Engineering: Mechanics of solids Books

Book SynopsisDesigned for introductory undergraduate courses in fluid mechanics for chemical engineers, this textbook illustrates the fundamental concepts and analytical strategies using a range of modern applications and worked examples. It includes traditional design calculations and guidance on predicting the flow properties of novel devices and systems.Trade Review'Professor Deen has provided many examples illustrating the principles of fluid dynamics in a clear manner, which highlights both important ideas and their generality. A student should find the approach to be one that assists learning and understanding, and an instructor will find many examples, ideas and quality explanations.' Howard Stone, Princeton University, New Jersey'It is very well written, the explanations are clear and detailed, and it contains numerous original 'real-world' examples and problems.' Andreas Acrivos, Stanford University, CaliforniaTable of ContentsPreface; Table of contents; Lists of symbols; Part I. Use of Experimental Data: 1. Properties, dimensions, and scales; 2. Pipe flow: friction factor and pressure drop; 3. Drag, particles, and porous media; Part II. Fundamentals of Fluid Dynamics: 4. Fluid statics: pressure, gravity, and surface tension; 5. Fluid kinematics; 6. Stress and momentum; Part III. Microscopic Analysis: 7. Unidirectional flow; 8. Approximations for viscous flows; 9. Laminar flow with inertia; 10. Turbulent flow; Part IV. Macroscopic Analysis; 11. Macroscopic balances for mass, momentum, and energy; 12. Pipe flow: entrance effects, fittings, and compressibility; Appendix A. Vectors, tensors, and coordinate systems.

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Book SynopsisThoroughly updated sixth edition of an established and respected work, this is the ideal text for the complete study of the kinematics and dynamics of machines. Includes over 840 figures, 140 worked examples, 620 end-of-chapter problems, and solutions for instructors.Trade Review'In the sixth edition of this classic and comprehensive machine design text, the authors have produced an update that stays true to the strengths of the previous editions (e.g., kinematic coefficients) and incorporates state of the art advances to both content and presentation.' Pierre Larochelle, South Dakota School of Mines & Technology'The analytical approaches implemented in this book paired with the graphical methods facilitate learning for students. The order of sections in both kinematics and kinetics chapters are well thought out. The chapters on cams and gears are very inclusive. The example problems are very practical, ranging from easy to complicated.' Ahmad Ghasemloonia, University of Calgary'This is the most comprehensive undergraduate textbook available on the theory of mechanisms and their kinematics. It covers linkages, cams, gears, engine dynamics, and more with rigorous mathematics, yet it is sufficiently thorough to serve as an introduction to the material for students seeing it for the first time.' Christopher Barrett, Mississippi State UniversityTable of ContentsPreface; About the authors; Part I. Kinematics and Mechanisms: 1. The world of mechanisms; 2. Position, posture and displacement; 3. Velocity; 4. Acceleration; 5. Multi-degree-of-freedom planar linkages; Part II. Design of Mechanisms: 6. Cam design; 7. Spur gears; 8. Helical gears, bevel gears, worms, and worm gears; 9. Synthesis of linkages; 10. Spatial mechanisms and robotics; Part III. Dynamics of Machines: 11. Static force analysis; 12. Dynamic force analysis; 13. Vibration analysis; 14. Dynamics of reciprocating engines; 15. Balancing; 16. Flywheels, governors, and gyroscopes; Appendix A. Tables; Appendix B. Answers to selected problems; Index.

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Book SynopsisThe subject of computational plasticity encapsulates the numerical methods used for the finite element simulation of the behaviour of a wide range of engineering materials considered to be plastic - i.e. those that undergo a permanent change of shape in response to an applied force.Table of ContentsPart One Basic concepts 1 Introduction 1.1 Aims and scope 1.2 Layout 1.3 General scheme of notation 2 ELEMENTS OF TENSOR ANALYSIS 2.1 Vectors 2.2 Second-order tensors 2.3 Higher-order tensors 2.4 Isotropic tensors 2.5 Differentiation 2.6 Linearisation of nonlinear problems 3 THERMODYNAMICS 3.1 Kinematics of deformation 3.2 Infinitesimal deformations 3.3 Forces. Stress Measures 3.4 Fundamental laws of thermodynamics 3.5 Constitutive theory 3.6 Weak equilibrium. The principle of virtual work 3.7 The quasi-static initial boundary value problem 4 The finite element method in quasi-static nonlinear solid mechanics 4.1 Displacement-based finite elements 4.2 Path-dependent materials. The incremental finite element procedure 4.3 Large strain formulation 4.4 Unstable equilibrium. The arc-length method 5 Overview of the program structure 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The main program 5.3 Data input and initialisation 5.4 The load incrementation loop. Overview 5.5 Material and element modularity 5.6 Elements. Implementation and management 5.7 Material models: implementation and management Part Two Small strains 6 The mathematical theory of plasticity 6.1 Phenomenological aspects 6.2 One-dimensional constitutive model 6.3 General elastoplastic constitutive model 6.4 Classical yield criteria 6.5 Plastic flow rules 6.6 Hardening laws 7 Finite elements in small-strain plasticity problems 7.1 Preliminary implementation aspects 7.2 General numerical integration algorithm for elastoplastic constitutive equations 7.3 Application: integration algorithm for the isotropically hardening von Mises model 7.4 The consistent tangent modulus 7.5 Numerical examples with the von Mises model 7.6 Further application: the von Mises model with nonlinear mixed hardening 8 Computations with other basic plasticity models 8.1 The Tresca model 8.2 The Mohr-Coulomb model 8.3 The Drucker-Prager model 8.4 Examples 9 Plane stress plasticity 9.1 The basic plane stress plasticity problem 9.2 Plane stress constraint at the Gauss point level 9.3 Plane stress constraint at the structural level 9.4 Plane stress-projected plasticity models 9.5 Numerical examples 9.6 Other stress-constrained states 10 Advanced plasticity models 10.1 A modified Cam-Clay model for soils 10.2 A capped Drucker-Prager model for geomaterials 10.3 Anisotropic plasticity: the Hill, Hoffman and Barlat-Lian models 11 Viscoplasticity 11.1 Viscoplasticity: phenomenological aspects 11.2 One-dimensional viscoplasticity model 11.3 A von Mises-based multidimensional model 11.4 General viscoplastic constitutive model 11.5 General numerical framework 11.6 Application: computational implementation of a von Mises-based model 11.7 Examples 12 Damage mechanics 12.1 Physical aspects of internal damage in solids 12.2 Continuum damage mechanics 12.3 Lemaitre's elastoplastic damage theory 12.4 A simplified version of Lemaitre's model 12.5 Gurson's void growth model 12.6 Further issues in damage modelling Part Three Large strains 13 Finite strain hyperelasticity 13.1 Hyperelasticity: basic concepts 13.2 Some particular models 13.3 Isotropic finite hyperelasticity in plane stress 13.4 Tangent moduli: the elasticity tensors 13.5 Application: Ogden material implementation 13.6 Numerical examples 13.7 Hyperelasticity with damage: the Mullins effect 14 Finite strain elastoplasticity 14.1 Finite strain elastoplasticity: a brief review 14.2 One-dimensional finite plasticity model 14.3 General hyperelastic-based multiplicative plasticity model 14.4 The general elastic predictor/return-mapping algorithm 14.5 The consistent spatial tangent modulus 14.6 Principal stress space-based implementation 14.7 Finite plasticity in plane stress 14.8 Finite viscoplasticity 14.9 Examples 14.10 Rate forms: hypoelastic-based plasticity models 14.11 Finite plasticity with kinematic hardening 15 Finite elements for large-strain incompressibility 15.1 The F-bar methodology 15.2 Enhanced assumed strain methods 15.3 Mixed u/p formulations 16 Anisotropic finite plasticity: Single crystals 16.1 Physical aspects 16.2 Plastic slip and the Schmid resolved shear stress 16.3 Single crystal simulation: a brief review 16.4 A general continuum model of single crystals 16.5 A general integration algorithm 16.6 An algorithm for a planar double-slip model 16.7 The consistent spatial tangent modulus 16.8 Numerical examples 16.9 Viscoplastic single crystals Appendices A Isotropic functions of a symmetric tensor A.1 Isotropic scalar-valued functions A.1.1 Representation A.1.2 The derivative of anisotropic scalar function A.2 Isotropic tensor-valued functions A.2.1 Representation A.2.2 The derivative of anisotropic tensor function A.3 The two-dimensional case A.3.1 Tensor function derivative A.3.2 Plane strain and axisymmetric problems A.4 The three-dimensional case A.4.1 Function computation A.4.2 Computation of the function derivative A.5 A particular class of isotropic tensor functions A.5.1 Two dimensions A.5.2 Three dimensions A.6 Alternative procedures B The tensor exponential B.1 The tensor exponential function B.1.1 Some properties of the tensor exponential function B.1.2 Computation of the tensor exponential function B.2 The tensor exponential derivative B.2.1 Computer implementation B.3 Exponential map integrators B.3.1 The generalised exponential map midpoint rule C Linearisation of the virtual work C.1 Infinitesimal deformations C.2 Finite strains and deformations C.2.1 Material description C.2.2 Spatial description D Array notation for computations with tensors D.1 Second-order tensors D.2 Fourth-order tensors D.2.1 Operations with non-symmetric tensors References Index

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Book SynopsisYour ticket to excelling in mechanics of materials With roots in physics and mathematics, engineering mechanics is the basis of all the mechanical sciences: civil engineering, materials science and engineering, mechanical engineering, and aeronautical and aerospace engineering.Table of ContentsIntroduction 1 Part I: Setting the Stage for Mechanics of Materials 7 Chapter 1: Predicting Behavior with Mechanics of Materials 9 Chapter 2: Reviewing Mathematics and Units Used in Mechanics of Materials 15 Chapter 3: Brushing Up on Statics Basics 25 Chapter 4: Calculating Properties of Geometric Areas 41 Chapter 5: Computing Moments of Area and Other Inertia Calculations 55 Part II: Analyzing Stress 83 Chapter 6: Remain Calm, It’s Only Stress! 85 Chapter 7: More than Meets the Eye: Transforming Stresses 99 Chapter 8: Lining Up Stress Along Axial Axes 131 Chapter 9: Bending Stress Is Only Normal: Analyzing Bending Members 149 Chapter 10: Shear Madness: Surveying Shear Stress 161 Chapter 11: Twisting the Night Away with Torsion 177 Part III: Investigating Strain 189 Chapter 12: Don’t Strain Yourself: Exploring Strain and Deformation 191 Chapter 13: Applying Transformation Concepts to Strain 201 Chapter 14: Correlating Stresses and Strains to Understand Deformation 215 Part IV: Applying Stress and Strain 233 Chapter 15: Calculating Combined Stresses 235 Chapter 16: When Push Comes to Shove: Dealing with Deformations 251 Chapter 17: Showing Determination When Dealing with Indeterminate Structures 273 Chapter 18: Buckling Up for Compression Members 301 Chapter 19: Designing for Required Section Properties 313 Chapter 20: Introducing Energy Methods 331 Part V: The Part of Tens 343 Chapter 21: Ten Mechanics of Materials Pitfalls to Avoid 345 Chapter 22: Ten Tips to Solving Mechanics of Materials Problems 349 Index 355

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Book SynopsisNonlinear Solid Mechanics a Continuum Approach for Engineering Gerhard A. Holzapfel Graz University of Technology, Austria With a modern, comprehensive approach directed towards computational mechanics, this book covers a unique combination of subjects at present unavailable in any other text.Trade Review"…this book is really outstanding because it fills a gap in the scientific literature…" (Meccanica, No.37 2002)Table of ContentsIntroduction to Vectors and Tensors. Kinematics. The Concept of Stress. Balance Principles. Some Aspects of Objectivity. Hyperelastic Materials. Thermodynamics of Materials. Variational Principles. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisFatigue of structures and materials covers a wide scope of different topics. The purpose of the present book is to explain these topics, to indicate how they can be analyzed, and how this can contribute to the designing of fatigue resistant structures and to prevent structural fatigue problems in service. Chapter 1 gives a general survey of the topic with brief comments on the signi?cance of the aspects involved. This serves as a kind of a program for the following chapters. The central issues in this book are predictions of fatigue properties and designing against fatigue. These objectives cannot be realized without a physical and mechanical understanding of all relevant conditions. In Chapter 2 the book starts with basic concepts of what happens in the material of a structure under cyclic loads. It illustrates the large number of variables which can affect fatigue properties anTable of ContentsPreface; Acknowledgements; 1. Introduction to Fatigue of Structures and Materials; Part 1: Fatigue under Contstant-Amplitude Loading; 2. Fatigue as a phenomenon in the material; 3. Stress concentrations at notches; 4. Residual stress; 5. Stress intensity factors of cracks; 6. Fatigue properties of materials; 7. The fatigue strength of notched specimens; 8. Fatigue crack growth. Analysis and predictions; Part 2: Load spectra and fatigue under variable-amplitude loading; 9. Load spectra; 10. Fatigue under variable-amplitude loading; 11. Fatigue crack growth under variable-amplitude loading; Part 3: Fatigue tests and scatter12. Fatigue and scatter; 13. Fatigue tests; Part 4: Special fatigue conditions; 14. Surface treatments; 15. Fretting corrosion; 16. Corrosion fatigue; 17. High-temperature and low-temperature fatigue; Part 5: Fatigue of joints and structures; 18. Fatigue of joints; 19. Fatigue of welded joints; 20. Designing against fatigue of structures; Part 6: Fatigue Resistance of Fiber-Metal Laminates; 21 Fatigue resistance of the fiber-metal laminates. Suject index. Contents of CD added to the book: Introduction I Exercises and Summaries I.1 Exercises I.2 Answers I.3 Summaries of chapters I.4 Plotting paper II Case Histories II.1 Introduction II.2 Fatigue fracture of all spokes of the front wheel of a heavy motorcycle II.3 Blade spring failures II.4 Landing gear case II.5 Blade failure of a small helicopter II.6 Expansion coupling failure II.7 The lamp-post case II.8 The Comet case II.9 Lug connections III Special Topics III.1 Designing against fatigue III.1.1 Introduction III.1.2 How to obtain $K_t$-values? III.1.3 Reduction of a stress level and its effect on fatigue life III.2 Fatigue tests, why and how? III.2.1 Introduction III.2.2 Fatigue tests for which purpose? III.2.3 Fatigue tests, how to be carried out? IV Research on Fatigue Problems in the Future IV.1 Introduction IV.2 Fatigue crack growth mechanisms IV.2.1 Crack initiation fatigue life and microcrack growth IV.2.2 Macrocrack growth IV.3 The significance of fractographic studies IV.4 Prediction of fatigue crack growth under VA loading IV.5 Fracture mechanics predictions and marker loads IV.6 Load measurements in service IV.7 Research programs IV.8 Epilogue Fatigue of structures and materials in the 20th century and the state of the art Plotting paper

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Book SynopsisThis book presents an introduction into the entire science of Continuum Mechanics in three parts. The presentation is modern and comprehensive. Its introduction into tensors is very gentle. The book contains many examples and exercises, and is intended for scientists, practitioners and students of mechanics.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews: "The aim of the book is to give an introduction to Continuum Mechanics. … the textbook can be used in advanced semesters courses mainly at mechanical or civil engineering faculties. The advantage of this textbook is that it is relatively simple. … So, the textbook can be recommended for students who will study the classical parts of continuum mechanics and who are interested in the interlink between theory, experiments, and practical solutions." (Holm Altenbach, Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik, Vol. 88 (6), 2008)Table of ContentsMathematical Foundation.- Dynamics.- Tensors.- Deformation Analysis.- Work and Energy.- Theory of Elasticity.- Fluid Mechanics.- Viscoelasticity.- Theory of Plasticity.- Constitutive Equations.- Tensors in Euclidean Space E3.- Continuum Mechanics in Curvilinear Coordinates.

