Plastics and polymers Books

Book SynopsisPolymer Matrix Wave-Transparent Composites One-stop reference on important recent research accomplishments in the field of polymer matrix wave-transparent composites Polymer Matrix Wave-Transparent Composites: Materials, Properties, and Applications is a unique book that focuses on polymer matrix wave-transparent composites for electromagnetic wave transmission of a certain frequency, discussing various aspects of design, fabrication, structure, properties, measurement methods, and mechanisms, along with practical applications of functional polymer composites in industrial fields ranging from aircraft radomes, to radomes for ground, shipborne, and airborne purposes, to radomes for 5G communication, to printed circuit boards and beyond. Edited by four highly qualified academics and contributed to by well-known experts in the field, Polymer Matrix Wave-Transparent Composites includes detailed discussion on sample topics such as: Interface between the reinforced fiber and polymer matrix,

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Book SynopsisPlastic Bottles: Processing, Recycling, Regulations and Alternatives explores the lifecycle of plastic bottles, from creation to disposal, offering a comprehensive and accessible look at bottle packaging. The book is divided into five parts as follows Part 1: The History of Plastic Bottles Traces the development and integration of plastic bottles into daily life. Covers materials used, labeling, and manufacturing processes in the industry. Part 2: Environmental Impact Examines the limitations of plastic bottles and their environmental consequences. Discusses challenges in recycling and showcases case studies. Highlights advanced recycling technologies and techniques. Part 3: Biopolymers as an Alternative Introduces biopolymers as sustainable alternatives to traditional plastic. Explores types of biopolymers suitable for bottle production. Discusses potential benefits and challenges of biopolymer adoption. Part 4: Regulations and Policies Focuses on global regulatory frameworks for plastic and biopolymer use. Covers Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) and its role in waste management. Part 5: Future of Bottle Packaging Looks ahead at developments in sustainable packaging solutions. Discusses innovations in recycling and emerging research trends. Target Audience✠Accessible to students, academics, and industry professionals from both scientific and non-scientific backgrounds.✠Concise and easy-to-read, making it suitable for a wide ranging audience.This book provides a thorough yet compact overview of the plastic and biopolymer bottle packaging industry, offering valuable insights for both academia and industry.

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Book Synopsis'A must read for anyone who buys anything plastic' MICHAEL MOSS, PULITZER PRIZE-WINNING AUTHOR OF SALT, SUGAR, FAT Over the past seventy years, McDonald's, Coca-Cola, Procter & Gamble, Unilever and other consumer goods makers have harnessed single-use plastics to turbocharge their profits. They've poured billions of dollars into convincing us we need disposable diapers, cups, bags, bottles, shampoo sachets and ultra-processed foods. We were never clamouring for any of this. But this shift towards disposability has fundamentally transformed our daily habits. Think of toddlers kept in disposable diapers for far longer than their parents wore cloth, our obsession with bottled water and our insatiable appetite for convenient snacks and coffee. While at first we shaped plastics, somewhere along the way, plastics took over and began shaping us. Like any addiction, our plastic habit has consequences. It is damaging our climate and biodiversity - today, the equivalent of one garbage truck of plastic waste ends up in the ocean every minute - and we are only just starting to understand its effect on our own health. In investigating how we got here, Consumed arms us to make better decisions about where we go next. It is only by understanding this history that we will stop accepting the same failed solutions and demand better from the brands that got us hooked on plastic in the first place.

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Book SynopsisRheology in Polymer Processing introduces the fundamentals of rheology and rheometry as the basis for modeling and computer-aided design in plastics processing. The logically structured content enables the reader to intelligently use the tools of computer-aided design and modeling of plastics processing, with correct interpretation of the results. The book presents difficult and complex issues of rheology and modeling in an accessible way, with particular emphasis on the practical engineering aspects. The software described in the book allows modeling all the important problems of plastics processing. Particular attention is paid to the extrusion process, which is fundamentally important as a processing technology in mass manufacture of plastic parts, and the basis of compounding processes (blending, filling, granulation, and reinforcement). This book is aimed equally at engineers, researchers, and scientists, as well as intermediate students, for whom it will serve as an ideal course book.Table of ContentsKrzysztof Wilczy?ski is Full Professor at the Faculty of Production Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland, and head of the Department of Plastics Processing. He holds a Ph.D. and a D.Sc. in Mechanical Engineering from the Warsaw University of Technology. He was a Fulbright Scholar at the University of Akron, and a visiting professor at the Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, as well as at the Kyushu Institute of Technology in Kitakyushu, Japan. He has published over 100 papers in peer-reviewed scientific journals and several books, focusing on his research interests of rheology and computer modeling for polymer processing.

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Book SynopsisThe first volume of the Handbook of Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA): Microbial Biosynthesis and Feedstocks focusses on feedstock aspects, enzymology, metabolism and genetic engineering of PHA biosynthesis. It addresses better understanding the mechanisms of PHA biosynthesis in scientific terms and profiting from this understanding in order to enhance PHA biosynthesis in bio-technological terms and in terms of PHA microstructure. It further discusses making PHA competitive for outperforming established petrol-based plastics on industrial scale and obstacles for market penetration of PHA. Aimed at professionals and graduate students in Polymer (plastic) industry, wastewater treatment plants, food industry, biodiesel industry, this bookCovers the intracellular on-goings in PHA-accumulating bacteriaAssesses diverse feedstocks to be used as carbon source for PHA production including current knowledge on PHA biosynthesis starting from inexpensive waste feedstocksSummarizeTable of Contents1. Monomer-Supplying Enzymes for Polyhydroxyalkanoate Biosynthesis. 2. PHA Granule-Associated Proteins and their Diverse Functions. 3. Genomics of PHA Synthesizing Bacteria. 4. Molecular Basis of Medium-Chain Length-PHA Metabolism of Pseudomonas putida. 5. Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates by Paraburkholderia and Burkholderia species: A Journey from the Genes through Metabolic Routes to their Biotechnological Applications. 6. Genetic Engineering as a Tool for Enhanced PHA Biosynthesis from Inexpensive Substrates. 7. Biosynthesis and Sequence Control of scl-PHA and mcl-PHA. 8. Inexpensive and Waste Raw Materials for PHA Production. 9. Sustainable Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates from Crude Glycerol. 10. Biosynthesis of Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) from Vegetable Oils and its By-products by Wild-Type and Recombinant Microbes. 11. Production and Modification of PHA Polymers Produced from Long-Chain Fatty Acid. 12. Converting Petrochemical Plastic to Biodegradable Plastic. 13. Comparing Heterotrophic with Phototrophic PHA Production - Concurring or Complementing Strategies?. 14. Coupling Biogas (CH4) with PHA Biosynthesis. 15. Syngas as a Sustainable Carbon Source for PHA Production.

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Book SynopsisThis second volume of the Handbook of Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA): Kinetics, Bioengineering and Industrial Aspects focusses on thermodynamic and mathematical considerations of PHA biosynthesis, bioengineering aspects regarding bioreactor design and downstream processing for PHA recovery from microbial biomass. It covers microbial mixed culture processes and includes a strong industry-focused section with chapters on the economics of PHA production, industrial-scale PHA production from sucrose, next generation industrial biotechnology approaches for PHA production based on novel robust production strains, and holistic techno-economic and sustainability considerations on PHA manufacturing. Aimed at professionals and graduate students in Polymer (plastic) industry, wastewater treatment plants, food industry, biodiesel industry, this book Provides an insight into microbial thermodynamics to reveal the central domain governing in PHA formation, both aerobically and anaerobically.<Table of Contents1. An Introduction to the Thermodynamics Calculation of PHA Production in Microbes 2. Mathematical Modelling for Advanced PHA Biosynthesis. 3. Interconnection between PHA and Stress Robustness of Bacteria. 4. Linking Salinity to Microbial Biopolyesters Biosynthesis: Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production by Haloarchaea and Halophilic Eubacteria. 5. Role of Different Bioreactor Types and Feeding Regimes in Polyhydroxyalkanoates Production. 6. Recovery of Polyhydroxyalkanoates from Microbial Biomass. 7. Polyhydroxyalkanoates by Mixed Microbial Cultures: The Journey so Far and Challenges Ahead. 8. PHA Production by Microbial Mixed Cultures and Organic Waste of Urban Origin: Pilot Scale Evidences. 9. Production Quality Control of Mixed Culture Poly(3-Hydroxbutyrate-co-3-Hydroxyvalerate) Blends Using Full-Scale Municipal Activated Sludge and Non-Chlorinated Solvent Extraction. 10. Economics and Industrial Aspects of PHA Production. 11. Next Generation Industrial Biotechnology (NGIB) for PHA Production. 12. PHA Biosynthesis Starting from Sucrose and Materials from Sugar Industry. 13. LCA, Sustainability and Techno-economic Studies for PHA Production.

