 118 5.2.4 Electron diffraction 118 5.3 Crystal structures 118 5.3.1 Unit cells, atomic coordinates and nomenclature 118 5.3.2 The density of a crystal 119 5.3.3 The cubic close-packed (A1) structure 121 5.3.4 The body-centred cubic (A2) structure 121 5.3.5 The hexagonal (A3) structure 122 5.3.6 The diamond (A4) structure 122 5.3.7 The graphite (A9) structure 123 5.3.8 The halite (rock salt, sodium chloride, B1) structure 123 5.3.9 The spinel (H11) structure 125 5.4 Structural relationships 126 5.4.1 Sphere packing 126 5.4.2 Ionic structures in terms of anion packing 128 5.4.3 Polyhedral representations 129 Further reading 131 Problems and exercises 131 PART 2 CLASSES OF MATERIALS 137 6 Metals, ceramics, polymers and composites 139 6.1 Metals 139 6.1.1 The crystal structures of pure metals 140 6.1.2 Metallic radii 141 6.1.3 Alloy solid solutions 142 6.1.4 Metallic glasses 145 6.1.5 The principal properties of metals 146 6.2 Ceramics 147 6.2.1 Bonding and structure of silicate ceramics 147 6.2.2 Some non-silicate ceramics 149 6.2.3 The preparation and processing of ceramics 152 6.2.4 The principal properties of ceramics 154 6.3 Silicate glasses 154 6.3.1 Bonding and structure of silicate glasses 155 6.3.2 Glass deformation 157 6.3.3 Strengthened glass 159 6.3.4 Glass-ceramics 160 6.4 Polymers 161 6.4.1 Polymer formation 162 6.4.2 Microstructures of polymers 165 6.4.3 Production of polymers 170 6.4.4 Elastomers 173 6.4.5 The principal properties of polymers 175 6.5 Composite materials 177 6.5.1 Fibre-reinforced plastics 177 6.5.2 Metal-matrix composites 177 6.5.3 Ceramic-matrix composites 178 6.5.4 Cement and concrete 178 Further reading 181 Problems and exercises 182 PART 3 REACTIONS AND TRANSFORMATIONS 189 7 Diffusion and ionic conductivity 191 7.1 Self-diffusion, tracer diffusion and tracer impurity diffusion 191 7.2 Non-steady-state diffusion 194 7.3 Steady-state diffusion 195 7.4 Temperature variation of diffusion coefficient 195 7.5 The effect of impurities 196 7.6 Random walk diffusion 197 7.7 Diffusion in solids 198 7.8 Self-diffusion in one dimension 199 7.9 Self-diffusion in crystals 201 7.10 The Arrhenius equation and point defects 202 7.11 Correlation factors for self-diffusion 204 7.12 Ionic conductivity 205 7.12.1 Ionic conductivity in solids 205 7.12.2 The relationship between ionic conductivity and diffusion coefficient 208 Further reading 209 Problems and exercises 209 8 Phase transformations and reactions 213 8.1 Sintering 213 8.1.1 Sintering and reaction 213 8.1.2 The driving force for sintering 215 8.1.3 The kinetics of neck growth 216 8.2 First-order and second-order phase transitions 216 8.2.1 First-order phase transitions 217 8.2.2 Second-order transitions 217 8.3 Displacive and reconstructive transitions 218 8.3.1 Displacive transitions 218 8.3.2 Reconstructive transitions 219 8.4 Order–disorder transitions 221 8.4.1 Positional ordering 221 8.4.2 Orientational ordering 222 8.5 Martensitic transformations 223 8.5.1 The austenite–martensite transition 223 8.5.2 Martensitic transformations in zirconia 226 8.5.3 Martensitic transitions in Ni–Ti alloys 227 8.5.4 Shape-memory alloys 228 8.6 Phase diagrams and microstructures 230 8.6.1 Equilibrium solidification of simple binary alloys 230 8.6.2 Non-equilibrium solidification and coring 230 8.6.3 Solidification in systems containing a eutectic point 231 8.6.4 Equilibrium heat treatment of steel in the Fe–C phase diagram 233 8.7 High-temperature oxidation of metals 236 8.7.1 Direct corrosion 236 8.7.2 The rate of oxidation 236 8.7.3 Oxide film microstructure 237 8.7.4 Film growth via diffusion 238 8.7.5 Alloys 239 8.8 Solid-state reactions 240 8.8.1 Spinel formation 240 8.8.2 The kinetics of spinel formation 241 Further reading 242 Problems and exercises 242 9 Oxidation and reduction 247 9.1 Galvanic cells 247 9.1.1 Cell basics 247 9.1.2 