Waste treatment and disposal Books

Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.The Landmark Water Use and Treatment ResourceâFully Updated  for Optimizing Water ProcessesThis industry-standard resource from the worldâs leading water management company offers practical guidance on the use and treatment of water and wastewater in industrial and institutional facilities. Revised to align with the latest regulations and technologies, The Nalco Water Handbook, Fourth Edition, explains water management fundamentals and clearly shows how to improve water quality, minimize usage, and optimize treatment processes. Throughout, new emphasis is placed on todayâs prevailing issues, including water scarcity, stressors, and business risk.Covers all essential wat

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Book SynopsisLONGLISTED FOR THE 2024 WAINWRIGHT PRIZE FOR CONSERVATION WRITING A BBC RADIO 4 BOOK OF THE WEEK ONE OF THE NEW YORKER'S BEST BOOKS OF 2023  INCLUDED IN THE GUARDIAN'S BEST IDEAS BOOKS OF 2023 ‘A gripping read that will anger as much as it fascinates’ Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall‘An incredible journey into the world of rubbish, full of fascinating characters and mind-bending facts’ Oliver Bullough, author of Moneyland ‘Urgent, probing and endlessly interesting’ Cal Flyn, author of Islands of Abandonment'There are stories in all our discarded things: who made them, what they meant to a person before they were thrown away. In the end, it all ends up in the same place – the endless ingenuity of humanity in one filthy, fascinating mass.'   When we throw things ‘awayTrade Review‘The book comes alive in its descriptions of people and places ... Franklin-Wallis writes stylishly about ugly things ... interesting and sobering ... His book should prompt serious discussion in boardrooms and parliaments’ * The Economist *‘Wasteland is so captivating. It is an unflinching account of the best and worst of us, related through the things we choose to discard. Franklin-Wallis has travelled extensively to tell the story of waste and the result is fascinating’ * Literary Review *‘In Wasteland, he tackles all elements of the effects of waste, from cities in India and Ghana to the banks of the river Thames in London. His eye for detail, honed over years of non-fiction writing, turns the abstract into the immediate – and the alarming . . . Part of what makes Wasteland so powerful is that it doesn’t chide. Its strongest parts are when Franklin-Wallis walks with those contributing to, or affected by, the failures, injustices and complexities of dealing with waste . . . Wasteland isn’t a comfortable read, but it’s an important one’ * New Scientist *‘Do not adjust your magazine, but this really is a positive review… In other hands this book could have been worthy but unreadable. It’s full of arresting figures… Franklin-Wallis, the features editor at GQ, grounds his narrative in first hand reporting… Oh, and one more thing. We all need to buy less stuff’ * Private Eye *‘His access to the places that bury, sort, burn and treat the world’s waste is impressive, considering that hardly anyone in the industry was willing to talk to him . . . The statistics will fill you with despair . . . Luckily we have some heroes . . . Much of Franklin-Wallis’s efforts go to puncturing common western assumptions . . . the author renders a public service as important as a recycling truck or a functioning toilet’ * Spectator *‘A first-hand reported account of a sprawling global environmental conundrum… Franklin-Wallis makes an important case for tighter, smarter regulation in a world where individual “litterbugs” are blamed for a packaging waste problem caused by companies that have successfully dodged full responsibility’ * Financial Times *‘Oliver Franklin-Wallis’s Wasteland shows how our rubbish creates an environmental and human catastrophe… Wasteland makes clear, in reality it is those on the margins of society the world over who are left to deal with the mountains of trash humanity adds to in every second of every day… well written and few readers are likely to be left unaffected by its findings’ * New Statesman *‘Waste is a serious problem and also a curiously fascinating one. In this brilliant book, Franklin-Wallis goes into it up to his neck – so we don’t have to! The result is a gripping read that will anger as much as it fascinates. There’s lots we can all do to help, but he’s right to conclude that it’s government and business who really have to step up, and clean up’ -- Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall‘This is an incredible journey into the world of rubbish, full of fascinating characters and mind-bending facts. My relationship with garbage is never going to be the same’ -- Oliver Bullough, author of Moneyland and Butler to the World‘An urgent, probing and endlessly interesting investigation into our staggering wastefulness and the environmental crisis this is creating right under our noses. In Wasteland, Oliver Franklin-Walls offers us a behind the scenes guide to the processing plants, rubbish tips and refuse mountains that lurk in our back yards; the thundering machinery and skilled workers who strive tirelessly to relieve us of the spoils of our own profligacy. As he does so, he turns up rare treasures and unexpected beauties amid the junk and the mess. Tirelessly reported, it is a book both horrifying in its implications and gleefully hair-raising in the way it is told’ -- Cal Flyn, author of Islands of Abandonment‘Shocking but essential reading’ -- Tim Spector, author of Food for Life‘Superb. Oliver Franklin-Wallis’ deep dive into our wasteful ways and dirty histories turns up a story that gleams with insight and promise. An urgent and vividly told exploration of the underside of modern life, Wasteland also reveals what a better future could look like. You'll never see trash the same way again’ -- David Farrier, author of Footprints'Just as everything we consume comes from somewhere on earth, so too everything we produce must go somewhere on earth – even if we don't want to think about it. This book compels us to. A fascinating, deeply researched and hugely important exposé of what happens to the stuff we no longer want, and the social and environmental cost of dealing with it. Revelatory, thoughtful and honest about our complex relationship with waste.' -- Gaia Vince, author of Nomad CenturyWith his investigative chops and contagious curiosity, Oliver Franklin-Wallis has cracked wide a dozen hidden, jaw-dropping worlds . . . Yet despite its grim revelations, the book offers hope. For we can’t begin to make things right until we understand the nuanced realities of what is wrong. Wasteland is compelling, smart, fair, often funny, always interesting, and just very important. Truly, it’s the most impressive nonfiction I’ve read in quite some time’ -- Mary Roach, author of Stiff and Animal Vegetable Criminal‘Wise, honest and unsparing, Wasteland will open your eyes to the reality of our throwaway society’ -- Henry Mance, author of How to Love Animals‘[An] eye-opening investigation into the global waste crisis and recycling industry’ -- Caroline Sanderson * Editor’s Choice, Bookseller *'Sometimes it seems as if our main role as humans is to enjoy shiny things for a little while until they become discarded things. This is a fascinating and comprehensive tour of the second half of that equation – the tossed-out usually gets a thousandth the attention of the not-yet-purchased, but Oliver Franklin-Wallis does his best to redress that balance, in a book that wills you see the world quite differently than you did before' -- Bill McKibben, author The End of Nature‘[A] scary reflection of our overconsumption and failure to deal with its impact. . . completely engrossing. . . it is the wake-up call we need to do better’ * Euronews *'A travelogue around dumps, scrapyards, disposal and recycling facilities, from giant machines that shred TVs and other electronic devices to vast landfill sites in India: the all-too-solid hinterlands of our obsession with buying and throwing away so much stuff' * Guardian, Books of the Year *

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Book SynopsisLearn all about household septic systems—including how to maintain and repair them—whether you’re planning to build or already own a home. More than 28 million households have septic systems, yet few homeowners know how they operate or how to maintain them. The Septic System Owner’s Manual describes the conventional gravity-fed septic system, how it works, how it should be treated (what should and should not go down the drain), how it should be maintained, and what to do if things go wrong. Written by Lloyd Kahn, with illustrations by Peter Aschwanden, this is your straightforward, easy-to-understand guide to small-scale residential wastewater disposal. The Septic System Owner’s Manual is perfect for the average homeowner, based on conventional systems, providing practical advice on how to keep these systems up (or should we say down?) and running. You’ll also appreciate information on the evolution in co