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Book SynopsisA Primer to Theoretical Soil Mechanics is about adapting continuum mechanics to granular materials. The field of continuum mechanics offers many fruitful concepts and methods, however there is declining interest in the field due to its complex and fragmented nature. This book''s purpose is therefore to facilitate the understanding of the theoretical principles of soil mechanics, as well as introducing the new theory of barodesy. This title argues for barodesy as a simple alternative to the plasticity theory used currently and provides a systematic insight into this new constitutive model for granular materials. This book therefore introduces a complex field from a fresh and innovative perspective using simple concepts, succinct equations and explanatory sketches. Intended for advanced undergraduates, graduates and PhD students, this title is also apt for researchers seeking advanced training on fundamental topics.Trade Review'The last several decades have seen a surge of papers on the constitutive modelling of soils, the vast majority of them based on complex and often obscure plasticity concepts. Scientists not specializing in the field lost track and got largely confused. The present book by one of the most prominent scholars in the field succeeds in structuring both the fundamentals and the essential knowledge gained hitherto in a very appealing concise form … The underlying principles are easy to follow and the resulting equations astonishingly short. Predictions of the soil response reproduce all essential features observed in experiments. Besides theory, the text contains justified criticism on current issues in civil engineering. The book is a pleasure to read, and will hopefully become, especially for young scientists, a guide to navigate through the complex field of soil mechanics.' Christos Vrettos, Technical University of Kaiserslautern'With this book, Prof. Kolymbas has successfully created a future reference work in which the connections between continuum mechanics and soil mechanics are presented clearly and precisely. The author systematically bridges the topics of soil mechanics with continuum mechanics. First, the basic to more manifold soil behavior is introduced, followed by the basics of continuum mechanics. Later, an introduction to different frameworks for modelling soils, such as Plasticity, Hypoplasticity and Barodesy, is given. Prof Kolymbas has created an objective book written with passion and inspiration.' Hans Henning Stutz, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Soil Mechanics and Rock MechanicsTable of ContentsPreface. 1. Granular materials as soft solids; 2. Mechanical behaviour of soil – experimental results; 3. Mechanical behaviour of soil – intuitively; 4. Vectors and tensors; 5. Fields; 6. Deformation; 7. Stress; 8. Conservation laws (balance equations); 9. Internal friction and shear strength; 10. Collapse; 11. Constitutive equations; 12. Elasticity; 13. Elastic waves; 14. Plasticity theory; 15. Hypoplasticity; 16. Barodesy; 17. Uniqueness; 18. Symmetry; 19. Interaction with water; 20. Computing in soil mechanics; 21. Outlook. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book primarily focuses on rigorous mathematical formulation and treatment of static problems arising in continuum mechanics of solids at large or small strains, as well as their various evolutionary variants, including thermodynamics. As such, the theory of boundary- or initial-boundary-value problems for linear or quasilinear elliptic, parabolic or hyperbolic partial differential equations is the main underlying mathematical tool, along with the calculus of variations. Modern concepts of these disciplines as weak solutions, polyconvexity, quasiconvexity, nonsimple materials, materials with various rheologies or with internal variables are exploited.This book is accompanied by exercises with solutions, and appendices briefly presenting the basic mathematical concepts and results needed. It serves as an advanced resource and introductory scientific monograph for undergraduate or PhD students in programs such as mathematical modeling, applied mathematics, computational continuum physics and engineering, as well as for professionals working in these fields. Trade Review“Advanced mathematical concepts are presented in a logical and clear manner, making the book accessible to graduate students as well as non-mathematicians working on problems in continuum mechanics of solids. … The book is very well organized and well written. The mathematical results are clearly presented.” (Corina- Stefania Drapaca, Mathematical Reviews, November, 2019)Table of ContentsStatic Problems.- Description of Deformable Stressed Bodies.- Elastic Materials.- Polyconvex Materials: Existence Of Energy-Minimizing Deformations.- General Hyperelastic Materials: Existence/Nonexistence Results.- Linearized Elasticity.- Evolution Problems.- Linear Rheological Models at Small Strains.- Nonlinear Materials with Internal Variables at Small Strains.- Thermodynamics of Selected Materials and Processes.- Evolution at finite Strains.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook offers a strong introduction to the fundamental concepts of materials science. It conveys the quintessence of this interdisciplinary field, distinguishing it from merely solid-state physics and solid-state chemistry, using metals as model systems to elucidate the relation between microstructure and materials properties.Mittemeijer's Fundamentals of Materials Science provides a consistent treatment of the subject matter with a special focus on the microstructure-property relationship. Richly illustrated and thoroughly referenced, it is the ideal adoption for an entire undergraduate, and even graduate, course of study in materials science and engineering. It delivers a solid background against which more specialized texts can be studied, covering the necessary breadth of key topics such as crystallography, structure defects, phase equilibria and transformations, diffusion and kinetics, and mechanical properties. The success of the first edition has led to this updated and extended second edition, featuring detailed discussion of electron microscopy, supermicroscopy and diffraction methods, an extended treatment of diffusion in solids, and a separate chapter on phase transformation kinetics.“In a lucid and masterly manner, the ways in which the microstructure can affect a host of basic phenomena in metals are described.... By consistently staying with the postulated topic of the microstructure - property relationship, this book occupies a singular position within the broad spectrum of comparable materials science literature .... it will also be of permanent value as a reference book for background refreshing, not least because of its unique annotated intermezzi; an ambitious, remarkable work.” G. Petzow in International Journal of Materials Research. “The biggest strength of the book is the discussion of the structure-property relationships, which the author has accomplished admirably.... In a nutshell, the book should not be looked at as a quick ‘cook book’ type text, but as a serious, critical treatise for some significant time to come.” G.S. Upadhyaya in Science of Sintering. “The role of lattice defects in deformation processes is clearly illustrated using excellent diagrams . Included are many footnotes, ‘Intermezzos’, ‘Epilogues’ and asides within the text from the author’s experience. This ..... soon becomes valued for the interesting insights into the subject and shows the human side of its history. Overall this book provides a refreshing treatment of this important subject and should prove a useful addition to the existing text books available to undergraduate and graduate students and researchers in the field of materials science.” M. Davies in Materials World. Trade Review“This is a quite comprehensive book with over 700 pages and excellent integration of figures, tables, and equations. … They provide great insights into the relationships between structure and properties that are fundamental to all materials scientists. … the book finds an excellent balance between theory and practical application. … Overall, Fundamentals of Materials Science: The Microstructure-Property Relationship Using Metals as Model Systems (Second Edition) by Eric J. Mittemeijer is an invaluable contribution to materials science.” (David P. Cann, Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 57, 2022)Table of ContentsPreface.- Dedication.- Foreword.- Chapter 1. Introduction.- Chapter 2. Electronic Structure of the Atom; the Periodic Table.- Chapter 3. Chemical Bonding in Solids;with Excursions to Material Properties.- Chapter 4. Crystallography.- Chapter 5. The Crystal Imperfection; Structure Defects.- Chapter 6. Analysis of the Microstructure; Analysis of Structural Imperfection: Light and Electron Microscopical and (X-ray) Diffraction Methods.- Chapter 7. Phase Equilibria.- Chapter 8. Diffusion.- Chapter 9. Phase Transformations: Introduction and Typology.- Chapter 10. Phase Transformations: Kinetics.- Chapter 11. Recovery, Recrystallization and Grain Growth.- Chapter 12. Mechanical Strength of Materials.- Index.

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Book SynopsisThe book covers a wide range of applied research compactly presented in one volume, and shows innovative engineering solutions for automotive, marine and aviation industries, as well as power generation. While targeting primarily the audience of professional scientists and engineers, the book can also be useful for graduate students, and also for all those who are relatively new to the area and are looking for a single source with a good overview of the state-of-the-art as well as an up-to-date information on theories, numerical methods, and their application in design, simulation, testing, and manufacturing. The readers will find here a rich mixture of approaches, software tools and case studies used to investigate and optimize diverse powertrains, their functional units and separate machine parts based on different physical phenomena, their mathematical representation, solution algorithms, and experimental validation.Table of ContentsDynamics and Vibrations / Tribology and Lubrication.- Combustion / CFD / Emissions / Fuels.- Hybrid and Electrified Powertrains.- Testing / Calibration / Monitoring / Diagnostics.- Manufacturing.

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Book SynopsisProceedings of the FISITA 2012 World Automotive Congress are selected from nearly 2,000 papers submitted to the 34th FISITA World Automotive Congress, which is held by Society of Automotive Engineers of China (SAE-China ) and the International Federation of Automotive Engineering Societies (FISITA). This proceedings focus on solutions for sustainable mobility in all areas of passenger car, truck and bus transportation. Volume 13: Noise, Vibration and Harshness (NVH) focuses on: •Chassis Vibration and Noise Control •Transmission Vibration and Noise Control •Engine Vibration and Noise Control •Body Vibration and Noise Control •Vehicle Vibration and Noise Control •Analysis and Evaluation of In-Car Vibration & Noise •Wind Noise Control Technology •Vibration and Noise Testing Technology Above all researchers, professional engineers and graduates in fields of automotive engineering, mechanical engineering and electronic engineering will benefit from this book. SAE-China is a national academic organization composed of enterprises and professionals who focus on research, design and education in the fields of automotive and related industries. FISITA is the umbrella organization for the national automotive societies in 37 countries around the world. It was founded in Paris in 1948 with the purpose of bringing engineers from around the world together in a spirit of cooperation to share ideas and advance the technological development of the automobile. Table of ContentsChassis Vibration and Noise Control.- Transmission Vibration and Noise Control.- Engine Vibration and Noise Control.- Body Vibration and Noise Control.- Vehicle Vibration and Noise Control.- Analysis and Evaluation of In-Car Vibration & Noise.- Wind Noise Control Technology.- Vibration and Noise Testing Technology.- Other.

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Book SynopsisThis book is intended to serve as a text on dynamics for undergraduate students of engineering. The book provides in-depth discussions of the fundamentals of Newtonian mechanics, more commonly known as dynamics. Drawing on the author’s extensive experience in teaching the subject of dynamics at two Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and the Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology (IIEST), the book contains 498 line diagrams, 123 worked-out examples and 222 exercise problems. The answers to select exercise problems are provided at the end of the book. A wealth of detailed illustrations make the book ideally suited for both self self-study and classroom use at both introductory and secondary levels. Thus the book offers a valuable resource for both students and teachers of dynamics, addressing the main topics covered in core level courses on ‘Dynamics’ for students of civil, mechanical and aerospace engineering across the globe.Table of ContentsChapter 1: Introduction to the Science of Motion.- Chapter 2: Kinematics of Particles.- Chapter 3: Kinetics of Particles.- Chapter 4: Work and Energy.- Chapter 5: Impulse and Momentum.- Chapter 6: Dynamics of Rigid Bodies in Plane Motion.- Chapter 7: Special Topics.- Appendix: A.- Unit Multiplies.- Important Physical Quantities.- Moment of Inertia of Rigid Bodies.Appendix B: Answers to Exercise problems.

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses the hydrostatics and stability of ships and other floating marine structures - a fundamental aspect of naval architecture and offshore engineering for naval architects and marine engineers. It starts from the most basic concepts, assuming that the reader has no prior knowledge of the subject. By presenting the topic in a methodical and step-by-step manner, the book helps students to enhance their understanding, while also providing valuable guidelines for lecturers teaching related courses.Table of ContentsBasic Ship Geometry.- Basic Hydrostatics.- Moments and Centroids.- Numerical Integration Methods.- Trim and Longitudinal Stability.- Statical Stability at Small Heels Angles.- Statical Stability at Large Heel Angles.- Dynamical Stability.- Intact Stability Criteria.- Damage Stability and Watertight Subdivision.

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Book SynopsisThis book is a collection of select papers presented at the Tenth Structural Engineering Convention 2016 (SEC-2016). It comprises plenary, invited, and contributory papers covering numerous applications from a wide spectrum of areas related to structural engineering. It presents contributions by academics, researchers, and practicing structural engineers addressing analysis and design of concrete and steel structures, computational structural mechanics, new building materials for sustainable construction, mitigation of structures against natural hazards, structural health monitoring, wind and earthquake engineering, vibration control and smart structures, condition assessment and performance evaluation, repair, rehabilitation and retrofit of structures. Also covering advances in construction techniques/ practices, behavior of structures under blast/impact loading, fatigue and fracture, composite materials and structures, and structures for non-conventional energy (wind and solar), it will serve as a valuable resource for researchers, students and practicing engineers alike. Table of ContentsSee attached.

