Energy, power generation, distribution and storage Books

Book SynopsisThe transmission and distribution of electric power is based on complex interconnected power systems. Every interconnected system can split up into several subsystems due to faults, maloperation or targeted switching.The questions then arise whether these subsystems are survivable, and whether the size of these subsystems are random or predefined, and under which conditions can these isolated subsystems operate in a stable manner. Due to the energy transition, more renewable generation units are installed in the distribution grid, facilitating local intended isolated grids, but also increasing the probability of unintended isolated grids, which must be controlled and dealt with.Though the topic of islanding has been increasingly discussed in academia in recent years, this topic has not yet been comprehensively described in any specialist book.Intended and Unintended Islanding of Distribution Grids addresses this subject, providing a practical reference for researchers at universities a

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Book SynopsisSmart distribution networks are one of the key research topics of countries looking to modernise electric power networks. Smart Electricity Distributions Networks aims to provide a basic discussion of the smart distribution concept and new technologies related to it, including distributed energy resources (DERs), demand side integration, microgrids, CELL and virtual power plants. With writing from leading contributors in the field of smart distribution networks, this volume discusses different concepts within the field as well as the best methods to analyse smart distribution systems to provide a cohesive overview of issues relating to Smart Grid and related technologies. This book will be valuable to those with an interest in understanding the technologies and performance of smart distribution networks as well as engaging with the wider debate over the future Smart Grid.Table of ContentsTable of ContentsPrefaceAbout the ContributorsAcknowledgements Introduction Fundamentals of Distributed Energy Resources Management of Distributed Energy Resources ICT Infrastructure and Cyber Security Power Electronics in Distribution Systems Operation Simulation and Analysis Transient Analysis Control and Protection of Microgrids Energy Management and Optimal Planning of Microgrids Planning of Smart Distribution Systems DC Distribution Networks

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Book SynopsisA Financial Times BOOK OF THE YEAR 2021'Engaging, authoritative and very timely. Marco Alverà spells Hydrogen's critical role as an energy store in the clean power transition' - Mike Berners-Lee, author of THERE IS NO PLANET BPicture this: the looming shadow of climate change is finally receding. The planet's temperature is stabilising. Rainforests and coral reefs are beginning to thrive once more.This isn't just wishful thinking - it can be our reality if we embrace the power of hydrogen. Hydrogen is simple to harness, simple to use, and has the potential to bring clean energy to every corner of the globe. As leading energy expert Marco Alverà explains, if we're going to heal the climate, we need to start thinking big. So whether you're a policy-maker, a business person, an activist, or just simply curious, this book is a blueprint for how to get us there. 'An important contribution to advance the energy transition' Mark Carney 'A comprehensive and comprehensible vision for hydrogen from a top business leader' Jonathan Stern, Oxford Institute for Energy StudiesTrade Review[This] lively book is an engaging guide to a fuel that could go mainstream faster than expected. * Financial Times, FT BOOKS OF THE YEAR *Engaging, authoritative and very timely. Marco Alverà spells Hydrogen's critical role as an energy store in the clean power transition, and who can do what right now to kick it over the line -- Mike Berners-Lee, author of THERE IS NO PLANET BNo one company can solve the challenge of climate change. We share responsibility, not just across our direct emissions, but across our supply chain too. We must take responsibility for the carbon footprint of our own technology and company, but we will also go beyond that. In his new book, Marco Alverà offers a clear and compelling vision and a blueprint to ensure its success. -- Satya Nadella, Chairman and CEO, MicrosoftTo achieve the climate goals from the Paris Agreement, we need a wholesale transformation of our energy system. This book sets out compellingly the role that Hydrogen plays in this transformation and is an important contribution to advance the energy transition. -- Mark CarneyAn engaging and insightful overview of the tiny molecule that could revolutionise climate action. Like hydrogen itself, Marco Alverà is a superb connector - of ideas, approaches and practical, positive solutions. -- Dr Gabrielle WalkerIn The Hydrogen Revolution Marco has written an invaluable explainer on hydrogen - a key to us achieving net zero. But perhaps more importantly the book is an urgent rallying call for action, a call policy-makers across the globe need to heed. -- Peter MandelsonAs the challenges of the energy transition become more apparent, hydrogen is coming to be seen not only as a new entrant but also an essential fuel for the decades ahead. Marco Alvera, a leader in the international energy industry, explains how he went from being a hydrogen skeptic to seeing the big role that hydrogen can play in the future. And more than that - a hydrogen revolution is coming, he predicts, and sooner than many expect! -- Daniel Yergin, Pulitzer Prize winning author of THE PRIZEThis book presents a vision for the future based on hydrogen and renewables that is clear, grounded and hopeful. It also provides crucial tools and information to fully understand the forces shaping the energy transition - and get involved. -- Francesco La Camera, Director General of IRENA (International Renewable Energy Agency)This book offers clear and thought-provoking ideas about the future of hydrogen. It can help inform the conversation on how to enable hydrogen to play an important role in global clean energy transitions. -- Dr Fatih Birol, IEA Executive DirectorA comprehensive and comprehensible vision for hydrogen from a top business leader. -- Jonathan Stern, Oxford Institute for Energy StudiesMarco Alverà paints a vibrant and achievable vision for green hydrogen's role in the transition towards a sustainable global energy system. -- Jules Kortenhorst, CEO of RMIA comprehensive and up to date piece of work on the compelling reality and value proposition of green hydrogen to decarbonize the hard to abate sectors, presented in an engaging, easy to read and assimilated style; a must read for all. -- Paddy Padmanathan, CEO of ACWA PowerIn this excellently-written and engaging book, Marco Alverà sets out an attractive vision for a hydrogen-fuelled future. -- Myles Allen, Director of Oxford Net Zero.Hydrogen will undoubtedly play a crucial role in tomorrow's zero carbon economy and few people have thought more deeply about that role than Marco Alverà. In this insightful and powerfully argued book he sets out not only the feasible and attractive vision of an economy dominated by electricity and hydrogen, but the practical steps we must now take to speed progress towards that end. -- Lord Adair Turner, Chair of the Energy Transitions CommissionThe hydrogen revolution is coming, and this book paves the way to achieving it. Powerful, pragmatic and compelling, Marco sets out with clarity the critical role of hydrogen alongside renewable electricity to reach net-zero objectives. -- Lei Zhang, Founder and CEO of EnvisionMarco Alverà's new book is a rare thing - a thoughtful and deliberate manifesto to galvanize investment and public support for an essential element of the zero-carbon energy future and a pathway to stronger global partnerships. The book is an instant classic - breezy, fun, personal and easy to read, the book presents vivid and actionable choices to all readers. Alverà skilfully makes some very complex parts of the energy system easy to understand - a marvel in our jargon-strewn field. Stop reading this note already and read the book! -- Dr Julio Friedmann * Columbia University, SIPA Center on Global Energy Policy *A clear articulation of how hydrogen can help save the planet. I was skeptical about hydrogen's potential, but this book changed my mind. The Hydrogen Revolution is an essential read for every climate-conscious individual. -- Charles Edgar Haldeman, former Chairman of S&P GlobalThis is an excellent contribution to the current and essential debate on the energy revolution with a very powerful argument in favour of hydrogen, which will certainly be part of the solution to the global response to climate change. -- José Manuel Barroso, President of the European Commission, 2004/2014Compelling stuff and a must-read for armchair eco-warriors everywhere * The Swansea Bay *

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Book SynopsisElectrolytes are indispensable components in electrochemistry and the fast-growing electrochemical energy storage markets. Research in electrolytes has witnessed exponential growth in recent years, accompanied by their applications in the most popular electrochemical cell ever invented, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). In myriads of LIBs, electrolytes and their interphases determine how high the voltage of a battery is, how many times it can be charged/discharged, or how rapid the energy stored therein could be released. The conquest of further technical challenges around safety, life and cost-effectiveness of lithium-based or beyond-lithium batteries requires in-depth understanding of electrolytes and interphases. This will be the authoritative textbook for those entering the field. Chapters will establish the fundamental principles for the field, before moving onto important knowledge acquired in recent years. There will be special emphasis on linking these fundamentals to real-world problems encountered in devices, especially lithium-ion batteries. The book will be suitable for advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students in electrochemical energy storage, electrochemistry, materials science and engineering, as well as researchers new to the subject.Table of ContentsWhat is an Electrolyte?;Modern Electrolytes;In Bulk Electrolytes: Ionics;Quantification of Ion–Ion Interaction: Debye-Hückel Theory;Ion Transport in Electrolytes; When Electrolyte Meets Electrodes: Interface;Linking Ionics with Electrodics;When Electrode Operates Beyond Electrolyte Stability Limits: Interphase;Electrochemical Devices;Lithium-metal, Lithium-ion and Other Batteries;Phase Diagrams of Liquid Electrolytes;Ion Solvation;Static Stability of Electrolytes;Ion Transport;Interfaces;Interphases;New Concepts and Tools;Outlook

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Book SynopsisDC electric power distribution systems have higher efficiency, better current carrying capacity and faster response when compared to conventional AC systems. They also provide a more natural interface with many types of renewable energy sources. Furthermore, there are fewer issues with reactive power flow, power quality and frequency regulation, resulting in a notably less complex control system. All these facts lead to increased applications of DC systems in modern power systems. Still, design and operation of these systems imposes a number of specific challenges, mostly related to lack of mature protection technology and operational experience, as well as very early development stage of standards regarding DC based power infrastructure. This book provides an up-to-date overview of recent research activities in the control, protection and architectural design of a number of different types of DC distribution systems and microgrids. Practical requirements and implementation details of several types of DC distribution systems used in the real world industrial applications are also presented. Several types of coordinated control design concepts are shown, with concepts of stabilization being explained in detail. The book reviews the shortcomings and future developments concerning the practical DC system integration issues.Table of Contents Chapter 1: DC microgrid control principles - hierarchical control diagram Chapter 2: Distributed and decentralized control of dc microgrids Chapter 3: Stability analysis and stabilization of DC microgrids Chapter 4: Coordinated protection of DC microgrids Chapter 5: Energy management systems for dc microgrids Chapter 6: Control of solid-state transformer-enabled DC microgrids Chapter 7: The load as a controllable energy asset in dc microgrids Chapter 8: Electric vehicle charging infrastructure and dc microgrids Chapter 9: Overview and design of solid-state transformers Chapter 10: Bipolar-type DC microgrids for high-quality power distribution Chapter 11: Aircraft DC microgrids Chapter 12: Shipboard MVDC microgrids Chapter 13: DC-based EVs and hybrid EVs Chapter 14: DC data centers Chapter 15: DC microgrid in residential buildings Chapter 16: DC microgrids for photovoltaic powered systems Chapter 17: Demonstration sites of dc microgrids

