Applied optics Books
Yale University Press Invisibility
Book SynopsisA lively exploration of how invisibility has gone from science fiction to factTrade Review“The science of invisibility remains largely theoretical and abstract. It is in the literature that the field comes alive, and Gbur may be the world’s leading expert on invisibility fiction.”—Nathaniel Rich, New York Times Book Review“Gbur steers us through the sometimes challenging history of the ideas on which current research depends. . . . A list that helps us appreciate the potential benefits of invisible cats.”—Richard Dunn, Times Literary Supplement“Gbur shows how optical science and ideas about the atom intertwined over two centuries. . . . I defy you not to spend your next paycheck hunting down the wilder items in Gbur’s ‘Invisibibliography.’”—Simon Ings, Fortean TimesA CHOICE Outstanding Academic Title 2023“Invisibility is such an addictive book, packed with smart and weird science, literature and culture, Greg Gbur’s elegant prose, and the fascinating question of whether we may one day be able to achieve that long-held dream of vanishing in a shimmer of light.”—Deborah Blum, Pulitzer Prize–winning author of The Poison Squad: One Chemist’s Single-Minded Crusade for Food Safety at the Turn of the 20th Century“A lovely, well-informed book on the science and fiction of invisibility.”—Ulf Leonhardt, author of Geometry and Light: The Science of Invisibility“Greg Gbur weaves an engaging tapestry of literature, history, and physics to illustrate how an idea that has captivated human imagination for thousands of years may one day become a reality.”—Liz Heinecke, author of Radiant: The Dancer, The Scientist, and a Friendship Forged in Light“A well-written and engaging overview of the history of optics, taking the reader on a fascinating scientific journey.”—Andrea Alù, founding director of the Photonics Initiative at the CUNY Advanced Science Research Center
£23.75
University of Minnesota Press The Eye of War: Military Perception from the
Book SynopsisHow perceptual technologies have shaped the history of war from the Renaissance to the present From ubiquitous surveillance to drone strikes that put “warheads onto foreheads,” we live in a world of globalized, individualized targeting. The perils are great. In The Eye of War, Antoine Bousquet provides both a sweeping historical overview of military perception technologies and a disquieting lens on a world that is, increasingly, one in which anything or anyone that can be perceived can be destroyed—in which to see is to destroy. Arguing that modern-day global targeting is dissolving the conventionally bounded spaces of armed conflict, Bousquet shows that over several centuries, a logistical order of militarized perception has come into ascendancy, bringing perception and annihilation into ever-closer alignment. The efforts deployed to evade this deadly visibility have correspondingly intensified, yielding practices of radical concealment that presage a wholesale disappearance of the customary space of the battlefield. Beginning with the Renaissance’s fateful discovery of linear perspective, The Eye of War discloses the entanglement of the sciences and techniques of perception, representation, and localization in the modern era amid the perpetual quest for military superiority. In a survey that ranges from the telescope, aerial photograph, and gridded map to radar, digital imaging, and the geographic information system, Bousquet shows how successive technological systems have profoundly shaped the history of warfare and the experience of soldiering. A work of grand historical sweep and remarkable analytical power, The Eye of War explores the implications of militarized perception for the character of war in the twenty-first century and the place of human subjects within its increasingly technical armature.Trade Review"This wonderfully erudite genealogy of the increasingly precise ways in which the linkage of military perception and weaponry has brought us to the point where being detected puts one within a spatio-temporally fine-grained ‘kill box’ is fascinating and important. Ranging over hundreds of years of documents, beginning with telescopes and ending with the overlap of light and death in the laser, Bousquet’s work will be both at the forefront of security studies and a crucial addition to the knowledge base of concerned citizens."—John Protevi, author of Life, War, Earth: Deleuze and the Sciences"The Eye of War is a masterful contemporary history of the martial gaze that reviews the relation between seeing and targeting. The expansion of ocularcentrism—the ubiquitization of vision as power—Antoine Bousquet shows us, coincides with the inverse: the relegation of the eye to an instrument of a war order that relies on the sensorium as the means to its own ends. As he traces the development of a technocracy of military vision, Bousquet discloses the vision of a military technocracy that has transformed the given world into units of perception indistinct from ‘kill boxes.’"—Daniel Bertrand Monk, Colgate University"This book dives deeply back into history of canonic studies of perspective and projective geometry, recognised as founding methods for further the rationalisation of visions and mathematization of space, as well as introducing the first technologies of space-measuring as distance meter. " —Leonardo ReviewsTable of ContentsIntroduction: Visibility Equals Death1. Perspective2. Sensing3. Imaging4. Mapping5. HidingConclusion: A Global Imperium of TargetingAcknowledgmentsNotesIndex
£20.69
Cambridge University Press Theoretical Foundations of Nanoscale Quantum
Book SynopsisNanooptics which describes the interaction of light with matter at the nanoscale, is a topic of great fundamental interest to physicists and engineers and allows the direct observation of quantum mechanical phenomena in action. This self-contained and extensively referenced text describes the underlying theory behind nanodevices operating in the quantum regime for use both in advanced courses and as a reference for researchers in physics, chemistry, electrical engineering, and materials science. Presenting an extensive theoretical toolset for design and analysis of nanodevices, the authors demonstrate the art of developing approximate quantum models of real nanodevices. The rudimentarymathematical knowledgerequired to master the material iscarefully introduced, with detailed derivations and frequent worked examples allowing readers to gain a thorough understanding of the material. More advanced applications are gradually introduced alongside analytical approximations and simplifying asTable of Contents1. Introduction; 2. Quantum-mechanical framework; 3. Linear response theory; 4. Dissipation and decoherence; 5. Quantum current flow; 6. Quantum tunneling; 7. Quantum noise.
£55.09
National Academies Press Optics and Photonics
Table of Contents1 Front Matter; 2 Summary; 3 1 Introduction; 4 2 Impact of Photonics on the National Economy; 5 3 Communications, Information Processing, and Data Storage; 6 4 Defense and National Security; 7 5 Energy; 8 6 Health and Medicine; 9 7 Advanced Manufacturing; 10 8 Advanced Photonic Measurements and Applications; 11 9 Strategic Materials for Optics; 12 10 Displays; 13 Appendixes; 14 Appendix A: Statement of Task, with Introductory Information; 15 Appendix B: Acronyms and Abbreviations; 16 Appendix C: Additional Technology Examples; 17 Appendix D: Biographies of Committee Members
£45.05
Wiley Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves 3 Volume Set 18 Wiley Series in Remote Sensing and Image Processing
Book SynopsisA timely and authoritative guide to the state of the art of wave scattering Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves offers in three volumes a complete and up-to-date treatment of wave scattering by random discrete scatterers and rough surfaces.Table of ContentsScattering of Electromagnetic Waves: Theories and Applications PREFACE xi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROMAGNETIC SCATTERING BY A SINGLE PARTICLE 1 CHAPTER 2 BASIC THEORY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC SCATTERING 53 CHAPTER 3 FUNDAMENTALS OF RANDOM SCATTERING 107 CHAPTER 4 CHARACTERISTICS OF DISCRETE SCATTERERS AND ROUGH SURFACES 167 CHAPTER 5 SCATTERING AND EMISSION BY LAYERED MEDIA 199 CHAPTER 6 SINGLE SCATTERING AND APPLICATIONS 231 CHAPTER 7 RADIATIVE TRANSFER THEORY 259 CHAPTER 8 SOLUTION TECHNIQUES OF RADIATIVE TRANSFER THEORY 287 CHAPTER 9 ONE-DIMENSIONAL RANDOM ROUGH SURFACE SCATTERING 389 INDEX 419 Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves: Numerical Simulations PREFACE xix CHAPTER 1 MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS OF LAYERED MEDIA 1 CHAPTER 2 INTEGRAL EQUATION FORMULATIONS AND BASIC NUMERICAL METHODS 13 CHAPTER 3 SCATTERING AND EMISSION BY A PERIODIC ROUGH SURFACE 61 CHAPTER 4 RANDOM ROUGH SURFACE SIMULATIONS 111 CHAPTER 5 FAST COMPUTATIONAL METHODS FOR SOLVING ROUGH SURFACE SCATTERING PROBLEMS 177 CHAPTER 6 THREE-DIMENSIONAL WAVE SCATTERING FROM TWO-DIMENSIONAL ROUGH SURFACES 267 CHAPTER 7 VOLUME SCATTERING SIMULATIONS 371 CHAPTER 8 PARTICLE POSITIONS FOR DENSE MEDIA CHARACTERIZATIONS AND SIMULATIONS 403 CHAPTER 9 SIMULATIONS OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL DENSE MEDIA 453 CHAPTER 10 DENSE MEDIA MODELS AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL SIMULATIONS 495 CHAPTER 11 ANGULAR CORRELATION FUNCTION AND DETECTION OF BURIED OBJECT 551 CHAPTER 12 MULTIPLE SCATTERING BY CYLINDERS IN THE PRESENCE OF BOUNDARIES 593 CHAPTER 13 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES SCATTERING BY VEGETATION 641 INDEX 693 Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves: Advanced Topics PREFACE xiii CHAPTER 1 TWO-DIMENSIONAL RANDOM ROUGH SURFACE SCATTERING BASED ON SMALL PERTURBATION METHOD 1 CHAPTER 2 KIRCHHOFF APPROACH AND RELATED METHODS FOR ROUGH SURFACE SCATTERING 65 CHAPTER 3 VOLUME SCATTERING: CASCADE OF LAYERS 121 CHAPTER 4 ANALYTIC WAVE THEORY FOR A MEDIUM WITH PERMITTIVITY FLUCTUATIONS 161 CHAPTER 5 MULTIPLE SCATTERING THEORY FOR DISCRETE SCATTERERS 197 CHAPTER 6 QUASI-CRYSTALLINE APPROXIMATION IN DENSE MEDIA SCATTERING 245 CHAPTER 7 DENSE MEDIA SCATTERING 323 CHAPTER 8 BACKSCATTERING ENHANCEMENT 359 INDEX 407
£386.06
Wiley Colour Image Science Exploiting Digital Media Electrical Electronics Engr
a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.
£141.26
John Wiley & Sons Inc Environmental Remote Sensing From Regional to Global Scales
Book SynopsisEnvironmental Remote Sensing from Regional to Global Scales Edited by Giles Foody University College, Swansea, UK & Paul Curran University of Southampton, UK Remote sensing by satellites provides scientists with powerful means of analysing the terrestrial environment in fields as diverse as meteorology, agriculture, town planning or ecology.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: Environmental Issues at Regional to Global Scales (P. Curran &G. Foody). Explaining and Monitoring Land Cover Dynamics in Drylands UsingMulti-Temporal Analysis of NOAA AVHRR Imagery (A. Millington, etal.). Global Land Cover: Comparison of Ground-Based Data Sets toClassifications with AVHRR Data (R. DeFries & J.Townshend). A Near-Real-Time Heat Source Monitoring System Using NOAA PolarOrbiting Meteorological Satellites (G. Smith & R.Vaughan). Attempts to Drive Ecosystem Simulation Models at Local to RegionalScales (P. Curran). Environmental Monitoring Using Multiple-View-Angle (MVA)Remotely-Sensed Data (M. Barnsley). Spatial Data: Data Types, Data Applications and Reasons for PartialAdoption and Non-Integration (J. Allan). Index.
£305.06
Cambridge University Press MidInfrared and Terahertz Quantum Cascade Lasers
Book SynopsisDiscover how mid-infrared and terahertz photonics has been revolutionized in this comprehensive overview of state-of-the art quantum cascade lasers (QCLs). Combining real-world examples with expert guidance, it provides a thorough treatment of practical applications, including high-power continuous-wave QCLs, frequency-comb devices, quantum-electronic transport and thermal transport modeling, and beam shaping in QCLs. With a focus on recent developments, such as frequency noise and frequency stabilization of QCLs, grating-outcoupled surface-emitting mid-infrared QCLs, coherent-power scaling of mid-IR and THz QCLs, metasurface-based surface-emitting THz QCLs, self-mixing in QCLs, and THz QCL sources based on difference-frequency generation, it also features detailed theoretical explanations of means for efficiency maximization, design criteria for high-power continuous-wave operation of QCLs, and QCL thermal modeling, enabling you to improve performance of current and future devices. PaTable of ContentsPart I. Bandstructure Engineering, Modeling and State-of-the-art QCLs: 1. Basic physics of intersubband radiative and nonradiative processes Jacob B. Khurgin; 2. State-of-the-art mid-infrared QCLs: elastic scattering, high CW power and coherent-power scaling Dan Botez and Luke J. Mawst; 3. Long wavelength mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers Alexei Baranov, Michael Bahriz and Roland Teissier; 4. Overview of the state-of-the-art terahertz QCL designs Qi Jie Wang and Yongquan Zeng; 5. Simulating quantum cascade lasers: the challenge to quantum theory Andreas Wacker; 6. Coupled simulation of quantum electronic transport and thermal transport in mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers Michelle L. King, Farhad Karimi, Sina Soleimanikahnoj, Suraj Suri, Song Mei, Yanbing Shi, Olafur Jonasson and Irena Knezevic; Part II. Active Research Topics: 7. Quantum cascade laser frequency combs Jérôme_Faist and Giacomo Scalari; 8. Frequency noise and frequency stabilization of QCLs Miriam Serena Vitiello, Luigi Consolino and Paolo De Natale; 9. Distributed-feedback and beam shaping in monolithic terahertz QCLs Yuan Jin and Sushil Kumar; 10. Metasurface based THz quantum-cascade lasers Benjamin S. Williams and Christopher A. Curwen; 11. Terahertz quantum cascade laser sources based on intra-cavity difference-frequency generation Mikhail A. Belkin; Part III. Applications: 12. QCL applications in scientific research, commercial, and defense and security markets Jeremy Rowlette, Eric Takeuchi and Timothy Day; 13. QCL-based gas sensing with photoacoustic spectroscopy Vincenzo Spagnolo, Pietro Patimisco, Angelo Sampaolo and Marilena Giglio; 14. Multiheterodyne spectroscopic sensing and applications of mid-infrared and terahertz quantum cascade laser combs; Gerard Wysocki, Jonas Westberg and Lukasz Sterczewski; 15. Self-mixing in quantum cascade lasers: theory and applications Paul Dean, Jay Keeley, Yah Leng Lim, Karl Bertling, Thomas Taimre, Pierluigi Rubino, Dragan Indjin and Aleksandar Rakic; 16. Applications of terahertz quantum cascade lasers Pierre Gellie; Index.
£71.24
Taylor & Francis Inc Diffractive Nanophotonics
Book SynopsisDiffractive Nanophotonics demonstrates the utility of the well-established methods of diffractive computer optics in solving nanophotonics tasks. It is concerned with peculiar properties of laser light diffraction by microoptics elements with nanoscale features and light confinement in subwavelength space regions. Written by recognized experts in this field, the book covers in detail a wide variety of advanced methods for the rigorous simulation of light diffraction. The authors apply their expertise to addressing cutting-edge problems in nanophotonics.Chapters consider the basic equations of diffractive nanophotonics and related transformations and numerical methods for solving diffraction problems under strict electromagnetic theory. They examine the diffraction of light on two-dimensional microscopic objects of arbitrary shape and present a numerical method for solving the problem of diffraction on periodic diffractive micro- and nanostructures. This methTrade Review"The authors have offered a comprehensive and accessible reference for computational methods in difractive nanophotonics."—Axel Mainzer in Optics & Photonics NewsTable of ContentsBasic equations of diffractive nanophotonics. Numerical methods for diffraction theory. Diffraction on cylindrical inhomogeneities comparable to the wavelength. Modelling of periodic diffractive micro- and nanostructures. Photonic crystals and light focusing. Photonic crystal fibres. Singular optics and superresolution. Optical trapping and manipulation of micro- and nano-objects. Conclusion. Appendices. Index.
£175.75
Springer Nature Switzerland AG The Quantum Mechanics Solver: How to Apply Quantum Theory to Modern Physics
Book SynopsisMotivates students by challenging them with real-life applications of the somtimes esoteric aspects of quantum mechanics that they are learning. Offers completely original excerices developed at teh Ecole Polytechnique in France, which is know for its innovative and original teaching methods. Problems from modern physics to help the student apply just-learnt theory to fields such as molecular physics, condensed matter physics or laser physics.Table of ContentsPart I Elementary Particles, Nuclei and Atoms. 1 Matter-wave Interferences with Molecules. 2 Neutron Interferometry. 3 Analysis of a Stern–Gerlach Experiment. 4 Spectroscopic Measurements on a Neutron Beam. 5 Measuring the Electron Magnetic Moment Anomaly. 6 Atomic Clocks. 7 The Spectrum of Positronium. 8 Neutrino Transformations in the Sun. 9 The Hydrogen Atom in Crossed Fields. 10 Energy Loss of Ions in Matter. Part II Quantum Entanglement and Measurement. 11 The EPR Problem and Bell’s Inequality. 12 Quantum Correlations in a Multi-Particle System. 13 A Non-Destructive Bomb Detector. 14 Direct Observation of Field Quantization. 15 Schrödinger’s Cat. 16 Quantum Cryptography. 17 Ideal Quantum Measurement. 18 The Quantum Eraser. 19 A Quantum Thermometer. 20 Laser Cooling and Trapping. Part III Complex Systems. 21 Exact Results for the Three-Body Problem. 22 Properties of a Bose–Einstein Condensate. 23 Quantized Vortices. 24 Motion in a Periodic Potential and Bloch Oscillations. 25 Magnetic Excitons. 26 A Quantum Box. 27 Colored Molecular Ions. 28 Hyperfine Structure in Electron Spin Resonance. 29 Probing Matter with Positive Muons. 30 Quantum Reflection of Atoms from a Surface. Part IV Appendix. 31 Memento of Quantum Mechanics.
£42.74
Springer Nature Switzerland AG Advanced X-Ray Radiation Detection:: Medical
Book SynopsisThis book offers readers an overview of some of the most recent advances in the field of technology for X-ray medical imaging. Coverage includes both technology and applications in SPECT, PET and CT, with an in-depth review of the research topics from leading specialists in the field. Coverage includes conversion of the X-ray signal into analogue/digital value, as well as a review of CMOS chips for X-ray image sensors. Emphasis is on high-Z materials like CdTe, CZT and GaAs, since they offer the best implementation possibilities for direct conversion X-ray detectors. The discussion includes material challenges, detector operation physics and technology and readout integrated circuits required to detect signals processes by high-Z sensors. Authors contrast these emerging technologies with more established ones based on scintillator materials. This book is an excellent reference for people already working in the field as well as for people wishing to enter it.Table of ContentsX-ray Detectors in Medical Imaging.- Modelling spectroscopic performance of pixelated semiconductor detectors through Monte-Carlo simulation.- Status of DEXA Instrumentation Using Direct and Indirect Detectors.- CZT Detectors for Nuclear Medicine.- Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Imaging Based on Sub-Millimeter Pixelated CdZnTe Detectors.- Medical Photon-Counting CT – Status and Clinical Applications Review.- Multi-material decomposition (m-MD) based spectral imaging in photon-counting CT.- X-ray Multispectral CT Imaging by Projection Sequences Blind Separation based on Basis-effect or Basis-material decomposition.- Direct Iterative Basis Image Reconstruction Based on MAP-EM Algorithm for Spectral CT.- Linearly Polarized X-ray Fluorescence Computed Tomography with a Photon Counting Detector.- Detector shift iteration method for improving spatial resolution and suppressing pixel value distortion in direct and indirect X-ray detectors.- A new method of estimating incident x-ray spectra with photon counting detectors using a limited number of energy bins with dedicated clinical x-ray imaging systems.
£56.24
Wiley Broadband Optical Access Networks and FiberToTheHome
Book SynopsisBroadband Optical Access and Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH) will provide the ultimate broadband service capabilities. Compared with the currently well-deployed broadband access technologies of ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) and Cable Modems, optical broadband access with Fiber-to-the-User's home will cater for much higher speed access for new services. Broadband Optical Access Networks and Fiber-to-the-Home presents a comprehensive technical overview of key technologies and deployment strategies for optical broadband access networks and emerging new broadband services. The authors discuss network design considerations, new services, deployment trends and operational experiences, while explaining the current situation and providing insights into future broadband access technologies and services. Broadband Optical Access Networks and Fiber-to-the-Home: Offers a comprehensive, up-to-date introduction to new developments in broadbandTable of ContentsForeword. Preface and Overview. Acronyms. Contributors List. 1 Broadband Optical Access Technologies and FTTH Deployment in NTT. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 History of Optical Technology in Japan. 1.3 Trends in Broadband Services. 1.4 Optical Access Technology Behind Broadband Services. 1.5 Conclusion. References. 2 Today’s Broadband Fiber Access Technologies and Deployment.Considerations at SBC. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Fiber-to-the-Neighborhood (FTTX) Architecture. 2.3 ITU-T PON Standards. 2.4 PON Technology Background. 2.5 The SBC FTTH Network. 2.6 SBC Fiber to the Node (FTTN) NETWORK. 2.7 The Home Network. 2.8 Motivating the New Network – IPTV. Summary. General References. 3 FTTH: The Swedish Perspective. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Contents. 3.3 Definitions. 3.4 Background for the Swedish FTTH Boom. 3.5 The Swedish Broadband Market Today. 3.6 Open Networks Versus Vertical Integration. 3.7 Access Network Technologies. 3.8 Drivers, Services and Trends for the Future Broadband Networks. 3.9 Description of Key Swedish FTTH Players. 3.10 Summary. Acknowledgements. References. 4 Broadband Access Networks and Services in Korea. 4.1 Changing Environments and FITL Plan. 4.2 FLC-A as the First Member of the FITL. 4.3 FLC-C. 4.4 Broadband Access-XDSL. 4.5 Ethernet to the Home and WLAN. 4.6 B-PON (Broadband Passive Optical Networks). 4.7 WDM-PON. 5 Broadband Fiber-to-the-Home Technologies, Strategies, and Deployment Plan in Open Service Provider Networks: Project UTOPIA. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Municipal Perspective. 5.3 Operational Model: Open Service Provider NetworkTM. 5.4 Guiding Principles. 5.5 Technology Position: Physical Media. 5.6 Architecture Template: Outside Plant. 5.7 Architecture Template: Standards. 5.8 Architecture Template: Transport Layer Topology. 5.9 Network Technology: Technology and Vendor Selection. 5.10 Network Interfaces. 5.11 Network Operations: Capacity Management. 5.12 Conclusions. References. 6 High-Speed FTTH Technologies in an Open Access Platform – the European MUSE Project. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Fiber Access Networks. 6.3 FTTX Technologies. 6.4 Conclusions. References. 7 Residential Broadband PON (B-PON) Systems. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Brief History of ATM-Based PONS. 7.3 Triple Play B-PON System Architecture. 7.4 Evolution of Broadband Services. 7.5 FTTP Economics. 7.6 FTTP Deployment Practical Considerations. 7.7 Summary. References. 8 Optical Networks for the Broadband Future. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Brief History of Fibre in Access. 8.3 Standard PON Systems. 8.4 Emerging Drivers for FTTH. 8.5 Lower Cost Architectures. 8.6 An End-to-End Vision. 8.7 Summary/Conclusions. 8.A1 Appendix. 8.A1.1 B-PON General Characteristics. 8.A1.2 G-PON General Characteristics. References. 9 An Evolutionary Fibre-to-the-Home Network and System Technologies: Migration from HFC to FTTH Networks. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Elements of Compatibility. 9.3 The State of HFC Networks. 9.4 Comparing the Technologies. 9.5 Introduction to the Architectures of HFC and FTTH Networks. 9.6 Elements of Compatibility. 9.7 Video Issues. 9.8 Conclusion. References. 10 FTTH Systems, Strategies, and Deployment Plans in China. 10.1 Current Status of Broadband Access. 10.2 Driving Forces of FTTH 10.3 Latest FTTH Initiatives. 10.4 FTTH Technology Considerations. 10.5 Major FTTH Players and Products. 10.6 Market Barriers. 10.7 Market Opportunities and Deployment Strategies. References. 11 Integrated Broadband Optical Fibre/Wireless LAN Access Networks. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Directly Modulated Radio-Over-Fibre Systems. 11.3 Radio-Over-Fibre Systems Deploying Optical Frequency Conversion. 11.4 Optical Frequency Multiplying System. 11.5 Bi-Directional Multiple-Access System. 11.6 Installation Aspects of In-Building Radio-Over-Fibre Systems. 11.7 Dynamically Allocating Radio Capacity. 11.8 Concluding Remarks. Acknowledgement. References. 12 Broadband Optical Access, FTTH, and Home Networks – the Broadband Future. 12.1 Introduction – A Historical Perspective. 12.2 The Broadband Access Technology Options – xDSL Versus Cable Modem, HFC Versus FTTH, PON Versus P2P Ethernet. 12.3 Broadband FTTH Drivers, Triple-Play, Competition and IPTV. 12.4 Broadband Competitions Worldwide: A Few Examples. 12.5 Broadband Competition in Hong Kong. 12.6 Broadband Optical Home Networks: The Potential of Broadband Home Networking or ‘Giga-Homes’. 12.7 Research on Technologies for Next Generation Broadband Optical Access: WDM PON Access Networks and Fiber/Wireless Integration. 12.8 The Broadband Future, with IP HDTV/VOD and HD Video Communications. Acknowledgements. References. Index.