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Book SynopsisThe Duffing Equation: Nonlinear Oscillators and their Behaviour brings together the results of a wealth of disseminated research literature on the Duffing equation, a key engineering model with a vast number of applications in science and engineering, summarizing the findings of this research.Trade Review"The book is a very well written and tightly edited exposition, not only of Duffing equations, but also of the general behavior of nonlinear oscillators. The book is likely to be of interest and use to students, engineers, and researchers in the ongoing studies of nonlinear phenomena. The book cites over 340 references." (Zentralblatt MATH, 2011) Table of ContentsList of Contributors. Preface. 1 Background: On Georg Duffing and the Duffing Equation (Ivana Kovacic and Michael J. Brennan). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Historical perspective. 1.3 A brief biography of Georg Duffing. 1.4 The work of Georg Duffing. 1.5 Contents of Duffing's book. 1.6 Research inspired by Duffing’s work. 1.7 Some other books on nonlinear dynamics. 1.8 Overview of this book. References. 2 Examples of Physical Systems Described by the Duffing Equation (Michael J. Brennan and Ivana Kovacic). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Nonlinear stiffness. 2.3 The pendulum. 2.4 Example of geometrical nonlinearity. 2.5 A system consisting of the pendulum and nonlinear stiffness. 2.6 Snap-through mechanism. 2.7 Nonlinear isolator. 2.8 Large deflection of a beam with nonlinear stiffness. 2.9 Beam with nonlinear stiffness due to inplane tension. 2.10 Nonlinear cable vibrations. 2.11 Nonlinear electrical circuit. 2.12 Summary. References. 3 Free Vibration of a Duffing Oscillator with Viscous Damping (Hiroshi Yabuno). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Fixed points and their stability. 3.3 Local bifurcation analysis. 3.4 Global analysis for softening nonlinear stiffness (γ< 0). 3.5 Global analysis for hardening nonlinear stiffness (γ< 0). 3.6 Summary. Acknowledgments. References. 4 Analysis Techniques for the Various Forms of the Duffing Equation (Livija Cveticanin). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Exact solution for free oscillations of the Duffing equation with cubic nonlinearity. 4.3 The elliptic harmonic balance method. 4.4 The elliptic Galerkin method. 4.5 The straightforward expansion method. 4.6 The elliptic Lindstedt–Poincaré method. 4.7 Averaging methods. 4.8 Elliptic homotopy methods. 4.9 Summary. References. Appendix AI: Jacob elliptic function and elliptic integrals. Appendix 4AII: The best L2 norm approximation. 5 Forced Harmonic Vibration of a Duffing Oscillator with Linear Viscous Damping (Tamas Kalmar-Nagy and Balakumar Balachandran). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Free and forced responses of the linear oscillator. 5.3 Amplitude and phase responses of the Duffing oscillator. 5.4 Periodic solutions, Poincare sections, and bifurcations. 5.5 Global dynamics. 5.6 Summary. References. 6 Forced Harmonic Vibration of a Duffing Oscillator with Different Damping Mechanisms (Asok Kumar Mallik). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Classification of nonlinear characteristics. 6.3 Harmonically excited Duffing oscillator with generalised damping. 6.4 Viscous damping. 6.5 Nonlinear damping in a hardening system. 6.6 Nonlinear damping in a softening system. 6.7 Nonlinear damping in a double-well potential oscillator. 6.8 Summary. Acknowledgments. References. 7 Forced Harmonic Vibration in a Duffing Oscillator with Negative Linear Stiffness and Linear Viscous Damping (Stefano Lenci and Giuseppe Rega). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Literature survey. 7.3 Dynamics of conservative and nonconservative systems. 7.4 Nonlinear periodic oscillations. 7.5 Transition to complex response. 7.6 Nonclassical analyses. 7.7 Summary. References. 8 Forced Harmonic Vibration of an Asymmetric Duffing Oscillator (Ivana Kovacic and Michael J. Brennan). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Models of the systems under consideration. 8.3 Regular response of the pure cubic oscillator. 8.4 Regular response of the single-well Helmholtz–Duffing oscillator. 8.5 Chaotic response of the pure cubic oscillator. 8.6 Chaotic response of the single-well Helmholtz–Duffing oscillator. 8.7 Summary. References. Appendix Translation of Sections from Duffing's Original Book (Keith Worden and Heather Worden). Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisPhysical Mechanics of Porous Solids addresses the physics and mechanics of deformable porous materials, whose porous space is filled by one or several fluid mixtures interacting with the solid matrix.Table of ContentsForeword 1 The Strange World of Porous Solids 2 Fluid Mixtures 2.1 Chemical potential 2.2 Gibbs-Duhem Equality 2.3 Ideal Mixtures 2.4 Regular Solutions 3 The Deformable Porous Solid 3.1 Strain 3.2 Stress 3.3 Strain Work 3.4 From Solids to Porous Solids 4 The Saturated Poroelastic Solid 4.1 The Poroelastic Solid 4.2 Filling the Porous Solid 4.3 The Thermoporoelastic Solid 4.4 The Poroviscoelastic Solid 5 Fluid Transport and Deformation 5.1 Transport Laws 5.2 Coupling the Deformation and the Flow 5.3 Consolidation of a Soil Layer 6 Surface Energy and Capillarity 6.1 Physics and Mechanics of Interfaces 6.2 Capillarity in Porous Solids 6.3 Transport in Unsaturated Porous Solids 7 The Unsaturated Poroelastic Solid 7.1 Interface Stress as a Pre-Stress 7.2 Energy Balance for the Unsaturated Porous Solid 7.3 The Linear Unsaturated Poroelastic Solid 7.4 Extending Linear Unsaturated Poroelasticity 8 Uncon.ned Phase Transition 8.1 Chemical Potential and Phase Transition 8.2 Liquid-Vapor Transition 8.3 Liquid-Solid Transition 8.4 Gas bubble formation 8.5 Surface Energy and Phase Transition 9 Phase Transition in Porous Solids 9.1 In-Pore Phase Transition 9.2 Kinetics and Mechanics of Drying 9.3 Mechanics of Con.ned Crystallization 10 The Poroplastic Solid 10.1 Basic Concepts of Plasticity 10.2 From Plasticity to Poroplasticity 10.3 From material to structure 11 By Way of Conclusion

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Book SynopsisThis revised text emphasizes the principles of the physics of flight. The increased importance of automatic control (AFCS) is reflected in an expanded chapter on this subject that prepares students for work with stability augmentation, autopilots and guidance systems.Table of ContentsStatic Stability and Control 1. Static Stability and Control 2. General Equations of Unsteady Motion. The Stability Derivatives. Stability of Uncontrolled Motion. Response to Actuation of the Controls-Open Loop. Closed-Loop Control. Appendices. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis reference provides a modern treatment of the topic focusing on the core skills needed by practising engineers. It develops concepts in diffusion field theory and presents a few of its applications, then focuses on key solid-state principles needed to apply diffusion theory to real materials.Table of ContentsFIELD THEORY. Laws of Diffusion. Diffusion in Generalized Media. Solutions to the Linear Diffusion Equation. Diffusion Couple. Diffusion Point Sources in Higher Dimensions. Generalized Sources. Diffusion-Reaction. Linear Flow in Finite Systems. Spherical Bodies. Steady-State Diffusion. Inverse Methods. SOLID-STATE PRINCIPLES. Random Walks and Diffusion. Structure and Diffusion. Correlation Effects in Diffusion. Vacancy-Assisted Diffusion. Diffusion in Dilute Alloys. Kirkendall Effect. Influence of Solution Ideality. Diffusional Anelasticity. Field-Assisted Diffusion. Multiparticle Diffusion: Capillary Effects. Population Dynamics. Multicomponent Diffusion. Multicomponent Diffusion: Profiler Program. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisIn-depth reference for solid material thermodynamics Thermodynamics of Materials provides a comprehensive reference for chemical engineers and others whose work involves material science. Volume 1 covers the statistical and classical thermodynamics of solids, including enthalpy, entropy, energy exchange, and more. In-depth examination of property relationships includes chemical potentials, heat capacity, compressibility, magnetism, and others, while further exploration of equilibrium states and electrochemistry provide the essential information necessary to work with solid materials in theoretical and practical applications. Extensive appendices provide essential formulas and reference lists for current, volume, pressure, energy, and more.Table of ContentsFirst Law. Second Law. Property Relationships. Equilibrium. Chemical Equilibrium. Electrochemistry. Solutions. Phase Rule. Phase Diagrams. Statistical Thermodynamics. Appendix. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a systematic, modern introduction to solid mechanics that is carefully motivated by realistic Engineering applications.Trade Review"...The book is clearly laid out, well illustrated and the quality of reproduction is excellent...highly recommended..." (Materials World, September 2002)Table of ContentsPreface. PART A: BASIC CONCEPTS. 1 Introductory Concepts of Solid Mechanics. 2 Internal Forces and Stress. 3 Deformation and Strain. 4 Behaviour of Materials: Constitutive Equations. 5 Summary of Basic Results and Further Idealisations: Solutions using the "Mechanics-of-Materials" Approach. PART B: APPLICATIONS TO SIMPLE ELEMENTS. 6 Axial Loadings. 7 Torsion of Circular Cylindrical Rods: Coulomb Torsion. 8 Symmetric Bending of Beams - Basic Relations and Stresses. 9 Symmetric Bending of Beams: Deflections, Fundamental Solutions and Superposition. 10 Thin-Wall Pressure Vessels: Thin Shells Under Pressure. 11 Stability and Instability of Rods under Axial Compression: Beam-Columns and Tie-Rods. 12 Torsion of Elastic Members of Arbitrary Cross-Section: de Saint Venant Torsion. 13 General Bending Theory of Beams. PART C: ENERGY METHODS AND VIRTUAL WORK. 14 Basic Energy Theorems, Principles of Virtual Work and their Application to Structural Mechanics. 15 Stability of Mechanical Systems by Energy Considerations: Approximate Methods. Appendix A: Properties of Areas. Appendix B: Some Mathematical Relations. Appendix C: The Membrane Equation. Appendix D: Material Properties. Appendix E: Table of Structural Properties. Appendix F: Reactions, Deflections and Slopes of Selected Beams. Answers to Selected Problems. Index.

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Book SynopsisProvides a comprehensive introduction to the mechanical behaviour of solid polymers. Extensively revised and updated throughout, the second edition now includes new material on mechanical relaxations and anisotropy, composites modelling, non-linear viscoelasticity, yield behaviour and fracture of tough polymers. The accessible approach of the book has been retained with each chapter designed to be self contained and the theory and applications of the subject carefully introduced where appropriate. The latest developments in the field are included alongside worked examples, mathematical appendices and an extensive reference. * Fully revised and updated throughout to include all the latest developments in the field * Worked examples at the end of the chapter * An invaluable resource for students of materials science, chemistry, physics or engineering studying polymer scienceTable of ContentsPreface. 1 Structure of Polymers. 2 The Deformation of an Elastic Solid. 3 Rubber-like Elasticity. 4 Principles of Linear Viscoelasticity. 5 The Measurement of Viscoelastic Behaviour. 6 Experimental Studies of Linear Viscoelastic Behaviour as a Function of Frequency and Temperature: Time-Temperature Equivalence. 7 Anisotropic Mechanical Behaviour. 8 Polymer Composites: Macroscale and Microscale. 9 Relaxation Transitions: Experimental Behaviour and Molecular Interpretation. 10 Creep, Stress Relaxation and Non-linear Viscoelasticity. 11 Yielding and Instability in Polymers. 12 Breaking Phenomena. Appendix 1. Appendix 2. Answers to Problems. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe importance of the determination of elastic and mechanical properties has increased greatly as the result of new materials research and automated manufacturing and processing methods. This book provides information on laboratory techniques for both academic and research scientists.Table of ContentsDetermination of Dynamic Moduli and Loss Factors (B. Read, etal.). Determination of Yielding, Crazing, and Fracture (H. Brown). The Measurement of Friction and Wear (N. Eiss). Mechanical Characterization of Composite Materials (D. Wilson &L. Carlsson). Mechanical Testing of Adhesives (K. DeVries, et al.). Determination of the Bulk Modulus and Compressive Properties ofSolids (B. Hartmann). Index.

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Book SynopsisThis comprehensive reference presents the latest techniques for numerical analysis of forming operations. This is the perfect tool for those who wish to investigate new analytical methods for forming.Table of ContentsThe Tensile Test and Basic Material Behavior. Tensors, Matrices, Notation. Stress. Strain. Standard Mechanical Principles. Elasticity. Plasticity. Crystal-Based Plasticity. Friction. Classical Forming Analysis. Index.

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Book SynopsisAddresses fundamentals and advanced topics relevant to the behavior of materials under in-service conditions such as impact, shock, stress and high-strain rate deformations. Deals extensively with materials from a microstructure perspective which is the future direction of research today.Table of ContentsDynamic Deformation and Waves. Elastic Waves. Plastic Waves. Shock Waves. Shock Waves: Equations of State. Differential Form of Conservation Equations and Numerical Solutionsto More Complex Problems. Shock Wave Attenuation, Interaction, and Reflection. Shock Wave-Induced Phase Transformations and ChemicalChanges. Explosive-Material Interactions. Detonation. Experimental Techniques: Diagnostic Tools. Experimental Techniques: Methods to Produce DynamicDeformation. Plastic Deformation at High Strain Rates. Plastic Deformation in Shock Waves. Shear Bands (Thermoplastic Shear Instabilities). Dynamic Fracture. Applications. Indexes.

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Book SynopsisAn in-depth treatment of the transient stability problem, its physical description and formulation. Discusses methods for transient stability analysis, sensitivity assessment and control. Considers conventional and non-conventional techniques including direct and artificial intelligence, system theory, load modeling, evaluation of machine parameters, saturation effects and pattern recognition approaches. Features practical examples and simulation results.Table of ContentsSynchronous Machines--Mathematical Description. Modeling of Power Systems for Stability Studies. Conventional Methods of Analysis. Lyapunov-Like Direct Methods. Extended Equal-Area Criterion. Decision Tree Transient Stability Method. Composite Electromechanical Distance Method. Appendices. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe aim of this book is to describe the methods leading to mechanical and numerical modelling of the linear vibrations of elastic structures coupled with internal fluids (sloshing, hydroelasticity and structural acoustics). It is characteristic of the problems under consideration that they are multidisciplinary involving structural and fluid representation and related numerical aspects. The problems are solved by direct resolution of the coupled systems by finite element methods and modal reduction procedures using the eigenmodes of ?elementary subsystems?. The numerical methods described in this book have applications in various engineering disciplines such as the automotive and aerospace industries, civil engineering, nuclear engineering and bioengineering.Table of ContentsVibrations of Elastic Structures. Linearized Equations of Small Movements of Inviscid Fluids. Sloshing Modes. Sloshing Under Surface Tension. Hydroelastic Vibrations. Hydroelastic Vibrations Under Gravity. Acoustic Cavity Modes. Structural-Acoustic Vibrations. Modal Reduction in Fluid-Structure Interaction. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook presents the fundamentals of continuum mechanics as they apply to the analysis of plastic flow in metal forming. The basic theory behind flow mechanics is explained in detail before it is applied in a variety of machine-tool design situations.Table of ContentsMetal-forming Operations. Kinematics of Deformable Bodies--The Velocity Field. Further Kinematics of Deformable Bodies--The Strain-rateField. Kinetics of Deformable Bodies--Stokes' Principle of PowerExpended. Plastic Flow of Mises Materials. Accounting for Work-hardening. Index.

