Plastics and polymers Books

Book SynopsisA highly versatile process, rotational molding allows for incredible design flexibility with the added benefit of low production costs. One of its advantages over other plastics processes is that one can mold more complex shapes with uniform wall thickness. This book provides an introduction to the design, materials, tooling, and process, and helps readers understand and apply the manufacturing techniques involved in rotational molding.Table of Contents The Rotational Molding Industry Rotational Molding Materials Design Considerations Rotational Molding Molds Understanding the Process Costing Considerations When tChose Rotational Molding Predictions for the Future Glossary of Common Rotational Molding Terms.

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Book SynopsisDescribing all classes of polymeric foams, including their chemistry, synthesis, commercial production methods, properties, and applications, this handbook is designed to support engineers in their effort to develop practical solutions for industrial design and manufacturing challenges.Since the publication of the previous edition of this book over a decade ago, many of the industry's most pressing problems, including environmentally acceptable blowing agents, combustibility, and solid waste disposal, have been addressed and significant progress has been made. The new edition addresses these developments and also presents several new classes of foam brought to industrial application in recent years.Table of Contents Fundamentals of Foam Formation Cellular Structure and Properties of Foamed Polymers Flexible Polyurethane Foams Rigid Polyurethane Foams Polyisocyanurate Foams RIM and RRIM Foams Polystyrene and Structural Foams Polyolefin Foams PVC Foams Epoxy Foams Latex Foams Silicone Foams Fluoropolymer Foams Wood Composite Foams Phenolic Foams Flame Retardancy of Polymeric Foams Syntactic Polymer Foams Blowing Agents for Polymer Foams.

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Book SynopsisA growing number of plastics processors gain a competitive edge by utilizing the commercial microcellular process using existing injection molding or extrusion equipment at commercial production rates with low-cost modifications. End users also gain an advantage when the microcellular process is incorporated into product design and cost. In order to facilitate the transition and to help processors and end users make the most of this cutting edge commercial technology, this book provides a comprehensive description of all crucial elements. Endorsed by Trexel Inc., this volume provides the much-needed information for anyone considering or already implementing this promising new technology.

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Book SynopsisDesigning with Plastics is an indispensable tool for every engineer and designer working with plastic materials. It will assist in the development of plastic parts that are not only functional and esthetically pleasing but also manufacturable while meeting ever increasing end-use requirements.The short but concise introduction into the specific properties of this material class focuses on the practical needs of the designer and lays the foundation for the following in-depth discussion of part design suitable for production and the intended end-use application. Numerous detailed examples highlight practical tips and rules of thumb for successful part design.Table of Contents Structure and Properties Properties of Generic Polymeric Materials Physical Properties - Characteristic Values - Test Methods and Procedures Geometrically Simple Structural Parts under Static Loads Design and Material Considerations for Parts Subjected tMechanical Loads Designing for Production Flexing Elements Mechanical Fasteners Ribbed Structures Gear Wheels Friction Bearings Wheels and Rollers.

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Book SynopsisIn this single handbook, the editors aim to give a diverse audience of readers a complete account of all aspects of PVC - from monomer manufacture to polymerization; the gamut of such additives as stabilizers, lubricants, plasticizers, impact modifiers, fillers and reinforcing agents; blends and alloys; compounding and processing; characterization; combustion resistance and weatherability; product engineering design; applications; environmental and safety; and finally the PVC industry dynamics. The handbook contains both practical formulation information as well as a mechanistic view of why PVC behaves as it does.Table of Contents Vinyl Chloride Monomer Polymerization PVC Stabilizers and Lubricants Plasticizers Processing Aids and Impact Modifiers Fillers and Reinforcing Agents PVC Blends and Alloys Compounding Processes Flexible PVC Specialty Grade PVC Resins Physical Properties and Characterization of PVC Flammability and Fire Performance Weathering of PVC Compounds Fabrication Processes Product Engineering Design PVC Applications, their Standards and Regulations and Starting Formulations PVC Environmental, Health, Safety PVC Industry Structure and Dynamics.

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Book SynopsisThis comprehensive reference book incorporates the latest developments in the synthesis, production, characterization, and application of various types of polymeric nanocomposites. It outlines the various preparation techniques using different types of nanoparticles and polymer matrices with emphasis on clay nanoparticles. All fundamental issues such as thermodynamics, kinetics, and rheology are discussed and the structure and the characterization of polymeric nanocomposites, including their molecular characteristics, thermal properties, morphology, and mechanical properties, are covered in great detail.Table of Contents Nanocomposites - Preparation and Synthesis Fundamental Issues in Nanocomposite Synthesis Rheology of Nanocomposites Processing of Nanocomposites Structure and Properties Characterization Nanocomposite Properties and Structure/Property Relations Applications of Polymer Nanocomposites.

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Book SynopsisThe goal of the book is to assist the designer in the development of parts that are functional, reliable, manufacturable, and aesthetically pleasing. Since injection molding is the most widely used manufacturing process for the production of plastic parts, a full understanding of the integrated design process presented is essential to achieving economic and functional design goals. Features over 425 drawings and photographs.Table of Contents Introduction tMaterials Manufacturing Considerations for Injection Molded Parts The Design Process and Material Selection Structural Design Considerations Prototyping and Experimental Stress Analysis Assembly of Injection Molded Plastic Parts Conversion Constants.

