Applied optics Books

Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgments xv 1 The Physics of Waves 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 One-Dimensional Wave Equation 1 1.3 General Solutions to the 1D Wave Equation 3 1.4 Harmonic Traveling Waves 5 1.5 The Principle of Superposition 7 1.5.1 Periodic Traveling Waves 7 1.5.2 Linear Independence 7 1.6 Complex Numbers and the Complex Representation 8 1.6.1 Complex Algebra 9 1.6.2 The Complex Representation of Harmonic Waves 11 1.7 The Three-Dimensional Wave Equation 12 1.7.1 Spherical Coordinates 13 1.7.2 Three-Dimensional Plane Waves 13 1.7.3 Spherical Waves 15 Problems 16 2 Electromagnetic Waves and Photons 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Electromagnetism 23 2.3 Electromagnetic Wave Equations 29 2.3.1 Transverse Electromagnetic Waves 31 2.3.2 Energy Flow and the Poynting Vector 33 2.3.3 Irradiance 34 2.4 Photons 37 2.4.1 Single-Photon Interference 41 2.5 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 42 Problems 43 3 Reflection and Refraction 51 3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 Overview of Reflection and Refraction 51 3.2.1 Fermat’s Principle of Least Time 55 3.3 Maxwell’s Equations at an Interface 57 3.3.1 Boundary Conditions 57 3.3.2 Electromagnetic Waves at an Interface 58 3.4 The Fresnel Equations 60 3.4.1 Incident Wave Polarized Normal to the Plane of Incidence 61 3.4.2 Incident Wave Polarized Parallel to the Plane of Incidence 63 3.5 Interpretation of the Fresnel Equations 65 3.5.1 Normal Incidence 66 3.5.2 Brewster’s Angle 66 3.5.3 Total Internal Reflection 68 3.5.4 Plots of the Fresnel Equations vs. Incident Angle 71 3.5.5 Phase Changes on Reflection 72 3.5.5.1 Summary 75 3.6 Reflectivity and Transmissivity 75 3.6.1 Plots of Reflectivity and Transmissivity vs. Incident Angle 78 3.6.2 The Evanescent Wave 79 3.7 Scattering 81 3.7.1 Atmospheric Scattering 82 3.7.2 Rainbows 82 3.7.3 Parhelia 85 3.8 Optical Materials 86 3.9 Dispersion 86 3.9.1 Dispersion in Dielectric Media 86 3.9.1.1 Nonconducting Gases 92 3.9.2 Dispersion in Conducting Media 94 3.9.2.1 Reflection from Conductors 97 Problems 100 4 Geometric Optics I 107 4.1 Introduction 107 4.2 Reflection and Refraction at Aspheric Surfaces 107 4.3 Reflection and Refraction at a Spherical Surface 112 4.3.1 The Paraxial Approximation 112 4.3.2 Spherical Reflecting Surfaces 113 4.3.2.1 Sign Conventions for Reflecting Surfaces 114 4.3.3 Spherical Refracting Surfaces 115 4.3.4 Sign Conventions and Ray Diagrams 117 4.4 Lens Combinations 121 4.4.1 Thin Lenses in Close Combination 122 4.5 Optical Instruments 123 4.5.1 The Camera 123 4.5.2 The Eye 124 4.5.3 The Magnifying Glass 125 4.5.4 The Compound Microscope 126 4.5.5 The Telescope 127 4.5.6 The Exit Pupil 128 4.6 Optical Fibers 129 Problems 133 5 Geometric Optics II 139 5.1 Introduction 139 5.2 Aberrations 139 5.2.1 Chromatic Aberration 139 5.2.2 Spherical Aberration 143 5.2.3 Astigmatism and Coma 143 5.2.4 Field Curvature 143 5.2.5 Diffraction 144 5.3 Principal Points and Effective Focal Lengths in Paraxial Optics 144 5.4 Thick Paraxial Lenses 148 5.4.1 Principal Points and Effective Focal Lengths of Thick Paraxial Lenses 149 5.5 Introduction to Matrix Methods in Paraxial Geometrical Optics 153 5.5.1 The Translation Matrix 153 5.5.2 The Refraction Matrix 155 5.5.3 The Reflection Matrix 156 5.5.4 The Ray Transfer Matrix 157 5.5.5 Location of Principal Points and Effective Focal Lengths for an Optical System 161 5.6 Radiometry 165 5.6.1 Extended Sources 166 5.6.1.1 Spectral Distributions 168 5.6.1.2 Conservation of Radiance 168 5.6.2 Radiometry of Blackbody Sources 169 5.6.3 Rayleigh–Jeans Theory and the Ultraviolet Catastrophe 170 5.6.4 Planck’s Quantum Theory of Blackbody Radiation 173 Problems 176 6 Polarization 185 6.1 Introduction 185 6.2 Linear Polarization 185 6.2.1 Linear Polarizers 186 6.2.2 Linear Polarizer Design 188 6.3 Birefringence 191 6.4 Circular and Elliptical Polarization 194 6.4.1 Wave Plates and Circular Polarizers 196 6.5 Jones Vectors and Matrices 199 6.5.1 Jones Matrices 201 6.5.2 Birefringent Colors 204 Problems 207 7 Superposition and Interference 213 7.1 Introduction 213 7.2 Superposition of Harmonic Waves 213 7.3 Interference Between Two Monochromatic Electromagnetic Waves 214 7.3.1 Linear Power Detection 215 7.3.2 Interference Between Beams with the Same Frequency 216 7.3.2.1 Young’s Double-Slit Experiment 216 7.3.3 Thin-Film Interference 219 7.3.4 Quasi-Monochromatic Sources 222 7.3.5 Fringe Geometry 222 7.3.5.1 Lloyd’s Mirror 223 7.3.5.2 Newton’s Rings 223 7.3.6 Interference Between Beams with Different Frequencies 224 7.3.6.1 Coherent Detection 226 7.4 Fourier Analysis 229 7.4.1 Fourier Transforms 229 7.4.2 Position Space, k-Space Domain 230 7.4.3 Frequency–Time Domain 234 7.5 Properties of Fourier Transforms 234 7.5.1 Symmetry Properties 234 7.5.2 Linearity 235 7.5.3 Transform of a Transform 236 7.6 Wavepackets 236 7.7 Group and Phase Velocity 241 7.8 Interferometry 243 7.8.1 Energy Conservation and Complementary Fringe Patterns 248 7.9 Single-Photon Interference 250 7.10 Multiple-Beam Interference 251 7.10.1 The Scanning Fabry–Perot Interferometer 254 7.11 Interference in Multilayer Films 257 7.11.1 Antireflection Films 261 7.11.2 High-Reflectance Films 263 7.11.2.1 Fabry–Perot Interference Filters 264 7.12 Coherence 265 7.12.1 Temporal Coherence 265 7.12.2 Spatial Coherence 266 7.12.3 Michelson’s Stellar Interferometer 269 7.12.4 Irradiance Interferometry 270 7.12.5 Telescope Arrays 271 Problems 272 8 Diffraction 281 8.1 Introduction 281 8.2 Huygens’ Principle 282 8.2.1 Babinet’s Principle 284 8.3 Fraunhofer Diffraction 284 8.3.1 Single Slit 285 8.3.2 Rectangular Aperture 290 8.3.3 Circular Aperture 291 8.3.4 Optical Resolution 294 8.3.5 More on Stellar Interferometry 295 8.3.6 Double Slit 295 8.3.7 N Slits: The Diffraction Grating 296 8.3.8 The Diffraction Grating 298 8.3.8.1 Chromatic Resolving Power 302 8.3.9 Fraunhofer Diffraction as a Fourier Transform 304 8.3.10 Apodization 306 8.3.10.1 Apertures with Circular Symmetry 307 8.4 Fresnel Diffraction 309 8.4.1 Fresnel Zones 310 8.4.1.1 Circular Apertures 313 8.4.1.2 Circular Obstacles 313 8.4.1.3 Fresnel Zone Plate 316 8.4.2 Holography 320 8.4.3 Numerical Analysis of Fresnel Diffraction with Circular Symmetry 321 8.4.4 Fresnel Diffraction from Apertures with Cartesian Symmetry 323 8.4.4.1 Semi-Infinite Straightedge 326 8.4.4.2 Single Slit 327 8.4.4.3 Rectangular Aperture 329 8.5 Introduction to Quantum Electrodynamics 330 8.5.1 Feynman’s Interpretation 333 Problems 334 9 Lasers 343 9.1 Introduction 343 9.2 Energy Levels in Atoms, Molecules, and Solids 343 9.2.1 Atomic Energy Levels 343 9.2.2 Molecular Energy Levels 346 9.2.3 Solid-State Energy Bands 348 9.2.4 Semiconductor Devices 352 9.3 Stimulated Emission and Light Amplification 354 9.4 Laser Systems 357 9.4.1 Atomic Gas Lasers 358 9.4.1.1 Helium–Neon Laser 359 9.4.2 Molecular Gas Lasers 360 9.4.2.1 Carbon Dioxide Laser 360 9.4.3 Solid-State Lasers 362 9.4.3.1 Diode Lasers 363 9.4.4 Other Laser Systems 364 9.5 Longitudinal Cavity Modes 365 9.6 Frequency Stability 366 9.7 Introduction to Gaussian Beams 367 9.7.1 Overview of Gaussian Beam Properties 367 9.8 Gaussian Beam Properties 369 9.8.1 Approximate Solutions to the Wave Equation 370 9.8.2 Paraxial Spherical Gaussian Beams 372 9.8.3 Gaussian Beam Focusing 373 9.8.4 Matrix Methods and the ABCD Law 376 9.9 Laser Cavities 377 9.9.1 Laser Cavity with Equal Mirror Curvatures 377 9.9.2 Laser Cavity with Unequal Mirror Curvatures 379 9.9.3 Stable Resonators 381 9.9.4 Traveling Wave Resonators 385 9.9.5 Unstable Resonators 385 9.9.6 Transverse Cavity Modes 386 9.10 Electro-optics and Nonlinear Optics 387 9.10.1 The Electro-optic Effect 388 9.10.1.1 Pockels Cells 388 9.10.1.2 Kerr Cells 390 9.10.2 Optical Activity 390 9.10.2.1 Faraday Rotation 392 9.10.3 Acousto-optic Effect 393 9.10.4 Nonlinear Optics 397 9.10.4.1 Harmonic Generation 398 9.10.4.2 Phase Conjugation Reflection by Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing 402 9.10.5 Frequency Mixing 404 Problems 405 10 Optical Imaging 419 10.1 Introduction 419 10.2 Abbe Theory of Image Formation 419 10.2.1 Phase Contrast Microscope 424 10.3 The Point Spread Function 425 10.3.1 Coherent vs. Incoherent Images 426 10.3.2 Speckle 430 10.4 Resolving Power of Optical Instruments 431 10.5 Image Recording 432 10.5.1 Photographic Film 433 10.5.2 Digital Detector Arrays 434 10.6 Contrast Transfer Function 436 10.7 Spatial Filtering 437 10.8 Adaptive Optics 441 Problems 443 Appendix A Chapter 1 Appendix: Transverse Traveling Waves on a String 449 Appendix B Chapter 2 Appendix: Electromagnetic Wave Equations 451 B. 1 Maxwell’s Equations in Differential Form and Wave Equations for ⃗E and ⃗B 451 B. 2 Method 1: Cartesian Coordinates 451 B.2. 1 Wave Equations for ⃗E and ⃗B 455 B. 3 Method 2: Vector Calculus 456 B.3. 1 Wave Equations for ⃗E and ⃗B 457 Appendix C Chapter 5 Appendix: Calculation of the Jeans Number 459 Appendix D Chapter 7 Appendix: Fourier Series 461 D.1 Real Fourier Series 461 D.2 Complex Fourier Series 467 D.3 Nonperiodic Functions and Fourier Transforms 468 Problems 470 Appendix E Solutions to Selected Problems 473 Bibliography 553 Index 555

Read more less

Book SynopsisHow perceptual technologies have shaped the history of war from the Renaissance to the present From ubiquitous surveillance to drone strikes that put “warheads onto foreheads,” we live in a world of globalized, individualized targeting. The perils are great. In The Eye of War, Antoine Bousquet provides both a sweeping historical overview of military perception technologies and a disquieting lens on a world that is, increasingly, one in which anything or anyone that can be perceived can be destroyed—in which to see is to destroy. Arguing that modern-day global targeting is dissolving the conventionally bounded spaces of armed conflict, Bousquet shows that over several centuries, a logistical order of militarized perception has come into ascendancy, bringing perception and annihilation into ever-closer alignment. The efforts deployed to evade this deadly visibility have correspondingly intensified, yielding practices of radical concealment that presage a wholesale disappearance of the customary space of the battlefield. Beginning with the Renaissance’s fateful discovery of linear perspective, The Eye of War discloses the entanglement of the sciences and techniques of perception, representation, and localization in the modern era amid the perpetual quest for military superiority. In a survey that ranges from the telescope, aerial photograph, and gridded map to radar, digital imaging, and the geographic information system, Bousquet shows how successive technological systems have profoundly shaped the history of warfare and the experience of soldiering. A work of grand historical sweep and remarkable analytical power, The Eye of War explores the implications of militarized perception for the character of war in the twenty-first century and the place of human subjects within its increasingly technical armature.Trade Review"This wonderfully erudite genealogy of the increasingly precise ways in which the linkage of military perception and weaponry has brought us to the point where being detected puts one within a spatio-temporally fine-grained ‘kill box’ is fascinating and important. Ranging over hundreds of years of documents, beginning with telescopes and ending with the overlap of light and death in the laser, Bousquet’s work will be both at the forefront of security studies and a crucial addition to the knowledge base of concerned citizens."—John Protevi, author of Life, War, Earth: Deleuze and the Sciences"The Eye of War is a masterful contemporary history of the martial gaze that reviews the relation between seeing and targeting. The expansion of ocularcentrism—the ubiquitization of vision as power—Antoine Bousquet shows us, coincides with the inverse: the relegation of the eye to an instrument of a war order that relies on the sensorium as the means to its own ends. As he traces the development of a technocracy of military vision, Bousquet discloses the vision of a military technocracy that has transformed the given world into units of perception indistinct from ‘kill boxes.’"—Daniel Bertrand Monk, Colgate University"This book dives deeply back into history of canonic studies of perspective and projective geometry, recognised as founding methods for further the rationalisation of visions and mathematization of space, as well as introducing the first technologies of space-measuring as distance meter. " —Leonardo ReviewsTable of ContentsIntroduction: Visibility Equals Death1. Perspective2. Sensing3. Imaging4. Mapping5. HidingConclusion: A Global Imperium of TargetingAcknowledgmentsNotesIndex