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Book SynopsisBeginning with the basics of probability and an overview of stochastic process, this book goes on to explore their engineering applications: random vibration and system analysis. It addresses extreme conditions such as distribution of large vibration peaks, probabilities of exceeding certain limits, and fatigue.Table of ContentsFundamentals of Probability Calculus with Applications. The Basic Theory of Stochastic Processes. Random Excitation and Response of Simple Linear Systems. Random Excursions and Failure Probabilities. Random Excitation and Response of Multiple and Continuous Systems. Some Fundamental Stochastic Processes. Fourier Analysis and Data Processing. Earthquake Hazard and Seismic Risk Analysis. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe second edition of a modern introduction to the chemistry and physics of solids. This textbook takes a unique integrated approach designed to appeal to both science and engineering students. Review of 1st edition an extremely wide-ranging, useful book that is accessible to anyone with a firm grasp of high school sciencethis is an outstanding and affordable resource for the lifelong learner or current student. Choice, 2005 The book provides an introduction to the chemistry and physics of solids that acts as a foundation to courses in materials science, engineering, chemistry, and physics. It is equally accessible to both engineers and scientists, through its more scientific approach, whilst still covering the material essential to engineers. This edition contains new sections on the use of computing methods to solve materials problems and has been thoroughly updated to include the many developments and advances made in thTrade Review“Summing Up: Recommended. Lower-division undergraduates and two-year technical program students.” (Choice, 1 February 2014)Table of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition xvii Preface to the First Edition xix PART 1 STRUCTURES AND MICROSTRUCTURES 1 1 The electron structure of atoms 3 1.1 The hydrogen atom 3 1.1.1 The quantum mechanical description 3 1.1.2 The energy of the electron 4 1.1.3 Electron orbitals 5 1.1.4 Orbital shapes 5 1.2 Many-electron atoms 7 1.2.1 The orbital approximation 7 1.2.2 Electron spin and electron configuration 7 1.2.3 The periodic table 9 1.3 Atomic energy levels 11 1.3.1 Spectra and energy levels 11 1.3.2 Terms and term symbols 11 1.3.3 Levels 13 1.3.4 Electronic energy level calculations 14 Further reading 15 Problems and exercises 16 2 Chemical bonding 19 2.1 Ionic bonding 19 2.1.1 Ions 19 2.1.2 Ionic size and shape 20 2.1.3 Lattice energies 21 2.1.4 Atomistic simulation 23 2.2 Covalent bonding 24 2.2.1 Valence bond theory 24 2.2.2 Molecular orbital theory 30 2.3 Metallic bonding and energy bands 35 2.3.1 Molecular orbitals and energy bands 36 2.3.2 The free electron gas 37 2.3.3 Energy bands 40 2.3.4 Properties of metals 41 2.3.5 Bands in ionic and covalent solids 43 2.3.6 Computation of properties 44 Further reading 45 Problems and exercises 46 3 States of aggregation 49 3.1 Weak chemical bonds 49 3.2 Macrostructures, microstructures and nanostructures 52 3.2.1 Structures and scale 52 3.2.2 Crystalline solids 52 3.2.3 Quasicrystals 53 3.2.4 Non-crystalline solids 54 3.2.5 Partly crystalline solids 55 3.2.6 Nanoparticles and nanostructures 55 3.3 The development of microstructures 57 3.3.1 Solidification 58 3.3.2 Processing 58 3.4 Point defects 60 3.4.1 Point defects in crystals of elements 60 3.4.2 Solid solutions 61 3.4.3 Schottky defects 62 3.4.4 Frenkel defects 63 3.4.5 Non-stoichiometric compounds 64 3.4.6 Point defect notation 66 3.5 Linear, planar and volume defects 68 3.5.1 Edge dislocations 68 3.5.2 Screw dislocations 69 3.5.3 Partial and mixed dislocations 69 3.5.4 Planar defects 69 3.5.5 Volume defects: precipitates 70 Further reading 73 Problems and exercises 73 4 Phase diagrams 77 4.1 Phases and phase diagrams 77 4.1.1 One-component (unary) systems 77 4.1.2 The phase rule for one-component (unary) systems 79 4.2 Binary phase diagrams 80 4.2.1 Two-component (binary) systems 80 4.2.2 The phase rule for two-component (binary) systems 81 4.2.3 Simple binary diagrams: nickel–copper as an example 81 4.2.4 Binary systems containing a eutectic point: tin–lead as an example 83 4.2.5 Intermediate phases and melting 87 4.3 The iron–carbon system near to iron 88 4.3.1 The iron–carbon phase diagram 88 4.3.2 Steels and cast irons 89 4.3.3 Invariant points 89 4.4 Ternary systems 90 4.5 Calculation of phase diagrams: CALPHAD 93 Further reading 94 Problems and exercises 94 5 Crystallography and crystal structures 101 5.1 Crystallography 101 5.1.1 Crystal lattices 101 5.1.2 Crystal systems and crystal structures 102 5.1.3 Symmetry and crystal classes 104 5.1.4 Crystal planes and Miller indices 106 5.1.5 Hexagonal crystals and Miller-Bravais indices 109 5.1.6 Directions 110 5.1.7 Crystal geometry and the reciprocal lattice 112 5.2 The determination of crystal structures 114 5.2.1 Single crystal X-ray diffraction 114 5.2.2 Powder X-ray diffraction and crystal identification 115 5.2.3 Neutron diffraction 118 5.2.4 Electron diffraction 118 5.3 Crystal structures 118 5.3.1 Unit cells, atomic coordinates and nomenclature 118 5.3.2 The density of a crystal 119 5.3.3 The cubic close-packed (A1) structure 121 5.3.4 The body-centred cubic (A2) structure 121 5.3.5 The hexagonal (A3) structure 122 5.3.6 The diamond (A4) structure 122 5.3.7 The graphite (A9) structure 123 5.3.8 The halite (rock salt, sodium chloride, B1) structure 123 5.3.9 The spinel (H11) structure 125 5.4 Structural relationships 126 5.4.1 Sphere packing 126 5.4.2 Ionic structures in terms of anion packing 128 5.4.3 Polyhedral representations 129 Further reading 131 Problems and exercises 131 PART 2 CLASSES OF MATERIALS 137 6 Metals, ceramics, polymers and composites 139 6.1 Metals 139 6.1.1 The crystal structures of pure metals 140 6.1.2 Metallic radii 141 6.1.3 Alloy solid solutions 142 6.1.4 Metallic glasses 145 6.1.5 The principal properties of metals 146 6.2 Ceramics 147 6.2.1 Bonding and structure of silicate ceramics 147 6.2.2 Some non-silicate ceramics 149 6.2.3 The preparation and processing of ceramics 152 6.2.4 The principal properties of ceramics 154 6.3 Silicate glasses 154 6.3.1 Bonding and structure of silicate glasses 155 6.3.2 Glass deformation 157 6.3.3 Strengthened glass 159 6.3.4 Glass-ceramics 160 6.4 Polymers 161 6.4.1 Polymer formation 162 6.4.2 Microstructures of polymers 165 6.4.3 Production of polymers 170 6.4.4 Elastomers 173 6.4.5 The principal properties of polymers 175 6.5 Composite materials 177 6.5.1 Fibre-reinforced plastics 177 6.5.2 Metal-matrix composites 177 6.5.3 Ceramic-matrix composites 178 6.5.4 Cement and concrete 178 Further reading 181 Problems and exercises 182 PART 3 REACTIONS AND TRANSFORMATIONS 189 7 Diffusion and ionic conductivity 191 7.1 Self-diffusion, tracer diffusion and tracer impurity diffusion 191 7.2 Non-steady-state diffusion 194 7.3 Steady-state diffusion 195 7.4 Temperature variation of diffusion coefficient 195 7.5 The effect of impurities 196 7.6 Random walk diffusion 197 7.7 Diffusion in solids 198 7.8 Self-diffusion in one dimension 199 7.9 Self-diffusion in crystals 201 7.10 The Arrhenius equation and point defects 202 7.11 Correlation factors for self-diffusion 204 7.12 Ionic conductivity 205 7.12.1 Ionic conductivity in solids 205 7.12.2 The relationship between ionic conductivity and diffusion coefficient 208 Further reading 209 Problems and exercises 209 8 Phase transformations and reactions 213 8.1 Sintering 213 8.1.1 Sintering and reaction 213 8.1.2 The driving force for sintering 215 8.1.3 The kinetics of neck growth 216 8.2 First-order and second-order phase transitions 216 8.2.1 First-order phase transitions 217 8.2.2 Second-order transitions 217 8.3 Displacive and reconstructive transitions 218 8.3.1 Displacive transitions 218 8.3.2 Reconstructive transitions 219 8.4 Order–disorder transitions 221 8.4.1 Positional ordering 221 8.4.2 Orientational ordering 222 8.5 Martensitic transformations 223 8.5.1 The austenite–martensite transition 223 8.5.2 Martensitic transformations in zirconia 226 8.5.3 Martensitic transitions in Ni–Ti alloys 227 8.5.4 Shape-memory alloys 228 8.6 Phase diagrams and microstructures 230 8.6.1 Equilibrium solidification of simple binary alloys 230 8.6.2 Non-equilibrium solidification and coring 230 8.6.3 Solidification in systems containing a eutectic point 231 8.6.4 Equilibrium heat treatment of steel in the Fe–C phase diagram 233 8.7 High-temperature oxidation of metals 236 8.7.1 Direct corrosion 236 8.7.2 The rate of oxidation 236 8.7.3 Oxide film microstructure 237 8.7.4 Film growth via diffusion 238 8.7.5 Alloys 239 8.8 Solid-state reactions 240 8.8.1 Spinel formation 240 8.8.2 The kinetics of spinel formation 241 Further reading 242 Problems and exercises 242 9 Oxidation and reduction 247 9.1 Galvanic cells 247 9.1.1 Cell basics 247 9.1.2 Standard electrode potentials 249 9.1.3 Cell potential and Gibbs energy 250 9.1.4 Concentration dependence 251 9.2 Chemical analysis using galvanic cells 251 9.2.1 pH meters 251 9.2.2 Ion selective electrodes 253 9.2.3 Oxygen sensors 254 9.3 Batteries 255 9.3.1 ‘Dry’ and alkaline primary batteries 255 9.3.2 Lithium-ion primary batteries 256 9.3.3 The lead–acid secondary battery 257 9.3.4 Lithium-ion secondary batteries 257 9.3.5 Lithium–air batteries 259 9.3.6 Fuel cells 260 9.4 Corrosion 262 9.4.1 The reaction of metals with water and aqueous acids 262 9.4.2 Dissimilar metal corrosion 264 9.4.3 Single metal electrochemical corrosion 265 9.5 Electrolysis 266 9.5.1 Electrolytic cells 267 9.5.2 Electroplating 267 9.5.3 The amount of product produced during electrolysis 268 9.5.4 The electrolytic preparation of titanium by the FFC Cambridge Process 269 9.6 Pourbaix diagrams 270 9.6.1 Passivation, corrosion and leaching 270 9.6.2 The stability field of water 270 9.6.3 Pourbaix diagram for a metal showing two valence states, M2þ and M3þ 271 9.6.4 Pourbaix diagram displaying tendency for corrosion 273 Further reading 274 Problems and exercises 275 PART 4 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 279 10 Mechanical properties of solids 281 10.1 Strength and hardness 281 10.1.1 Strength 281 10.1.2 Stress and strain 282 10.1.3 Stress–strain curves 283 10.1.4 Toughness and stiffness 286 10.1.5 Superelasticity 286 10.1.6 Hardness 287 10.2 Elastic moduli 289 10.2.1 Young’s modulus (the modulus of elasticity) (E or Y) 289 10.2.2 Poisson’s ratio (n) 291 10.2.3 The longitudinal or axial modulus (L or M) 292 10.2.4 The shear modulus or modulus of rigidity (G or m) 292 10.2.5 The bulk modulus, K or B 293 10.2.6 The Lame modulus (l) 293 10.2.7 Relationships between the elastic moduli 293 10.2.8 Ultrasonic waves in elastic solids 293 10.3 Deformation and fracture 295 10.3.1 Brittle fracture 295 10.3.2 Plastic deformation of metals 298 10.3.3 Dislocation movement and plastic deformation 298 10.3.4 Brittle and ductile materials 301 10.3.5 Plastic deformation of polymers 302 10.3.6 Fracture following plastic deformation 302 10.3.7 Strengthening 304 10.3.8 Computation of deformation and fracture 306 10.4 Time-dependent properties 307 10.4.1 Fatigue 307 10.4.2 Creep 308 10.5 Nanoscale properties 312 10.5.1 Solid lubricants 312 10.5.2 Auxetic materials 313 10.5.3 Thin films and nanowires 315 10.6 Composite materials 317 10.6.1 Young’s modulus of large particle composites 317 10.6.2 Young’s modulus of fibre-reinforced composites 318 10.6.3 Young’s modulus of a two-phase system 319 Further reading 320 Problems and exercises 321 11 Insulating solids 327 11.1 Dielectrics 327 11.1.1 Relative permittivity and polarisation 327 11.1.2 Polarisability 329 11.1.3 Polarisability and relative permittivity 330 11.1.4 The frequency dependence of polarisability and relative permittivity 331 11.1.5 The relative permittivity of crystals 332 11.2 Piezoelectrics, pyroelectrics and ferroelectrics 333 11.2.1 The piezoelectric and pyroelectric effects 333 11.2.2 Crystal symmetry and the piezoelectric and pyroelectric effects 335 11.2.3 Piezoelectric mechanisms 336 11.2.4 Quartz oscillators 337 11.2.5 Piezoelectric polymers 338 11.3 Ferroelectrics 340 11.3.1 Ferroelectric crystals 340 11.3.2 Hysteresis and domain growth in ferroelectric crystals 341 11.3.3 Antiferroelectrics 344 11.3.4 The temperature dependence of ferroelectricity and antiferroelectricity 344 11.3.5 Ferroelectricity due to hydrogen bonds 345 11.3.6 Ferroelectricity due to polar groups 347 11.3.7 Ferroelectricity due to medium-sized transition-metal cations 348 11.3.8 Poling and polycrystalline ferroelectric solids 349 11.3.9 Doping and modification of properties 349 11.3.10 Relaxor ferroelectrics 351 11.3.11 Ferroelectric nanoparticles, thin films and superlattices 352 11.3.12 Flexoelectricity in ferroelectrics 353 Further reading 354 Problems and exercises 355 12 Magnetic solids 361 12.1 Magnetic materials 361 12.1.1 Characterisation of magnetic materials 361 12.1.2 Magnetic dipoles and magnetic flux 362 12.1.3 Atomic magnetism 363 12.1.4 Overview of magnetic materials 365 12.2 Paramagnetic materials 368 12.2.1 The magnetic moment of paramagnetic atoms and ions 368 12.2.2 High and low spin: crystal field effects 369 12.2.3 Temperature dependence of paramagnetic susceptibility 371 12.2.4 Pauli paramagnetism 373 12.3 Ferromagnetic materials 374 12.3.1 Ferromagnetism 374 12.3.2 Exchange energy 376 12.3.3 Domains 378 12.3.4 Hysteresis 380 12.3.5 Hard and soft magnetic materials 380 12.4 Antiferromagnetic materials and superexchange 381 12.5 Ferrimagnetic materials 382 12.5.1 Cubic spinel ferrites 382 12.5.2 Garnet structure ferrites 383 12.5.3 Hexagonal ferrites 383 12.5.4 Double exchange 384 12.6 Nanostructures 385 12.6.1 Small particles and data recording 385 12.6.2 Superparamagnetism and thin films 386 12.6.3 Superlattices 386 12.6.4 Photoinduced magnetism 387 12.7 Magnetic defects 389 12.7.1 Magnetic defects in semiconductors 389 12.7.2 Charge and spin states in cobaltites and manganites 390 Further reading 393 Problems and exercises 393 13 Electronic conductivity in solids 399 13.1 Metals 399 13.1.1 Metals, semiconductors and insulators 399 13.1.2 Electron drift in an electric field 401 13.1.3 Electronic conductivity 402 13.1.4 Resistivity 404 13.2 Semiconductors 405 13.2.1 Intrinsic semiconductors 405 13.2.2 Band gap measurement 407 13.2.3 Extrinsic semiconductors 408 13.2.4 Carrier concentrations in extrinsic semiconductors 409 13.2.5 Characterisation 411 13.2.6 The p-n junction diode 413 13.3 Metal–insulator transitions 416 13.3.1 Metals and insulators 416 13.3.2 Electron–electron repulsion 417 13.3.3 Modification of insulators 418 13.3.4 Transparent conducting oxides 419 13.4 Conducting polymers 420 13.5 Nanostructures and quantum confinement of electrons 423 13.5.1 Quantum wells 424 13.5.2 Quantum wires and quantum dots 425 13.6 Superconductivity 426 13.6.1 Superconductors 426 13.6.2 The effect of magnetic fields 427 13.6.3 The effect of current 428 13.6.4 The nature of superconductivity 428 13.6.5 Josephson junctions 430 13.6.6 Cuprate high-temperature superconductors 430 Further reading 438 Problems and exercises 438 14 Optical aspects of solids 445 14.1 Light 445 14.1.1 Light waves 445 14.1.2 Photons 447 14.2 Sources of light 449 14.2.1 Incandescence 449 14.2.2 Luminescence and phosphors 450 14.2.3 Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) 453 14.2.4 Solid-state lasers 454 14.3 Colour and appearance 460 14.3.1 Luminous solids 460 14.3.2 Non-luminous solids 460 14.3.3 Attenuation 461 14.4 Refraction and dispersion 462 14.4.1 Refraction 462 14.4.2 Refractive index and structure 464 14.4.3 The refractive index of metals and semiconductors 465 14.4.4 Dispersion 465 14.5 Reflection 466 14.5.1 Reflection from a surface 466 14.5.2 Reflection from a single thin film 467 14.5.3 The reflectivity of a single thin film in air 469 14.5.4 The colour of a single thin film in air 469 14.5.5 The colour of a single thin film on a substrate 470 14.5.6 Low-reflectivity (antireflection) and high-reflectivity coatings 471 14.5.7 Multiple thin films and dielectric mirrors 471 14.6 Scattering 472 14.6.1 Rayleigh scattering 472 14.6.2 Mie scattering 475 14.7 Diffraction 475 14.7.1 Diffraction by an aperture 475 14.7.2 Diffraction gratings 476 14.7.3 Diffraction from crystal-like structures 477 14.7.4 Photonic crystals 478 14.8 Fibre optics 479 14.8.1 Optical communications 479 14.8.2 Attenuation in glass fibres 479 14.8.3 Dispersion and optical fibre design 480 14.8.4 Optical amplification 482 14.9 Energy conversion 483 14.9.1 Photoconductivity and photovoltaic solar cells 483 14.9.2 Dye sensitized solar cells 485 14.10 Nanostructures 486 14.10.1 The optical properties of quantum wells 486 14.10.2 The optical properties of nanoparticles 487 Further reading 489 Problems and exercises 489 15 Thermal properties 495 15.1 Heat capacity 495 15.1.1 The heat capacity of a solid 495 15.1.2 Classical theory of heat capacity 496 15.1.3 Quantum theory of heat capacity 496 15.1.4 Heat capacity at phase transitions 497 15.2 Thermal conductivity 498 15.2.1 Heat transfer 498 15.2.2 Thermal conductivity of solids 498 15.2.3 Thermal conductivity and microstructure 500 15.3 Expansion and contraction 501 15.3.1 Thermal expansion 501 15.3.2 Thermal expansion and interatomic potentials 502 15.3.3 Thermal contraction 503 15.3.4 Zero thermal contraction materials 505 15.4 Thermoelectric effects 506 15.4.1 Thermoelectric coefficients 506 15.4.2 Thermoelectric effects and charge carriers 508 15.4.3 The Seebeck coefficient of solids containing point defect populations 509 15.4.4 Thermocouples, power generation and refrigeration 509 15.5 The magnetocaloric effect 512 15.5.1 The magnetocaloric effect and adiabatic cooling 512 15.5.2 The giant magnetocaloric effect 513 Further reading 514 Problems and exercises 514 PART 5 NUCLEAR PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS 517 16 Radioactivity and nuclear reactions 519 16.1 Radioactivity 519 16.1.1 Naturally occurring radioactive elements 519 16.1.2 Isotopes and nuclides 520 16.1.3 Nuclear equations 520 16.1.4 Radioactive series 521 16.1.5 Nuclear stability 523 16.2 Artificial radioactive atoms 524 16.2.1 Transuranic elements 524 16.2.2 Artificial radioactivity in light elements 527 16.3 Nuclear decay 527 16.3.1 The rate of nuclear decay 527 16.3.2 Radioactive dating 529 16.4 Nuclear energy 531 16.4.1 The binding energy of nuclides 531 16.4.2 Nuclear fission 532 16.4.3 Thermal reactors for power generation 533 16.4.4 Fuel for space exploration 535 16.4.5 Fast breeder reactors 535 16.4.6 Fusion 535 16.4.7 Solar cycles 536 16.5 Nuclear waste 536 16.5.1 Nuclear accidents 537 16.5.2 The storage of nuclear waste 537 Further reading 538 Problems and exercises 539 Subject Index 543