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Book SynopsisMold design is one of the most challenging tasks in injection molding and it is crucial for successful profitable operations. The book compiles the experience of many seasoned designers and presents tried and tested molds that run successfully in production. For this fourth edition, changes and supplements were once again undertaken with the aim of representing the state of the art. The book is written by practitioners for practitioners, describing problem solving in the design and the manufacture of injection molds.

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Book SynopsisFinally available again in its second edition, this classic covers everything from the basic principles to the various practical applications of state-of-the-art mixing and compounding.Table of Contents Part I: Mechanisms and Theory Basic Concepts - Mixing of Miscible Fluids - Mixing of Immiscible Fluids - Dispersive Mixing of Solid Additives - Distributive Mixing - Distribution Functions and Measures of Mixing Part II: Mixing Equipment - Modeling, Simulation, Visualization Batch Equipment Simulation - Batch Equipment Visualization - Continuous Equipment Simulation - Dispersive Mixing Devices in Single Screw - Twin Rotor Mixers - Co-Kneader - Visualization - Scale-up of Mixing Equipment - Scale-down of Mixing Equipment Part III Material Consideration, Properties and Characterization Solid additives (inorganic) - Solid additives (organic) - Compatibilizers (mechanisms, theory) - Material Consideration for Mixing at Nanoscale - Effect of Mixing on Properties of Compounds - Effect of Mixing on Rubber Properties Part IV Mixing Practices Internal Mixers - Single Screw Extruders - Twin Screw Extruders - Intermeshing Twin Screw Extruders - Reciprocating Screws - Reactive Compounding - Farrel Continuous Mixer

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Book SynopsisThe injection molding industry has a new, up-to-date, comprehensive handbook. Serving engineers, professionals, and others involved in this important industry sector, the handbook thoroughly covers every detail of the machine and the process. This all-encompassing resource also includes the topics directly affecting the injection molding process, such as materials, process control, simulation, design, and troubleshooting.The handbook presents a well-rounded overview of the underlying theory and physics that control the common injection molding process variation, without losing the practical hands-on presentation used throughout. This important book was written by a specifically chosen group of authors with a wide range of experience and perspective on the injection molding process - authors who are leading practitioners and researchers both in industry and academia.Table of Contents Injection Molding Materials Processing Plasticating Unit Clamping Unit Mold Design Materials Handling and Auxiliary Equipment SPC in Injection Molding Special Injection Molding Processes Injection Molded Part Design Simulation in Injection Molding Process Trouble Shooting Materials Trouble Shooting.

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Book SynopsisModern thermoforming practice is a balance of practical experience and the application of engineering principles. This very practical book introduces the process, its tools and machinery, and the commonly used materials to novices and practicing engineers alike.Table of Contents General Forming Concepts Part Design Machinery for the Thick-Gauge Forming Process Machinery for the Light-Gauge Forming Process Machines for Other Applications Molds and Mold Design Methods of Heating Sheet Sheet Stretching and Cooling Trimming Polymers and Plastics Quality Control Comparison with Other Technologies Pragmatic Aspects of Thermoforming.

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Book SynopsisPlastics failure, to a certain extent, is the result of a phenomenal increase in the number and variety of applications in relatively few years. The focus of this book is on actual field and product failures. The treatment is comprehensive, emphasizing cause and prevention. The concept of the interdependence of material, design, and processing is applied to all examples and cases. The ""how to"" of prevention is brought out as a logical extension of the cause of failure.Table of Contents Nature, Causes, and Consequences of Plastics Failure Fundamental Materials Variables Affecting Processing and Product Performance or Failure Failures Related tDesign and Material Selection Examples Processing-Related Factors tFailure Failure Related tService Conditions Failure Analysis and Test Procedures Quality Control Legal Aspects of Plastic Product Liability and Failure Examples of Failures in Various Applications.

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Book SynopsisIdeal for any manufacturing engineer, designer, operator, machinist, or toolmaker who wants to learn all the secrets of Electrical Discharge Machining, this important book reveals EDM's unique capabilities and provides the reader with a clear understanding of both the practical and theoretical aspects the technology. Full coverage is given to both wire and vertical EDM, and the book contains many tips and ideas to improve performance that can't be found in any other book. Unusual topics include discharge dressing, innovative flushing techniques, and advances in CNC EDM strategies that will save both time and money. It also contains information on troubleshooting, purchasing a machine, moldmaking, preventive maintenance, and selecting and filtering water and dielectrics.