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Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.A Fully Updated, In-Depth Guide to Water and Wastewater EngineeringThoroughly revised to reflect the latest advances, procedures, and regulations, this authoritative resource contains comprehensive coverage of the design and construction of municipal water and wastewater facilities. Written by an environmental engineering expert and seasoned academic, Water and Wastewater Engineering: Design Principles and Practice, Second Edition, offers detailed explanations, practical strategies, and design techniques as well as hands-on safety protocols and operation and maintenance procedures. You will get cutting-edge information on water quality standards, corrosion control, piping materials, energy efficiency, direct and indirect potable reuseTable of ContentsPreface Professional Advisory Board for the Second Edition Professional Advisory Board for the First Edition 1 The Design and Construction Processes 1-1 Introduction 1-2 Project Participants 1-3 The Professional–Client Relationship and the Code of Ethics 1-4 Responsible Care 1-5 Overall Design Process 1-6 Overall Construction Process 1-7 Hints from the Field 1-8 Chapter Review 1-9 Problems 1-10 Discussion Questions 1-11 References 2 General Water Supply Design Considerations 2-1 Water Demand 2-2 Water Source Evaluation 2-3 Water Quality 2-4 Evaluation of Process Options 2-5 Plant Sizing and Layout 2-6 Plant Location 2-7 Chapter Review 2-8 Problems 2-9 Discussion Questions 2-10 References 3 Intake Structures 3-1 Introduction 3-2 Design Elements 3-3 Design Criteria 3-4 Operational Considerations 3-5 Operation and Maintenance 3-6 Chapter Review 3-7 Problems 3-8 Discussion Questions 3-9 References 4 Wells 4-1 Introduction 4-2 Design Elements 4-3 Well Protection 4-4 Well Design 4-5 Chapter Review 4-6 Problems 4-7 Discussion Questions 4-8 References 5 Chemical Handling and Storage 5-1 Introduction 5-2 Redundancy and Capacity Provisions 5-3 Delivery, Handling, and Storage 5-4 Chemical Feed and Metering Systems 5-5 Chemical Compatibility 5-6 Materials Compatibility 5-7 Designing for Safety and Hazardous Conditions 5-8 Operation and Maintenance 5-9 Chapter Review 5-10 Problems 5-11 Discussion Questions 5-12 References 6 Coagulation and Flocculation 6-1 Introduction 6-2 Characteristics of Particles 6-3 Coagulation Theory 6-4 Coagulation Practice 6-5 Flocculation Theory 6-6 Mixing Theory 6-7 Mixing Practice 6-8 Operation and Maintenance 6-9 Chapter Review 6-10 Problems 6-11 Discussion Questions 6-12 References 7 Lime-Soda Softening 7-1 Hardness 7-2 Lime-Soda Softening 7-3 Softening Processes 7-4 Chemical Dosages Based on Stoichiometry 7-5 Concurrent Removal of Other Constituents 7-6 Process Configurations and Design Criteria 7-7 Operation and Maintenance 7-8 Stabilization 7-9 Chapter Review 7-10 Problems 7-11 Discussion Questions 7-12 References 8 Ion Exchange 8-1 Introduction 8-2 Fundamental Concepts of Ion Exchange 8-3 Process Operation 8-4 Ion Exchange Practice 8-5 Operation and Maintenance 8-6 Chapter Review 8-7 Problems 8-8 Discussion Question 8-9 References 9 Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration 9-1 Introduction 9-2 Theory 9-3 Properties of RO and NF Membranes 9-4 RO and NF Practice 9-5 Electrodialysis 9-6 Chapter Review 9-7 Problems 9-8 Discussion Question 9-9 References 10 Sedimentation 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Sedimentation Theory 10-3 Sedimentation Practice 10-4 Sedimentation Basin Design 10-5 Operation and Maintenance 10-6 Chapter Review 10-7 Problems 10-8 Discussion Questions 10-9 References 11 Granular Filtration 11-1 Introduction 11-2 An Overview of the Filtration Process 11-3 Filter Media Characteristics 11-4 Granular Filtration Theory 11-5 Theory of Granular Filter Hydraulics 11-6 Granular Filtration Practice 11-7 Operation and Maintenance 11-8 Chapter Review 11-9 Problems 11-10 Discussion Questions 11-11 References 12 Membrane Filtration 12-1 Introduction 12-2 Membrane Filtration Theory 12-3 Properties of MF and UF Membranes 12-4 MF and UF Practice 12-5 Chapter Review 12-6 Problems 12-7 Discussion Questions 12-8 References 13 Disinfection, Lead and Copper Rule, Emergency Disinfection, and Fluoridation 13-1 Introduction 13-2 Disinfection 13-3 Corrosion Control 13-4 Contact Facilities 13-5 Emergency Disinfection 13-6 Fluoridation 13-7 Operation and Maintenance 13-8 Chapter Review 13-9 Problems 13-10 Discussion Questions 13-11 References 14 Removal of Specific Constituents 14-1 Introduction 14-2 Arsenic 14-3 Carbon Dioxide 14-4 Fluoride 14-5 Iron and Manganese 14-6 Nitrate 14-7 Natural Organic Matter (NOM) 14-8 Perchlorate 14-9 Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) 14-10 Radionuclides 14-11 Synthetic Organic Chemicals (SOCs) and Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOCs) 14-12 Taste and Odor (T&O) 14-13 Chapter Review 14-14 Problems 14-15 Discussion Questions 580 14-16 References 15 Water Plant Residuals Management 15-1 Introduction 15-2 Solids Computations 15-3 Solids Production and Characteristics 15-4 Minimization of Residuals Generation 15-5 Recovery of Treatment Chemicals 15-6 Residuals Conveyance 15-7 Management of Sludges 15-8 Management of Liquid Residuals 15-9 Disposal of Specific Residual Constituents 15-10 Ultimate Disposal 15-11 Chapter Review 15-12 Problems 15-13 Discussion Questions 15-14 References 16 Drinking Water Plant Process Selection and Integration 16-1 Introduction 16-2 Process Selection 16-3 Process Integration 16-4 Security 16-5 Chapter Review 16-6 Problems 16-7 Discussion Questions 16-8 References 17 Storage and Distribution Systems 17-1 Introduction 17-2 Demand Estimates 17-3 Service Pressures 17-4 Pipe Network Design 17-5 Storage Tank Design 17-6 Pump Selection 17-7 Network Analysis 17-8 Sanitary Protection 17-9 Chapter Review 17-10 Problems 17-11 Discussion Questions 17-12 References 18 General Wastewater Collection and Treatment Design Considerations 18-1 Wastewater Sources and Flow Rates 18-2 Wastewater Characteristics 18-3 Wastewater Treatment Standards 18-4 Sludge Disposal Regulations 18-5 Plant Sizing and Layout 18-6 Plant Location 18-7 Chapter Review 18-8 Problems 18-9 Discussion Questions 18-10 References 19 Sanitary Sewer Design 19-1 Introduction 19-2 Predesign Activities 19-3 Gravity Sewer Collection System Design 19-4 Alternative Sewers 19-5 Pump Station Design 19-6 Operation and Maintenance 19-7 Economic and Energy Considerations 19-8 Sewer Safety 19-9 Chapter Review 19-10 Problems 19-11 Discussion Questions 19-12 References 20 Headworks and Preliminary Treatment 20-1 Introduction 20-2 Pump Station 20-3 Flow Measurement 20-4 Bar Racks and Screens 20-5 Coarse Solids Reduction 20-6 Grit Removal 20-7 Flow Equalization 20-8 Alternative Preliminary Process Arrangements 20-9 Chapter Review 20-10 Problems 20-11 Discussion Questions 20-12 References 21 Primary Treatment 21-1 Introduction 21-2 Sedimentation Theory 21-3 Sedimentation Practice 21-4 Sedimentation Basin Design 21-5 Other Primary Treatment Alternatives 21-6 Chapter Review 21-7 Problems 21-8 References 22 Wastewater Microbiology 22-1 Introduction 22-2 Role of Microorganisms 22-3 Classification of Microorganisms 22-4 Microbial Biochemistry 22-5 Population Dynamics 22-6 Decomposition of Waste 22-7 Microbiology of Secondary Treatment Unit Processes 22-8 Operation and Maintenance 22-9 Chapter Review 22-10 Problems 22-11 Discussion Questions 22-12 References 23 Secondary Treatment by Suspended Growth Biological Processes 23-1 Introduction 23-2 Processes for BOD Removal and Nitrification 23-3 Processes for Denitrification 23-4 Processes for Phosphorus Removal 23-5 Biological Treatment with Membrane Separation 23-6 Suspended Growth Design Principles 23-7 Suspended Growth Design Practice 23-8 Membrane Bioreactor Design Practice 23-9 Chapter Review 23-10 Problems 23-11 Discussion Questions 23-12 References 24 Secondary Treatment by Attached Growth and Hybrid Biological Processes 24-1 Introduction 24-2 Attached Growth Processes 24-3 Attached Growth Design Principles 24-4 Attached Growth Design Practice 24-5 Hybrid Processes 24-6 Chapter Review 24-7 Problems 24-8 References 25 Secondary Settling, Disinfection, and Postaeration 25-1 Introduction 25-2 Secondary Settling 25-3 Disinfection 25-4 Postaeration 25-5 Chapter Review 25-6 Problems 25-7 Discussion Questions 25-8 References 26 Tertiary Treatment 26-1 Introduction 26-2 Chemical Precipitation of Phosphorus 26-3 Granular Filtration 26-4 Membrane Filtration 26-5 Carbon Adsorption 26-6 Advanced Oxidation Processes 26-7 Chapter Review 26-8 Problems 26-9 References 27 Wastewater Plant Residuals Management 27-1 Sludge Handling Alternatives 27-2 Sources and Characteristics of Solids and Biosolids 27-3 Solids Computations 27-4 Grit Handling and Sludge Pumping 27-5 Management of Solids 27-6 Storage and Thickening of Sludges 27-7 Alkaline Stabilization 27-8 Aerobic Digestion 27-9 Anaerobic Digestion 27-10 Sludge Conditioning 27-11 Dewatering < br/> 27-12 Alternative Disposal Techniques 27-13 Land Application of Biosolids 27-14 Chapter Review 27-15 Problems 27-16 References 28 Clean Water Plant Process Selection and Integration 28-1 Introduction 28-2 Process Selection 28-3 Simulation Modeling 28-4 Process Integration 28-5 Chapter Review 28-6 Problems 28-7 References 29 Direct and Indirect Potable Reuse 29-1 Introduction 29-2 Water Quality Standards 29-3 Basic Design Principles 29-4 Design Practice 29-5 Case Studies: Indirect Potable Reuse 29-6 Case Studies: Direct Potable Reuse 29-7 Chapter Review 29-8 References Appendix A Properties of Air, Water, and Selected Chemicals Appendix B U.S. Standard Sieve Sizes Appendix C Pipe, Fitting, and Valve Data Appendix D U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Ct Values for Disinfectants Index