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book by one of the leaders in adaptive optics covers the fundamental theory and then describes in detail how this technology can be applied to large ground-based telescopes to compensate for the effects of atmospheric turbulence. It includes information on basic adaptive optics components and technology, and has chapters devoted to atmospheric turbulence, optical image structure, laser beacons, and overall system design. The chapter on system design is particularly detailed and includes performance estimation and optimization. Combining a clear discussion of physical principles with numerous real-world examples, this book will be a valuabe resource for all graduate students and researchers in astronomy and optics.Trade Review"While any of the four [monographs available in the field of adaptive optics] is suitable for use in a graduate class in observational astronomy, by far the best of them is Adaptive Optics for Astronomical Telescopes, by John Hardy, a pioneer in adaptive optics who, as adaptive-optics project leader at ITEK Corp, led the research and technology effort that culminated in the first operational military adaptive optics system in 1981. Hardy's book . . . would be an outstanding choice for a graduate class, because each topic is explained completely from basic principles to the ultimate level of complexity. . . . Once one is immersed in the rhythm of the presentation, the book is a pleasure to read. The strengths of Hardy's work include his knowledge of the US military literature in this field and his even-handed presentation of the many competing technologies that contribute to an adaptive-optics system."--Physics Today "While any of the four [monographs available in the field of adaptive optics] is suitable for use in a graduate class in observational astronomy, by far the best of them is Adaptive Optics for Astronomical Telescopes, by John Hardy, a pioneer in adaptive optics who, as adaptive-optics project leader at ITEK Corp, led the research and technology effort that culminated in the first operational military adaptive optics system in 1981. Hardy's book . . . would be an outstanding choice for a graduate class, because each topic is explained completely from basic principles to the ultimate level of complexity. . . . Once one is immersed in the rhythm of the presentation, the book is a pleasure to read. The strengths of Hardy's work include his knowledge of the US military literature in this field and his even-handed presentation of the many competing technologies that contribute to an adaptive-optics system."--Physics TodayTable of ContentsAPPENDICES

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis textbook is designed for senior undergraduate and first year graduate students in eletrical engineering departments taking photonics, optoelectronics or optical communications courses. The text covers key subjects in optical electronics and their applications in modern optical communications where optical waves are used as carriers of information for local and long distance transmission. This new edition of Amnon Yariv''s classic titles offers more explanations of mathematical derivations to help undergraduate students, and focuses more on course topics than on research applications. This book is part of the Oxford Series in Electrical and Computer Engineering (OSECE).Trade Review"It moves the debate forward in diverse and original ways." - Anne Schwenkenbecher, Australasian Journal of PhilosophyTable of Contents1. Electromagnetic Fields and Waves; 2. Rays and Optical Beams; 3. Dielectric Waveguides and Optical Fibers; 4. Optical Resonators; 5. Interaction of Radiation and Atomic Systems; 6. Theory of Laser Oscillation and Some Specific Laser Systems; 7. Chromatic Dispersion and Polarization Mode Dispersion in Fibers; 8. Nonlinear Optics; 9. Electro-Optics and AO modulators; 10. Noise in Optical Detection and Generation; 11. Detection of Optical Radiation; 12. Periodic Structures; 13. Waveguide Coupling; 14. Nonlinear Optical Effects in Fibers; 15. Semiconductor Lasers; 16. Advanced Semiconductor Lasers; 17. Optical Amplifiers; 18. Classical Treatment of Quantum Optics, Quantum Noise, and Squeezing; A. WAVE EQUATION IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES AND BESSEL FUNCTIONS; B. EXACT SOLUTIONS OF THE STEP-INDEX CIRCULAR WAVEGUIDE; C. KRAMERS-KRONIG RELATIONS; D. TRANSFORMATION OF A COHERENT ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD BY A THIN LENS; E. FERMI LEVEL AND ITS TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE; F. ELECTRO-OPTIC EFFECT IN CUBIC 43M CRYSTALS; G. CONVERSION FOR POWER UNITS AND ATTENUATION UNITS

Read more less

Book SynopsisContinuing William Mitchell's investigations of how we understand, reason about, and use images, The Reconfigured Eye provides the first systematic, critical analysis of the digital imaging revolution.An intelligent and readable approach to the digitization of images.... A useful overview of a critical subject.—New York Times Book ReviewEnhanced? Or faked? Today the very idea of photographic veracity is being radically challenged by the emerging technology of digital image manipulation and synthesis: photographs can now be altered at will in ways that are virtually undetectable, and photorealistic synthesized images are becoming increasingly difficult to distinguish from actual photographs. Continuing William Mitchell's investigations of how we understand, reason about, and use images, The Reconfigured Eye provides the first systematic, critical analysis of the digital imaging revolution. It describes the technology of the digital image in detail and looks

Read more less

Book SynopsisA lively exploration of how invisibility has gone from science fiction to factTrade Review“The science of invisibility remains largely theoretical and abstract. It is in the literature that the field comes alive, and Gbur may be the world’s leading expert on invisibility fiction.”—Nathaniel Rich, New York Times Book Review“Gbur steers us through the sometimes challenging history of the ideas on which current research depends. . . . A list that helps us appreciate the potential benefits of invisible cats.”—Richard Dunn, Times Literary Supplement“Gbur shows how optical science and ideas about the atom intertwined over two centuries. . . . I defy you not to spend your next paycheck hunting down the wilder items in Gbur’s ‘Invisibibliography.’”—Simon Ings, Fortean TimesA CHOICE Outstanding Academic Title 2023“Invisibility is such an addictive book, packed with smart and weird science, literature and culture, Greg Gbur’s elegant prose, and the fascinating question of whether we may one day be able to achieve that long-held dream of vanishing in a shimmer of light.”—Deborah Blum, Pulitzer Prize–winning author of The Poison Squad: One Chemist’s Single-Minded Crusade for Food Safety at the Turn of the 20th Century“A lovely, well-informed book on the science and fiction of invisibility.”—Ulf Leonhardt, author of Geometry and Light: The Science of Invisibility“Greg Gbur weaves an engaging tapestry of literature, history, and physics to illustrate how an idea that has captivated human imagination for thousands of years may one day become a reality.”—Liz Heinecke, author of Radiant: The Dancer, The Scientist, and a Friendship Forged in Light“A well-written and engaging overview of the history of optics, taking the reader on a fascinating scientific journey.”—Andrea Alù, founding director of the Photonics Initiative at the CUNY Advanced Science Research Center

Read more less

Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPart XIV Electron–specimen Interactions 69. Electron Interactions in Thin Specimens Part XV Digital Image Processing 70. Introduction 71. Acquisition, Sampling and Coding 72. Enhancement 73. Linear Restoration 74. Nonlinear Restoration – the Phase Problem 75. Three-dimensional Reconstruction 76. Image Analysis 77. Instrument Control and Instrumental Image Manipulation Part XVI Coherence, Brightness and Spectral Functions 78. Coherence and the Brightness Functions 79. Wigner Optics Part XVII Vortex Studies, the Quantum Electron Microscope 80. Orbital Angular Momentum, Vortex Beams and the Quantum Electron Microscope

Read more less

Fully updated throughout and with several new chapters, this second edition of Introduction to Inverse Problems in Imaging guides advanced undergraduate and graduate students in physics, computer science, mathematics and engineering through the principles of linear inverse problems, in addition to methods of their approximate solution and their practical applications in imaging. This second edition contains new chapters on edge-preserving and sparsity-enforcing regularization in addition to maximum likelihood methods and Bayesian regularization for Poisson data.The level of mathematical treatment is kept as low as possible to make the book suitable for a wide range of students from different backgrounds, with readers needing just a rudimentary understanding of analysis, geometry, linear algebra, probability theory, and Fourier analysis. The authors concentrate on presenting easily implementable and fast solution algorithms, and this second edition

Read more less

Book SynopsisHow a scientific outsider came up with a revolutionary theory of light and saved untold numbers of lives.Trade Review"Theresa Levitt interweaves the personal triumph of the French physicist Augustin Fresnel with his pathbreaking work on the nature of light in her fascinating recounting of how the coasts of the world were made safe for the world’s seafaring vessels through a mix of genius, ingenuity, and perseverance. The story has a fascinating American coda." -- Joyce Appleby, professor of history emerita, UCLA, and author of The Relentless Revolution: A History of Capitalism"It is rare that we see a lighthouse-related book, historical in nature, with the level of research that was put into A Short Bright Flash. Theresa Levitt’s superior work has illustrated the genius and ongoing legacy of Augustin Fresnel, whose brilliance not only saved lives but had an everlasting impact on the development of world trade, and whose advanced ideas are still implemented in today’s modern culture." -- Jeffrey S. Gales, executive director, U.S. Lighthouse Society"With his frantic pace of invention and early death, “he’s just like those romantic heroines of 1830s Paris burning themselves up through their passions,” said the historian Theresa Levitt, whose new book is A Short Bright Flash: Augustin Fresnel and the Birth of the Modern Lighthouse." -- Eva Kahn - New York Times"Fresnel indeed lit up his country and the world." -- Joanne Baker - Nature"[F]ascinating book…Levitt’s writing captures the mix of scientific rigor and cultural shifts in a way that mirrors the sea voyages of the day—a journey fraught with uncertainty, but in the end, guided to success by Fresnel’s lighthouse lenses." -- Matthew Tiffany - Minneapolis Star Tribune"University of Mississippi history professor Levitt details the birth and golden age of a maritime icon in this fascinating book." -- Publishers Weekly"Homage to the man who turned feeble-and-far-between harbor lights into a global multitude of brilliant beacons. …Levitt’s scrupulous scholarship and contextual setting serve readers well." -- Kirkus Reviews"Combin[es] matters of biography, science, engineering, technology, art, history, economics and politics seemingly effortlessly and definitely seamlessly. An excellent book and a joy to read." -- Henry Petroski - The Wall Street Journal

Read more less

Book SynopsisHow a scientific outsider came up with a revolutionary theory of light and saved untold numbers of lives.Trade Review"Levitt's detailed history is worth ploughing through to see how important scientists and engineers have been in saving sailors' lives." -- Nature"An excellent book and a joy to read." -- The Wall Street Journal"...this books is expertly researched as well as skillfully written...a thoroughly enjoyable read..." -- World Lighthouse Society"A splendid read." -- The Tablet

Read more less

Book SynopsisColor Management serves as a comprehensive guide to the implementation of the ICC (International Color Consortium) profile specification, widely used for maintaining color fidelity across multi-media imaging devices and software. The book draws together many of the White Papers produced by the ICC to promote the use of color management and disseminate good practice; the ICC specification has become widely accepted within the color industry, and these papers have been updated, expanded and edited for this collection. Other chapters comprise material that will go on to form future ICC White Papers, as well as some original content. The ICC review process ensures that the material and recommendations included are collaborative, reflecting the input of the wide community of color and imaging scientists and developers who make up its membership. Readers can be assured of the best advice for achieving optimum results. Provides an overview of color management inTable of ContentsAbout the Editor. Series Editor Preface. Preface. PART ONE: General. 1 Introduction. 2 Color Management – A Conceptual Overview. 3 The Role of ICC Profiles in a Color Reproduction System. 4 Common Color Management Workflows and Rendering Intent Usage. 5 Recent Developments in ICC Color Management. 6 Color Management Implementation Classification. 7 ICC Profiles, Color Appearance Modeling, and the Microsoft Windows Color System. 8 Glossary of Terms. PART TWO: Version 4. 9 The Reasons for Changing to the v4 ICC Profile Format. 10 ICC Version 2 and Version 4 Display Profile Differences. 11 Using the sRGB_v4_ICC_preference.icc Profile. 12 Fundamentals of the Version 4 Perceptual Rendering Intent. 13 Perceptual Rendering Intent Use Case Issues. PART THREE: Workflows. 14 Using ICC Profiles with Digital Camera Images. 15 RGB Color-Managed Workflow Example. 16 Issues in CMYK Workflows. 17 Orchestrating Color – Tools and Capabilities. 18 Flexible Color Management for the Graphic Arts. PART FOUR: Measurement and Viewing Conditions. 19 Standards for Color Measurement and Viewing. 20 ICC Recommendations for Color Measurement. 21 Fluorescence in Measurement. 22 Measurement Issues and Color Stability in Inkjet Printing. 23 Viewing Conditions. PART FIVE: Profile Construction and Evaluation. 24 Overview of ICC Profile Construction. 25 ICC Profile Internal Mechanics. 26 Use of the parametricCurveType. 27 Embedding and Referencing ICC Profiles. 28 LUT-Based Transforms in ICC Profiles. 29 Populating the Matrix Entries in lutAtoBType and lutBtoAType of Version 4 ICC Profiles. 30 Implementation Notes for SampleICC’s IccProfLib. 31 Introducing the New multiProcessingElements Tag Type. 32 Inverting ICC Profiles. 33 Evaluating Color Transforms in ICC Profiles. 34 Profile Compliance Testing with SampleICC. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisPhotoalignment possesses significant advantages in comparison with the usual rubbing' treatment of the substrates of liquid crystal display (LCD) cells as it is a non-contact method with a high resolution. A new technique recently pioneered by the authors of this book, namely the photo-induced diffusion reorientation of azodyes, does not involve any photochemical or structural transformations of the molecules. This results in photoaligning films which are robust and possess good aligning properties making them particularly suitable for the new generation of liquid crystal devices. Photoalignment of Liquid Crystalline Materials covers state-of-the-art techniques and key applications, as well as the authors' own diffusion model for photoalignment. The book aims to stimulate new research and development in the field of liquid crystalline photoalignment and in so doing, enable the technology to be used in large scale LCD production. Key features: Provides a Trade Review"I believe that the reader will obtain beneficial information on the various aspects of the physics and applications of the photoalignment of LCs and the techniques involved." (Liquid Crystals Today, June 2010) Table of ContentsAbout the Authors. Series Editor's Foreword. 1. Introduction. References. 2. Mechanisms of LC Photoalignment. 2.1 Cis-Trans Isomerization. 2.2 Pure Reorientation of the Azo-Dye Chromophore Molecules or Azo-Dye Molecular Solvates. 2.3 Crosslinking in Cinnamoyl Side-Chain Polymers. 2.4 Photodegradation in Polymide Materials. 2.5 Photoinduced Order in Langmuir–Blodgett Films. References. 3. LC-Surface Interaction in a Photoaligned Cell. 3.1 Pretilt Angle Generation in Photoaligning Materials. 3.2 Generation of Large Pretilt Angles. 3.3 Anchoring Energy in Photoaligning Materials. 3.4 Stability of Photoaligning Materials Sensitivity to UV Light. 3.5 Comparison of the Characteristics of Photoalignment Layers for Different Mechanisms of LC Photoalignment. 3.6 Various Methods for the Experimental Characterization of Photoalignment Layers. References. 4. Photoalignment of LCs. 4.1 Vertical LC Alignment. 4.2 Twisted LC Photoalignment. 4.3 Photoalignment of Ferroelectric LC. 4.4 Optical Rewritable LC Alignment. 4.5 Photoalignment with Asymmetric Surface Anchoring. 4.6 LC Photoalignment on Plastic Substrates. 4.7 Photoalignment on Grating Surface. 4.8 Photoalignment of Lyotropic and Discotic LCs. 4.9 Other Types of LC Photoalignment. References. 5. Application of Photoalignment Materials in Optical Elements. 5.1 Polarizers. 5.2 Retardation Films. 5.3 Transflective LCD with Photo-Patterned Polarizers and Phase Retarders. 5.4 Security Applications of Photoaligning and Photo-Patterning. 5.5 Optical Elements Based on Photoaligning Technology. References. 6. Novel LCDs Based on Photoalignment. 6.1 Bistable Nematic Displays. 6.2 Photoaligned Liquid-Crystal-on-Silicon Microdisplays. 6.3 Photoaligned Ferroelectric LCDs. 6.4 New Optical Rewritable Electronic Paper. 6.5 Application of Photoalignment in Photonic LC Devices. References. 7. US Patents Related to Photoalignment of Liquid Crystals. 7.1 Introductory Remarks. 7.2 List of Patents Patent Classification. 7.3 Analysis and Comments on the Patents. Index.