£95.36
John Wiley & Sons Inc Subsurface Sensing
Book SynopsisThis book provides readers with a solid understanding of the capabilities and limitations of the techniques used for buried object detection.Trade Review"I highly recommend the essential and definitive book Subsurface Sensing edited by Subsurface Sensing, to any students, engineers, practitioners, business leaders, and policy makers seeking a complete overview of the theory, technology, and applications of the critical field of subsurface sensing. This book is a must for anyone with an interest or need for subsurface detection in any area of engineering, resources, business, or scientific research." (Blog Business World, 18 December 2011) Table of ContentsContributors xiii Preface xvii 1 Introduction 1 Relevant Resources 4 References 4 2 Sensor Types 7 2.1 Introduction 7 A. S. Turk 2.2 Ground-Penetrating Radar 8 A. S. Turk 2.3 Electromagnetic Induction Detector 19 A. S. Turk 2.4 Microwave Tomography Method 23 A. A. Vertiy 2.5 Acoustic and Seismic Sensor 29 A. K. Hocaoglu 2.6 Optical Detectors (Infrared and Hyperspectral) 36 A. K. Hocaoglu 2.7 Biochemical Sensors 37 M. Harbeck and Z. Z. Ozturk 2.8 Nuclear Sensors 44 A. N. Bilge References 48 3 Ground-Penetrating Radar 55 3.1 Introduction 55 A. S. Turk 3.2 GPR System Design 57 A. S. Turk 3.3 GPR Hardware 64 A. S. Turk, P. van Genderen, A. G. Yarovoy, and I. Nicolaescu 3.4 GPR Antennas 83 A. S. Turk 3.5 Signal-Processing Techniques 96 A. K. Hocaoglu 3.6 Imaging Algorithms 108 C. Ozdemir 3.7 Numerical Modeling of GPR 122 S. Aksoy, E. Basaran, and E. Ozturk 3.8 Detection and Classification Algorithms 146 A. K. Hocaoglu References 162 4 Electromagnetic Induction 175 H. Ewald 4.1 Introduction to Metal Detectors 175 4.2 Inductive Metal Detectors: Types of Probes, Excitation, and Coil Arrangements 179 4.3 Influence of the Soil Properties 196 4.4 Modeling Inductive Metal Detectors 202 4.5 Advanced Signal-Processing and Pattern Recognition Systems for Metal Detection 211 4.6 Conclusions 223 References 224 5 Microwave Tomography 227 5.1 Overview 227 A. A. Vertiy 5.2 Electromagnetic Tomography 228 F. Soldovieri and L. Crocco 5.3 Multifrequency Tomographic Method 255 A. A. Vertiy and S. Gavrilov 5.4 Diffraction Multiview Tomographic Method in the Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Bands 310 A. O. Salman, A. A. Vertiy, and S. Gavrilov 5.5 Nonlinear Inversion Algorithms 365 L. Crocco and F. Soldovieri References 377 6 Acoustic and Seismic Sensors 387 H. Asanuma 6.1 Overview 387 6.2 Operating Principles and Sensor Physics 389 6.3 Sensor Installation 400 6.4 Multicomponent Techniques 403 6.5 Limitations 408 6.6 Future Prospects 409 References 410 7 Auxiliary Sensors 413 7.1 Overview 413 A. N. Bilge 7.2 Biological and Chemical Methods of Explosive Detection 414 M. Harbeck and Z. Z. Ozturk 7.3 Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance 429 G. V. Mozzhukhin and B. Z. Rameev 7.4 X-ray, Gamma-ray, and Neutron Techniques 451 A. N. Bilge 7.5 Electric Impedance Tomography 460 A. S. Turk 7.6 Infrared and Hyperspectral Systems 465 J. E. McFee and S. Achal References 484 8 Multisensor Fusion 501 A. K. Hocaoglu 8.1 Preview 501 8.2 Data Association 503 8.3 Fusion Architectures 503 8.4 Probabilistic Sensor Fusion 505 8.5 Fuzzy Integrals for Information Fusion 513 8.6 Artificial Neural Networks 517 8.7 Summary 523 References 523 9 Geophysical Applications 525 9.1 Introduction 525 E. C. Slob 9.2 Electromagnetic Properties of Soils 526 E. C. Slob, S. Lambot, and E. Pettinelli 9.3 Hydrogeophysics 567 S. Lambot, E. Pettinelli, S. S. Hubbard, E. C. Slob, E. Bloem, and V. E. A. Post 9.4 Contaminant Remediation 600 S. S. Hubbard 9.5 Agricultural Geophysics 618 B. Allred, J. Butnor, D. L. Corwin, R. Eigenberg, H. Farahani, K. H. Johnsen, S. Lambot, D. McInnis, E. Pettinelli, L. Samuelson, and B. Woodbury 9.6 Archaeology and Cultural Heritage 644 E. Pettinelli, P. M. Barone, E. Mattei, A. Di Matteo, and F. Soldovieri References 667 10 Remote Sensing and Security 689 10.1 Introduction 689 A. A. Vertiy 10.2 Through-Wall Imaging and Detection 690 A. A. Vertiy and S. Gavrilov 10.3 Millimeter-WaveBand Passive Imaging 721 A. Denisov and A. A. Vertiy References 740 11 Mine Detection 743 11.1 The Landmine Problem 743 A. G. Yarovoy 11.2 Overview of Demining Techniques 745 A. G. Yarovoy 11.3 Advanced Electromagnetic Induction Sensor 747 A. G. Yarovoy and H. Ewald 11.4 Ground-Penetrating Radar 750 A. G. Yarovoy 11.5 Electrooptical Sensors 753 A. G. Yarovoy 11.6 Chemical Sensor Arrays for Mine Detection 755 Z. Z. Ozturk and M. Harbeck 11.7 Sensor Fusion 757 A. G. Yarovoy 11.8 ALIS: A Handheld Multisensor System for Landmine Detection 758 M. Sato 11.9 Conclusions 769 References 769 12 Transportation and Civil Engineering 773 12.1 Introduction 773 E. Proverbio 12.2 Proper Sensor Types 785 E. Proverbio 12.3 Ground-Penetrating Radar for Road Characterization 795 A. S. Turk and F. Soldovieri 12.4 Eddy Current Tomography for Three-Dimensional Imaging in Conductive Materials 818 A. A. Vertiy 12.5 Ultrasonic Methods for Nondestructive Testing 824 D. Cleland 12.6 Impact Echo 836 E. Proverbio 12.7 Diagnostic Methods for Concrete and Bridges by Acoustic Emission 844 J. Stryk and K. Pospisil 12.8 Vibroacoustic Monitoring of Concrete Structures 860 S. Radkowski 12.9 Application of Nuclear Techniques for Civil Engineering 872 A. N. Bilge References 877 Index 885
£135.85
John Wiley & Sons Inc Mercury Cadmium Telluride Growth Properties and
Book SynopsisMercury Cadmium Telluride delivers a comprehensive treatment of both the growth techniques and fundamental properties of mercury cadmium telluride (MCT).Table of ContentsSeries Preface Preface Foreword List of Contributors Part One - Growth 1 Bulk Growth of Mercury Cadmium Telluride (MCT) P. Capper 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Phase Equilibria 1.3 Crystal Growth 1.4 Conclusions References 2 Bulk growth of CdZnTe/CdTe crystals A. Noda, H. Kurita and R. Hirano 2.1 Introduction 2.2 High-purity Cd and Te 2.3 Crystal Growth 2.4 Wafer processing 2.5 Summary Acknowledgements References 3 Properties of Cd(Zn)Te (relevant to use as substrates) S. Adachi 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Structural Properties 3.3 Thermal Properties 3.4 Mechanical and Lattice Vibronic Properties 3.5 Collective Effects and Some Response Characteristics 3.6 Electronic Energy-band Structure 3.7 Optical Properties 3.8 Carrier Transport Properties References 4 Substrates for the Epitaxial growth of MCT J. Garland and R. Sporken 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Substrate Orientation 4.3 CZT Substrates 4.4 Si-based Substrates 4.5 Other Substrates 4.6 Summary and Comclusions References 5 Liquid phase epitaxy of MCT P. Capper 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Growth 5.3 Material Characteristics 5.4 Device Status 5.5 Summary and Future Developments References 6 Metal-Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxy (MOVPE) Growth C. M. Maxey 6.1 Requirement for Epitaxy 6.2 History 6.3 Substrate Choices 6.4 Reactor Design 6.5 Process Parameters 6.6 Metalorganic Sources 6.7 Uniformity 6.8 Reproducibility 6.9 Doping 6.10 Defects 6.11 Annealing 6.12 In-situ monitoring 6.13 Conclusions References 7 MBE growth of Mercury Cadmium Telluride J. Garland 7.1 Introduction 7.2 MBE Growth theory and Growth Modes 7.3 Substrate Mounting 7.4 In-situ Characterization Tools 7.5 MCT Nucleation and Growth 7.6 Dopants and Dopant Activation 7.7 Properties of MCT epilayers grown by MBE 7.8 Conclusions References Part Two - Properties 8 Mechanical and Thermal Properties M. Martyniuk, J.M. Dell and L. Faraone 8.1 Density of MCT 8.2 Lattice Parameter of MCT 8.3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion for MCT 8.4 Elastic Parameters of MCT 8.5 Hardness and deformation characteristics of HgCdTe 8.6 Phase Diagrams of MCT 8.7 Viscosity of the MCT melt 8.8 Thermal properties of MCT References 9 Optical Properties of MCT J. Chu and Y. Chang 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Optical Constants and the Dielectric Function 9.3 Theory of Band-to-band Optical Transition 9.4 Near Band Gap Absorption 9.5 Analytic Expressions and Empirical Formulas for Intrinsic Absorption and Urbach Tail 9.6 Dispersion of the Refractive Index 9.7 Optical Constants and Related van Hover Singularities above the Energy Gap 9.8 Reflection Spectra and Dielectric Function 9.9 Multimode Model of Lattice Vibration 9.10 Phonon Absorption 9.11 Raman Scattering 9.12 Photoluminescence Spectroscopy References 10 Diffusion in MCT D. Shaw 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Self-Diffusion 10.3 Chemical Self-Diffusion 10.4 Compositional Interdiffusion 10.5 Impurity Diffusion References 11 Defects in HgCdTe – Fundamental M. A. Berding 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Ab Initio calculations 11.3 Prediction of Native Point Defect Densities in HgCdgTe 11.4 Future Challenges References 12 Band Structure and Related Properties of HgCdTe C. R. Becker and S. Krishnamurthy 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Parameters 12.3 Electronic Band Structure 12.4 Comparison with Experiment Acknowledgments References 13 Conductivity Type Conversion P. Capper and D. Shaw 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Native Defects in Undoped MCT 13.3 Native Defects in Doped MCT 13.4 Defect Concentrations During Cool Down 13.5 Change of Conductivity Type 13.6 Dry Etching by Ion Beam Milling 13.7 Plasma Etching 13.8 Summary References 14 Extrinsic Doping D. Shaw and P. Capper 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Impurity Activity 14.3 Thermal Ionization Energies of Impurities 14.4 Segregation Properties of Impurities 14.5 Traps and Recombination Centers 14.6 Donor and Acceptor Doping in LWIR and MWIR MCT 14.7 Residual Defects 14.8 Conclusions References 15 Structure and electrical characteristics of Metal/MCT interfaces R. J. Westerhout, C. A. Musca, Richard H. Sewell, John M. Dell, and L. Faraone 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Reactive/intermediately reactive/nonreactive categories 15.3 Ultrareactive/reactive categories 15.4 Conclusion 15.5 Passivation of MCT 15.6 Conclusion 15.7 Contacts to MCT 15.7 Surface Effects on MCT 15.8 Surface Structure of CdTe and MCT References 16 MCT Superlattices for VLWIR Detectors and Focal Plane Arrays James Garland 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Why HgTe-Based Superlattices 16.3 Calculated Properties 16.4 Growth 16.5 Interdiffusion 16.6 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 17 Dry Plasma Processing of Mercury Cadmium Telluride and related II- VIs Andrew Stolz 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Effects of Plasma Gases on MCT 17.3 Plasma Parameters 17.4 Characterization – Surfaces of Plasma Processed MCT 17.5 Manufacturing Issues and Solutions 17.6 Plasma Processes in Production of II-VI materials 17.7 Conclusions and Future Efforts References 18 MCT Photoconductive Infrared Detectors I. M. Baker 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Applications and Sensor Design 18.3 Photoconductive Detectors in MCT and Related Alloys 18.4 SPRITE Detectors 18.5 Conclusions on Photoconductive MCT Detectors Ackowledgements References Part Three – Applications 19 HgCdTe Photovoltaic Infrared Detectors I. M. Baker 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Advantages of the Photovoltaic Device in MCT 19.3 Applications 19.4 Fundamentals of MCT Photodiodes 19.5 Theoretical Foundations for MCT Array Technology 19.6 Manufacturing Technology for MCT Arrays 19.7 Towards “GEN III” Detectors 19.8 Conclusions and Future Trends for Photovoltaic NCT Arrays References 20 Nonequilibrium, dual-band and emission devices C. Jones and N. Gordon 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Nonequilibrium Devices 20.3 Dual-Band Devices 20.4 Emission devices 20.5 Conclusions References 21 HgCdTe Electron Avalanche Photodiodes (EAPDs) I. M. Baker and M. Kinch 21.1 Introduction and Applications 21.2 The Avalanche Multiplication Effect 21.3 Physics of MCT EAPDs 21.4 Technology of MCT EAPDs 21.5 Reported Performance of Arrays of MCT EAPDs 21.6 Laser-gated Imaging as a Practical Example of MCT EAPDs 21.7 Conclusions and Future Developments References 22 Room-temperature IR photodetectors Jozef Piotrowski and Adam Piotrowski 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Performance of Room-Temperature Infrared Photodetectors 22.3 MCT as a Material for Room-Temperature Photodetectors 22.4 Photoconductive Devices 22.5 Photoelectromagnetic, Magnetoconcentration and Dember IR Detectors 22.6 Photodiodes 22.7 Conclusions References Index
£170.06
John Wiley & Sons Inc Methods for Computer Design of Diffractive Optical Elements Wiley Series in Lasers and Applications
Book SynopsisThe first inclusive book on the cutting-edge field of modern optics and its applications For the first time, all the major aspects of designing planar DOEs are covered in one book, comprised of original methods developed by experts at the Russian Academy of Sciences'' Image Processing Systems Institute. The breadth of Methods for Computer Design of Diffractive Optical Elements covers DOE production, beginning from the design techniques and the software, to the fabrication technology, experimental studies, and testing of DOEs, including all major DOE application fields and DOE types. The contributors also detail the three key approaches to designing phase DOEs: a geometric optics (ray-tracing) method, the scalar diffraction (Kirchhoff) method, and the rigorous design based on electromagnetic theory. Methods for Computer Design of Diffractive Optical Elements is an estimable reference for experts in the aerospace industry, research and development institutes, the automobile industry,Trade Review"...introduces methods of DOE fabrication." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 26, No. 2, June 2002) "...a wonderful text...strongly recommended..." (Materials & Manufacturing Processes, Vol. 17, No. 1, 2002) "...a good and deep introduction into this growing field..." (Optik, 2003)Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction in Diffractive Optics (V.A. Soifer). Iterative Methods for Designing DOEs (L.L. Doskolovich, et al.). Design of DOE Using Electromagnetic Theory (L.L. Doskolovich, et al.. Technology of DOE Fabrication (D.L. Golovashkin, et al.). DOE for Focusing the Laser Light (L.L. Doskolovich, et al.. Selection of Laser Light Modes (V.S. Pavelyer and U.A. Soifer). Light Beams with Periodic Properties (S.N. Khonina, et al.). Wavefront Correction (N.L. Kazanskiy, et al.). DOE-Based Lighting Devices (N.L. Kazanskiy). Optical Data Processing Using DOEs (S.N. Khonina, et al.). Index.
£184.46
John Wiley & Sons Inc Infrared Detectors and Systems 24 Wiley Series in
Book SynopsisThis text examines the theory and application of infrared detectors. It describes the optical detection process and the electronics involved in mimicking the eye. It further describes how well optical systems detect radiation.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: Geometrical Optics. Radiometry. Optical-Detection Processes. Probability and Statistics for Optical Detection. Figures of Merit for Optical Detectors. Photovoltaic Detectors. Thermal Detectors. Schottky-Barrier Photodiodes. Infrared Search Systems. Modulation Transfer Function. Thermal-Imager Systems. Appendices. Index.
£180.86
John Wiley & Sons Inc Active and QuasiOptical Arrays for SolidState
Book SynopsisA detailed and timely overview of recent developments in activequasi-optical arrays In recent years, active quasi-optics has emerged as one of the mostdynamic fields of contemporary research--a highly unconventionalapproach to microwave and millimeter-wave power generation thatintegrates solid-state devices into a single quasi-opticalcomponent in which all devices operate in unison. This book definesand describes active quasi-optical arrays, reviews the currentstate of the art, and answers numerous basic and technicalquestions on the design, analysis, and application of thesedevices. The contributors to this volume are leading researchers in thefield who present results and views from government, industrial,and university laboratories and offer a balanced discussion on ahigh technical level. They also offer insight into theapplicability and commercial value of this technology for militarysystems, manufacturing processes, communications, and consumerproducts. Topics prTable of ContentsQuasi-Optical Power Combining (R. York). Spatial Power Combining (M. Gouker). Active Integrated Antennas (S. Chew & T. Itoh). Coupled-Oscillator Arrays and Scanning Techniques (J. Lynch, etal.). Quasi-Optical Antenna-Array Amplifiers (Z. Popovic, et al.). Multilayer and Distributed Arrays (A. Mortazawi, et al.). Planar Quasi-Optical Power Combining (M. Steer, et al.). Grid Oscillators (Z. Popovic, et al.). Grid Amplifiers (M. De Lisio & C. Liu). Beam-Control Arrays (K. Stephan). Frequency Conversion Grids (J. Chiao). Quasi-Optical Subsystems (Z. Popovic & G. Johnson). Commercial Applications of Quasi-Optics (R. Campton, et al.). Index.
£169.16
Wiley Optical Semiconductor Devices
Book SynopsisThis book is devoted to optical semiconductor devices and their numerous applications in telecommunications, optoelectronics, and consumer electronics-areas where signal processing or the transmission of signals across fiber optic cables is paramount.Trade Review"OPTICAL SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES is an essential resource for engineers and researchers in telecommunications and optoelectronics, equipment designers, and manufacturers, and graduate students and scholars interested in this rapidly evolving field." (Elektor Electronics, Vol. 25, NO. 276, April 1999)Table of ContentsBasics of Optoelectronic pn-Junction Devices. Light-Emitting Diodes. Laser Diodes. Photodiodes. Optical Modulators. Device Fabrication and Packaging. Reliability. Application of Optoelectronic pn-Junction Devices. Index.
£179.96
John Wiley & Sons Inc Introduction to SolidState Lighting
Book SynopsisA thorough reference that sheds light on the promising field of solid-state lighting Solid-state lighting is a rapidly emerging field. Light Emitting Diodes are already used in traffic signals, signage/contour lighting, large area displays, and automotive applications.Trade Review"A good introductory book on LEDs..." (CIE News, No. 65, March 2003)Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Historical Introduction. 2. Vision, Photometry and Colorimetry. 3. Bulbs and Tubes. 4. Basics of All-Solid-State Lemps. 5. Light Extraction From Leds. 6. White Led. 7. Applications of Solid-State Lighting. References.