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Book SynopsisHailed by the reviews as an extremely wide-ranging, useful book, this book provides a modern introduction to the chemistry and physics of solids. It offers a unique integrated approach, equally accessible to scientists and engineers.Trade Review“Summing Up: Recommended. Lower-division undergraduates and two-year technical program students.” (Choice, 1 February 2014)Table of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition xvii Preface to the First Edition xix PART 1 STRUCTURES AND MICROSTRUCTURES 1 1 The electron structure of atoms 3 1.1 The hydrogen atom 3 1.1.1 The quantum mechanical description 3 1.1.2 The energy of the electron 4 1.1.3 Electron orbitals 5 1.1.4 Orbital shapes 5 1.2 Many-electron atoms 7 1.2.1 The orbital approximation 7 1.2.2 Electron spin and electron configuration 7 1.2.3 The periodic table 9 1.3 Atomic energy levels 11 1.3.1 Spectra and energy levels 11 1.3.2 Terms and term symbols 11 1.3.3 Levels 13 1.3.4 Electronic energy level calculations 14 Further reading 15 Problems and exercises 16 2 Chemical bonding 19 2.1 Ionic bonding 19 2.1.1 Ions 19 2.1.2 Ionic size and shape 20 2.1.3 Lattice energies 21 2.1.4 Atomistic simulation 23 2.2 Covalent bonding 24 2.2.1 Valence bond theory 24 2.2.2 Molecular orbital theory 30 2.3 Metallic bonding and energy bands 35 2.3.1 Molecular orbitals and energy bands 36 2.3.2 The free electron gas 37 2.3.3 Energy bands 40 2.3.4 Properties of metals 41 2.3.5 Bands in ionic and covalent solids 43 2.3.6 Computation of properties 44 Further reading 45 Problems and exercises 46 3 States of aggregation 49 3.1 Weak chemical bonds 49 3.2 Macrostructures, microstructures and nanostructures 52 3.2.1 Structures and scale 52 3.2.2 Crystalline solids 52 3.2.3 Quasicrystals 53 3.2.4 Non-crystalline solids 54 3.2.5 Partly crystalline solids 55 3.2.6 Nanoparticles and nanostructures 55 3.3 The development of microstructures 57 3.3.1 Solidification 58 3.3.2 Processing 58 3.4 Point defects 60 3.4.1 Point defects in crystals of elements 60 3.4.2 Solid solutions 61 3.4.3 Schottky defects 62 3.4.4 Frenkel defects 63 3.4.5 Non-stoichiometric compounds 64 3.4.6 Point defect notation 66 3.5 Linear, planar and volume defects 68 3.5.1 Edge dislocations 68 3.5.2 Screw dislocations 69 3.5.3 Partial and mixed dislocations 69 3.5.4 Planar defects 69 3.5.5 Volume defects: precipitates 70 Further reading 73 Problems and exercises 73 4 Phase diagrams 77 4.1 Phases and phase diagrams 77 4.1.1 One-component (unary) systems 77 4.1.2 The phase rule for one-component (unary) systems 79 4.2 Binary phase diagrams 80 4.2.1 Two-component (binary) systems 80 4.2.2 The phase rule for two-component (binary) systems 81 4.2.3 Simple binary diagrams: nickel–copper as an example 81 4.2.4 Binary systems containing a eutectic point: tin–lead as an example 83 4.2.5 Intermediate phases and melting 87 4.3 The iron–carbon system near to iron 88 4.3.1 The iron–carbon phase diagram 88 4.3.2 Steels and cast irons 89 4.3.3 Invariant points 89 4.4 Ternary systems 90 4.5 Calculation of phase diagrams: CALPHAD 93 Further reading 94 Problems and exercises 94 5 Crystallography and crystal structures 101 5.1 Crystallography 101 5.1.1 Crystal lattices 101 5.1.2 Crystal systems and crystal structures 102 5.1.3 Symmetry and crystal classes 104 5.1.4 Crystal planes and Miller indices 106 5.1.5 Hexagonal crystals and Miller-Bravais indices 109 5.1.6 Directions 110 5.1.7 Crystal geometry and the reciprocal lattice 112 5.2 The determination of crystal structures 114 5.2.1 Single crystal X-ray diffraction 114 5.2.2 Powder X-ray diffraction and crystal identification 115 5.2.3 Neutron diffraction 118 5.2.4 Electron diffraction 118 5.3 Crystal structures 118 5.3.1 Unit cells, atomic coordinates and nomenclature 118 5.3.2 The density of a crystal 119 5.3.3 The cubic close-packed (A1) structure 121 5.3.4 The body-centred cubic (A2) structure 121 5.3.5 The hexagonal (A3) structure 122 5.3.6 The diamond (A4) structure 122 5.3.7 The graphite (A9) structure 123 5.3.8 The halite (rock salt, sodium chloride, B1) structure 123 5.3.9 The spinel (H11) structure 125 5.4 Structural relationships 126 5.4.1 Sphere packing 126 5.4.2 Ionic structures in terms of anion packing 128 5.4.3 Polyhedral representations 129 Further reading 131 Problems and exercises 131 PART 2 CLASSES OF MATERIALS 137 6 Metals, ceramics, polymers and composites 139 6.1 Metals 139 6.1.1 The crystal structures of pure metals 140 6.1.2 Metallic radii 141 6.1.3 Alloy solid solutions 142 6.1.4 Metallic glasses 145 6.1.5 The principal properties of metals 146 6.2 Ceramics 147 6.2.1 Bonding and structure of silicate ceramics 147 6.2.2 Some non-silicate ceramics 149 6.2.3 The preparation and processing of ceramics 152 6.2.4 The principal properties of ceramics 154 6.3 Silicate glasses 154 6.3.1 Bonding and structure of silicate glasses 155 6.3.2 Glass deformation 157 6.3.3 Strengthened glass 159 6.3.4 Glass-ceramics 160 6.4 Polymers 161 6.4.1 Polymer formation 162 6.4.2 Microstructures of polymers 165 6.4.3 Production of polymers 170 6.4.4 Elastomers 173 6.4.5 The principal properties of polymers 175 6.5 Composite materials 177 6.5.1 Fibre-reinforced plastics 177 6.5.2 Metal-matrix composites 177 6.5.3 Ceramic-matrix composites 178 6.5.4 Cement and concrete 178 Further reading 181 Problems and exercises 182 PART 3 REACTIONS AND TRANSFORMATIONS 189 7 Diffusion and ionic conductivity 191 7.1 Self-diffusion, tracer diffusion and tracer impurity diffusion 191 7.2 Non-steady-state diffusion 194 7.3 Steady-state diffusion 195 7.4 Temperature variation of diffusion coefficient 195 7.5 The effect of impurities 196 7.6 Random walk diffusion 197 7.7 Diffusion in solids 198 7.8 Self-diffusion in one dimension 199 7.9 Self-diffusion in crystals 201 7.10 The Arrhenius equation and point defects 202 7.11 Correlation factors for self-diffusion 204 7.12 Ionic conductivity 205 7.12.1 Ionic conductivity in solids 205 7.12.2 The relationship between ionic conductivity and diffusion coefficient 208 Further reading 209 Problems and exercises 209 8 Phase transformations and reactions 213 8.1 Sintering 213 8.1.1 Sintering and reaction 213 8.1.2 The driving force for sintering 215 8.1.3 The kinetics of neck growth 216 8.2 First-order and second-order phase transitions 216 8.2.1 First-order phase transitions 217 8.2.2 Second-order transitions 217 8.3 Displacive and reconstructive transitions 218 8.3.1 Displacive transitions 218 8.3.2 Reconstructive transitions 219 8.4 Order–disorder transitions 221 8.4.1 Positional ordering 221 8.4.2 Orientational ordering 222 8.5 Martensitic transformations 223 8.5.1 The austenite–martensite transition 223 8.5.2 Martensitic transformations in zirconia 226 8.5.3 Martensitic transitions in Ni–Ti alloys 227 8.5.4 Shape-memory alloys 228 8.6 Phase diagrams and microstructures 230 8.6.1 Equilibrium solidification of simple binary alloys 230 8.6.2 Non-equilibrium solidification and coring 230 8.6.3 Solidification in systems containing a eutectic point 231 8.6.4 Equilibrium heat treatment of steel in the Fe–C phase diagram 233 8.7 High-temperature oxidation of metals 236 8.7.1 Direct corrosion 236 8.7.2 The rate of oxidation 236 8.7.3 Oxide film microstructure 237 8.7.4 Film growth via diffusion 238 8.7.5 Alloys 239 8.8 Solid-state reactions 240 8.8.1 Spinel formation 240 8.8.2 The kinetics of spinel formation 241 Further reading 242 Problems and exercises 242 9 Oxidation and reduction 247 9.1 Galvanic cells 247 9.1.1 Cell basics 247 9.1.2 Standard electrode potentials 249 9.1.3 Cell potential and Gibbs energy 250 9.1.4 Concentration dependence 251 9.2 Chemical analysis using galvanic cells 251 9.2.1 pH meters 251 9.2.2 Ion selective electrodes 253 9.2.3 Oxygen sensors 254 9.3 Batteries 255 9.3.1 ‘Dry’ and alkaline primary batteries 255 9.3.2 Lithium-ion primary batteries 256 9.3.3 The lead–acid secondary battery 257 9.3.4 Lithium-ion secondary batteries 257 9.3.5 Lithium–air batteries 259 9.3.6 Fuel cells 260 9.4 Corrosion 262 9.4.1 The reaction of metals with water and aqueous acids 262 9.4.2 Dissimilar metal corrosion 264 9.4.3 Single metal electrochemical corrosion 265 9.5 Electrolysis 266 9.5.1 Electrolytic cells 267 9.5.2 Electroplating 267 9.5.3 The amount of product produced during electrolysis 268 9.5.4 The electrolytic preparation of titanium by the FFC Cambridge Process 269 9.6 Pourbaix diagrams 270 9.6.1 Passivation, corrosion and leaching 270 9.6.2 The stability field of water 270 9.6.3 Pourbaix diagram for a metal showing two valence states, M2þ and M3þ 271 9.6.4 Pourbaix diagram displaying tendency for corrosion 273 Further reading 274 Problems and exercises 275 PART 4 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 279 10 Mechanical properties of solids 281 10.1 Strength and hardness 281 10.1.1 Strength 281 10.1.2 Stress and strain 282 10.1.3 Stress–strain curves 283 10.1.4 Toughness and stiffness 286 10.1.5 Superelasticity 286 10.1.6 Hardness 287 10.2 Elastic moduli 289 10.2.1 Young’s modulus (the modulus of elasticity) (E or Y) 289 10.2.2 Poisson’s ratio (n) 291 10.2.3 The longitudinal or axial modulus (L or M) 292 10.2.4 The shear modulus or modulus of rigidity (G or m) 292 10.2.5 The bulk modulus, K or B 293 10.2.6 The Lame modulus (l) 293 10.2.7 Relationships between the elastic moduli 293 10.2.8 Ultrasonic waves in elastic solids 293 10.3 Deformation and fracture 295 10.3.1 Brittle fracture 295 10.3.2 Plastic deformation of metals 298 10.3.3 Dislocation movement and plastic deformation 298 10.3.4 Brittle and ductile materials 301 10.3.5 Plastic deformation of polymers 302 10.3.6 Fracture following plastic deformation 302 10.3.7 Strengthening 304 10.3.8 Computation of deformation and fracture 306 10.4 Time-dependent properties 307 10.4.1 Fatigue 307 10.4.2 Creep 308 10.5 Nanoscale properties 312 10.5.1 Solid lubricants 312 10.5.2 Auxetic materials 313 10.5.3 Thin films and nanowires 315 10.6 Composite materials 317 10.6.1 Young’s modulus of large particle composites 317 10.6.2 Young’s modulus of fibre-reinforced composites 318 10.6.3 Young’s modulus of a two-phase system 319 Further reading 320 Problems and exercises 321 11 Insulating solids 327 11.1 Dielectrics 327 11.1.1 Relative permittivity and polarisation 327 11.1.2 Polarisability 329 11.1.3 Polarisability and relative permittivity 330 11.1.4 The frequency dependence of polarisability and relative permittivity 331 11.1.5 The relative permittivity of crystals 332 11.2 Piezoelectrics, pyroelectrics and ferroelectrics 333 11.2.1 The piezoelectric and pyroelectric effects 333 11.2.2 Crystal symmetry and the piezoelectric and pyroelectric effects 335 11.2.3 Piezoelectric mechanisms 336 11.2.4 Quartz oscillators 337 11.2.5 Piezoelectric polymers 338 11.3 Ferroelectrics 340 11.3.1 Ferroelectric crystals 340 11.3.2 Hysteresis and domain growth in ferroelectric crystals 341 11.3.3 Antiferroelectrics 344 11.3.4 The temperature dependence of ferroelectricity and antiferroelectricity 344 11.3.5 Ferroelectricity due to hydrogen bonds 345 11.3.6 Ferroelectricity due to polar groups 347 11.3.7 Ferroelectricity due to medium-sized transition-metal cations 348 11.3.8 Poling and polycrystalline ferroelectric solids 349 11.3.9 Doping and modification of properties 349 11.3.10 Relaxor ferroelectrics 351 11.3.11 Ferroelectric nanoparticles, thin films and superlattices 352 11.3.12 Flexoelectricity in ferroelectrics 353 Further reading 354 Problems and exercises 355 12 Magnetic solids 361 12.1 Magnetic materials 361 12.1.1 Characterisation of magnetic materials 361 12.1.2 Magnetic dipoles and magnetic flux 362 12.1.3 Atomic magnetism 363 12.1.4 Overview of magnetic materials 365 12.2 Paramagnetic materials 368 12.2.1 The magnetic moment of paramagnetic atoms and ions 368 12.2.2 High and low spin: crystal field effects 369 12.2.3 Temperature dependence of paramagnetic susceptibility 371 12.2.4 Pauli paramagnetism 373 12.3 Ferromagnetic materials 374 12.3.1 Ferromagnetism 374 12.3.2 Exchange energy 376 12.3.3 Domains 378 12.3.4 Hysteresis 380 12.3.5 Hard and soft magnetic materials 380 12.4 Antiferromagnetic materials and superexchange 381 12.5 Ferrimagnetic materials 382 12.5.1 Cubic spinel ferrites 382 12.5.2 Garnet structure ferrites 383 12.5.3 Hexagonal ferrites 383 12.5.4 Double exchange 384 12.6 Nanostructures 385 12.6.1 Small particles and data recording 385 12.6.2 Superparamagnetism and thin films 386 12.6.3 Superlattices 386 12.6.4 Photoinduced magnetism 387 12.7 Magnetic defects 389 12.7.1 Magnetic defects in semiconductors 389 12.7.2 Charge and spin states in cobaltites and manganites 390 Further reading 393 Problems and exercises 393 13 Electronic conductivity in solids 399 13.1 Metals 399 13.1.1 Metals, semiconductors and insulators 399 13.1.2 Electron drift in an electric field 401 13.1.3 Electronic conductivity 402 13.1.4 Resistivity 404 13.2 Semiconductors 405 13.2.1 Intrinsic semiconductors 405 13.2.2 Band gap measurement 407 13.2.3 Extrinsic semiconductors 408 13.2.4 Carrier concentrations in extrinsic semiconductors 409 13.2.5 Characterisation 411 13.2.6 The p-n junction diode 413 13.3 Metal–insulator transitions 416 13.3.1 Metals and insulators 416 13.3.2 Electron–electron repulsion 417 13.3.3 Modification of insulators 418 13.3.4 Transparent conducting oxides 419 13.4 Conducting polymers 420 13.5 Nanostructures and quantum confinement of electrons 423 13.5.1 Quantum wells 424 13.5.2 Quantum wires and quantum dots 425 13.6 Superconductivity 426 13.6.1 Superconductors 426 13.6.2 The effect of magnetic fields 427 13.6.3 The effect of current 428 13.6.4 The nature of superconductivity 428 13.6.5 Josephson junctions 430 13.6.6 Cuprate high-temperature superconductors 430 Further reading 438 Problems and exercises 438 14 Optical aspects of solids 445 14.1 Light 445 14.1.1 Light waves 445 14.1.2 Photons 447 14.2 Sources of light 449 14.2.1 Incandescence 449 14.2.2 Luminescence and phosphors 450 14.2.3 Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) 453 14.2.4 Solid-state lasers 454 14.3 Colour and appearance 460 14.3.1 Luminous solids 460 14.3.2 Non-luminous solids 460 14.3.3 Attenuation 461 14.4 Refraction and dispersion 462 14.4.1 Refraction 462 14.4.2 Refractive index and structure 464 14.4.3 The refractive index of metals and semiconductors 465 14.4.4 Dispersion 465 14.5 Reflection 466 14.5.1 Reflection from a surface 466 14.5.2 Reflection from a single thin film 467 14.5.3 The reflectivity of a single thin film in air 469 14.5.4 The colour of a single thin film in air 469 14.5.5 The colour of a single thin film on a substrate 470 14.5.6 Low-reflectivity (antireflection) and high-reflectivity coatings 471 14.5.7 Multiple thin films and dielectric mirrors 471 14.6 Scattering 472 14.6.1 Rayleigh scattering 472 14.6.2 Mie scattering 475 14.7 Diffraction 475 14.7.1 Diffraction by an aperture 475 14.7.2 Diffraction gratings 476 14.7.3 Diffraction from crystal-like structures 477 14.7.4 Photonic crystals 478 14.8 Fibre optics 479 14.8.1 Optical communications 479 14.8.2 Attenuation in glass fibres 479 14.8.3 Dispersion and optical fibre design 480 14.8.4 Optical amplification 482 14.9 Energy conversion 483 14.9.1 Photoconductivity and photovoltaic solar cells 483 14.9.2 Dye sensitized solar cells 485 14.10 Nanostructures 486 14.10.1 The optical properties of quantum wells 486 14.10.2 The optical properties of nanoparticles 487 Further reading 489 Problems and exercises 489 15 Thermal properties 495 15.1 Heat capacity 495 15.1.1 The heat capacity of a solid 495 15.1.2 Classical theory of heat capacity 496 15.1.3 Quantum theory of heat capacity 496 15.1.4 Heat capacity at phase transitions 497 15.2 Thermal conductivity 498 15.2.1 Heat transfer 498 15.2.2 Thermal conductivity of solids 498 15.2.3 Thermal conductivity and microstructure 500 15.3 Expansion and contraction 501 15.3.1 Thermal expansion 501 15.3.2 Thermal expansion and interatomic potentials 502 15.3.3 Thermal contraction 503 15.3.4 Zero thermal contraction materials 505 15.4 Thermoelectric effects 506 15.4.1 Thermoelectric coefficients 506 15.4.2 Thermoelectric effects and charge carriers 508 15.4.3 The Seebeck coefficient of solids containing point defect populations 509 15.4.4 Thermocouples, power generation and refrigeration 509 15.5 The magnetocaloric effect 512 15.5.1 The magnetocaloric effect and adiabatic cooling 512 15.5.2 The giant magnetocaloric effect 513 Further reading 514 Problems and exercises 514 PART 5 NUCLEAR PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS 517 16 Radioactivity and nuclear reactions 519 16.1 Radioactivity 519 16.1.1 Naturally occurring radioactive elements 519 16.1.2 Isotopes and nuclides 520 16.1.3 Nuclear equations 520 16.1.4 Radioactive series 521 16.1.5 Nuclear stability 523 16.2 Artificial radioactive atoms 524 16.2.1 Transuranic elements 524 16.2.2 Artificial radioactivity in light elements 527 16.3 Nuclear decay 527 16.3.1 The rate of nuclear decay 527 16.3.2 Radioactive dating 529 16.4 Nuclear energy 531 16.4.1 The binding energy of nuclides 531 16.4.2 Nuclear fission 532 16.4.3 Thermal reactors for power generation 533 16.4.4 Fuel for space exploration 535 16.4.5 Fast breeder reactors 535 16.4.6 Fusion 535 16.4.7 Solar cycles 536 16.5 Nuclear waste 536 16.5.1 Nuclear accidents 537 16.5.2 The storage of nuclear waste 537 Further reading 538 Problems and exercises 539 Subject Index 543