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Book SynopsisIn the last three years, research into the nature and strength of metallocene-based materials has exploded. This is the first and only book to provide comprehensive coverage of the developments and advances in the field by such major polyolefin companies as Dow, Exxon, and Montell. The authors begin with overviews of metallocene catalysis and metallocene-based polyolefins, then discuss all areas of the technology, from applications to end-products.Trade Review"a welcome addition to any library". (Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, Vol.202, No.6, 2001)Table of ContentsNature of metallocene catalysts; ethylene polymerization; propylene polymerization. Mechanistic aspects of metallocene catalysts; cyclo-olefins, dienes and functionalized olefin polymerization; styrene polymerization; commercial metallocene polymerization methods; rheology and processing of metallocene-based polymers; applications of metallocene-based polyfins.

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Book SynopsisWhen combined with reinforcing agents, plastics can be used for a number of high-temperature applications. Plastics Reinforcement and Industrial Applications provides a detailed discussion on plastics, polymers, and reinforcing agents (including organic and natural biomaterials). Focused specifically on improving the mechanical, thermal, and electrical stability of plastics by combining them with reinforcing agents, this book explains the background of reinforced plastics and describes how they work. The book examines reinforcing agents that include glass fibers, carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, graphite, talc, and minerals, and commonly used plastics such as polyamides, polyesters, polyethylene terephthalate, and epoxy resins. It also introduces newer plastics such as polyimides, polysulfones, polyethersulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, and polyether ether ketones. It highlights recent developments in the field that include the use of nanocomposites for manufacTable of ContentsIntroduction. Measurement of Mechanical Properties of Reinforced Plastics. Mechanical Properties of Reinforced Plastics. Thermal Properties of Reinforced Plastics. Electrical Properties of Reinforced Plastics. Thermal and Thermooxidative Degradation of Reinforced Polymers. Applications of Reinforced Plastics. Applications of Reinforced Plastics in the Automobile Industry. Applications of Reinforced Plastics in the General Engineering Industry. Applications of Reinforced Plastics in the Aerospace Industry. Radiation Resistance of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics. Unreinforced and Reinforced Fire Retardant Polymers.

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Book SynopsisUnderstanding of polymer interactions is important for effective processing of plastics and their blends, mixing with nanoparticles, and understanding of their mechanical and physical (e.g., electrical) properties. This book describes a new physics of interactions in polymers that challenges existing theories, and explains the concept of entanglement in a very different way.Rheology is formulated with different parameters defi ning the physics of dual-phase and cross-dual-phase. The rubbery behavior of thermoplastics is explained quite differently to conventional theory.Rheo-fluidification experiments which are applicable to industry (injection molding, extrusion, sheet forming, etc.) are described and analyzed, including molding under conditions of reduced viscosity (up to several hundred percent). The application of this theory to industry has already been proven by a number of successful derived inventions.

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Book SynopsisSince the discovery of plastics several decades ago, the widespread consumption of plastic products and their subsequent inappropriate disposal and accumulation have recently generated new societal concerns of waste management due to their inherent slow degradability, high volume increase and low recycling rates, which are negative on the basis of self-sustainability. Regulations imposing waste reduction, reuse and recycling indices and responsibilities, as well as effective collecting system and the development of new, environmentally clean recycling technologies are some of the efforts to achieve the self-sustainability goals. The efficiency of the collection and sorting systems impacts directly on the amount of recycled plastics and on their cleanness and quality, therefore, enlarging their market potential. The development of new recycling technologies is diversified and can be classified into mechanical, chemical and energetic recycling. In mechanical recycling, successful technologies are achieved through the improvement of existing processes using additives, blends with other plastics and alternative processing routes in order to maintain the original properties of the virgin resin and even allowing them to return to the same application as originally intended. Chemical recycling processes to obtain intermediary products for new polymers become feasible due to the cost reduction of the raw materials involved. Lastly, despite the under use of the gross energy potential of the raw materials employed, energetic recycling plants are gaining a proportion of residues whose technological solutions for separation and/or reprocessing are deficient, but which, on the other hand, are voluminous, consequently solving the problem of both residue accumulation in densely populated regions and their respective insufficient energy supplies. In this book, the authors proposed to present an overview of the current state of this whole plastic recycling sector including their recent advances, and highlighting new markets and recent trends on recycling technologies around the world. However, mechanical recycling has been emphasised owing to the experimental and published work of Manrich''s workgroup at the 3R Residues Recycling Center, which has concentrated on studying all the steps in the process of mechanical recycling.

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Book SynopsisEach year 350,000 metric tons of superabsorbent polymers are produced; 95% are used in personal care products such as disposable diapers and feminine napkins, both of which are much thinner because of the introduction of the superabsorbent polymers.Table of ContentsAbsorbency and Superabsorbency (F. Buchholz). Chemistry of Superabsorbent Polyacrylates (T. Staples, et al.). Commercial Processes for the Manufacture of Superabsorbent Polymers (A. Graham & L. Wilson). Analysis and Characterization of Superabsorbent Polymers (S. Cutié, et al.). The Structure and Properties of Superabsorbent Polyacrylates (F. Buchholz). Other Superabsorbent Polymer Forms and Types (D. Allan). Applications of Superabsorbent Polymers (F. Buchholz).

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Book SynopsisOver 400,000 tons of polyvinyl alcohol are produced each year, in many grades, for use in diverse applications. This volume includes major revisions and expansion of previous information on the synthesis, industrial production methods and the physical, chemical and spectroscopic properties of the polymers, including polyvinyl butyrals, recently developed functional polymers and ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers. A chapter by Russian authors describes unique features of production and technology in the former Soviet Union.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: Manufacture of Polyvinyl Acetate for Polyvinyl Alcohol (F. Marten & C. Zvanut). Hydrolysis of Polyvinyl Acetate to Polyvinyl Alcohol (C. Zvanut & F. Marten). Modification of Polyvinyl Alcohol by Copolymerization (T. Okaya). Ethylene-Vinyl Alcohol Copolymers (T. Okaya & K. Ikari). Spectroscopic Properties of Polyvinyl Alcohol (A. Dunn). Use of Polyvinyl Alcohol in Paper Manufacture (G. Miller). Applications of Polyvinyl Alcohol in Adhesives (C. Finch). Applications of Polyvinyl Alcohol as a Binder (C. Finch). Appendices. Indexes.