Standard electrode potentials 249 9.1.3 Cell potential and Gibbs energy 250 9.1.4 Concentration dependence 251 9.2 Chemical analysis using galvanic cells 251 9.2.1 pH meters 251 9.2.2 Ion selective electrodes 253 9.2.3 Oxygen sensors 254 9.3 Batteries 255 9.3.1 ‘Dry’ and alkaline primary batteries 255 9.3.2 Lithium-ion primary batteries 256 9.3.3 The lead–acid secondary battery 257 9.3.4 Lithium-ion secondary batteries 257 9.3.5 Lithium–air batteries 259 9.3.6 Fuel cells 260 9.4 Corrosion 262 9.4.1 The reaction of metals with water and aqueous acids 262 9.4.2 Dissimilar metal corrosion 264 9.4.3 Single metal electrochemical corrosion 265 9.5 Electrolysis 266 9.5.1 Electrolytic cells 267 9.5.2 Electroplating 267 9.5.3 The amount of product produced during electrolysis 268 9.5.4 The electrolytic preparation of titanium by the FFC Cambridge Process 269 9.6 Pourbaix diagrams 270 9.6.1 Passivation, corrosion and leaching 270 9.6.2 The stability field of water 270 9.6.3 Pourbaix diagram for a metal showing two valence states, M2þ and M3þ 271 9.6.4 Pourbaix diagram displaying tendency for corrosion 273 Further reading 274 Problems and exercises 275 PART 4 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 279 10 Mechanical properties of solids 281 10.1 Strength and hardness 281 10.1.1 Strength 281 10.1.2 Stress and strain 282 10.1.3 Stress–strain curves 283 10.1.4 Toughness and stiffness 286 10.1.5 Superelasticity 286 10.1.6 Hardness 287 10.2 Elastic moduli 289 10.2.1 Young’s modulus (the modulus of elasticity) (E or Y) 289 10.2.2 Poisson’s ratio (n) 291 10.2.3 The longitudinal or axial modulus (L or M) 292 10.2.4 The shear modulus or modulus of rigidity (G or m) 292 10.2.5 The bulk modulus, K or B 293 10.2.6 The Lame modulus (l) 293 10.2.7 Relationships between the elastic moduli 293 10.2.8 Ultrasonic waves in elastic solids 293 10.3 Deformation and fracture 295 10.3.1 Brittle fracture 295 10.3.2 Plastic deformation of metals 298 10.3.3 Dislocation movement and plastic deformation 298 10.3.4 Brittle and ductile materials 301 10.3.5 Plastic deformation of polymers 302 10.3.6 Fracture following plastic deformation 302 10.3.7 Strengthening 304 10.3.8 Computation of deformation and fracture 306 10.4 Time-dependent properties 307 10.4.1 Fatigue 307 10.4.2 Creep 308 10.5 Nanoscale properties 312 10.5.1 Solid lubricants 312 10.5.2 Auxetic materials 313 10.5.3 Thin films and nanowires 315 10.6 Composite materials 317 10.6.1 Young’s modulus of large particle composites 317 10.6.2 Young’s modulus of fibre-reinforced composites 318 10.6.3 Young’s modulus of a two-phase system 319 Further reading 320 Problems and exercises 321 11 Insulating solids 327 11.1 Dielectrics 327 11.1.1 Relative permittivity and polarisation 327 11.1.2 Polarisability 329 11.1.3 Polarisability and relative permittivity 330 11.1.4 The frequency dependence of polarisability and relative permittivity 331 11.1.5 The relative permittivity of crystals 332 11.2 Piezoelectrics, pyroelectrics and ferroelectrics 333 11.2.1 The piezoelectric and pyroelectric effects 333 11.2.2 Crystal symmetry and the piezoelectric and pyroelectric effects 335 11.2.3 Piezoelectric mechanisms 336 11.2.4 Quartz oscillators 337 11.2.5 Piezoelectric polymers 338 11.3 Ferroelectrics 340 11.3.1 Ferroelectric crystals 340 11.3.2 Hysteresis and domain growth in ferroelectric crystals 341 11.3.3 Antiferroelectrics 344 11.3.4 The temperature dependence of ferroelectricity and antiferroelectricity 344 11.3.5 Ferroelectricity due to hydrogen bonds 345 11.3.6 Ferroelectricity due to polar groups 347 11.3.7 Ferroelectricity due to medium-sized transition-metal cations 348 11.3.8 Poling and polycrystalline ferroelectric solids 349 11.3.9 Doping and modification of properties 349 11.3.10 Relaxor ferroelectrics 351 11.3.11 Ferroelectric nanoparticles, thin films and superlattices 352 11.3.12 