Read more less

Book Synopsis*Trade Review"Provides a thorough presentation of the state-of-the art in computational modelling techniques for photonics Contains broad coverage of both frequency- and time-domain techniques to suit a wide range of photonic devices Reviews existing commercial software packages for photonics". (MyCFO, 20 January 2011) "In this book, the author provides a comprehensive coverage of modern numerical modelling techniques for designing photonic devices for use in modern optical telecommunication". (VentureBeat Profiles, 21 January 2011)Table of Contents1 Introduction 1.1 Photonics: the countless possibilities of light propagation 1.2 Modelling photonics 2 Full-vectorial Beam Propagation Method 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Overview of the beam propagation methods 2.3 Maxwell’s Equations 2.4 Magnetic field formulation of the wave equation 2.5 Electric field formulation of the wave equation 2.6 Perfectly-Matched Layer 2.7 Finite Element Analysis 2.8 Derivation of BPM Equations 2.9 Imaginary-Distance BPM: Mode Solver 3 Assessment of Full-Vectorial Beam Propagation Method 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Analysis of Rectangular waveguide 3.3 Photonic Crystal Fibre 3.4 Liquid Crystal Based Photonic Crystal Fibre 3.5 Electro-optical Modulators 3.6 Switches 4 Bidirectional Beam Propagation Method 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Optical Waveguide Discontinuity Problem 4.3 Finite element analysis of discontinuity problems 4.4 Derivation of Finite Element Matrices 4.5 Application of Taylor’s Series Expansion 4.6 Computation of Reflected, Transmitted and Radiation Waves 4.7 Optical fiber-facet problem 4.8 Finite element analysis of optical fiber facets 4.9 Iterative analysis of multiple-discontinuities 4.10 Numerical assessment 5 Complex-Envelope Alternating-Direction-Implicit Finite Difference Time Domain Method with Assessment 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Maxwell's equations 5.3 Brief history of Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) Method 5.4 Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) Method 5.5 -Direction-Implicit FDTD (ADI-FDTD): Beyond the Courant Limit 5.6 Complex-Envelope ADI-FDTD (CE-ADI- 5.7 Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) Boundary Conditions 5.8 Uniaxal Perfectly Matched Layer (UPML) Absorbing Boundary Condition 5.9 PML Parameters 5.10 PML Boundary Conditions for CE-ADI-FDTD 5.11 PhC Resonant Cavities 5.12 5x5 Rectangular Lattice PhC Cavity 5.13 Triangular Lattice PhC Cavity 5.14 Wavelength Division Multiplexing 5.15 Conclusions 6. Finite Volume time Domain (FVTD) Method 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Numerical analysis 6.3 UPWIND Scheme for the Calculation 6.4 NON-DIFFUSIVE Scheme for the Flux Calculation 6.5 2D Formulation of the FVTD Method 6.6 Boundary Conditions 6.7 Nonlinear Optics 6.8 Nonlinear Optical Interactions 6.9 Extension of the FDTD Method to Nonlinear Problems 6.10 Extension of the FVTD Method to Nonlinear Problems 6.11 Conclusions 7 Numerical Analysis of Linear and Nonlinear PhC Based Devices 7.1 Introduction 7.2 FVTD Method Assessment: PhC Cavity 7.3 FVTD Method Assessment: PhC Waveguide 7.4 FVTD Method Assessment: PBG T-Branch 7.5 PhC Multimode Resonant Cavity 7.6 FDTD Analysis of Nonlinear Devices 7.7 FVTD Analysis of Nonlinear Photonic Crystal Wires 7.8 Conclusions 8 Multiresolution Time Domain 8.1 Introduction 8.2 MRTD basics 8.3 MRTD update scheme 8.4 Scaling-MRTD 8.5 Conclusions 9 MRTD Analysis of PhC-Devices 9.1 Introduction 9.2 UPML-MRTD: test and code validation 9.3 MRTD vs FDTD for the analysis of linear photonic crystals 9.4 Conclusions 10 MRTD Analysis of SHG PhC-Devices 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Second harmonic generation in optics 10.3 Extended S-MRTD for SHG analysis 10.4 SHG in PhC-waveguide 10.5 Selective SHG in compound PhC-based structures 10.6 New design for selective SHG: PhC-microcavities coupling 10.7 Conclusions 11 Dispersive Nonlinear MRTD for SHG Applications 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Dispersion analysis 11.3 SHG-MRTD scheme for dispersive materials 11.4 Simulation results 11.5 Conclusions

Read more less

Book SynopsisPresenting a number of methods and techniques for the modeling and optimization of liquid crystal devices, Modeling and Optimization of Liquid Crystal Displays represents modeling methods that are more accurate, versatile, reliable, and quicker than analogues in competing books.Table of ContentsSeries Editor's Foreword xiii Preface xv Acknowledgments xix List of Abbreviations xxi About the Companion Website xxiii 1 Polarization of Monochromatic Waves. Background of the Jones Matrix Methods. The Jones Calculus 1 1.1 Homogeneous Waves in Isotropic Media 1 1.1.1 Plane Waves 1 1.1.2 Polarization. Jones Vectors 3 1.1.3 Coordinate Transformation Rules for Jones Vectors. Orthogonal Polarizations. Decomposition of a Wave into Two Orthogonally Polarized Waves 9 1.2 Interface Optics for Isotropic Media 14 1.2.1 Fresnel's Formulas. Snell's Law 14 1.2.2 Reflection and Transmission Jones Matrices for a Plane Interface between Isotropic Media 20 1.3 Wave Propagation in Anisotropic Media 23 1.3.1 Wave Equations 23 1.3.2 Waves in a Uniaxial Layer 25 1.3.3 A Simple Birefringent Layer and Its Principal Axes 30 1.3.4 Transmission Jones Matrices of a Simple Birefringent Layer at Normal Incidence 32 1.3.5 Linear Retarders 36 1.3.6 Jones Matrices of Absorptive Polarizers. Ideal Polarizer 38 1.4 Jones Calculus 41 1.4.1 Basic Principles of the Jones Calculus 42 1.4.2 Three Useful Theorems for Transmissive Systems 46 1.4.3 Reciprocity Relations. Jones's Reversibility Theorem 50 1.4.4 Theorem of Polarization Reversibility for Systems Without Diattenuation 53 1.4.5 Particular Variants of Application of the Jones Calculus. Cartesian Jones Vectors for Wave Fields in Anisotropic Media 55 References 57 2 The Jones Calculus: Solutions for Ideal Twisted Structures and Their Applications in LCD Optics 59 2.1 Jones Matrix and Eigenmodes of a Liquid Crystal Layer with an Ideal Twisted Structure 59 2.2 LCD Optics and the Gooch–Tarry Formulas 64 2.3 Interactive Simulation 67 2.4 Parameter Space 69 References 73 3 Optical Equivalence Theorem 75 3.1 General Optical Equivalence Theorem 75 3.2 Optical Equivalence for the Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Cell 77 3.3 Polarization Conserving Modes 77 3.3.1 LP1 Modes 78 3.3.2 LP2 Modes 79 3.3.3 LP3 Modes 80 3.3.4 CP Modes 81 3.4 Application to Nematic Bistable LCDs 82 3.4.1 2pi Bistable TN Displays 82 3.4.2 Pi Bistable TN Displays 83 3.5 Application to Reflective Displays 84 3.6 Measurement of Characteristic Parameters of an LC Cell 86 3.6.1 Characteristic Angle Omega 86 3.6.2 Characteristic Phase Gamma 87 References 87 4 Electro-optical Modes: Practical Examples of LCD Modeling and Optimization 91 4.1 Optimization of LCD Performance in Various Electro-optical Modes 91 4.1.1 Electrically Controlled Birefringence 91 4.1.2 Twist Effect 101 4.1.3 Supertwist Effect 109 4.1.4 Optimization of Optical Performance of Reflective LCDs 116 4.2 Transflective LCDs 119 4.2.1 Dual-Mode Single-Cell-Gap Approach 119 4.2.2 Single-Mode Single-Cell-Gap Approach 122 4.3 Total Internal Reflection Mode 124 4.4 Ferroelectric LCDs 131 4.4.1 Basic Physical Properties 131 4.4.2 Electro-optical Effects in FLC Cells 135 4.5 Birefringent Color Generation in Dichromatic Reflective FLCDs 145 References 149 5 Necessary Mathematics. Radiometric Terms. Conventions. Various Stokes and Jones Vectors 153 5.1 Some Definitions and Relations from Matrix Algebra 153 5.1.1 General Definitions 153 5.1.2 Some Important Properties of Matrix Products 160 5.1.3 Unitary Matrices. Unimodular Unitary 2 x 2 Matrices. STU Matrices 160 5.1.4 Norms of Vectors and Matrices 163 5.1.5 Kronecker Product of Matrices 166 5.1.6 Approximations 167 5.2 Some Radiometric Quantities. Conventions 167 5.3 Stokes Vectors of Plane Waves and Collimated Beams Propagating in Isotropic Nonabsorbing Media 169 5.4 Jones Vectors 171 5.4.1 Fitted-to-Electric-Field Jones Vectors and Fitted-to-Transverse-Component-of-Electric-Field Jones Vectors 171 5.4.2 Fitted-to-Irradiance Jones Vectors 172 5.4.3 Conventional Jones Vectors 175 References 176 6 Simple Models and Representations for Solving Optimization and Inverse Optical Problems. Real Optics of LC Cells and Useful Approximations 177 6.1 Polarization Transfer Factor of an Optical System 178 6.2 Optics of LC Cells in Terms of Polarization Transport Coefficients 182 6.2.1 Polarization-Dependent Losses and Depolarization. Unpolarized Transmittance 185 6.2.2 Rotations 187 6.2.3 Symmetry of the Sample 190 6.3 Retroreflection Geometry 192 6.4 Applications of Polarization Transport Coefficients in Optimization of LC Devices 195 6.5 Evaluation of Ultimate Characteristics of an LCD that can be Attained by Fitting the Compensation System. Modulation Efficiency of LC Layers 207 References 216 7 Some Physical Models and Mathematical Algorithms Used in Modeling the Optical Performance of LCDs 217 7.1 Physical Models of the Light–Layered System Interaction Used in Modeling the Optical Behavior of LC Devices. Plane-Wave Approximations. Transfer Channel Approach 217 7.2 Transfer Matrix Technique and Adding Technique 237 7.2.1 Transfer Matrix Technique 238 7.2.2 Adding Technique 242 7.3 Optical Models of Some Elements of LCDs 246 References 248 8 Modeling Methods Based on the Rigorous Theory of the Interaction of a Plane Monochromatic Wave with an Ideal Stratified Medium. Eigenwave (EW) Methods. EW Jones Matrix Method 251 8.1 General Properties of the Electromagnetic Field Induced by a Plane Monochromatic Wave in a Linear Stratified Medium 252 8.1.1 Maxwell's Equations and Constitutive Relations 252 8.1.2 Plane Waves 256 8.1.3 Field Geometry 259 8.2 Transmission and Reflection Operators of Fragments (TR Units) of a Stratified Medium and Their Calculation 275 8.2.1 EW Jones Vector. EW Jones Matrices. Transmission and Reflection Operators 275 8.2.2 Calculation of Overall Transmission and Overall Reflection Operators for Layered Systems by Using Transfer Matrices 281 8.3 Berreman’s Method 283 8.3.1 Transfer Matrices 283 8.3.2 Transfer Matrix of a Homogeneous Layer 285 8.3.3 Transfer Matrix of a Smoothly Inhomogeneous Layer. Staircase Approximation 287 8.3.4 Coordinate Systems 289 8.4 Simplifications, Useful Relations, and Advanced Techniques 291 8.4.1 Orthogonality Relations and Other Useful Relations for Eigenwave Bases 291 8.4.2 Simple General Formulas for Transmission Operators of Interfaces 297 8.4.3 Calculation of Transmission and Reflection Operators of Layered Systems by Using the Adding Technique 303 8.5 Transmissivities and Reflectivities 304 8.6 Mathematical Properties of Transfer Matrices and Transmission and Reflection EW Jones Matrices of Lossless Media and Reciprocal Media 311 8.6.1 Properties of Matrix Operators for Nonabsorbing Regions 311 8.6.2 Properties of Matrix Operators for Reciprocal Regions 313 8.7 Calculation of EW 4 x 4 Transfer Matrices for LC Layers 319 8.8 Transformation of the Elements of EW Jones Vectors and EW Jones Matrices Under Changes of Eigenwave Bases 322 8.8.1 Coordinates of the EW Jones Vector of a Wave Field in Different Eigenwave Bases 322 8.8.2 EW Jones Operators in Different Eigenwave Bases 326 References 328 9 Choice of Eigenwave Bases for Isotropic, Uniaxial, and Biaxial Media 331 9.1 General Aspects of EWB Specification. EWB-generating routines 331 9.2 Isotropic Media 338 9.3 Uniaxial Media 342 9.4 Biaxial Media 352 References 365 10 Efficient Methods for Calculating Optical Characteristics of Layered Systems for Quasimonochromatic Incident Light. Main Routines of LMOPTICS Library 367 10.1 EW Stokes Vectors and EW Mueller Matrices 368 10.2 Calculation of the EW Mueller Matrices of the Overall Transmission and Reflection of a System Consisting of "Thin" and "Thick" Layers 375 10.3 Main Routines of LMOPTICS 384 10.3.1 Routines for Computing 4 x 4 Transfer Matrices and EW Jones Matrices 384 10.3.2 Routines for Computing EW Mueller Matrices 388 10.3.3 Other Useful Routines 391 References 392 11 Calculation of Transmission Characteristics of Inhomogeneous Liquid Crystal Layers with Negligible Bulk Reflection 393 11.1 Application of Jones Matrix Methods to Inhomogeneous LC Layers 394 11.1.1 Calculation of Transmission Jones Matrices of LC Layers Using the Classical Jones Calculus 394 11.1.2 Extended Jones Matrix Methods 404 11.2 NBRA. Basic Differential Equations 409 11.3 NBRA. Numerical Methods 420 11.3.1 Approximating Multilayer Method 421 11.3.2 Discretization Method 427 11.3.3 Power Series Method 428 11.4 NBRA. Analytical Solutions 430 11.4.1 Twisted Structures 430 11.4.2 Nontwisted Structures 432 11.4.3 NBRA and GOA. Adiabatic and Quasiadiabatic Approximations 434 11.5 Effect of Errors in Values of the Transmission Matrix of the LC Layer on the Accuracy of Modeling the Transmittance of the LCD Panel 437 References 438 12 Some Approximate Representations in EWJones Matrix Method and Their Application in Solving Optimization and Inverse Problems for LCDs 441 12.1 Theory of STUM Approximation 442 12.2 Exact and Approximate Expressions for Transmission Operators of Interfaces at Normal Incidence 447 12.3 Polarization Jones Matrix of an Inhomogeneous Nonabsorbing Anisotropic Layer with Negligible Bulk Reflection at Normal Incidence. Simple Representations of Polarization Matrices of LC Layers at Normal Incidence 463 12.4 Immersion Model of the Polarization-Converting System of an LCD 466 12.5 Determining Configurational and Optical Parameters of LC Layers With a Twisted Structure: Spectral Fitting Method 474 12.5.1 How to Bring Together the Experiment and Unitary Approximation 476 12.5.2 Parameterization and Solving the Inverse Problem 480 12.5.3 Appendix to Section 12.5 489 12.6 Optimization of Compensation Systems for Enhancement of Viewing Angle Performance of LCDs 490 References 504 13 A FewWords About Modeling of Fine-Structure LCDs and the Direct Ray Approximation 507 13.1 Virtual Microscope 508 13.2 Directional Illumination and Diffuse Illumination 513 References 516 A LCD Modeling Software MOUSE-LCD Used for the HKUST Students Final Year Projects (FYP) from 2003 to 2011 517 A.1 Introductory Remarks 517 A.2 Fast LCD 517 A.2.1 TN Cell 517 A.2.2 Effect of d/p Ratio 519 A.2.3 Effect of K22/K11 520 A.2.4 Effect of K33/K11 520 A.2.5 Effect of delta 521 A.2.6 Effect of gamma 521 A.2.7 Effect of Anchoring Strength W 523 A.2.8 Optimized TN Cell With Fast Response Time 523 A.2.9 Other LC Modes 524 A.3 Color LCD 524 A.3.1 The Super-Twisted Nematic Cell 524 A.3.2 STN Birefringent Colors in Transmissive and Reflective Modes 525 A.4 Transflective LCD 525 A.4.1 Vertical Aligned Nematic Cell 525 A.5 Switchable Viewing Angle LCD 535 A.6 Optimal e-paper Configurations 535 A.7 Color Filter Optimization 536 References 536 B Some Derivations and Examples 537 B.1 Conservation Law for Energy Flux 537 B.2 Lorentz’s Lemma 538 B.3 Nonexponential Waves 538 B.4 To the Power Series Method (Section 11.3.3) 540 B.5 One of the Ways to Obtain the Explicit Expressions for Transmission Jones Matrices of an Ideal Twisted LC Layer 541 Reference 543 Index 545