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Book SynopsisExplore this one-stop resource for reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization from a leading voice in chemistry RAFT Polymerization: Methods, Synthesis and Applications delivers a comprehensive and insightful analysis of reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT) and its applications to fields as diverse as material science, industrial chemistry, and medicine. This one-stop resource offers readers a detailed synopsis of the current state of RAFT polymerization. This text will inspire further research and continue the drive to an ever-increasing range of applications by synthesizing and explaining the more central existing literature on RAFT polymerization. It contains a beginner’s guide on how to do a RAFT polymerization before moving on to much more advanced techniques and concepts, like the kinetics and mechanisms of the RAFT process. The distinguished editors have also included resources covering the four major classes of RAFT agents and recent developments in processes for initiating RAFT polymerization. Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of: A thorough introduction to the mechanisms, theory, and mathematical modeling of RAFT Explorations of RAFT agent design and synthesis, dithioesters, dithiobenzoates, trithiocarbonates, xanthates, dithiocarbamates, macromonomer RAFT, and RAFT copolymerization Discussions of a variety of RAFT architectures, including multiblocks, combs, hyperbranched polymers, and stars Treatments of end group transformation, cationic RAFT, high-throughput RAFT, and RAFT in continuous flow An examination of sequence defined polymers by RAFT Perfect for organic chemists, polymer chemists, and materials scientists, RAFT Polymerization: Methods, Synthesis and Applications will also earn a place in the libraries of chemical engineers seeking a one-stop reference for this method of controlled radical polymerization with a wide range of applications in multiple areas. Table of ContentsOverview Terminology in Reversible Deactivation Radical Polymerization (RDRP) and Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) Polymerization. How to do a RAFT Polymerisation Kinetics and Mechanism of RAFT Polymerizations RAFT Mechanisms Quantum-Chemical Studies of RAFT Polymerization Mathematical Modeling of RAFT Polymerization Dithioesters in RAFT Polymerization Trithiocarbonates in RAFT Polymerization Xanthates in RAFT Polymerization Dithiocarbamates in RAFT Polymerization Photo RAFT Polymerization Redox initiated RAFT Polymerization and (Electro)Chemical Activation of RAFT Agents Considerations for and Applications of Aqueous RAFT Polymerization RAFT-Mediated Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly (PISA) RAFT Functional End-Groups: Installation and Transformation Sequence-Encoded RAFT oligomers and polymers Synthesis and Application of Reactive Polymers via RAFT Polymerization RAFT Crosslinking Polymerization Complex Polymeric Architectures Synthesised through RAFT Polymerization Star Polymers by RAFT Polymerization Surface and Particle Modification via RAFT Polymerization: An Update High Throughput / High Output Experimentation in RAFT Polymer Synthesis An Industrial History of RAFT Polymerization Cationic RAFT Polymerization