£90.86
John Wiley & Sons Inc Diffraction 30 Wiley Series in Pure and Applied
Book SynopsisFourier and Diffractive Optics is a required course in electrical engineering and physics programs. Based upon Professor Ersoy's class notes, Diffraction, Fourier Optics and Imaging is an innovative and comprehensive work, presenting both theory and applications using MATLAB in examples and exercises.Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Diffraction, Fourier Optics and Imaging. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Examples of Emerging Applications with Growing Significance. 2. Linear Systems and Transforms. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Linear Systems and Shift Invariance. 2.3 Continuous-Space Fourier Transform. 2.4 Existence of Fourier Transform. 2.5 Properties of the Fourier Transform. 2.6 Real Fourier Transform. 2.7 Amplitude and Phase Spectra. 2.8 Hankel Transforms. 3. Fundamentals of Wave Propagation. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Waves. 3.3 Electromagnetic Waves. 3.4 Phasor Representation. 3.5 Wave Equations in a Charge-Free Medium. 3.6 Wave Equations in Phasor Representation in a Charge-Free Medium. 3.7 Plane EM Waves. 4. Scalar Diffraction Theory. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Helmholtz Equation. 4.3 Angular Spectrum of Plane Waves. 4.4 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) Implementation of the Angular Spectrum of Plane Waves. 4.5 The Kirchoff Theory of Diffraction. 4.6 The Rayleigh–Sommerfeld Theory of Diffraction. 4.7 Another Derivation of the First Rayleigh–Sommerfeld Diffraction Integral. 4.8 The Rayleigh–Sommerfeld Diffraction Integral For Nonmonochromatic Waves. 5. Fresnel and Fraunhofer Approximations. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Diffraction in the Fresnel Region. 5.3 FFT Implementation of Fresnel Diffraction. 5.4 Paraxial Wave Equation. 5.5 Diffraction in the Fraunhofer Region. 5.6 Diffraction Gratings. 5.7 Fraunhofer Diffraction By a Sinusoidal Amplitude Grating. 5.8 Fresnel Diffraction By a Sinusoidal Amplitude Grating. 5.9 Fraunhofer Diffraction with a Sinusoidal Phase Grating. 5.10 Diffraction Gratings Made of Slits. 6. Inverse Diffraction. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Inversion of the Fresnel and Fraunhofer Representations. 6.3 Inversion of the Angular Spectrum Representation. 6.4 Analysis. 7. Wide-Angle Near and Far Field Approximations for Scalar Diffraction. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 A Review of Fresnel and Fraunhofer Approximations. 7.3 The Radial Set of Approximations. 7.4 Higher Order Improvements and Analysis. 7.5 Inverse Diffraction and Iterative Optimization. 7.6 Numerical Examples. 7.7 More Accurate Approximations. 7.8 Conclusions. 8. Geometrical Optics. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Propagation of Rays. 8.3 The Ray Equations. 8.4 The Eikonal Equation. 8.5 Local Spatial Frequencies and Rays. 8.6 Matrix Representation of Meridional Rays. 8.7 Thick Lenses. 8.8 Entrance and Exit Pupils of an Optical System. 9. Fourier Transforms and Imaging with Coherent Optical Systems. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Phase Transformation With a Thin Lens. 9.3 Fourier Transforms With Lenses. 9.4 Image Formation As 2-D Linear Filtering. 9.5 Phase Contrast Microscopy. 9.6 Scanning Confocal Microscopy. 9.7 Operator Algebra for Complex Optical Systems. 10. Imaging with Quasi-Monochromatic Waves. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Hilbert Transform. 10.3 Analytic Signal. 10.4 Analytic Signal Representation of a Nonmonochromatic Wave Field. 10.5 Quasi-Monochromatic, Coherent, and Incoherent Waves. 10.6 Diffraction Effects in a General Imaging System. 10.7 Imaging With Quasi-Monochromatic Waves. 10.8 Frequency Response of a Diffraction-Limited Imaging System. 10.9 Computer Computation of the Optical Transfer Function. 10.10 Aberrations. 11. Optical Devices Based on Wave Modulation. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Photographic Films and Plates. 11.3 Transmittance of Light by Film. 11.4 Modulation Transfer Function. 11.5 Bleaching. 11.6 Diffractive Optics, Binary Optics, and Digital Optics. 11.7 E-Beam Lithography. 12. Wave Propagation in Inhomogeneous Media. 12.1 Introduction. 12.4 Beam Propagation Method. 12.5 Wave Propagation in a Directional Coupler. 13. Holography. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Coherent Wave Front Recording. 13.3 Types of Holograms. 13.4 Computer Simulation of Holographic Reconstruction. 13.5 Analysis of Holographic Imaging and Magnification. 13.6 Aberrations. 14. Apodization, Superresolution, and Recovery of Missing Information. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Apodization. 14.2.1 Discrete-Time Windows. 14.3 Two-Point Resolution and Recovery of Signals. 14.4 Contractions. 14.5 An Iterative Method of Contractions for Signal Recovery. 14.6 Iterative Constrained Deconvolution. 14.7 Method of Projections. 14.8 Method of Projections onto Convex Sets. 14.9 Gerchberg–Papoulis (GP) Algorithm. 14.10 Other POCS Algorithms. 14.11 Restoration From Phase. 14.12 Reconstruction From a Discretized Phase Function by Using the DFT. 14.13 Generalized Projections. 14.14 Restoration From Magnitude. 14.15 Image Recovery By Least Squares and the Generalized Inverse. 14.16 Computation of Hþ By Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). 14.17 The Steepest Descent Algorithm. 14.18 The Conjugate Gradient Method. 15. Diffractive Optics I. 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Lohmann Method. 15.3 Approximations in the Lohmann Method. 15.4 Constant Amplitude Lohmann Method. 15.5 Quantized Lohmann Method. 15.6 Computer Simulations with the Lohmann Method. 15.7 A Fourier Method Based on Hard-Clipping. 15.8 A Simple Algorithm for Construction of 3-D Point Images. 15.9 The Fast Weighted Zero-Crossing Algorithm. 15.10 One-Image-Only Holography. 15.11 Fresnel Zone Plates. 16. Diffractive Optics II. 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Virtual Holography. 16.3 The Method of POCS for the Design of Binary DOE. 16.4 Iterative Interlacing Technique (IIT). 16.5 Optimal Decimation-in-Frequency Iterative Interlacing Technique (ODIFIIT). 16.5.1 Experiments with ODIFIIT. 16.6 Combined Lohmann-ODIFIIT Method. 17. Computerized Imaging Techniques I: Synthetic Aperture Radar. 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Synthetic Aperture Radar. 17.3 Range Resolution. 17.4 Choice of Pulse Waveform. 17.5 The Matched Filter. 17.6 Pulse Compression by Matched Filtering. 17.7 Cross-Range Resolution. 17.8 A Simplified Theory of SAR Imaging. 17.9 Image Reconstruction with Fresnel Approximation. 17.10 Algorithms for Digital Image Reconstruction. 18. Computerized Imaging II: Image Reconstruction from Projections. 18.1 Introduction. 18.2 The Radon Transform. 18.3 The Projection Slice Theorem. 18.4 The Inverse Radon Transform. 18.5 Properties of the Radon Transform. 18.6 Reconstruction of a Signal From its Projections. 18.7 The Fourier Reconstruction Method. 18.8 The Filtered-Backprojection Algorithm. 19. Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing. 19.1 Introduction. 19.2 Array Waveguide Grating. 19.3 Method of Irregularly Sampled Zero-Crossings (MISZC). 19.4 Analysis of MISZC. 19.4.1 Dispersion Analysis. 19.4.2 Finite-Sized Apertures. 19.5 Computer Experiments. 19.6 Implementational Issues. 20. Numerical Methods for Rigorous Diffraction Theory. 20.1 Introduction. 20.2 BPM Based on Finite Differences. 20.3 Wide Angle BPM. 20.4 Finite Differences. 20.5 Finite Difference Time Domain Method. 20.6 Computer Experiments. 20.7 Fourier Modal Methods. Appendix A: The Impulse Function. Appendix B: Linear Vector Spaces. Appendix C: The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform, The Discrete Fourier Transform and The Fast Fourier Transform. References. Index.
£126.85
John Wiley & Sons Inc Vector Space Projections A Numerical Approach to
Book SynopsisA guide to the theory and application of methods of projections. With the rise of powerful personal computers, methods of vector space projections have moved rapidly from the realm of theory into widespread use. This book reflects the growing interest in the application of these methods to problem solving in science and engineering.Trade Review"...a very useful addition among classical signal processingtexts...it can be warmly recommended..." (Analog Dialogue,Vol. 36, No. 5, September-October 2002)Table of ContentsVector Space Concepts. Projections Onto Convex Sets. Elementary Projectors. Solutions of Linear Equations. Generalized Projections. Applications to Communications. Application to Optics. Applications to Neural Nets. Applications to Image Processing. Index.
£145.76
John Wiley & Sons Inc Optical Character Recognition
Book SynopsisAs optical character recognition (OCR) begins to find applications ranging from store checkout scanners to money-changing machines and postal system automation, it has become one of the most dynamic areas in information science today.Table of ContentsCharacter Recognition. Blurring and Sampling. Normalization. Thresholding Selection. Thinning. Theory of Preprocessing. Feature Extraction Using Linear Methods. Feature Extraction Based on Structure Analysis. Algebraic Description. Background Analysis. Linear Matching. Graph Matching. Elastic Matching. Appendices. Index.
£188.06
John Wiley & Sons Inc Image Databases
Book SynopsisThe explosive growth of multimedia data transmission has generated a critical need for efficient, high-capacity image databases, as well as powerful search engines to retrieve image data from them. This book brings together contributions by an international all-star team of innovators in the field who share their insights into all key aspects of image database and search engine construction. Readers get in-depth discussions of the entire range of crucial image database architecture, indexing and retrieval, transmission, display, and user interface issues. And, using examples from an array of disciplines, the authors present cutting-edge applications in medical imagery, multimedia communications, earth science, remote sensing, and other major application areas.Table of ContentsContributors. Preface. Introduction. Digital Imagery: Fundamentals (V. Castelli & L. Bergman). SELECTED APPLICATION. Visible Image Retrieval (C. Colombo & A. Del Bimbo). Satellite Imagery in Earth Science Applications (H. Ramapriyan). Medical Imagery (S. Wong & K. Hoo). Images in the Exploration for Oil and Gas (P. Tilke). STORAGE AND SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE. Storage Architectures for Digital Imagery (H. Vin). Database Support for Multimedia Applications (M. Ortega-Binderberger and K. Chakrabarti). Image Compression--A Review (S. Hemami). Transmission of Digital Imagery (J. Percival). INDEXING AND RETRIEVAL. Introduction to Content-Based Image Retrieval-Overview of Key Techniques (Y. Li and C. Kuo). Color for Image Retrieval (J. Smith). Texture Features for Image Retreival (B. Manjunath & W. Ma). Shape Representation for Image Retrieval (B. Kimia). Multidimensional Indexing Structures for Content-Based Retrieval (V. Castelli). Multimedia Indexing (C. Faloutsos). Compressed or Progressive Image Search (S. Panchanathan). Concepts and Techniques for Indexing Visual Semantics (A. Jaimes & S. Chang). Index.
£154.76
John Wiley & Sons Inc Infrared Technology
Book SynopsisA complete reference guide to the theory, design, and applications of infrared technology Rapid advances in infrared (IR), photonic, and electrooptic technologies have given rise to sophisticated sensors with important commercial, industrial, and military applications-from remote sensing, surveillance, and high-resolution TV to home security systems. This book provides scientists and engineers with a comprehensive, state-of-the-art guide to the analysis and development of IR, photonic, and electrooptical devices and systems for specific applications. Well-known industry expert A. R. Jha compiles and consolidates the latest data on IR sources and systems, presenting fully referenced technical information plus numerical examples illustrating performance parameters and design aspects for an amazingly broad array of applications. Basic IR theory is also provided. Coverage includes: * Transmission characteristics of optical signals through the atmosphere, including effects of sTable of ContentsInfrared Radiation Theory. Transmission Characteristics of IR Signals in Atmosphere. Potential IR Sources. Detectors and Focal Planar Arrays. Infrared Passive Devices and Electrooptic Components. IR Active Devices and Components. Application of Infrared and Photonic Technologies in Commercial and Industrial Devices and Systems. Application of Infrared and Photonic Technologies in Medicine, Telecommunications, and Space. Application of Photonic and Infrared Technologies for Space and Military Sensors. IR Signature Analysis and Countermeasure Techniques. Future Applications of IR and Photonic Technologies and Requirements for Auxiliary Equipment. Index.
£228.56
Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Infrared Spectroscopy of Ultrathin Films
Book SynopsisResearch of ultrathin films has attracted tremendous interest, owing to applications in microelectronics, sensors, catalysis, and nanotechnology. This handbook serves as an authoritative reference on the growing use of infrared (IR) spectrometry to characterize very thin films at extended interfaces.Trade Review"…Wiley InterScience, the publisher of many state-of-the-art science books, has enlarged our understanding of infrared (IR) spectroscopy significantly with this book." (Journal of Metals Online, March 31, 2005) “...interesting for the polymer community...due to the wide range of subjects...and also for the completeness...” (Polymer News, Vol. 28, No. 11)Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acronyms and Symbols xix Introduction xxv 1 Absorption and Reflection of Infrared Radiation by Ultrathin Films 1 1.1. Macroscopic Theory of Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves in Infinite Medium 2 1.2. Modeling Optical Properties of a Material 10 1.3. Classical Dispersion Models of Absorption 13 1.4. Propagation of IR Radiation through Planar Interface between Two Isotropic Media 24 1.4.1. Transparent Media 26 1.4.2. General Case 29 1.5. Reflection of Radiation at Planar Interface Covered by Single Layer 31 1.6. Transmission of Layer Located at Interface between Two Isotropic Semi-infinite Media 39 1.7. System of Plane–Parallel Layers: Matrix Method 43 1.8. Energy Absorption in Layered Media 49 1.8.1. External Reflection: Transparent Substrates 50 1.8.2. External Reflection: Metallic Substrates 52 1.8.3. ATR 55 1.9. Effective Medium Theory 60 1.10. Diffuse Reflection and Transmission 65 Appendix 68 References 70 2 Optimum Conditions for Recording Infrared Spectra of Ultrathin Films 79 2.1. IR Transmission Spectra Obtained in Polarized Radiation 79 2.2. IRRAS Spectra of Layers on Metallic Surfaces (“Metallic” IRRAS) 84 2.3. IRRAS of Layers on Semiconductors and Dielectrics 87 2.3.1. Transparent and Weakly Absorbing Substrates (“Transparent” IRRAS) 87 2.3.2. Absorbing Substrates 90 2.3.3. Buried Metal Layer Substrates (BML-IRRAS) 94 2.4. ATR Spectra 100 2.5. IR Spectra of Layers Located at Interface 102 2.5.1. Transmission 102 2.5.2. Metallic IRRAS 105 2.5.3. Transparent IRRAS 110 2.5.4. ATR 111 2.6. Choosing Appropriate IR Spectroscopic Method for Layer on Flat Surface 118 2.7. Coatings on Powders, Fibers, and Matte Surfaces 120 2.7.1. Transmission 120 2.7.2. Diffuse Transmittance and Diffuse Reflectance 122 2.7.3. ATR 128 2.7.4. Comparison of IR Spectroscopic Methods for Studying Ultrathin Films on Powders 130 References 133 3 Interpretation of IR Spectra of Ultrathin Films 140 3.1. Dependence of Transmission, ATR, and IRRAS Spectra of Ultrathin Films on Polarization (Berreman Effect) 141 3.2. Theory of Berreman Effect 146 3.2.1. Surface Modes 147 3.2.2. Modes in Ultrathin Films 151 3.2.3. Identification of Berreman Effect in IR Spectra of Ultrathin Films 157 3.3. Optical Effect: Film Thickness, Angle of Incidence, and Immersion 159 3.3.1. Effect in “Metallic” IRRAS 159 3.3.2. Effect in “Transparent” IRRAS 164 3.3.3. Effect in ATR Spectra 167 3.3.4. Effect in Transmission Spectra 169 3.4. Optical Effect: Band Shapes in IRRAS as Function of Optical Properties of Substrate 171 3.5. Optical Property Gradients at Substrate–Layer Interface: Effect on Band Intensities in IRRAS 175 3.6. Dipole–Dipole Coupling 179 3.7. Specific Features in Potential-Difference IR Spectra of Electrode–Electrolyte Interfaces 187 3.7.1. Absorption Due to Bulk Electrolyte 189 3.7.2. (Re)organization of Electrolyte in DL 190 3.7.3. DonationBackdonation of Electrons 202 3.7.4. Stark Effect 202 3.7.5. Bipolar Bands 203 3.7.6. Effect of Coadsorption 205 3.7.7. Electronic Absorption 206 3.7.8. Optical Effects 210 3.8. Interpretation of Dynamic IR Spectra: Two-Dimensional Correlation Analysis 212 3.9. IR Spectra of Inhomogeneous Films and Films on Powders and Rough Surfaces. Surface Enhancement 219 3.9.1. Manifestation of Particle Shape in IR Spectra 220 3.9.2. Coated Particles 223 3.9.3. Composite, Porous, and Discontinuous Films 225 3.9.4. Interpretation of IR Surface-Enhanced Spectra 232 3.9.5. Rough Surfaces 241 3.10. Determination of Optical Constants of Isotropic Ultrathin Films: Experimental Errors in Reflectivity Measurements 243 3.11. Determination of Molecular Packing and Orientation in Ultrathin Films: Anisotropic Optical Constants of Ultrathin Films 252 3.11.1. Order–Disorder Transition 253 3.11.2. Packing and Symmetry of Ultrathin Films 257 3.11.3. Orientation 266 3.11.4. Surface Selection Rule for Dielectrics 280 3.11.5. Optimum Conditions for MO Studies 282 References 284 4 Equipment and Techniques 307 4.1. Techniques for Recording IR Spectra of Ultrathin Films on Bulk Samples 308 4.1.1. Transmission and Multiple Transmission 308 4.1.2. IRRAS 313 4.1.3. ATR 317 4.1.4. DRIFTS 327 4.2. Techniques for Ultrathin Films on Powders and Fibers 328 4.2.1. Transmission 329 4.2.2. Diffuse Transmission 331 4.2.3. Diffuse Reflectance 334 4.2.4. ATR 342 4.3. High-Resolution FTIR Microspectroscopy of Thin Films 343 4.3.1. Transmission 345 4.3.2. IRRAS 346 4.3.3. DRIFTS and DTIFTS 347 4.3.4. ATR 348 4.3.5. Spatial Resolution and Smallest Sampling Area 350 4.3.6. Comparison of µ-FTIR Methods 351 4.4. Mapping, Imaging, and Photon Scanning Tunneling Microscopy 352 4.5. Temperature-and-Environment Programmed Chambers for In Situ Studies of Ultrathin Films on Bulk and Powdered Supports 356 4.6. Technical Aspects of In Situ IR Spectroscopy of Ultrathin Films at Solid–Liquid and Solid–Solid Interfaces 360 4.6.1. Transmission 361 4.6.2. In Situ IRRAS 363 4.6.3. ATR 369 4.6.4. Measurement Protocols for SEC Experiments 374 4.7. Polarization Modulation Spectroscopy 376 4.8. IRRAS of Air–Water Interface 381 4.9. Dynamic IR Spectroscopy 383 4.9.1. Time Domain 383 4.9.2. Frequency Domain: Potential-Modulation Spectroscopy 387 4.10. Preparation of Substrates 389 4.10.1. Cleaning of IREs 389 4.10.2. Metal Electrode and SEIRA Surfaces 391 4.10.3. BML Substrate 393 References 393 5 Infrared Spectroscopy of Thin Layers in Silicon Microelectronics 416 5.1. Thermal SiO 2 Layers 416 5.2. Low-Temperature SiO 2 Layers 421 5.3. Ultrathin SiO 2 Layers 427 5.4. Silicon Nitride, Oxynitride, and Carbon Nitride Layers 434 5.5. Amorphous Hydrogenated Films 439 5.5.1. a-Si:H Films 439 5.5.2. a-SiGe:H 444 5.5.3. a-SiC:H Films 445 5.6. Films of Amorphous Carbon, Boron Nitride, and Boron Carbide 446 5.6.1. Diamondlike Carbon 446 5.6.2. Boron Nitride and Carbide Films 448 5.7. Porous Silicon Layers 450 5.8. Other Dielectric Layers Used in Microelectronics 454 5.8.1. CaF 2 ,BaF 2 ,andSrF 2 Layers 454 5.8.2. GeO 2 Film 456 5.8.3. Metal Silicides 457 5.8.4. Amorphous Ta 2 O 5 Films 458 5.8.5. SrTiO 3 Film 458 5.8.6. Metal Nitrides 459 5.9. Multi- and Inhomogeneous Dielectric Layers: Layer-by-Layer Etching 460 References 465 6 Application of Infrared Spectroscopy to Analysis of Interfaces and Thin Dielectric Layers in Semiconductor Technology 476 6.1. Ultrathin Oxide Layers in Silicon Schottky-Type Solar Cells 476 6.2. Control of Thin Oxide Layers in Silicon MOS Devices 481 6.2.1. CVD Oxide Layers in Al–SiO X –Si Devices 482 6.2.2. Monitoring of Aluminum Corrosion Processes in Al–PSG Interface 484 6.2.3. Determination of Metal Film and Oxide Layer Thicknesses in MOS Devices 486 6.3. Modification of Oxides in Metal–Same-Metal Oxide–InP Devices 488 6.4. Dielectric Layers in Sandwiched Semiconductor Structures 492 6.4.1. Silicon-on-Insulator 492 6.4.2. Polycrystalline Silicon–c-Si Interface 493 6.4.3. SiO 2 Films in Bonded Si Wafers 494 6.4.4. Quantum Wells 495 6.5. IR Spectroscopy of Surface States at SiO 2 –Si Interface 497 6.6. In Situ Infrared Characterization of Si and SiO 2 Surfaces 502 6.6.1. Monitoring of CVD of SiO 2 502 6.6.2. Cleaning and Etching of Si Surfaces 504 6.6.3. Initial Stages of Oxidation of H-Terminated Si Surface 506 References 508 7 Ultrathin Films at Gas–Solid, Gas–Liquid, and Solid–Liquid Interfaces 514 7.1. IR Spectroscopic Study of Adsorption from Gaseous Phase: Catalysis 514 7.1.1. Adsorption on Powders 515 7.1.2. Adsorption on Bulk Metals 527 7.2. Native Oxides: Atmospheric Corrosion and Corrosion Inhibition 532 7.3. Adsorption on Flat Surfaces of Dielectrics and Semiconductors 542 7.4. Adsorption on Minerals: Comparison of Data Obtained In Situ and Ex Situ 547 7.4.1. Characterization of Mineral Surface after Grinding: Adsorption of Inorganic Species 547 7.4.2. Adsorption of Oleate on Calcium Minerals 551 7.4.3. Structure of Adsorbed Films of Long-Chain Amines on Silicates 554 7.4.4. Interaction of Xanthate with Sulfides 561 7.5. Electrochemical Reactions at Semiconducting Electrodes: Comparison of Different In Situ Techniques 570 7.5.1. Anodic Oxidation of Semiconductors 571 7.5.2. Anodic Reactions at Sulfide Electrodes in Presence of Xanthate 583 7.6. Static and Dynamic Studies of Metal Electrode–Electrolyte Interface: Structure of Double Layer 595 7.7. Thin Polymer Films, Polymer Surfaces, and Polymer–Substrate Interface 600 7.8. Interfacial Behavior of Biomolecules and Bacteria 613 7.8.1. Adsorption of Proteins and Model Molecules at Different Interfaces 614 7.8.2. Membranes 624 7.8.3. Adsorption of Biofilms 626 References 629 Appendix 669 References 687 Index 691
£361.76
John Wiley & Sons Inc ImageVideo Processing A WileyInterscience
Book SynopsisThis book presents a collection of papers on various topics related to image and video processing. Both topics are of great interest to the image processing community, and video processing technologies are of particular interest to the multimedia and aerospace industries.Trade Review"Explains nonlinear model-based techniques...with descriptions of new techniques in still image and digital video and discussion on applications...all nonlinear, model-based techniques are detailed, and a complete accounting of the most important and effective algorithms is included for every application..." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 25, No. 3, September 2001)Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction to Nonlinear Model-Based Image/Video Processing andAnalysis (C. Kotropoulos & I. Pitas). Optimal Design of Boolean and Stack Filters and Their Applicationin Image Processing (D. Petrescu, et al.). Image Processing Using Rational Functions (G. Ramponi, et al.). Mathematical Morphology and Motion Picture Restoration (E.Ferrandiere). Adaptive Order Statistic Filtering of Still Images and VideoSequences (C. Kotropoulos & I. Pitas). Video Segmentation Based on Multiple Features for Interactive andAutomatic Multimedia Applications (R. Castagno, et al.). Invariant Features in Pattern Recognition-- Fundamentals andApplications (H. Burkhardt & S. Siggelkow). Image Models for Facial Feature Tracking (D. Shah & S.Marshall). Index.