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsSection I: Introduction to Nanomaterials for Wastewater Treatment: Fundamentals 1. Introduction to nanomaterials for wastewater treatment 2. Preparation, characterization and physicochemical properties of 0D, 1D, 2D nanomaterials and their role in wastewater treatment 3. Potential risk and application of nanomaterials in environmental management 4. Advanced Technologies for wastewater treatment: New Trends Section II: Photocatalytic Nanocomposite Materials: Preparation and Applications 5. Introduction, basic principles, mechanism and challenges of photocatalysis 6. Doped TiO2 and doped mixed metal oxide-based nanocomposite for photocatalysis 7. New graphene-based nanocomposite for photocatalysis 8. Luminescent nanomaterials for photocatalysis 9. Magnetic nanomaterials based photocatalyst for photocatalysis 10. Nanomaterials for water splitting and hydrogen generation under visible light Section III: Adsorbent Nanomaterials: Preparation and Applications 11. Nanomaterials for adsorption of pollutants and heavy metals: Introduction, mechanism and challenges 12. New graphene nanocomposites-based adsorbents 13. Role of zeolite adsorbent in water treatment 14. Metal organic frameworks nanocomposite-based adsorbents 15. Advanced nanocomposite ion-exchange materials for water purification Section IV: Nanomaterials for Membrane Synthesis: Preparation and Applications 16. Nanomaterials for membrane synthesis: Introduction, mechanism and challenges for wastewater treatment 17. Carbon based nanocomposite membranes for water purification 18. Nanocomposite membranes for heavy metal removal 19. Responsive membranes for wastewater treatment. 20. Nanomaterial-based photocatalytic membrane for organic pollutants removal Section V: Water Remediation Processes: Current Trends and Scale Up Issues 21. Introduction of water remediation processes 22. Nanocomposite photocatalyst based wastewater treatment processes 23. Nanomaterials based advanced oxidation processes for degradation of waste pollutants 24. Electro-oxidation processes for dye/coloured wastewater treatment 25. Fenton processes: Role of nanomaterials 26. Nanocomposite adsorbent based wastewater treatment processes 27. Nanocomposite/nanoparticle in membranes-based separation for water remediation 28. Process for removal of micropollutants using nanomaterials 29. Antimicrobial activities of nanomaterials in wastewater treatment Nanomaterials for Wastewater Treatment: Concluding

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Book SynopsisAs cities grow and climates change, precipitation increases, and with every great stormfrom record-breaking Boston blizzards to floods in Houstoncome buckets of stormwater and a deluge of problems. In Stormwater, William G. Wilson brings us the first expansive guide to stormwater science and management in urban environments, where rising runoff threatens both human and environmental health. As Wilson shows, rivers of runoff flowing from manmade surfacessuch as roads, sidewalks, and industrial sitescarry a glut of sediments and pollutants. Unlike soil, pavement does not filter or biodegrade these contaminants. Oil, pesticides, road salts, metals, automobile chemicals, and bacteria all pour into stormwater systems. Often this runoff discharges directly into waterways, uncontrolled and untreated, damaging valuable ecosystems. Detailing the harm that can be caused by this urban runoff, Wilson also outlines methods of control, from restored watersheds to green roofs and rain gardens, and

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Book SynopsisNAMED A BEST BOOK OF THE YEAR 2023 BY THE NEW YORKER, THE GUARDIAN, and KIRKUS REVIEWS An award-winning investigative journalist takes a deep dive into the global waste crisis, exposing the hidden world that enables our modern economy—and finds out the dirty truth behind a simple question: what really happens to what we throw away? In Wasteland, journalist Oliver Franklin-Wallis takes us on a shocking journey inside the waste industry—the secretive multi-billion dollar world that underpins the modern economy, quietly profiting from what we leave behind. In India, he meets the waste-pickers on the front line of the plastic crisis. In the UK, he journeys down sewers to confront our oldest—and newest—waste crisis, and comes face-to-face with nuclear waste. In Ghana, he follows the after-life of our technology and explores the global export network that results in goodwill donations clogging African landfill

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Anthropogenic land pollution and their utilization2. Aromatic grasses in phytoremediation 3. Aromatic herbs and shrubs in phytoremediation4. Essential oil bearing trees in phytoremediation5. Strategies for enhancing metal(loid)s accumulation and oil content in aromatic crops 6. Sustainability of aromatic crop cultivation on polluted land

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Book SynopsisAn invaluable troubleshooting tool,Microscopic Examination of the Activated Sludge Process addresses how to use the microscope and provides proper techniques for sample preparation. It explains how to relate and interpret observations and whether observing conditions are desirable or undesirable.Table of ContentsPreface. Part I: Overview. 1. Introduction. 2. Mixed Liquor Biota Food Chain. 3. Samples. 4. Safety. Part II: Microscopy. 5. Rationale for Microscopy. 6. The Microscope. 7. Microscopic Measurements. 8. The Stereoscopic Binocular Microscope. 9. Equipment and Supplies. 10. Wet Mounts and Smears. 11. Staining Techniques. 12. Dispersed Growth. Part III: The Bulk Solution. 13. Particulate Material. 14. Spirochetes. Part IV: Floc Particles and Foam. 15. Floc Particles. 16. Tetrads. 17. Zoogloeal Growth. 18. Foam. Part V: Protozoa. 19. Protozoa. 20. Relative Predominance of Bacteria and Protozoa. Part VI: Rotifers. 21. Rotifers. Part VII: Worms and Wormlike Organisms. 22. Free-Living Nematodes. 23. Gastrotriches. 24. Water Bears. 25. Bristleworms. 26. Bloodworms. 27. Sludge Worms. Part VIII: Crustaceans. 28. Copepods and Cyclops. 29. Water Fleas. 30. Ostracoda. Part IX: Filamentous Organisms. 31. Filamentous Organisms. Part X: Algae and Fungi. 32. Algae. 33. Fungi. Part XI: Collection, Evaluation, and Presentation of Observations. 34. Microscopic Set-up and Rating Tables. 35. Worksheets. 36. Report of Microscopic Examination. References. Abbreviations and Acronyms. Chemical Compounds. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisNew edition covers the latest practices, regulations, and alternative disinfectants Since the publication of the Fourth Edition of White''s Handbook of Chlorination and Alternative Disinfectants more than ten years ago, the water industry has made substantial advances in their understanding and application of chlorine, hypochlorite, and alternative disinfectants for water and wastewater treatment. This Fifth Edition, with its extensive updates and revisions, reflects the current state of the science as well as the latest practices. Balancing theory with practice, the Fifth Edition covers such important topics as: Advances in the use of UV and ozone as disinfectants Alternative disinfectants such as chlorine dioxide, iodine, and bromine-related products Advanced oxidation processes for drinking water and wastewater treatment New developments and information for the production anTable of Contents Preface xxvii Authors xxix List of Contributors and Reviewers xxxi List of Abbreviations xxxiii Acknowledgments xxxix 1 Chlorine: History, Manufacture, Properties, Hazards, and Uses 1 2 Chemistry of Aqueous Chlorine 68 3 Determination of Chlorine Residuals in Water and Wastewater Treatment 174 4 Chlorination of Potable Water 230 5 Chlorination of Wastewater 326 6 Disinfection of Wastewater 363 7 Chlorine Contact Basin Design 404 8 Chlorine Feed Systems 418 9 Hypochlorination—Sodium Hypochlorite 452 10 On-Site Sodium Hypochlorite Generation System 528 11 Dechlorination 572 12 Process Controls for Chlorination and Dechlorination 594 13 Operation and Maintenance 678 14 Chlorine Dioxide 700 15 Ozone 767 16 Bromine, Bromine Chloride, BCDMH, and Iodine 848 17 Ultraviolet Light 893 18 Advanced Oxidation Processes 976 Appendix 1003 Index 1009