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Book SynopsisThe formalism processing of unbuckled solids mechanics involves several mathematical tools which are to be mastered at the same time. This volume collects the main points which take place in the course of the formalism, so that the user immediately finds what he needs without looking for it. Furthermore, the book contains a methodological formulary to guide the user in his approach.Table of ContentsIntroduction xi Table of Notations xiii Chapter 1. Vector Calculus 1 1.1. Vector space 1 1.1.1. Definition 1 1.1.2. Vector space – dimension – basis 2 1.1.3. Affine space 3 1.2. Affine space of dimension 3 – free vector 4 1.3. Scalar product a⋅b 5 1.3.1. Properties of the scalar product 6 1.3.2. Scalar square – unit vector 6 1.3.3. Geometric interpretation of the scalar product 7 1.3.4. Solving the equation a�� ⋅ x�� = 0 9 1.4. Vector product a ∧ b 9 1.4.1. Definition 9 1.4.2. Geometric interpretation of the vector product 10 1.4.3. Properties of vector product 11 1.4.4. Solving the equation a ∧ x = b 11 1.5. Mixed product (a ,b, c ) 12 1.5.1. Definition 12 1.5.2. Geometric interpretation of the mixed product 12 1.5.3. Properties of the mixed product 13 1.6. Vector calculus in the affine space of dimension 3 15 1.6.1. Orthonormal basis 15 1.6.2. Analytical expression of the scalar product 16 1.6.3. Analytical expression of the vector product 16 1.6.4. Analytical expression of the mixed product 17 1.7. Applications of vector calculus 18 1.7.1. Double vector product 18 1.7.2. Resolving the equation a�� ⋅ x�� = b 22 1.7.3. Resolving the equation a ∧ x = b 23 1.7.4. Equality of Lagrange 25 1.7.5. Equations of planes 25 1.7.6. Relations within the triangle 27 1.8. Vectors and basis changes 28 1.8.1. Einstein’s convention 28 1.8.2. Transition table from basis (e) to basis (E) 30 1.8.3. Characterization of the transition table 32 Chatper 2. Torsors and Torsor Calculus 35 2.1. Vector sets 35 2.1.1. Discrete set of vectors 35 2.1.2. Set of vectors defined on a continuum 36 2.2. Introduction to torsors 37 2.2.1. Definition 37 2.2.2. Equivalence of vector families 38 2.3. Algebra torsors 38 2.3.1. Equality of two torsors 38 2.3.2. Linear combination of torsors 39 2.3.3. Null torsors 39 2.3.4. Opposing torsor 40 2.3.5. Product of two torsors 40 2.3.6. Scalar moment of a torsor – equiprojectivity 41 2.3.7. Invariant scalar of a torsor 43 2.4. Characterization and classification of torsors 43 2.4.1. Torsors with a null resultant 43 2.4.2. Torsors with a no-null resultant 45 2.5. Derivation torsors 48 2.5.1. Torsor dependent on a single parameter q 49 2.5.2. Torsor dependent of n parameters qi functions of p 51 2.5.3. Explicitly dependent torsor of n + 1 parameters 52 Chapter 3. Derivation of Vector Functions 55 3.1. Derivative vector: definition and properties 55 3.2. Derivative of a function in a basis 56 3.3. Deriving a vector function of a variable 57 3.3.1. Relations between derivatives of a function in different bases 57 3.3.2. Differential form associated with two bases 63 3.4. Deriving a vector function of two variables 65 3.5. Deriving a vector function of n variables 68 3.6. Explicit intervention of the variable p 70 3.7. Relative rotation rate of a basis relative to another 71 Chapter 4. Vector Functions of One Variable Skew Curves 73 4.1. Vector function of one variable 73 4.2. Tangent at a point M 74 4.3. Unit tangent vector τ ( q) 76 4.4. Main normal vector ( ) q ν 77 4.5. Unit binormal vector ( ) q β 79 4.6. Frenet’s basis 80 4.7. Curvilinear abscissa 81 4.8. Curvature, curvature center and curvature radius 83 4.9. Torsion and torsion radius 84 4.10. Orientation in (λ) of the Frenet basis 87 Chapter 5. Vector Functions of Two Variables Surfaces 91 5.1. Representation of a vector function of two variables 91 5.1.1. Coordinate curves 91 5.1.2. Regular or singular point – tangent plane – unit normal vector 93 5.1.3. Distinctive surfaces 95 5.1.4. Ruled surfaces 101 5.1.5. Area element 110 5.2. General properties of surfaces 111 5.2.1. First quadratic form 111 5.2.2. Darboux–Ribaucour’s trihedral 114 5.2.3. Second quadratic form 119 5.2.4. Meusnier’s theorems 121 5.2.5. Geodesic torsion 123 5.2.6. Prominent curves traced on a surface 125 5.2.7. Directions and principal curvatures of a surface 127 Chapter 6. Vector Function of Three Variables: Volumes 135 6.1. Vector functions of three variables 135 6.1.1. Coordinate surfaces 135 6.1.2. Coordinate curves 136 6.1.3. Orthogonal curvilinear coordinates 136 6.2. Volume element 137 6.2.1. Definition 137 6.2.2. Applications to traditional coordinate systems 138 6.3. Rotation rate of the local basis 139 6.3.1. Calculation of the partial rotation rate 1δ (λ ,e) 140 6.3.2. Calculation of the rotation rate 143 Chapter 7. Linear Operators 145 7.1. Definition 145 7.2. Intrinsic properties 145 7.3. Algebra of linear operators 147 7.3.1. Unit operator 147 7.3.2. Equality of two linear operators 147 7.3.3. Product of a linear operator by a scalar 147 7.3.4. Sum of two linear operators 148 7.3.5. Multiplying two linear operators 148 7.4. Bilinear form 149 7.5. Quadratic form 150 7.6. Linear operator and basis change 150 7.7. Examples of linear operators 152 7.7.1. Operation f = a ^ F 152 7.7.2. Operation f = a ^ (a ^ F) 152 7.7.3. Operation f = a(b ⋅ F) 153 7.7.4. Operation f = a ^ (F ^ a) 155 7.8. Vector rotation Ru��,a 156 7.8.1. Expression of the vector rotation 156 7.8.2. Quaternion associated with the vector rotation Ru��,a 159 7.8.3. Matrix representation of the vector rotation 160 7.8.4. Basis change and rotation vector 162 Chapter 8. Homogeneity and Dimension 165 8.1. Notion of homogeneity 165 8.2. Dimension 165 8.3. Standard mechanical dimensions 166 8.4. Using dimensional equations 168 Bibliography 171 Index 173