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Book SynopsisBiodegradable Polymers in the Circular Plastics Economy A comprehensive overview of the burgeoning field of biodegradable plastics As the lasting impact of humanity’s reliance on plastics comes into focus, scholars have begun to seek out solutions to plastic litter. In Biodegradable Polymers in the Circular Plastics Economy, an accomplished team of researchers delivers a focused guide (1) to understand plastic degradation and its role in waste hierarchy besides recycling, and (2) to create and use biodegradable plastics where appropriate. Created preferably from renewable resources, these eco-friendly polymers provide an opportunity to create sustainable and lasting solutions to the growing plastic-driven pollution problem. The broad approach to this handbook allows the authors to cover all aspects of these emerging materials, ranging from the problems present in the current plastics cycle, to the differences in type, production, and chemistry available within these systems, to end-of-life via recycling or degradation, and to life-cycle assessments. It also delves into potential commercial and policy issues to be addressed to successfully deploy this technology. Readers will also find: A thorough introduction to biodegradable polymers, focusing not only on the scientific aspects, but also addressing the larger political, commercial, and consumer concerns Mechanisms of biodegradation and the environmental impact of persistent polymers An in-depth discussion of degradable/hydrolysable polyesters, polysaccharides, lignin-based polymers, and vitrimers Management of plastic waste and life cycle assessment of bio-based plastics Biodegradable Polymers in the Circular Plastics Economy is the perfect overview of this complicated but essential research field and will appeal to polymer chemists, environmental chemists, chemical engineers, and bioengineers in academia and industry. The book is intended as a step towards a circular plastics economy that relies heavily on degradable plastics to sustain it.Table of ContentsPreface xv 1 Biodegradable Polymers – A Tutorial for a Circular Plastics Economy 1Jean-Paul Lange, Michiel Dusselier, and Stefaan De Wildeman 1.1 Context 1 1.2 Plastics in the Environment – Biodegradation and Impact of Litter 4 1.3 Biodegradable Polymers 5 1.3.1 Polyesters 6 1.3.2 Polysaccharides 8 1.3.3 Lignin 9 1.3.4 Vitrimers – Recyclable Thermosets 9 1.4 Beyond Biodegradation 10 1.4.1 Recycling and End-of-Life 10 1.4.2 Lca 11 1.4.3 Implementing the “New Plastics Economy” 11 1.5 Conclusions and Outlook 12 References 15 2 Fundamentals of Polymer Biodegradation Mechanisms 17Ebin Joseph, Payman Tohidifar, Cara T. Sarver, Roderick I. Mackie, and ChristopherV.Rao 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Overall Scheme of Polymer Degradation 19 2.3 Biodegradation of Polysaccharides 20 2.3.1 Cellulose 20 2.3.2 Starch 22 2.4 Biodegradation of Polyamides 24 2.5 Biodegradation of Polyesters 24 2.5.1 Polylactic Acid 25 2.5.2 Poly(ε-caprolactone) 27 2.5.3 Polyhydroxyalkanoates 28 2.5.4 Polyethylene Terephthalate 29 2.6 Biodegradation of Hydrocarbons 36 2.6.1 Polyethylene 36 2.6.2 Polypropylene 38 2.6.3 Polystyrene 39 2.7 Biodegradation of Halogenated Polymers 40 2.7.1 Polyvinyl Chloride 41 2.7.2 Polytetrafluoroethylene 41 2.8 Biodegradation of Polyethers 41 2.8.1 Polyethylene Glycol 41 2.8.2 Polyurethane 42 2.9 Application of Biodegradation 43 2.10 Current Challenges and Future Prospects for Biodegradation of Plastics Wastes 44 2.a Detailed Mechanism of PET Hydrolysis 45 References 46 3 Plastic Pollution. The Role of (Bio)Degradable Plastics and Other Solutions 59Lei Tian, Robert-Jan van Putten, and Gert-Jan M. Gruter 3.1 Introduction and Problem Definition 59 3.2 Sources of Macroplastics and MNPs 61 3.2.1 Mismanagement of Waste 61 3.2.2 Accidental Release 64 3.2.3 MNPs in Products 64 3.2.4 Degradation of Outdoor Objects 64 3.2.5 Wear (Tires, Clothing) 65 3.2.6 Waste and Wastewater Management (Water/Wind) 66 3.3 Impacts of Macroplastics and MNPs 67 3.3.1 Ecological Impact of Macroplastics (Entanglement and Ingestion) 67 3.3.2 Economic Impact of Macroplastics 67 3.3.3 Ecological Impacts of MNPs 68 3.3.3.1 Aquatic Environment 68 3.3.3.2 Terrestrial Environment 69 3.3.3.3 Atmosphere 69 3.3.4 Threat to Human Health 70 3.3.4.1 MNPs in the Human Food Chain 70 3.3.4.2 Plastic-Related Contaminants 70 3.3.4.3 Other Contaminants 70 3.3.5 Socio-Economic Impacts of MNPs 71 3.4 Plastic Biodegradability 71 3.5 Solutions 72 3.5.1 Cleaning Up 72 3.5.2 Waste Mitigation 73 3.5.3 Material Design 73 3.5.4 Bringing It All Together 73 3.5.5 Policies and Legislation 76 3.6 Conclusions 77 References 78 4 Tutorial on Polymers – Manufacture, Properties, and Applications 83Gert-Jan M. Gruter and Jean-Paul Lange 4.1 Introduction 83 4.1.1 Today’s Petrochemical Industry 83 4.1.2 Today’s Bio-based Plastic Industry 85 4.1.3 Environmental and Climate Challenges 85 4.2 Production of Polymers 86 4.2.1 Addition Polymers 87 4.2.2 Condensation Polymers 88 4.2.3 Thermosets 90 4.2.4 Renewable Monomers 91 4.2.4.1 Oils-Based Monomers 91 4.2.4.2 Sugar-Based Monomers 92 4.2.4.3 Lignocellulose-Based Monomers 93 4.2.4.4 CO 2 -Based Monomers 95 4.3 Main Polymers Applications 95 4.3.1 Rigids 97 4.3.2 Films 98 4.3.3 Fibers 98 4.3.4 Foams 99 4.3.5 CASE (Coatings, Adhesives, Sealants, Elastomers) 100 4.3.6 Composites 102 4.4 End-of-Life and Biodegradation 103 4.4.1 Reuse and Recycling 103 4.4.2 Biodegradation 103 4.5 Conclusions 105 4.a Definitions: Biopolymer vs. Bio-based Polymer and Relation to Biodegradation 105 List of Polymers 107 References 108 5 Condensation Polyesters 113Jules Stouten and Katrien V. Bernaerts 5.1 Introduction 113 5.2 Preparative Methods 114 5.3 Biodegradation of Polyesters 116 5.3.1 Hydrolytic Degradation 117 5.3.2 Enzymatic Degradation 118 5.4 Aliphatic Polyesters 119 5.4.1 Poly(alkylene dicarboxylates) 119 5.4.2 Poly(hydroxy acids) 120 5.4.3 Cyclic Sugar-Based Monomers 121 5.5 Semi-aromatic Polyesters 122 5.5.1 Poly(butylene adipate terephthalate) (PBAT) 122 5.5.2 Furanoate Copolymers 124 5.6 Cross-linked Polyesters 127 5.6.1 Multifunctional Alcohols or Carboxylic Acids 127 5.6.2 Incorporation of Functional Monomers 129 5.6.3 Cross-linking of Native Polyesters 130 5.7 Applications for Biodegradable Condensation Polyesters 130 5.7.1 Biomedical Applications 131 5.7.2 Agricultural Applications 132 5.7.3 Packaging Material 132 5.8 Polyester Recycling 132 5.9 Concluding Remarks 134 References 135 6 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) – Production, Properties, and Biodegradation 145Martin Koller and Anindya Mukherjee 6.1 Introduction 145 6.1.1 General Aspects of Biodegradation of Polymers 147 6.1.2 General Aspects of Microbial Synthesis of PHAs 148 6.1.3 Types and Properties of PHAs 150 6.2 Biosynthesis – Substrates and Strains 152 6.2.1 Principle Stoichiometry of PHA Biosynthesis 152 6.2.2 Biosynthesis of scl- and mcl-PHAs 154 6.2.3 Heterotrophic Feedstocks 155 6.2.4 Autotrophic Feedstocks 157 6.2.5 Syngas 158 6.2.6 Methane 158 6.2.7 Production Strains 160 6.3 Bioengineering: Bioreactor Design and Feeding Regime 163 6.3.1 Feeding Regime 163 6.3.2 Continuously Operated Bioreactors for Liquid Feed 164 6.3.3 Bioreactors for Gas Feed 166 6.3.4 Photo-reactors for CO 2 Feed 166 6.4 Downstream Processing for PHA Recovery 167 6.4.1 Classical Solvents 168 6.4.2 Halogen-Free Solvents 170 6.4.3 Supercritical Solvents 172 6.4.4 Recovery by Chemical and Mechanical Disintegration of Biomass 173 6.4.5 Biological PHA Recovery 175 6.5 End-of-Life Options: Recycling and Biodegradation of PHAs 176 6.5.1 Recycling 176 6.5.2 Incineration 178 6.5.3 Mechanistic Considerations of PHA Degradation 178 6.6 Biodegradation – Added Value for Selected Applications 181 6.6.1 Packaging 181 6.6.2 