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Book SynopsisIntroduction to Hazardous Waste Incineration, Second Edition The control of hazardous wastes is one of today's most critical environmental issues. Increasing numbers of engineers, technicians, and maintenance personnel are being confronted with problems in this important area.Trade Review"A text and reference for student and practicing environmental engineers...[the authors] discuss the fundamentals of incineration with practical application to wastes..." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 25, No. 4, December 2001) "Reviewing this book was an enjoyable experience...it is well-written and thoroughly covers the topic...a sterling book for both students and practitioners." (Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 89, No. 1, January 2002)Table of ContentsTHE HAZARDOUS WASTE PROBLEM. Hazardous Waste Incineration Overview. Other Options Standards and Regulations. INCINERATION PRINCIPLES. Basic Concepts. Stoichiometric and Thermodynamic Considerations. Thermochemical Applications. EQUIPMENT. Hazardous Waste Combustors. Waste Heat Boilers. Quenchers. Air Pollution Control Equipment. Materials Handling and Ancillary Equipment. FACILITY DESIGN. Design Principles. Economic Considerations. Design of a Hazardous Waste Incineration Facility. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisAll states require that underground storage tanks (USTs) and leaking underground storage tanks (LUSTs) be registered with the state. This book is a practical guide to the technology and regulatory requirements of installing, maintaining, closing and removing underground storage tanks.Table of ContentsCodes, Regulations, and Recommended Practices. Contract Documents. Legal Considerations in Tank Installation. Project Management. Material Handling. Excavating and Trenching. Supplemental Holddown. Backfilling and Compaction. Secondary Containment and Overfill/Spill Protection. Piping. Electrical Installation. Equipment Installation. Safety. Tank Closure. Testing. Release Detection. Corrosion Control. Vapor Recovery Systems. Site Assessment, Investigation, and Responsibility. Corrective Action. Appendix. Index.

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Book SynopsisAnaerobic digestion is a biochemical degradation process that converts complex organic material, such as animal manure, into methane and other byproducts. Part of the author's Wastewater Microbiology series, Microbiology of Anareboic Digesters eschews technical jargon to deliver a practical, how-to guide for wastewater plant operators.Trade Review“An in-depth review...” (Environmental Science & Technology, March 15, 2004) “...easy-to-follow and descriptive of the anaerobic system/process.” (Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 106, 2004) "This book provides an in-depth review of the bacteria, their activity, and the operational conditions that affect anaerobic digester performance.” (Journal of the American Water Resources Association, December 2003)Table of ContentsPreface. PART I: OVERVIEW. 1. Introduction. 2. Bacteria. 3. Methane-forming Bacteria. 4. Respiration. 5. Anaerobic Food Chain. 6. Fermentation. 7. Anaerobic Digestion Steps. PART II: SUBSTRATES, PRODUCTS, AND BIOGAS. 8. Substrates and Products. 9. Biogas. PART III: OPERATIONAL CONDITIONS. 10. Introduction to Operational Conditions. 11. Start-up. 12. Sludge Feed. 13. Retention Times. 14. Temperature. 15. Nutrients. 16. Alkalinity and pH. 17. Toxicity. 18. Mixing. PART IV: PROCESS CONTROL AND TROUBLESHOOTING. 19. Upsets and Unstable Digesters. 20. Foam and Scum Production and Accumulation. 21. Supernatant. 22. Monitoring. PART V: DIGESTERS. 23. Types of Anaerobic Digesters. 24. Anaerobic Digesters verses Aerobic Digesters. References. Abbreviations and Acronyms. Chemical Compounds and Elements. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisLand contamination is of global concern with many of the world's industries potentially harming the environment and human health. This book takes into account the different groups involved in contaminated land management and offers a flexible learning approach based on practical experience and research.Trade Review"...invaluable for most people working in the business..." (Water & Environment Magazine, February 2006)Table of Contents1. International Policy. 2. UK Policy. 3. Chemistry for Contaminated Land. 4. Geology for Contaminated Land. 5. Site Characterisation and the Conceptual Model. 6. Risk-based Approach to Contaminated Land Management. 7. Risk Management. 8. Remediation Approaches. 9. Treatment Techniques. 10. Remediation Application. Index.

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Book SynopsisLose yourself in the vast sewer networks that lie beneath the world's great cities past and present. Let detailed archival plans, maps and photographs guide you through these subterranean labyrinths previously accessible only to their builders, engineers and, perhaps, the odd rogue explorer. This execrable exploration traces the evolution of waste management from the ingenious infra-structures of the ancient world to the seeping cesspits and festering open sewers of the medieval period. It investigates and celebrates the work of the civil engineers whose pioneering integrated sewer systems brought to a close the devastating cholera epidemics of the mid-19th century and continue to serve a vastly increased population today. And let's not forget those giant fatbergs clogging our underground arteries, or the storm-surge super-structures of tomorrow.Trade Review'Written by historian and broadcaster Stephen Halliday, it achieves the unlikely feat of engaging readers for more than 250 pages on all aspects of human waste and water disposal and, in particular, the often-impressive infrastructure created to deal with the age-old problem of sewage. It’s no mean feat, helped by a lively style and excellent maps, drawings and archive photography ' - RIBA Journal'Fascinating' - Creative Review'A call to ordure … takes a deep dive into the insalubrious shitshows of the ancient world and the subterranean infrastructure of cities' - World of Interiors'Extraordinary' - Arquitectura VivaTable of ContentsForeword by Sir Peter Bazalgette • Prelude: Cholera in the City • 1. Pioneers of Plumbing: I. Sanitation in the Ancient World; II. Sewage in the Streets • 2. Subterranean Infrastructures: I. The Cleansing of Paris; II. London & the Great Stink; III. Worldwide Adaptations; IV. Raising Streets • 3. Revolutions of Purity

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Book SynopsisUganda's capital, Kampala, is undergoing dramatic urban transformations as its new technocratic government seeks to clean and green the city. Waste Worlds tracks the dynamics of development and disposability unfolding amid struggles over who and what belong in the new Kampala. Garbage materializes these struggles. In the densely inhabited social infrastructures in and around the city's waste streams, people, places, and things become disposable but conditions of disposability are also challenged and undone. Drawing on years of ethnographic research, Jacob Doherty illustrates how waste makes worlds, offering the key intervention that disposability is best understood not existentially, as a condition of social exclusion, but infrastructurally, as a form of injurious social inclusion.Trade Review"By means of the book’s rich ethnographic accounts, Doherty. . . .makes a significant contribution to our understanding of the work that underlies the infrastructures that are so vital to contemporary societies." * Exertions *"An expansive rendering of urban sanitation policies and problems in Kampala. . . . would certainly work well in an undergraduate course." * American Anthropologist *"Evocative with a skilful poetic style. . . . Waste Worlds offers a way to think about waste that humanises waste workers and renders the complicated experience of waste for non-elite urban residents." * LSE Review of Books *Table of ContentsContents List of Illustrations Preface: “Don’t You Have Garbage in Your Country?” Introduction Disposability’s Infrastructure Part I The Authority of Garbage 1. Accumulations of Authority 2. Tear Gas and Trash Trucks 3. Destructive Creation 4. Selfies of the State Part II Away 5. Para-Sites 6. Legalizing Waste 7. Sink and Spill 8. Assembling the Waste Stream 9. Embodied Displacement Part III Racializing Disposability 10. From Natives to Locals 11. Infrastructures of Feeling 12. Developmental Respectability 13. Waste in Time 14. Clean Hearts, Dirty Hands Conclusion Surplus, Embodiment, Displacement, and Contestation Notes Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisAround 2004, members of governmental and nongovernmental organizations, science institutes, and private companies throughout India began brainstorming and then experimenting with small-scale treatment systems that could produce usable water from wastewater. Through detailed case studies, Microbial Machines describes how residents, workers, and scientists interact with technology, science, and engineering during the processes of treatment and reuse. Using a human-machine-microbe framework, Kelly Alley explores the ways that people's sensory perceptions of waterincluding disgustare dynamic and how people use machines and microbes to digest wastewater. A better understanding of how the human and nonhuman interact in these processes will enable people to generate more effective methods for treating and reusing wastewater. While decentralized wastewater treatment systems may not be a perfect solution, they alleviate resource stress in regions that are particularly hard hit by climate changeTable of ContentsContents List of Illustrations Preface Introduction 1. Sanitation and Institutional Complexity 2. Inventing Bioreactors 3. Double Burdens 4. Horticultural, Partial, and Off-Grid Reuse 5. Closed Loops and Emerging Reuse 6. Pretend Machines 7. Conclusions Glossary Notes References Index