Flexoelectricity in ferroelectrics 353 Further reading 354 Problems and exercises 355 12 Magnetic solids 361 12.1 Magnetic materials 361 12.1.1 Characterisation of magnetic materials 361 12.1.2 Magnetic dipoles and magnetic flux 362 12.1.3 Atomic magnetism 363 12.1.4 Overview of magnetic materials 365 12.2 Paramagnetic materials 368 12.2.1 The magnetic moment of paramagnetic atoms and ions 368 12.2.2 High and low spin: crystal field effects 369 12.2.3 Temperature dependence of paramagnetic susceptibility 371 12.2.4 Pauli paramagnetism 373 12.3 Ferromagnetic materials 374 12.3.1 Ferromagnetism 374 12.3.2 Exchange energy 376 12.3.3 Domains 378 12.3.4 Hysteresis 380 12.3.5 Hard and soft magnetic materials 380 12.4 Antiferromagnetic materials and superexchange 381 12.5 Ferrimagnetic materials 382 12.5.1 Cubic spinel ferrites 382 12.5.2 Garnet structure ferrites 383 12.5.3 Hexagonal ferrites 383 12.5.4 Double exchange 384 12.6 Nanostructures 385 12.6.1 Small particles and data recording 385 12.6.2 Superparamagnetism and thin films 386 12.6.3 Superlattices 386 12.6.4 Photoinduced magnetism 387 12.7 Magnetic defects 389 12.7.1 Magnetic defects in semiconductors 389 12.7.2 Charge and spin states in cobaltites and manganites 390 Further reading 393 Problems and exercises 393 13 Electronic conductivity in solids 399 13.1 Metals 399 13.1.1 Metals, semiconductors and insulators 399 13.1.2 Electron drift in an electric field 401 13.1.3 Electronic conductivity 402 13.1.4 Resistivity 404 13.2 Semiconductors 405 13.2.1 Intrinsic semiconductors 405 13.2.2 Band gap measurement 407 13.2.3 Extrinsic semiconductors 408 13.2.4 Carrier concentrations in extrinsic semiconductors 409 13.2.5 Characterisation 411 13.2.6 The p-n junction diode 413 13.3 Metal–insulator transitions 416 13.3.1 Metals and insulators 416 13.3.2 Electron–electron repulsion 417 13.3.3 Modification of insulators 418 13.3.4 Transparent conducting oxides 419 13.4 Conducting polymers 420 13.5 Nanostructures and quantum confinement of electrons 423 13.5.1 Quantum wells 424 13.5.2 Quantum wires and quantum dots 425 13.6 Superconductivity 426 13.6.1 Superconductors 426 13.6.2 The effect of magnetic fields 427 13.6.3 The effect of current 428 13.6.4 The nature of superconductivity 428 13.6.5 Josephson junctions 430 13.6.6 Cuprate high-temperature superconductors 430 Further reading 438 Problems and exercises 438 14 Optical aspects of solids 445 14.1 Light 445 14.1.1 Light waves 445 14.1.2 Photons 447 14.2 Sources of light 449 14.2.1 Incandescence 449 14.2.2 Luminescence and phosphors 450 14.2.3 Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) 453 14.2.4 Solid-state lasers 454 14.3 Colour and appearance 460 14.3.1 Luminous solids 460 14.3.2 Non-luminous solids 460 14.3.3 Attenuation 461 14.4 Refraction and dispersion 462 14.4.1 Refraction 462 14.4.2 Refractive index and structure 464 14.4.3 The refractive index of metals and semiconductors 465 14.4.4 Dispersion 465 14.5 Reflection 466 14.5.1 Reflection from a surface 466 14.5.2 Reflection from a single thin film 467 14.5.3 The reflectivity of a single thin film in air 469 14.5.4 The colour of a single thin film in air 469 14.5.5 The colour of a single thin film on a substrate 470 14.5.6 Low-reflectivity (antireflection) and high-reflectivity coatings 471 14.5.7 Multiple thin films and dielectric mirrors 471 14.6 Scattering 472 14.6.1 Rayleigh scattering 472 14.6.2 Mie scattering 475 14.7 Diffraction 475 14.7.1 Diffraction by an aperture 475 14.7.2 Diffraction gratings 476 14.7.3 Diffraction from crystal-like structures 477 14.7.4 Photonic crystals 478 14.8 Fibre optics 479 14.8.1 Optical communications 479 14.8.2 Attenuation in glass fibres 479 14.8.3 Dispersion and optical fibre design 480 14.8.4 Optical amplification 482 14.9 Energy conversion 483 14.9.1 Photoconductivity and photovoltaic solar cells 