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Fundamentals of Electric Motors2. Control of Direct Current Motors3. Alternating Current Motors: Synchronous Motor and Induction Motor4. Modeling of Alternating Current Motors and Reference Frame Theory5. Vector Control of Alternating Current Motors6. Current Regulator of Alternating Current Motors7. Pulse Width Modulation Inverter8. High-Speed Operation of Alternating Current Motors9. Speed Estimation and Sensorless Control of Alternating Current Motors10. Brushless Direct Current Motors

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Introduction to real time simulation for modern power electronics 2. Power electronics devices 3. Modeling of power electronics devices 4. Modelling of circuit components 5. Modeling of power electronics converters 6. Numerical solver of power electronics converters 7. CPU-based real-time simulation of power electronics 8. FPGA-based real-time simulation of power electronics 9. Hardware-in-the-loop of power electronics 10. Case Studies of power electronics real-time simulations in industrial applications 11. Advances and trends in power electronics real-time simulation 12. Outlooks on power electronics real-time simulation

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Book SynopsisThis text discusses simulation process for circuits including clamper, voltage and current divider, transformer modeling, transistor as an amplifier, transistor as a switch, MOSFET modeling, RC and LC filters, step and impulse response to RL and RC circuits, amplitude modulator in a step-by-step manner for more clarity and understanding to the readers.It covers electronic circuits like rectifiers, RC filters, transistor as an amplifier, operational amplifiers, pulse response to a series RC circuit, time domain simulation with a triangular input signal, and modulation in detail. The text presents issues that occur in practical implementation of various electronic circuits and assist the readers in finding solutions to those issues using the software.Aimed at undergraduate, graduate students, and academic researchers in the areas including electrical and electronics and communications engineering, this book: Discusses simulation of analog circTable of Contents1. Introducing LTspice XVII Circuit Simulator. 2. Simulation Types and Waveform Viewer. 3. Control Panel Settings. 4. DC Bias and DC Sweep Simulations. 5. Transient Simulations. 6. AC Analysis. 7. Parametric Sweep Analysis. 8. DC Transfer Analysis. 9. Small Projects (Examples).

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This highly successful book is now updated in line with the Amendment 2-2022 of 18th Edition of the Wiring Regulations. It provides a topic-by-topic progression through the areas of electrical installations, including how and why electrical installations are designed, installed and tested. This tenth edition contains new material on batteries, LED and ELV lighting, data cabling and renewable electricity generation and distribution, with some focus on medical locations, and a glossary of terms. The guidance on tools used and safety legislation has also been brought up to date.Brian Scaddan's subject-led approach makes this a valuable resource for professionals and students on both City & Guilds and EAL courses. This approach also makes it easy for those who are learning the topic from scratch to get to grips with it independently of any particular course.The book is widely used in education and training across the UK and has been published for almost 

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Book SynopsisCovering technical design and construction aspects as well as financial analysis and risk assessment, this professional reference work provides a comprehensive overview of solar power technology. Whether or not you have a technology background, this essential guide will help you to understand the design, construction, financial analysis, and risk assessment of solar power technology. The first two chapters present an uncomplicated overview of solar power technology physics, solar cell technology, applications, and equipment. In subsequent chapters, readers are introduced to fundamental econometric analysis in such a way that will allow anyone, whether or not they have a background in finance, to become familiar with the fundamental costing and financing of large scale solar power programs. This book is essential reading for anyone involved with solar power project development, and is suitable for both graduate students and professionals.Table of Contents1. Introduction to grid-connected solar power generation; 2. Solar power system integration and energy production; 3. Solar power system feasibility study; 4. Solar power financing; 5. Financing and risk management; 6. Grid-connected solar power system costing; 7. Engineering procurement and construction document; 8. Socioeconomic cost benefits analysis of solar power energy; 9. Contract agreements and legal language.

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Book SynopsisFor many years, Protective Relaying: Principles and Applications has been the go-to text for gaining proficiency in the technological fundamentals of power system protection. Continuing in the bestselling tradition of the previous editions by the late J. Lewis Blackburn, the Fourth Edition retains the core concepts at the heart of power system analysis. Featuring refinements and additions to accommodate recent technological progress, the text: Explores developments in the creation of smarter, more flexible protective systems based on advances in the computational power of digital devices and the capabilities of communication systems that can be applied within the power grid Examines the regulations related to power system protection and how they impact the way protective relaying systems are designed, applied, set, and monitored Considers the evaluation of protective systems during system disturbances and describes the tools available for Trade Review"... provides a solid foundation for the master-level student as well as power engineers new to protection principles, and it is most certainly a valuable reference for the experienced protection engineer. This book provides enough information of historical applications to aid the reader in understanding the protection in service today. The material is presented clearly with examples to provide practice of the fundamentals presented."—Miriam P. Sanders, from IEEE Power & Energy Magazine, September/October 2015 "The book describes in a very comprehensive and efficient way main problems of power system protection. The protection principles, criteria as well as relay setting calculation rules are explained in detail, with use of many practical examples. The reader receives a book with all practical knowledge in the field in one band."—Prof. Waldemar Rebizant, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw, PL"The book addresses interesting and timely topics. By analyzing the review materials I feel that the book is based on a proper fusion of technology and methodology. Besides, I expect that it implements an effective balance between power system protection theory and engineering practice. For this reason I’d like to express a positive opinion about the book project."—Alfredo Vaccaro, Department of Engineering University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy Table of ContentsPrefaces. Introduction and General Philosophies. Fundamental Units: Per Unit and Percent Values. Phasors and Polarity. Symmetrical Components: A Review. Relay Input Sources. Protection Fundamentals and Basic Design Principles. System-Grounding Principles. Generator Protection/Intertie Protection for Distributed Generation. Transformer, Reactor, and Shunt Capacitor Protection. Bus Protection. Motor Protection. Line Protection. Pilot Protection. Stability, Reclosing, Load Shedding, and Trip Circuit Design. Microprocessor Applications and Substation Automation. Problems. Index.

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Book SynopsisDigital Control Applications Illustrated with MATLAB covers the modeling, analysis, and design of linear discrete control systems. Illustrating all topics using the micro-computer implementation of digital controllers aided by MATLAB, Simulink, and FEEDBACK<<, this practical text: Describes the process of digital control, followed by a review of Z-transforms, feedback control concepts, and s-to-z plane conversions, mappings, signal sampling, and data reconstruction Presents mathematical representations of discrete systems affected by the use of advances in computing methodologies and the advent of computers Demonstrates state-space representations and the construction of transfer functions and their corresponding discrete equivalents Explores steady-state and transient response analysis using Root-Locus, as well as frequency response plots and digital controller design using Bode Plots ExplTrade Review"This book is an asset for practicing controls engineers as well as students of advanced control systems courses. Books on this topic have been usually quite theoretically oriented, and a common complaint of the students is that they do not get a practical flavor after going through a course, or even multiple courses. The author brings a fresh approach, backed up by decades of teaching and professional experience, which is oriented toward practical application. I look forward to having this book on my shelf."—Amit Patra, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur "The author provides a mathematically detailed yet accessible presentation of topics in digital control theory. After introducing digital control systems and reviewing the modeling and performance of discrete systems, several chapters are dedicated to different design methods. These methods include discrete equivalent, direct, state-variable feedback, Lyapunov, and optimal. Throughout the book, the emphasis is on application of the theory rather than on theorems and abstract mathematics."—Patricia Mellodge, University of Hartford, Connecticut, USA "This book has an excellent flow of material for teaching design of digital control or computer control of dynamic systems. In particular, and following the well-organized design chapters, the microprocessor/computer implementation hardware and software aspects in chapter 9 are very valuable, well presented, and certainly well appreciated in this book. Chapters 1 through 4 provide clear and concise presentation of prerequisite material/knowledge for a digital control system design course, and could be very well appreciated in a previous senior-level control design course. The design chapters 5 through 8 progress effectively with the right sequence of techniques, starting with design by digital equivalents, followed by transformed domain techniques, and then moving into the time domain state space design including state estimators both full order and reduced order. Using MATLAB® software and simulations for examples and case studies provides students with valuable practice opportunities for the material presented throughout the book. This fits exactly in how I teach my first in a two-graduate-course sequence 'Computer Control of Dynamic Systems' here at California State University, Chico (the second is 'Adaptive Control Systems')." —Dr. Adel A Ghandakly, California State University, Chico, USA "This book is an asset for practicing controls engineers as well as students of advanced control systems courses. Books on this topic have been usually quite theoretically oriented, and a common complaint of the students is that they do not get a practical flavor after going through a course, or even multiple courses. The author brings a fresh approach, backed up by decades of teaching and professional experience, which is oriented toward practical application. I look forward to having this book on my shelf."—Amit Patra, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur "The author provides a mathematically detailed yet accessible presentation of topics in digital control theory. After introducing digital control systems and reviewing the modeling and performance of discrete systems, several chapters are dedicated to different design methods. These methods include discrete equivalent, direct, state-variable feedback, Lyapunov, and optimal. Throughout the book, the emphasis is on application of the theory rather than on theorems and abstract mathematics."—Patricia Mellodge, University of Hartford, Connecticut, USA "This book has an excellent flow of material for teaching design of digital control or computer control of dynamic systems. In particular, and following the well-organized design chapters, the microprocessor/computer implementation hardware and software aspects in chapter 9 are very valuable, well presented, and certainly well appreciated in this book. Chapters 1 through 4 provide clear and concise presentation of prerequisite material/knowledge for a digital control system design course, and could be very well appreciated in a previous senior-level control design course. The design chapters 5 through 8 progress effectively with the right sequence of techniques, starting with design by digital equivalents, followed by transformed domain techniques, and then moving into the time domain state space design including state estimators both full order and reduced order. Using MATLAB® software and simulations for examples and case studies provides students with valuable practice opportunities for the material presented throughout the book. This fits exactly in how I teach my first in a two-graduate-course sequence 'Computer Control of Dynamic Systems' here at California State University, Chico (the second is 'Adaptive Control Systems')."—Dr. Adel A Ghandakly, California State University, Chico, USA Table of ContentsDigital Control Introduction and Overview. Mathematical Models of Discrete Systems. Performance Criteria and the Design Process. Compensator Design via Discrete Equivalent. Compensator Design via Direct Methods. State-Variable Feedback Design Methods. Advanced Design Methods. Estimation of System State. Implementation Issues in Digital Control.