Hygiene/Care/Cosmetics 182 6.6.3 Medical – Drug Delivery 182 6.6.4 Other Applications 184 6.7 Conclusions 185 References 186 7 Ring-Opening Polymerization Strategies for Degradable Polyesters 205An Sofie Narmon, Liliana M. Jenisch, Louis M. Pitet, and Michiel Dusselier 7.1 Introduction 205 7.2 Ring-Opening Polymerization Mechanisms 207 7.2.1 Cationic Ring-Opening Polymerization 207 7.2.2 Anionic Ring-Opening Polymerization 209 7.2.3 Coordination–Insertion Ring-Opening Polymerization 210 7.2.4 Enzymatic Ring-Opening Polymerization 211 7.3 ROP-Based Polyesters 211 7.3.1 Lactones 211 7.3.2 Thermodynamics and Kinetics 212 7.3.3 Functionalization 214 7.3.3.1 ROP of Functional Lactones 215 7.3.3.2 Post-polymerization Functionalization 215 7.3.3.3 Grafting 216 7.3.4 Four-Membered Lactones 216 7.3.4.1 β-Butyrolactone 218 7.3.4.2 Acid-Substituted β-Lactones (β-Malolactonate) 218 7.3.4.3 Alkoxy-Substituted β-Lactones 219 7.3.4.4 Alkene-Substituted β-Lactones 220 7.3.5 Five-Membered Lactones 221 7.3.5.1 γ-Butyrolactone 221 7.3.5.2 α-Angelicalactone 223 7.3.5.3 α-Methylene-γ-Butyrolactone 223 7.3.5.4 Ether γ-Lactones 225 7.3.6 Six-Membered Lactones 227 7.3.6.1 δ-Valerolactone 227 7.3.6.2 Unsaturated δ-Lactones 227 7.3.6.3 Ester-Substituted δ-Lactones 228 7.3.6.4 Ether δ-Lactones 230 7.3.6.5 Dilactones 232 7.3.7 Seven-Membered Lactones 236 7.3.7.1 ε-Caprolactone 236 7.3.7.2 Substituted and Functionalized ε-Caprolactone 238 7.3.7.3 Ether-ε-Lactones 241 7.4 Relations Between ROP Polymers and Degradability 242 7.5 Conclusion 246 7.6 Outlook and Recommendations 249 References 252 8 Recent Developments in Biodegradable Cellulose-Based Plastics 273Karin Molenveld and Ted M. Slaghek 8.1 General Introduction 273 8.2 Cellulose 274 8.3 The Development of Cellulose Plastics 275 8.3.1 Cellulose Feedstock and Dissolving Pulp 276 8.3.2 Cellulose Derivatization 276 8.3.3 Cellulose Acetate and Cellulose Esters 277 8.3.4 Cellophane 279 8.3.5 Cellulose Fibers in Thermoplastic Formulations 280 8.4 Recent Developments in Thermoplastic Cellulose Derivatives 280 8.4.1 Characterization Methods for Lignocellulosic Biomass 281 8.4.2 Alternative Feedstocks for Dissolving Pulp and Production Routes 282 8.4.3 Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents for Cellulose Regeneration and Modification 283 8.4.4 New Derivatization Routes 284 8.4.5 Plasticizers 284 8.4.6 Mixed Cellulose Esters 285 8.4.7 Cellulose–Polymer Blends 286 8.4.8 (New) Properties and Processing Routes 287 8.4.9 New Applications 287 8.5 Biodegradation of Cellulose Derivatives 288 8.6 Conclusions 289 References 290 9 Ester Derivatives of Microbial Synthetic Polysaccharides 299Hakyong Lee, Hongyi Gan, Azusa Togo, Yuya Fukata, and Tadahisa Iwata 9.1 Introduction 299 9.1.1 Background of Bio-Based Plastics 299 9.1.2 Polysaccharides 300 9.2 Zero Birefringence Property of Pullulan Esters 302 9.3 Bio-Based Adhesives from Dextran (α-1,6-Glucan) 304 9.4 Films and Fibers from Paramylon and Curdlan (β-1,3-Glucan) Esters 306 9.5 Polymerization of α-1,3-Glucan and Films of α-1,3-Glucan Esters 310 9.6 High-Performance Polysaccharide-Branched Esters 312 9.6.1 Cellulose-Branched Esters [14] 312 9.6.2 β-1,3-Glucan (Curdlan) Branched Esters [15] 314 9.6.3 α-1,3-Glucan-Branched Esters [16] 315 9.7 Enzymatic Esterification of Polysaccharides 316 9.7.1 Enzymes as Biocatalysts 317 9.7.2 Reaction Mechanism 318 9.7.3 Factors Influencing Enzyme Activity 319 9.7.4 Strategies for Efficient Biocatalyst Processes 320 9.7.5 Development Trend and Prospects 320 9.8 Biodegradation of Polysaccharide Ester 322 9.9 Summary 322 References 322 10 Biodegradable Lignin-Based Plastics 329Yi-ru Chen and Simo Sarkanen 10.1 Lignocellulose Biorefineries 329 10.2 Macromolecular Lignin Configuration 331 10.3 Industrial Availability of Lignins 336 10.4 Compelling Traits in Physicochemical Behavior of Kraft Lignin Species 337 10.5 Kraft Lignin-Based Plastics 341 10.6 Tuning Strength and Production Cost of Plastics with High Kraft Lignin Contents 343 10.7 Ligninsulfonates (Lignosulfonates) 346 10.8 Laboratory Ball-Milled Lignins 348 10.9 Blend Configuration in Ball-Milled Lignin-Based Plastics Exemplifies the General Case 351 10.10 Lignin–Lignin Blends 355 10.11 Biodegradation of Kraft Lignin-Based Plastics 357 10.12 Alternative Formulations for Polymeric Materials Containing More than 50 wt% Lignin 359 10.13 Concluding Remarks 362 Acknowledgments 362 References 363 11 Design of Recyclable Thermosets 369Bryn D. Monnery, Apostolos Karanastasis, and Louis M. Pitet 11.1 Introduction 369 11.1.1 Polymers and Plastics 369 11.1.2 Handling of Plastic Waste 370 11.1.3 Chemical Nature of Plastics 370 11.2 Design of Recyclable Thermosetting Polymers 372 11.2.1 Recyclability by Triggered Degradation 374 11.2.2 Dissociative Covalent Adaptive Networks 374 11.2.3 Vitrimers (Associative CANs) 376 11.3 Examples of Vitrimers 380 11.4 Adaptable Cross-Linking of Conventional Polymers 383 11.5 Outlook and Summary 385 References 387 12 Managing Plastic Wastes 391Jean-Paul Lange 12.1 Introduction 391 12.2 Plastic Waste 391 12.3 Mechanical Recycling 393 12.4 Dissolution/Precipitation 394 12.5 Chemical Recycling 395 12.5.1 Depolymerization of Condensation Polymers 396 12.5.2 Melt Pyrolysis of Polyolefins 397 12.5.3 Alternative Pyrolysis Processes 398 12.6 Energy Recovery – Recycle Fuels and Incineration 400 12.7 Waste Destruction – Biodegradation 401 12.8 Life Cycle Analyses 401 12.9 Need for Fresh Carbon Input 402 12.10 Conclusion and Outlook 403 References 404 13 Life Cycle Assessment of Bio-Based Plastics: Concepts, Findings, and Pitfalls 409li Shen 13.1 Introduction and Chapter Learning Objectives 409 13.2 “Bioplastics” Is a Confusing Term 409 13.3 LCA in a Nutshell 412 13.3.1 Concept and a Brief History 412 13.3.2 Procedure, Jargons, and Sciences Behind 413 13.3.2.1 Goal and Scope Definition 414 13.3.2.2 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis (LCI) 414 13.3.2.3 Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) 415 13.3.2.4 Interpretation 416 13.4 LCA Case Studies of Seven Single-Use Plastic Items Made from Bio-Based Resources: Highlights and Lessons Learned 417 13.4.1 Background, Aim, and Scope of the BIO-SPRI Study 417 13.4.2 Key Findings 419 13.4.2.1 Biomass Feedstock Acquisition 421 13.4.2.2 Manufacturing Phase: From Biomass to Polymers, Materials, and End Products 426 13.4.2.3 Distribution to End User: Impacts from Transportation 427 13.4.2.4 End-of-Life (EoL) Post-consumer Waste Management Scenarios 427 13.4.3 Comparisons with Petrochemical Plastics 431 13.5 Lessons Learned from the Case Studies and Looking Forward to a Circular Bio-Based Economy 432 13.a General Structure of Classification and Characterization in LCIA, using the example of 16 Impact Categories Recommended by the EC EF (Environmental Footprint) Impact Assessment Methods 434 13.b Normalization and Weighting Factors Recommended by the EF (Environmental Footprint) Method [12, 19, 46], Latest Update: May 2020 436 References 436 14 How to Create “A New Plastics Economy”? Marketing Strategies and Hurdles – Finding Application Niches 441Sil Nevejans and Stefaan De Wildeman 14.1 Introduction 441 14.2 Stories from the Past 442 14.2.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) 442 14.2.2 Polylactic Acids (PLA) 443 14.2.3 Polyethylenefuranoates (PEF) 444 14.3 Greenwashing vs. Growing Pains 444 14.4 From Idea to Product: “Technical Readiness Levels” 445 14.4.1 Defining the Technical Readiness Levels 445 14.4.2 Application of the TRLs 447 14.4.3 Product(ion) Validation 449 14.5 Five Innovation Rules to Create “A New Plastics Economy” 449 14.5.1 Target Small-Volume, High-Value Applications to Open New Market Space 450 14.5.2 Time Right Instead of Fast 451 14.5.3 Go Local 452 14.5.4 Take Risks 453 14.5.5 Go “Green” 454 14.6 Conclusion 455 References 456 Index 457