Read more less

Book SynopsisMercury Cadmium Telluride delivers a comprehensive treatment of both the growth techniques and fundamental properties of mercury cadmium telluride (MCT).Table of ContentsSeries Preface Preface Foreword List of Contributors Part One - Growth 1 Bulk Growth of Mercury Cadmium Telluride (MCT) P. Capper 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Phase Equilibria 1.3 Crystal Growth 1.4 Conclusions References 2 Bulk growth of CdZnTe/CdTe crystals A. Noda, H. Kurita and R. Hirano 2.1 Introduction 2.2 High-purity Cd and Te 2.3 Crystal Growth 2.4 Wafer processing 2.5 Summary Acknowledgements References 3 Properties of Cd(Zn)Te (relevant to use as substrates) S. Adachi 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Structural Properties 3.3 Thermal Properties 3.4 Mechanical and Lattice Vibronic Properties 3.5 Collective Effects and Some Response Characteristics 3.6 Electronic Energy-band Structure 3.7 Optical Properties 3.8 Carrier Transport Properties References 4 Substrates for the Epitaxial growth of MCT J. Garland and R. Sporken 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Substrate Orientation 4.3 CZT Substrates 4.4 Si-based Substrates 4.5 Other Substrates 4.6 Summary and Comclusions References 5 Liquid phase epitaxy of MCT P. Capper 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Growth 5.3 Material Characteristics 5.4 Device Status 5.5 Summary and Future Developments References 6 Metal-Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxy (MOVPE) Growth C. M. Maxey 6.1 Requirement for Epitaxy 6.2 History 6.3 Substrate Choices 6.4 Reactor Design 6.5 Process Parameters 6.6 Metalorganic Sources 6.7 Uniformity 6.8 Reproducibility 6.9 Doping 6.10 Defects 6.11 Annealing 6.12 In-situ monitoring 6.13 Conclusions References 7 MBE growth of Mercury Cadmium Telluride J. Garland 7.1 Introduction 7.2 MBE Growth theory and Growth Modes 7.3 Substrate Mounting 7.4 In-situ Characterization Tools 7.5 MCT Nucleation and Growth 7.6 Dopants and Dopant Activation 7.7 Properties of MCT epilayers grown by MBE 7.8 Conclusions References Part Two - Properties 8 Mechanical and Thermal Properties M. Martyniuk, J.M. Dell and L. Faraone 8.1 Density of MCT 8.2 Lattice Parameter of MCT 8.3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion for MCT 8.4 Elastic Parameters of MCT 8.5 Hardness and deformation characteristics of HgCdTe 8.6 Phase Diagrams of MCT 8.7 Viscosity of the MCT melt 8.8 Thermal properties of MCT References 9 Optical Properties of MCT J. Chu and Y. Chang 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Optical Constants and the Dielectric Function 9.3 Theory of Band-to-band Optical Transition 9.4 Near Band Gap Absorption 9.5 Analytic Expressions and Empirical Formulas for Intrinsic Absorption and Urbach Tail 9.6 Dispersion of the Refractive Index 9.7 Optical Constants and Related van Hover Singularities above the Energy Gap 9.8 Reflection Spectra and Dielectric Function 9.9 Multimode Model of Lattice Vibration 9.10 Phonon Absorption 9.11 Raman Scattering 9.12 Photoluminescence Spectroscopy References 10 Diffusion in MCT D. Shaw 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Self-Diffusion 10.3 Chemical Self-Diffusion 10.4 Compositional Interdiffusion 10.5 Impurity Diffusion References 11 Defects in HgCdTe – Fundamental M. A. Berding 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Ab Initio calculations 11.3 Prediction of Native Point Defect Densities in HgCdgTe 11.4 Future Challenges References 12 Band Structure and Related Properties of HgCdTe C. R. Becker and S. Krishnamurthy 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Parameters 12.3 Electronic Band Structure 12.4 Comparison with Experiment Acknowledgments References 13 Conductivity Type Conversion P. Capper and D. Shaw 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Native Defects in Undoped MCT 13.3 Native Defects in Doped MCT 13.4 Defect Concentrations During Cool Down 13.5 Change of Conductivity Type 13.6 Dry Etching by Ion Beam Milling 13.7 Plasma Etching 13.8 Summary References 14 Extrinsic Doping D. Shaw and P. Capper 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Impurity Activity 14.3 Thermal Ionization Energies of Impurities 14.4 Segregation Properties of Impurities 14.5 Traps and Recombination Centers 14.6 Donor and Acceptor Doping in LWIR and MWIR MCT 14.7 Residual Defects 14.8 Conclusions References 15 Structure and electrical characteristics of Metal/MCT interfaces R. J. Westerhout, C. A. Musca, Richard H. Sewell, John M. Dell, and L. Faraone 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Reactive/intermediately reactive/nonreactive categories 15.3 Ultrareactive/reactive categories 15.4 Conclusion 15.5 Passivation of MCT 15.6 Conclusion 15.7 Contacts to MCT 15.7 Surface Effects on MCT 15.8 Surface Structure of CdTe and MCT References 16 MCT Superlattices for VLWIR Detectors and Focal Plane Arrays James Garland 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Why HgTe-Based Superlattices 16.3 Calculated Properties 16.4 Growth 16.5 Interdiffusion 16.6 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 17 Dry Plasma Processing of Mercury Cadmium Telluride and related II- VIs Andrew Stolz 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Effects of Plasma Gases on MCT 17.3 Plasma Parameters 17.4 Characterization – Surfaces of Plasma Processed MCT 17.5 Manufacturing Issues and Solutions 17.6 Plasma Processes in Production of II-VI materials 17.7 Conclusions and Future Efforts References 18 MCT Photoconductive Infrared Detectors I. M. Baker 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Applications and Sensor Design 18.3 Photoconductive Detectors in MCT and Related Alloys 18.4 SPRITE Detectors 18.5 Conclusions on Photoconductive MCT Detectors Ackowledgements References Part Three – Applications 19 HgCdTe Photovoltaic Infrared Detectors I. M. Baker 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Advantages of the Photovoltaic Device in MCT 19.3 Applications 19.4 Fundamentals of MCT Photodiodes 19.5 Theoretical Foundations for MCT Array Technology 19.6 Manufacturing Technology for MCT Arrays 19.7 Towards “GEN III” Detectors 19.8 Conclusions and Future Trends for Photovoltaic NCT Arrays References 20 Nonequilibrium, dual-band and emission devices C. Jones and N. Gordon 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Nonequilibrium Devices 20.3 Dual-Band Devices 20.4 Emission devices 20.5 Conclusions References 21 HgCdTe Electron Avalanche Photodiodes (EAPDs) I. M. Baker and M. Kinch 21.1 Introduction and Applications 21.2 The Avalanche Multiplication Effect 21.3 Physics of MCT EAPDs 21.4 Technology of MCT EAPDs 21.5 Reported Performance of Arrays of MCT EAPDs 21.6 Laser-gated Imaging as a Practical Example of MCT EAPDs 21.7 Conclusions and Future Developments References 22 Room-temperature IR photodetectors Jozef Piotrowski and Adam Piotrowski 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Performance of Room-Temperature Infrared Photodetectors 22.3 MCT as a Material for Room-Temperature Photodetectors 22.4 Photoconductive Devices 22.5 Photoelectromagnetic, Magnetoconcentration and Dember IR Detectors 22.6 Photodiodes 22.7 Conclusions References Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis text examines the theory and application of infrared detectors. It describes the optical detection process and the electronics involved in mimicking the eye. It further describes how well optical systems detect radiation.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: Geometrical Optics. Radiometry. Optical-Detection Processes. Probability and Statistics for Optical Detection. Figures of Merit for Optical Detectors. Photovoltaic Detectors. Thermal Detectors. Schottky-Barrier Photodiodes. Infrared Search Systems. Modulation Transfer Function. Thermal-Imager Systems. Appendices. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisA detailed and timely overview of recent developments in activequasi-optical arrays In recent years, active quasi-optics has emerged as one of the mostdynamic fields of contemporary research--a highly unconventionalapproach to microwave and millimeter-wave power generation thatintegrates solid-state devices into a single quasi-opticalcomponent in which all devices operate in unison. This book definesand describes active quasi-optical arrays, reviews the currentstate of the art, and answers numerous basic and technicalquestions on the design, analysis, and application of thesedevices. The contributors to this volume are leading researchers in thefield who present results and views from government, industrial,and university laboratories and offer a balanced discussion on ahigh technical level. They also offer insight into theapplicability and commercial value of this technology for militarysystems, manufacturing processes, communications, and consumerproducts. Topics prTable of ContentsQuasi-Optical Power Combining (R. York). Spatial Power Combining (M. Gouker). Active Integrated Antennas (S. Chew & T. Itoh). Coupled-Oscillator Arrays and Scanning Techniques (J. Lynch, etal.). Quasi-Optical Antenna-Array Amplifiers (Z. Popovic, et al.). Multilayer and Distributed Arrays (A. Mortazawi, et al.). Planar Quasi-Optical Power Combining (M. Steer, et al.). Grid Oscillators (Z. Popovic, et al.). Grid Amplifiers (M. De Lisio & C. Liu). Beam-Control Arrays (K. Stephan). Frequency Conversion Grids (J. Chiao). Quasi-Optical Subsystems (Z. Popovic & G. Johnson). Commercial Applications of Quasi-Optics (R. Campton, et al.). Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisA thorough reference that sheds light on the promising field of solid-state lighting Solid-state lighting is a rapidly emerging field. Light Emitting Diodes are already used in traffic signals, signage/contour lighting, large area displays, and automotive applications.Trade Review"A good introductory book on LEDs..." (CIE News, No. 65, March 2003)Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Historical Introduction. 2. Vision, Photometry and Colorimetry. 3. Bulbs and Tubes. 4. Basics of All-Solid-State Lemps. 5. Light Extraction From Leds. 6. White Led. 7. Applications of Solid-State Lighting. References.