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Book SynopsisHigh quality electrical service is key to power systems around the world, particularly in utilities and industrial facilities. Both voltage and grid frequency must be kept within tight limits to maintain functioning of critical infrastructure. The growing use of renewable power of intermittent character is adding to that challenge. One of the keys to achieving quality service is the protection system, which needs to be reliable, fast and with a good cost/benefit ratio. It consists of various components, including relays, circuit breakers and fuses. An understanding of the different behaviours of these components in the face of malfunctions, and of countermeasures, is needed. This book has established itself as a classic work in its field, allowing the reader to easily follow the ideas explored. It provides an overview of most aspects of electrical protections, with emphasis on distribution systems; but protection of generation and transmission systems are also addressed. For this 4th edition, new topics have been added, such as protection of renewable power plants and transient stability analysis. It offers a thorough revision of the material, particularly the numerical type of relays, protective functions, control, measurement, communications and oscillography features. Most chapters have illustrative examples using MATLAB or PSAT (Power System Analysis Tools). This work remains essential reading for researchers, utility engineers, design, maintenance and consulting engineers as well as for instructors and senior students.Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Calculation of short circuit currents Chapter 3: Classification and function of relays Chapter 4: Current and voltage transformers Chapter 5: Overcurrent protection Chapter 6: Fuses, reclosers and sectionalisers Chapter 7: Directional overcurrent relays Chapter 8: Differential protection Chapter 9: Distance protection Chapter 10: Protection of low-voltage systems Chapter 11: Industrial plant load shedding Chapter 12: Protection schemes and substation design diagrams Chapter 13: Communication networks for power systems automation Chapter 14: Installation, testing and maintenance of protection systems Chapter 15: Protection of distributed generation systems Chapter 16: Impact of stability conditions on protective relaying Appendix: Solutions to exercises

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Book SynopsisMicro-hydro is a useful way of providing power to houses, workshops or villages that need an independent supply. For many remote areas beyond the reach of a national grid, micro-hydro is the only economic option. Where flow is limited, but high heads are available, the Pelton wheel is one of the most useful turbines. The Micro-hydro Pelton Turbine Manual is written to enable the reader to design and manufacture Pelton turbines with capacities from a few hundred Watts to around 100kw, though much of the information is relevant for larger units too. Aimed at readers with a general engineering workshop background, the emphasis is on simple technology, so that the turbines can be made in small workshops with basic engineering facilities. More advanced processes are discussed for those with access to better manufacturing facilities. As well as detailing all the important aspects of design, the book covers basic theory, turbine selection, manufacture, installation, testing and problem-solving. The manual is well illustrated and contains a comprehensive appendices, containing manufacturing reference information and the derivation of equations used. Jeremy Thake, a mechanical design engineer, has worked for the appropriate technology organization, DCS, in Nepal for six years in micro-hydro systems. He currently works for the renewable energy consultancy, IT Power.

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Book SynopsisThis book is a concise reader-friendly introductory guide to understanding renewable energy technologies. By using simplified classroom-tested methods developed while teaching the subject to engineering students, the authors explain in simple language an otherwise complex subject in terms that enable readers to gain a rapid fundamental understanding of renewable energy, including basic principles, the different types, energy storage, grid integration, and economies. This powerful tutorial is a great resource for students, engineers, technicians, analysts, investors, and other busy professionals who need to quickly acquire a solid understanding of the science of renewable energy technology.Table of ContentsChapter 1 . Renewable Energy Basics.- Chapter 2. Hydroelectric Power.- Chapter 3. Wind Power.- Chapter 4. Ocean Power.- Chapter 5. Bioenergy.- Chapter 6. Geothermal Energy.- Chapter 7. Solar Thermal Energy.- Chapter 8. Solar Photovoltaics.- Chapter 9. Energy Storage.- Chapter 10. Grid Integration of Renewable Energy.- Chapter 11. Economic Aspects of Renewable Energy.- Chapter 12. Challenges of Renewable Sources of Energy.- Chapter 13. Comparative Study of Renewable Sources of Energy.

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Book SynopsisLet There Be Light is a groundbreaking history of electrification in Hong Kong. Mark L. Clifford traces how a power company and its visionary founder jumpstarted the British colony’s postwar economic rise and set in motion far-reaching political and social change.Trade ReviewLet There Be Light is a cultural, business, and political history of the world’s single most indispensable technology—electricity generation—in a great city that it helped create. This elegantly written, deeply researched, and thoughtful book offers, in microcosm, a global vision of development, finance, and state engagement with the economy. -- Thomas W. Laqueur, author of The Work of the Dead: A Cultural History of Mortal RemainsAn insightful and vivid history. Mark Clifford challenges the conventional view of Hong Kong as a laissez-faire state. He shows instead the complex and successful collaboration between its government and its most important industry—electricity. At the center stands Lawrence Kadoorie—a colonial British capitalist at the door of communist China, a Jewish entrepreneur in a city riven with antisemitism. This is a valuable history of business and of technology—and of Hong Kong’s and China’s rise. -- Jonathan Kaufman, author of The Last Kings of Shanghai: The Rival Jewish Dynasties That Helped Create Modern ChinaBeautifully written and rich in fascinating detail, Let There Be Light tells the history of China Light & Power—a company that shaped modern Hong Kong. With scholarly rigor and a journalist’s flair for storytelling, Clifford chronicles the central role a company and its people played in building one of the world’s great cities. An impressive achievement and essential reading for anyone interested in electricity markets, Hong Kong history, or the relationship between businesses and governments more broadly. -- David Sandalow, author of Guide to Chinese Climate PolicyTable of Contents1. Private Light and Colonial Power2. In the Beginning: China Light & Power, 1900–19403. War, Occupation, and New Possibilities, 1941–19464. “The Problem of People,” 1947–19585. Electricity as a Political Project, 1959–19646. “Die-Hard Reactionary” in the Expanding Colonial State, 1964–19737. “Intelligent Anticipation” for “1997 and All That,” 1974–19828. Sing the City ElectricAcknowledgmentsNotesBibliographyIndex

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Book SynopsisThe proliferation of multicore processors in the embedded market for Internet-of-Things (IoT) and Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) makes developing real-time embedded applications increasingly difficult. What is the underlying theory that makes multicore real-time possible? How does theory influence application design? When is a real-time operating system (RTOS) useful? What RTOS features do applications need? How does a mature RTOS help manage the complexity of multicore hardware?Real-Time Systems Development with RTEMS and Multicore Processorsanswers these questions and more with exemplar Real-Time Executive for Multiprocessor Systems (RTEMS) RTOS to provide concrete advice and examples for constructing useful, feature-rich applications. RTEMS is free, open-source software that supports multi-processor systems for over a dozen CPU architectures and over 150 specific system boards in applications spanning the range of IoT and CPS domains such as satellites, particle accelerators, robots, racing motorcycles, building controls, medical devices, and more.The focus of this book is on enabling real-time embedded software engineering while providing sufficient theoretical foundations and hardware background to understand the rationale for key decisions in RTOS and application design and implementation. The topics covered in this book include: Cross-compilation for embedded systems development Concurrent programming models used in real-time embedded software Real-time scheduling theory and algorithms used in wide practice Usage and comparison of two application programmer interfaces (APIs) in real-time embedded software: POSIX and the RTEMS Classic APIs Design and implementation in RTEMS of commonly found RTOS features for schedulers, task management, time-keeping, inter-task synchronization, inter-task communication, and networking The challenges introduced by multicore hardware, advances in multicore real-time theory, and software engineering multicore real-time systems with RTEMS All the authors of this book are experts in the academic field of real-time embedded systems. Two of the authors are primary open-source maintainers of the RTEMS software project.The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 (CC-BY-SA) International license.Table of ContentsChapter 1 Introduction. PART I Operating System Basics. Chapter 2 Cross-Compilation Toolchain. Chapter 3 Concurrent Programming and Scheduling Algorithms. Chapter 4 Scheduling Analysis and Interrupt Handling. PART II Task Management and Timekeeping. Chapter 5 Task Management and Timekeeping, Classic API. Chapter 6 Task Management and Timekeeping, POSIX API. PART III InterTask Synchronization and Communication. Chapter 7 Inter-Task Synchronization and Communication (IPC) Based on Shared Memory. Chapter 8 IPC, Task Execution, and Scheduling. Chapter 9 IPC Based on Message Passing. PART IV Network Communication. Chapter 10 Network Communication in RTEMS. Chapter 11 POSIX Sockets API. PART V Multicores in Realtime Embedded Systems. Chapter 12 Multicores in Embedded Systems. Chapter 13 Multicore Concurrency: Issues and Solutions. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisElectric Energy Systems, Second Edition provides an analysis of electric generation and transmission systems that addresses diverse regulatory issues. It includes fundamental background topics, such as load flow, short circuit analysis, and economic dispatch, as well as advanced topics, such as harmonic load flow, state estimation, voltage and frequency control, electromagnetic transients, etc. The new edition features updated material throughout the text and new sections throughout the chapters. It covers current issues in the industry, including renewable generation with associated control and scheduling problems, HVDC transmission, and use of synchrophasors (PMUs). The text explores more sophisticated protections and the new roles of demand, side management, etc. Written by internationally recognized specialists, the text contains a wide range of worked out examples along with numerous exercises and solutions to enhance understanding of the material.Table of ContentsChapter 1 Electric Energy Systems: An Overview Chapter 2 Steady-State Single-Phase Models of Power System Components Chapter 3 Load Flow Chapter 4 State Estimation Chapter 5 Economics of Electricity Generation Chapter 6 Optimal and Secure Operation of Transmission Systems Chapter 7 Three-Phase Linear and Nonlinear Models of Power System Components Chapter 8 Fault Analysis and Protection Systems Chapter 9 Frequency and Voltage Control Chapter 10 Angle, Voltage, and Frequency Stability Chapter 11 Three-Phase Power Flow and Harmonic Analysis Chapter 12 Electromagnetic Transients Analysis Appendix A Solution of Linear Equation Systems Appendix B Mathematical Programing Appendix C Dynamic Models of Electric Machines

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Book SynopsisRun-to-run (R2R) control is cutting-edge technology that allows modification of a product recipe between machine runs, thereby minimizing process drift, shift, and variability-and with them, costs. Its effectiveness has been demonstrated in a variety of processes, such as vapor phase epitaxy, lithography, and chemical mechanical planarization. The only barrier to the semiconductor industry's widespread adoption of this highly effective process control is a lack of understanding of the technology. Run to Run Control in Semiconductor Manufacturing overcomes that barrier by offering in-depth analyses of R2R control.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Background. Identifying Target Applications for Run-to-Run Control. Developing a Run-to-Run Solution: Run-to-Run Algorithms. Developing a Run-to-Run Solution: Practical Extensions to Algorithms. Developing and Deploying Run-to-Run Solutions: Integrating Control. Run-to-Run Control System Deployment Case Studies. Advanced Topics. Conclusions. References.

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Book SynopsisTiming, memory, power dissipation, testing, and testability are all crucial elements of VLSI circuit design. In this volume culled from the popular VLSI Handbook, experts from around the world provide in-depth discussions on these and related topics. Stacked gate, embedded, and flash memory all receive detailed treatment, including their power consumption and recent developments in low-power memories. Reflecting the rapid development and importance of systems-on-a-chip (SOCs), an entire chapter is devoted to application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs). Design-related topics include microprocessor architectures, layout methods, design verification, testability concepts, and various CAD tools..Table of ContentsSystem Timing. ROM/PROM/EPROM. SRAM. Embedded Memory. Flash Memories. Dynamic Random Access Memory. Low-Power Memory Circuits. Timing and Signal Integrity Analysis. Microprocessor Design Verification. Microprocessor Layout Method. Architecture. ASIC Design. Logic Synthesis for Field Programmable Gate Array (EPGA) Technology. Testability Concepts and DFT. ATPG and BIST. CAD Tools for BIST/DFT and Delay Faults.