483 14.9.2 Dye sensitized solar cells 485 14.10 Nanostructures 486 14.10.1 The optical properties of quantum wells 486 14.10.2 The optical properties of nanoparticles 487 Further reading 489 Problems and exercises 489 15 Thermal properties 495 15.1 Heat capacity 495 15.1.1 The heat capacity of a solid 495 15.1.2 Classical theory of heat capacity 496 15.1.3 Quantum theory of heat capacity 496 15.1.4 Heat capacity at phase transitions 497 15.2 Thermal conductivity 498 15.2.1 Heat transfer 498 15.2.2 Thermal conductivity of solids 498 15.2.3 Thermal conductivity and microstructure 500 15.3 Expansion and contraction 501 15.3.1 Thermal expansion 501 15.3.2 Thermal expansion and interatomic potentials 502 15.3.3 Thermal contraction 503 15.3.4 Zero thermal contraction materials 505 15.4 Thermoelectric effects 506 15.4.1 Thermoelectric coefficients 506 15.4.2 Thermoelectric effects and charge carriers 508 15.4.3 The Seebeck coefficient of solids containing point defect populations 509 15.4.4 Thermocouples, power generation and refrigeration 509 15.5 The magnetocaloric effect 512 15.5.1 The magnetocaloric effect and adiabatic cooling 512 15.5.2 The giant magnetocaloric effect 513 Further reading 514 Problems and exercises 514 PART 5 NUCLEAR PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS 517 16 Radioactivity and nuclear reactions 519 16.1 Radioactivity 519 16.1.1 Naturally occurring radioactive elements 519 16.1.2 Isotopes and nuclides 520 16.1.3 Nuclear equations 520 16.1.4 Radioactive series 521 16.1.5 Nuclear stability 523 16.2 Artificial radioactive atoms 524 16.2.1 Transuranic elements 524 16.2.2 Artificial radioactivity in light elements 527 16.3 Nuclear decay 527 16.3.1 The rate of nuclear decay 527 16.3.2 Radioactive dating 529 16.4 Nuclear energy 531 16.4.1 The binding energy of nuclides 531 16.4.2 Nuclear fission 532 16.4.3 Thermal reactors for power generation 533 16.4.4 Fuel for space exploration 535 16.4.5 Fast breeder reactors 535 16.4.6 Fusion 535 16.4.7 Solar cycles 536 16.5 Nuclear waste 536 16.5.1 Nuclear accidents 537 16.5.2 The storage of nuclear waste 537 Further reading 538 Problems and exercises 539 Subject Index 543
£44.96
Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Fatigue of Structures and Materials
Book SynopsisFatigue of structures and materials covers a wide scope of different topics. The purpose of the present book is to explain these topics, to indicate how they can be analyzed, and how this can contribute to the designing of fatigue resistant structures and to prevent structural fatigue problems in service. Chapter 1 gives a general survey of the topic with brief comments on the signi?cance of the aspects involved. This serves as a kind of a program for the following chapters. The central issues in this book are predictions of fatigue properties and designing against fatigue. These objectives cannot be realized without a physical and mechanical understanding of all relevant conditions. In Chapter 2 the book starts with basic concepts of what happens in the material of a structure under cyclic loads. It illustrates the large number of variables which can affect fatigue properties anTable of ContentsPreface; Acknowledgements; 1. Introduction to Fatigue of Structures and Materials; Part 1: Fatigue under Contstant-Amplitude Loading; 2. Fatigue as a phenomenon in the material; 3. Stress concentrations at notches; 4. Residual stress; 5. Stress intensity factors of cracks; 6. Fatigue properties of materials; 7. The fatigue strength of notched specimens; 8. Fatigue crack growth. Analysis and predictions; Part 2: Load spectra and fatigue under variable-amplitude loading; 9. Load spectra; 10. Fatigue under variable-amplitude loading; 11. Fatigue crack growth under variable-amplitude loading; Part 3: Fatigue tests and scatter12. Fatigue and scatter; 13. Fatigue tests; Part 4: Special fatigue conditions; 14. Surface treatments; 15. Fretting corrosion; 16. Corrosion fatigue; 17. High-temperature and low-temperature fatigue; Part 5: Fatigue of joints and structures; 18. Fatigue of joints; 19. Fatigue of welded joints; 20. Designing against fatigue of structures; Part 6: Fatigue Resistance of Fiber-Metal Laminates; 21 Fatigue resistance of the fiber-metal laminates. Suject index. Contents of CD added to the book: Introduction I Exercises and Summaries I.1 Exercises I.2 Answers I.3 Summaries of chapters I.4 Plotting paper II Case Histories II.1 Introduction II.2 Fatigue fracture of all spokes of the front wheel of a heavy motorcycle II.3 Blade spring failures II.4 Landing gear case II.5 Blade failure of a small helicopter II.6 Expansion coupling failure II.7 The lamp-post case II.8 The Comet case II.9 Lug connections III Special Topics III.1 Designing against fatigue III.1.1 Introduction III.1.2 How to obtain $K_t$-values? III.1.3 Reduction of a stress level and its effect on fatigue life III.2 Fatigue tests, why and how? III.2.1 Introduction III.2.2 Fatigue tests for which purpose? III.2.3 Fatigue tests, how to be carried out? IV Research on Fatigue Problems in the Future IV.1 Introduction IV.2 Fatigue crack growth mechanisms IV.2.1 Crack initiation fatigue life and microcrack growth IV.2.2 Macrocrack growth IV.3 The significance of fractographic studies IV.4 Prediction of fatigue crack growth under VA loading IV.5 Fracture mechanics predictions and marker loads IV.6 Load measurements in service IV.7 Research programs IV.8 Epilogue Fatigue of structures and materials in the 20th century and the state of the art Plotting paper
£49.49
Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Structural Analysis with the Finite Element
Book Synopsis1. Introduction to structural analysis by the Finite Element Method. 2. 1D finite elements for axially loaded rods. 3. Advanced 1D rod elements and requirements for the numerical solution. 4. 2D solids. Linear triangular and rectangular elements. 5. 2D solids. Higher order elements. Shape functions and isoparametric formulation. 6. Axisymmetric solids. 7. Three dimensional solids. 8. Bending of slender beams. Euler-Bemouilli theory. 9. Thick/slender beams. Timoshenko theory. 10. Thin plates. Kirchhoffs theory. 11. Thick/thin plates. Reissner-Mindlin theory. 12. Analysis of shells using flat elements. 13. Axisymmetric shells. 14. Analysis of arbitrary shape shells using degenerate solid elements. 15. Three-dimensional rods and shell stiffness. 16. Prismatic structures. Finite strip and finite prism methods. 17. Miscellaneous: inclined supports, displacements, constrains, nodal condensation error estimation and mesh adaptivity etc. 18. Pre and post-processing. Mesh generation and visuTable of Contents1. Introduction to structural analysis by the Finite Element Method. 2. 1D finite elements for axially loaded rods. 3. Advanced 1D rod elements and requirements for the numerical solution. 4. 2D solids. Linear triangular and rectangular elements. 5. 2D solids. Higher order elements. Shape functions and isoparametric formulation. 6. Axisymmetric solids. 7. Three dimensional solids. 8. Bending of slender beams. Euler-Bemouilli theory. 9. Thick/slender beams. Timoshenko theory. 10. Thin plates. Kirchhoffs theory. 11. Thick/thin plates. Reissner-Mindlin theory. 12. Analysis of shells using flat elements. 13. Axisymmetric shells. 14. Analysis of arbitrary shape shells using degenerate solid elements. 15. Three-dimensional rods and shell stiffness. 16. Prismatic structures. Finite strip and finite prism methods. 17. Miscellaneous: inclined supports, displacements, constrains, nodal condensation error estimation and mesh adaptivity etc. 18. Pre and post-processing. Mesh generation and visualization of computer results. 19. Introduction to FEM programming.