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Book SynopsisThis book discusses new developments in an up-to-date, coherent and objective set of chapters by eminent researchers in the area of polypropylene-based biocomposites and bionanocomposites. It covers, biomaterials such as cellulose, chitin, starch, soy protein, hemicelluloses, polylactic acid and polyhydroxyalkanoates. Other important topics such as hybrid biocomposites and bionanocomposites of polypropylene, biodegradation study of polypropylene-based biocomposites and bionanocomposites, polypropylene-based bionanocomposites for packaging applications, polypropylene-based carbon nanomaterials reinforced nanocomposites, degradation and flame retardency of polypropylene-based composites and nanocomposites, are covered as well.Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Polypropylene (PP)-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites: State-of-the-Art, New Challenges and Opportunities 1Visakh. P. M 1.1 Polypropylene (PP)/Cellulose-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 1 1.2 Polypropylene (PP)/Starch-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 3 1.3 Polypropylene (PP)/Polylactic Acid-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 5 1.4 Polypropylene (PP)-Based Hybrid Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 6 1.5 Biodegradation and Flame Retardancy of Polypropylene-Based Composites and Nanocomposites 7 1.6 Polypropylene Single-Polymer Composites 9 1.7 Polypropylene/Plant-Based Fiber Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 10 1.8 Polypropylene Composite with Oil Palm Fibers: Method Development, Properties and Application 12 1.9 Interfacial Modification of Polypropylene-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 13 References 14 2 Polypropylene (PP)/Cellulose-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 23Md. Minhaz-Ul Haque 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 PP/Cellulose-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 24 2.3 Conclusion 46 References 47 3 Polypropylene (PP)/Starch-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 55Saviour A. Umoren and Moses M. Solomon 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 PP/Starch Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 57 3.3 Conclusion 79 References 79 4 Polypropylene (PP)/Polylactic Acid-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 85Xin Wang 4.1 Introduction 85 4.2 PP/PLA-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 87 4.3 Conclusion 107 References 108 5 Polypropylene (PP)-Based Hybrid Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 113Svetlana Butylina 5.1 Introduction 113 5.2 Polypropylene-Based Hybrid Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 116 5.3 Conclusion 141 References 141 6 Biodegradation and Flame Retardancy of Polypropylene-Based Composites and Nanocomposites 145S. Butylina and I. Turku 6.1 Biodegradability of PP-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 146 6.2 Flame Retardancy of Polypropylene-Based Composites and Nanocomposites 154 6.3 Conclusions 171 References 171 7 Polypropylene Single-Polymer Composites 177Jian Wang 7.1 Introduction 177 7.2 Preparation Principles for PP SPCs 180 7.3 Processing Methods and Properties of PP SPCs 187 7.4 Applications 235 7.5 Summary 239 Acknowledgments 242 References 242 8 Polypropylene/Plant-Based Fiber Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 247Amir Ghasemi, Ehsan Pesaran Haji Abbas, Leila Farhang and Reza Bagheri 8.1 Introduction 247 8.2 Types of Natural Fibers 248 8.3 Processing of PP/Plant-Based Fiber Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 252 8.4 Characterization and Properties of Plant-Based Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 256 8.5 Applications of Plant-Based Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 267 8.6 Future Perspectives and the Global Market 274 8.7 Conclusion 275 References 276 9 Polypropylene Composite with Oil Palm Fibers: Method Development, Properties and Applications 287Muhammad Shahid Nazir, Mohd Azmuddin Abdullah and Muhammad Rafi Raza 9.1 Introduction 288 9.2 Method Development 289 9.3 Composite Properties 301 9.4 Applications 305 9.5 The Way Forward 309 References 310 10 Interfacial Modification of Polypropylene-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 315Yekta Karaduman and Nesrin Sahbaz Karaduman 10.1 Introduction 316 10.2 Natural Fibers 317 10.3 Fiber-Matrix Interface 320 10.4 Interfacial Modification of PP-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 327 10.5 Conclusions and Future Trends 342 References 343 Index 000

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Book SynopsisThe text focuses on the basic issues and also the literature of the past decade. The book provides a broad overview of functional synthetic polymers. Special issues in the text are: Surface functionalization supramolecular polymers, shape memory polymers, foldable polymers, functionalized biopolymers, supercapacitors, photovoltaic issues, lithography, cleaning methods, such as recovery of gold ions olefin/paraffin, separation by polymeric membranes, ultrafiltration membranes, and other related topics.Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 Basic Issues of Functionalized Polymers 1 2 Methods and Principles of Functionalization 11 3 Technical Applications 95 4 Medical Applications 221 5 Pharmaceutical Applications 247 Index 275

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface i 1 General Aspects 1 1.1 Subjects of the Book 1 1.2 Special Issues 2 1.3 Injection Molding 3 1.3.1 Cost Estimation in Injection Molding 3 1.3.2 Cost Prediction Models 4 1.4 Miniature Molding Processes 6 1.5 Computer Determination of Weld Lines in Injection Molding 6 1.6 Extrusion Blow Molding 8 1.6.1 Rapid Thermal Cycling Molding 8 1.6.2 Rapid Heat Cycle Molding 8 1.6.3 Injection Molding: Heating 16 1.7 Microcellular Injection Molding 22 1.8 Mold Cooling 23 1.9 Microcellular Foam Processing System 27 1.9.1 Gas-Assisted Injection Molding 27 1.9.2 Water-Assisted Injection Molding 32 1.10 Molding Machine for Granules 32 1.11 Foam Curing of Footwear 33 1.12 Injection Compression Molding 35 1.13 Hot Press System 35 1.14 Stamper Mold 38 1.14.1 Recoding Media 38 1.14.2 Microscopic Structured Body 39 1.15 Plastic Waste 42 1.15.1 Marine Pollution 43 1.15.2 Human Health Effects 45 1.15.3 Recycling 45 References 57 2 Process Analysis 65 2.1 Concepts and Strategies 66 2.1.1 Chemometrics 67 2.1.2 Safety Risks 68 2.1.3 Feedback Procedures 68 2.2 Linear Systems 68 2.2.1 Simple First-Order Systems 68 2.2.2 Fractional Order Systems 69 2.2.3 Nonlinear Systems and Linearization 69 2.2.4 Characteristics of Systems 75 2.2.5 Controllers and Controller Settings 84 2.3 Twin-Screw Extrusion 91 References 92 3 Examples of Process Analysis 99 3.1 Greenhouse Gas Balance 99 3.1.1 Poly(ethylene furandicarboxylate) 99 3.1.2 Polyester Binder 100 3.2 Injection Molding Technology 101 3.2.1 Module for CAD Modeling of the Part 103 3.2.2 Module forNumerical Simulation of Injection Molding Process 104 3.2.3 Module for Calculation of Parameters of Injection Molding and Mold Design Calculation and Selection 105 3.2.4 Module for Mold Modeling 106 3.2.5 Examples of Testing 107 3.2.6 Molding Air Cooling 108 3.2.7 Cavity Pressure 109 3.2.8 Plastics Extruder Dynamics 110 3.2.9 History of Mathematical Modeling 110 3.2.10 Current Physical Components Concept 112 3.2.11 Process Stages 112 3.2.12 Data Envelopment Analysis 116 3.2.13 Taguchi Method 118 3.2.14 Tait Model 119 3.2.15 Phan-Thien-Tanner Model 121 3.2.16 Product Quality Prognosis 121 3.2.17 Production Predictive Control 122 3.2.18 Parameter Optimization for Energy Saving 123 3.2.19 Multilayer Control System 124 3.2.20 Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Method 125 3.2.21 Temperature-Dependent Adaptive Control 126 3.2.22 Micro-Injection Molding 128 3.2.23 Immiscible Polymer Blends 131 3.2.24 Resin Injection Molding 133 3.2.25 Foam Injection Molding 137 3.2.26 Self-Optimizing Injection Molding Process 138 3.2.27 Machine Setup 140 3.3 Shrinkage in Injection Molding 146 3.3.1 Factors that Affect the Shrinkage 146 3.3.2 Effect of a Cooling System 147 3.3.3 Influence of Molding Conditions on the Shrinkage and Roundness 148 3.3.4 Shear Viscosity 148 3.3.5 In-Situ Shrinkage Sensor 149 3.3.6 Semicrystalline Polymer 151 3.3.7 Thermoplastic Elastomers 151 3.3.8 Reprocessing of ABS 153 3.3.9 Sequential Simplex Algorithm with Automotive Ventiduct Grid 155 3.3.10 Taguchi, ANOVA, CAE, and Neural Network Methods 156 3.4 Recycling by Extrusion 166 3.4.1 Multiple In-Line Extruders 166 3.4.2 Mixed Post-Consumer Plastic Waste 167 3.4.3 Poly(methyl methacrylate) 168 3.4.4 Poly(ethylene terephthalate) 169 3.4.5 Poly(lactic acid) 169 3.4.6 Expanded Poly(styrene) 169 3.5 Batch Washing of Recycled Films 171 3.5.1 Recycling of Poly(styrene)Waste 171 3.5.2 Textile Finishing 172 3.5.3 Removing Scrap from Containers 173 3.5.4 Adsorption Isotherms and Desorption Rates 175 3.6 Self-Purging Microwave Pyrolysis 176 3.7 Purging and Plasticization in Injection Molding 177 3.7.1 Automatic Purging 177 3.8 Hot Runner Systems 179 3.8.1 Hot Runner Mold with Runner Pipe 180 3.8.2 Hot Runner System in Plastics Molding Tools 183 3.8.3 Manufacturing and Assembling of Hot Runner Systems 184 3.9 Blown Film Extrusion and Thickness Control 185 3.10 Residence Time Distribution for Biomass Pyrolysis 186 3.11 Reactive Extrusion 187 References 187 4 Process Instrumentation 201 4.1 In-Mold Measurement 201 4.2 Temperature 202 4.2.1 Soft Actuator 202 4.2.2 Thermocouples 202 4.2.3 Resistance Temperature Detectors 206 4.2.4 Thin Film Miniature Temperature Sensors 214 4.2.5 Neural Networks 214 4.3 Position Transducers 215 4.3.1 Rotary Position Transducer 215 4.3.2 Linear Variable Differential Transformers 216 4.3.3 Optical Encoders 218 4.3.4 Thickness Gauges 218 4.4 Composition of Matter 222 4.4.1 IR Interferometer for Multilayer Film 222 4.4.2 X-Ray Diffraction 225 4.4.3 Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry 226 4.4.4 Test for Ice Adhesion Strength 226 4.4.5 Piezoelectric Coaxial Filament Sensors 228 4.4.6 Instrumentation for Impact Testing 228 4.4.7 Treatment of Titanium Surfaces 229 4.4.8 Spatial Differentiation of Sub-Micrometer Domains 230 4.5 Medical Issues 231 4.5.1 Endoscopic Plastic Surgical Procedures 231 4.5.2 Medical Catheters 231 4.5.3 Multichannel Plastic Joint 237 4.5.4 Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery 238 4.5.5 Wire-Actuated Universal-Joint Wrists 238 4.5.6 Musculoskeletal Disorders 239 References 240 5 Actuators and Final Control Elements 245 5.1 Servo Valves 245 5.1.1 Nozzle Assembly for a Servo Valve 245 5.2 Servo Motors 248 5.2.1 Hydraulic System 248 5.2.2 Functionally Graded Materials 248 5.3 Solenoid Valves 251 5.3.1 Design Verification Methodology 251 5.3.2 Small Solenoid Valve 252 5.3.3 High-Speed Solenoid Valve 252 5.3.4 Numerical Simulation 252 5.4 Heaters 253 5.4.1 Conduction Heaters 253 5.4.2 Radiant Heaters 255 5.4.3 Heater Controls 255 5.5 Drive Motors and Motor Speed Control for Extrusion 256 5.5.1 Single-Drive Motor 256 5.5.2 Linear Induction Motor 256 5.5.3 Motor Power Consumption in Single-Screw Extrusion 257 5.5.4 Dual Motor Multi-Head 3D Printer 258 References 258 6 Analysis of Melt Processing Systems 261 6.1 Process Parameter Determination of Plastic Injection Molding 261 6.1.1 Case-Based Reasoning Method 261 6.1.2 Knowledge-Based Reasoning Method 264 6.1.3 Rule-Based Reasoning Method 265 6.1.4 Fuzzy Reasoning Method 266 6.2 Process Parameter Determination of Plastic Injection Molding of LCDs 267 6.3 Processing History 267 6.3.1 Flow Defects 267 6.3.2 Biocomposites 269 6.3.3 3D Printing 271 6.3.4 Semiconducting Polymer Blends 272 6.3.5 Van Gurp-Palmen Plot 272 6.3.6 Nanocrystal Composites 273 6.3.7 Melt-Mastication 274 6.3.8 Crystal Nucleation in Nanocomposites 275 6.4 Shear History 276 6.5 Extrusion Product Control 278 6.5.1 Branched Structures 278 6.5.2 Big Area Additive Manufacturing 279 6.5.3 Single-Screw Extrusion Control 280 6.5.4 Blown Film 284 6.5.5 Chill Roll Cast Film 285 6.5.6 Sheet 292 6.5.7 Profiles 294 6.5.8 Pipe and Tubing 297 6.5.9 Automatic Screen Changers 303 6.6 Extrusion Blow Molding Parison Control 306 6.7 Injection Molding 310 6.7.1 Ram Velocity Control 310 6.7.2 Pressure Control 313 6.7.3 Gas-Assisted Control 319 6.7.4 System Diagnostics 322 6.7.5 Statistical Process and Quality Control 328 6.8 Thermoforming 329 6.8.1 Twin Sheet Thermoforming 329 6.8.2 Rotary Thermoforming 330 6.8.3 Process Model for Thermoforming 331 6.9 Rotomolding 332 6.9.1 Polymer Compositions for Rotomolding 334 6.10 Compounders 348 6.10.1 History of Compounding 348 6.10.2 Types of Compounders 348 6.10.3 Special Applications 350 References 352 7 Auxiliary Equipment 363 7.1 Crammer Feeder 363 7.1.1 Crammer Feeder for Extruder 363 7.1.2 Devulcanization of Scrap Rubber 363 7.2 Dryers 364 7.2.1 Drying Temperatures 364 7.2.2 Moisture Content 366 7.2.3 Resin Dryers 366 7.2.4 Pellet Dryers 369 7.3 Pullers 379 7.3.1 Pullers in Extrusion 379 7.3.2 Pullers in Injection Molding 381 7.4 Chillers 384 7.5 Robots 385 References 387 Index 389 Acronyms 389 Chemicals 394 General Index 399