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Book SynopsisDeterministic Learning Theory for Identification, Recognition, and Control presents a unified conceptual framework for knowledge acquisition, representation, and knowledge utilization in uncertain dynamic environments. It provides systematic design approaches for identification, recognition, and control of linear uncertain systems. Unlike many books currently available that focus on statistical principles, this book stresses learning through closed-loop neural control, effective representation and recognition of temporal patterns in a deterministic way. A Deterministic View of Learning in Dynamic EnvironmentsThe authors begin with an introduction to the concepts of deterministic learning theory, followed by a discussion of the persistent excitation property of RBF networks. They describe the elements of deterministic learning, and address dynamical pattern recognition and pattern-based control processes. The results are applicable to aTable of ContentsIntroduction. RBF Networks and the PE Condition. Locally Accurate Identification of Nonlinear Systems. Learning from Closed-Loop Neural Control. Rapid Recognition of Dynamical Patterns. Deterministic Learning using Output Measurements. Applications of Deterministic Learning. Conclusions.

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Book SynopsisWith its comprehensive coverage of the state of the art, this second edition of the book introduces the basic types of transformers and electric machines and also discusses advanced subjects in electric machines, starting from principles, to applications and case studies with ample graphical results. The first volume, Electric Machines: Steady State Performance with MATLAB covers circuit modeling characteristics and performance characteristics under steady state, testing techniques and preliminary electromagnetic-thermic dimensioning. This book is intended for first semester course, treating electric transformers, rotary and linear machines steady state modeling and performance computation, preliminary dimensioning and testing standardized and innovative techniques. The second volume, Electric Machines: Transients, Control Principles, Finite Element Analysis and Optimal Design with MATLAB is intended for second (and third) semester course, treating topics such as modeling of transients, control principles, electromagnetic and thermal finite element Analysis and optimal design (dimensioning). Notable recent knowledge with strong industrialization potential has been added to this edition, such as, orthogonal models of multiphase A.C. machines, thermal finite element analysis of (FEA) electric machines, and FEAâ basedâonly optimal design of a PM motor case study. Both the volumes include numerical examples and case studies, and numerous computer simulation programs in MATLAB and Simulink are also available online that illustrate performance characteristics present in the chapters.

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Book SynopsisMechatronics is a mongrel, a crossbreed of classic mechanical engineering, the relatively young pup of computer science, the energetic electrical engineering, the pedigree mathematics and the bloodhound of Control Theory.All too many courses in control theory consist of a diet of Everything you could ever need to know about the Laplace Transform' rather than answering What happens when your servomotor saturates?' Topics in this book have been selected to answer the questions that the mechatronics student is most likely to raise.That does not mean that the mathematical aspects have been left out, far from it. The diet here includes matrices, transforms, eigenvectors, differential equations and even the dreaded z transform. But every effort has been made to relate them to practical experience, to make them digestible. They are there for what they can do, not to support pages of mathematical rigour that defines their origins.The theme running throughout the Table of Contents1. Why Do You Need Control Theory? 2. Modelling Time .3. A Simulation Environment 4. Step Length Considerations. 5. Modelling a Second-Order System .6. The Complication of Motor Drive Limits. 7. Practical Controller Design 8. Adding Dynamics to the Controller 9. Sensors and Actuators. 10. Analogue Simulation. 11. Matrix State Equations. 12. Putting It into Practice. 13. Observers 14. More about the Mathematics 15. Transfer Functions 16. Solving the State Equations 17. Discrete Time and the z Operator. 18. Root locus. 19. More about the Phase Plane. 20. Optimisation and an Experiment. 21. Problem Systems. 22. Final Comments.

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Book SynopsisIn todayâs world, per capita consumption of electricity in a country is considered as one of the important indices of its developmental status: both economic and technological.Engineering students as well as the professional beginners, studying and working in the field of Electrical Power Generation and Power Plant Administration, should get a reasonable level of familiarization with the concepts of various technological methods and plants in order to acquire necessary knowledge and competency for a worthwhile professional career in the subject field.This book attempts to provide relevant knowledge inputs by way of providing conceptual clarity on various aspects of the subject. It will be helpful for students of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering.Print edition not for sale in South Asia (India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Bhutan)

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Book SynopsisThe classic guide to power system stability and controlâupdated for the latest advancesThis thoroughly revised engineering guide contains the hands-on information needed to understand, model, analyze, and solve problems using the latest technical tools. You will explore the structure of modern power systems, the different levels of control, and the nature of stability problems. Power System Stability and Control, Second Edition contains complete explanations of equipment characteristics and modeling techniques along with real-world examples. This edition features coverage of adaptive control and other emerging applications, including cyber security of power systems.Coverage includes: General characteristics of modern power systems The power grid stability problem Synchronous machine theory and modelling Synchronous machine parameters Synchronous machine representation in stability studies AC transmission<

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Book SynopsisElectronics: Basic, Analog, and Digital with PSpice does more than just make unsubstantiated assertions about electronics. Compared to most current textbooks on the subject, it pays significantly more attention to essential basic electronics and the underlying theory of semiconductors.In discussing electrical conduction in semiconductors, the author addresses the important but often ignored fundamental and unifying concept of electrochemical potential of current carriers, which is also an instructive link between semiconductor and ionic systems at a time when electrical engineering students are increasingly being exposed to biological systems. The text presents the background and tools necessary for at least a qualitative understanding of new and projected advances in microelectronics. The author provides helpful PSpice simulations and associated procedures (based on schematic capture, and using OrCAD 16.0 Demo software), which are availaTable of ContentsBasic Diode Circuits. Basic Principles of Semiconductors. pn Junction and Semiconductor Diodes. Semiconductor Fabrication. Field Effect Transistors. Bipolar Junction Transistor. Two-Port Circuits, Amplifiers, and Feedback. Single-Stage Transistor Amplifiers. Multistage and Feedback Amplifiers. Differential and Operational Amplifiers. Power Amplifiers and Switches. Basic Elements of Digital Circuits. Digital Logic Circuit Families.

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Book SynopsisPart of the "Energy & Environmental Progress" Series.

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Book SynopsisThis comprehensive, two-volume resource provides a thorough introduction to lithium ion (Li-ion) technology. Readers get a hands-on understanding of Li-ion technology, are guided through the design and assembly of a battery, through deployment, configuration and testing. The book covers dozens of applications, with solutions for each application provided.Volume One focuses on the Li-ion cell and its types, formats, and chemistries. Cell arrangements and issues, including series (balance) and parallel (fusing, inrush current) are also discussed. Li-ion Battery Management Systems are explored, focusing on types and topologies, functions, and selection. Battery design, assembly, deployment, troubleshooting and repair are also discussed, along with modular batteries, split batteries and battery arrays. Written by a prominent expert in the field and packed with over 500 illustrations, these volumes contain solutions to practical problems, making it useful for both the novice and experienced practitioners.Table of ContentsFundamental concepts; Li-ion cell; Cell arrangement; Li-ion BMS; Battery design; Modules & arrays; Assembly; Dysfunctions; Appendix.

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Book SynopsisThe lead-acid accumulator was introduced in the middle of the 19th Century, the diverse variants of nickel accumulators between the beginning and the end of the 20th Century. Although old, these technologies are always very present on numerous markets. Unfortunately they are still not used in optimal conditions, often because of the misunderstanding of the internal electrochemical phenomena. This book will show that batteries are complex systems, made commercially available thanks to considerable amounts of scientific research, empiricism and practical knowledge. However, the design of batteries is not fixed; it is subject to constant developments as a result of user feedback and validation processes which are often long and fastidious. This book attempts to show that it is not possible to consider a family of batteries as having fixed, applicable properties and characteristics whatever the application and the technology used in their manufacture. For this reason, the authors have chosen to present the fundamental electrochemical and chemical phenomena involved in as simple and as clear a way as possible. It is essential to be aware of these mechanisms in order to develop suitable theoretical models. This work will be of particular interest to those working in the field of electrical engineering and to industrialists, the final users of these technologies. It will also be of interest to electrochemists, as experts in lead or nickel batteries are becoming fewer and farther between, and their knowledge and practical skills are steadily being lost. Contents Part 1. Universal Characteristics of Batteries 1. Definitions and Methods of Measurement. Part 2. Lead–Acid Batteries 2. The Operation of Lead–Acid Batteries. 3. Internal Composition and Types of Lead–Acid Batteries. 4. Lead Batteries: Main Characteristics. 5. Manufacturing Starting, Lighting and Ignition Batteries. Part 3. Introduction to Nickel-Based Batteries 6. Nickel–Cadmium Batteries. 7. Nickel–Metal Hydride Batteries. 8. Other Nickel-Based Batteries.Table of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgments xvii Introduction xix PART 1. UNIVERSAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BATTERIES 1 Chapter 1. Definitions and Methods of Measurement 3 1.1. Introduction 3 1.2. Terminology 3 1.3. Definitions of characteristics 7 1.4. Battery states 20 1.5. Faradic efficiency 32 1.6. Charge coefficient 34 1.7. Overcharge coefficient 34 1.8. Energy efficiency 34 1.9. Self-discharge 36 1.10. Acceptance current 37 1.11. Conclusion 37 1.12. Appendix: Nernst’s law 38 1.13. Solutions to exercises 48 PART 2. Lead–ACID BATTERIES 55 Chapter 2. The Operation of Lead–Acid Batteries 59 2.1. Principles of operation 59 2.2. Properties due to electrochemical reactions 80 2.3. Polarity inversion 96 2.4. Effects of temperature, aging and thermal runaway 97 2.5. Failure modes 100 2.6. Appendices 107 2.7. Solutions to exercises 110 Chapter 3. Internal Composition and Types of Lead–Acid Batteries 115 3.1. Composition of lead–acid batteries 115 3.2. Families of lead–acid batteries 126 3.3. Other battery types and future prospects 132 Chapter 4. Lead Batteries: Main Characteristics 135 4.1. Introduction 135 4.2. Electrical characteristics 135 4.3. Charge of lead batteries 149 4.4. Energy management 155 4.5. SOC indicator 156 4.6. Conditions of use 162 4.7. Economic considerations 171 4.8. Applicable standards 174 4.9. Future developments 175 4.10. To find out more 176 4.11. Solutions to exercises 176 Chapter 5. Manufacturing Starting, Lighting and Ignition Batteries 181 5.1. Introduction 181 5.2. Manufacturing an SLI battery 182 5.3. Raw materials 184 5.4. Different ways of manufacturing lead SLI batteries 189 5.5. Composition of the paste 201 5.6. Pasting the grids 204 5.7. Curing of the plates 204 5.8. Assembly 209 5.9. Formation of the battery 218 5.10. Final test and dispatch 225 5.11. Solutions to exercises 225 PART 3. INTRODUCTION TO NICKEL-BASED BATTERIES 227 Chapter 6. Nickel–Cadmium Batteries 229 6.1. Introduction 229 6.2. Operating principle 230 6.3. Main characteristics 236 Chapter 7. Nickel–Metal Hydride Batteries 251 7.1. Introduction 251 7.2. Operating principle 252 7.3. Main characteristics 256 7.4. Solution to exercise 271 Chapter 8. Other Nickel-Based Batteries 273 8.1. Introduction 273 8.2. Nickel–iron batteries 273 8.3. Nickel–zinc batteries 277 8.4. More information on nickel-based batteries 286 8.4.1. Resources and properties of nickel 286 8.4.2. Recycling channels for nickel-based batteries 286 8.4.3. Bibliography 287 Conclusion 289 Index 291

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Book SynopsisCovering core principles, protective measures, and safety-by-design, Principles and Practices of Electrical Safety Engineering offers in-depth explanations and visual aids.