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Book SynopsisAn important instance of the application of unbuckled solid mechanics is that of its stability and small movements from this situation. The problem expressing goes through the linearization of the movement equations set up in the 3rd volume of this treaty, by their limited development. This book gives and develops the process which leads to the differential linear equations expressing this kind of movement and allowing the study of the equilibrium and the stability of an unbuckled solid.Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Table of Notations xiii Chapter 1 Equilibrium, Stationary Movement and Oscillation of a Free Solid 1 1.1 Expression of the fundamental principle of dynamics for a free solid 1 1.2 Canonical form of the fundamental principle 4 1.2.1 Dynamic resultant 5 1.2.2 Dynamic moment at O s 5 1.2.3 Fundamental principle of dynamics 7 1.3 Equilibrium of the free solid 7 1.3.1 Equations of equilibrium 7 1.3.2 Stability of equilibrium 9 1.4 General equations of small movements of a free solid 9 1.4.1 Reminder of developments limited to the first order 9 1.4.2 Equations of small movements of the free solid 12 1.4.3 Analytical mechanics of free solids 43 1.5 Matrix expression of small movements of a free solid 59 1.5.1 Using vector representation 60 1.5.2 Using analytical mechanics 63 1.5.3 Relative situation of frames at the equilibrium 65 1.6 Stationary movement 67 1.6.1 Cyclic parameters 67 1.6.2 Characterizing a stationary movement 68 1.6.3 Conditions of realization of a stationary movement 69 1.6.4 Neighboring motions and stability of a stationary movement 71 1.6.5 Applications 74 Chapter 2 Solving Equations of Small Movements 75 2.1 Linear differential systems with constant coefficients 75 2.1.1 General periodic solution of the homogeneous system 77 2.1.2 Particular solution to the system 79 2.1.3 Exercise 1 81 2.2 Laplace transformation 87 2.2.1 Definition 87 2.2.2 Linearity of a Laplace transformation 87 2.2.3 Laplace transforms for common functions 88 2.2.4 Functional properties of the Laplace transformation 91 2.2.5 Examples of use of the Laplace transform 93 2.2.6 Applications 96 Chapter 3 Oscillator Studies 115 3.1 Physical nature of oscillatory motion 115 3.2 The single oscillator 116 3.2.1 Definitions 117 3.2.2 Conditions of an oscillatory motion 117 3.2.3 Study of free oscillatory motion 118 3.2.4 Study of forced oscillations 123 3.2.5 Study of a modulated oscillatory signal 126 3.3 Motion of coupled oscillators 129 3.3.1 Coupling of two oscillators 129 3.3.2 Study of free oscillation 129 3.3.3 Applications: problem 6 138 3.4. Oscillatory device of k oscillators – equilibrium and stability 154 3.4.1 Approaching the problem 154 3.4.2 Routh criteria 155 Chapter 4 Gyroscopic Motion 163 4.1 Gyroscopic coupling 163 4.1.1 Composition of the device 163 4.1.2 Velocity-distributing torsor 166 4.1.3 Kinetic energies of all three components 166 4.1.4 Equations of dynamics 167 4.1.5 Equations of analytical mechanics 168 4.1.6 Situations of equilibrium of the gyroscopic device 172 4.1.7 Stability of the stationary movement 173 4.2 Gyroscopic pendulum 177 4.2.1 Composition of the device 177 4.2.2 Velocity-distributing torsors 178 4.2.3 Kinetic energies 179 4.2.4 Lagrange equations 179 4.2.5 Equilibrium and stability 181 4.3 The gyro-compass 184 4.3.1 Composition of the device 184 4.3.2 Fundamental principle of dynamics 186 4.3.3 Equations of analytical mechanics 186 4.3.4 Stationary movement and stability 193 4.3.5 Note for establishing Lagrange equations 199 4.4 Applications: problem 7 – motion stabilizer 199 Bibliography 213 Index 215

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Book SynopsisChronicling the 11th US–France �Mechanics and physics of solids at macro- and nano-scales� symposium, organized by ICACM (International Center for Applied Computational Mechanics) in Paris, June 2018, this book addresses the breadth of issues raised. It covers a comprehensive range of scientific and technological topics (from elementary plastic events in metals and materials in harsh environments to bio-engineered and bio-mimicking materials), offering a representative perspective on state-of-the-art research and materials. Expounding on the issues related to mesoscale modeling, the first part of the book addresses the representation of plastic deformation at both extremes of the scale – between nano- and macro- levels. The second half of the book examines the mechanics and physics of soft materials, polymers and materials made from fibers or molecular networks.Table of ContentsIntroduction xi Part 1. Plastic Deformation of Crystalline Materials 1 Chapter 1. Homogeneous Dislocation Nucleation in Landau Theory of Crystal Plasticity 3Oguz Umut SALMAN and Roberta BAGGIO 1.1. Introduction 3 1.2. The model 6 1.2.1. Linear stability analysis 9 1.3. Numerical implementation 11 1.4. Simulation results 12 1.4.1. Stress field of a single-edge dislocation 12 1.4.2. Dislocation annihilation 13 1.4.3. Homogeneous nucleation 14 1.5. Conclusion 18 1.6. References 18 Chapter 2. Effects of Rate, Size, and Prior Deformation in Microcrystal Plasticity 25Stefanos PAPANIKOLAOU and Michail TZIMAS 2.1. Introduction 25 2.2. Model 27 2.3. Effects of loading rates and protocols in crystal plasticity 29 2.4. Size effects in microcrystal plasticity 36 2.5. Unveiling the crystalline prior deformation history using unsupervised machine learning approaches 38 2.6. Predicting the mechanical response of crystalline materials using supervised machine learning 43 2.7. Summary 48 2.8. Acknowledgements 49 2.9. References 49 Chapter 3. Dislocation Dynamics Modeling of the Interaction of Dislocations with Eshelby Inclusions 55Sylvie AUBRY, Sylvain QUEYREAU and Athanasios ARSENLIS 3.1. Introduction 55 3.2. Review of existing approaches 57 3.2.1. Modeling discrete precipitates with DD simulations 57 3.2.2. Investigation of precipitation strengthening and some related effects 61 3.3. Dislocation dynamics modeling of dislocation interactions with Eshelby inclusions 63 3.3.1. Stress field and forces at dislocation lines 63 3.3.2. Stress at a point induced by an inclusion 64 3.3.3. Force on a dislocation coming from an inclusion 64 3.3.4. Far field interactions induced by an Eshelby inclusion 68 3.3.5. Parallel implementation 68 3.4. DD simulations of the interaction with Eshelby inclusions 69 3.4.1. Eshelby force for a single dislocation and a single inclusion 69 3.4.2. Simulations of bulk crystal plasticity 70 3.5. Conclusion and discussion 77 3.6. Acknowledgments 79 3.7. Appendix: derivation of the Eshelby force 80 3.8. References 82 Chapter 4. Scale Transition in Finite Element Simulations of Hydrogen–Plasticity Interactions 87Yann CHARLES, Hung Tuan NGUYEN, Kevin ARDON and Monique GASPERINI 4.1. Introduction 87 4.2. Modeling assumptions 92 4.2.1. Crystal plasticity mechanical behavior 92 4.2.2. Hydrogen transport equation 93 4.2.3. Implementation 95 4.2.4. Mechanical parameters 96 4.3. Identification of a trap density function at the crystal scale 97 4.3.1. Geometry, mesh, and boundary conditions applied on the polycrystals 98 4.3.2. Results 100 4.4. Adaptation of the Dadfarnia’s model at the crystal scale 104 4.4.1. Formulation at the polycrystal scale 104 4.4.2. Application to single crystals 106 4.4.3. Boundary and initial conditions 107 4.4.4. Crystal orientations 108 4.4.5. Results 108 4.4.6. Consequences on hydrogen transport through a polycrystalline bar 113 4.5. Conclusion 118 4.6. Appendix: Numbering of the slip systems in the UMAT 118 4.7. References 119 Part 2. Mechanics and Physics of Soft Solids 131 Chapter 5. Compression of Fiber Networks Modeled as a Phase Transition 133Prashant K. PUROHIT 5.1. Introduction 133 5.2. Experimental observations in compressed fibrin clots and CNT forests 134 5.2.1. Compression of platelet-poor plasma clots and platelet-rich plasma clots 134 5.2.2. Compression of CNT forests coated with alumina 138 5.3. Theoretical model based on continuum theory of phase transitions 141 5.3.1. Compression of PPP and PRP clots 141 5.3.2. Phase transition theory 143 5.3.3. Effect of liquid pumping 145 5.3.4. Application of phase transition model to PPP and PRP clots 146 5.3.5. Predictive capability of our model 148 5.3.6. Application of phase transition model to CNT networks 148 5.4. Conclusion 151 5.5. References 153 Chapter 6. Mechanics of Random Networks of Nanofibers with Inter-Fiber Adhesion 157Catalin R. PICU and Vineet NEGI 6.1. Introduction 157 6.2. Mechanics in the presence of adhesion 160 6.2.1. The adhesive interaction of two fibers 160 6.2.2. Triangle of fiber bundles 163 6.3. Structure of non-crosslinked networks with inter-fiber adhesion 165 6.4. Tensile behavior of non-crosslinked networks with inter-fiber adhesion 169 6.5. Structure of networks with inter-fiber adhesion and crosslinks 171 6.6. Tensile behavior of crosslinked networks with inter-fiber adhesion 173 6.7. Conclusion 179 6.8. References 180 Chapter 7. Surface Effects on Elastic Structures 185Hadrien BENSE, Benoit ROMAN and José BICO 7.1. Introduction 185 7.2. Liquid surface energy 186 7.2.1. Can a liquid deform a solid? 186 7.2.2. Slender structures 187 7.2.3. Wrapping a cylinder 188 7.2.4. Capillary origamis 190 7.3. Dielectric elastomers: a surface effect? 192 7.3.1. Introduction: electrostatic energy of a capacitor as a surface energy 192 7.3.2. Mechanics of dielectric elastomers 194 7.3.3. Buckling experiments 202 7.4. Conclusion 209 7.5. References 210 Chapter 8. Stress-driven Kirigami: From Planar Shapes to 3D Objects 215Alexandre DANESCU, Philippe REGRENY, Pierre CRÉMILIEU and Jean-Louis LECLERCQ 8.1. Introduction 215 8.2. Bilayer plates with pre-stress 216 8.3. Constant curvature ribbons and geodesic curvature 219 8.3.1. Experimental evidence 220 8.3.2. Geodesic objects 222 8.4. Directional bending of large surfaces 223 8.4.1. Photonic crystals tubes 224 8.4.2. Control the directional bending 225 8.5. Conclusion 227 8.6. References 227 Chapter 9. Modeling the Mechanics of Amorphous Polymer in the Glass Transition 231Hélène MONTES, Aude BELGUISE, Sabine CANTOURNET and François LEQUEUX 9.1. Introduction 231 9.2. Modeling the mechanics of amorphous 233 9.2.1. Input physics 233 9.2.2. Temperature dependence of the intrinsic relaxation times 235 9.2.3. Length scales in the model 236 9.2.4. Numerical implementation 237 9.3. Linear regime in bulk geometry 239 9.3.1. Stress relaxation 239 9.3.2. Numerical predictions versus experiments in the linear regime 240 9.3.3. Role of elastic coupling between domains 241 9.4. Linear regime in confined geometries 244 9.4.1. Apparent linear viscoelasticity in various geometries 244 9.4.2. Comparison of the results of our model with the observation of Tg shift in filled elastomers 247 9.4.3. Role of mechanical coupling in confined geometry 250 9.4.4. Conclusion on the effects of confinement 252 9.5. Nonlinear mechanics 253 9.5.1. Input of nonlinearities 254 9.5.2. Results of the model 255 9.5.3. Role of elastic coupling in the nonlinear regime 256 9.6. Conclusion 257 9.7. Appendix 258 9.8. References 259 List of Authors 263 Index 267