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsForeword xvii Preface xix 1 Introduction: Technical Background 1 S.F. Xavier 1.1 Introduction 2 1.1.1 Thermoplastics Vs. Thermoset Matrices 3 1.2 Composite Materials 4 1.3 Processing 6 1.3.1 Various Processing Methods 7 1.3.1.1 Historical Evolution 7 1.3.2 Extrusion 8 1.3.2.1 Single Screw Extruder 8 1.3.2.2 Twin Screw Extruder 11 1.3.3 Injection Molding 19 1.3.3.1 The Injection Molding Process 21 1.3.3.2 Effects on Composite Structure & Properties 23 1.3.4 Compression Molding 25 1.3.5 Other Methods of Preparation 27 1.3.5.1 Autoclaving 27 1.3.5.2 Automated Fiber Placement 28 1.3.6 Proprietary Thermoplastic Process 28 1.3.6.1 Stamping 29 1.3.6.2 Compression Molding 29 1.4 Test Methods 29 1.4.1 Mechanical Properties 29 1.4.1.A Low Speed Mechanical Properties 29 1.4.1.B High-Speed Mechanical Properties 41 1.4.1.C Impact Strength 41 1.4.2 Fracture Toughness (K IC) 44 1.4.2.1 Fracture Mechanics Testing 48 1.4.2.2 Mechanisms of Matrix Toughening 51 1.4.3 Electrical Properties 53 1.4.3.1 Methods of Measurement 53 1.4.3.2 Factors Affecting Electrical Properties 56 1.4.4 Thermal Properties 57 1.4.4.1 Thermal Resistance (R) 57 1.4.4.2 Thermal Conductivity (λ) 57 1.4.4.3 Heat Distortion Temperature (HDT) 60 1.4.4.4 Vicat Softening Point 63 1.4.4.5 Low Temperature Brittle Point 65 1.4.4.6 Melt and Crystallization Parameters (Using DSC) 69 1.4.5 Thermal Degradation (Using TGA) 77 1.4.5.1 Thermal Degradation of Polypropylene Homopolymer (PPHP) (Using TGA) 77 1.4.6 Optical Properties 79 1.4.6.1 Sample Preparations Techniques 81 1.4.6.2 Methods of Measurement 83 1.4.6.3 Transparency in Polypropylene 85 1.5 Electron Microscopy 86 1.5.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 88 1.5.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 88 1.5.2.1 Sample Preparation Techniques for TEM and SEM 89 1.6 Concluding Remarks 90 References 90 2 Filled Polymer Composites 101 S.F. Xavier 2.1 Filled Polymer Composites 101 2.1.1 Particulate/Flake Filled Polymer Composites 101 2.1.1.1 Introduction 101 2.1.2 Particulate/Flake Filled HDPE Composites 102 2.1.2.1 History of HDPE 102 2.1.2.2 HDPE Composites With Inorganic Fillers 103 2.1.2.3 HDPE Composites with Organic Fillers 117 2.1.2.4 Organic & Inorganic Filler Combinations 117 2.1.2.5 HDPE Composites with Agro Fillers 118 2.1.2.6 Filled Composites with HDPE Blends as Matrices 124 2.1.3 Particulate/Flake Filled Polypropylene Composites 125 2.1.3.1 History of Polypropylene (PP) 125 2.1.3.2 PP Composites with Inorganic Fillers 126 2.1.3.3 PP Composites with Organic Fillers 130 2.1.3.4 PP Composites with Agro Fillers 130 2.1.4 Fracture Propagation in Filled PP Composites 146 2.1.4.1 Filled PP Composites Preparation 146 2.1.4.2 Skin-Core Morphology/via Flake Orientation Measurements 147 2.1.5 Fracture Toughness (K1c ) Measurements at -30, 25 and 80 °C 151 2.1.5.1 Fracture Propagation in Filled PP at -30, 25 and 80 °C 152 2.1.5.2 Specific Modulus Variation 156 2.1.5.3 Fractography 158 2.1.5.4 Coupling Agents and Interfacial Adhesion 164 2.2 Table-1: Examples of Thermoplastic Matrices Filled with Different Organic/Inorganic Fillers 167 2.3 Concluding Remarks 174 References 175 3 Short Fiber Reinforced Composites 185 S.F. Xavier 3.1 Basic Concepts 185 3.1.1 Natural Fibers and Their Properties 185 3.a HDPE 188 3.2 Synthetic Short Fiber Reinforced HDPE Composites 188 3.2.1 Short Glass Fiber Reinforced HDPE Composites 188 3.3 Natural Short Fiber Reinforced HDPE Composites 190 3.3.1 Natural Fibers and Their Properties 190 3.3.1.A Fiber Attributes Affecting Polymer Composite Properties 191 3.3.1.B Source and Morphology of the Cellulosic Fibers 196 3.3.2 HDPE/Short Kenaf Bast Fiber 197 3.3.3 HDPE/Short Hemp Fiber 200 3.3.4 R-HDPE/Short Hemp Fiber 203 3.3.5 HDPE/Short Flax Fiber 206 3.3.6 LDPE/Short Sisal Fiber 208 3.4 Inorganic Filler/Inorganic Fiber Reinforced HDPE Hybrid Composites 210 3.4.1 Talc/Glass Fiber/HDPE Hybrid Composites 210 3.5 Natural Fiber/Inorganic Filler Reinforced HDPE Hybrid Composites 211 3.5.1 Rice Straw Fiber/CaCO 3 /Talc/HDPE Hybrid Composites 212 3.6 Short Natural Fibers Reinforced HDPE Hybrid Composites 214 3.6.1 Sisal/Hemp/HDPE Hybrid Composites 214 3.6.2 Flax/Wood/HDPE Hybrid Composites 215 3.6.3 Kenaf/Pine Apple Leaf Fiber (PALF)/HDPE Hybrid Composites 216 3.b PP 218 3.7 Synthetic Short Fiber Reinforced PP Composites 218 3.7.1 Short Glass Fiber Reinforced PP Composites 218 3.7.1.A Mechanical Properties’ Enhancement by Adhesion Improvement 220 3.7.1.B Fine Morphology in PP Composites 226 3.7.2 Short Carbon Fiber (CF) Reinforced PP Composites 228 3.7.2.A Utilizing Waste Carbon Fiber from CF Plant 230 3.7.2.B PP Composites with Waste CF (from Plant) 231 3.8 Natural Short Fiber Reinforced PP Composites 235 3.8.1 PP/Short Kenaf Bast Fiber 239 3.8.2 PP/Short Hemp Fiber 243 3.8.3 PP/Short Flax Fiber 247 3.8.4 PP/Short Sisal Fiber 255 3.9 Natural/Inorganic Short Fibers Reinforced PP Hybrid Composites 261 3.9.1 Hemp/Glass/PP Hybrid Composites 261 3.9.2 Vakka/Glass/PP Hybrid Composites 262 3.10 Natural Fiber-Reinforced PP Hybrid Composites 263 3.c PVC 264 3.11 Natural Short Fiber Reinforced PVC Composites 264 3.11.1 PVC/Short Wood Fiber 266 3.11.2 PVC/Short Sisal Fiber 268 3.11.3 PVC/Short Rice Straw Fiber 271 3.d PLA 273 3.12 Natural Short Fibers Reinforced Biopolymer (PLA) Composites 273 3.12.1 History of PLA 273 3.12.2 PLA/Kenaf Bast Fiber 274 3.12.3 PLA/Short Hemp Fiber 278 3.12.4 PLA/Short Flax Fiber 284 3.12.5 PLA/Short Jute Fiber 289 3.E Nylon 6 292 3.13.1 History of Nylon- 6 292 3.13.2 Nylon-6/Short Glass Fiber (GF) 295 3.13.3 Nylon-6/Short Carbon Fiber (CF) 302 3.13.4 Nylon-6/Short Kevlar (Aramid) Fiber 308 3.13.5 Nylon-6/Short Natural Fiber (Pine Apple Leaf Fiber) 312 3.13.6 Tribology of Nylon 6 Composites 314 3.f PEEK 316 3.14 Short Fiber Reinforced PEEK Composites 316 3.14.1 History of PEEK 316 3.14.2 PEEK/Short Carbon Fiber Composites 319 3.14.2.a Structure-Property Relations 319 3.14.2.b Interphase-Morphology 321 3.14.2.c Tribology of PEEK Composites 326 3.14.2.d Fatigue Behavior of PEEK Composites 328 3.14.2.e Ratcheting Behavior 330 3.14.2.f Bio-Medical Applications 331 3.15 Concluding Remarks 335 References 337 Annexure- 1 367 Market Trends for Wood Plastic Composites 367 4 Long Fiber Reinforced Composites 369 S.F. Xavier 4 Long (Discontinous) Fiber Reinforced Composites 369 4.1 Basic Concepts 369 4.1.1 Long (Discontinuous) Fiber Reinforcement 372 4.1.2 Strategies for Long (Discontinuous) Fiber Incorporation in Polymers 374 4.A Polypropylene 385 4.2 Synthetic Long (Discontinuous) Fiber Reinforced PP Composites 385 4.2.1 Long Glass Fiber Reinforced PP Composites 385 4.2.1.A Mechanical Properties’ Enhancement 385 4.2.2 Long Carbon Fiber Reinforced PP Composites (LCFPP) 392 4.2.2.A Electrically Conducting Composites 394 4.2.2.B Recycled Long CF Composites 397 4.3 Long (Discontinuous) Natural Fiber Reinforced PP Composites 400 4.3.1 PP/Long Kenaf Bast Fiber 400 4.3.2 PP/Long Hemp Fiber 403 4.3.3 PP/Long Flax Fiber 406 4.3.4 PP/Long (Discontinuous) Sisal Fiber 410 4.B Nylon 6 413 4.4 Synthetic Long (Discontinuous) Fiber Reinforced Nylon-6 Composites 413 4.4.1 Nylon-6/Long Glass Fiber 413 4.4.1.A Processing 413 4.4.1.B Mechanical Properties Enhancement 414 4.4.2 Nylon-6/Long Carbon Fiber 416 4.4.2.A Fracture Toughness and Fractography 422 4.4.2.B Tensile Properties at Elevated Temperatures 424 4.4.2.C Salient Features of LCF/Nylon- 6 424 4.4.2.D LFT-D-ECM Process 426 4.c PBT 428 4.5 Long (Discontinuous) Fiber Reinforced PBT Composites 428 4.5.1 PBT/Long Carbon Fiber 428 4.d PEEK 436 4.6 Long Discontinuous Fiber Reinforced PEEK Composites 436 4.6.1 PEEK/Long Carbon Fiber 436 4.6.2 PEEK/Long Kevlar (Aramid) Fiber 448 4.7 Concluding Remarks 459 References 460 5 Continous Fiber Reinforced Composites 