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Book SynopsisThis book is an introduction to the topic of integrated power management systems. More specifically, it targets the battery powered systems on a chip that provide different functions such as wireless connectivity, sensing (e.g. temperature, pressure, movement), localization, processing, and more. Power management is a crucial part of such systems, as they must provide different power supplies, tailored to the requirements of each sub-block, and must maintain high efficiency in order to allow for a long battery life. The book covers the fundamental principles and guidelines needed to start the design of an integrated power management system, and an overview of practical techniques used in state-of-the-art implementations.Technical topics include: Low-dropout regulators (LDO) Fundamental analysis and design techniques Overview of modern techniques Switching converters Inductive and capacitive DC–DC converters Steady state efficiency optimization Control techniques Low-power techniques Auxiliary circuits and system integration Voltage and current references Clock generators System interface. It is ideal for fresh undergraduate and graduate students starting their careers, but also useful for experienced electronics engineers that are new to the power management domain and power electronics.Table of Contents1. Introduction 2. Linear Regulators 3. DC–DC Converters 4. Auxiliary Circuits 5. Conclusion

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Book SynopsisThe transformation towards electric mobility requires the highest quality mass production of battery cells. However, few research in battery cell engineering focus beyond new cell chemistries. As a consequence, there exists a huge gap between basic battery research and comparable scientific approaches to battery cell production. This handbook bridges the gap between basic electrochemical battery cell research and battery cell production approaches.To run lithium-ion battery gigafactories successfully and sustainably, high-quality battery cell production processes and systems are required. The Handbook on Smart Battery Cell Manufacturing provides a comprehensive and well-structured analysis of every aspect of the manufacturing process of smart battery cell, including upscaling battery cell production, accompanied by many instructive practical examples of the digitalization of battery products and manufacturing systems using an integrated life cycle perspective.

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Book SynopsisLet There Be Light is a groundbreaking history of electrification in Hong Kong. Mark L. Clifford traces how a power company and its visionary founder jumpstarted the British colony’s postwar economic rise and set in motion far-reaching political and social change.Trade ReviewLet There Be Light is a cultural, business, and political history of the world’s single most indispensable technology—electricity generation—in a great city that it helped create. This elegantly written, deeply researched, and thoughtful book offers, in microcosm, a global vision of development, finance, and state engagement with the economy. -- Thomas W. Laqueur, author of The Work of the Dead: A Cultural History of Mortal RemainsAn insightful and vivid history. Mark Clifford challenges the conventional view of Hong Kong as a laissez-faire state. He shows instead the complex and successful collaboration between its government and its most important industry—electricity. At the center stands Lawrence Kadoorie—a colonial British capitalist at the door of communist China, a Jewish entrepreneur in a city riven with antisemitism. This is a valuable history of business and of technology—and of Hong Kong’s and China’s rise. -- Jonathan Kaufman, author of The Last Kings of Shanghai: The Rival Jewish Dynasties That Helped Create Modern ChinaBeautifully written and rich in fascinating detail, Let There Be Light tells the history of China Light & Power—a company that shaped modern Hong Kong. With scholarly rigor and a journalist’s flair for storytelling, Clifford chronicles the central role a company and its people played in building one of the world’s great cities. An impressive achievement and essential reading for anyone interested in electricity markets, Hong Kong history, or the relationship between businesses and governments more broadly. -- David Sandalow, author of Guide to Chinese Climate PolicyTable of Contents1. Private Light and Colonial Power2. In the Beginning: China Light & Power, 1900–19403. War, Occupation, and New Possibilities, 1941–19464. “The Problem of People,” 1947–19585. Electricity as a Political Project, 1959–19646. “Die-Hard Reactionary” in the Expanding Colonial State, 1964–19737. “Intelligent Anticipation” for “1997 and All That,” 1974–19828. Sing the City ElectricAcknowledgmentsNotesBibliographyIndex

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Book SynopsisIntegrating renewable energy and other distributed energy sources into smart grids, often via power inverters, is arguably the largest new frontier for smart grid advancements. Inverters should be controlled properly so that their integration does not jeopardize the stability and performance of power systems and a solid technical backbone is formed to facilitate other functions and services of smart grids. This unique reference offers systematic treatment of important control problems in power inverters, and different general converter theories. Starting at a basic level, it presents conventional power conversion methodologies and then non-conventional' methods, with a highly accessible summary of the latest developments in power inverters as well as insight into the grid connection of renewable power. Consisting of four parts Power Quality Control, Neutral Line Provision, Power Flow Control, and Synchronisation this book fully demonstrates the integration of controlTrade Review"From basic level to latest developments it covers every aspect to be a helpful resource both in practice and research." (VGB PowerTech, 1 May 2013) Table of ContentsPreface xvii Acknowledgments xix About the Authors xxi List of Abbreviations xxiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Outline of the Book 1 1.2 Basics of Power Processing 4 1.3 Hardware Issues 24 1.4 Wind Power Systems 44 1.5 Solar Power Systems 53 1.6 Smart Grid Integration 55 2 Preliminaries 63 2.1 Power Quality Issues 63 2.2 Repetitive Control 67 2.3 Reference Frames 71 PART I POWER QUALITY CONTROL 3 Current H∞ Repetitive Control 81 3.1 System Description 81 3.2 Controller Design 82 3.3 Design Example 87 3.4 Experimental Results 88 3.5 Summary 91 4 Voltage and Current H∞ Repetitive Control 93 4.1 System Description 93 4.2 Modelling of an Inverter 94 4.3 Controller Design 96 4.4 Design Example 100 4.5 Simulation Results 102 4.6 Summary 107 5 Voltage H∞ Repetitive Control with a Frequency-adaptive Mechanism 109 5.1 System Description 109 5.2 Controller Design 110 5.3 Design Example 116 5.4 Experimental Results 117 5.5 Summary 126 6 Cascaded Current-Voltage H∞ Repetitive Control 127 6.1 Operation Modes in Microgrids 127 6.2 Control Scheme 129 6.3 Design of the Voltage Controller 131 6.4 Design of the Current Controller 133 6.5 Design Example 134 6.6 Experimental Results 136 6.7 Summary 147 7 Control of Inverter Output Impedance 149 7.1 Inverters with Inductive Output Impedances (L-inverters) 149 7.2 Inverters with Resistive Output Impedances (R-inverters) 150 7.3 Inverters with Capacitive Output Impedances (C-inverters) 152 7.4 Design of C-inverters to Improve the Voltage THD 153 7.5 Simulation Results for R-, L- and C-inverters 157 7.6 Experimental Results for R-, L- and C-inverters 159 7.7 Impact of the Filter Capacitor 162 7.8 Summary 163 8 Bypassing Harmonic Current Components 165 8.1 Controller Design 165 8.2 Physical Interpretation of the Controller 167 8.3 Stability Analysis 169 8.4 Experimental Results 171 8.5 Summary 172 9 Power Quality Issues in Traction Power Systems 173 9.1 Introduction 173 9.2 Description of the Topology 175 9.3 Compensation of Negative-sequence Currents, Reactive Power and Harmonic Currents 175 9.4 Special Case: cos θ = 1 180 9.5 Simulation Results 181 9.6 Summary 184 PART II NEUTRAL LINE PROVISION 10 Topology of a Neutral Leg 187 10.1 Introduction 187 10.2 Split DC Link 188 10.3 Conventional Neutral Leg 189 10.4 Independently-controlled Neutral Leg 190 10.5 Summary 191 11 Classical Control of a Neutral Leg 193 11.1 Mathematical Modelling 193 11.2 Controller Design 195 11.3 Performance Evaluation 199 11.4 Selection of the Components 201 11.5 Simulation Results 202 11.6 Summary 205 12 H∞ Voltage-Current Control of a Neutral Leg 207 12.1 Mathematical Modelling 207 12.2 Controller Design 210 12.3 Selection of Weighting Functions 214 12.4 Design Example 215 12.5 Simulation Results 216 12.6 Summary 217 13 Parallel PI Voltage-H∞ Current Control of a Neutral Leg 219 13.1 Description of the Neutral Leg 219 13.2 Design of an 13.3 Addition of a Voltage Control Loop 226 13.4 Experimental Results 226 13.5 Summary 230 14 Applications in Single-phase to Three-phase Conversion 233 14.1 Introduction 233 14.2 The Topology under Consideration 236 14.3 Basic Analysis 237 14.4 Controller Design 239 14.5 Simulation Results 244 14.6 Summary 248 PART III POWER FLOW CONTROL 15 Current Proportional–Integral Control 251 15.1 Control Structure 251 15.2 Controller Implementation 254 15.3 Experimental Results 254 15.4 Summary 258 16 Current Proportional-Resonant Control 259 16.1 Proportional-resonant Controller 259 16.2 Control Structure 260 16.3 Controller Design 261 16.4 Experimental Results 263 16.5 Summary 268 17 Current Deadbeat Predictive Control 269 17.1 Control Structure 269 17.2 Controller Design 269 17.3 Experimental Results 271 17.4 Summary 275 18 Synchronverters: Grid-friendly Inverters that Mimic Synchronous Generators 277 18.1 Mathematical Model of Synchronous Generators 278 18.2 Implementation of a Synchronverter 282 18.3 Operation of a Synchronverter 284 18.4 Simulation Results 287 18.5 Experimental Results 290 18.6 Summary 296 19 Parallel Operation of Inverters 297 19.1 Introduction 297 19.2 Problem Description 299 19.3 Power Delivered to a Voltage Source 300 19.4 Conventional Droop Control 301 19.5 Inherent Limitations of Conventional Droop Control 304 19.6 Robust Droop Control of R-inverters 309 19.7 Robust Droop Control of C-inverters 319 19.8 Robust Droop Control of L-inverters 326 19.9 Summary 330 20 Robust Droop Control with Improved Voltage Quality 335 20.1 Control Strategy 335 20.2 Experimental Results 337 20.3 Summary 346 21 Harmonic Droop Controller to Improve Voltage Quality 347 21.1 Model of an Inverter System 347 21.2 Power Delivered to a Current Source 349 21.3 Reduction of Harmonics in the Output Voltage 351 21.4 Simulation Results 353 21.5 Experimental Results 355 21.6 Summary 358 PART IV SYNCHRONISATION 22 Conventional Synchronisation Techniques 361 22.1 Introduction 361 22.2 Zero-crossing Method 362 22.3 Basic Phase-locked Loops (PLL) 363 22.4 PLL in the Synchronously Rotating Reference Frame (SRF-PLL) 364 22.5 Second-order Generalised Integrator-based PLL (SOGI-PLL) 366 22.6 Sinusoidal Tracking Algorithm (STA) 368 22.7 Simulation Results with SOGI-PLL and STA 369 22.8 Experimental Results with SOGI-PLL and STA 372 22.9 Summary 378 23 Sinusoid-locked Loops 379 23.1 Single-phase Synchronous Machine (SSM) Connected to the Grid 379 23.2 Structure of a Sinusoid-locked Loop (SLL) 380 23.3 Tracking of the Frequency and the Phase 382 23.4 Tracking of the Voltage Amplitude 382 23.5 Tuning of the Parameters 382 23.6 Equivalent Structure 383 23.7 Simulation Results 384 23.8 Experimental Results 386 23.9 Summary 390 References 393 Index 407