£138.56
John Wiley & Sons Inc 3D Image Processing
Book SynopsisThree-dimensional image processing is a rapidly developing research topic that has found numerous applications in various scientific fields. These include processing and visualization of 3D medical data, image sequence processing, seismic image processing and many others.Trade Review"Explains numerous 3-D image processing, analysis, and visualization techniques, such as volume filtering, skeletonization and registration, and visualization." (SciTech Book News Vol. 25, No. 2 June 2001)Table of ContentsForeword V Preface XIII Conventions and Notation XV 1 Introduction 1 2 Preliminaries 11 2.1 General Notation 11 2.1.1 Points and Sets in Euclidean Spaces 11 2.1.2 Curvatures 14 2.1.3 Measures and Measurable Spaces 17 2.2 Characteristics of Sets 18 2.2.1 The Euler Number and the Integral of Gaussian Curvature 18 2.2.2 The Mean Width and the Integral of the Mean Curvature 20 2.2.3 Intrinsic Volumes of Convex Bodies 22 2.2.4 Additive Extensions on the Convex Ring 24 2.2.5 The Principal Kinematic Formulae of Integral Geometry 25 2.3 Random Sets 26 2.3.1 Definition of Random Sets 27 2.3.2 Characteristics of Random Closed Sets 28 2.3.3 Random Point Fields 30 2.3.4 Random Tessellations 33 2.4 Fourier Analysis 34 2.4.1 Measurable Functions 34 2.4.2 Fourier Transform 36 2.4.3 Bochner’s Theorem 40 3 Lattices, Adjacency of Lattice Points, and Images 43 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Point Lattices, Digitizations and Pixel Configurations 43 3.2.1 Homogeneous Lattices 44 3.2.2 Digitization 45 3.2.3 Pixel Configurations 46 3.3 Adjacency and Euler Number 47 3.3.1 Adjacency Systems 48 3.3.2 Discretization of Sets with Respect to Adjacency 51 3.3.3 Euler Number 52 3.3.4 Complementarity 59 3.3.5 Multi-grid Convergence 60 3.4 The Euler Number of Microstructure Constituents 61 3.4.1 Counting Nodes in Open Foams 61 3.4.2 Connectivity of the Fibres in Non-woven Materials 63 3.5 Image Data 64 3.5.1 The Inverse Lattice 65 3.5.2 The Nyquist–Shannon Sampling Theorem 66 3.6 Rendering 69 3.6.1 Volume Rendering 69 3.6.1.1 Physical Background 69 3.6.1.2 Transfer function 70 3.6.1.3 Ray Casting 71 3.6.1.4 3D Texture Mapping 72 3.6.2 Surface Rendering 72 3.6.2.1 Properties of the Reconstructed Surface 72 3.6.2.2 Marching Cube Type Algorithms 73 3.6.2.3 The Wrapper Algorithm 75 3.6.2.4 Merging and Simplification of Surface Meshes 77 4 Image Processing 79 4.1 Fourier Transform of an Image 79 4.1.1 The Discrete Fourier Transform of a Discrete One-Dimensional Signal 79 4.1.2 Fast Fourier Transform 80 4.1.3 Extensions to Higher Dimensions 81 4.2 Filtering 82 4.2.1 Morphological Transforms of Sets 82 4.2.1.1 Minkowski Addition and Dilation 83 4.2.1.2 Minkowski Subtraction and Erosion 85 4.2.1.3 Mean Co-ordination Number of Sinter Particles 86 4.2.1.4 Morphological Opening and Closure 87 4.2.1.5 Top-Hat Transforms 89 4.2.1.6 Algebraic Opening and Closure 89 4.2.1.7 Aspects of Algorithmic Implementation 90 4.2.1.8 Handling of Edge Effects 92 4.2.1.9 Adaptable Morphology 93 4.2.2 Linear Filters 94 4.2.2.1 Linear Smoothing Filters 94 4.2.2.2 Linear Derivative Filters 98 4.2.3 Morphological Filters 102 4.2.4 Rank Value Filters 103 4.2.5 Diffusion Filters 105 4.2.6 Geodesic Morphological Transforms 107 4.2.6.1 Reconstruction by Erosion 108 4.2.6.2 Reconstruction by Dilation 109 4.2.6.3 Self-Dual Reconstruction 110 4.2.6.4 H-Minima 111 4.2.7 Distance Transforms 111 4.2.7.1 Discrete or Chamfer Distance Transforms 113 4.2.7.2 Euclidean Distance Transforms 114 4.2.8 Skeletonization 116 4.3 Segmentation 120 4.3.1 Binarization 121 4.3.1.1 Global Thresholding 121 4.3.1.2 Local Thresholding 123 4.3.1.3 Hysteresis 125 4.3.1.4 Region Growing 127 4.3.2 Connectedness, Connected Components and Labelling 128 4.3.2.1 Connectedness 128 4.3.2.2 Jordan Theorems 132 4.3.2.3 A Simple Labelling Algorithm 135 4.3.2.4 Advanced Labelling Techniques 141 4.3.3 Watershed Transform 143 4.3.4 Further Segmentation Methods 148 5 Measurement of Intrinsic Volumes and Related Quantities 149 5.1 Introduction 149 5.2 Intrinsic Volumes 150 5.2.1 Section Lattices and Translation Lattices 151 5.2.2 Measurement of Intrinsic Volumes 152 5.2.3 Discretization of the Translative Integral 153 5.2.4 Discretization of the Integral over all Subspaces 156 5.2.4.1 Simple Quadrature 156 5.2.4.2 Fourier Expansion 159 5.2.5 Shape Factors 162 5.2.6 Edge Correction 164 5.3 Intrinsic Volume Densities 166 5.3.1 Estimation of Intrinsic Volume Densities for Macroscopically Homogeneous Random Sets 167 5.3.2 Characterization of Anisotropy 169 5.3.3 Mean Chord Length 170 5.3.4 Structure Model Index 171 5.3.5 Estimation of the Intrinsic Volume Densities for Macroscopically Homogeneous and Isotropic Random Sets 172 5.3.6 Intrinsic Volume Densities of the Solid Matter of Two Natural Porous Structures 176 5.4 Directional Analysis 179 5.4.1 Inverse Cosine Transform 180 5.4.2 Use of Pixel Configurations Carrying Directional Information 182 5.4.3 Gradient and Hessian Matrix 184 5.4.4 Maximum Filter Response 185 5.4.5 Directional Analysis for Fibres in Ultra-High-Performance Concrete 187 5.5 Distances Between Random Sets and Distance Distributions 187 5.5.1 Spherical Contact Distribution Function and Related Quantities 189 5.5.2 Stochastic Dependence of Constituents of Metallic Foams 192 6 Spectral Analysis 195 6.1 Introduction 195 6.2 Second-Order Characteristics of a Random Volume Measure 196 6.2.1 Covariance Function and Bartlett Spectrum 197 6.2.2 Power Spectrum 201 6.2.3 Measurement of the Covariance and the Power Spectrum 202 6.2.4 Macroscopic Homogeneity and Isotropy 203 6.2.5 Mean Face Width of an Open Foam 205 6.2.6 Random Packing of Balls 206 6.2.7 Particle Rearrangement During Sintering Processes 207 6.3 Correlations Between Random Structures 208 6.3.1 The Cross-Covariance Function 209 6.3.2 Measurement of the Cross Covariance Function 211 6.3.3 Spatial Cross-Correlation Between Constituents of Metallic Foams 211 6.4 Second-Order Characteristics of Random Surfaces 212 6.4.1 The Random Surface Measure 213 6.4.2 The Bartlett Spectrum 215 6.4.3 Power Spectrum 218 6.4.4 Measurement of the Power Spectrum with Respect to the Surface Measure 220 6.5 Second-Order Characteristics of Random Point Fields 222 6.5.1 Point Fields and Associated Random Functions 223 6.5.2 A Wiener–Khintchine Theorem for Point Fields 224 6.5.3 Estimation of the Pair Correlation Function 226 6.5.4 The Power Spectra of the Centres of Balls in Dense Packings 230 7 Model-based Image Analysis 233 7.1 Introduction,Motivation 233 7.2 Point Field Models 234 7.2.1 The Poisson Point Field 234 7.2.2 Matern Hard-Core Point Fields 235 7.2.3 Finite Point Fields Defined by a Probability Density 235 7.2.3.1 Simulation of Finite Point Fields: Metropolis–Hastings 237 7.2.3.2 Simulation of Finite Point Fields: Spatial Birth-and-Death Processes 238 7.3 Macroscopically Homogeneous Systems of Non-overlapping Particles 239 7.4 Macroscopically Homogeneous Systems of Overlapping Particles 243 7.4.1 Intrinsic Volumes of Boolean Models in Rn 245 7.4.2 Intrinsic Volumes of Boolean Models in R3 248 7.4.3 Structure Model Index for Boolean Models in R3 250 7.5 Macroscopically Homogeneous Fibre Systems 251 7.5.1 Boolean Cylinder Model 251 7.5.2 PET Stacked Fibre Non-woven Materials 252 7.5.3 Carbon Paper 255 7.6 Tessellations 256 7.6.1 Geometric Properties of Tessellations of R3 256 7.6.1.1 Mean Number of `-Faces Adjacent to a k-Face 257 7.6.1.2 The Density of k-Faces 258 7.6.1.3 Mecke’s Characteristics 258 7.6.1.4 Cell-Based Characteristics 259 7.6.2 Voronoi Tessellations 260 7.6.2.1 Poisson Voronoi Tessellation 260 7.6.2.2 Hard-Core Voronoi Tessellation 261 7.6.3 Laguerre Tessellations 261 7.6.3.1 Poisson–Laguerre Tessellations 264 7.6.3.2 Laguerre Tessellations Generated by Random Packings of Balls 264 7.6.4 The Weaire–Phelan Foam 265 7.6.4.1 Random Perturbations of the Weaire–Phelan Foam 266 7.6.5 Mean Values of Geometric Characteristics of Open Foams 267 7.6.6 Modelling a Closed Polymer Foam 270 7.6.7 Modelling an Open Ceramic Foam 276 7.6.7.1 Modelling the Polyurethane Core 277 7.6.7.2 Modelling the Coating 278 8 Simulation of Material Properties 281 8.1 Introduction 281 8.2 Effective Conductivity of Polycrystals by Stochastic Homogenization 282 8.3 Computation of Effective Elastic Moduli of Porous Media by FEM Simulation 288 8.3.1 Fundamentals of Linear Elasticity 288 8.3.2 Finite Element Method 291 8.3.2.1 Discretization 291 8.3.2.2 Numerical Solution of the Linear Elastic Problem 292 8.3.3 Effective Stiffness Tensor Random Sets 294 8.3.4 Effective Elastic Moduli of a Porous AluminaMaterial 296 References 301 Index 319
£86.36
John Wiley & Sons Inc Scattering Theories Theories and Applications
Book SynopsisWave scattering by discrete scatterers is an interdisciplinary area of research with many applications in such areas as atomic physics, medical imaging, geoscience and remote sensing. This three-volume work is an expanded and updated version of the authors 1985 book, Theory of Microwave Remote Sensing.Table of ContentsPREFACE xi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROMAGNETIC SCATTERING BY A SINGLE PARTICLE 1 1 Basic Scattering Parameters 2 1.1 Scattering Amplitudes and Cross Sections 2 1.2 Scattering Amplitude Matrix 6 2 Rayleigh Scattering 9 2.1 Rayleigh Scattering by a Small Particle 9 2.2 Rayleigh Scattering by a Sphere 10 2.3 Rayleigh Scattering by an Ellipsoid 12 2.4 Scattering Dyads 14 3 Integral Representations of Scattering and Born Approximation 16 3.1 Integral Expression for Scattering Amplitude 16 3.2 Born Approximation 18 4 Plane Waves, Cylindrical Waves, and Spherical Waves 21 4.1 Cartesian Coordinates: Plane Waves 21 4.2 Cylindrical Waves 22 4.3 Spherical Waves 24 5 Acoustic Scattering 30 6 Scattering by Spheres, Cylinders, and Disks 32 6.1 Mie Scattering 32 6.2 Scattering by a Finite Length Cylinder Using the Infinite Cylinder Approximation 41 6.3 Scattering by a Disk Based on the Infinite Disk Approximation 46 References and Additional Readings 52CHAPTER 2 BASIC THEORY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC SCATTERING 53 1 Dyadic Green's Function 54 1.1 Green's Functions 54 1.2 Plane Wave Representation 55 1.3 Cylindrical Waves 57 1.4 Spherical Waves 59 2 Huygens' Principle and Extinction Theorem 60 3 Active Remote Sensing and Bistatic Scattering Coefficients 66 4 Optical Theorem 68 5 Reciprocity and Symmetry 73 5.1 Reciprocity 73 5.2 Reciprocal Relations for Bistatic Scattering Coefficients and Scattering Amplitudes 75 5.3 Symmetry Relations for Dyadic Green's Function 79 6 Eulerian Angles of Rotation 81 7 T-Matrix 83 7.1 T-Matrix and Relation to Scattering Amplitudes 83 7.2 Unitarity and Symmetry 88 8 Extended Boundary Condition 91 8.1 Extended Boundary Condition Technique 91 8.2 Spheres 97 8.2.1 Scattering and Absorption for Arbitrary Excitation 100 8.2.2 Mie Scattering of Coated Sphere 102 8.3 Spheroids 104 References and Additional Readings 106CHAPTER 3 FUNDAMENTALS OF RANDOM SCATTERING 107 1 Radar Equation for Conglomeration of Scatterers 108 2 Stokes Parameters and Phase Matrices 116 2.1 Elliptical Polarization, Stokes Parameters, Partial Polarization 116 2.2 Stokes Matrix 123 2.3 Scattering per Unit Volume and Phase Matrix 124 2.4 Rayleigh Phase Matrix 127 2.5 Phase Matrix of Random Media 129 3 Fluctuating Fields 131 3.1 Coherent and Incoherent Fields 131 3.2 Probability Distribution of Scattered Fields and Polarimetric Description 132 4 Specific Intensity 140 5 Passive Remote Sensing 145 5.1 Planck's Radiation Law and Brightness Temperature 145 5.2 KirchhofT's Law 149 5.3 Fluctuation Dissipation Theorem 152 5.4 Emissivity of Four Stokes Parameters 155 6 Correlation Function of Fields 161 References and Additional Readings 165 CHAPTER 4 CHARACTERISTICS OF DISCRETE SCATTERERS AND ROUGH SURFACES 167 1 Ice 168 2 Snow 170 3 Vegetation 171 4 Atmosphere 172 5 Correlation Function and Pair Distribution Function 173 5.1 Correlation Function 174 5.2 Pair Distribution Function 176 6 Gaussian Rough Surface and Spectral Density 179 7 Soil and Rocky Surfaces 184 8 Ocean Surface 185 References and Additional Readings 195 CHAPTER 5 SCATTERING AND EMISSION BY LAYERED MEDIA 199 1 Incoherent Approach of Radiative Transfer 200 2 Wave Approach 203 2.1 Reflection and Transmission 203 2.2 Dyadic Green's Function for Stratified Medium 207 2.3 Brightness Temperatures for a Stratified Medium with Temperature Distribution 212 3 Comparison Between Incoherent Approach and Coherent Approach 217 4 Applications to Passive Remote Sensing of Soil 220 References and Additional Readings 229 CHAPTER 6 SINGLE SCATTERING AND APPLICATIONS 231 1 Single Scattering and Particle Position Correlation 232 2 Applications of Single Scattering 237 2.1 Synthetic Aperture Radar 237 2.2 Interferometric SAR 248 2.3 Active Remote Sensing of Half-Space Random Media 252 References and Additional Readings 258 CHAPTER 7 RADIATIVE TRANSFER THEORY 259 1 Scalar Radiative Transfer Theory 260 2 Vector Radiative Transfer Theory 269 2.1 Phase Matrix of Independent Scattering 269 2.2 Extinction Matrix 272 2.3 Emission Vector 275 2.4 Boundary Conditions 283 References and Additional Readings 286 CHAPTER 8 SOLUTION TECHNIQUES OF RADIATIVE TRANSFER THEORY 287 1 Iterative Method 288 1.1 Iterative Procedure 288 1.2 Integral Equation for Scattering Problems 293 1.3 Active Remote Sensing of a Half-Space of Spherical Particles 298 1.4 Active Remote Sensing of a Layer of Nonspherical Particles 303 1.4.1 Numerical Illustrations with Finite Dielectric Cylinders 310 1.5 Second-Order Scattering from Isotropic Point Scatterers 322 2 Discrete Ordinate-Eigenanalysis Method 324 2.1 Radiative Transfer Solution for Laminar Structures 324 2.2 Numerical Procedure of Discrete Ordinate Method: Normal Incidence 328 2.3 Active Remote Sensing: Oblique Incidence 337 2.4 Discrete Ordinate Method for Passive Remote Sensing 343 2.5 Passive Remote Sensing of a Three-Dimensional Random Medium 349 2.6 Passive Remote Sensing of a Layer of Mie Scatterers Overlying a Dielectric Half-Space 352 3 Invariant Imbedding 362 3.1 One-Dimensional Problem 363 3.2 Passive Remote Sensing of a Three-Dimensional Scattering Medium with Inhomogeneous Profiles 370 3.3 Passive Remote Sensing of a Three-Dimensional Random Medium 373 3.4 Thermal Emission of Layers of Spherical Scatterers in the Presence of Inhomogeneous Absorption and Temperature Profiles 374 4 Diffusion Approximation 380 References and Additional Readings 386 CHAPTER 9 ONE-DIMENSIONAL RANDOM ROUGH SURFACE SCATTERING 389 1 Introduction 390 2 Statistics of Random Rough Surface 392 2.1 Statistics, Correlation Function and Spectral Density 392 2.2 Characteristic Functions 396 3 Small Perturbation Method 397 3.1 Dirichlet Problem for One-Dimensional Surface 397 3.2 Neumann Problem for One-Dimensional Surface 403 4 Kirchhoff Approach 407 4.1 Dirichlet Problem for One-Dimensional Surface 408 4.2 Neumann Problem for One-Dimensional Surface 415 References and Additional Readings 417 INDEX 419
£145.76
John Wiley & Sons Inc Scattering Numerical Numerical Simulations
Book SynopsisA timely and authoritative guide to the state of the art of wave scattering Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves offers in three volumes a complete and up-to-date treatment of wave scattering by random discrete scatterers and rough surfaces.Trade Review"this graduate textbook presents numerical simulation techniques and results for electromagnetic wave scattering in random media and rough surfaces..." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 25, No. 3, September 2001)Table of ContentsPREFACE xix CHAPTER 1 MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS OF LAYERED MEDIA 1 1 One-Dimensional Layered Media with Permittivity Fluctuations 2 1.1 Continuous Random Medium 2 1.2 Generation of One-Dimensional Continuous Gaussian Random Medium 4 1.3 Numerical Results and Applications to Antarctica 5 2 Random Discrete Layering and Applications 8 References and Additional Readings 12 CHAPTER 2 INTEGRAL EQUATION FORMULATIONS AND BASIC NUMERICAL METHODS 13 1 Integral Equation Formulation for Scattering Problems 14 1.1 Surface Integral Equations 14 1.2 Volume Integral Equations 17 1.3 Dyadic Green's Function Singularity and Electrostatics 19 2 Method of Moments 23 3 Discrete Dipole Approximation (DDA) 27 3.1 Small Cubes 28 3.2 Radiative Corrections 29 3.3 Other Shapes 31 4 Product of Toeplitz Matrix and Column Vector 37 4.1 Discrete Fourier Transform and Convolutions 38 4.2 FFT for Product of Toeplitz Matrix and Column Vector 42 5 Conjugate Gradient Method 46 5.1 Steepest Descent Method 46 5.2 Real Symmetric Positive Definite Matrix 48 5.3 General Real Matrix and Complex Matrix 52 References and Additional Readings 57 CHAPTER 3 SCATTERING AND EMISSION BY A PERIODIC ROUGH SURFACE 61 1 Dirichlet Boundary Conditions 62 1.1 Surface Integral Equation 62 1.2 Floquet's Theorem and Bloch Condition 63 1.3 2-D Green's Function in 1-D Lattice 64 1.4 Bistatic Scattering Coefficients 67 2 Dielectric Periodic Surface: T-Matrix Method 68 2.1 Formulation in Longitudinal Field Components 69 2.2 Surface Field Integral Equations and Coupled Matrix Equations 74 2.3 Emissivity and Comparison with Experiments 81 3 Scattering of Waves Obliquely Incident on Periodic Rough Surfaces: Integral Equation Approach 85 3.1 Formulation 85 3.2 Polarimetric Brightness Temperatures 89 4 Ewald's Method 93 4.1 Preliminaries 93 4.2 3-D Green's Function in 3-D Lattices 98 4.3 3-D Green's Function in 2-D Lattices 102 4.4 Numerical Results 105 References and Additional Readings 110 CHAPTER 4 RANDOM ROUGH SURFACE SIMULATIONS 111 1 Perfect Electric Conductor (Non-Penetrable Surface) 114 1.1 Integral Equation 114 1.2 Matrix Equation: Dirichlet Boundary Condition (EFIE for TE Case) 1161.3 Tapering of Incident Waves and Calculation of Scattered Waves 118 1.4 Random Rough Surface Generation 124 1.4.1 Gaussian Rough Surface 124 1.4.2 Fractal Rough Surface 132 1.5 Neumann Boundary Condition (MFIE for TM Case) 134 2 Two-Media Problem 137 2.1 TE and TM Waves 139 2.2 Absorptivity, Emissivity and Reflectivity 141 2.3 Impedance Matrix Elements: Numerical Integrations 143 2.4 Simulation Results 145 2.4.1 Gaussian Surface and Comparisons with Analytical Methods 145 2.4.2 Dirichlet Case of Gaussian Surface with Ocean Spectrum and Fractal Surface 150 2.4.3 Bistatic Scattering for Two Media Problem with Ocean Spectrum 151 3 Topics of Numerical Simulations 154 3.1 Periodic Boundary Condition 154 3.2 MFIE for TE Case of PEC 158 3.3 Impedance Boundary Condition 161 4 Microwave Emission of Rough Ocean Surfaces 163 5 Waves Scattering from Real-Life Rough Surface Profiles 166 5.1 Introduction 166 5.2 Rough Surface Generated by Three Methods 167 5.3 Numerical Results of the Three Methods 169 References and Additional Readings 175 CHAPTER 5 FAST COMPUTATIONAL METHODS FOR SOLVING ROUGH SURFACE SCATTERING PROBLEMS 177 1 Banded Matrix Canonical Grid Method for Two-Dimensional Scattering for PEC Case 1791.1 Introduction 179 1.2 Formulation and Computational Procedure 180 1.3 Product of a Weak Matrix and a Surface Unknown Column Vector 187 1.4 Convergence and Neighborhood Distance 188 1.5 Results of Composite Surfaces and Grazing Angle Problems 189 2 Physics-Based Two-Grid Method for Lossy Dielectric Surfaces 196 2.1 Introduction 196 2.2 Formulation and Single-Grid Implementation 198 2.3 Physics-Based Two-Grid Method Combined with Banded Matrix Iterative Approach/Canonical Grid Method 200 2.4 Bistatic Scattering Coefficient and Emissivity 203 3 Steepest Descent Fast Multipole Method 212 3.1 Steepest Descent Path for Green's Function 213 3.2 Multi-Level Impedance Matrix Decomposition and Grouping 216 3.3 Multi-Level Discretization of Angles and Interpolation 222 3.4 Steepest Descent Expression of Multi-Level Impedance Matrix Elements 226 3.5 SDFMM Algorithm 235 3.6 Numerical Results 242 4 Method of Ordered Multiple Interactions (MOMI) 242 4.1 Matrix Equations Based on MFIE for TE and TM Waves for PEC 242 4.2 Iterative Approach 245 4.3 Numerical Results 247 5 Physics-Based Two-Grid Method Combined with the Multilevel Fast Multipole Method 249 5.1 Single Grid and PBTG 249 5.2 Computational Complexity of the Combined Algorithm of the PBTG with the MLFMM 252 5.3 Gaussian Rough Surfaces and CPU Comparison 254 5.4 Non-Gaussian Surfaces 257 References and Additional Readings 263 CHAPTER 6 THREE-DIMENSIONAL WAVE SCATTERING FROM TWO-DIMENSIONAL ROUGH SURFACES 267 1 Scattering by Non-Penetrable Media 270 1.1 Scalar Wave Scattering 270 1.1.1 Formulation and Numerical Method 270 1.1.2 Results and Discussion 273 1.1.3 Convergence of SMFSIA 277 1.2 Electromagnetic Wave Scattering by Perfectly Conducting Surfaces 278 1.2.1 Surface Integral Equation 278 1.2.2 Surface Integral Equation for Rough Surface Scattering 280 1.2.3 Computation Methods 281 1.2.4 Numerical Simulation Results 286 2 Integral Equations for Dielectric Surfaces 293 2.1 Electromagnetic Fields with Electric and Magnetic Sources 293 2.2 Physical Problem and Equivalent Exterior and Interior Problems 296 2.2.1 Equivalent Exterior Problem, Equivalent Currents and Integral Equations 296 2.2.2 Equivalent Interior Problem, Equivalent Currents and Integral Equations 298 2.3 Surface Integral Equations for Equivalent Surface Currents, Tangential and Normal Components of Fields 300 3 Two-Dimensional Rough Dielectric Surfaces with Sparse Matrix Canonical Grid Method 304 3.1 Integral Equation and SMCG Method 304 3.2 Numerical Results of Bistatic Scattering Coefficient 318 4 Scattering by Lossy Dielectric Surfaces with PBTG Method 326 4.1 Introduction 326 4.2 Formulation and Single Grid Implementation 328 4.3 Physics-Based Two-Grid Method 329 4.4 Numerical Results and Comparison with Second Order Perturbation Method 334 4.5 Numerical Simulations of Emissivity of Soils with Rough Surfaces at Microwave Frequencies 343 5 Four Stokes Parameters Based on Tangential Surface Fields 350 6 Parallel Implementation of SMCG on Low Cost Beowulf System 354 6.1 Introduction 354 6.2 Low-Cost Beowulf Cluster 355 6.3 Parallel Implementation of the SMCG Method and the PBTG Method 356 6.4 Numerical Results 360 References and Additional Readings 366 CHAPTER 7 VOLUME SCATTERING SIMULATIONS 371 1 Combining Simulations of Collective Volume Scattering Effects with Radiative Transfer Theory 373 2 Foldy-Lax Self-Consistent Multiple Scattering Equations 376 2.1 Final Exciting Field and Multiple Scattering Equation 376 2.2 Foldy-Lax Equations for Point Scatterers 379 2.3 The JV-Particle Scattering Amplitude 382 3 Analytical Solutions of Point Scatterers 382 3.1 Phase Function and Extinction Coefficient for Uniformly Distributed Point Scatterers 382 3.2 Scattering by Collection of Clusters 389 4 Monte Carlo Simulation Results of Point Scatterers 392 References and Additional Readings 401 CHAPTER 8 PARTICLE POSITIONS FOR DENSE MEDIA CHARACTERIZATIONS AND SIMULATIONS 403 1 Pair Distribution Functions and Structure Factors 404 1.1 Introduction 404 1.2 Percus Yevick Equation and Pair Distribution Function for Hard Spheres 406 1.3 Calculation of Structure Factor and Pair Distribution Function 409 2 Percus—Yevick Pair Distribution Functions for Multiple Sizes 411 3 Monte Carlo Simulations of Particle Positions 414 3.1 Metropolis Monte Carlo Technique 415 3.2 Sequential Addition Method 418 3.3 Numerical Results 418 4 Sticky Particles 424 4.1 Percus-Yevick Pair Distribution Function for Sticky Spheres 424 4.2 Pair Distribution Function of Adhesive Sphere Mixture 429 4.3 Monte Carlo Simulation of Adhesive Spheres 434 5 Particle Placement Algorithm for Spheroids 444 5.1 Contact Functions of Two Ellipsoids 445 5.2 Illustrations of Contact Functions 446 References and Additional Readings 450 CHAPTER 9 SIMULATIONS OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL DENSE MEDIA 453 1 Introduction 454 1.1 Extinction as a Function of Concentration 454 1.2 Extinction as a Function of Frequency 456 2 Random Positions of Cylinders 458 2.1 Monte Carlo Simulations of Positions of Hard Cylinders 458 2.2 Simulations of Pair Distribution Functions 460 2.3 Percus-Yevick Approximation of Pair Distribution Functions 461 2.4 Results of Simulations 463 2.5 Monte Carlo Simulations of Sticky Disks 463 3 Monte Carlo Simulations of Scattering by Cylinders 469 3.1 Scattering by a Single Cylinder 469 3.2 Foldy-Lax Multiple Scattering Equations for Cylinders 476 3.3 Coherent Field, Incoherent Field, and Scattering Coefficient 480 3.4 Scattered Field and Internal Field Formulations 481 3.5 Low Frequency Formulas 482 3.6 Independent Scattering 484 3.7 Simulation Results for Sticky and Non-Sticky Cylinders 485 4 Sparse-Matrix Canonical-Grid Method for Scattering by Many Cylinders 486 4.1 Introduction 486 4.2 The Two-Dimensional Scattering Problem of Many Dielectric Cylinders 489 4.3 Numerical Results of Scattering and CPU Comparisons 490 References and Additional Readings 493 CHAPTER 10 DENSE MEDIA MODELS AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL SIMULATIONS 495 1 Introduction 496 2 Simple Analytical Models For Scattering From a Dense Medium 496 2.1 Effective Permittivity 496 2.2 Scattering Attenuation and Coherent Propagation Constant 500 2.3 Coherent Reflection and Incoherent Scattering From a Half-Space of Scatterers 505 2.4 A Simple Dense Media Radiative Transfer Theory 510 3 Simulations Using Volume Integral Equations 512 3.1 Volume Integral Equation 512 3.2 Simulation of Densely Packed Dielectric Spheres 514 3.3 Densely Packed Spheroids 518 4 Numerical Simulations Using T-Matrix Formalism 533 4.1 Multiple Scattering Equations 533 4.2 Computational Considerations 541 4.3 Results and Comparisons with Analytic Theory 545 4.4 Simulation of Absorption Coefficient 547 References and Additional Readings 548 CHAPTER 11 ANGULAR CORRELATION FUNCTION AND DETECTION OF BURIED OBJECT 551 1 Introduction 552 2 Two-Dimensional Simulations of Angular Memory Effect and Detection of Buried Object 553 2.1 Introduction 553 2.2 Simple and General Derivation of Memory Effect 553 2.3 ACF of Random Rough Surfaces with Different Averaging Methods 555 2.4 Scattering by a Buried Object Under a Rough Surface 557 3 Angular Correlation Function of Scattering by a Buried Object Under a 2-D Random Rough Surface (3-D Scattering) 564 3.1 Introduction 564 3.2 Formulation of Integral Equations 565 3.3 Statistics of Scattered Fields 570 3.4 Numerical Illustrations of ACF and PACF 571 4 Angular Correlation Function Applied to Correlation Imaging in Target Detection 575 4.1 Introduction 575 4.2 Formulation of Imaging 578 4.3 Simulations of SAR Data and ACF Processing 580 References and Additional Readings 591 CHAPTER 12 MULTIPLE SCATTERING BY CYLINDERS IN THE PRESENCE OF BOUNDARIES 593 1 Introduction 594 2 Scattering by Dielectric Cylinders Above a Dielectric Half-Space 594 2.1 Scattering from a Layer of Vertical Cylinders: First-Order Solution 594 2.2 First- and Second-Order Solutions 603 2.3 Results of Monte Carlo Simulations 613 3 Scattering by Cylinders in the Presence of Two Reflective Boundaries 622 3.1 Vector Cylindrical Wave Expansion of Dyadic Green's Function Between Two Perfect Conductors 622 3.2 Dyadic Green's Function of a Cylindrical Scatterer Between Two PEC 629 3.3 Dyadic Green's Function with Multiple Cylinders 631 3.4 Excitation of Magnetic Ring Currents 635 3.4.1 First Order Solution 637 3.4.2 Numerical Results 638 References and Additional Readings 640 CHAPTER 13 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES SCATTERING BY VEGETATION 641 1 Introduction 642 2 Plant Modeling by Using L-Systems 644 2.1 Lindenmayer Systems 644 2.2 Turtle Interpretation of L-Systems 646 2.3 Computer Simulations of Stochastic L-Systems and Input Files 649 3 Scattering from Trees Generated by L-Systems Based on Coherent Addition Approximation 654 3.1 Single Scattering by a Particle in the Presence of Reflective Boundary 655 3.1.1 Electric Field and Dyadic Green's Function 655 3.1.2 Scattering by a Single Particle 656 3.2 Scattering by Trees 659 4 Coherent Addition Approximation with Attenuation 667 5 Scattering from Plants Generated by L-Systems Based on Discrete Dipole Approximation 669 5.1 Formulation of Discrete Dipole Approximation (DDA) Method 670 5.2 Scattering by Simple Trees 672 5.3 Scattering by Honda Trees 677 6 Rice Canopy Scattering Model 685 6.1 Model Description 685 6.2 Model Simulation 689 References and Additional Readings 691 INDEX 693
£151.16
John Wiley & Sons Inc Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves
Book SynopsisA timely and authoritative guide to the state of the art of wave scattering Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves offers in three volumes a complete and up-to-date treatment of wave scattering by random discrete scatterers and rough surfaces. Written by leading scientists who have made important contributions to wave scattering over three decades, this new work explains the principles, methods, and applications of this rapidly expanding, interdisciplinary field. It covers both introductory and advanced material and provides students and researchers in remote sensing as well as imaging, optics, and electromagnetic theory with a one-stop reference to a wealth of current research results. Plus, Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves contains detailed discussions of both analytical and numerical methods, including cutting-edge techniques for the recovery of earth/land parametric information. The three volumes are entitled respectively Theories and Applications, Numerical Simulation, andTrade Review"Here they [the authors] delve deeper into the topics raised in the first two volumes..." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 25, No. 3, September 2001)Table of ContentsPREFACE xiii CHAPTER 1 TWO-DIMENSIONAL RANDOM ROUGH SURFACE SCATTERING BASED ON SMALL PERTURBATION METHOD 1 1 Electromagnetic Wave Scattering by a Perfect Electric Conductor 2 1.1 Zeroth- and First-Order Solutions 7 1.2 Second-Order Solutions 11 2 Electromagnetic Wave Scattering by a Dielectric Rough Surface 18 2.1 Zeroth- and First-Order Solutions 27 2.2 Second-Order Solutions 36 3 Coherent Reflection, Emissivities, and Bistatic Scattering Coefficients of Random Dielectric Surfaces 47 3.1 Coherent Reflection 48 3.2 Emissivities of Four Stokes Parameters 51 3.3 Bistatic Scattering Coefficients 58 References and Additional Readings 61 CHAPTER 2 KIRCHHOFF APPROACH AND RELATED METHODS FOR ROUGH SURFACE SCATTERING 65 1 Kirchhoff Approach 66 1.1 Perfectly Conducting Rough Surface 66 1.2 Dielectric Rough Surfaces 72 1.3 Second-Order Slope Corrections 94 2 Phase Perturbation Method 101 3 Emissivity Based on Composite Surface Model 108 References and Additional Readings 118 CHAPTER 3 VOLUME SCATTERING: CASCADE OF LAYERS 121 1 Single Scattering Solution of a Thin Layer, Coherent Wave, and Effective Propagation Constant 122 2 Transition Operator 128 3 Electromagnetic Wave Case of a Thin Layer and Extinction Matrix 130 4 First- and Second-Order Solutions: Incoherent Waves 135 5 Cascading of Layers: From First- and Second-Order Wave Solutions to Radiative Transfer Equation 143 6 Effects of Clustering 150 References and Additional Readings 160 CHAPTER 4 ANALYTIC WAVE THEORY FOR A MEDIUM WITH PERMITTIVITY FLUCTUATIONS 161 1 Dyson's Equation for the Mean Field 162 1.1 Bilocal Approximation 167 1.2 Nonlinear Approximation 170 2 Second Moment of the Field 171 2.1 Bethe-Salpeter Equation 171 2.2 Energy Conservation 175 3 Strong Permittivity Fluctuations 178 3.1 Random Medium with Spherically Symmetric Correlation Function 179 3.2 Very Low Frequency Effective Permittivity 181 3.3 Effective Permittivity Under the Bilocal Approximation 182 3.4 Backscattering Coefficients 185 3.5 Results of Effective Permittivity and Bistatic Coefficients 187 References and Additional Readings 194 CHAPTER 5 MULTIPLE SCATTERING THEORY FOR DISCRETE SCATTERERS 197 1 Transition Operator 198 2 Multiple Scattering Equations 203 3 Approximations of Multiple Scattering Equations 204 3.1 Configurational Average of Multiple Scattering Equations 205 3.2 Effective Field Approximation (EFA, Foldy's Approximation) 207 3.3 Quasi-crystalline Approximation (QCA) 210 3.4 Coherent Potential (CP) 213 3.5 Quasi-crystalline Approximation with Coherent Potential (QCA-CP) 216 3.6 Low-Frequency Solutions 219 3.7 QCA-CP for Multiple Species of Particles 224 4 Ward's Identity and Energy Conservation 226 5 Derivation of Radiative Transfer Equation from Ladder Approximation 232 References and Additional Readings 241 CHAPTER 6 QUASI-CRYSTALLINE APPROXIMATION IN DENSE MEDIA SCATTERING 245 1 Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves from a Half-Space of Dielectric Scatterers— Normal Incidence 246 1.1 Coherent Wave Propagation 247 1.2 Effective Phase Velocity and Attenuation Rate in the Low-Frequency Limit 257 1.3 Dispersion Relations at Higher Frequencies 259 2 Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves from a Half-Space of Dielectric Scatterers—Oblique Incidence 266 2.1 Dispersion Relation and Coherent Reflected Wave 266 2.2 Vertically and Horizontally Polarized Incidence 275 3 Cases with Size Distributions 280 3.1 Coherent Field 281 3.2 Incoherent Field Using Distorted Born Approximation 287 4 Dense Media Radiative Transfer Theory Based on Quasi-crystalline Approximation 300 4.1 Phase Matrix, Extinction, Scattering, and Absorption Coefficients 301 4.2 Brightness Temperature Computed with QCA-based DMRT 307 4.3 Numerical Results for Sticky and Non-Sticky Particles 309 References and Additional Readings 319 CHAPTER 7 DENSE MEDIA SCATTERING 323 1 Introduction 324 2 Effective Propagation Constants, Mean Green's Function, and Mean Field for Half-Space DiscreteRandom Medium of Multiple Species 325 3 Derivation of Dense Media Radiative Transfer Equation (DMRT) 329 4 Dense Media Radiative Transfer Equations for Active Remote Sensing 340 5 General Relation between Active and Passive Remote Sensing with Temperature Distribution 344 6 Dense Media Radiative Transfer Equations for Passive Remote Sensing 349 7 Numerical Illustrations of Active and Passive Remote Sensing 351 References and Additional Readings 357 CHAPTER 8 BACKSCATTERING ENHANCEMENT 359 1 Introduction 360 1.1 Volume Scattering 361 1.2 Volume Scattering in the Presence of Reflective Boundary 362 2 Second-Order Volume Scattering Theory of Isotropic Point Scatterers 366 3 Summation of Ladder Terms and Cyclical Terms for Isotropic Point Scatterers 374 3.1 Formulation 375 3.2 Numerical Illustrations 380 4 Anisotropic Scatterers and Diffusion Approximation 385 4.1 Summation of Ladder Terms and Cyclical Terms 386 4.2 Unidirectional Point Source Green's Function 391 4.3 Second-Order Multiple-Scattering Theory 393 4.4 Diffusion Approximation 395 4.5 Numerical Results 399 References and Additional Readings 403 INDEX 407
£151.16
John Wiley & Sons Inc Analysis and Design of Vertical Cavity Surface
Book SynopsisVertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSELs) are a type of semiconductor laser whose optical output is vertically emitted from the surface as opposed to conventional edge emitting semiconductor lasers. This book acts as a practical guide for the modeling of VCSELs. It provides derivations for understanding the operational principles of VCSELs.Trade Review"…very nicely organized…design engineers of VCSELs will find this book the most useful. However, it also provides valuable information to CAD tool designers…" (Optics & Photonics News, June 2005) “…the author’s assessment of the opportunities gives a strong incentive to develop such interest” (Robotica, Vol. 22, 2004)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. 1. Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers - An overview. 2. Simple Design Consideration of Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers. 3. Modal Characteristics of Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers. 4. Polarization Properties of Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers. 5. Thermal Characteristics of Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers. 6. Electrical Characteristics of Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers. 7. Direct Modulation of Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers. 8. Spontaneous Emission of Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers. 9. Nonlinear Characteristics in Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers. Index.