479 S.F. Xavier 5.1 Basic Concepts 480 5.1.1 Strategies for Continuous Fiber Incorporation in Polymers 480 5.a PP 481 5.2 Continuous Synthetic Fiber Reinforced PP Composites 481 5.2.1 Continuous Glass Fiber Reinforced PP Composites 481 5.2.1.1 Processing and Mechanical Properties Enhancement 481 5.2.1.2 Direct Fiber Fed Injection Molding 484 5.2.1.3 Tow-Pregs Preparation 486 5.2.1.4 Continuous Glass Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Composite 489 5.2.1.5 Glass Fiber Mat Reinforced PP Composites - Continuous Process 489 5.2.1.6 Unidirectional Continuous Glass Fiber Tapes Reinforced PP Composites 490 5.2.1.7 Preparation of Endless Fiber Tapes 490 5.2.1.8 Press and Injection Hybrid Molding 492 5.2.2 Continuous Carbon Fiber (CF) Reinforced PP Composites 493 5.2.2.1 Composites with Micro-Braided-Yarn 495 5.2.2.2 Interfacial Adhesion in PP Matrices 496 5.2.2.3 CF Fabric Composites with Interleaved PP Films 498 5.2.2.4 Wood-CF-Hybrid Composites 499 5.2.2.5 CF Composites Hybridized with Self-Reinforced PP 500 5.2.3 PP/Continuous Hemp Fiber 502 5.2.3.A Hemp Fiber Surface Treatment 503 5.2.3.B Thermal Degradation of Hemp Fiber 505 5.2.3.C Hybrid Yarns Woven Reinforcements (Hemp/Polypropylene/Glass Yarns) 505 5.2.4 PP/Continuous Flax Fiber 505 5.2.5 PP/Continuous Sisal Fiber 506 5.2.5.A Plasma Modification of Sisal Fibers 508 5.B Nylon 6 511 5.3 Continuous Fiber Reinforced Nylon-6 Composites 511 5.3.1 Nylon-6/Continuous Glass Fiber (GF) 511 5.3.1.1 In-Situ Pultrusion 513 5.3.1.2 RIM Pultrusion Process 513 5.3.1.3 Mechanical Properties Enhancement 516 5.3.2 Glass Fiber Fabric Impregnation in Nylon 6 516 5.3.2.1 Continuous Method 516 5.3.3 Carbon Fiber Fabric Impregnation in Nylon 6 Melt (Discontinuous Method) 517 5.3.4 Melt Impregnation of Continuous Carbon Fiber Reinforced Nylon 66 Composites 520 5.3.5 Three-Dimensional Fabric Composites 522 5.c PPS 523 5.4 Continuous CF Reinforced PPS 523 5.4.1 Ultra-Lightweight Carbon Fiber Reinforced PPS Composite Using ‘Spread Tow Technology’ 523 5.d PEEK 527 5.5 Continuous Fiber Reinforced PEEK Composites 527 5.5.1 PEEK/Continuous Carbon Fiber (CF) 527 5.6 Concluding Remarks 533 References 533 6 Nanocomposites 545 S.F. Xavier 6.1 Basics 546 6.1.1 History of Nanoscience 546 6.1.1.A The Growth of Nanotechnology 547 6.1.1.B Nano Milestones 549 6.1.1.C Some Significant Achievements in Nanotechnology 551 6.1.2 Nanomaterials Used in Polymers 552 6.1.2.A Nanoparticles/Fillers 552 6.1.2.B Nanoflakes 555 6.1.2.C Nanofibers 561 6.2 Nanocomposites: General Principles 566 6.2.1 Preparation of Nanocomposites by Different Routes 566 6.2.2 Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites 576 6.2.2.1 Methods to Achieve Intercalation/Exfoliation 578 6.3 Nanocomposites with Different Polymers 581 6.3.1 LDPE Nanocomposites with Different Nanoparticles 581 6.3.1.A LDPE/Nano Al2 O3 582 6.3.1.B LDPE/Nano MgO 582 6.3.1.C LDPE/Nano TiO2 585 6.3.1.D LDPE/Nano ZnO 586 6.3.1.E LDPE/Treated Nano Cloisite 20A 588 6.3.1.F LDPE/PE-g-MAH/Cv/OMMT 588 6.3.1.G LDPE/LLDPE-g-MAH/Organo Clay 590 6.3.1.H LDPE/LDPE-g-MAH/Nano Ag 593 6.3.1.i PE/Polythiophene/Sol-Gel Nano Ag 593 6.3.1.j LDPE Foams/Nano Silica 595 6.3.2 HDPE Nanocomposites with Nanoparticles 597 6.3.2.A HDPE/Nano Ag 597 6.3.2.B HDPE/Nano Au 600 6.3.2.C HDPE/Nano Bentonite 605 6.3.2.D HDPE/Nano CaCO3 607 6.3.2.E HDPE/Nano Cloisite 20A/Nano Cu 609 6.3.2.F HDPE/Nano Copper Oxide 610 6.3.2.G HDPE/Nano Fe3 O 4 612 6.3.2.H HDPE/Nano PbS 614 6.3.2.i HDPE/Nano Silica 617 6.3.2.j HDPE/Nano TiO 2 /Nano CNC 621 6.3.2.K HDPE/Nano ZnO 623 6.3.2.L HDPE/Nano ZrP/Oct 627 6.3.3 PP Nanocomposites with Nanoparticles 628 6.3.3.A PP/Nano Ag 628 6.3.3.B PP/Nano Ag/PEG 630 6.3.3.C PP/Nano Ag/γ-Radiation/MMT 634 6.3.3.D PP/Nano Al 2 O 3 637 6.3.3.E PP/Nano γ-Al 2 O 3 -g-PS 638 6.3.3.F PP/Nano BaCO 3 641 6.3.3.G PP/Nano BaSO 4 644 6.3.3.H PP/Nano CaCO 3 645 6.3.3.i PP/Nano CaCO 3 /Nano SiO 2 650 6.3.3.j PP/Nano Cu 652 6.3.3.K PP/Nano Fe 2 O 3 655 6.3.3.L PP/Nano TiO 2 658 6.3.4 PVC Nanocomposites with Nanoparticles 659 6.3.4.A PVC/Nano Clay 660 6.3.4.B PVC/(Single Layer) Graphene 665 6.3.4.C PVC/Multi-Layer Graphene (MLG) 668 6.3.4.D PVC/Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO) 672 6.3.4.E PVC/TiO 2 (In Situ Suspension Polymerization) 676 6.3.4.F PVC/Quantum Dots (CdSe/ZnS Nanoparticles) 680 6.3.4.G PVC/Nano ZrO 2 682 6.3.5 PLA Nanocomposites with Nanoparticles 688 6.3.5.A PLA/Nano Ag 688 6.3.5.B PLA/Nano Au 692 6.3.5.C PLA/Nano Cu-Mt 696 6.3.5.D PLA/Nano SiO 2 700 6.3.5.E PLA/Nano-Precipitated CaCO 3 (npcc) 705 6.3.5.F PLA/Nano-TiO 2 707 6.3.5.G PLA/Nano-ZnO 711 6.3.6 PA-6 Nanocomposites with Nanoparticles 713 6.3.6.A PA-6/Nano-MMT 713 6.3.6.B PA-6/Graphene and Graphene Oxide (GO) 723 6.3.7 PEEK Nanocomposites with Nanoparticles 725 6.3.7.A PEEK/Graphene for Laser Sintering 725 6.3.7.B PEEK/Graphene/MWCNT for Conducting Filaments 738 6.4 Concluding Remarks 745 References 747 Appendix- 1 786 Nanostructures 786 7 Applications 787 S.F. Xavier 7.1 Basic Concepts 787 7.1.1 History and Growth of Thermoplastic Polymer Composite Applications 787 7.2 Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites 790 7.2.1 Automotive Applications 790 7.2.1.A Nanocomposites in Automotives 795 7.2.2 Aerospace Applications 799 7.2.3 Marine Applications 801 7.2.4 Military Applications 803 7.2.5 Sports Applications 804 7.3 Construction Applications 804 7.3.1 Repair & Rehabilitation 805 7.3.2 Emergency Seismic Repair 807 7.3.3 Repair & Rehabilitation of Wood Members 808 7.4 Electrical Applications 811 7.4.1 Graphene and Polymer Composites for Supercapacitor Applications 811 7.4.2 Electromagnetic Interference Shielding 812 7.4.3 Metal-Polymer Composites for AC Applications at High Frequencies 817 7.4.4 Carbon Nanotube Polymer Composites for Electrical Applications 824 7.5 Biomedical Applications 829 7.5.1 Graphene-Based Polymer Composites 829 7.5.2 Natural Fiber Polymer Composites 832 7.5.3 Carbon Nanotube Polymer Composites 844 7.6 Tribological Applications 852 7.6.1 Polymer Tribology 853 7.6.2 Influence of Load and Polymer Tg 856 7.6.3 Influence of Reinforcement 856 7.6.4 Influence of Lubricating Additive 857 7.6.5 Influence of Temperature 859 7.6.6 Biomimetics: An Application of Tribology 864 7.7 Concluding Remarks 869 References 870 8 Recycling Polymer Comosites 887 S.F. Xavier 8.1 Environment vs Polymer Waste 887 8.1.1 Polymer Pollution: A Serious Threat 887 8.1.2 Recycling Waste Composite Materials 893 8.1.3 Sustainable Recycling of Polymer Composites 898 8.2 Recycling Filled/Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites 899 8.2.1 Recycled Polymer ‘Red Mud’ Composite 899 8.2.2 Recycled HDPE Filled with ‘Waste Mud Solids’ 902 8.2.3 Recycled Wood Polymer Composites 907 8.2.4 Recycled Polymer Composites from Industrial Side-Stream Materials 914 8.2.5 From Recycled Materials to ‘Green Composites’ 918 8.3 Recyclability and Bio-Composites 925 8.3.1 Bio-Composites of PLA 925 8.3.1.1 Mechanical Recycling of PLA/Nano MMT Improves Properties 931 8.3.1.2 Melt Reprocessed PLA/Hydrotalcite Nanocomposites 933 8.3.2 Recyclability of PP/Bagasse Composites 941 8.4 Applications of Recycled Polymer Composites 946 8.4.1 Applications of Recycled Thermoplastic Composite Materials 946 8.5 FRPs: Sustainability and Human Health Issues 951 8.5.1 Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites 951 8.6 Concluding Remarks 960 References 961 9 Outlook on Future of Thermoplastic Polymer Composites 979 S.F. Xavier 9.1 Constituents of Thermoplastic Composites 979 9.1.1 The Matrix 979 9.1.2 Reinforcement 981 9.1.3 Interphase 982 9.2 The Future of Thermoplastic Composites 982 9.2.1 Automotive Sector 982 9.2.2 Aerospace and Defence Sectors 986 9.2.3 Bio-Medical Applications 989 9.2.4 Special Applications 993 9.3 Final Concluding Remarks 997 References 997