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Book SynopsisDesigned to support interactive teaching and computer assisted self-learning, this second edition of Electrical Energy Conversion and Transport is thoroughly updated to address the recent environmental effects of electric power generation and transmission, which have become more important together with the deregulation of the industry. New content explores different power generation methods, including renewable energy generation (solar, wind, fuel cell) and includes new sections that discuss the upcoming Smart Grid and the distributed power generation using renewable energy generation, making the text essential reading material for students and practicing engineers.Trade Review“This book is recommended reading for those interested in deepening their knowledge of electrical systems, energy conversion technologies, and the use of computer tools to assist in understanding of complex engineering problems.” (IEEE Power Electronics Society Newsletter, 1 August2013)Table of ContentsPreface and Acknowledgments xv 1 ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS 1 1.1. Electric Networks 2 1.1.1. Transmission Systems 4 1.1.2. Distribution Systems 6 1.2. Traditional Transmission Systems 6 1.2.1. Substation Components 8 1.2.2. Substations and Equipment 9 1.2.3. Gas Insulated Switchgear 17 1.2.4. Power System Operation in Steady-State Conditions 18 1.2.5. Network Dynamic Operation (Transient Condition) 20 1.3. Traditional Distribution Systems 20 1.3.1. Distribution Feeder 21 1.3.2. Residential Electrical Connection 24 1.4. Intelligent Electrical Grids 26 1.4.1. Intelligent High-Voltage Transmission Systems 26 1.4.2. Intelligent Distribution Networks 28 1.5. Exercises 28 1.6. Problems 29 2 ELECTRIC GENERATING STATIONS 30 2.1. Fossil Power Plants 34 2.1.1. Fuel Storage and Handling 34 2.1.2. Boiler 35 2.1.3. Turbine 41 2.1.4. Generator and Electrical System 43 2.1.5. Combustion Turbine 47 2.1.6. Combined Cycle Plants 48 2.2. Nuclear Power Plants 49 2.2.1. Nuclear Reactor 50 2.2.2. Pressurized Water Reactor 53 2.2.3. Boiling Water Reactor 55 2.3. Hydroelectric Power Plants 56 2.3.1. Low Head Hydroplants 59 2.3.2. Medium- and High-Head Hydroplants 60 2.3.3. Pumped Storage Facility 62 2.4. Wind Farms 63 2.5. Solar Power Plants 66 2.5.1. Photovoltaics 66 2.5.2. Solar Thermal Plants 70 2.6. Geothermal Power Plants 72 2.7. Ocean Power 73 2.7.1. Ocean Tidal 74 2.7.2. Ocean Current 75 2.7.3. Ocean Wave 75 2.7.4. Ocean Thermal 76 2.8. Other Generation Schemes 76 2.9. Electricity Generation Economics 77 2.9.1. O&M Cost 79 2.9.2. Fuel Cost 79 2.9.3. Capital Cost 80 2.9.4. Overall Generation Costs 81 2.10. Load Characteristics and Forecasting 81 2.11. Environmental Impact 85 2.12. Exercises 86 2.13. Problems 86 3 SINGLE-PHASE CIRCUITS 89 3.1. Circuit Analysis Fundamentals 90 3.1.1. Basic Defi nitions and Nomenclature 90 3.1.2. Voltage and Current Phasors 91 3.1.3. Power 92 3.2. AC Circuits 94 3.3. Impedance 96 3.3.1. Series Connection 100 3.3.2. Parallel Connection 100 3.3.3. Impedance Examples 104 3.4. Loads 109 3.4.1. Power Factor 111 3.4.2. Voltage Regulation 116 3.5. Basic Laws and Circuit Analysis Techniques 116 3.5.1. Kirchhoff’s Current Law 117 3.5.2. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law 123 3.5.3. Thévenin’s and Norton’s Theorems 127 3.6. Applications of Single-Phase Circuit Analysis 128 3.7. Summary 140 3.8. Exercises 141 3.9. Problems 141 4 THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS 145 4.1. Three-Phase Quantities 146 4.2. Wye-Connected Generator 151 4.3. Wye-Connected Loads 155 4.3.1. Balanced Wye Load (Four-Wire System) 156 4.3.2. Unbalanced Wye Load (Four-Wire System) 158 4.3.3. Wye-Connected Three-Wire System 160 4.4. Delta-Connected System 162 4.4.1. Delta-Connected Generator 162 4.4.2. Balanced Delta Load 163 4.4.3. Unbalanced Delta Load 166 4.5. Summary 168 4.6. Three-Phase Power Measurement 174 4.6.1. Four-Wire System 175 4.6.2. Three-Wire System 175 4.7. Per-Unit System 177 4.8. Symmetrical Components 182 4.8.1. Calculation of Phase Voltages from Sequential Components 182 4.8.2. Calculation of Sequential Components from Phase Voltages 183 4.8.3. Sequential Components of Impedance Loads 184 4.9. Application Examples 188 4.10. Exercises 203 4.11. Problems 204 5 TRANSMISSION LINES AND CABLES 207 5.1. Construction 208 5.2. Components of the Transmission Lines 215 5.2.1. Towers and Foundations 215 5.2.2. Conductors 216 5.2.3. Insulators 218 5.3. Cables 223 5.4. Transmission Line Electrical Parameters 224 5.5. Magnetic Field Generated by Transmission Lines 225 5.5.1. Magnetic Field Energy Content 229 5.5.2. Single Conductor Generated Magnetic Field 230 5.5.3. Complex Spatial Vector Mathematics 233 5.5.4. Three-Phase Transmission Line-Generated Magnetic Field 234 5.6. Transmission Line Inductance 239 5.6.1. External Magnetic Flux 240 5.6.2. Internal Magnetic Flux 241 5.6.3. Total Conductor Magnetic Flux 243 5.6.4. Three-Phase Line Inductance 244 5.7. Transmission Line Capacitance 249 5.7.1. Electric Field Generation 249 5.7.2. Electrical Field around a Conductor 250 5.7.3. Three-Phase Transmission Line Generated Electric Field 256 5.7.4. Three-Phase Line Capacitance 271 5.8. Transmission Line Networks 273 5.8.1. Equivalent Circuit for a Balanced System 273 5.8.2. Long Transmission Lines 277 5.9. Concept of Transmission Line Protection 282 5.9.1. Transmission Line Faults 282 5.9.2. Protection Methods 285 5.9.3. Fuse Protection 285 5.9.4. Overcurrent Protection 285 5.9.5. Distance Protection 288 5.10. Application Examples 289 5.10.1. Mathcad® Examples 289 5.10.2. PSpice®: Transient Short-Circuit Current in Transmission Lines 302 5.10.3. PSpice: Transmission Line Energization 304 5.11. Exercises 307 5.12. Problems 308 6 ELECTROMECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION 313 6.1. Magnetic Circuits 314 6.1.1. Magnetic Circuit Theory 315 6.1.2. Magnetic Circuit Analysis 317 6.1.3. Magnetic Energy 323 6.1.4. Magnetization Curve 324 6.1.5. Magnetization Curve Modeling 329 6.2. Magnetic and Electric Field Generated Forces 336 6.2.1. Electric Field-Generated Force 336 6.2.2. Magnetic Field-Generated Force 337 6.3. Electromechanical System 343 6.3.1. Electric Field 344 6.3.2. Magnetic Field 345 6.4. Calculation of Electromagnetic Forces 347 6.5. Applications 352 6.5.1. Actuators 353 6.5.2. Transducers 356 6.5.3. Permanent Magnet Motors and Generators 362 6.5.4. Microelectromechanical Systems 365 6.6. Summary 368 6.7. Exercises 368 6.8. Problems 369 7 TRANSFORMERS 375 7.1. Construction 376 7.2. Single-Phase Transformers 381 7.2.1. Ideal Transformer 382 7.2.2. Real Transformer 391 7.2.3. Determination of Equivalent Transformer Circuit Parameters 399 7.3. Three-Phase Transformers 408 7.3.1. Wye–Wye Connection 410 7.3.2. Wye–Delta Connection 415 7.3.3. Delta–Wye Connection 418 7.3.4. Delta–Delta Connection 420 7.3.5. Summary 420 7.3.6. Analysis of Three-Phase Transformer Configurations 421 7.3.7. Equivalent Circuit Parameters of a Three-Phase Transformer 429 7.3.8. General Program for Computing Transformer Parameters 432 7.3.9. Application Examples 435 7.3.10. Concept of Transformer Protection 447 7.4. Exercises 450 7.5. Problems 451 8 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 456 8.1. Construction 456 8.1.1. Round Rotor Generator 457 8.1.2. Salient Pole Generator 459 8.1.3. Exciter 462 8.2. Operating Concept 465 8.2.1. Main Rotating Flux 465 8.2.2. Armature Flux 468 8.3. Generator Application 472 8.3.1. Loading 472 8.3.2. Reactive Power Regulation 472 8.3.3. Synchronization 473 8.3.4. Static Stability 474 8.4. Induced Voltage and Armature Reactance Calculation 487 8.4.1. Induced Voltage Calculation 488 8.4.2. Armature Reactance Calculation 496 8.5. Concept of Generator Protection 507 8.6. Application Examples 511 8.7. Exercises 535 8.8. Problems 536 9 INDUCTION MACHINES 541 9.1. Introduction 541 9.2. Construction 543 9.2.1. Stator 543 9.2.2. Rotor 546 9.3. Three-Phase Induction Motor 547 9.3.1. Operating Principle 547 9.3.2. Equivalent Circuit 553 9.3.3. Motor Performance 556 9.3.4. Motor Maximum Output 557 9.3.5. Performance Analyses 560 9.3.6. Determination of Motor Parameters by Measurement 570 9.4. Single-Phase Induction Motor 591 9.4.1. Operating Principle 592 9.4.2. Single-Phase Induction Motor Performance Analysis 595 9.5. Induction Generators 603 9.5.1. Induction Generator Analysis 603 9.5.2. Doubly Fed Induction Generator 606 9.6. Concept of Motor Protection 608 9.7. Exercises 610 9.8. Problems 611 10 DC MACHINES 616 10.1. Construction 616 10.2. Operating Principle 620 10.2.1. DC Motor 620 10.2.2. DC Generator 623 10.2.3. Equivalent Circuit 625 10.2.4. Excitation Methods 628 10.3. Operation Analyses 629 10.3.1. Separately Excited Machine 630 10.3.2. Shunt Machine 637 10.3.3. Series Motor 645 10.3.4. Summary 651 10.4. Application Examples 652 10.5. Exercises 669 10.6. Problems 669 11 INTRODUCTION TO POWER ELECTRONICS AND MOTOR CONTROL 673 11.1. Concept of DC Motor Control 674 11.2. Concept of AC Induction Motor Control 678 11.3. Semiconductor Switches 685 11.3.1. Diode 685 11.3.2. Thyristor 687 11.3.3. Gate Turn-Off Thyristor 692 11.3.4. Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor 693 11.3.5. Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor 695 11.3.6. Summary 696 11.4. Rectifi ers 697 11.4.1. Simple Passive Diode Rectifiers 697 11.4.2. Single-Phase Controllable Rectifiers 709 11.4.3. Firing and Snubber Circuits 726 11.4.4. Three-Phase Rectifiers 728 11.5. Inverters 729 11.5.1. Voltage Source Inverter with Pulse Width Modulation 732 11.5.2. Line-Commutated Thyristor-Controlled Inverter 735 11.5.3. High-Voltage DC Transmission 738 11.6. Flexible AC Transmission 739 11.6.1. Static VAR Compensator 740 11.6.2. Static Synchronous Compensator 744 11.6.3. Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor 744 11.6.4. Unifi ed Power Controller 747 11.7. DC-to-DC Converters 747 11.7.1. Boost Converter 748 11.7.2. Buck Converter 754 11.8. Application Examples 757 11.9. Exercises 773 11.10. Problems 774 Appendix A Introduction to Mathcad® 777 A.1. Worksheet and Toolbars 777 A.1.1. Text Regions 780 A.1.2. Calculations 780 A.2. Functions 783 A.2.1. Repetitive Calculations 784 A.2.2. Defining a Function 785 A.2.3. Plotting a Function 786 A.2.4. Minimum and Maximum Function Values 788 A.3. Equation Solvers 788 A.3.1. Root Equation Solver 789 A.3.2. Find Equation Solver 789 A.4. Vectors and Matrices 790 Appendix B Introduction to MATLAB® 794 B.1. Desktop Tools 794 B.2. Operators, Variables, and Functions 796 B.3. Vectors and Matrices 797 B.4. Colon Operator 799 B.5. Repeated Evaluation of an Equation 799 B.6. Plotting 800 B.7. Basic Programming 803 Appendix C Fundamental Units and Constants 805 C.1. Fundamental Units 805 C.2. Fundamental Physical Constants 809 Appendix D Introduction to PSpice® 810 D.1. Obtaining and Installing PSpice 810 D.2. Using PSpice 811 D.2.1. Creating a Circuit 811 D.2.2. Simulating a Circuit 812 D.2.3. Analyzing Simulation Results 813 Problem Solution Key 815 Bibliography 822 Index 824