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Book SynopsisThe first edition described the concept of Integrated Waste Management (IWM), and the use of Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) to provide a way to assess the environmental and economic performance of solid waste systems. Actual examples of IWM systems and published accounts of LCI models for solid waste are now appearing in the literature. To draw out the lessons learned from these experiences a significant part of this 2nd edition focuses on case studies - both of IWM systems, and of where LCI has been used to assess such systems. The 2nd edition also includes updated chapters on waste generation, waste collection, central sorting, biological treatment, thermal treatment, landfill and materials recycling. This 2nd edition also provides a more user-friendly model (IWM-2) for waste managers. To make it more widely accessible, this edition provides the new tool in Windows format, with greatly improved input and output features, and the ability to compare different scenarios. A detailedTable of ContentsIntroduction; Section 1: Integrated Waste Management and Life Cycle Asssessment; Integrated waste management; The development of integrated waste management systems: case studies and their analysis; Life cycle assessment; A life cycle inventory of solid waste; Life cycle inventory case studies; The overall picture; Section 2: Solid Waste Management Systems; Solid waste generation and composition; Waste collection; Central sorting; Biological treatment; Thermal treatment; Landfilling; Materials recycling; Section 3: IWM-2 - A User's Guide; WM-2: a life cycle inventory model for integrated waste management; Waste inputs; Waste collection; MRF and RDF sorting; Biological treatment; Thermal treatment; Landfilling; Materials recycling; Advanced settings; Waste flow button; Streams button; Scenario comparisons; What parameters have changed?

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Book SynopsisThese proceedings cover a range of issues of direct relevance to geotechnical engineers and associated disciplines working on landfill design, highlight new areas of research and practice, and provide a focus for future research and development.Table of ContentsMechanical properties of landfill waste Compression of waste and implications for practice Stress states in, and stiffness of, landfill wasteIssues related to mineral liners Properties and testing of clay liners Issues related to the use and specification of colliery spoil liners The design and control of bentonite enriched soilsGeosynthesis in landfill design The stability of geosynthetic landfill lining systems Performance testing of protection materials for geomembranes Engineering properties and use of geosynthetic clay liners

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Book SynopsisThis volume presents part of the proceedings of two symposia held under the umbrella of Advances in Waste Management, an international meeting organised by the University of Dundees Concrete Technology Unit.Table of ContentsPreface Organising Committe Scientific and Technical Committee Collaborating Institutions Sponsoring Organisation With Exhibitions Supporting Institutions Symposium opening paper THEME 1 Global and International Commitments THEME 2 European Waste Directives and Priorities THEME 3 National Government Policy THEME 4 Local Government Policy THEME 5 Assessing Environmental Impact Late Papers Index of Authors Subject Index

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Book SynopsisLondon's sewers could be called the city's forgotten underground: mostly unseen subterranean spaces that are of absolutely vital importance, the capital's sewers nonetheless rarely get the same degree of attention as the Tube. Paul Dobraszczyk here outlines the fascinating history of London's sewers from the nineteenth century onwards, using a rich variety of colour illustrations, photographs and newspaper engravings to show their development from medieval spaces to the complex, citywide network, largely constructed in the 1860s, that is still in place today. This book explores London's sewers in history, fiction and film, including how they entice intrepid explorers into their depths, from the Victorian period to the present day.Table of ContentsIntroduction /The Filthy City /Planning the New Sewers / Constructing the New Sewers /Cathedrals of Sewage /Exploring London’s Sewers / Further Reading / Places to Visit /Index

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Book SynopsisIn recent years, international trade in toxic waste and hazardous technologies by firms in rich industrialized countries has emerged as a routine practice. Many poor countries have accepted these deadly imports but are ill equipped to manage the materials safely. For more than a decade, environmentalists and the governments of developing countries have lobbied intensively and generated public outcry in an attempt to halt hazardous transfers from Northern industrialized nations to the Third World, but the practice continues. In her insightful and important book, Jennifer Clapp addresses this alarming problem.Clapp describes the responses of those engaged in hazard transfer to international regulations, and in particular to the 1989 adoption of the Basel Convention. She pinpoints a key weakness of the regulationsbecause hazard transfer is dynamic, efforts to stop one form of toxic export prompt new forms to emerge. For instance, laws intended to ban the disposal of toxic wastesTrade ReviewClapp examines the transfer of hazardous wastes and technologies from rich to poor countries, focusing on the sources that contribute to that transfer, as well as the political responses to it. * SciTech BookNews *That the economy and many environmental problems are global is incontestable. Illustrating and documenting that reality, Clapp details the story of hazardous waste and toxic technology transfer and the complex history of international efforts to curtail and eliminate it. With so many stakeholders... the story demonstrates that solving environmental problems is a far more extensive task than many realize. Particularly noteworthy is Clapp's demonstration of the dynamism involved in toxic transfers. * Choice *Jennifer Clapp's Toxic Exports is the definitive scholarly work on this subject. Clapp provides an engaging account of waste export and hazardous technology transfer problems and an accessible analysis of the various international conventions and amendments that were developed to address these concerns. Clapp is persuasive in her writing because she presents the perspective of all the major stakeholders in this drama: governments, environmental NGOs, and industry.... This study makes a significant contribution to the literature on nonstate actors in international relations. -- David N. Pellow * Journal of Environment and Development *The book does a very good job covering the issue of the trade in hazardous waste, a key issue in global environmental justice. There is a wealth of information in the book and an explicit tying of hazardous waste transfers to global capitalism is a key point.... This book will be of interest to those working in the field of environmental justice and international political economy and is to be recommended. * Environmental Politics *The book's most important contribution lies in its examination of the movement not only of hazardous wastes but also of the industries that generate them.... More analytical progress would be made if hazardous waste analysts, who have tended to examine either the international or the domestic policy arenas but not both, were, like Clapp, to focus more on the interrelationships between the two. -- Don Munton * Canadian Journal of Development Studies *This provocative and compelling study of hazardous waste transfers from developed (OECD) to developing countries sheds new light on the 'tragedy of the commons' problem.... The solution to the problem, Clapp concludes, is strengthening the international regime. In the final chapter, she discusses ways of accomplishing this goal. She raises important questions, but, lacking archival material from corporations and their representatives, Toxic Exports is more suggestive than definitive concerning cooperate behavior. Clapp, for instance, too easily dismisses industry arguments that the ban on waste recycling would harm the economies of developing countries and undermine the international trade regime. She also argues against the liberal notion that economic growth and environmental protection go hand-in-hand. -- Michael Adamson * Enterprise and Society *

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Book SynopsisA text for a graduate or upper-level undergraduate course, and a reference for practicing cost, pollution, and environmental engineers. Explains methods for dealing with issues of hazardous waste such as cost growth, static and dynamic baseline development, contingency estimating, risk and uncertainTable of Contents"Hazardous Waste Cost Control Management, Richard A. Selg Environmental Regulations Impacts and Agency Negotiations, William A. Zbitnoff Innovative Claims and Disputes Avoidance, Gui Ponce de Leon, Timothy C. McManus, and Gerald P. Klanac Assessment and Remedial Cost/Schedule Baseline Development, Gary E. Thompson and Marc A. Zocher Estimating the Remediation of Hazardous Waste Sites, Ronald G. Stillman Cost Drivers for Hazardous Waste Projects, Donald J. Cass Contingency Estimating for Environmental Projects, R. F. Shangraw, Jr. Decisions in the Marketplace, Kenneth R. Cressman and Bruce A. Martin Appendix A: Acronyms and Abbreviations Appendix B: Glossary Appendix C: Regulatory Agency References "

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Book SynopsisTo properly operate a waterworks or wastewater treatment plant and to pass the examination for a waterworks/wastewater operator's license, it is necessary to know how to perform certain calculations. All operators, at all levels of licensure, need a basic understanding of arithmetic and problem-solving techniques to solve the problems they typically encounter in the workplace.Hailed on its first publication as a masterly account written in an engaging, highly readable, user-friendly style, the fully updated Mathematics Manual for Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operators: Basic Mathematics for Water and Wastewater Operators introduces and reviews fundamental concepts critical to qualified operators. It builds a strong foundation based on theoretical math concepts, which it then applies to solving practical problems for both water and wastewater operations.Features: Provides a strong foundation based on theoretical math concepts, which it then applieTable of Contents1. Introduction. 2. Basic Units of Measurement, Conversions. 3. Sequence of Operations. 4. Fractions, Decimals & Percent. 5. Rounding & Significant Digits. 6. Powers of Ten and Exponents. 7. Averages (Arithmetic Mean) & Median. 8. Solving for the Unknown. 9. Ratio/Proportion. 10. Electrical Calculations. 11. Circumference, Area & Volume. 12. Force, Pressure & Head, Velocity Calculations. 13. Mass Balance & Measuring Plant Performance. 14. Pumping Calculations. 15. Water Source & Storage Calculations. 16. Waste/Wastewater Laboratory Calculations. 17. Workbook Practice Problems.