Read more less

Book SynopsisFourier and Diffractive Optics is a required course in electrical engineering and physics programs. Based upon Professor Ersoy's class notes, Diffraction, Fourier Optics and Imaging is an innovative and comprehensive work, presenting both theory and applications using MATLAB in examples and exercises.Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Diffraction, Fourier Optics and Imaging. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Examples of Emerging Applications with Growing Significance. 2. Linear Systems and Transforms. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Linear Systems and Shift Invariance. 2.3 Continuous-Space Fourier Transform. 2.4 Existence of Fourier Transform. 2.5 Properties of the Fourier Transform. 2.6 Real Fourier Transform. 2.7 Amplitude and Phase Spectra. 2.8 Hankel Transforms. 3. Fundamentals of Wave Propagation. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Waves. 3.3 Electromagnetic Waves. 3.4 Phasor Representation. 3.5 Wave Equations in a Charge-Free Medium. 3.6 Wave Equations in Phasor Representation in a Charge-Free Medium. 3.7 Plane EM Waves. 4. Scalar Diffraction Theory. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Helmholtz Equation. 4.3 Angular Spectrum of Plane Waves. 4.4 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) Implementation of the Angular Spectrum of Plane Waves. 4.5 The Kirchoff Theory of Diffraction. 4.6 The Rayleigh–Sommerfeld Theory of Diffraction. 4.7 Another Derivation of the First Rayleigh–Sommerfeld Diffraction Integral. 4.8 The Rayleigh–Sommerfeld Diffraction Integral For Nonmonochromatic Waves. 5. Fresnel and Fraunhofer Approximations. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Diffraction in the Fresnel Region. 5.3 FFT Implementation of Fresnel Diffraction. 5.4 Paraxial Wave Equation. 5.5 Diffraction in the Fraunhofer Region. 5.6 Diffraction Gratings. 5.7 Fraunhofer Diffraction By a Sinusoidal Amplitude Grating. 5.8 Fresnel Diffraction By a Sinusoidal Amplitude Grating. 5.9 Fraunhofer Diffraction with a Sinusoidal Phase Grating. 5.10 Diffraction Gratings Made of Slits. 6. Inverse Diffraction. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Inversion of the Fresnel and Fraunhofer Representations. 6.3 Inversion of the Angular Spectrum Representation. 6.4 Analysis. 7. Wide-Angle Near and Far Field Approximations for Scalar Diffraction. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 A Review of Fresnel and Fraunhofer Approximations. 7.3 The Radial Set of Approximations. 7.4 Higher Order Improvements and Analysis. 7.5 Inverse Diffraction and Iterative Optimization. 7.6 Numerical Examples. 7.7 More Accurate Approximations. 7.8 Conclusions. 8. Geometrical Optics. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Propagation of Rays. 8.3 The Ray Equations. 8.4 The Eikonal Equation. 8.5 Local Spatial Frequencies and Rays. 8.6 Matrix Representation of Meridional Rays. 8.7 Thick Lenses. 8.8 Entrance and Exit Pupils of an Optical System. 9. Fourier Transforms and Imaging with Coherent Optical Systems. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Phase Transformation With a Thin Lens. 9.3 Fourier Transforms With Lenses. 9.4 Image Formation As 2-D Linear Filtering. 9.5 Phase Contrast Microscopy. 9.6 Scanning Confocal Microscopy. 9.7 Operator Algebra for Complex Optical Systems. 10. Imaging with Quasi-Monochromatic Waves. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Hilbert Transform. 10.3 Analytic Signal. 10.4 Analytic Signal Representation of a Nonmonochromatic Wave Field. 10.5 Quasi-Monochromatic, Coherent, and Incoherent Waves. 10.6 Diffraction Effects in a General Imaging System. 10.7 Imaging With Quasi-Monochromatic Waves. 10.8 Frequency Response of a Diffraction-Limited Imaging System. 10.9 Computer Computation of the Optical Transfer Function. 10.10 Aberrations. 11. Optical Devices Based on Wave Modulation. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Photographic Films and Plates. 11.3 Transmittance of Light by Film. 11.4 Modulation Transfer Function. 11.5 Bleaching. 11.6 Diffractive Optics, Binary Optics, and Digital Optics. 11.7 E-Beam Lithography. 12. Wave Propagation in Inhomogeneous Media. 12.1 Introduction. 12.4 Beam Propagation Method. 12.5 Wave Propagation in a Directional Coupler. 13. Holography. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Coherent Wave Front Recording. 13.3 Types of Holograms. 13.4 Computer Simulation of Holographic Reconstruction. 13.5 Analysis of Holographic Imaging and Magnification. 13.6 Aberrations. 14. Apodization, Superresolution, and Recovery of Missing Information. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Apodization. 14.2.1 Discrete-Time Windows. 14.3 Two-Point Resolution and Recovery of Signals. 14.4 Contractions. 14.5 An Iterative Method of Contractions for Signal Recovery. 14.6 Iterative Constrained Deconvolution. 14.7 Method of Projections. 14.8 Method of Projections onto Convex Sets. 14.9 Gerchberg–Papoulis (GP) Algorithm. 14.10 Other POCS Algorithms. 14.11 Restoration From Phase. 14.12 Reconstruction From a Discretized Phase Function by Using the DFT. 14.13 Generalized Projections. 14.14 Restoration From Magnitude. 14.15 Image Recovery By Least Squares and the Generalized Inverse. 14.16 Computation of Hþ By Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). 14.17 The Steepest Descent Algorithm. 14.18 The Conjugate Gradient Method. 15. Diffractive Optics I. 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Lohmann Method. 15.3 Approximations in the Lohmann Method. 15.4 Constant Amplitude Lohmann Method. 15.5 Quantized Lohmann Method. 15.6 Computer Simulations with the Lohmann Method. 15.7 A Fourier Method Based on Hard-Clipping. 15.8 A Simple Algorithm for Construction of 3-D Point Images. 15.9 The Fast Weighted Zero-Crossing Algorithm. 15.10 One-Image-Only Holography. 15.11 Fresnel Zone Plates. 16. Diffractive Optics II. 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Virtual Holography. 16.3 The Method of POCS for the Design of Binary DOE. 16.4 Iterative Interlacing Technique (IIT). 16.5 Optimal Decimation-in-Frequency Iterative Interlacing Technique (ODIFIIT). 16.5.1 Experiments with ODIFIIT. 16.6 Combined Lohmann-ODIFIIT Method. 17. Computerized Imaging Techniques I: Synthetic Aperture Radar. 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Synthetic Aperture Radar. 17.3 Range Resolution. 17.4 Choice of Pulse Waveform. 17.5 The Matched Filter. 17.6 Pulse Compression by Matched Filtering. 17.7 Cross-Range Resolution. 17.8 A Simplified Theory of SAR Imaging. 17.9 Image Reconstruction with Fresnel Approximation. 17.10 Algorithms for Digital Image Reconstruction. 18. Computerized Imaging II: Image Reconstruction from Projections. 18.1 Introduction. 18.2 The Radon Transform. 18.3 The Projection Slice Theorem. 18.4 The Inverse Radon Transform. 18.5 Properties of the Radon Transform. 18.6 Reconstruction of a Signal From its Projections. 18.7 The Fourier Reconstruction Method. 18.8 The Filtered-Backprojection Algorithm. 19. Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing. 19.1 Introduction. 19.2 Array Waveguide Grating. 19.3 Method of Irregularly Sampled Zero-Crossings (MISZC). 19.4 Analysis of MISZC. 19.4.1 Dispersion Analysis. 19.4.2 Finite-Sized Apertures. 19.5 Computer Experiments. 19.6 Implementational Issues. 20. Numerical Methods for Rigorous Diffraction Theory. 20.1 Introduction. 20.2 BPM Based on Finite Differences. 20.3 Wide Angle BPM. 20.4 Finite Differences. 20.5 Finite Difference Time Domain Method. 20.6 Computer Experiments. 20.7 Fourier Modal Methods. Appendix A: The Impulse Function. Appendix B: Linear Vector Spaces. Appendix C: The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform, The Discrete Fourier Transform and The Fast Fourier Transform. References. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisA guide to the theory and application of methods of projections. With the rise of powerful personal computers, methods of vector space projections have moved rapidly from the realm of theory into widespread use. This book reflects the growing interest in the application of these methods to problem solving in science and engineering.Trade Review"...a very useful addition among classical signal processingtexts...it can be warmly recommended..." (Analog Dialogue,Vol. 36, No. 5, September-October 2002)Table of ContentsVector Space Concepts. Projections Onto Convex Sets. Elementary Projectors. Solutions of Linear Equations. Generalized Projections. Applications to Communications. Application to Optics. Applications to Neural Nets. Applications to Image Processing. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisAs optical character recognition (OCR) begins to find applications ranging from store checkout scanners to money-changing machines and postal system automation, it has become one of the most dynamic areas in information science today.Table of ContentsCharacter Recognition. Blurring and Sampling. Normalization. Thresholding Selection. Thinning. Theory of Preprocessing. Feature Extraction Using Linear Methods. Feature Extraction Based on Structure Analysis. Algebraic Description. Background Analysis. Linear Matching. Graph Matching. Elastic Matching. Appendices. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisDeals with all aspects of Imaging Science and Technology, from archeology to life sciences and engineering. With this encyclopedia, scientists, engineers and physicians can understand more about the science and technology behind the imaging techniques they are using and learn the technologies.Trade Review"...an impressive book..." (Materials World, September 2002) "...provides coverage of imaging science and technology from a diverse range of applications, techniques, and fields of study...can assist scientists, engineers, and physicians to better understand the science behind...imaging techniques." (Spectroscopy, Vol. 17, No. 2, December 2002)Table of ContentsAcoustic Sources or Receiver Arrays: Directional Response Characteristics of , Detector Technology Analog and Digital SQUID Sensors , Detector Technology Capacitive Probe Microscopy , Imaging Techniques Systems Cathode Ray Tube Display Technology , Display Technology Cathode Ray Tubes , Display Technology Characterization of Image Systems , End User Charged Particle Optics , Image Formation Color Image Processing , Digital Image Processing Color Photography , Imaging Techniques Systems Digital Video , Display Technology Digital Watermarking , Digital Image Processing Display Calibration , End User Dye Transfer Printing Technology , Display Technology Electroencephalogram (EEG) Topography , Imaging Techniques Systems Electromagnetic Radiation and Interactions with Matter , Spectroscopy Electron Microscopes , Imaging Techniques Systems Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Imaging , Imaging Techniques Systems Electrophotography , Imaging Techniques Systems Endoscopy , Imaging Techniques Systems Feature Measurement , Digital Image Processing Feature Recognition Object Classification , Digital Image Processing Field Emission Display Panels , Display Technology Flow Imaging , Imaging Techniques Systems Force Imaging , Imaging Techniques Systems Foundations of Morphological Image Processing , Digital Image Processing Gravitation Imaging , Imaging Techniques Systems Gravure Multi-Copy Printing , Display Technology Ground Penetrating Radar , Imaging Techniques Systems High Resolution Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy Imaging , Imaging Techniques Systems High Speed Photographic Imaging , Imaging Techniques Systems Holography , Imaging Techniques Systems Human Visual System - Color Visual Processing , End User Human Visual System - Image Formation , End User Human Visual System - Spatial Visual Processing , End User Image Formation , Image Formation Image Processing Techniques , Digital Image Processing Image Quality Metrics , End User Image Search and Retrieval Strategies , Digital Image Processing Image Threshold and Segmentation , Digital Image Processing Imaging Applied to the Geologic Sciences , Imaging Applications Imaging Science in Art Conservation , Imaging Applications Imaging Science in Astronomy , Imaging Applications Imaging Science in Biochemistry , Imaging Applications Imaging Science in Forensics & Criminology , Imaging Applications Imaging Science in Medicine , Imaging Applications Imaging Science in Meteorology , Imaging Applications Imaging Science in Overhead Surveillance , Imaging Applications Infrared Thermography , Imaging Techniques & Systems Ink Jet Printing for Organic Electroluminescent Display , Display Technology Instant Photography , Imaging Techniques & Systems Laser-Induced Fluorescence Imaging , Imaging Techniques & Systems LIDAR , Imaging Techniques & Systems Lightning Locator , Imaging Techniques & Systems Liquid Crystal Display Technology , Display Technology Magnetic Field Imaging , Imaging Techniques & Systems Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Imaging Techniques & Systems Magnetospheric Imaging , Imaging Techniques & Systems Motion Picture Photography , Imaging Techniques & Systems Neutron Imaging, Radiography, and CT , Imaging Techniques & Systems Optical Image Formation , Image Formation Optical Microscopy , Imaging Techniques & Systems Over the horizon (OTH) Radar , Imaging Techniques & Systems Particle Detector Technology for Imaging, Detector Technology Photoconductor Detector Technology , Detector Technology Photodetectors , Detector Technology Photographic Color Display Technology , Display Technology RF Magnetic Field Mapping , Imaging Techniques & Systems Scanning Acoustic Microscopy , Imaging Techniques & Systems Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy , Imaging Techniques & Systems Silver Halide Detector Technology , Detector Technology Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) , Imaging Techniques & Systems Stereo & 3D Display Technologies , Display Technology Still Photography , Imaging Techniques & Systems ....