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Book SynopsisCovering the fundamentals of electrical transients, this book should equip readers with the skills to recognise and solve transient problems in power networks and components, starting with the basics of transient electrical circuit theory.Trade Review"...intended readers are those responsible for design and operation of electric utility transmission systems...not for the mathematically disadvantaged..." (Electrical Apparatus, October 2001)Table of ContentsPreface. Basic Concepts and Simple Switching Transients. Transient Analysis of Three-Phase Power Systems. Travelling Waves. Circuit Breakers. Switching Transients. Power System Transient Recovery Voltages. Lightning-Induced Transients. Numerical Simulation of Electrical Transients. Insulation Coordination, Standardisation Bodies, and Standards. Testing of Circuit Breakers. Index.

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Book SynopsisElectrical engineering students are traditionally given but brief exposure to the important topic of electrical machines and transformers. This text/reference comprises a thorough and accessible introduction to the subject and this Second Edition contains more material on small machinery and a new chapter on the ``energy conversion'''' approach to calculation of magnetically developed forces. A circuit model is developed for each of the basic devices and the physical basis of each model is explained. Chapters are relatively independent of one another and follow the same general plan--coverage is broad and deep enough to permit flexibility in course design.Table of ContentsWhat Machines and Transformers Have in Common. Synchronous Machines. Transformers. Induction, or Asynchronous, Machines. Direct-Current Machines. Single-Phase Machines. Machines for Special Jobs. Forces and Torques in Electromagnetic Systems. Appendices. Glossary of Symbols. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis fourth volume of the Wiley Series in Environmentally Conscious Engineering, Environmentally Conscious Alternative Engergy Production describes and compares the environmental and economic impacts of renewable and conventional power generation technologies.Table of ContentsContributors. Preface. 1: Economic Comparisons of Power Generation Technologies (Todd S. Nemec). 2: Solar Energy Applications (Jan F. Kreider). 3: Fuel Cells (Matthew M. Mench). 4: Geothermal Resources and Technology: An Introduction (Peter D. Blair). 5: Wind Power Generation (Todd S. Nemec). 6: Cogeneration (Jerald A. Caton). 7: Hydrogen Energy (E. K. Stefanakos, D. Y. Goswami, S. S. Srinivasan, and J. T. Wolan). 8: Clean Power Generation from Coal (James W. Butler and Prabir Basu). 9: Using Waste Heat from Power Plants (Herbert A. Ingley III). Appendix A: Solar Thermal and Photovoltaic Collector Manufacturing Activities 2005. Appendix B: Survey of Geothermal Heat Pump Shipments, 1990–2004. Index.