£133.16
John Wiley & Sons Inc Introduction to Optical Waveguide Analysis
Book SynopsisA complete survey of modern design and analysis techniques for optical waveguides This volume thoroughly details modern and widely accepted methods for designing the optical waveguides used in telecommunications systems. It offers a straightforward presentation of the sophisticated techniques used in waveguide analysis and enables a quick grasp of modern numerical methods with easy mathematics. The book is intended to guide the reader to a comprehensive understanding of optical waveguide analysis through self-study. This comprehensive presentation includes: * An extensive and exhaustive list of mathematical manipulations * Detailed explanations of common design methods: finite element method (FEM), finite difference method (FDM), beam propagation method (BPM), and finite difference time-domain method (FD-TDM) * Explanations for numerical solutions of optical waveguide problems with sophisticated techniques used in modern computer-aided design (CAD) softwareTable of ContentsPreface xi 1 Fundamental Equations 1 1.1 Maxwell's Equations 1 1.2 Wave Equations 3 1.3 Poynting Vectors 7 1.4 Boundary Conditions for Electromagnetic Fields 9 Problems 10 Reference 12 2 Analytical Methods 13 2.1 Method for a Three-Layer Slab Optical Waveguide 13 2.2 Effective Index Method 20 2.3 Marcatili's Method 23 2.4 Method for an Optical Fiber 36 Problems 55 References 57 3 Finite-Element Methods 59 3.1 Variational Method 59 3.2 Galerkin Method 68 3.3 Area Coordinates and Triangular Elements 72 3.4 Derivation of Eigenvalue Matrix Equations 84 3.5 Matrix Elements 89 3.6 Programming 105 3.7 Boundary Conditions 110 Problems 113 References 115 4 Finite-Difference Methods 117 4.1 Finite-Difference Approximations 118 4.2 Wave Equations 120 4.3 Finite-Difference Expressions of Wave Equations 127 4.4 Programming 150 4.5 Boundary Conditions 153 4.6 Numerical Example 160 Problems 161 References 164 5 Beam Propagation Methods 165 5.1 Fast Fourier Transform Beam Propagation Method 165 5.2 Finite-Difference Beam Propagation Method 180 5.3 Wide-Angle Analysis Using Fade Approximant Operators 204 5.4 Three-Dimensional Semivectorial Analysis 216 5.5 Three-Dimensional Fully Vectorial Analysis 222 Problems 227 References 230 6 Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method 233 6.1 Discretization of Electromagnetic Fields 233 6.2 Stability Condition 239 6.3 Absorbing Boundary Conditions 241 Problems 245 References 249 7 Schrodinger Equation 251 7.1 Time-Dependent State 251 7.2 Finite-Difference Analysis of Time-Independent State 253 7.3 Finite-Element Analysis of Time-Independent State 254 References 263 Appendix A Vectorial Formulas 265 Appendix B Integration Formula for Area Coordinates 267 Index 273
£124.15
John Wiley & Sons Inc Introduction to Photorefractive Nonlinear Optics
Book SynopsisBridging the gap between theory and practice, it clarifies important phenomena in photorefractive media and shows how to apply these phenomena in actual situations.Table of ContentsElectromagnetic Waves in Crystals. Electromagnetic Propagation in Periodic Media. Photorefractive Effects. Wave Mixing in Photorefractive Media. Photorefractive Resonators. Photorefractive Phase Conjugators. Diffraction Properties of Gratings in Photorefractive Media. Volume Holograms and Planar Holograms. Phase Conjugate Interferometry. Optical Computing. Other Applications. Higher Order Photo-Induced Gratings. Appendices. Indexes.
£216.86
John Wiley & Sons Inc The Fractional Fourier Transform with
Book SynopsisThe discovery of the Fractional Fourier Transform and its role in optics provides an elegant mathematical framework within which to discuss diffraction and other fundamental aspects of optical systems. Easily-accessible, the reference work will serve as the standard reference on Fourier Transforms for many years to come.Trade Review"...[the authors] explain the basic concepts from various perspectives and survey its application in two areas where it is widely used." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 25, No. 4, December 2001)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Introduction. Signals, Systems, and Transformations. Wigner Distributions and Linear Canonical Transforms. The Fractional Fourier Transform. Time-Order and Space-Order Representations. The Discrete Fractional Fourier Transform. Optical Signals and Systems. Phase-Space Optics. The Fractional Fourier Transform in Optics. Applications of the Fractional Fourier Transform to Filtering, Estimation, and Signal Recovery. Applications of the Fractional Fourier Transform to Matched Filtering, Detection, and Pattern Recognition. Bibliography on the Fractional Fourier Transform. Other Cited Works. Credits. Index.
£162.85
John Wiley & Sons Inc Volumetric Image Analysis An Overview
Book SynopsisWritten by a computer vision specialist, this title offers an account of volumetric image analysis techniques. It offers a practical approach to the field including the following topics: preprocessing of volumetric images; obtaining quantitative measurements in volumetric images; and, detection and modelling of objects in volumetric images.Table of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgements xi 1 Introduction 1 Part I: 3D Binary Images 7 2 Basics 9 3 Features of 3D Components 43 4 Operations on 3D Binary Images 61 Part II: 3D Grey Level Images 103 5 Image Enhancement 105 6 Geometric Transformations of Voxel Images 117 7 Surface Segmentation 129 8 Region Segmentation 169 Part III: Modelling and Registration of Objects 177 9 Surface Tiling 181 10 Surface Reconstruction 193 11 Registration 203 Appendix 215 A Displaying Volumetric Images 215 References 225 Index 241
£190.76
John Wiley & Sons Inc Properties of Optical and LaserRelated Materials
Book SynopsisProperties of Optical and Laser-Related Materials-A Handbook offers the reader a self-contained, concise and up-to-date collection of the key properties of 125 of the most common and important optical materials used in modern optics, laser physics and technology, spectroscopy and laser spectroscopy, nonlinear optics, quantum electronics and laser applications. This comprehensive volume presents not only the classical properties but also those that have appeared in the three decades since the invention of the laser. The presentation of the material is given in a clear tabular form with more than 1000 references. A wide variety of readers, ranging from workers in both industry and academia, to lecturers and students at postgraduate and undergraduate levels, will find Properties of Optical and Laser-Related Materials-A Handbook an invaluable resource.Table of ContentsLaser Materials and Their Hosts. Nonliner Optical Crystals. Main Optical Materials. Alkali and Alkaline Earth Halides. Oxides, Sulfides, Selenides and Tellurides. Semiconductors and Other Crystalline Materials. Glasses and Polymers. Liquids. Gases. Appendix. References. Index.
£493.16
John Wiley & Sons Inc Quasioptical Systems
Book Synopsis"The increasing commercial use of millimeter wavelengths for remote sensing, communications, and radar systems has driven the need for new low-cost, high performance systems, and with it, the need for quasioptical systems.Table of ContentsPREFACE. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. Chapter 1: Introduction and Historical Overview. 1.1 What Is Quasioptics? 1.2 Why Quasioptics Is of Interest. 1.3 Historical Overview. 1.4 Organization of This Book. 1.5 Bibliographic Notes. Chapter 2: Gaussian Beam Propagation. 2.1 Derivation of Basic Gaussian Beam Propagation. 2.2 Description of Gaussian Beam Propagation. 2.3 Geometrical Optics Limits of Gaussian Beam Propagation. 2.4 Higher Order Gaussian Beam Mode Solutions of the Paraxial Wave Equation. 2.5 The Size of Gaussian Beam Modes. 2.6 Gaussian Beam Measurement. 2.7 Inverse Formulas for Gaussian Beam Propagation. 2.8 The Paraxial Limit and Improved Solutions to the Wave Equation. 2.9 Alternative Derivation of the Gaussian Beam Propagation Formula. 2.10 Bibliographic Notes. Chapter 3: Gaussian Beam Transformation. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Ray Matrices and the Complex Beam Parameter. 3.3 Gaussian Beam Transformation by Focusing Elements. 3.4 Mode Matching. 3.5 Complex Beam Parameter and Smith Chart Representation. 3.6 Transformation of Higher Order Gaussian Beam Modes. 3.7 Bibliographic Notes. Chapter 4: Gaussian Beam Coupling. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Axially Aligned Beams. 4.3 Tilted Beams. 4.4 Offset Beams. 4.5 Bibliographic Notes. Chapter 5: Practical Aspects of Quasioptical Focusing Elements. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Single-Pixel and Imaging Systems. 5.3 The Eikonal Equation. 5.4 Refractive Focusing Elements. 5.5 Zoned Lenses. 5.6 Zone Plate Lenses. 5.7 Metallic Lenses. 5.8 Reflective Focusing Elements. 5.9 Bibliographic Notes. Chapter 6: Gaussian Beams and Antenna Feed Systems. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Antenna Efficiency and Aperture Illumination. 6.3 Aperture Efficiency. 6.4 Radiation Patterns. 6.5 Extended Sources. 6.6 Defocusing Due to Secondary Motion in Cassegrain Systems. 6.7 Requirements on the Beam Waist. 6.8 Reflection Due to Central Blockage in Cassegrain Systems. 6.9 Bibliographic Notes. Chapter 7: Gaussian Beam Coupling to Radiating Elements. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Expansion in Gaussian Beam Modes: General Considerations. 7.3 Radius of Curvature. 7.4 Beam Radius. 7.5 Beam Waist Location and Complex Amplitudes. 7.6 Gaussian Beam Modes for Feed Elements of Various Types. 7.7 Summary of Fundamental Mode Coupling Coefficients. 7.8 Bibliographic Notes. Chapter 8: Frequency-Independent Quasioptical Components. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Path Length Modulators/Delay Lines. 8.3 Polarization Processing Components. 8.4 Polarization Transducers and Wave Plates. 8.5 Quasioptical Hybrids. 8.6 Quasioptical Attenuators and Power Dividers. 8.7 Quasioptical Ferrite Devices. 8.8 Quasioptical Absorbers and Calibration Loads. 8.9 Bibliographic Notes. Chapter 9: Quasioptical Frequency-Selective Components. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Planar Structures. 9.3 Thick Structure: Perforated Plates. 9.4 Interferometers. 9.5 Interferometers of Other Types. 9.6 Layered Dielectrics. 9.7 Multiple-Grid Filters. 9.8 Diffraction Gratings. 9.9 Resonators. 9.10 Bibliographic Notes. Chapter 10: Quasioptical Active Devices. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Bulk Coupled Quasioptical Devices. 10.3 Quasioptical Planar Arrays. 10.4 Cavity-Coupled Quasioptical Devices. 10.5 Spatial Power Combining. 10.6 Bibliographic Notes. Chapter 11: Quasioptical System Design: Principles and Examples. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Design Methodology and General Guidelines. 11.3 System Design Examples. 11.4 Conclusions. 11.5 Bibliographic Notes. BIBLIOGRAPHY. INDEX. ABOUT THE AUTHOR.
£179.96
John Wiley & Sons Inc Nonlinear Filters for Image Processing
Book SynopsisThis text covers key mathematical principles and algorithms for nonlinear filters used in image processing. It offers insight into the underlying mathematical and filter design methodologies needed to construct and use nonlinear filters in a variety of applications.Table of ContentsPreface. Logical Image Operators (E. Dougherty & J. Barrera). Computational Gray-Scale Operators (E. Dougherty & J. Barrera). Translation-Invariant Set Operators (E. Dougherty). Granulometric Filters (E. Dougherty & Y. Chen) Easy Recipes for Morphological Filters (H. Heijmans). Introduction to Connected Operators (H. Heijmans). Representation and Optimization of Stack Filters (J. Astola & P. Kuosmanen). Invariant Signals of Median and Stack Filters (J. Astola & P. Kuosmanen). Binary Polynomial Transforms and Logical Correlation (K. Egiazarian, et al.). Applications of Binary Polynomial Transforms (K. Egiazarian, et al.). Random Sets in View of Image Filtering Applications (I. Molchanov). Index.
£154.76
New York University Press Our Biometric Future Facial Recognition
Book SynopsisSince the 1960s, a significant effort has been underway to program computers to see the human face and to develop automated systems for identifying faces and distinguishing them from one another - commonly known as Facial Recognition Technology. This book focuses on the politics of developing and deploying these technologies.Trade ReviewThis work is a fascinating, timely investigation of the cultural practices and institutional priorities surrounding automated face perception technologies -- C. Tappert * Choice *A groundbreaking study. Our Biometric Future considers facial recognition technology through its wide range of political entanglements, such as post-9/11 security measures, the management of urban populations in commercial districts, and self-representation in online social networking sites. Across these contexts, Gates shows how facial recognition's political effects have developed in spite of the fact that the technology does not actually work very well. Written with style and wit, Our Biometric Future will resonate with readers in cultural studies, new media, science and technology studies, and anyone interested in surveillance, privacy and security in contemporary life. -- Jonathan Sterne,McGill University, author of The Audible Past: Cultural Origins of Sound ReproductionGates deftly explores the cultural work performed by facial recognition technologies, and in so doing demonstrates considerable skill in the critical analysis of emergent technologies. This book represents a significant contribution to our understanding about the ongoing elaboration of surveillance society throughout the globe. -- Anne Balsamo,author of Technologies of the Gendered BodyGiven its spotty track record, it's hard to see why facial recognition technology has so quickly become one of the most widely used forms of biometrics (second only to fingerprints). Kelly Gates' Our Biometric Future, a thorough exploration of FRT's relatively short history, provides some clues...[an] impressive book. * London Review of Books *Table of ContentsAcknowledgmentsIntroduction1 "Self-Motivating Exhilaration": On the Cultural Sources of Computer Communication2 Romanticism and the Machine: The Formation of the Computer Counterculture3 Missing the Net: The 1980s, Microcomputers, and the Rise of Neoliberalism4 Networks and the Social Imagination5 The Moment of Wired6 Open Source, the Expressive Programmer, and the Problem of PropertyConclusion: Capitalism, Passions, Democracy NotesIndex About the Author
£22.79
Cambridge University Press A Students Guide to Atomic Physics
Book SynopsisThis concise and accessible book provides a detailed introduction to the fundamental principles of atomic physics at an undergraduate level. Concepts are explained in an intuitive way and the book assumes only a basic knowledge of quantum mechanics and electromagnetism. With a compact format specifically designed for students, the first part of the book covers the key principles of the subject, including the quantum theory of the hydrogen atom, radiative transitions, the shell model of multi-electron atoms, spin-orbit coupling, and the effects of external fields. The second part provides an introduction to the four key applications of atomic physics: lasers, cold atoms, solid-state spectroscopy and astrophysics. This highly pedagogical text includes worked examples and end of chapter problems to allow students to test their knowledge, as well as numerous diagrams of key concepts, making it perfect for undergraduate students looking for a succinct primer on the concepts and applications of atomic physics.Trade Review'Today a thorough understanding of atomic and molecular physics is surely a prerequisite for a career in astrophysics, especially now that the entire electromagnetic spectrum of many astronomical objects may be open to quantitative examination. Given the need for a sound understanding, the question becomes, how are students to develop a serious interest in atomic and molecular physics? This book by Mark Fox deserves consideration for an atomic-physics course taken by physics (and other) students in the second half of their undergraduate career … I welcome this book for its clear exposition of the basic ideas on atomic structure and spectra. … The health of spectroscopic astrophysics demands that young bright minds are brought into the field in every generation. Texts like that by Mark Fox have a crucial role to play in this context.' David L. Lambert, The Observatory'Well-chosen worked examples are liberally sprinkled through all the chapters. This is an invaluable aid to the reader … The text is clear to read and understand, and only a basic understanding of quantum mechanics and electromagnetism is required … The harder mathematical concepts are hidden away in Appendices, so they are still available for the more intrepid reader, but do not spoil the flow of the main text … I would agree that the material is pitched at the second or third year of a UK undergraduate physics course, but it would also be useful for specialists in other fields starting out in the world of atomic physics.' Stephen H. Ashworth, Contemporary Physics'This is a well-constructed book with a great many exercises at the end of each chapter. These exercises are of tremendous value, enabling students to solve a wide variety of problems in the subject. I would recommend this book for anyone who wanted a basic understanding of atomic physics.' Trevor Bailey, Mathematics TodayTable of ContentsPreface; List of symbols; Part I. Fundamental Principles: 1. Preliminary concepts; 2. Hydrogen; 3. Radiative transitions; 4. The shell model and alkali spectra; 5. Angular momentum; 6. Helium and exchange symmetry; 7. Fine structure and nuclear effects; 8. External fields: the Zeeman and Stark effects; Part II. Applications of Atomic Physics: 9. Stimulated emission and lasers; 10. Cold atoms; 11. Atomic physics applied to the solid state; 12. Atomic physics in astronomy; Appendix A. The reduced mass; Appendix B. Mathematical solutions for the hydrogen Schrödinger equation; Appendix C. Helium energy integrals; Appendix D. Perturbation theory of the Stark effect; Appendix E. Laser dynamics; Bibliography; Index.
£19.99
John Wiley & Sons Inc Fundamentals of Microwave Photonics
Book SynopsisA comprehensive resource to designing and constructing analog photonic links capable of high RF performance Fundamentals of Microwave Photonics provides a comprehensive description of analog optical links from basic principles to applications. The book is organized into four parts.Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Enabling Technological Advances and Benefits of Fiber Optic Links 6 1.2 Analog Versus Digital Fiber Optic Links 13 1.3 Basic Fiber Optic Components 18 1.4 Analog Links Within RF Systems 27 References 28 2 Analog Performance Metrics 33 2.1 The Scattering Matrix 34 2.2 Noise Figure 36 2.3 Dynamic Range 39 2.3.1 Compression Dynamic Range 39 2.3.2 Spurious-Free Dynamic Range 43 2.4 Cascade Analysis 52 References 54 3 Sources of Noise in Fiber Optic Links 57 3.1 Basic Concepts 58 3.2 Thermal Noise 62 3.3 Shot Noise 69 3.4 Lasers 74 3.5 Optical Amplifiers 93 3.5.1 Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers 94 3.5.2 Raman and Brillouin Fiber Amplifiers 108 3.5.3 Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers 112 3.6 Photodetection 113 References 117 4 Distortion in Fiber Optic Links 124 4.1 Introduction 124 4.2 Distortion in Electrical-to-Optical Conversion 130 4.3 Optical Amplifier Distortion 134 4.4 Photodetector Distortion 138 4.4.1 Photodetector Distortion Measurement Systems 141 4.4.2 Photodetector Nonlinear Mechanisms 144 References 161 5 Propagation Effects 166 5.1 Introduction 166 5.2 Double Rayleigh Scattering 168 5.3 RF Phase in Fiber Optic Links 170 5.4 Chromatic Dispersion 173 5.5 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering 184 5.6 Stimulated Raman Scattering 190 5.7 Cross-Phase Modulation 193 5.8 Four-Wave Mixing 198 5.9 Polarization Effects 200 References 205 6 External Intensity Modulation with Direct Detection 212 6.1 Concept and Link Architectures 213 6.2 Signal Transfer and Gain 216 6.3 Noise and Performance Metrics 233 6.3.1 General Equations 234 6.3.2 Shot-Noise-Limited Equations 242 6.3.3 RIN-Limited Equations 247 6.3.4 Trade Space Analysis 250 6.4 Photodetector Issues and Solutions 251 6.5 Linearization Techniques 260 6.6 Propagation Effects 264 References 270 7 External Phase Modulation with Interferometric Detection 273 7.1 Introduction 273 7.2 Signal Transfer and Gain 275 7.3 Noise and Performance Metrics 287 7.4 Linearization Techniques 295 7.5 Propagation Effects 299 7.6 Other Techniques for Optical Phase Demodulation 304 References 308 8 Other Analog Optical Modulation Methods 312 8.1 Direct Laser Modulation 313 8.1.1 Direct Intensity Modulation 314 8.1.2 Direct Frequency Modulation 319 8.2 Suppressed Carrier Modulation with a Low Biased MZM 321 8.3 Single-Sideband Modulation 328 8.4 Sampled Analog Optical Links 330 8.4.1 RF Downconversion Via Sampled Analog Optical Links 333 8.4.2 Mitigation of Stimulated Brillouin Scattering with Sampled Links 336 8.5 Polarization Modulation 340 References 344 9 High Current Photodetectors 351 9.1 Photodetector Compression 352 9.2 Effects Due to Finite Series Resistance 355 9.3 Thermal Limitations 359 9.4 Space-Charge Effects 365 9.5 Photodetector Power Conversion Efficiency 370 9.6 State of the Art for Power Photodetectors 376 References 378 10 Applications and Trends 383 10.1 Point-to-Point Links 384 10.2 Analog Fiber Optic Delay Lines 393 10.3 Photonic-Based RF Signal Processing 398 10.3.1 Wideband Channelization 399 10.3.2 Instantaneous Frequency Measurement 401 10.3.3 Downconversion 404 10.3.4 Phased-Array Beamforming 405 10.4 Photonic Methods for RF Signal Generation 407 10.5 Millimeter-Wave Photonics 415 10.6 Integrated Microwave Photonics 419 References 427 Appendix I Units and Physical Constants 446 Appendix II Electromagnetic Radiation 450 Appendix III Power, Voltage and Current for a Sinusoid 453 Appendix IV Trigonometric Functions 455 Appendix V Fourier Transforms 458 Appendix VI Bessel Functions 460 Index 463