Read more less

Book SynopsisA complete reference guide to the theory, design, and applications of infrared technology Rapid advances in infrared (IR), photonic, and electrooptic technologies have given rise to sophisticated sensors with important commercial, industrial, and military applications-from remote sensing, surveillance, and high-resolution TV to home security systems. This book provides scientists and engineers with a comprehensive, state-of-the-art guide to the analysis and development of IR, photonic, and electrooptical devices and systems for specific applications. Well-known industry expert A. R. Jha compiles and consolidates the latest data on IR sources and systems, presenting fully referenced technical information plus numerical examples illustrating performance parameters and design aspects for an amazingly broad array of applications. Basic IR theory is also provided. Coverage includes: * Transmission characteristics of optical signals through the atmosphere, including effects of sTable of ContentsInfrared Radiation Theory. Transmission Characteristics of IR Signals in Atmosphere. Potential IR Sources. Detectors and Focal Planar Arrays. Infrared Passive Devices and Electrooptic Components. IR Active Devices and Components. Application of Infrared and Photonic Technologies in Commercial and Industrial Devices and Systems. Application of Infrared and Photonic Technologies in Medicine, Telecommunications, and Space. Application of Photonic and Infrared Technologies for Space and Military Sensors. IR Signature Analysis and Countermeasure Techniques. Future Applications of IR and Photonic Technologies and Requirements for Auxiliary Equipment. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisA unique collection of algorithms and lab experiments for practitioners and researchers of digital image processing technology With the field of digital image processing rapidly expanding, there is a growing need for a book that would go beyond theory and techniques to address the underlying algorithms.Table of ContentsDigital Image Processing Fundamentals. Digital Image Transform Algorithms. Digital Image Filtering and Enhancement. Digital Image Compression. Edge Detection Algorithms. Image Segmentation Algorithms. Shape Description. Digital Image Processing Lab Exercises Using EIKONA. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisWave scattering by discrete scatterers is an interdisciplinary area of research with many applications in such areas as atomic physics, medical imaging, geoscience and remote sensing. This three-volume work is an expanded and updated version of the authors 1985 book, Theory of Microwave Remote Sensing.Table of ContentsPREFACE xi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROMAGNETIC SCATTERING BY A SINGLE PARTICLE 1 1 Basic Scattering Parameters 2 1.1 Scattering Amplitudes and Cross Sections 2 1.2 Scattering Amplitude Matrix 6 2 Rayleigh Scattering 9 2.1 Rayleigh Scattering by a Small Particle 9 2.2 Rayleigh Scattering by a Sphere 10 2.3 Rayleigh Scattering by an Ellipsoid 12 2.4 Scattering Dyads 14 3 Integral Representations of Scattering and Born Approximation 16 3.1 Integral Expression for Scattering Amplitude 16 3.2 Born Approximation 18 4 Plane Waves, Cylindrical Waves, and Spherical Waves 21 4.1 Cartesian Coordinates: Plane Waves 21 4.2 Cylindrical Waves 22 4.3 Spherical Waves 24 5 Acoustic Scattering 30 6 Scattering by Spheres, Cylinders, and Disks 32 6.1 Mie Scattering 32 6.2 Scattering by a Finite Length Cylinder Using the Infinite Cylinder Approximation 41 6.3 Scattering by a Disk Based on the Infinite Disk Approximation 46 References and Additional Readings 52CHAPTER 2 BASIC THEORY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC SCATTERING 53 1 Dyadic Green's Function 54 1.1 Green's Functions 54 1.2 Plane Wave Representation 55 1.3 Cylindrical Waves 57 1.4 Spherical Waves 59 2 Huygens' Principle and Extinction Theorem 60 3 Active Remote Sensing and Bistatic Scattering Coefficients 66 4 Optical Theorem 68 5 Reciprocity and Symmetry 73 5.1 Reciprocity 73 5.2 Reciprocal Relations for Bistatic Scattering Coefficients and Scattering Amplitudes 75 5.3 Symmetry Relations for Dyadic Green's Function 79 6 Eulerian Angles of Rotation 81 7 T-Matrix 83 7.1 T-Matrix and Relation to Scattering Amplitudes 83 7.2 Unitarity and Symmetry 88 8 Extended Boundary Condition 91 8.1 Extended Boundary Condition Technique 91 8.2 Spheres 97 8.2.1 Scattering and Absorption for Arbitrary Excitation 100 8.2.2 Mie Scattering of Coated Sphere 102 8.3 Spheroids 104 References and Additional Readings 106CHAPTER 3 FUNDAMENTALS OF RANDOM SCATTERING 107 1 Radar Equation for Conglomeration of Scatterers 108 2 Stokes Parameters and Phase Matrices 116 2.1 Elliptical Polarization, Stokes Parameters, Partial Polarization 116 2.2 Stokes Matrix 123 2.3 Scattering per Unit Volume and Phase Matrix 124 2.4 Rayleigh Phase Matrix 127 2.5 Phase Matrix of Random Media 129 3 Fluctuating Fields 131 3.1 Coherent and Incoherent Fields 131 3.2 Probability Distribution of Scattered Fields and Polarimetric Description 132 4 Specific Intensity 140 5 Passive Remote Sensing 145 5.1 Planck's Radiation Law and Brightness Temperature 145 5.2 KirchhofT's Law 149 5.3 Fluctuation Dissipation Theorem 152 5.4 Emissivity of Four Stokes Parameters 155 6 Correlation Function of Fields 161 References and Additional Readings 165 CHAPTER 4 CHARACTERISTICS OF DISCRETE SCATTERERS AND ROUGH SURFACES 167 1 Ice 168 2 Snow 170 3 Vegetation 171 4 Atmosphere 172 5 Correlation Function and Pair Distribution Function 173 5.1 Correlation Function 174 5.2 Pair Distribution Function 176 6 Gaussian Rough Surface and Spectral Density 179 7 Soil and Rocky Surfaces 184 8 Ocean Surface 185 References and Additional Readings 195 CHAPTER 5 SCATTERING AND EMISSION BY LAYERED MEDIA 199 1 Incoherent Approach of Radiative Transfer 200 2 Wave Approach 203 2.1 Reflection and Transmission 203 2.2 Dyadic Green's Function for Stratified Medium 207 2.3 Brightness Temperatures for a Stratified Medium with Temperature Distribution 212 3 Comparison Between Incoherent Approach and Coherent Approach 217 4 Applications to Passive Remote Sensing of Soil 220 References and Additional Readings 229 CHAPTER 6 SINGLE SCATTERING AND APPLICATIONS 231 1 Single Scattering and Particle Position Correlation 232 2 Applications of Single Scattering 237 2.1 Synthetic Aperture Radar 237 2.2 Interferometric SAR 248 2.3 Active Remote Sensing of Half-Space Random Media 252 References and Additional Readings 258 CHAPTER 7 RADIATIVE TRANSFER THEORY 259 1 Scalar Radiative Transfer Theory 260 2 Vector Radiative Transfer Theory 269 2.1 Phase Matrix of Independent Scattering 269 2.2 Extinction Matrix 272 2.3 Emission Vector 275 2.4 Boundary Conditions 283 References and Additional Readings 286 CHAPTER 8 SOLUTION TECHNIQUES OF RADIATIVE TRANSFER THEORY 287 1 Iterative Method 288 1.1 Iterative Procedure 288 1.2 Integral Equation for Scattering Problems 293 1.3 Active Remote Sensing of a Half-Space of Spherical Particles 298 1.4 Active Remote Sensing of a Layer of Nonspherical Particles 303 1.4.1 Numerical Illustrations with Finite Dielectric Cylinders 310 1.5 Second-Order Scattering from Isotropic Point Scatterers 322 2 Discrete Ordinate-Eigenanalysis Method 324 2.1 Radiative Transfer Solution for Laminar Structures 324 2.2 Numerical Procedure of Discrete Ordinate Method: Normal Incidence 328 2.3 Active Remote Sensing: Oblique Incidence 337 2.4 Discrete Ordinate Method for Passive Remote Sensing 343 2.5 Passive Remote Sensing of a Three-Dimensional Random Medium 349 2.6 Passive Remote Sensing of a Layer of Mie Scatterers Overlying a Dielectric Half-Space 352 3 Invariant Imbedding 362 3.1 One-Dimensional Problem 363 3.2 Passive Remote Sensing of a Three-Dimensional Scattering Medium with Inhomogeneous Profiles 370 3.3 Passive Remote Sensing of a Three-Dimensional Random Medium 373 3.4 Thermal Emission of Layers of Spherical Scatterers in the Presence of Inhomogeneous Absorption and Temperature Profiles 374 4 Diffusion Approximation 380 References and Additional Readings 386 CHAPTER 9 ONE-DIMENSIONAL RANDOM ROUGH SURFACE SCATTERING 389 1 Introduction 390 2 Statistics of Random Rough Surface 392 2.1 Statistics, Correlation Function and Spectral Density 392 2.2 Characteristic Functions 396 3 Small Perturbation Method 397 3.1 Dirichlet Problem for One-Dimensional Surface 397 3.2 Neumann Problem for One-Dimensional Surface 403 4 Kirchhoff Approach 407 4.1 Dirichlet Problem for One-Dimensional Surface 408 4.2 Neumann Problem for One-Dimensional Surface 415 References and Additional Readings 417 INDEX 419