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Book SynopsisPolymer Matrix Wave-Transparent Composites One-stop reference on important recent research accomplishments in the field of polymer matrix wave-transparent composites Polymer Matrix Wave-Transparent Composites: Materials, Properties, and Applications is a unique book that focuses on polymer matrix wave-transparent composites for electromagnetic wave transmission of a certain frequency, discussing various aspects of design, fabrication, structure, properties, measurement methods, and mechanisms, along with practical applications of functional polymer composites in industrial fields ranging from aircraft radomes, to radomes for ground, shipborne, and airborne purposes, to radomes for 5G communication, to printed circuit boards and beyond. Edited by four highly qualified academics and contributed to by well-known experts in the field, Polymer Matrix Wave-Transparent Composites includes detailed discussion on sample topics such as: Interface between the reinforced fiber and polymer matrix,

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Book SynopsisThe articles collected in this publication have previously been published in eight special issues of the Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, in honour of Dr. Allan S. Hoffman, who is known as a pioneer, a leader and a mentor in the field of biomaterials. The papers from renowned scientists from all parts of the world, representing the state-of-the-art in polymeric biomaterials today, have been rearranged into a logical order of sections, each having a distinct focus. The topics covered are: Surface Modification, Characterization and Properties; Protein Adsorption; Blood Interactions; Cell Interactions; Immobilized Cell Receptor Ligands and Immobilized Cells; Immobilized Biomolecules and Synthetic Derivatives of Biomolecules; New Polymers and Applications; Biodegradable Polymers and Drug Delivery; Water-Soluble Biomolecules, Sunthetic Polymers, and their Conjugates; Hydrogels.Table of ContentsPart I: Surface Modification, Characterization, and Properties Part IA: RF Plasma Gas Discharge 1. Molecular surface tailoring of biomaterials via pulsed RF plasma discharges 2. Introduction of amine groups on poly(ethylene) by plasma immobilization of a preadsorbed layer of decylamine hydrochloride 3. A wettability gradient as a tool to study protein adsorption and cell adhesion on polymer surfaces 4. Activity of horseradish peroxide adsorbed on radio frequency glow discharge-treated polymers 5. Patterned neuronal attachment and outgrowth on surface modified, electrically charged fluoropolymer substrates Part IB: Physico-Chemical Modification 6. New biomaterials through surface segregation phenomenon: New quaternary ammonium compounds as antibacterial agents 7. Biomaterials with permanent hydrophilic surfaces and low protein adsorption properties 8. Surface properties of RGD-peptide grafted polyurethane block copolymers: Variable take-off angle and cold-stage ESCA studies 9. Effect of polyurethane surface chemistry on its lipid sorption behavior Part II: Protein Adsorption 10. Residence time effects on monoclonal antibody binding to adsorbed fibrinogen 11. Adsorption behavior of fibrinogen to sulfonated polyethyleneoxide-grafted polyurethane surfaces 12. Effects of branching and molecular weight of surface-bound poly(ethylene oxide) on protein rejection 13. Review Formation of protein multilayers and their competitive replacement based on self-assembled biotinylated phospholipids 14. Identification of proteins adsorbed to hemodialyser membranes from heparinized plasma Part III: Blood Interactions 15. Mechanism of cytoplasmic calcium changes in platelets in contact with polystyrene and poly(acrylamide-co-methacrylic acid) surfaces 16. The synthesis of a water soluble complement activating polyacrylic acid-IgG polymer 17. A novel biomaterial: Poly(dimethylsiloxane)-polyamide multiblock copolymer I. Synthesis and evaluation of blood compatibility 18. Synthesis and non