£102.56
John Wiley & Sons Inc Amorphous Semiconductors
Book SynopsisAmorphous semiconductors are subtances in the amorphous solid state that have the properties of a semiconductor and which are either covalent or tetrahedrally bonded amorphous semiconductors or chelcogenide glasses. Developed from both a theoretical and experimental viewpoint Deals with, amongst others, preparation techniques, structural, optical and electronic properties, and lightinduced phenomena Explores different types of amorphous semiconductorsincluding amorphous silicon, amorphous semiconducting oxides and chalcogenide glasses Applications include solar cells, thin film transistors, sensors, optical memory devices and flat screen devices including televisions Table of ContentsSeries Preface xi Preface xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 General Aspects of Amorphous Semiconductors 1 1.2 Chalcogenide Glasses 3 1.3 Applications of Amorphous Semiconductors 3 References 3 2 Preparation Techniques 5 2.1 Growth of a‐Si:H Films 5 2.1.1 PECVD Technique 5 2.1.2 HWCVD Technique 6 2.2 Growth of Amorphous Chalcogenides 6 References 8 3 Structural Properties of Amorphous Silicon and Amorphous Chalcogenides 11 3.1 General Aspects 11 3.1.1 Definitions of Crystalline and Noncrystalline 11 3.2 Optical Spectroscopy 12 3.2.1 Raman Scattering 12 3.2.2 Infrared Absorption 13 3.3 Neutron Diffraction 15 3.3.1 Diffraction Measurements on Amorphous Silicon 17 3.3.2 Diffraction Measurements on Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon 18 3.3.3 Diffraction Measurements on Amorphous Germanium 19 3.3.4 Diffraction Measurements on Amorphous Selenium 19 3.4 Computer Simulations 20 3.4.1 Monte Carlo‐Type Methods for Structure Derivation 20 3.4.2 Atomic Interactions 21 3.4.3 a‐Si Models Constructed by Monte Carlo Simulation 25 3.4.4 Reverse Monte Carlo Methods 26 3.4.5 a‐Si Model Constructed by RMC Simulation 28 3.4.6 a‐Se Model Constructed by RMC Simulation 30 3.4.7 Molecular Dynamics Simulation 32 3.4.8 a‐Si Model Construction by Molecular Dynamics Simulation 34 3.4.9 a‐Si:H Model Construction by Molecular Dynamics Simulation 34 3.4.10 a‐Se Model Construction by Molecular Dynamics Simulation 35 3.4.11 Car and Parrinello Method 38 References 38 4 Electronic Structure of Amorphous Semiconductors 43 4.1 Bonding Structures 43 4.1.1 Bonding Structures in Column IV Elements 44 4.1.2 Bonding Structures in Column VI Elements 45 4.2 Electronic Structure of Amorphous Semiconductors 46 4.3 Fermi Energy of Amorphous Semiconductors 47 4.4 Differences between Amorphous and Crystalline Semiconductors 49 4.5 Charge Distribution in Pure Amorphous Semiconductors 49 4.6 Density of States in Pure Amorphous Semiconductors 52 4.7 Dangling Bonds 54 4.8 Doping 57 References 58 5 Electronic and Optical Properties of Amorphous Silicon 61 5.1 Introduction 61 5.2 Band Tails and Structural Defects 62 5.2.1 Introduction 62 5.2.2 Band Tails 62 5.2.3 Structural Defects 66 5.3 Recombination Processes 68 5.3.1 Introduction 68 5.3.2 Radiative Recombination 68 5.3.3 Nonradiative Recombination 70 5.3.4 Recombination Processes and Recombination Centers in a‐Si:H 72 5.3.5 Spin‐Dependent Recombination 73 5.4 Electrical Properties 74 5.4.1 DC Conduction 74 5.4.2 AC Conduction 80 5.4.3 Hall Effect 87 5.4.4 Thermoelectric Power 88 5.4.5 Doping Effect 89 5.5 Optical Properties 92 5.5.1 Fundamental Optical Absorption 92 5.5.2 Weak Absorption 94 5.5.3 Photoluminescence 96 5.5.4 Frequency‐Resolved Spectroscopy (FRS) 96 5.5.5 Photoconductivity 101 5.5.6 Dispersive Photoconduction 109 5.6 Electron Magnetic Resonance and Spin‐Dependent Properties 112 5.6.1 Introduction 112 5.6.2 Electron Magnetic Resonance 112 5.6.3 Spin‐Dependent Properties 128 5.7 Light‐Induced Phenomena and Light‐Induced Defect Creation 131 5.7.1 Introduction 131 5.7.2 Light‐Induced Phenomena 132 5.7.3 Light‐Induced Defect Creation 134 References 145 6 Electronic and Optical Properties of Amorphous Chalcogenides 157 6.1 Historical Overview of Chalcogenide Glasses 157 6.1.1 Applications 157 6.1.2 Science 158 6.2 Basic Glass Science 159 6.2.1 Glass Formation 159 6.2.2 Glass Transition Temperature 160 6.2.3 Crystallization of Glasses 162 6.3 Electrical Properties 165 6.3.1 Electronic Transport 165 6.3.2 Ionic Transport 170 6.4 Optical Properties 175 6.4.1 Fundamental Optical Absorption 175 6.4.2 Urbach and Weak Absorption Tails 178 6.4.3 Photoluminescence 179 6.4.4 Photoconduction 183 6.5 The Nature of Defects, and Defect Spectroscopy 191 6.5.1 Electron Spin Resonance 196 6.5.2 Optical Absorption 197 6.5.3 Primary Photoconductivity 197 6.5.4 Secondary Photoconductivity 197 6.5.5 Electrophotography 199 6.5.6 Electronic Transport 199 6.6 Light‐Induced Effects in Chalcogenides 200 6.6.1 Electron Spin Resonance 200 6.6.2 Optical Absorption 202 6.6.3 Photoluminescence 203 6.6.4 Photoconductivity 205 6.6.5 Electronic Transport 206 6.6.6 Defect Creation Kinetics 207 6.6.7 Structure‐Related Properties 210 References 218 7 Other Amorphous Material Systems 231 7.1 Amorphous Carbon and Related Materials 231 7.1.1 Basic Structure of a‐C (sp2 Hybrids) 232 7.1.2 Preparation Techniques 233 7.1.3 Brief Review of Structural Studies on Amorphous Carbon 233 7.1.4 Applications 234 7.2 Amorphous Oxide Semiconductors 235 7.2.1 Preparation Techniques 235 7.2.2 Optical Properties 236 7.2.3 Electronic Properties 237 7.2.4 Applications 239 7.3 Metal‐Containing Amorphous Chalcogenides 239 7.3.1 Preparation Techniques 240 7.3.2 Structure of Ag‐Chs and Related Physical Properties 240 7.3.3 Photodoping 241 7.3.4 Applications 242 References 242 8 Applications 247 8.1 Devices Using a‐Si:H 247 8.1.1 Photovoltaics 247 8.1.2 Thin‐Film Transistors 248 8.2 Devices Using a‐Chs 249 8.2.1 Phase‐Change Materials 249 8.2.2 Direct X‐ray Image Sensors for Medical Use 257 8.2.3 High‐Gain Avalanche Rushing Amorphous Semiconductor Vidicon 258 8.2.4 Optical Fibers and Waveguides 260 References 261 Index 265
£107.96
John Wiley & Sons Inc Statistical Optics
Book SynopsisThis book discusses statistical methods that are useful for treating problems in modern optics, and the application of these methods to solving a variety of such problems This book covers a variety of statistical problems in optics, including both theory and applications. The text covers the necessary background in statistics, statistical properties of light waves of various types, the theory of partial coherence and its applications, imaging with partially coherent light, atmospheric degradations of images, and noise limitations in the detection of light. New topics have been introduced in the second edition, including: Analysis of the Vander Pol oscillator model of laser light Coverage on coherence tomography and coherence multiplexing of fiber sensors An expansion of the chapter on imaging with partially coherent light, including several new examples An expanded section on speckle and its properties New sections on thTrade Review“I recommend this updated, comprehensive textbook and reference for its clear writing, detailed mathematical derivations, physical insights, reworked figures, extensive references, problem sets with solutions, mathematical appendices and an index.” (Optics & Photonics News, 31 July 2015) Table of Contents1 Introduction 1 1.1 Deterministic Versus Statistical Phenomena and Models 2 1.2 Statistical Phenomena in Optics 3 1.3 An Outline of the Book 5 2 Random Variables 6 2.1 Definitions of Probability and Random Variables 6 2.2 Distribution Functions and Density Functions 8 2.3 Extension to Two or More Joint Random Variables 12 2.4 Statistical Averages 14 2.5 Transformations of Random Variables 20 2.6 Sums of Real Random Variables 27 2.7 Gaussian Random Variables 32 2.8 Complex-Valued Random Variables 37 2.9 Random Phasor Sums 42 2.10 Poisson Random Variables 52 3 Random Processes 56 3.1 Definition and Description of a Random Process 56 3.2 Stationarity and Ergodicity 59 3.3 Spectral Analysis of Random Processes 64 3.4 Autocorrelation Functions and the Wiener–Khinchin Theorem 69 3.5 Cross-Correlation Functions and Cross-Spectral Densities 75 3.6 Gaussian Random Processes 78 3.7 Poisson Impulse Processes 80 3.8 Random Processes Derived from Analytic Signals 93 3.9 The Circular Complex Gaussian Random Process 101 3.10 The Karhunen–Loève Expansion 102 4 Some First-Order Statistical Properties of Light 109 4.1 Propagation of Light 110 4.2 Thermal Light 114 4.3 Partially Polarized Thermal Light 119 4.4 Single-Mode Laser Light 130 4.5 Multimode Laser Light 143 4.6 Pseudothermal Light Produced by Passing Laser Light Through a Changing Diffuser 148 5 Temporal and Spatial Coherence of Optical Waves 152 5.1 Temporal Coherence 153 5.2 Spatial Coherence 172 5.3 Separability of Spatial and Temporal Coherence Effects 188 5.4 Propagation of Mutual Coherence 191 5.5 Special Forms of the Mutual Coherence Function 196 5.6 Diffraction of Partially Coherent Light by a Transmitting Structure 202 5.7 The Van Cittert–Zernike Theorem 208 5.8 A Generalized Van Cittert–Zernike Theorem 214 5.9 Ensemble-Average Coherence 218 6 Some Problems Involving Higher-Order Coherence 227 6.1 Statistical Properties of the Integrated Intensity of Thermal or Pseudothermal Light 228 6.2 Statistical Properties of Mutual Intensity with Finite Measurement Time 243 6.3 Classical Analysis of the Intensity Interferometer 249 7 Effects of Partial Coherence in Imaging Systems 262 7.1 Preliminaries 263 7.2 Space-Domain Calculation of Image Intensity 269 7.3 Frequency Domain Calculation of the Image Intensity Spectrum 274 7.4 The Incoherent and Coherent Limits 280 7.5 Some Examples 286 7.6 Image Formation as an Interferometric Process 293 7.7 The Speckle Effect in Imaging 308 8 Imaging Through Randomly Inhomogeneous Media 323 8.1 Effects of Thin Random Screens on Image Quality 324 8.2 Random-Phase Screens 328 8.3 The Earth’s Atmosphere as a Thick Phase Screen 336 8.4 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Through the Inhomogeneous Atmosphere 344 8.5 The Long-Exposure OTF 352 8.6 The Short-Exposure OTF 375 8.7 Stellar Speckle Interferometry 382 8.8 The Cross-Spectrum or Knox–Thompson Technique 392 8.9 The Bispectrum Technique 398 8.10 Adaptive Optics 401 8.11 Generality of the Theoretical Results 404 8.12 Imaging Laser-Illuminated Objects through a Turbulent Atmosphere 406 9 Fundamental Limits in Photoelectric Detection of Light 415 9.1 The Semiclassical Model for Photoelectric Detection 416 9.2 Effects of Random Fluctuations of the Classical Intensity 417 9.3 The Degeneracy Parameter 429 9.4 Noise Limitations of the Amplitude Interferometer at Low Light Levels 439 9.5 Noise Limitations of the Intensity Interferometer at Low Light Levels 449 9.6 Noise Limitations in Stellar Speckle Interferometry 456 Appendix A The Fourier Transform 471 A.1 Fourier Transform Definitions 471 A.2 Basic Properties of the Fourier Transform 473 A.3 Tables of Fourier Transforms 476 Appendix B Random Phasor Sums 478 Appendix C The Atmospheric Filter Functions 484 Appendix D Analysis of Stellar Speckle Interferometry 489 Appendix E Fourth-Order Moment of the Spectrum of a Detected Speckle Image 493 Bibliography 496 Index 509
£87.26
John Wiley & Sons Inc OLED Display Fundamentals and Applications
Book SynopsisThis new edition specifically addresses the most recent and relevant developments in the design and manufacture of OLED displays Provides knowledge of OLED fundamentals and related technologies for applications such as displays and solid state lighting along with processing and manufacturing technologies Serves as a reference for people engaged in OLED research, manufacturing, applications and marketing Includes coverage of white + color filter technology, which has become industry standard technology for large televisions Table of ContentsAbout the Author xi Preface xiii Series Editor’s Foreword to the Second Edition xv 1 Introduction 1 References 5 2 OLED Devices 7 2.1 OLED Definition 7 2.1.1 History of OLED Research and Development 7 2.1.2 Luminescent Effects in Nature 8 2.1.3 Difference Between OLED, LED, and Inorganic ELs 11 2.1.3.1 Inorganic EL 11 2.1.3.2 LED 11 2.2 Basic Device Structure 12 2.3 Basic Light Emission Mechanism 14 2.3.1 Potential Energy of Molecules 14 2.3.2 Highest Occupied and Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbitals (HOMO and LUMO) 15 2.3.3 Configuration of Two Electrons 17 2.3.4 Spin Function 20 2.3.5 Singlet and Triplet Excitons 20 2.3.6 Charge Injection from Electrodes 24 2.3.6.1 Charge Injection by Schottky Thermionic Emission 25 2.3.6.2 Tunneling Injection 28 2.3.6.3 Vacuum-Level Shift 28 2.3.7 Charge Transfer and Recombination 29 2.3.7.1 Charge Transfer Behavior 29 2.3.7.2 Space-Charge-Limited Current 29 2.3.7.3 Poole–Frenkel conduction 32 2.3.7.4 Recombination and Generation of Excitons 33 2.4 Emission Efficiency 36 2.4.1 Internal/External Quantum Efficiency 36 2.4.2 Energy Conversion and Quenching 37 2.4.2.1 Internal Conversion 37 2.4.2.2 Intersystem Crossing 37 2.4.2.3 Doping 38 2.4.2.4 Quenching 40 2.4.3 Outcoupling Efficiency of OLED Display 42 2.4.3.1 Light Output Distribution 42 2.4.3.2 Snell’s Law and Critical Angle 43 2.4.3.3 Loss Due to Light Extraction 44 2.4.3.4 Performance Enhancement by Molecular Alignment 45 2.5 Lifetime and Image Burning 46 2.5.1 Lifetime Definitions 46 2.5.2 Degradation Analysis and Design Optimization 47 2.5.3 Degradation Measurement and Mechanisms 50 2.5.3.1 Acceleration Factor and Temperature Contribution 50 2.5.3.2 Degradation Mechanism Variation 50 2.6 Technologies to Enhance the Device Performance 51 2.6.1 Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence 51 2.6.2 Other Types of Excited States 53 2.6.2.1 Excimer and Exciplex 53 2.6.2.2 Charge-Transfer Complex 53 2.6.3 Charge Generation Layer 54 References 56 3 OLED Manufacturing Process 61 3.1 Material Preparation 61 3.1.1 Basic Material Properties 61 3.1.1.1 Hole Injection Material 61 3.1.1.2 Hole Transportation Material 62 3.1.1.3 Emission Layer Material 62 3.1.1.4 Electron Transportation Material and Charge Blocking Material 63 3.1.2 Purification Process 67 3.2 Evaporation Process 68 3.2.1 Principle 68 3.2.2 Evaporation Sources 72 3.2.2.1 Resistive Heating Method 72 3.2.2.2 Electron Beam Evaporation 75 3.2.2.3 Monitoring Thickness Using a Quartz Oscillator 76 3.3 Encapsulation 79 3.3.1 Dark Spot and Edge Growth Defects 79 3.3.2 Light Emission from the Bottom and Top of the OLED Device 80 3.3.3 Bottom Emission and perimeter sealing 81 3.3.4 Top Emission 82 3.3.5 Encapsulation Technologies and Measurement 83 3.3.5.1 Thin-Film Encapsulation 84 3.3.5.2 Face Sealing Encapsulation 87 3.3.5.3 Frit Encapsulation 88 3.3.5.4 WVTR Measurement 88 3.4 Problem Analysis 91 3.4.1 Ionization Potential Measurement 91 3.4.2 Electron Affinity Measurement 92 3.4.3 HPLC Analysis 93 3.4.4 Cyclic Voltammetry 94 References 96 4 OLED Display Module 99 4.1 Comparison Between OLED and LCD Modules 99 4.2 Basic Display Design and Related Characteristics 101 4.2.1 Luminous Intensity, Luminance, and Illuminance 101 4.2.1.1 Luminous Intensity 101 4.2.1.2 Luminance 102 4.2.1.3 Illuminance 103 4.2.1.4 Metrics Summary 104 4.2.1.5 Helmholtz–Kohlrausch Effect 106 4.2.2 OLED Current Efficiencies and Power Efficacies 106 4.2.3 Color Reproduction 109 4.2.4 Uniform Color Space 115 4.2.5 White Point Determination 116 4.2.6 Color Boost 119 4.2.7 Viewing Condition 120 4.3 Passive-Matrix OLED Display 121 4.3.1 Structure 121 4.3.2 Pixel Driving 122 4.4 Active-Matrix OLED Display 125 4.4.1 OLED Module Components 125 4.4.2 Two-Transistor One-Capacitor (2T1C) Driving Circuit 127 4.4.3 Ambient Performance 136 4.4.3.1 Living Room Contrast Ratio 136 4.4.3.2 Chroma Reduction Due to Ambient Light 137 4.4.4 Subpixel Rendering 138 References 139 5 OLED Color Patterning Technologies 143 5.1 Color-Patterning Technologies 143 5.1.1 Shadow Mask Patterning 143 5.1.1.1 Shadow Mask Process 143 5.1.1.2 Blue Common Layer 146 5.1.1.3 Polychromatic Pixel 147 5.1.2 White+Color Filter Patterning 148 5.1.3 Color Conversion Medium (CCM) Patterning 149 5.1.4 Laser-Induced Thermal Imaging (LITI) Method 149 5.1.5 Radiation-Induced Sublimation Transfer (RIST) Method 151 5.1.6 Dual-Plate OLED Display (DOD) Method 152 5.1.7 Other Methods 153 5.2 Solution-Processed Materials and Technologies 153 5.3 Next-Generation OLED Manufacturing Tools 158 5.3.1 Vapor Injection Source Technology (VIST) Deposition 158 5.3.2 Hot-Wall Method 163 5.3.3 Organic Vapor-Phase Deposition (OVPD) Method 164 References 165 6 TFT and Driving for Active-Matrix Display 167 6.1 TFT Structure 167 6.2 TFT Process 169 6.2.1 Low-Temperature Polysilicon Process Overview 169 6.2.2 Thin-Film Formation 172 6.2.3 Patterning Technique 173 6.2.4 Excimer Laser Crystallization 177 6.3 MOSFET Basics 180 6.4 LTPS-TFT-Driven OLED Display Design 183 6.4.1 OFF Current 183 6.4.2 Driver TFT Size Restriction 184 6.4.3 Restriction Due to Voltage Drop 185 6.4.4 LTPS-TFT Pixel Compensation Circuit 190 6.4.4.1 Voltage Programming 190 6.4.4.2 Current Programming 192 6.4.4.3 External Compensation Method 193 6.4.4.4 Digital Driving 194 6.4.5 Circuit Integration by LTPS-TFT 197 6.5 TFT Technologies for OLED Displays 200 6.5.1 Selective Annealing Method 200 6.5.1.1 Sequential Lateral Solidification (SLS) Method 200 6.5.1.2 Selective Annealing by Microlens Array 200 6.5.2 Microcrystalline and Superamorphous Silicon 202 6.5.3 Solid-Phase Crystallization 205 6.5.3.1 MIC and MILC Methods 205 6.5.3.2 AMFC Method 205 6.5.4 Oxide Semiconductors 207 References 210 7 OLED Television Applications 215 7.1 Performance Target 215 7.2 Scalability Concept 217 7.2.1 Relationship between Defect Density and Production Yield 217 7.2.1.1 Purpose of Yield Simulation 217 7.2.1.2 Defective Pixel Number Estimation Using the Poisson Equation 217 7.2.2 Scalable Technology 217 7.2.2.1 Scalability 218 7.3 Murdoch’s Algorithm to Achieve Low Power and Wide Color Gamut 219 7.3.1 A Method for Achieving Both Low Power and Wide Color Gamut 219 7.3.2 RGBW Driving Algorithm 221 7.4 An Approach to Achieve 100% NTSC Color Gamut With Low Power Consumption Using White + Color Filter 224 7.4.1 Consideration of Performance Difference between W-RGB and W-RGBW Method 224 7.4.1.1 Issues of White+Color Filter Method for Large Displays 224 7.4.1.2 Analysis of W-RGBW Approach to Circumvent Its Trade-off Situation 224 7.4.1.3 Design of a Prototype to Demonstrate That Low Power Consumption Can Be Achieved with Large Color Gamut 229 7.4.1.4 Product-Level Performance Demonstration by the Combination of Scalable Technologies 230 References 233 8 New OLED Applications 235 8.1 Flexible Display/Wearable Displays 235 8.1.1 Flexible Display Applications 235 8.1.2 Flexible Display Substrates 235 8.1.3 Laser Liftoff Process 236 8.1.4 Barrier Technology for Flexible Displays 240 8.1.5 Organic TFTs for Flexible Displays 241 8.1.5.1 Organic Semiconductor Materials 242 8.1.5.2 Organic TFT Device Structure and Processing 243 8.1.5.3 Organic TFT Characteristics 245 8.2 Transparent Displays 245 8.3 Tiled Display 247 8.3.1 Passive-Matrix Tiling 247 8.3.2 Active-Matrix Tiling 248 References 252 9 OLED Lighting 255 9.1 Performance Improvement of OLED Lighting 255 9.2 Color Rendering Index 257 9.3 OLED Lighting Requirement 259 9.3.1 Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 260 9.3.2 Other Requirements 262 9.4 Light Extraction Enhancement of OLED Lighting 262 9.4.1 Various Light Absorption Mechanisms 262 9.4.2 Microlens Array Structure 266 9.4.3 Diffusion Structure 266 9.4.4 Diffraction Structure 268 9.4.5 Reduction of Plasmon Absorption 268 9.4.5.1 Plasmonic Loss Mechanism 268 9.5 Color Tunable OLED Lighting 269 9.6 OLED Lighting Design 272 9.6.1 Resistance Reduction 272 9.6.2 Current Reduction 272 9.7 Roll-to-Roll OLED Lighting Manufacturing 273 References 275 Appendix 277 Index 281
£76.46
John Wiley & Sons Inc Materials Science and Technology of Optical