Read more less

Book SynopsisA timely and authoritative guide to the state of the art of wave scattering Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves offers in three volumes a complete and up-to-date treatment of wave scattering by random discrete scatterers and rough surfaces.Trade Review"this graduate textbook presents numerical simulation techniques and results for electromagnetic wave scattering in random media and rough surfaces..." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 25, No. 3, September 2001)Table of ContentsPREFACE xix CHAPTER 1 MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS OF LAYERED MEDIA 1 1 One-Dimensional Layered Media with Permittivity Fluctuations 2 1.1 Continuous Random Medium 2 1.2 Generation of One-Dimensional Continuous Gaussian Random Medium 4 1.3 Numerical Results and Applications to Antarctica 5 2 Random Discrete Layering and Applications 8 References and Additional Readings 12 CHAPTER 2 INTEGRAL EQUATION FORMULATIONS AND BASIC NUMERICAL METHODS 13 1 Integral Equation Formulation for Scattering Problems 14 1.1 Surface Integral Equations 14 1.2 Volume Integral Equations 17 1.3 Dyadic Green's Function Singularity and Electrostatics 19 2 Method of Moments 23 3 Discrete Dipole Approximation (DDA) 27 3.1 Small Cubes 28 3.2 Radiative Corrections 29 3.3 Other Shapes 31 4 Product of Toeplitz Matrix and Column Vector 37 4.1 Discrete Fourier Transform and Convolutions 38 4.2 FFT for Product of Toeplitz Matrix and Column Vector 42 5 Conjugate Gradient Method 46 5.1 Steepest Descent Method 46 5.2 Real Symmetric Positive Definite Matrix 48 5.3 General Real Matrix and Complex Matrix 52 References and Additional Readings 57 CHAPTER 3 SCATTERING AND EMISSION BY A PERIODIC ROUGH SURFACE 61 1 Dirichlet Boundary Conditions 62 1.1 Surface Integral Equation 62 1.2 Floquet's Theorem and Bloch Condition 63 1.3 2-D Green's Function in 1-D Lattice 64 1.4 Bistatic Scattering Coefficients 67 2 Dielectric Periodic Surface: T-Matrix Method 68 2.1 Formulation in Longitudinal Field Components 69 2.2 Surface Field Integral Equations and Coupled Matrix Equations 74 2.3 Emissivity and Comparison with Experiments 81 3 Scattering of Waves Obliquely Incident on Periodic Rough Surfaces: Integral Equation Approach 85 3.1 Formulation 85 3.2 Polarimetric Brightness Temperatures 89 4 Ewald's Method 93 4.1 Preliminaries 93 4.2 3-D Green's Function in 3-D Lattices 98 4.3 3-D Green's Function in 2-D Lattices 102 4.4 Numerical Results 105 References and Additional Readings 110 CHAPTER 4 RANDOM ROUGH SURFACE SIMULATIONS 111 1 Perfect Electric Conductor (Non-Penetrable Surface) 114 1.1 Integral Equation 114 1.2 Matrix Equation: Dirichlet Boundary Condition (EFIE for TE Case) 1161.3 Tapering of Incident Waves and Calculation of Scattered Waves 118 1.4 Random Rough Surface Generation 124 1.4.1 Gaussian Rough Surface 124 1.4.2 Fractal Rough Surface 132 1.5 Neumann Boundary Condition (MFIE for TM Case) 134 2 Two-Media Problem 137 2.1 TE and TM Waves 139 2.2 Absorptivity, Emissivity and Reflectivity 141 2.3 Impedance Matrix Elements: Numerical Integrations 143 2.4 Simulation Results 145 2.4.1 Gaussian Surface and Comparisons with Analytical Methods 145 2.4.2 Dirichlet Case of Gaussian Surface with Ocean Spectrum and Fractal Surface 150 2.4.3 Bistatic Scattering for Two Media Problem with Ocean Spectrum 151 3 Topics of Numerical Simulations 154 3.1 Periodic Boundary Condition 154 3.2 MFIE for TE Case of PEC 158 3.3 Impedance Boundary Condition 161 4 Microwave Emission of Rough Ocean Surfaces 163 5 Waves Scattering from Real-Life Rough Surface Profiles 166 5.1 Introduction 166 5.2 Rough Surface Generated by Three Methods 167 5.3 Numerical Results of the Three Methods 169 References and Additional Readings 175 CHAPTER 5 FAST COMPUTATIONAL METHODS FOR SOLVING ROUGH SURFACE SCATTERING PROBLEMS 177 1 Banded Matrix Canonical Grid Method for Two-Dimensional Scattering for PEC Case 1791.1 Introduction 179 1.2 Formulation and Computational Procedure 180 1.3 Product of a Weak Matrix and a Surface Unknown Column Vector 187 1.4 Convergence and Neighborhood Distance 188 1.5 Results of Composite Surfaces and Grazing Angle Problems 189 2 Physics-Based Two-Grid Method for Lossy Dielectric Surfaces 196 2.1 Introduction 196 2.2 Formulation and Single-Grid Implementation 198 2.3 Physics-Based Two-Grid Method Combined with Banded Matrix Iterative Approach/Canonical Grid Method 200 2.4 Bistatic Scattering Coefficient and Emissivity 203 3 Steepest Descent Fast Multipole Method 212 3.1 Steepest Descent Path for Green's Function 213 3.2 Multi-Level Impedance Matrix Decomposition and Grouping 216 3.3 Multi-Level Discretization of Angles and Interpolation 222 3.4 Steepest Descent Expression of Multi-Level Impedance Matrix Elements 226 3.5 SDFMM Algorithm 235 3.6 Numerical Results 242 4 Method of Ordered Multiple Interactions (MOMI) 242 4.1 Matrix Equations Based on MFIE for TE and TM Waves for PEC 242 4.2 Iterative Approach 245 4.3 Numerical Results 247 5 Physics-Based Two-Grid Method Combined with the Multilevel Fast Multipole Method 249 5.1 Single Grid and PBTG 249 5.2 Computational Complexity of the Combined Algorithm of the PBTG with the MLFMM 252 5.3 Gaussian Rough Surfaces and CPU Comparison 254 5.4 Non-Gaussian Surfaces 257 References and Additional Readings 263 CHAPTER 6 THREE-DIMENSIONAL WAVE SCATTERING FROM TWO-DIMENSIONAL ROUGH SURFACES 267 1 Scattering by Non-Penetrable Media 270 1.1 Scalar Wave Scattering 270 1.1.1 Formulation and Numerical Method 270 1.1.2 Results and Discussion 273 1.1.3 Convergence of SMFSIA 277 1.2 Electromagnetic Wave Scattering by Perfectly Conducting Surfaces 278 1.2.1 Surface Integral Equation 278 1.2.2 Surface Integral Equation for Rough Surface Scattering 280 1.2.3 Computation Methods 281 1.2.4 Numerical Simulation Results 286 2 Integral Equations for Dielectric Surfaces 293 2.1 Electromagnetic Fields with Electric and Magnetic Sources 293 2.2 Physical Problem and Equivalent Exterior and Interior Problems 296 2.2.1 Equivalent Exterior Problem, Equivalent Currents and Integral Equations 296 2.2.2 Equivalent Interior Problem, Equivalent Currents and Integral Equations 298 2.3 Surface Integral Equations for Equivalent Surface Currents, Tangential and Normal Components of Fields 300 3 Two-Dimensional Rough Dielectric Surfaces with Sparse Matrix Canonical Grid Method 304 3.1 Integral Equation and SMCG Method 304 3.2 Numerical Results of Bistatic Scattering Coefficient 318 4 Scattering by Lossy Dielectric Surfaces with PBTG Method 326 4.1 Introduction 326 4.2 Formulation and Single Grid Implementation 328 4.3 Physics-Based Two-Grid Method 329 4.4 Numerical Results and Comparison with Second Order Perturbation Method 334 4.5 Numerical Simulations of Emissivity of Soils with Rough Surfaces at Microwave Frequencies 343 5 Four Stokes Parameters Based on Tangential Surface Fields 350 6 Parallel Implementation of SMCG on Low Cost Beowulf System 354 6.1 Introduction 354 6.2 Low-Cost Beowulf Cluster 355 6.3 Parallel Implementation of the SMCG Method and the PBTG Method 356 6.4 Numerical Results 360 References and Additional Readings 366 CHAPTER 7 VOLUME SCATTERING SIMULATIONS 371 1 Combining Simulations of Collective Volume Scattering Effects with Radiative Transfer Theory 373 2 Foldy-Lax Self-Consistent Multiple Scattering Equations 376 2.1 Final Exciting Field and Multiple Scattering Equation 376 2.2 Foldy-Lax Equations for Point Scatterers 379 2.3 The JV-Particle Scattering Amplitude 382 3 Analytical Solutions of Point Scatterers 382 3.1 Phase Function and Extinction Coefficient for Uniformly Distributed Point Scatterers 382 3.2 Scattering by Collection of Clusters 389 4 Monte Carlo Simulation Results of Point Scatterers 392 References and Additional Readings 401 CHAPTER 8 PARTICLE POSITIONS FOR DENSE MEDIA CHARACTERIZATIONS AND SIMULATIONS 403 1 Pair Distribution Functions and Structure Factors 404 1.1 Introduction 404 1.2 Percus Yevick Equation and Pair Distribution Function for Hard Spheres 406 1.3 Calculation of Structure Factor and Pair Distribution Function 409 2 Percus—Yevick Pair Distribution Functions for Multiple Sizes 411 3 Monte Carlo Simulations of Particle Positions 414 3.1 Metropolis Monte Carlo Technique 415 3.2 Sequential Addition Method 418 3.3 Numerical Results 418 4 Sticky Particles 424 4.1 Percus-Yevick Pair Distribution Function for Sticky Spheres 424 4.2 Pair Distribution Function of Adhesive Sphere Mixture 429 4.3 Monte Carlo Simulation of Adhesive Spheres 434 5 Particle Placement Algorithm for Spheroids 444 5.1 Contact Functions of Two Ellipsoids 445 5.2 Illustrations of Contact Functions 446 References and Additional Readings 450 CHAPTER 9 SIMULATIONS OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL DENSE MEDIA 453 1 Introduction 454 1.1 Extinction as a Function of Concentration 454 1.2 Extinction as a Function of Frequency 456 2 Random Positions of Cylinders 458 2.1 Monte Carlo Simulations of Positions of Hard Cylinders 458 2.2 Simulations of Pair Distribution Functions 460 2.3 Percus-Yevick Approximation of Pair Distribution Functions 461 2.4 Results of Simulations 463 2.5 Monte Carlo Simulations of Sticky Disks 463 3 Monte Carlo Simulations of Scattering by Cylinders 469 3.1 Scattering by a Single Cylinder 469 3.2 Foldy-Lax Multiple Scattering Equations for Cylinders 476 3.3 Coherent Field, Incoherent Field, and Scattering Coefficient 480 3.4 Scattered Field and Internal Field Formulations 481 3.5 Low Frequency Formulas 482 3.6 Independent Scattering 484 3.7 Simulation Results for Sticky and Non-Sticky Cylinders 485 4 Sparse-Matrix Canonical-Grid Method for Scattering by Many Cylinders 486 4.1 Introduction 486 4.2 The Two-Dimensional Scattering Problem of Many Dielectric Cylinders 489 4.3 Numerical Results of Scattering and CPU Comparisons 490 References and Additional Readings 493 CHAPTER 10 DENSE MEDIA MODELS AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL SIMULATIONS 495 1 Introduction 496 2 Simple Analytical Models For Scattering From a Dense Medium 496 2.1 Effective Permittivity 496 2.2 Scattering Attenuation and Coherent Propagation Constant 500 2.3 Coherent Reflection and Incoherent Scattering From a Half-Space of Scatterers 505 2.4 A Simple Dense Media Radiative Transfer Theory 510 3 Simulations Using Volume Integral Equations 512 3.1 Volume Integral Equation 512 3.2 Simulation of Densely Packed Dielectric Spheres 514 3.3 Densely Packed Spheroids 518 4 Numerical Simulations Using T-Matrix Formalism 533 4.1 Multiple Scattering Equations 533 4.2 Computational Considerations 541 4.3 Results and Comparisons with Analytic Theory 545 4.4 Simulation of Absorption Coefficient 547 References and Additional Readings 548 CHAPTER 11 ANGULAR CORRELATION FUNCTION AND DETECTION OF BURIED OBJECT 551 1 Introduction 552 2 Two-Dimensional Simulations of Angular Memory Effect and Detection of Buried Object 553 2.1 Introduction 553 2.2 Simple and General Derivation of Memory Effect 553 2.3 ACF of Random Rough Surfaces with Different Averaging Methods 555 2.4 Scattering by a Buried Object Under a Rough Surface 557 3 Angular Correlation Function of Scattering by a Buried Object Under a 2-D Random Rough Surface (3-D Scattering) 564 3.1 Introduction 564 3.2 Formulation of Integral Equations 565 3.3 Statistics of Scattered Fields 570 3.4 Numerical Illustrations of ACF and PACF 571 4 Angular Correlation Function Applied to Correlation Imaging in Target Detection 575 4.1 Introduction 575 4.2 Formulation of Imaging 578 4.3 Simulations of SAR Data and ACF Processing 580 References and Additional Readings 591 CHAPTER 12 MULTIPLE SCATTERING BY CYLINDERS IN THE PRESENCE OF BOUNDARIES 593 1 Introduction 594 2 Scattering by Dielectric Cylinders Above a Dielectric Half-Space 594 2.1 Scattering from a Layer of Vertical Cylinders: First-Order Solution 594 2.2 First- and Second-Order Solutions 603 2.3 Results of Monte Carlo Simulations 613 3 Scattering by Cylinders in the Presence of Two Reflective Boundaries 622 3.1 Vector Cylindrical Wave Expansion of Dyadic Green's Function Between Two Perfect Conductors 622 3.2 Dyadic Green's Function of a Cylindrical Scatterer Between Two PEC 629 3.3 Dyadic Green's Function with Multiple Cylinders 631 3.4 Excitation of Magnetic Ring Currents 635 3.4.1 First Order Solution 637 3.4.2 Numerical Results 638 References and Additional Readings 640 CHAPTER 13 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES SCATTERING BY VEGETATION 641 1 Introduction 642 2 Plant Modeling by Using L-Systems 644 2.1 Lindenmayer Systems 644 2.2 Turtle Interpretation of L-Systems 646 2.3 Computer Simulations of Stochastic L-Systems and Input Files 649 3 Scattering from Trees Generated by L-Systems Based on Coherent Addition Approximation 654 3.1 Single Scattering by a Particle in the Presence of Reflective Boundary 655 3.1.1 Electric Field and Dyadic Green's Function 655 3.1.2 Scattering by a Single Particle 656 3.2 Scattering by Trees 659 4 Coherent Addition Approximation with Attenuation 667 5 Scattering from Plants Generated by L-Systems Based on Discrete Dipole Approximation 669 5.1 Formulation of Discrete Dipole Approximation (DDA) Method 670 5.2 Scattering by Simple Trees 672 5.3 Scattering by Honda Trees 677 6 Rice Canopy Scattering Model 685 6.1 Model Description 685 6.2 Model Simulation 689 References and Additional Readings 691 INDEX 693

Read more less

Book SynopsisA timely and authoritative guide to the state of the art of wave scattering Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves offers in three volumes a complete and up-to-date treatment of wave scattering by random discrete scatterers and rough surfaces. Written by leading scientists who have made important contributions to wave scattering over three decades, this new work explains the principles, methods, and applications of this rapidly expanding, interdisciplinary field. It covers both introductory and advanced material and provides students and researchers in remote sensing as well as imaging, optics, and electromagnetic theory with a one-stop reference to a wealth of current research results. Plus, Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves contains detailed discussions of both analytical and numerical methods, including cutting-edge techniques for the recovery of earth/land parametric information. The three volumes are entitled respectively Theories and Applications, Numerical Simulation, andTrade Review"Here they [the authors] delve deeper into the topics raised in the first two volumes..." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 25, No. 3, September 2001)Table of ContentsPREFACE xiii CHAPTER 1 TWO-DIMENSIONAL RANDOM ROUGH SURFACE SCATTERING BASED ON SMALL PERTURBATION METHOD 1 1 Electromagnetic Wave Scattering by a Perfect Electric Conductor 2 1.1 Zeroth- and First-Order Solutions 7 1.2 Second-Order Solutions 11 2 Electromagnetic Wave Scattering by a Dielectric Rough Surface 18 2.1 Zeroth- and First-Order Solutions 27 2.2 Second-Order Solutions 36 3 Coherent Reflection, Emissivities, and Bistatic Scattering Coefficients of Random Dielectric Surfaces 47 3.1 Coherent Reflection 48 3.2 Emissivities of Four Stokes Parameters 51 3.3 Bistatic Scattering Coefficients 58 References and Additional Readings 61 CHAPTER 2 KIRCHHOFF APPROACH AND RELATED METHODS FOR ROUGH SURFACE SCATTERING 65 1 Kirchhoff Approach 66 1.1 Perfectly Conducting Rough Surface 66 1.2 Dielectric Rough Surfaces 72 1.3 Second-Order Slope Corrections 94 2 Phase Perturbation Method 101 3 Emissivity Based on Composite Surface Model 108 References and Additional Readings 118 CHAPTER 3 VOLUME SCATTERING: CASCADE OF LAYERS 121 1 Single Scattering Solution of a Thin Layer, Coherent Wave, and Effective Propagation Constant 122 2 Transition Operator 128 3 Electromagnetic Wave Case of a Thin Layer and Extinction Matrix 130 4 First- and Second-Order Solutions: Incoherent Waves 135 5 Cascading of Layers: From First- and Second-Order Wave Solutions to Radiative Transfer Equation 143 6 Effects of Clustering 150 References and Additional Readings 160 CHAPTER 4 ANALYTIC WAVE THEORY FOR A MEDIUM WITH PERMITTIVITY FLUCTUATIONS 161 1 Dyson's Equation for the Mean Field 162 1.1 Bilocal Approximation 167 1.2 Nonlinear Approximation 170 2 Second Moment of the Field 171 2.1 Bethe-Salpeter Equation 171 2.2 Energy Conservation 175 3 Strong Permittivity Fluctuations 178 3.1 Random Medium with Spherically Symmetric Correlation Function 179 3.2 Very Low Frequency Effective Permittivity 181 3.3 Effective Permittivity Under the Bilocal Approximation 182 3.4 Backscattering Coefficients 185 3.5 Results of Effective Permittivity and Bistatic Coefficients 187 References and Additional Readings 194 CHAPTER 5 MULTIPLE SCATTERING THEORY FOR DISCRETE SCATTERERS 197 1 Transition Operator 198 2 Multiple Scattering Equations 203 3 Approximations of Multiple Scattering Equations 204 3.1 Configurational Average of Multiple Scattering Equations 205 3.2 Effective Field Approximation (EFA, Foldy's Approximation) 207 3.3 Quasi-crystalline Approximation (QCA) 210 3.4 Coherent Potential (CP) 213 3.5 Quasi-crystalline Approximation with Coherent Potential (QCA-CP) 216 3.6 Low-Frequency Solutions 219 3.7 QCA-CP for Multiple Species of Particles 224 4 Ward's Identity and Energy Conservation 226 5 Derivation of Radiative Transfer Equation from Ladder Approximation 232 References and Additional Readings 241 CHAPTER 6 QUASI-CRYSTALLINE APPROXIMATION IN DENSE MEDIA SCATTERING 245 1 Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves from a Half-Space of Dielectric Scatterers— Normal Incidence 246 1.1 Coherent Wave Propagation 247 1.2 Effective Phase Velocity and Attenuation Rate in the Low-Frequency Limit 257 1.3 Dispersion Relations at Higher Frequencies 259 2 Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves from a Half-Space of Dielectric Scatterers—Oblique Incidence 266 2.1 Dispersion Relation and Coherent Reflected Wave 266 2.2 Vertically and Horizontally Polarized Incidence 275 3 Cases with Size Distributions 280 3.1 Coherent Field 281 3.2 Incoherent Field Using Distorted Born Approximation 287 4 Dense Media Radiative Transfer Theory Based on Quasi-crystalline Approximation 300 4.1 Phase Matrix, Extinction, Scattering, and Absorption Coefficients 301 4.2 Brightness Temperature Computed with QCA-based DMRT 307 4.3 Numerical Results for Sticky and Non-Sticky Particles 309 References and Additional Readings 319 CHAPTER 7 DENSE MEDIA SCATTERING 323 1 Introduction 324 2 Effective Propagation Constants, Mean Green's Function, and Mean Field for Half-Space DiscreteRandom Medium of Multiple Species 325 3 Derivation of Dense Media Radiative Transfer Equation (DMRT) 329 4 Dense Media Radiative Transfer Equations for Active Remote Sensing 340 5 General Relation between Active and Passive Remote Sensing with Temperature Distribution 344 6 Dense Media Radiative Transfer Equations for Passive Remote Sensing 349 7 Numerical Illustrations of Active and Passive Remote Sensing 351 References and Additional Readings 357 CHAPTER 8 BACKSCATTERING ENHANCEMENT 359 1 Introduction 360 1.1 Volume Scattering 361 1.2 Volume Scattering in the Presence of Reflective Boundary 362 2 Second-Order Volume Scattering Theory of Isotropic Point Scatterers 366 3 Summation of Ladder Terms and Cyclical Terms for Isotropic Point Scatterers 374 3.1 Formulation 375 3.2 Numerical Illustrations 380 4 Anisotropic Scatterers and Diffusion Approximation 385 4.1 Summation of Ladder Terms and Cyclical Terms 386 4.2 Unidirectional Point Source Green's Function 391 4.3 Second-Order Multiple-Scattering Theory 393 4.4 Diffusion Approximation 395 4.5 Numerical Results 399 References and Additional Readings 403 INDEX 407