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Book SynopsisThe development of the principles of electrically conductive polymer composites and the creation of a wide variety of such materials have had a significant influence on modern technology. This volume in the "New Concepts in Polymer Science" series is devoted to various aspects of the structure and properties of electrically conductive polymer composites. This monograph is an attempt to systematize modern ideas on the interconnection of the structure and properties of ECPCs. Specific attention is given to the influence of electric current on kinetics and the direction of chemical interactive processes between such systems and air oxygen. The book also contains a special chapter which is devoted to the practical applications of electrically conductive polymer composites. It should be of use and interest to researchers working in the field.Table of ContentsPart 1 The main principles of the increase of electric conductivity of polymer composites: various types of filler particle distribution in polymer matrix; fractal structure of electrically conductive filler; the formation of electric current path in electrically conductive polymer composites; experimental data on organizational forms of electrically conductive filler particles in a polymer matrix; electric conductivity mechanisms of electrically conductive polymer composites. Part 2 Selection of basic polymer or polymer matrix: the analysis of exploitation conditions and required material properties; polymers most commonly used for processing and article making; electrically conductive polymers; principles of mathematical modelling of ECPC content selection. Part 3 Selection of electrically conductive filler: metal filers - the mechanism of electric conductivity by particles of metal filler; linear dependence of electric conductivity of metal-filled ECPC; manufacture and properties of metal powder; the influence of physical and chemical factors on the distribution of highly dispersed metal particles; compulsory formation of current conductive paths in ECPCs; the influence of metal fillers on ECPC properties; the influence of magnetic field on electric conductivity of ECPCs; methods of increasing electric conductivity ECPCs with carbon graphite fillers; electron self-conductive polymers. Part 4 Estimation of working ability of electrically conductive polymers - the main spheres of ECPC application: the principles of application of ECPCs instead of traditional materials; some spheres of ECPC aplication; electromagnetic radiation sheilding; antistatic articles; heaters; resistors and transducers; assembling of electronic device components; medicinal goods; cables; articles for technical purposes; other articles made from ECPCs.