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Book SynopsisThe United Nations predicts that by the year 2025, two-thirds of the world's population will face water scarcity. Further, the planet would have well over eight billion people, the majority of whom would live in developing countries, where more than 80% of those are already experiencing water scarcity. Therefore, there is an urgent need for wastewater recycling to help solve issues of scarcity and to facilitate better management of generated wastewater. Water recycling includes reuse and treatment of municipal wastewater, which could be a sustainable approach for environmental sustainability and could also help to offset the increasing water demands for irrigation and industrial and other needs. Currently, water and wastewater treatment facilities consume large amounts of energy that are mainly generated through the use of fossil fuels. Solar Powered Wastewater Recycling examines how solar power can be implemented as an integrated approach whereby all the energy needs of the Table of Contents1. Introduction. 2. Wastewater Treatment: on-site systems. 3. Wastewater treatment: Decentralized systems. 4. Energy problems in wastewater recycling. 5. Solar powered wastewater recycling (SPWR). 6. SPWR for municipal wastewater. 7. SPWR for blackwater. 8. SPWR for industrial wastewater. 9. Policies and regulations. 10. Opportunities.

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Book SynopsisThe updated and expanded guide for handling industrial wastes and designing a wastewater treatment plant The revised and updated second edition of Practical Wastewater Treatment provides a hands-on guide to industrial wastewater treatment theory, practices, and issues. It offers information for the effective design of water and wastewater treatment facilities and contains material on how to handle the wide-variety of industrial wastes. The book is based on a course developed and taught by the author for the American Institute of Chemical Engineers. The author reviews the most current industrial practices and goals, describes how the water industry works, and covers the most important aspects of the industry. In addition, the book explores a wide-range of approaches for managing industrial wastes such as oil, blood, protein and more. A comprehensive resource, the text covers such basic issues as water pollution, wastewater treatment techniques, sampTable of ContentsAcknowledgments xvii Preface xix 1 Composition, Chemistry, and Regulatory Framework 1 1.1 Water Composition 1 1.2 Water Characteristics and Physical Properties 2 1.2.1 Solubility of Gases in Water 4 1.2.1.1 Nitrogen 4 1.2.2 Henry’s Law 6 1.3 Solution Chemistry: Salts and Ions in Water 10 1.4 Disassociation Constants for Weak Acid and Bases 12 1.4.1 Common Minerals Dissolved in Freshwater and Seawater 15 1.5 Sources of Water 16 1.5.1 Groundwater 16 1.5.2 Groundwater Quality 17 1.5.3 Other Principal Contaminants in Groundwater 18 1.5.4 Movement of Groundwater 19 1.6 Analytical Methods 19 1.7 Laboratory Guidance 22 1.8 Regulatory Framework of Water Regulations 24 1.8.1 What Is Quality Water? 24 1.8.2 Water Quality Standards 25 1.8.3 Water Quality Standards in the United States 26 1.8.4 Establishing Water Quality Standards 26 1.8.5 Effluent Standards and Guidance 26 1.8.6 Mixing Zones 27 1.8.7 Discharge Permits 28 1.8.8 US Penalty Policies – Enforcement of Permit Conditions 28 1.8.9 Water Quality Discharge Basics in the US 29 1.8.10 How Water Quality Standards Are Established 32 1.8.11 UK Water Effluent Quality Standard 37 1.8.12 EU Water Quality Standards and Effluent Limits 39 1.8.13 Other Water Quality Requirements 40 1.8.13.1 US Primary and Secondary Drinking Water Standards 40 1.8.13.2 WHO Drinking Water Quality Guidelines 43 1.8.13.3 EU Drinking Water Directives 43 1.8.13.4 UK Drinking Water Standards 43 1.9 Water Use Data and Some Discharge Characteristics 43 1.9.1 Water Use by Municipalities 45 1.9.2 Agricultural Water 47 1.9.3 Cooling Water 47 1.9.4 Boiler Water 48 1.9.5 Other Industrial Water Quality Requirements 49 1.9.5.1 Steel Industry 50 1.9.5.2 Paper Industry 50 1.9.5.3 Petrochemical Industry 50 1.9.5.4 Petroleum Exploration and Production Operations 51 Notes 52 2 What is Water Pollution? 59 2.1 Pollution Defined 59 2.2 Chemical Industry 60 2.3 Cooling Towers 63 2.4 Boilers 64 2.5 Iron and Steel Industry 66 2.6 Mining Industries 67 2.7 Fracking for Oil and Gas 68 2.8 Petroleum Exploration 71 2.9 Petroleum Refining 73 2.10 Agricultural and Food Processing 75 2.11 Crop Water Use 75 2.12 Vegetable and Fruit Processing 76 2.13 Animal Farming and Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations 77 2.14 Livestock and Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations 78 2.15 Slaughterhouse and Meat Packing and Processing Wastes 82 2.16 Dairy Wastes 83 2.17 Measuring Pollution 83 2.18 The Sampling Plan 85 2.19 Analytical Methods and the Role of the Laboratory 87 2.19.1 The Analytical Plan 90 2.19.2 The Effects of Pollution on the Environment 90 2.19.3 Oxygen Depletion – Biochemical Oxygen Demand 91 2.19.4 Oxygen Uptake in a Stream —The Oxygen Sag Equation 93 2.19.5 Biology of Polluted Water 95 2.19.6 Nitrogen 96 2.19.7 Phosphorus 97 Notes 98 3 Groundwater and its Treatment 103 3.1 Hydraulics of Groundwater 104 3.2 Soil Particles and Surface Areas 106 3.3 Well Hydraulics 107 3.4 Well Packing and Screens 109 3.5 Trenches 109 3.5.1 Orifices and Pipe Losses 111 3.6 Compressible Flow 113 3.6.1 Calculation of Expansion Factor 114 3.6.2 Groundwater Hydraulics 115 3.7 Groundwater Treatment 117 Notes 123 4 Statistics of Measurements 125 4.1 Introduction to Statistical Measurements: Background 125 4.2 Significant Figures 126 4.3 Probable Error 127 4.4 Repeat Measurements 128 4.5 Net Process Measurements 129 4.5.1 Calibration 129 4.5.2 How to Measure Your Flow Accurately 130 4.5.2.1 Gurley Current Meter 130 4.6 Statistical Distributions for Environmental Events 133 4.6.1 Weibull Distributions 134 4.7 Black Swans and Data Analysis 135 4.7.1 Black Swans 135 4.7.2 Data Analysis 136 4.7.3 Outliers 136 Notes 137 5 The Flow of Water and Wastewater 139 5.1 Statistical Basis for Error Estimation 139 5.2 Open Channel Hydraulics 140 5.3 Froude Number 147 5.4 Types of Flowmeters 150 5.5 Weir Plates 155 5.6 Alignment Errors 156 5.7 Samples and Sampling 158 5.8 Conclusion 161 Notes 161 6 Troubleshooting and Emergency Planning 163 6.1 Fault Tree Analysis 163 6.2 Reverse Fault Tree Analysis 166 6.2.1 Bow Tie Analysis 166 6.3 Analysis: The Five Whys 168 6.4 Regulatory Requirements 169 6.5 Software Solutions 169 6.6 Emergency Response Planning 170 Notes 170 7 Chemistry and Analyses 173 7.1 Aquatic Testing 173 7.2 Bacterial Testing 174 7.3 Dissolved Organic Materials – BOD, COD, and TOC 175 7.3.1 BOD vs ThOD 179 7.3.2 Chemical Oxygen Demand 181 7.3.3 TOC 183 7.4 Common Ion Species 183 7.4.1 Most Important Chemicals in the Water Environment 185 7.4.2 pH 185 7.4.3 Carbonate Chemistry 186 