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Book SynopsisCO2 capture and geological storage is seen as the most effective technology to rapidly reduce the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Up until now and before proceeding to an industrial development of this technology, laboratory research has been conducted for several years and pilot projects have been launched. So far, these studies have mainly focused on transport and geochemical issues and few studies have been dedicated to the geomechanical issues in CO2 storage facilities. The purpose of this book is to give an overview of the multiphysics processes occurring in CO2 storage facilities, with particular attention given to coupled geomechanical problems.The book is divided into three parts. The first part is dedicated to transport processes and focuses on the efficiency of the storage complex and the evaluation of possible leakage paths. The second part deals with issues related to reservoir injectivity and the presence of fractures and occurrence of damage. The final part of the book concerns the serviceability and ageing of the geomaterials whose poromechanical properties may be altered by contact with the injected reactive fluid.Table of ContentsPreface xi PART 1. TRANSPORT PROCESSES 1 Chapter 1. Assessing Seal Rock Integrity for CO2 Geological Storage Purposes 3 Daniel BROSETA 1.1. Introduction 3 1.2. Gas breakthrough experiments in water-saturated rocks 6 1.3. Interfacial properties involved in seal rock integrity 9 1.3.1. Brine-gas IFT 9 1.3.2. Wetting behavior 10 1.4. Maximum bottomhole pressure for storage in a depleted hydrocarbon reservoir 12 1.5. Evidences for capillary fracturing in seal rocks 13 1.6. Summary and prospects 14 1.7. Bibliography 15 Chapter 2. Gas Migration through Clay Barriers in the Context of Radioactive Waste Disposal: Numerical Modeling of an In Situ Gas Injection Test 21 Pierre GÉRARD, Jean-Pol RADU, Jean TALANDIER, Rémi de La VAISSIÈRE, Robert CHARLIER and Frédéric COLLIN 2.1. Introduction 21 2.2. Field experiment description 23 2.3. Boundary value problem 26 2.3.1. 1D and 3D geometry and boundary conditions 26 2.3.2. Hydraulic model 27 2.3.3. Hydraulic parameters 28 2.4. Numerical results 29 2.4.1. 1D modeling 30 2.4.2. 3D modeling 34 2.5. Discussion and conclusions 37 2.6. Bibliography 39 Chapter 3. Upscaling Permeation Properties in Porous Materials from Pore Size Distributions 43 Fadi KHADDOUR, David GRÉGOIRE and Gilles PIJAUDIER-CABOT 3.1. Introduction 43 3.2. Assembly of parallel pores 44 3.2.1. Presentation 44 3.2.2. Permeability 45 3.2.3. Case of a sinusoidal multi-modal pore size distribution 47 3.3. Mixed assembly of parallel and series pores 48 3.3.1. Presentation 48 3.3.2. Permeability 49 3.4. Comparisons with experimental results 51 3.4.1. Electrical fracturing tests 51 3.4.2. Measurement of the pore size distribution 53 3.4.3. Model capabilities to predict permeability and comparisons with experiments 54 3.5. Conclusions 55 3.6. Acknowledgments 55 3.7. Bibliography 56 PART 2. FRACTURE, DEFORMATION AND COUPLED EFFECTS 57 Chapter 4. A Non-Local Damage Model for Heterogeneous Rocks – Application to Rock Fracturing Evaluation Under Gas Injection Conditions 59 Darius M. SEYEDI, Nicolas GUY, Serigne SY, Sylvie GRANET and François HILD 4.1. Introduction 60 4.2. A probabilistic non-local model for rock fracturing 61 4.3. Hydromechanical coupling scheme 63 4.4. Application example and results 66 4.4.1. Effect of Weibull modulus 70 4.5. Conclusions and perspectives 70 4.6. Acknowledgments 71 4.7. Bibliography 71 Chapter 5. Caprock Breach: A Potential Threat to Secure Geologic Sequestration of CO2 75 A.P.S. SELVADURAI 5.1. Introduction 75 5.2. Caprock flexure during injection 77 5.2.1. Numerical results for the caprock–geologic media interaction 81 5.3. Fluid leakage from a fracture in the caprock 85 5.3.1. Numerical results for fluid leakage from a fracture in the caprock 89 5.4. Concluding remarks 90 5.5. Acknowledgment 91 5.6. Bibliography 91 Chapter 6. Shear Behavior Evolution of a Fault due to Chemical Degradation of Roughness: Application to the Geological Storage of CO2 95 Olivier NOUAILLETAS, Céline PERLOT, Christian LA BORDERIE, Baptiste ROUSSEAU and Gérard BALLIVY 6.1. Introduction 96 6.2. Experimental setup 97 6.3. Roughness and chemical attack 99 6.4. Shear tests 103 6.5. Peak shear strength and peak shear displacement: Barton’s model 107 6.6. Conclusion and perspectives 112 6.7. Acknowledgment 113 6.8. Bibliography 113 Chapter 7. CO2 Storage in Coal Seams: Coupling Surface Adsorption and Strain 115 Saeid NIKOOSOKHAN, Laurent BROCHARD, Matthieu VANDAMME, Patrick DANGLA, Roland J.-M. PELLENQ, Brice LECAMPION and Teddy FEN-CHONG 7.1. Introduction 115 7.2. Poromechanical model for coal bed reservoir 116 7.2.1. Physics of adsorption-induced swelling of coal 116 7.2.2. Assumptions of model for coal bed reservoir 118 7.2.3. Case of coal bed reservoir with no adsorption 118 7.2.4. Derivation of constitutive equations for coal bed reservoir with adsorption 120 7.3. Simulations 122 7.3.1. Simulations at the molecular scale: adsorption of carbon dioxide on coal 122 7.3.2. Simulations at the scale of the reservoir 124 7.3.3. Discussion 127 7.4. Conclusions 128 7.5. Bibliography 129 PART 3. AGING AND INTEGRITY 133 Chapter 8. Modeling by Homogenization of the Long-Term Rock Dissolution and Geomechanical Effects 135 Jolanta LEWANDOWSKA 8.1. Introduction 135 8.2. Microstructure and modeling by homogenization 136 8.3. Homogenization of the H-M-T problem 138 8.3.1. Formulation of the problem at the microscopic scale 138 8.3.2. Asymptotic developments method 142 8.3.3. Solutions 143 8.3.4. Summary of the macroscopic “H-M-T model” 148 8.4. Homogenization of the C-M problem 148 8.4.1. Formulation of the problem at the microscopic scale 148 8.4.2. Homogenization 150 8.4.3. Summary of the macroscopic “C-M model” 151 8.5. Numerical computations of the time degradation of the macroscopic rigidity tensor 152 8.5.1. Definition of the problem 152 8.5.2. Results and discussion 154 8.6. Conclusions 158 8.7. Acknowledgment 160 8.8. Bibliography 160 Chapter 9. Chemoplastic Modeling of Petroleum Cement Paste under Coupled Conditions 163 Jian Fu SHAO, Y. JIA, Nicholas BURLION, Jeremy SAINT-MARC and Adeline GARNIER 9.1. Introduction 163 9.2. General framework for chemo-mechanical modeling 164 9.2.1. Phenomenological chemistry model 166 9.3. Specific plastic model for petroleum cement paste 169 9.3.1. Elastic behavior 169 9.3.2. Plastic pore collapse model 170 9.3.3. Plastic shearing model 172 9.4. Validation of model 174 9.5. Conclusions and perspectives 178 9.6. Bibliography 179 Chapter 10. Reactive Transport Modeling of CO2 Through Cementitious Materials Under Supercritical Boundary Conditions 181 Jitun SHEN, Patrick DANGLA and Mickaël THIERY 10.1. Introduction 181 10.2. Carbonation of cement-based materials 183 10.2.1. Solubility of the supercritical CO2 in the pore solution 183 10.2.2. Chemical reactions 184 10.2.3. Carbonation of CH 185 10.2.4. Carbonation of C-S-H 187 10.2.5. Porosity change 190 10.3. Reactive transport modeling 191 10.3.1. Field equations 191 10.3.2. Transport of the liquid phase 194 10.3.3. Transport of the gas phase 194 10.3.4. Transport of aqueous species 196 10.4. Simulation results and discussion 196 10.4.1. Sandstone-like conditions 197 10.4.2. Limestone-like conditions 198 10.4.3. Study of CO2 concentration and initial porosity 199 10.4.4. Supercritical boundary conditions 201 10.5. Conclusion 204 10.6. Acknowledgment 205 10.7. Bibliography 205 Chapter 11. Chemo-Poromechanical Study of Wellbore Cement Integrity 209 Jean-Michel PEREIRA and Valérie VALLIN 11.1. Introduction 209 11.2. Poromechanics of cement carbonation in the context of CO2 storage 210 11.2.1. Context and definitions 210 11.2.2. Chemical reactions 214 11.2.3. Chemo-poromechanical behaviour 217 11.2.4. Balance equations 221 11.3. Application to wellbore cement 222 11.3.1. Description of the problem 222 11.3.2. Initial state and boundary conditions 223 11.3.3. Illustrative results 223 11.4. Conclusion 227 11.5. Acknowledgments 227 11.6. Bibliography 227 List of Authors 229 Index 000

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Book SynopsisFrom the characterization of materials to accelerated life testing, experimentation with solids and structures is present in all stages of the design of mechanical devices. Sometimes only an experimental model can bring the necessary elements for understanding, the physics under study just being too complex for an efficient numerical model. This book presents the classical tools in the experimental approach to mechanical engineering, as well as the methods that have revolutionized the field over the past 20 years: photomechanics, signal processing, statistical data analysis, design of experiments, uncertainty analysis, etc. Experimental Mechanics of Solids and Structures also replaces mechanical testing in a larger context: firstly, that of the experimental model, with its own hypotheses; then that of the knowledge acquisition process, which is structured and robust; finally, that of a reliable analysis of the results obtained, in a context where uncertainty could be important.Table of ContentsForeword ix Introduction xi Chapter 1 Mechanical Tests 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Measurable quantities 2 1.3 Tensile test 3 1.3.1 Optimal testing conditions 5 1.3.2 Result of a standard tensile test 7 1.3.3 Stiffness of a tensile testing machine 9 1.4 Bending test 10 1.4.1 Test principle 10 1.4.2 Optimal realization conditions 10 1.4.3 Determination of flexural modulus 11 1.4.4 Damage to the structure 13 Chapter 2 A Few Sensors Used in Mechanics 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Strain measurement 15 2.2.1 Principle 15 2.2.2 Gauge factor 16 2.2.3 Description of a gauge 17 2.2.4 Conditioning 19 2.2.5 Multi-gauge assemblies 20 2.2.6 Compensation of bending effects 21 2.2.7 Effect of temperature 22 2.2.8 Measurement of a surface-strain tensor of an object 23 2.2.9 “Measurement” considerations 25 2.3 Displacement measurement 27 2.3.1 Principle 27 2.3.2 Key characteristics 27 2.4 Force measurement 28 2.4.1 Strain gauge load cell 28 2.4.2 Piezoelectric gauge load cell 29 2.5 Acceleration measurement 33 2.5.1 Principle 33 2.5.2 Selection criteria 37 Chapter 3 Optical Full-Field Methods 39 3.1 Overview 39 3.2 Selection of a field optical method 40 3.2.1 Factors governing selection 40 3.2.2 Fringe projection 41 3.2.3 Grid method 45 3.2.4 Digital image correlation 49 3.2.5 Speckle interferometry (ESPI) 53 3.3 Main processing methods of photomechanical results 60 3.3.1 Metrological aspects 60 3.3.2 Correction of target distorsions 62 3.3.3 Denoising in mapping 63 3.3.4 Phase unwrapping 65 3.3.5 Derivation of a displacement map 66 Chapter 4 Basic Tools for Measurement Methods 71 4.1 Introduction 71 4.2 Measurement and precision 72 4.2.1 Calibration 72 4.2.2 Tests 75 4.2.3 Evaluating uncertainties 78 4.3 Experimental test plans 88 4.3.1 Preparation 90 4.3.2 Approach 91 4.3.3 Adjusting polynomial models by least squares 92 4.3.4 Linear factorial design without interaction 94 4.3.5 Linear factorial design with interactions 100 w4.3.6 Quadratic design with interactions 104 4.3.7 Variance analysis 107 4.4 Hypothesis tests 109 4.4.1 General principle 109 4.4.2 1st and 2nd order error: a test’s power 110 4.4.3 Choosing a statistical law 112w 4.4.4 Examples 113 4.4.5 Test for model adjustment: a return to ANOVA analysis 114 Chapter 5 Exercises 117 5.1 Multiple-choice questions 117 5.2 Problem: designing a torque meter 118 5.2.1 Mechanical analysis 118 5.2.2 Electrical installation 119 5.2.3 Analyzing uncertainty 120 5.3 Problem: traction test on a composite 121 5.3.1 Sizing a traction test 121 5.3.2 Measuring 121 5.3.3 Photomechanics 122 5.4 Problem: optic fiber Bragg gratings 122 5.4.1 What happens when there is traction on the fiber? 123 5.4.2 What will the effective index become depending on the temperature and strain parameters? 124 5.4.3 Separating temperature and mechanics 124 5.4.4 Analyzing uncertainty 124 5.5 Problem: bending a MEMS micro-sensor 124 5.5.1 Suggesting a mechanical model for this problem 125 5.6 Problem: studying a 4-point bending system 126 5.6.1 Analyzing the device 126 5.6.2 Mechanical analysis 127 5.6.3 Analyzing uncertainties 127 5.6.4 Optical full field methods 127 5.7 Digital pressure tester: statistical tests 128 5.7.1 Discovering the statistical functions library 128 5.7.2 Estimating a confidence interval 128 5.7.3 Calculating a test’s power 128 Conclusion 131 Bibliography 133 Index 141

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Book SynopsisAdvanced undergraduate students in Engineering and Materials Science should have a good understanding of the property of elasticity. This book will be a vital resource for the complete study of elasticity as it is the only book on the particular subject of anisotropic materials. Homogenous materials, such as rubber bands, are said to be isotropic, and the mechanics of isotropic materials are easy to study and their problems easy to solve. However, for the whole new class of materials called composites, where two or more substances are combined for greater strength or superconductive properties, solving problems of the material''s anisotropic elasticity are considerably more difficult. This book, however, is the first text to deal with the problems of composite, or anisotropic materials and their elasticity.Table of Contents1. Matrix Algebra ; 2. Linear Anisotropic Elastic Materials ; 3. Antiplane Deformations ; 4. The Lekhnitskii Formalism ; 5. The Stroh Formalism ; 6. The Structures and Identities of the Elasticity Matrices ; 7. Transformation of the Elasticity Matrices and Dual Coordinate Systems ; 8. Green's Functions for Infinite Space, Half-space, and Composite Space ; 9. Particular Solutions, Stress Singularities, and Stress Decay ; 10. Anisotropic Matrials with an Elliptic Boundary ; 11. Anisotropic Media with a Crack or a Rigid Line Inclusion ; 12. Steady State Motion and Surface Waves ; 13. Degenerate and Near Degenerate Materials ; 14. Generalization of the Stroh Formulism ; 15. Three-Dimensionsal Deformations

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Book SynopsisAs more and more spaceflights are planned and designed, students and engineers will need better and better training and some good textbooks on orbital mechanics. This text by Conway and Prussing will meet that need. For the first time, all the topics important for a complete introduction to the subject of orbital mechanics are found in a single compact book. After completing the first seven chapters, the student is able to mission, such as propellant required, time of flight, launchand arrival times, and payload.

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Book SynopsisLiquid crystals are fluids with a directionality defined. Polymers are long molecules with a shape that can be changed. As a network, polymers form rubber - a soft solid that is locally liquid-like and capable of huge extension. Liquid crystal elastomers are a combination of all these curious aspects, but with additional, revolutionary new phenomena - for example, spontaneous shape changes of several hundred percent induced by temperature change, with equally large opto-mechanical responses, shape change without energy cost (soft elasticity), colour change with strain, lasing and photonics, sensitivity to molecular handedness and soft solid ferroelectricity. This book is a primer for liquid crystals, polymers, rubber, and elasticity. It then describes the theory and experiment of these remarkable materials for the first time as a monograph. Worked examples are solved so that the reader can become proficient in the field himself. The book is directed at physicists, chemists, material scTrade ReviewIn short, this book is likely to become a classic: read it, learn from it, and let it inspire you. * Euro Pysics News *Table of Contents1. A bird's eye view of liquid crystal elastomers ; 2. Liquid crystals ; 3. Polymers, elastomers and rubber elasticity ; 4. Classical elasticity ; 5. Nematic elastomers ; 6. Nematic rubber elasticity ; 7. Soft elasticity ; 8. Distortions of nematic elastomers ; 9. Cholesteric elastomers ; 10. Continuum theory of nematic elastomers ; 11. Dynamics of liquid crystal elastomers ; 12. Smectic elastomers ; A. Nematic order in elastomers under strain ; B. Biaxial soft elasticity ; C. Stripe microstructure ; D. Couple-stress and Cosserat elasticity ; E. Expansion at small deformations and rotations

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Book SynopsisRAY HULSE was until recently Associate Dean of the Faculty of Engineering and Computing at Coventry University, UK. JACK CAIN was formerly Principal Lecturer and Course Leader for the Civil Engineering Degree course at Coventry University, UK.

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Book SynopsisI Introductory.- 1 Material constitution of rocks.- 2 Mechanical state.- 3 Change in mechanical state.- 4 Mechanical significance of structure.- II Forces in Rocks.- 5 Classes of forces.- 6 Stress on a plane.- 7 The stress ellipsoid, I.- 8 The stress ellipsoid, II.- 9 Mohr circle for stress.- 10 Tensor components of stress.- 11 Cauchy's formula, transformation of tensor components.- 12 Stress fields.- 13 Stress history.- III Deformation of Rocks.- 14 Distortion and deformation, measures of distortion.- 15 The strain ellipsoid.- 16 Mohr circle for infinitesimal strain.- 17 Mohr circle for finite strain.- 18 Displacement and deformation gradients.- 19 Tensor components of infinitesimal strain, I.- 20 Tensor components of infinitesimal strain, II.- 21 Tensor components of finite strain, I.- 22 Tensor components of finite strain, II.- 23 Strain fields.- 24 Strain history.- IV Topics Involving Forces and Deformation.- 25 Hookean behavior.- 26 Newtonian behavior.- 27 Energy consumed in deforTable of ContentsI Introductory.- 1 Material constitution of rocks.- 2 Mechanical state.- 3 Change in mechanical state.- 4 Mechanical significance of structure.- II Forces in Rocks.- 5 Classes of forces.- 6 Stress on a plane.- 7 The stress ellipsoid, I.- 8 The stress ellipsoid, II.- 9 Mohr circle for stress.- 10 Tensor components of stress.- 11 Cauchy’s formula, transformation of tensor components.- 12 Stress fields.- 13 Stress history.- III Deformation of Rocks.- 14 Distortion and deformation, measures of distortion.- 15 The strain ellipsoid.- 16 Mohr circle for infinitesimal strain.- 17 Mohr circle for finite strain.- 18 Displacement and deformation gradients.- 19 Tensor components of infinitesimal strain, I.- 20 Tensor components of infinitesimal strain, II.- 21 Tensor components of finite strain, I.- 22 Tensor components of finite strain, II.- 23 Strain fields.- 24 Strain history.- IV Topics Involving Forces and Deformation.- 25 Hookean behavior.- 26 Newtonian behavior.- 27 Energy consumed in deformation.

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