Read more less

Book SynopsisVertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSELs) are a type of semiconductor laser whose optical output is vertically emitted from the surface as opposed to conventional edge emitting semiconductor lasers. This book acts as a practical guide for the modeling of VCSELs. It provides derivations for understanding the operational principles of VCSELs.Trade Review"…very nicely organized…design engineers of VCSELs will find this book the most useful. However, it also provides valuable information to CAD tool designers…" (Optics & Photonics News, June 2005) “…the author’s assessment of the opportunities gives a strong incentive to develop such interest” (Robotica, Vol. 22, 2004)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. 1. Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers - An overview. 2. Simple Design Consideration of Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers. 3. Modal Characteristics of Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers. 4. Polarization Properties of Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers. 5. Thermal Characteristics of Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers. 6. Electrical Characteristics of Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers. 7. Direct Modulation of Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers. 8. Spontaneous Emission of Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers. 9. Nonlinear Characteristics in Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisBridging the gap between theory and practice, it clarifies important phenomena in photorefractive media and shows how to apply these phenomena in actual situations.Table of ContentsElectromagnetic Waves in Crystals. Electromagnetic Propagation in Periodic Media. Photorefractive Effects. Wave Mixing in Photorefractive Media. Photorefractive Resonators. Photorefractive Phase Conjugators. Diffraction Properties of Gratings in Photorefractive Media. Volume Holograms and Planar Holograms. Phase Conjugate Interferometry. Optical Computing. Other Applications. Higher Order Photo-Induced Gratings. Appendices. Indexes.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe discovery of the Fractional Fourier Transform and its role in optics provides an elegant mathematical framework within which to discuss diffraction and other fundamental aspects of optical systems. Easily-accessible, the reference work will serve as the standard reference on Fourier Transforms for many years to come.Trade Review"...[the authors] explain the basic concepts from various perspectives and survey its application in two areas where it is widely used." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 25, No. 4, December 2001)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Introduction. Signals, Systems, and Transformations. Wigner Distributions and Linear Canonical Transforms. The Fractional Fourier Transform. Time-Order and Space-Order Representations. The Discrete Fractional Fourier Transform. Optical Signals and Systems. Phase-Space Optics. The Fractional Fourier Transform in Optics. Applications of the Fractional Fourier Transform to Filtering, Estimation, and Signal Recovery. Applications of the Fractional Fourier Transform to Matched Filtering, Detection, and Pattern Recognition. Bibliography on the Fractional Fourier Transform. Other Cited Works. Credits. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisWritten by a computer vision specialist, this title offers an account of volumetric image analysis techniques. It offers a practical approach to the field including the following topics: preprocessing of volumetric images; obtaining quantitative measurements in volumetric images; and, detection and modelling of objects in volumetric images.Table of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgements xi 1 Introduction 1 Part I: 3D Binary Images 7 2 Basics 9 3 Features of 3D Components 43 4 Operations on 3D Binary Images 61 Part II: 3D Grey Level Images 103 5 Image Enhancement 105 6 Geometric Transformations of Voxel Images 117 7 Surface Segmentation 129 8 Region Segmentation 169 Part III: Modelling and Registration of Objects 177 9 Surface Tiling 181 10 Surface Reconstruction 193 11 Registration 203 Appendix 215 A Displaying Volumetric Images 215 References 225 Index 241

Read more less

Book SynopsisProperties of Optical and Laser-Related Materials-A Handbook offers the reader a self-contained, concise and up-to-date collection of the key properties of 125 of the most common and important optical materials used in modern optics, laser physics and technology, spectroscopy and laser spectroscopy, nonlinear optics, quantum electronics and laser applications. This comprehensive volume presents not only the classical properties but also those that have appeared in the three decades since the invention of the laser. The presentation of the material is given in a clear tabular form with more than 1000 references. A wide variety of readers, ranging from workers in both industry and academia, to lecturers and students at postgraduate and undergraduate levels, will find Properties of Optical and Laser-Related Materials-A Handbook an invaluable resource.Table of ContentsLaser Materials and Their Hosts. Nonliner Optical Crystals. Main Optical Materials. Alkali and Alkaline Earth Halides. Oxides, Sulfides, Selenides and Tellurides. Semiconductors and Other Crystalline Materials. Glasses and Polymers. Liquids. Gases. Appendix. References. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe scientific and technological importance of lasers has generated great interest in the field of cavity nonlinear optics. This book provides a thorough description of this subject in terms of modern dynamical systems theory. Throughout, the emphasis is on deriving analytical results and highlighting their physical significance.Trade Review'This book provides a thorough description of the field in terms of modern dynamical systems theory. Throughout the emphasis is on deriving analytical results and highlighting their physical significance … The book stresses the connections between theoretical work and actual experimental results and will be of great interest to graduate students and researchers in theoretical physics, nonlinear optics, and laser physics.' K. Welker, OptikTable of ContentsIntroduction; 1. Reduction of the Maxwell–Schrödinger equations; 2. Parameter swept across a steady bifurcation I; 3. Parameter swept across a steady bifurcation II; 4. Optical bistability: constant input; 5. Optical bistability: variable input; 6. Multimode optical bistability; 7. Free running multimode lasers; 8. Antiphase dynamics; 9. Laser stability; 10. Second harmonic generation; 11. Saturable absorbers; 12. Transverse effects in optical bistability.

Read more less

Book SynopsisCovering a wide range of remote sensing techniques and applications, this new edition is now more accessible to students, while retaining its focus on physical and mathematical principles. Chapter summaries, review questions, problem sets and supporting online material allow students to test their understanding and practise handling data for themselves.Trade Review'This is a welcome new edition of a popular text, with wonderful color illustrations. The author has managed to help students digest the principles by adding useful summaries and review questions. A practical improvement for students and instructors is the addition of the rich suite of online resources, which greatly add to the book's appeal.' Farouk El-Baz, Director, Center for Remote Sensing, Boston University'Rees' new edition of his popular remote sensing textbook is written in an easy-to-follow style, but doesn't neglect the mathematical underpinnings. It covers principles related to all the key wavelength regions, and such diverse topics as photogrammetry, atmospheric sounding and multispectral imaging. Including coverage of applications on land, in the atmosphere and oceans, it represents an excellent resource for students and practitioners alike.' Martin Wooster, Environmental Monitoring and Modelling Research Group, King's College London'The third edition of this well known, highly respected and authoritative textbook contains a wealth of new material that captures advances in optical and microwave sensor systems and applications. University teachers will be delighted that the format remains the same; theory and technical detail are explained in clear language and supported by excellent diagrams and figures. The book incorporates good pedagogic principles … additional text boxes to help guide students not familiar with certain theoretical concepts, and review questions with problems to assist teachers to set extension exercises. [It] uses excellent examples, many of which are new in this edition, that clearly demonstrate why remote sensing data from a very wide range of sensors and platforms has such an impact on science and society today. Every student of remote sensing, whatever their level, and every library should have a copy of this excellent book.' Daniel Donoghue, Durham University'This is a comprehensive updating of a popular undergraduate and postgraduate text. The wealth of resources, new links and plates support the existing material superbly. The end references have been updated with new papers and sources and all the references are well integrated into the main text. … this is a superb text book and an excellent reference text. Dr W. G. Rees has done a superb job of updating what was already a well-loved and established text in a way which makes it a worthwhile investment for anyone studying the remote sensing and mapping of our planet.' Mark Nicol, Contemporary PhysicsTable of ContentsPreface; Acknowledgements; 1. Introduction; 2. Electromagnetic waves in free space; 3. Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter; 4. Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with the Earth's atmosphere; 5. Photographic systems; 6. Electro-optical systems; 7. Passive microwave systems; 8. Ranging systems; 9. Scattering systems; 10. Platforms for remote sensing; 11. Data processing; Appendix: data tables; Bibliography; Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisTrade Review"A comprehensive introduction to the physics of a wide range of X-ray applications, optics and analysis tools." * Nature Photonics *Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgments xv List of Constants and Variables xvii PART I. FOUNDATIONS 1. INTRODUCTION 3 1.1 The discovery 3 1.2 What is an x ray? 4 1.3 What makes x rays useful? 6 1.4 The layout of the text 8 1.5 The elusive hyphen 8 Problems 8 Further reading 9 2. A CASE STUDY: NUCLEAR MEDICINE 10 2.1 Metastable emitters and half-life 10 2.2 A brief introduction to nuclear decay 13 2.3 Nuclear medicine 14 2.4 Photon detection and scatter rejection 20 2.5 Photon statistics 22 2.6 SPECT 24 Problems 27 Further reading 29 PART II. X-RAY GENERATION 3. THERMAL SOURCES AND PLASMAS 33 3.1 Blackbody radiation 33 3.2 Generation of very hot plasmas 35 3.3 Plasma frequency 37 3.4 Debye length 40 3.5 Screening and the Debye length 41 3.6 Fluctuations and the Debye length 42 Problems 42 Further reading 43 4. CHARACTERISTIC RADIATION, X-RAY TUBES, AND X-RAY FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY 44 4.1 Introduction 44 4.2 Core atomic levels 45 4.3 Characteristic spectra 48 4.4 Emission rates and intensity 50 4.5 Auger emission 52 4.6 Line widths 53 4.7 X-ray fluorescence 55 Problems 65 Further reading 67 5. SOURCE INTENSITY, DIVERGENCE, AND COHERENCE 68 5.1 Intensity and angular intensity 68 5.2 Photon intensity and photon angular intensity 73 5.3 Brightness and brilliance 75 5.4 Global divergence 79 5.5 Local divergence 80 5.6 X-ray tube design 82 5.7 Coherence 84 5.8 Spatial coherence 86 5.9 Temporal coherence 90 5.10 In-line phase imaging 92 Problems 93 Further reading 94 6. BREMSSTRAHLUNG RADIATION AND X-RAY TUBES 95 6.1 Field from a moving charge 95 6.2 Radiation from an accelerating (or decelerating) charge 95 6.3 Emission from a very thin anode 98 6.4 Emission from a thick anode 101 6.5 Efficiency 101 6.6 Thick-target photon emission rate modeling 102 6.7 Spectral shaping 105 Problems 106 Further reading 107 7. SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 108 7.1 Classical (nonrelativistic) orbits 108 7.2 Semiclassical analysis 112 7.3 Relativistic bremsstrahlung 114 7.4 Synchrotrons 117 7.5 Pulse time and spectrum 117 7.6 Insertion devices 121 7.7 Collimation and coherence 125 Problems 126 Further reading 126 8. X-RAY LASERS 127 8.1 Stimulated and spontaneous emission 127 8.2 Laser cavities 130 8.3 Highly ionized plasmas 131 8.4 High-harmonic generation 131 8.5 Free-electron lasers 133 8.6 Novel sources 135 Problems 135 Further reading 136 PART III. X-RAY INTERACTIONS WITH MATTER 9. PHOTOELECTRIC ABSORPTION, ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY, IMAGING, AND DETECTION 139 9.1 Absorption coefficients 139 9.2 Attenuation versus absorption 144 9.3 Index of refraction 145 9.4 Absorption coefficient of compounds and broadband radiation 147 9.5 Absorption edges 148 9.6 Absorption spectroscopy 149 9.7 Filtering 151 9.8 Imaging 152 9.8.1 Contrast 152 9.8.2 Dose 154 9.8.3 Noise 154 9.9 Detectors 156 9.10 Tomosynthesis and tomography 160 Problems 161 Further reading 162 10. COMPTON SCATTERING 163 10.1 Conservation laws 164 10.2 Compton cross section 165 10.3 Inverse Compton sources 166 10.4 Scatter in radiography 168 10.5 Contrast with scatter 169 10.6 Scatter reduction 170 Problems 172 Further reading 173 11. COHERENT SCATTER I: REFRACTION AND REFLECTION 174 11.1 Free-electron theory and the real part of the index of refraction 175 11.2 Atomic scattering factor 178 11.3 Phase velocity 179 11.4 Slightly bound electrons and the phase response 180 11.5 Kramers-Kronig relations 182 11.6 Coherent scatter cross section 183 11.7 Relativistic cross section 187 11.8 Snell's law 187 11.9 Reflectivity 190 11.10 Reflection coefficients at grazing incidence 193 11.11 Surface roughness 195 Problems 199 Further reading 200 12. REFRACTIVE AND REFLECTIVE OPTICS 201 12.1 Refractive optics 201 12.2 Reflective optics 206 12.2.1 Elliptical mirrors 206 12.2.2 Wolter optics 209 12.2.3 Capillary optics 211 12.2.4 Polycapillary optics 213 12.2.5 Array optics 219 12.2.6 Energy filtering 223 12.2.7 Optics metrology 223 12.3 Optics simulations 224 Problems 225 Further reading 226 13. COHERENT SCATTER II: DIFFRACTION 227 13.1 Scattering from a single electron 227 13.2 Two electrons 229 13.3 Scattering from an atom: Fourier transform relationships 230 13.4 A chain of atoms 231 13.5 Lattices and reciprocal lattices 233 13.6 Planes 235 13.7 Bragg's law 237 13.8 theta-2theta diffractometer 238 13.9 Powder diffraction 238 13.10 Structure factor 242 13.11 Intensity 244 13.12 Defects 246 13.12.1 Mosaicity 246 13.12.2 Thermal vibrations 247 13.12.3 Crystal size 249 13.12.4 Amorphous materials 250 13.13 Resolution 251 13.13.1 The effect of angular broadening 251 13.13.2 Energy spread 252 13.13.3 Global divergence and aperture size 253 13.13.4 Local divergence 253 Problems 254 Further reading 255 14. SINGLE-CRYSTAL AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL DIFFRACTION 256 14.1 The Ewald sphere 256 14.2 The theta-2theta diffractometer and the Rowland circle 257 14.3 Aside: Proof that the angle of incidence is always thetaB on the Rowland circle 260 14.4 Beam divergence 261 14.5 Texture and strain measurements 262 14.6 Single-crystal diffraction 264 14.7 Laue geometry 268 14.8 Protein crystallography 269 14.9 The phase problem 270 14.10 Coherent diffraction imaging 271 14.11 Dynamical diffraction 271 Problems 273 Further reading 273 15. DIFFRACTION OPTICS 274 15.1 Gratings 274 15.2 Zone plates 279 15.3 Crystal optics and multilayers 288 15.3.1 Monochromators 288 15.3.2 Multilayer optics 289 15.3.3 Curved crystals 294 Problems 298 Further reading 298 Appendix: Solutions to End-of-Chapter Problems 299 Chapter 1 299 Chapter 2 299 Chapter 3 303 Chapter 4 306 Chapter 5 311 Chapter 6 314 Chapter 7 320 Chapter 8 323 Chapter 9 323 Chapter 10 326 Chapter 11 328 Chapter 12 330 Chapter 13 331 Chapter 14 334 Chapter 15 336 Index 339

Read more less