7.4.4 Alkalinity 186 7.5 Hardness 189 7.6 Chemical Water Softening 192 7.6.1 Excess Lime Process 193 7.7 Nitrogen 194 7.8 Phosphorus 197 7.9 Sulfur 198 7.10 Chlorine 198 7.11 Other Halogens 199 7.12 Metals 199 7.13 Solids 201 7.14 Organic Chemicals 205 Notes 206 8 Basic Water and Wastewater Treatment Techniques 209 8.1 Removal of Metals 209 8.2 Chromium 211 8.2.1 Other Chromium Reduction Reactions 212 8.3 Arsenic 213 8.4 Cadmium 213 8.5 Iron 214 8.6 Zinc 214 8.7 Mercury 214 8.8 Radium 215 8.9 Anions 218 8.9.1 Cyanide 218 8.9.2 Nitrates and Nitrites 219 8.10 Solvents and Oils 220 8.11 Chlorinated Organics 221 8.11.1 PCBs 222 8.11.2 DDT 223 Notes 225 9 Biological Wastewater Treatment 227 9.1 The Microbial World 227 9.2 Order of Treatment 233 9.3 Types of Organisms 234 9.4 Chemistry and Activated Sludge 238 9.5 Growth Conditions and Nitrification 239 9.6 Denitrification and Phosphate Removal 240 9.7 Biological Growth Equation 241 9.7.1 The Monod Equation 242 9.7.2 Microbial Decay 243 9.7.3 Effect of Temperature and pH on Rate of Reactions 245 9.8 Principles of Biological Treatment Systems 245 9.9 Activated Sludge and its Variations 248 9.10 Substrate Removal Definitions 250 9.11 Trickling Filters and Variations 252 9.12 Clarification for Biological Removals 254 9.13 Other Solids Removals 255 9.14 Biological Synthesis and Oxidation 255 9.15 Biological Treatment of Toxic Wastes 257 9.16 Modeling the Biological Process 257 9.16.1 Modeling Notes Before One Starts 258 9.16.2 Free Wastewater Treatment Modeling Platforms 261 9.16.2.1 SSSP 261 9.16.2.2 STEADY 261 9.16.2.3 JASS 262 9.16.2.4 Stoat 262 9.16.3 Commercially Available Modeling Tools 263 9.16.3.1 GPSX 263 9.16.3.2 SUMO 264 9.16.3.3 SIMBA 265 9.16.3.4 Biowin 267 9.16.3.5 WEST 268 9.16.4 Modeling Summary 268 Notes 270 10 Anaerobic Treatment 273 10.1 Basic Anaerobic Processes for Wastewater 273 10.2 Phosphorus Removal 275 10.3 Basic Anaerobic Processes for Digestion and Treatment 276 10.4 Anaerobic Pretreatment 278 10.5 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactors 281 10.6 Other Digester Configurations 283 10.7 Siloxane Removals 283 10.8 Sludge Digestion 284 10.9 Gas Production Emphasis 286 10.10 New Technologies 287 10.11 Sludge Treatment 288 10.12 Anaerobic Digester Model ADM1 288 10.13 Struvite and Anaerobic Processes 289 Notes 290 11 Precipitation and Sedimentation 293 11.1 Theory of Sedimentation 293 11.2 Clarifiers and their Design 294 11.2.1 Bulk Velocity – Surface Loading Rate 294 11.2.2 Hydraulic Detention Time 296 11.3 Lamellas and Specialty Devices 298 11.3.1 Lamellas 298 11.3.2 Membrane Filters 299 Note 301 12 Granular Filtration Theory and Practice 303 12.1 Granular Media Filtration 303 12.1.1 Sizing of Filters by Flow Rate 303 12.1.2 Uniformity Coefficient and Effective Grain Size 306 12.2 Filtration Hydraulics 306 12.3 Particle Size Removals 307 12.4 Backwash Hydraulics 307 12.4.1 Use of Air in the Backwash of Granular Filtration Systems 310 Notes 312 13 Skin Filtration 313 13.1 Introduction 313 13.2 Microstrainers and Screens 313 13.3 Belt Filters 316 13.4 Plate and Frame Filters 316 13.5 Cloth vs. Paper Filters 319 13.6 Precoat 320 13.7 Head Loss Through Cloth Filters 322 13.8 Bag Filters 323 Notes 324 14 Membrane Filters and Reverse Osmosis 325 14.1 Introduction 325 14.2 Design Values 330 14.3 Process Selection 330 14.3.1 Ultrafiltration Membrane Selection 330 14.3.2 Cellulose Acetate Membranes 331 14.3.3 Polysulfone Membranes 331 14.3.4 Polyamide Membranes 331 14.3.5 Polyacrylonitrile Membranes 331 14.3.6 Ultrafiltration Modules 332 14.4 Reverse Osmosis 333 14.5 Mass Transfer Theory 333 14.6 Membrane Design Software 334 14.7 Membrane Materials 336 14.8 Membrane Configurations 337 14.9 RO Design Considerations 338 14.9.1 Feedwater Supply Considerations 338 14.9.2 Pressure Pumping 338 14.9.3 Membrane Considerations 341 14.9.4 Post-treatment 341 14.10 Design Parameters 341 Notes 344 15 Disinfection 347 15.1 Introduction 347 15.2 Rate of Kill – Disinfection Parameters 347 15.2.1 Chick’s Law 347 15.2.2 Harmful Organisms 348 15.3 Chlorine 353 15.3.1 Ammonia, Chlorine, and Chloramines 354 15.3.2 Other Types of Chlorine 355 15.3.3 Other Reactions with Chlorine 355 15.3.4 Chlorine Safety 355 15.3.5 Chlorine Dioxide 356 15.4 Ozone 357 15.5 Ultraviolet Light 358 15.5.1 LED Lighting 360 15.6 Other Disinfecting Compounds 360 15.6.1 Potassium Permanganate 360 15.6.2 Hydrogen Peroxide and Ozone 361 15.6.3 PAA: Peracetic Acid 362 15.6.4 Bromine 364 15.6.5 Iodine 365 15.6.5.1 Types of Iodinators 365 15.6.5.2 Careful Use of Iodine 365 15.7 Disinfection by Ultra Filtration 366 Notes 367 16 Phosphorus and Nitrogen Removal 369 16.1 General 369 16.2 BardenPho© Processes 373 16.3 Chemical Phosphorus Removal 375 16.4 Nitrogen Removal 378 16.4.1 Nitrogen Chemistry and Forms 378 16.4.2 Ammonia 378 16.4.3 Nitrate 379 16.4.4 Nitrification 379 16.4.4.1 Ammonia Stripping 388 16.4.4.2 Ion Exchange 390 16.5 Conclusions 392 Notes 392 17 Carbon Adsorption 395 17.1 Introduction 395 17.2 The Freundlich and Langmuir Equations 396 17.3 Carbon Adsorption Physical Coefficients and Economics 397 17.4 Other Considerations 397 17.4.1 Carbon Regeneration 397 17.4.2 The PACTTM Process 397 17.4.3 Wet Air Regeneration for PACT Systems 398 Note 401 18 Ion Exchange 403 18.1 Resins 403 18.2 Physical Characteristics 403 18.3 Chemical Structure 404 18.3.1 Selectivity 404 18.3.2 Selectivity Coefficient 405 18.4 Design Considerations 406 18.4.1 Pretreatment 406 19 Dissolved Air Flotation and Techniques 409 19.1 Design Basics for DAF 409 19.2 Operating Parameters 410 19.3 Theory and Design 411 19.4 Ranges of Data 412 19.5 Electroflotation 413 19.5.1 Electroflotation Theory and Design 414 19.6 Electrocoagulation 415 Notes 416 20 Coagulation, Flocculation and Chemical Treatment 419 20.1 Introduction 419 20.2 Sols 421 20.3 Flocculation and Mixing 422 20.4 Practice 423 20.5 Modeling 424 Notes 424 21 Heat Transfer Processes: Boilers, Heat Exchangers and Cooling Towers 425 21.1 Boilers 425 21.2 Boiler Classifications 426 21.2.1 Fire Tube Boilers 426 21.2.2 Water Tube Boilers 426 21.3 Boiler Water Quality Requirements 427 21.4 Cooling Towers 430 Notes 431 22 Evaluating an Existing Wastewater Treatment Plant Design using Modeling Software 433 22.1 Step 1: Information Gathering 433 22.2 Step 2: Model Selection 435 22.3 Step 3: Laboratory and Other Data Organization 438 22.3.1 Generating the Flows Without the Data 439 22.3.2 Getting the Hydraulics and the Tankage Correct 440 22.3.2.1 When You Cannot Dye-test Your Tanks – a Procedure 441 22.4 Step 4: Flow Sheet Setup and Model Organization 443 22.5 Step 5: Model Compilation and Setup 444 22.5.1 Initial Values versus Derived Values 445 22.5.2 Integrator Settings 445 22.6 Step 6: Input and Output File Preparation 445 22.7 Step 7: Initialization of the Model Parameters and First Runs 445 22.7.1 What to Balance or Adjust 446 22.7.2 What to Key in on During Your Modeling 446 22.8 Step 8: Parameter Adjustments 446 Notes 447 Index 449