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Book SynopsisPOLYMER SURFACE MODIFICATION TO ENHANCE ADHESION This unique, comprehensive and groundbreaking book is the first on this important subject. Polymer Surface Modification to Enhance Adhesion comprises 13 chapters and is divided into two parts: Part 1: Energetic Treatments; and Part 2: Chemical Treatments. Topics covered include atmospheric pressure plasma treatment of polymers to enhance adhesion; corona treatment of polymer surfaces to enhance adhesion; flame surface treatment of polymers to enhance adhesion; vacuum UV photo-oxidation of polymer surfaces to enhance adhesion; optimization of adhesion of polymers using photochemical surface modification UV/Ozone surface treatment of polymers to enhance adhesion; adhesion enhancement of polymer surfaces by ion beam treatment; polymer surface modification by charged particles; laser surface modification of polymeric materials; competition in adhesion between polysort and monosort functionalized polyolefinic surf

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Book SynopsisPolymers are an example of products-by-process, where the final product properties are mostly determined during manufacture, in the reactor. An understanding of processes occurring in the polymerization reactor is therefore crucial to achieving efficient, consistent, safe, and environmentally friendly production of polymeric materials.Table of Contents1. Introduction to Polymerization Processes. 2. Coordination Polymerization. 3. Free Radical Polymerization. Homogeneous Systems. 4. Free radical polymerization. Heterogeneous systems. 5. Suspension polymerization. 6. Emulsion Plymerization. 7. Step Growth Polymerization. 8. Control of Polymerization Reactors