£98.99
Springer-Verlag New York Inc. PiezoelectricBased Vibration Control
Book SynopsisPiezoelectric-Based Vibration-control Systems: Applications in Micro/Nano Sensors and Actuators covers: Fundamental concepts in smart (active) materials including piezoelectric and piezoceramics, magnetostrictive, shape-memory materials, and electro/magneto-rheological fluids; Physical principles and constitutive models of piezoelectric materials; Piezoelectric sensors and actuators; Fundamental concepts in mechanical vibration analysis and control with emphasis on distributed-parameters and vibration-control systems; and Recent advances in piezoelectric-based microelectromechanical and nanoelectromechanical systems design and implementation.Table of Contentsand Overview of Mechanical Vibrations.- An Introduction to Vibrations of Lumped-Parameters Systems.- A Brief Introduction to Variational Mechanics.- A Unified Approach to Vibrations of Distributed-Parameters Systems.- Piezoelectric-Based Vibration-Control Systems.- An Overview of Active Materials Utilized in Smart Structures.- Physical Principles and Constitutive Models of Piezoelectric Materials.- Hysteretic Characteristics of Piezoelectric Materials.- Piezoelectric-Based Systems Modeling.- Vibration Control Using Piezoelectric Actuators and Sensors.- Piezoelectric-Based Micro/Nano Sensors and Actuators.- Piezoelectric-Based Micro- and Nano-Positioning Systems.- Piezoelectric-Based Nanomechanical Cantilever Sensors.- Nanomaterial-Based Piezoelectric Actuators and Sensors.
£143.99
Springer London Ltd Dynamics and Control of Mechanical Systems in
Book SynopsisDynamics and Control of Mechanical Systems in Offshore EngineeringTable of ContentsPreliminaries.- Dynamic Load Positioning.- Coupled Nonlinear Flexible Marine Riser.- Flexible Marine Riser with Vessel Dynamics.- Riser System with a Torque Actuator.- Marine Installation System.- Riser Installation System.- Mooring System.
£67.49
Springer London Ltd Dynamics and Control of Mechanical Systems in
Book SynopsisDynamics and Control of Mechanical Systems in Offshore Engineering is a comprehensive treatment of marine mechanical systems (MMS) involved in processes of great importance such as oil drilling and mineral recovery. Ranging from nonlinear dynamic modeling and stability analysis of flexible riser systems, through advanced control design for an installation system with a single rigid payload attached by thrusters, to robust adaptive control for mooring systems, it is an authoritative reference on the dynamics and control of MMS. Readers will gain not only a complete picture of MMS at the system level, but also a better understanding of the technical considerations involved and solutions to problems that commonly arise from dealing with them. The text provides: a complete framework of dynamical analysis and control design for mariTable of ContentsPreliminaries.- Dynamic Load Positioning.- Coupled Nonlinear Flexible Marine Riser.- Flexible Marine Riser with Vessel Dynamics.- Riser System with a Torque Actuator.- Marine Installation System.- Riser Installation System.- Mooring System.
£89.99