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Book SynopsisBiodegradable Waste Management in the Circular Economy Presents the major developments in new technologies and strategies for more effective recovery of matter, resources, and energy from biodegradable waste The volume of biodegradable waste produced worldwide is progressively increasinga trend that is predicted to continue well into the foreseeable future. Developing sustainable, cost-effective, and eco-friendly approaches for processing food waste, agricultural and organic industrial waste, cardboard, biodegradable plastics, sewage sludge, and other types of biodegradable waste is one of the most significant challenges of the coming decades. Biodegradable Waste Management in the Circular Economy provides a detailed overview of the latest advances in the management of biomass for economic development. Featuring contributions from an interdisciplinary team of experts, this comprehensive resource addresses various technologies and strategies Table of ContentsPreface 1.Circular Bioeconomy and SustainabilityIşıl Aksan Kurnaz, Elif Damla Arison, and M. Levent Kurnaz 2. Cradle to Cradle MarketplaceMałgorzata J. Kacpraz 3. New Products from Old Wastes Concept – Analysis of the Current State of CE in the Biodegradable Waste Management 3.1. Valorization to EnergyEwa Neczaj and Anna Grosser 3.2. Valorization to MatterKari-Anne Lyng and Aneta Kowalska 3.3. Valorization of Food Waste to FoodKari-Anne Lyng 4. Definitions and the Procedures for Characterization of Biodegradable WasteHelena Raclavská, Jana Růžičková, Marek Kucbel, Barbora Švédová, and Konstantin Raclavský 5. Biodegradable Waste StreamsHelena Raclavská, Jana Růžičková, Barbora Švédová, Marek Kucbel, Michal Šafář, Konstantin Raclavský, and Elton Luis Da Silva Abel 6. Limitation for Use of Biodegradable Waste onto Soil 6.1. Organic, Inorganic, and Microbiological Contaminations in Biodegradable WasteKrzysztof Fijałkowski and Anna Kwarciak-Kozłowska 6.2. Toxicity AssessmentKrzysztof Fijałkowski and Anna Kwarciak-Kozłowska 7. Biodegradable Waste Collection SystemsJolanta Sobik-Szołtysek 8. Anaerobic digestionAnna Grosser and Ewa Neczaj 9. Types of Composting 9.1 CompostingShahriar Shams and Beston F. Nore 9.2. VermicompostingAgnieszka Rorat and Franck Vandenbulcke 10. BiorefineriesAnna Grosser and Ewa Neczaj 11. Impact of Processing Technology on the Chemical Contaminants Occurrence in End ProductsEyob Habte Tesfamariam, Taruvinga Badza, and Craig Cogger 12. Effect of End Products on the Soil Microbial Communities 12.1. Impact of End Products on Microbial Communities with Special Reference to PathogensDaquan Sun, Eléonore Attard, and Rémy Guyoneaud 12.2 Modification of Bio-wastes for Alteration of Soil Microbial CommunitiesDaquan Sun 13. The Use of End Products on Soil 13.1. The Use of Biodegradable End Products on Soil – Impact on Plant ProductivityBal Ram Singh, Anna Grobelak, Aneta Kowalska, and Åsgeir Almås 13.2. Biodegradable End Products for Bioremediation of Degraded AreasAneta Kowalska, Anna Grobelak, Åsgeir Almås, and Bal Ram Singh 13.3. The Use of Biodegradable End Products for Reclamation of Metal Contaminated SoilsÅsgeir Almås, Aneta Kowalska, Anna Grobelak, and Bal Ram Singh 13.4. Biodegradable Waste: Ecotoxicological/Environmental AssessmentPauline Courtois, Axel Beauchamp, and Franck Vandenbulcke 14. Restoration, Sequestration, and Modelling of Carbon in Degraded SoilsKennedy Were, Bal Ram Singh, Eleanor Milne, and George Ayaga 15. Impact of Treatments of Biodegradable Waste for Nutrient RecoveryEyob Habte Tesfamariam, Craig Cogger, and John Ngoni Zvimba 16. Energy and Biomethane ProductionDagmar Juchelková, Helena Raclavská, Maw Maw Tun, Klaus Koppe, Abdulaziz Atabani, Barbora Švédová, and Marek Kucbel 17. The Governance and Social AspectsMałgorzata Kacprzak and Iwona Kupich 18. Biofuels – More Than Electricity, Heat, and Biomethane 18.1. The Role of Biofuels in the Circular EconomyKari-Anne Lyng 18.2. Metal RecoveryAgata Rosińska 18.3. Biosorbents and Biochar ProductionAnna Grobelak, Agata Rosińska 18.4. Other Perspectives (e.g. Chitin Recovery, Carbon-Coated Magnet-Sensitive Nanoparticles, Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Humic Acid)Agata Rosińska 18.5. Biofuel Production from Agricultural WasteEsra Meşe Erdoğan, Pınar Karagöz, Enes Yilmaz, and Melek Özkan Index

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Book SynopsisLONGLISTED FOR THE 2024 WAINWRIGHT PRIZE FOR CONSERVATION WRITING ONE OF THE NEW YORKER'S BEST BOOKS OF 2023  ‘A gripping read that will anger as much as it fascinates’ Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall‘An incredible journey into the world of rubbish, full of fascinating characters and mind-bending facts’ Oliver Bullough, author of Moneyland   ‘Urgent, probing and endlessly interesting’ Cal Flyn, author of Islands of Abandonment'There are stories in all our discarded things: who made them, what they meant to a person before they were thrown away. In the end, it all ends up in the same place – the endless ingenuity of humanity in one filthy, fascinating mass.'   When we throw things ‘away’, what does that actually mean? Where does it go, and who deals with it when it gets there? In Wasteland, aTrade Review‘Waste is a serious problem and also a curiously fascinating one. In this brilliant book, Franklin-Wallis goes into it up to his neck – so we don’t have to! The result is a gripping read that will anger as much as it fascinates. There’s lots we can all do to help, but he’s right to conclude that it’s government and business who really have to step up, and clean up’ -- Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall‘This is an incredible journey into the world of rubbish, full of fascinating characters and mind-bending facts. My relationship with garbage is never going to be the same’ -- Oliver Bullough, author of Moneyland and Butler to the World‘An urgent, probing and endlessly interesting investigation into our staggering wastefulness and the environmental crisis this is creating right under our noses. In Wasteland, Oliver Franklin-Walls offers us a behind the scenes guide to the processing plants, rubbish tips and refuse mountains that lurk in our back yards; the thundering machinery and skilled workers who strive tirelessly to relieve us of the spoils of our own profligacy. As he does so, he turns up rare treasures and unexpected beauties amid the junk and the mess. Tirelessly reported, it is a book both horrifying in its implications and gleefully hair-raising in the way it is told’ -- Cal Flyn, author of Islands of Abandonment‘Superb. Oliver Franklin-Wallis’ deep dive into our wasteful ways and dirty histories turns up a story that gleams with insight and promise. An urgent and vividly told exploration of the underside of modern life, Wasteland also reveals what a better future could look like. You'll never see trash the same way again’ -- David Farrier, author of Footprints'Just as everything we consume comes from somewhere on earth, so too everything we produce must go somewhere on earth – even if we don't want to think about it. This book compels us to. A fascinating, deeply researched and hugely important exposé of what happens to the stuff we no longer want, and the social and environmental cost of dealing with it. Revelatory, thoughtful and honest about our complex relationship with waste.' -- Gaia Vince, author of Nomad CenturyWith his investigative chops and contagious curiosity, Oliver Franklin-Wallis has cracked wide a dozen hidden, jaw-dropping worlds . . . Yet despite its grim revelations, the book offers hope. For we can’t begin to make things right until we understand the nuanced realities of what is wrong. Wasteland is compelling, smart, fair, often funny, always interesting, and just very important. Truly, it’s the most impressive nonfiction I’ve read in quite some time’ -- Mary Roach, author of Stiff and Animal Vegetable Criminal‘Wise, honest and unsparing, Wasteland will open your eyes to the reality of our throwaway society’ -- Henry Mance, author of How to Love Animals‘[An] eye-opening investigation into the global waste crisis and recycling industry’ -- Caroline Sanderson * Editor’s Choice, Bookseller *'Sometimes it seems as if our main role as humans is to enjoy shiny things for a little while until they become discarded things. This is a fascinating and comprehensive tour of the second half of that equation – the tossed-out usually gets a thousandth the attention of the not-yet-purchased, but Oliver Franklin-Wallis does his best to redress that balance, in a book that wills you see the world quite differently than you did before' -- Bill McKibben, author The End of Nature‘[A] scary reflection of our overconsumption and failure to deal with its impact. . . completely engrossing. . . it is the wake-up call we need to do better’ * Euronews *'A travelogue around dumps, scrapyards, disposal and recycling facilities, from giant machines that shred TVs and other electronic devices to vast landfill sites in India: the all-too-solid hinterlands of our obsession with buying and throwing away so much stuff' * Guardian, Books of the Year *

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