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Book SynopsisThe new Volume 11B represents the first time the topic of characterization and failure analysis of plastics has been given its own volume in the ASM Handbook series. The volume had its origins in the ASM technical books Characterization and Failure Analysis of Plastics (2003) and Engineered Materials Handbook, Volume 2, Engineering Plastics (1988).Volume 11B contains divisions devoted to polymer science; material selection and design with engineering plastics; chemical, thermal, and physical analysis of plastics; mechanical behavior and testing of plastics; degradation mechanisms of plastics; failure analysis of plastics; and analysis and prevention of plastic product failures.The general principles of failure analysis are presented in the companion ASM Handbook, Volume 11: Failure Analysis and Prevention, which was published in 2021. Its divisions cover the practice of failure analysis, tools and techniques, fatigue and fracture, environmental and corrosion-related failures, wear failures, and distortion.Another companion volume, ASM Handbook, Volume 11A: Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures, also published in 2021. It contains divisions devoted to engineering aspects of failure and prevention, structural life assessment methods, metal manufacturing aspects of failure, and failure analysis of metallic components.Table of ContentsPOLYMER SCIENCE Engineering Plastics: An Introduction Polymer Processing: An Introduction Effects of Composition, Processing, and Structure on Properties of Engineering Plastics MATERIAL SELECTION AND DESIGN WITH ENGINEERING PLASTICS Plastic Design Methods Navigating the Plastic Material Selection Process Design and Selection of Plastics Processing Methods Designing with Plastics Avoiding Plastic Product Failure by Proper Plastic Selection and Design CHEMICAL, THERMAL, AND PHYSICAL ANALYSIS OF PLASTICS Analysis of Polymer Structure Thermal Analysis and Thermal Properties Physical, Chemical and Thermal Analysis of Thermoplastic Resins Characterization of Thermosetting Resins and Polymers Rheological Testing of Polymers Additive and Filler Analysis Effect of Environment on the Performance of Plastics Weathering Testing of Polymeric Materials Flammability Testing of Plastics Electrical Testing and Characterization Optical Testing and Characterization Service Lifetime Assessment of Polymeric Products MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR AND TESTING OF PLASTICS Mechanical Testing and Properties of Plastics: An Introduction Viscoelasticity Creep, Stress Relaxation, and Yielding Crazing and Fracture Fracture Mechanics Testing of Plastics Impact Loading and Testing Fatigue and Fracture Mechanisms in Polymers Multiaxial Fatigue Behavior of Thermoplastics and Composites Friction and Wear Testing DEGRADATION MECHANISMS OF PLASTICS Thermal Stresses and Physical Aging Environmental Stress Cracking Moisture-Related Degradation Chemical-Related Degradation Photochemical Aging and Weathering of Polymers: The Basics Microbial Degradation of Plastics FAILURE ANALYSIS OF PLASTICS The Failure Analysis Process: An Overview Visual Examination and Photography in Failure Analysis Characterization of Plastics in Failure Analysis Ultrasonic Nondestructive Analysis Fracture of Plastics Fracture and Fractography of Elastomeric Materials Surface Examination and Analysis of Plastics ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION OF PLASTIC PRODUCT FAILURES Design-Related Failures Manufacturing-Related Failures of Plastic Parts Wear Failures of Plastics Wear Failures of Reinforced Polymers Fatigue Failure Creep Failure Mechanisms Accelerated Life Testing and Aging REFERENCE INFORMATION Glossary of Terms Index

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Book SynopsisThe use of adhesives is widespread and growing. There are few modern artefacts, from simple food packing to complex jumbo jets, that are without this means of adhesive joining. Fully updated and revised, Adhesion Science 2nd Edition provides an illuminating account of the science underlying the use of adhesives; technology fundamental to the science of coatings and composite materials, and to the performance of all types of bonded structures. This book guides the reader through essential polymer science to the chemistry of adhesives currently in use. It discusses surface preparation for adhesive bonding, the use of primers and coupling agents and includes a simple guide on stress distribution joints and considerations for testing. Adhesion Science also examines the interaction of adhesives and the environment, including an analysis of the resistance of joints to water, oxygen and ultra-violet light. This book is a comprehensive introduction to the chemistry of adhesives ideal not only for chemists, but any students with a background in physical or materials science.Table of ContentsIntroduction to Adhesion and Adhesives; Surface Treatment for Adhesion and for Abhesion; Primers and Coupling Agents; Chemistry of Adhesives which Harden by Chemical Reaction; Chemistry of Adhesives which Harden Without Chemical Reaction; Pressure-sensitive Adhesives; Surface Analysis; Contact Angles in the Study of Adhesion; Testing of Adhesive Joints; Adhesive Joints and the Environment; Bioadhesion; Recommended Reading.

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Book SynopsisMechanochemistry has been recently ackwnoledged by IUPAC as one of the top ten emerging technologies in chemistry, answering to the increased demand for clean processes and sustainable reaction conditions. This book focuses on the rediscovery of mechanochemistry for inorganic, organic and organo-metallic materials. Focus on experimental techniques and equipment will show how to implement mechanochemistry as an innovative way to sustainability in academic laboratories. The contents are ideal for researchers starting off in industry and academia, as well as advanced students.