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Book SynopsisThis book chronicles the proceedings of the 5th and 6th symposia on Metallized Plastics: Fundamental and Applied Aspects, held in May 1996 and September 1997 respectively. This volume contains 29, carefully reviewed, revised and up-dated papers which were presented at both symposia. The book is divided in the following three parts: Metallization Techniques and Properties of Metal Deposits; Spectroscopic Investigation of Interfacial Interactions; Surface Modification and Adhesion Aspects. Topics covered include: various metallization techniques for a variety of plastic substrates and simplification of electroless method by using plasma or UV laser pretreatment; various properties of metal deposits; investigation of metal-polymer interfaces using a variety of spectroscopic techniques; interaction of metals with self-assembled monolayers; study of early stages of metal-polymer interface formation; surface modification of plastics by a host of techniques including plasma, excimer laser, io

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Book SynopsisThis book deals with the ecological aspects of polymer flame retardation. It deals with methods for estimating polymer flammability, the mode of action of modern flame retardants, and ecological concerns of the most used halogenated flame retardants.Table of Contents1. Chapter 1. Some Concepts of Polymer Combustion 2. Chapter 2. General Methods for Testing of Polymer Materials Flammability 3. Chapter 3. Polymer Flame Retardants 4. Chapter 4. Dioxins 5. Chapter 5. New Types of Ecologically Friendly Flame Retardants

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Book SynopsisThis book considers general aspects of the theory of polymers applied in optics. The main factors affecting the light loss in polymeric wave beam guides (PG) are discussed, and the mechanism of light loss in PG is analysed. Polymers applied in fiber optics are classified with reference to methods of fabrication and purification of the materials. Technological aspects of material fabrication are considered together with kinetic aspects of polymerisation. Updated information on polymerisation kinetics of MMA and styrene, and copolymerisation of these monomers with each other is reported. Other topics discussed in the book are heterogeneity of optic copolymers, association between structure and reactivity of monomers, other properties of optic copolymers, and areas of their commercial application. This volume will be of value and interest to anyone working in the field of optic polymers, both in academia and industry.Table of ContentsPreface Introduction Optical properties of polymers and materials based on them. General problems Refractive index. Dispersion of refractive index Optical anisotropy. Birefringence Optical inhomogeneity Numerical aperture Reasons and mechanisms for light losses: Reflection; Scattering; Absorption The lowest (theoretical) limit of losses in PG Light losses in polymeric media modified by substitution of hydrogen atoms by atoms of various elements Polymers for fiber optics. General demands Polymers for core of optical fibers: Polymerizational polymers and copolymers. General problems of their production; Poly(methyl methacrylate) and other polymers of methacrylic acid ethers aEURO the main materials for PG core; Modified poly(methyl methacrylate) as the material for PG core; Polystyrene and styrene copolymers with methyl methacrylate and alkyl methacrylates; Polymers from deuterated monomers Polycondensational polymers; other types of polymers for PG core Nontraditional polymerization polymers for fiber optics Polymers for covers of optical fibers Fluorine-containing polyalkyl(meth)acrylates and ?-fluoro-acrylates Estimation of relative radical-forming ability of monomers of the fluorine methacrylate sequence in radical homopolymerization and copolymerization (in mass) with vinyl monomers and structure of macromolecular chain of copolymers obtained: Kinetics of radical polymerization of fluorine (meth)acrylates in mass; Kinetics of radical copolymerization of fluorine-containing methacrylates with vinyl monomers; relative activity of comonomers, structure of the macrochain and compositional inhomogeneity of copolymers obtained; Determination of absolute rate constants of chain propagation during polymerization of fluorine-containing monomers Study of polymerization of fluorine-containing methacrylates in the presence of some stable radicals Properties of PGs as information transmission channels Transmission bandwidth PG and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) Polymeric media with refractive index gradient Classification of the refractive index gradient Measurements of the main parameters of selfocs (metrology of selfocs). Measurements of distribution of the refractive index profile and the absolute value of the refractive index by selfoc radius

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