Book SynopsisCovers the fundamental science of grinding and polishing by examining the chemical and mechanical interactions over many scale lengths Manufacturing next generation optics has been, and will continue to be, enablers for enhancing the performance of advanced laser, imaging, and spectroscopy systems. This book reexamines the age-old field of optical fabrication from a materials-science perspective, specifically the multiple, complex interactions between the workpiece (optic), slurry, and lap. It also describes novel characterization and fabrication techniques to improve and better understand the optical fabrication process, ultimately leading to higher quality optics with higher yield. Materials Science and Technology of Optical Fabrication is divided into two major parts. The first part describes the phenomena and corresponding process parameters affecting both the grinding and polishing processes during optical fabrication. It then relates them to the critical resulting properties oTable of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xvii Glossary of Symbols and Abbreviations xix Part I Fundamental Interactions – Materials Science 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Optical-Fabrication Processes 3 1.2 Major Characteristics of the Optical-Fabrication Process 7 1.3 Material Removal Mechanisms 11 References 12 2 Surface Figure 15 2.1 The Preston Equation 15 2.2 The Preston Coefficient 16 2.3 Friction at Interface 19 2.4 Kinematics and Relative Velocity 22 2.5 Pressure Distribution 25 2.5.1 Applied Pressure Distribution 26 2.5.2 Elastic Lap Response 27 2.5.3 Hydrodynamic Forces 28 2.5.4 Moment Forces 31 2.5.5 Viscoelastic and Viscoplastic Lap Properties 34 2.5.5.1 Viscoelastic Lap 34 2.5.5.2 Viscoplastic Lap 38 2.5.6 Workpiece–Lap Mismatch 38 2.5.6.1 Workpiece Shape 41 2.5.6.2 PadWear/Deformation 42 2.5.6.3 Workpiece Bending 44 2.5.6.4 Residual Grinding Stress 47 2.5.6.5 Temperature 51 2.5.6.6 Global Pad Properties 56 2.5.6.7 Slurry Spatial Distribution 58 2.5.6.8 Local Nonlinear Material Deposits 60 2.6 Deterministic Surface Figure 63 References 68 3 Surface Quality 75 3.1 Subsurface Mechanical Damage 75 3.1.1 Indentation Fracture Mechanics 76 3.1.1.1 Static Indentation 76 3.1.1.2 Edge Chipping and Bevels 81 3.1.1.3 Sliding Indentation 84 3.1.1.4 Impact Indentation Fracture 87 3.1.2 SSD During Grinding 92 3.1.2.1 Subsurface Mechanical Depth Distributions 92 3.1.2.2 Relationship of Roughness and Average Crack Length to the Maximum SSD Depth 97 3.1.2.3 Fraction of Abrasive Particles Mechanically Loaded 98 3.1.2.4 Relationship Between the Crack Length and Depth 100 3.1.2.5 SSD Depth-distribution Shape 102 3.1.2.6 Effect of Various Grinding Parameters on SSD Depth Distributions 104 3.1.2.7 Rogue Particles During Grinding 106 3.1.2.8 Conclusions on Grinding SSD 108 3.1.3 SSD During Polishing 109 3.1.4 Effect of Etching on SSD 118 3.1.4.1 Topographical Changes of SSD During Etching 120 3.1.4.2 Influence of SDD Distribution on Etch Rate and Roughness 123 3.1.5 Strategies to Minimize SSD 127 3.2 Debris Particles and Residue 129 3.2.1 Particles 130 3.2.2 Residue 132 3.2.3 Cleaning Strategies and Methods 134 3.3 The Beilby Layer 136 3.3.1 K Penetration by Two-step Diffusion 140 3.3.2 Ce Penetration by Chemical Reactivity 142 3.3.3 Chemical–Structural–Mechanical Model of the Beilby Layer and Polishing Process 145 References 148 4 Surface Roughness 157 4.1 Single-Particle Removal Function 157 4.2 Beilby Layer Properties 166 4.3 Slurry PSD 167 4.4 Pad Mechanical Properties and Topography 170 4.5 Slurry Interface Interactions 174 4.5.1 Slurry Islands and μ-roughness 174 4.5.2 Colloidal Stability of Particles in Slurry 180 4.5.3 Glass Reaction Product Buildup at Polishing Interface 184 4.5.4 Three-Body Forces at Polishing Interface 185 4.6 Slurry Redeposition 187 4.7 Predicting Roughness 192 4.7.1 EHMG – The Ensemble Hertzian Multi-gap Model 192 4.7.1.1 Pad Deflection and Fraction of Pad Area Making Contact 194 4.7.1.2 Asperity Stress, Interface Gap, Load/Particle Distribution, and Fraction of Active Particles 194 4.7.1.3 Single Particle Removal Function and Load per Particle Distribution 196 4.7.1.4 Monte Carlo Workpiece Roughness Simulation 196 4.7.2 IDG Island-distribution Gap Model 199 4.8 Strategies to Reduce Roughness 204 4.8.1 Strategy 1: Reduce or Narrow the Load-per-particle Distribution 204 4.8.2 Strategy 2: Modify the Removal Function of a Given Slurry 204 References 207 5 Material Removal Rate 211 5.1 Grinding Material Removal Rate 211 5.2 Polishing Material Removal Rate 217 5.2.1 Deviations from Macroscopic Preston Equation 217 5.2.2 Macroscopic Material Removal Trends from Microscopic/Molecular Phenomena 219 5.2.3 Factors Affecting Single-particle Removal Function 226 5.2.3.1 Nanoplastic Effects: Workpiece Hardness 226 5.2.3.2 Chemical Effects: Condensation Rate and Partial-charge Model 228 References 238 Part II Applications – Materials Technology 241 6 Increasing Yield: Scratch Forensics and Fractography 243 6.1 Fractography 101 243 6.2 Scratch Forensics 248 6.2.1 Scratch Width 249 6.2.2 Scratch Length 251 6.2.3 Scratch Type 251 6.2.4 Scratch Number Density 252 6.2.5 Scratch Orientation and Trailing-indent Curvature 252 6.2.6 Scratch Pattern and Curvature 252 6.2.7 Location on Workpiece 253 6.2.8 Scratch Forensics Example 254 6.3 Slow Crack Growth and Lifetime Predictions 254 6.4 Fracture Case Studies 257 6.4.1 Temperature-induced Fracture 257 6.4.1.1 Laser-Phosphate-glass Thermal Fracture 259 6.4.1.2 KDP Crystal-Workpiece Thermal Fracture 262 6.4.1.3 Thermal Fracture of Multilayers 265 6.4.2 Blunt Loading with Friction 267 6.4.3 Glass-to-metal Contact and Edge Chipping 269 6.4.4 Glue Chipping Fracture 271 6.4.5 Workpiece Failure from Differential Pressure 273 6.4.6 Chemical Interactions and Surface Cracking 276 6.4.6.1 Surface Cracking of Phosphate Glass 276 6.4.6.2 Surface Cracking of the DKDP Crystals 279 References 282 7 Novel Process and Characterization Techniques 285 7.1 Process Techniques 286 7.1.1 Stiff Versus Compliant Blocking 286 7.1.2 Strip Etch and Bulk Etch 290 7.1.3 Pad Wear Management with Septum or Conditioner 291 7.1.4 Hermetically Sealed, High-humidity Polishing Chamber 294 7.1.5 Engineered Filtration System 295 7.1.6 Slurry Chemical Stabilization 296 7.1.7 Slurry Lifetime and Slurry Recycling 300 7.1.8 Ultrasonic Pad Cleaning 301 7.2 Workpiece Characterization Techniques 304 7.2.1 Single-particle Removal Function Using Nanoscratching 304 7.2.2 Subsurface Damage Measurement Using a Taper Wedge 305 7.2.3 Stress Measurement Using the Twyman Effect 306 7.2.4 Beilby Layer Characterization Using SIMS 307 7.2.5 Surface Densification Using Indentation and Annealing 308 7.2.6 Crack Initiation and Growth Constants Using Static Indentation 309 7.3 Polishing- or Grinding-system Characterization Techniques 309 7.3.1 Tail End of Slurry PSD Using SPOS 309 7.3.2 Pad Topography Using Confocal Microscopy 311 7.3.3 Slurry Stability Using Zeta Potential 311 7.3.4 Temperature Distribution During Polishing Using IR Imaging 313 7.3.5 Slurry Spatial Distribution and Viscoelastic Lap Response Using a Nonrotating Workpiece 314 7.3.6 Slurry Reactivity Versus Distance Using Different Pad Grooves 315 References 316 8 Novel Polishing Methods 319 8.1 Magnetorheological Finishing (MRF) 319 8.2 Float Polishing 326 8.3 Ion Beam Figuring (IBF) 329 8.4 Convergent Polishing 331 8.5 Tumble Finishing 336 8.6 Other Subaperture Polishing Methods 344 References 347 9 Laser Damage Resistant Optics 353 9.1 Laser Damage Precursors 356 9.2 Reduction of SSD in Laser Optics 362 9.3 Advanced Mitigation Process 363 References 369 Index 371
£109.76
John Wiley & Sons Inc Color Appearance Models
Book SynopsisBuilding upon the success of previous editions, this volume continues to serve the needs of professionals who need to understand visual perception as well as produce, reproduce, and measure color appearance in such applications as imaging, entertainment, materials, design, architecture, and lighting.Table of ContentsSeries Preface xiii Preface xv Acknowledgments xviii Introduction xix 1 Human Color Vision 1 1.1 Optics of the Eye 2 1.2 The Retina 7 1.3 Visual Signal Processing 14 1.4 Mechanisms of Color Vision 19 1.5 Spatial and Temporal Properties of Color Vision 27 1.6 Color Vision Deficiencies 32 1.7 Key Features for Color Appearance Modeling 36 2 Psychophysics 38 2.1 Psychophysics Defined 39 2.2 Historical Context 40 2.3 Hierarchy of Scales 43 2.4 Threshold Techniques 45 2.5 Matching Techniques 49 2.6 One-Dimensional Scaling 50 2.7 Multidimensional Scaling 52 2.8 Design of Psychophysical Experiments 54 2.9 Importance in Color Appearance Modeling 55 3 Colorimetry 56 3.1 Basic and Advanced Colorimetry 57 3.2 Why is Color? 57 3.3 Light Sources and Illuminants 59 3.4 Colored Materials 63 3.5 The Human Visual Response 68 3.6 Tristimulus Values and Color Matching Functions 70 3.7 Chromaticity Diagrams 77 3.8 Cie Color Spaces 79 3.9 Color Difference Specification 81 3.10 The Next Step 83 4 Color Appearance Terminology 85 4.1 Importance of Definitions 85 4.2 Color 86 4.3 Hue 88 4.4 Brightness and Lightness 88 4.5 Colorfulness and Chroma 90 4.6 Saturation 91 4.7 Unrelated and Related Colors 91 4.8 Definitions in Equations 92 4.9 Brightness–Colorfulness Vs Lightness–Chroma 94 5 Color Order Systems 97 5.1 Overview and Requirements 98 5.2 The Munsell Book of Color 99 5.3 The Swedish Ncs 104 5.4 The Colorcurve System 106 5.5 Other Color Order Systems 107 5.6 Uses of Color Order Systems 109 5.7 Color Naming Systems 112 6 Color Appearance Phenomena 115 6.1 What are Color Appearance Phenomena? 115 6.2 Simultaneous Contrast, Crispening, and Spreading 116 6.3 Bezold–Brücke Hue Shift (Hue Changes with Luminance) 120 6.4 Abney Effect (Hue Changes with Colorimetric Purity) 121 6.5 Helmholtz–Kohlrausch Effect (Brightness Depends On Luminance and Chromaticity) 123 6.6 Hunt Effect (Colorfulness Increases with Luminance) 125 6.7 Stevens Effect (Contrast Increases with Luminance) 127 6.8 Helson–Judd Effect (Hue of Non-Selective Samples) 129 6.9 Bartleson–Breneman Equations (Image Contrast Changes with Surround) 131 6.10 Discounting-the-Illuminant 132 6.11 Other Context, Structural, and Psychological Effects 133 6.12 Color Constancy? 140 7 Viewing Conditions 142 7.1 Configuration of the Viewing Field 142 7.2 Colorimetric Specification of the Viewing Field 146 7.3 Modes of Viewing 149 7.4 Unrelated and Related Colors Revisited 154 8 Chromatic Adaptation 156 8.1 Light, Dark, and Chromatic Adaptation 157 8.2 Physiology 159 8.3 Sensory and Cognitive Mechanisms 170 8.4 Corresponding Colors Data 174 8.5 Models 177 8.6 Color Inconstancy Index 178 8.7 Computational Color Constancy 179 9 Chromatic Adaptation Models 181 9.1 Von Kries Model 182 9.2 Retinex Theory 186 9.3 Nayatani et al. Model 187 9.4 Guth’s Model 190 9.5 Fairchild’s 1990 Model 192 9.6 Herding Cats 196 9.7 Cat02 197 10 Color Appearance Models 199 10.1 Definition of Color Appearance Models 199 10.2 Construction of Color Appearance Models 200 10.3 Cielab 201 10.4 Why Not Use Just Cielab? 210 10.5 What About Cieluv? 210 11 The Nayatani et al. Model 213 11.1 Objectives and Approach 213 11.2 Input Data 214 11.3 Adaptation Model 215 11.4 Opponent Color Dimensions 217 11.5 Brightness 218 11.6 Lightness 219 11.7 Hue 219 11.8 Saturation 220 11.9 Chroma 221 11.10 Colorfulness 221 11.11 Inverse Model 222 11.12 Phenomena Predicted 222 11.13 Why Not Use Just the Nayatani et al. Model? 223 12 The Hunt Model 225 12.1 Objectives and Approach 225 12.2 Input Data 226 12.3 Adaptation Model 228 12.4 Opponent Color Dimensions 233 12.5 Hue 234 12.6 Saturation 235 12.7 Brightness 236 12.8 Lightness 238 12.9 Chroma 238 12.10 Colorfulness 238 12.11 Inverse Model 239 12.12 Phenomena Predicted 241 12.13 Why Not Use Just the Hunt Model? 242 13 The Rlab Model 243 13.1 Objectives and Approach 243 13.2 Input Data 245 13.3 Adaptation Model 246 13.4 Opponent Color Dimensions 248 13.5 Lightness 250 13.6 Hue 250 13.7 Chroma 252 13.8 Saturation 252 13.9 Inverse Model 252 13.10 Phenomena Predicted 254 13.11 Why Not Use Just the Rlab Model? 254 14 Other Models 256 14.1 Overview 256 14.2 Atd Model 257 14.3 Llab Model 264 14.4 Ipt Color Space 271 15 The Cie Color Appearance Model (1997), Ciecam97s 273 15.1 Historical Development, Objectives, and Approach 273 15.2 Input Data 276 15.3 Adaptation Model 277 15.4 Appearance Correlates 279 15.5 Inverse Model 280 15.6 Phenomena Predicted 281 15.7 The Zlab Color Appearance Model 282 15.8 Why Not Use Just Ciecam97s? 285 16 Ciecam02 287 16.1 Objectives and Approach 287 16.2 Input Data 288 16.3 Adaptation Model 290 16.4 Opponent Color Dimensions 294 16.5 Hue 294 16.6 Lightness 295 16.7 Brightness 295 16.8 Chroma 295 16.9 Colorfulness 296 contents xi 16.10 Saturation 296 16.11 Cartesian Coordinates 296 16.12 Inverse Model 297 16.13 Implementation Guidelines 297 16.14 Phenomena Predicted 298 16.15 Computational Issues 298 16.16 Cam02-Ucs 300 16.17 Why Not Use Just Ciecam02? 301 16.18 Outlook 301 17 Testing Color Appearance Models 303 17.1 Overview 303 17.2 Qualitative Tests 304 17.3 Corresponding-Colors Data 308 17.4 Magnitude Estimation Experiments 310 17.5 Direct Model Tests 312 17.6 Colorfulness in Projected Images 316 17.7 Munsell in Color Appearance Spaces 317 17.8 Cie Activities 318 17.9 A Pictorial Review of Color Appearance Models 323 18 Traditional Colorimetric Applications 328 18.1 Color Rendering 328 18.2 Color Differences 333 18.3 Indices of Metamerism 335 18.4 A General System of Colorimetry? 337 18.5 What About Observer Metamerism? 338 19 Device-Independent Color Imaging 341 19.1 The Problem 342 19.2 Levels of Color Reproduction 343 19.3 A Revised Set of Objectives 345 19.4 General Solution 348 19.5 Device Calibration and Characterization 349 19.6 The Need for Color Appearance Models 354 19.7 Definition of Viewing Conditions 355 19.8 Viewing-Conditions-Independent Color Space 357 19.9 Gamut Mapping 357 19.10 Color Preferences 361 19.11 Inverse Process 362 19.12 Example System 363 19.13 Icc Implementation 364 20 I mage Appearance Modeling and the Future 369 20.1 From Color Appearance to Image Appearance 370 20.2 S-Cielab 375 20.3 The icam Framework 376 20.4 A Modular Image Difference Model 382 20.5 Image Appearance and Rendering Applications 385 20.6 Image Difference and Quality Applications 391 20.7 icam06 392 20.8 Orthogonal Color Space 393 20.9 Future Directions 396 21 High-Dynamic-Range Color Space 399 21.1 Luminance Dynamic Range 400 21.2 The Hdr Photographic Survey 401 21.3 Lightness–Brightness Beyond Diffuse White 403 21.4 hdr-Cielab 404 21.5 hdr-Ipt 406 21.6 Evans, G0, and Brilliance 407 21.7 The Nayatani Theoretical Color Space 409 21.8 A New Kind of Appearance Space 409 21.9 Future Directions 416 References 418 Index 440
£90.20
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc Optics in Instruments: Applications in Biology
Book SynopsisOptics is a science which covers a very large domain and is experiencing indisputable growth. It has enabled the development of a considerable number of instruments, the optical component or methodology of which is often the essential part of portent systems. This book sets out show how optical physical phenomena such as lasers – the basis of instruments of measurement – are involved in the fields of biology and medicine. Optics in Instruments: Applications in Biology and Medicine details instruments and measurement systems using optical methods in the visible and near-infrared, as well as their applications in biology and medicine, through looking at confocal laser scanning microscopy, the basis of instruments performing in biological and medical analysis today, and flow cytometry, an instrument which measures at high speed the parameters of a cell passing in front of one or more laser beams. The authors also discuss optical coherence tomography (OCT), which is an optical imaging technique using non-contact infrared light, the therapeutic applications of lasers, where they are used for analysis and care, and the major contributions of plasmon propagation in the field of life sciences through instrumental developments, focusing on propagating surface plasmons (PSP) and localized plasmons (LP). Contents: 1. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy, Thomas Olivier and Baptiste Moine. 2. Flow Cytometry (FCM) Measurement of Cells in Suspension, Odile Sabido. 3. Optical Coherence Tomography, Claude Boccara and Arnaud Dubois. 4. Therapeutic Applications of Lasers, Geneviève Bourg-Heckly and Serge Mordon. 5. Plasmonics, Emmanuel Fort. About the Authors Jean-Pierre Goure is Emeritus Professor of optics at Jean Monnet University in Saint-Etienne, France, and was previously director of the UMR 5516 laboratory linked with CNRS. He is the author of more than 100 publications in various fields, such as spectroscopy, instrumentation, sensors, optical fiber and optical communications. He was also previously deputy director in engineering science at CNRS and a member of several scientific associations such as the French Optical Society and the European Optical Society.Table of ContentsPreface ix Introduction xiii Chapter 1 Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy 1 Thomas OLIVIER and Baptiste MOINE 1.1. Introduction 1 1.1.1. Context and framework of chapter 1 1.1.2. From wide-field microscopy to confocal microscopy 3 1.2. Principle and implementation 6 1.2.1. General principle 7 1.2.2. Axial and lateral resolution in confocal microscopy 9 1.2.3. Some notions of fluorescence 21 1.2.4. Main elements of a confocal scanning laser microscope 25 1.3. Applications in biology, potential and limitations 40 1.3.1. Basic elements of biology for the neophyte 41 1.3.2. Fluorescent labeling 43 1.3.3. Practical implementation of confocal microscopy 46 1.4. Related and derived techniques 62 1.4.1. Advanced contrast modes: FRAP, FLIP, FLIM, FRET, etc. 62 1.4.2. The contribution of nonlinear contrast modes 66 1.4.3. Recent major advances: overcoming the diffraction limit 72 1.5. Bibliography 74 Chapter 2 Flow Cytometry (FCM) Measurement of Cells in Suspension 79 Odile SABIDO 2.1. History of FCM 79 2.2. Components of the cytometer: fluidics, optics and signal processing 80 2.2.1. Fluidics 81 2.2.2. Optics 81 2.2.3. Signal processing 83 2.3. Experimentation strategy 83 2.3.1. Visualizations of the spectra 84 2.3.2. Compensation of fluorescences 84 2.3.3. Checking the optical bench 84 2.3.4. Presentation of parameters A/H/W 85 2.3.5. Graphical presentation 85 2.4. Types of platform for FCM 87 2.4.1. Clinical platform 87 2.4.2. Research platform 87 2.5. Principle of cell sorting 88 2.6. Analyzed parameters 90 2.6.1. Light scattering 90 2.6.2. Fluorochromes 90 2.7. Applications in biology 93 2.7.1. Clinical 93 2.7.2. Research 93 2.7.3. Environment 94 2.7.4. Plant biology 94 2.7.5. Industrial microbiology 94 2.8. Complementarities of the FCM with the other cytometries, confocal and dynamic 95 2.9. Cytometry on beads, LUMINEXTM type 95 2.10. Scientific societies 96 2.11. Websites to visit 96 2.12. Bibliography 97 2.13. Reference books 99 Chapter 3 Optical Coherence Tomography 101 Claude BOCCARA and Arnaud DUBOIS 3.1. Introduction 101 3.2. Principles of OCT 102 3.3. Frequency-domain OCT 104 3.4. Spatial resolution 106 3.5. Applications of OCT 107 3.5.1. Ophtalmology 107 3.5.2. Internal medicine 107 3.5.3. Other fields of application 108 3.6. Extensions of OCT 109 3.7. Full-field OCT 110 3.7.1. Principle 110 3.7.2. Spatial resolution 111 3.7.3. Dynamics and sensitivity 113 3.7.4. Operating speed 113 3.7.5. Applications 114 3.8. Conclusion 119 3.9. Bibliography 119 Chapter 4 Therapeutic Applications of Lasers 125 Geneviève BOURG-HECKLY and Serge MORDON 4.1. Introduction 125 4.2. Interaction of light with biological tissues 127 4.2.1. Optical parameters characterizing light radiation 127 4.2.2. The three types of interaction between a light beam and a biological tissue 131 4.2.3. Penetration of light in biological tissues 151 4.3. Therapeutic effects of lasers 155 4.3.1. Thermal effect 156 4.3.2. Photoablative effect 167 4.3.3. Photochemical or photodynamic effect 168 4.3.4. The electromechanical effect 174 4.4. Conclusion 175 4.5. For more information 175 4.6. Bibliography 176 Chapter 5 Plasmonics 179 Emmanuel FORT 5.1. Propagating surface plasmons 180 5.1.1. Theoretical reminders and definitions 180 5.1.2. Surface plasmon resonance sensors 185 5.1.3. Units and sensitivity of SPR sensors 189 5.1.4. Other SPR configurations 190 5.1.5. SPR imaging 191 5.1.6. Surface plasmons coupled fluorescence 194 5.2. Localized surface plasmons 201 5.2.1. Theoretical reminders 201 5.2.2. Detection of plasmonic nanoprobes 203 5.3. Conclusion 210 5.4. Bibliography 211 List of Authors 217 Index 219
£125.06
De Gruyter Elastomeric Optics: Theory, Design, and Fabrication
Book SynopsisElastomeric optics exploit light transparent, variable translucent, and reflective stretchable polymers to create novel strain-tunable optical elements and flexible multifunctional optical sheets. Optical sheets are thin, large-area polymer light guide structures that can be used to create a wide variety of passive light harvesting and illumination systems. The book introduces the theoretical principles of elastomeric optics and explores how simple and complex mechanically deformable optical devices can be designed and fabricated. The transmission of light through these optical components or waveguides depends on the selected materials, surface interface, geometric design, optical coupling of embedded micro-structures, and degree of device deformation. In addition to providing a technical foundation for building adaptable optics, the book seeks to inspire the next generation of scientists and engineers to develop innovative solutions far beyond anything imagined today.
£153.42