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Book SynopsisTextile and fibre chemistry form the theoretical basis to understand production and properties of textile based products. In this 2nd edition fundamentals of textile chemistry and theoretical and applicatory aspects of colour chemistry are interconnected to draw detailed picture of chemical reactions occurring during production and modification of textile products. An overview about chemical modification, finishing operations is given to explain how to impart special functionalities into functional products. Examples for technical scale processes and representative machinery used therein give insight into the technical reality of a dyehouse. A new chapter about circularity of textiles highlights the interlinkage between product design, including dyes and finishes, and the requirements to develop future fibre-to-fibre recycling. The work covers all relevant aspects of a textile product from fibre production, coloration, finishing, consumer use and fibre-to-fibre recycling. The content of the book allows a first entry into this multi-disciplinary field. Through its comprehensive character the authors explain the interdependence between textile and fibre processing and aspects of recycling, which makes the work a valuable source of information to design future textiles for circularity.

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Table of Contents1. History of adhesive bonding 2. What are adhesives and sealants and how do they work? 3. Surfaces: how to assess 4. Surfaces: how to treat Part II Mechanical properties 5. Stress analysis 6. Environmental (durability) effects 7. Non-destructive testing 8. Impact behaviour of adhesively bonded joints 9. Fracture mechanics of adhesive bonds 10. Fatigue 11. Vibration damping Part III Applications 12. Joining similar and dissimilar materials 13. Bonding of composites 14. Building and construction - steel and aluminium 15. Environment and Geosciences, 16. Building and construction - timber 17. Automobiles 18. Boats and marine 19. Shoe industry 20. Electrical 21. Aerospace 22. Repair 23. Electronic assembly, author to be sourced 24. Biomedical applications (surgery, dentistry) 25. Disassembly and recycling

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the basic theories underlying x-ray and neutron scattering, as well as the various techniques that have been developed for their application to the study of polymers. The two scattering methods are discussed together from the beginning, so as to allow readers to gain a unified view of the scattering phenomena. The book is introductory and may be used as a textbook in polumer science class or for self-study by polymer scientists new in scattering techniques.Trade Review"By presenting the two methods together and emphasizing their similarities, Ryong-Joon Roe has written an introductory textbook that enables readers to become equally familiar with both techniques ... Roe suceeds admirably in giving a balanced and unified presentation of the basic theory underlying both x-ray and neutron scattering" Physics TodayTable of Contents1: Basics of X-ray and Neutron Scattering 1.1: Properties of X-rays and Neutrons 1.2: Scattering and Interference 1.3: Scattering of X-rays 1.4: Scattering of Neutrons 1.5: Auto-correlation Function and Reciprocal Space 1.6: Scattering Due to the Sample as a Whole 1.7: Diffraction by Crystals 2: Experimental Techniques 2.1: Radiation Source 2.2: Monochromatization 2.3: Absorption 2.4: Detectors 2.5: Cameras and Diffractometers 2.6: Multiple Scattering 2.7: Absolute Intensity Calibration 3: Crystalline Polymers 3.1: Introduction 3.2: Lattice Parameters 3.3: Crystal Structure Analysis 3.4: Line Broadening and Crystal Imperfections 3.5: Degree of Crystallinity 3.6: Orientation 4: Amorphous Polymers 4.1: Short Range Order 4.2: Thermal Density Fluctuation 5: Small Angle Scattering 5.1: Model Structures Studied by Small Angle Scattering 5.2: Dilute Particulate System 5.3: Non-particulate Two-phase system 5.4: Fractal Objects 5.5: Periodic System 5.6: Slit Collimation and Desmearing 6: Polymer Blends, Block Copolymers, and Deuterium Labeling 6.1: Polymer Blends 6.2: Block Copolymers 6.3: Deuterium Labeling 7: Methods of Study for Surfaces and Interfaces 7.1: Introduction 7.2: Reflectivity 7.3: Approximate Method 7.4: Examples of Experimental Studies 8: Inelastic Neutron Scattering 8.1: Theory of Inelastic Scattering 8.2: Simple Models of Motions 8.3: Spectrometers 8.4: Examples of Experimental Studies Appendix A: Refresher on Complex Numbers Appendix B: Fourier Transform Appendix C: Reciprocal Lattice Appendix D: Constants and Conversion Factors Glossary of Symbols

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Table of ContentsPart I: Introduction 1. Introduction Part II: Resins2. Polyethylene3. Polypropylene 4. Introduction to Bio-Based Polymers the Performance of Multilayer Flexible Packaging 6. Rheology of Molten Polymers Part III: Technologies7. Coextrusion Equipment for Multilayer Flat Films and Sheets8. Multilayer Blown (Tubular) Film Dies 9. Process Engineering 10. Blown Film, Cast Film, and Lamination Processes11. Machine Direction–Oriented Film Technology12. Oriented Film Technology 13. Polymer Blending for Packaging Applications 14. Water- and Solvent-Based Coating Technology 15. Vacuum Metallizing for Flexible Packaging 16. Web Handling and Winding Part IV: Multilayer Films – Descriptions, Performance Characteristics, Uses, Considerations, Properties 17. PE-Based Multilayer Film Structures18. Multilayer-Oriented Films19. Regulatory Aspects of Food Packaging—A Global Matter

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Book SynopsisComprised of carefully curated chapters previously published by Prof. Ruckenstein and colleagues, this two-volume set offers a comprehensive overview of functional and modified polymeric materials focusing on concentrated emulsion polymerization, conducting polymers, living ionic polymerization, degradable polymers, polymer membranes, and polymer-inorganic hybrid materials. The first volume presents functional and modified polymer materials prepared by concentrated emulsion polymerization approaches. The second covers functional and modified polymer materials prepared mainly through solution polymerization and surface polymerization.

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Book SynopsisThis text deals from a fundamental viewpoint with the behaviour of polymers at surfaces and interfaces. Topics covered include the nature and properties of the surface of a polymer melt, the structure of interfaces between different polymers and between polymers and non-polymers, the molecular basis of adhesion, and the properties of polymers at liquid surfaces. Emphasis is placed on the underlying physical principles. Statistical mechanics models of the behaviour of polymers near interfaces are introduced, with the emphasis on theory that is tractable and applicable to experimental situations. Advanced undergraduates, graduate students and research workers in physics, chemistry and materials science with an interest in polymers will find this book of value.Trade Review'Research in polymer-bearing interfaces has been fueled by the availability of very sensitive experimental tools and by strong industrial interest in nanotechnology and cybernetics. Two of the leading researchers in this very active and significant research area of polymers at interfaces, Richard Jones of the University of Sheffield and Randal Richards of the University of Durham, have summarized the current status of the field in their excellent book, Polymers at Surfaces and Interfaces … The exciting aspect of this book for me was its clear summary of key experimental tools and theoretical concepts and its excellent analyses of measured data in different situations involving surfaces and interfaces. As an instructor of graduate level courses in polymer physics, I find that this book fills a long-standing void in the area of polymers at interfaces. I recommend this book for graduate students and researchers who would like to learn the fundamentals of macromolecular concepts in the exciting area of polymers at interfaces.' Murugappan Muthukumar, Physics Today'This book is an excellent introduction into the very complex subject of the interaction of polymers at surfaces and interfaces from a fundamental point of view. It is coherent and comprehensive. this book should be considered a valuable and needed addition to the library of graduate students of macromolecular chemistry and physics and for those actively carrying out research in the field.' Thomas J. Heinze, Polymer News'The result is a generally readable book that meets these aims and which should be useful to all workers in this field whatever their background. … I highly recommend it to any Ph.D. students working either theoretically or experimentally with polymers.' Helen E. Hermes, Chemistry in BritainTable of ContentsPreface; 1. Introduction and overview; 2. The surface of a simple polymer melt; 3. Experimental techniques; 4. Polymer/polymer interfaces; 5. Adsorption and surface aggregation from polymer solutions and mixtures; 6. Tethered polymer chains in solutions and melts; 7. Adhesion and the mechanical properties of polymer interfaces at the molecular level; 8. Polymers spread at air/liquid interfaces; Index.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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