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Book SynopsisA thoroughly revised new edition of the definitive work on power systems best practices In this eagerly awaited new edition, Power Generation, Operation, and Control continues to provide engineers and academics with a complete picture of the techniques used in modern power system operation. Long recognized as the standard reference in the field, the book has been thoroughly updated to reflect the enormous changes that have taken place in the electric power industry since the Second Edition was published seventeen years ago. With an emphasis on both the engineering and economic aspects of energy management, the Third Edition introduces central terminal characteristics for thermal and hydroelectric power generation systems, along with new optimization techniques for tackling real-world operating problems. Readers will find a range of algorithms and methods for performing integrated economic, network, and generating system analysis, as well as modern methods for power systTrade Review“Without a doubt, this book makes admirable progress in integrating the ­traditional with the new, and, as such, it is a worthy addition to professional libraries. It is a valuable text for a one- or two-course sequence in a graduate curriculum in power systems. Reasonable resource support for both student and instructor is available through the publisher.” (IEEE, 1 July 2014) Table of ContentsPreface to the Third Edition xvii Preface to the Second Edition xix Preface to the First Edition xxi Acknowledgment xxiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Purpose of the Course 1 1.2 Course Scope 2 1.3 Economic Importance 2 1.4 Deregulation: Vertical to Horizontal 3 1.5 Problems: New and Old 3 1.6 Characteristics of Steam Units 6 1.6.1 Variations in Steam Unit Characteristics 10 1.6.2 Combined Cycle Units 13 1.6.3 Cogeneration Plants 14 1.6.4 Light-Water Moderated Nuclear Reactor Units 17 1.6.5 Hydroelectric Units 18 1.6.6 Energy Storage 21 1.7 Renewable Energy 22 1.7.1 Wind Power 23 1.7.2 Cut-In Speed 23 1.7.3 Rated Output Power and Rated Output Wind Speed 24 1.7.4 Cut-Out Speed 24 1.7.5 Wind Turbine Efficiency or Power Coefficient 24 1.7.6 Solar Power 25 Appendix 1A Typical Generation Data 26 Appendix 1B Fossil Fuel Prices 28 Appendix 1C Unit Statistics 29 References for Generation Systems 31 Further Reading 31 2 Industrial Organization, Managerial Economics, and Finance 35 2.1 Introduction 35 2.2 Business Environments 36 2.2.1 Regulated Environment 37 2.2.2 Competitive Market Environment 38 2.3 Theory of the Firm 40 2.4 Competitive Market Solutions 42 2.5 Supplier Solutions 45 2.5.1 Supplier Costs 46 2.5.2 Individual Supplier Curves 46 2.5.3 Competitive Environments 47 2.5.4 Imperfect Competition 51 2.5.5 Other Factors 52 2.6 Cost of Electric Energy Production 53 2.7 Evolving Markets 54 2.7.1 Energy Flow Diagram 57 2.8 Multiple Company Environments 58 2.8.1 Leontief Model: Input–Output Economics 58 2.8.2 Scarce Fuel Resources 60 2.9 Uncertainty and Reliability 61 Problems 61 Reference 62 3 Economic Dispatch of Thermal Units and Methods of Solution 63 3.1 The Economic Dispatch Problem 63 3.2 Economic Dispatch with Piecewise Linear Cost Functions 68 3.3 LP Method 69 3.3.1 Piecewise Linear Cost Functions 69 3.3.2 Economic Dispatch with LP 71 3.4 The Lambda Iteration Method 73 3.5 Economic Dispatch Via Binary Search 76 3.6 Economic Dispatch Using Dynamic Programming 78 3.7 Composite Generation Production Cost Function 81 3.8 Base Point and Participation Factors 85 3.9 Thermal System Dispatching with Network Losses Considered 88 3.10 The Concept of Locational Marginal Price (LMP) 92 3.11 Auction Mechanisms 95 3.11.1 PJM Incremental Price Auction as a Graphical Solution 95 3.11.2 Auction Theory Introduction 98 3.11.3 Auction Mechanisms 100 3.11.4 English (First-Price Open-Cry = Ascending) 101 3.11.5 Dutch (Descending) 103 3.11.6 First-Price Sealed Bid 104 3.11.7 Vickrey (Second-Price Sealed Bid) 105 3.11.8 All Pay (e.g., Lobbying Activity) 105 Appendix 3A Optimization Within Constraints 106 Appendix 3B Linear Programming (LP) 117 Appendix 3C Non-Linear Programming 128 Appendix 3D Dynamic Programming (DP) 128 Appendix 3E Convex Optimization 135 Problems 138 References 146 4 Unit Commitment 147 4.1 Introduction 147 4.1.1 Economic Dispatch versus Unit Commitment 147 4.1.2 Constraints in Unit Commitment 152 4.1.3 Spinning Reserve 152 4.1.4 Thermal Unit Constraints 153 4.1.5 Other Constraints 155 4.2 Unit Commitment Solution Methods 155 4.2.1 Priority-List Methods 156 4.2.2 Lagrange Relaxation Solution 157 4.2.3 Mixed Integer Linear Programming 166 4.3 Security-Constrained Unit Commitment (SCUC) 167 4.4 Daily Auctions Using a Unit Commitment 167 Appendix 4A Dual Optimization on a Nonconvex Problem 167 Appendix 4B Dynamic-Programming Solution to Unit Commitment 173 4B.1 Introduction 173 4B.2 Forward DP Approach 174 Problems 182 5 Generation with Limited Energy Supply 187 5.1 Introduction 187 5.2 Fuel Scheduling 188 5.3 Take-or-Pay Fuel Supply Contract 188 5.4 Complex Take-or-Pay Fuel Supply Models 194 5.4.1 Hard Limits and Slack Variables 194 5.5 Fuel Scheduling by Linear Programming 195 5.6 Introduction to Hydrothermal Coordination 202 5.6.1 Long-Range Hydro-Scheduling 203 5.6.2 Short-Range Hydro-Scheduling 204 5.7 Hydroelectric Plant Models 204 5.8 Scheduling Problems 207 5.8.1 Types of Scheduling Problems 207 5.8.2 Scheduling Energy 207 5.9 The Hydrothermal Scheduling Problem 211 5.9.1 Hydro-Scheduling with Storage Limitations 211 5.9.2 Hydro-Units in Series (Hydraulically Coupled) 216 5.9.3 Pumped-Storage Hydroplants 218 5.10 Hydro-Scheduling using Linear Programming 222 Appendix 5A Dynamic-Programming Solution to hydrothermal Scheduling 225 5.A.1 Dynamic Programming Example 227 5.A.1.1 Procedure 228 5.A.1.2 Extension to Other Cases 231 5.A.1.3 Dynamic-Programming Solution to Multiple Hydroplant Problem 232 Problems 234 6 Transmission System Effects 243 6.1 Introduction 243 6.2 Conversion of Equipment Data to Bus and Branch Data 247 6.3 Substation Bus Processing 248 6.4 Equipment Modeling 248 6.5 Dispatcher Power Flow for Operational Planning 251 6.6 Conservation of Energy (Tellegen’s Theorem) 252 6.7 Existing Power Flow Techniques 253 6.8 The Newton–Raphson Method Using the Augmented Jacobian Matrix 254 6.8.1 Power Flow Statement 254 6.9 Mathematical Overview 257 6.10 AC System Control Modeling 259 6.11 Local Voltage Control 259 6.12 Modeling of Transmission Lines and Transformers 259 6.12.1 Transmission Line Flow Equations 259 6.12.2 Transformer Flow Equations 260 6.13 HVDC links 261 6.13.1 Modeling of HVDC Converters and FACT Devices 264 6.13.2 Definition of Angular Relationships in HVDC Converters 264 6.13.3 Power Equations for a Six-Pole HVDC Converter 264 6.14 Brief Review of Jacobian Matrix Processing 267 6.15 Example 6A: AC Power Flow Case 269 6.16 The Decoupled Power Flow 271 6.17 The Gauss–Seidel Method 275 6.18 The “DC” or Linear Power Flow 277 6.18.1 DC Power Flow Calculation 277 6.18.2 Example 6B: DC Power Flow Example on the Six-Bus Sample System 278 6.19 Unified Eliminated Variable Hvdc Method 278 6.19.1 Changes to Jacobian Matrix Reduced 279 6.19.2 Control Modes 280 6.19.3 Analytical Elimination 280 6.19.4 Control Mode Switching 283 6.19.5 Bipolar and 12-Pulse Converters 283 6.20 Transmission Losses 284 6.20.1 A Two-Generator System Example 284 6.20.2 Coordination Equations, Incremental Losses, and Penalty Factors 286 6.21 Discussion of Reference Bus Penalty Factors 288 6.22 Bus Penalty Factors Direct from the AC Power Flow 289 Problems 291 7 Power System Security 296 7.1 Introduction 296 7.2 Factors Affecting Power System Security 301 7.3 Contingency Analysis: Detection of Network Problems 301 7.3.1 Generation Outages 301 7.3.2 Transmission Outages 302 7.4 An Overview of Security Analysis 306 7.4.1 Linear Sensitivity Factors 307 7.5 Monitoring Power Transactions Using “Flowgates” 313 7.6 Voltage Collapse 315 7.6.1 AC Power Flow Methods 317 7.6.2 Contingency Selection 320 7.6.3 Concentric Relaxation 323 7.6.4 Bounding 325 7.6.5 Adaptive Localization 325 Appendix 7A AC Power Flow Sample Cases 327 Appendix 7B Calculation of Network Sensitivity Factors 336 7B.1 Calculation of PTDF Factors 336 7B.2 Calculation of LODF Factors 339 7B.2.1 Special Cases 341 7B.3 Compensated PTDF Factors 343 Problems 343 References 349 8 Optimal Power Flow 350 8.1 Introduction 350 8.2 The Economic Dispatch Formulation 351 8.3 The Optimal Power Flow Calculation Combining Economic Dispatch and the Power Flow 352 8.4 Optimal Power Flow Using the DC Power Flow 354 8.5 Example 8A: Solution of the DC Power Flow OPF 356 8.6 Example 8B: DCOPF with Transmission Line Limit Imposed 361 8.7 Formal Solution of the DCOPF 365 8.8 Adding Line Flow Constraints to the Linear Programming Solution 365 8.8.1 Solving the DCOPF Using Quadratic Programming 367 8.9 Solution of the ACOPF 368 8.10 Algorithms for Solution of the ACOPF 369 8.11 Relationship Between LMP, Incremental Losses, and Line Flow Constraints 376 8.11.1 Locational Marginal Price at a Bus with No Lines Being Held at Limit 377 8.11.2 Locational Marginal Price with a Line Held at its Limit 378 8.12 Security-Constrained OPF 382 8.12.1 Security Constrained OPF Using the DC Power Flow and Quadratic Programming 384 8.12.2 DC Power Flow 385 8.12.3 Line Flow Limits 385 8.12.4 Contingency Limits 386 Appendix 8A Interior Point Method 391 Appendix 8B Data for the 12-Bus System 393 Appendix 8C Line Flow Sensitivity Factors 395 Appendix 8D Linear Sensitivity Analysis of the AC Power Flow 397 Problems 399 9 Introduction to State Estimation in Power Systems 403 9.1 Introduction 403 9.2 Power System State Estimation 404 9.3 Maximum Likelihood Weighted Least-Squares Estimation 408 9.3.1 Introduction 408 9.3.2 Maximum Likelihood Concepts 410 9.3.3 Matrix Formulation 414 9.3.4 An Example of Weighted Least-Squares State Estimation 417 9.4 State Estimation of an Ac Network 421 9.4.1 Development of Method 421 9.4.2 Typical Results of State Estimation on an AC Network 424 9.5 State Estimation by Orthogonal Decomposition 428 9.5.1 The Orthogonal Decomposition Algorithm 431 9.6 An Introduction to Advanced Topics in State Estimation 435 9.6.1 Sources of Error in State Estimation 435 9.6.2 Detection and Identification of Bad Measurements 436 9.6.3 Estimation of Quantities Not Being Measured 443 9.6.4 Network Observability and Pseudo-measurements 444 9.7 The Use of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUS) 447 9.8 Application of Power Systems State Estimation 451 9.9 Importance of Data Verification and Validation 454 9.10 Power System Control Centers 454 Appendix 9A Derivation of Least-Squares Equations 456 9A.1 The Overdetermined Case (Nm > Ns) 457 9A.2 The Fully Determined Case (Nm = Ns) 462 9A.3 The Underdetermined Case (Nm < Ns) 462 Problems 464 10 Control of Generation 468 10.1 Introduction 468 10.2 Generator Model 470 10.3 Load Model 473 10.4 Prime-Mover Model 475 10.5 Governor Model 476 10.6 Tie-Line Model 481 10.7 Generation Control 485 10.7.1 Supplementary Control Action 485 10.7.2 Tie-Line Control 486 10.7.3 Generation Allocation 489 10.7.4 Automatic Generation Control (AGC) Implementation 491 10.7.5 AGC Features 495 10.7.6 NERC Generation Control Criteria 496 Problems 497 References 500 11 Interchange, Pooling, Brokers, and Auctions 501 11.1 Introduction 501 11.2 Interchange Contracts 504 11.2.1 Energy 504 11.2.2 Dynamic Energy 506 11.2.3 Contingent 506 11.2.4 Market Based 507 11.2.5 Transmission Use 508 11.2.6 Reliability 517 11.3 Energy Interchange between Utilities 517 11.4 Interutility Economy Energy Evaluation 521 11.5 Interchange Evaluation with Unit Commitment 522 11.6 Multiple Utility Interchange Transactions—Wheeling 523 11.7 Power Pools 526 11.8 The Energy-Broker System 529 11.9 Transmission Capability General Issues 533 11.10 Available Transfer Capability and Flowgates 535 11.10.1 Definitions 536 11.10.2 Process 539 11.10.3 Calculation ATC Methodology 540 11.11 Security Constrained Unit Commitment (SCUC) 550 11.11.1 Loads and Generation in a Spot Market Auction 550 11.11.2 Shape of the Two Functions 552 11.11.3 Meaning of the Lagrange Multipliers 553 11.11.4 The Day-Ahead Market Dispatch 554 11.12 Auction Emulation using Network LP 555 11.13 Sealed Bid Discrete Auctions 555 Problems 560 12 Short-Term Demand Forecasting 566 12.1 Perspective 566 12.2 Analytic Methods 569 12.3 Demand Models 571 12.4 Commodity Price Forecasting 572 12.5 Forecasting Errors 573 12.6 System Identification 573 12.7 Econometric Models 574 12.7.1 Linear Environmental Model 574 12.7.2 Weather-Sensitive Models 576 12.8 Time Series 578 12.8.1 Time Series Models Seasonal Component 578 12.8.2 Auto-Regressive (AR) 580 12.8.3 Moving Average (MA) 581 12.8.4 Auto-Regressive Moving Average (ARMA): Box-Jenkins 582 12.8.5 Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving-Average (ARIMA): Box-Jenkins 584 12.8.6 Others (ARMAX, ARIMAX, SARMAX, NARMA) 585 12.9 Time Series Model Development 585 12.9.1 Base Demand Models 586 12.9.2 Trend Models 586 12.9.3 Linear Regression Method 586 12.9.4 Seasonal Models 588 12.9.5 Stationarity 588 12.9.6 WLS Estimation Process 590 12.9.7 Order and Variance Estimation 591 12.9.8 Yule-Walker Equations 592 12.9.9 Durbin-Levinson Algorithm 595 12.9.10 Innovations Estimation for MA and ARMA Processes 598 12.9.11 ARIMA Overall Process 600 12.10 Artificial Neural Networks 603 12.10.1 Introduction to Artificial Neural Networks 604 12.10.2 Artificial Neurons 605 12.10.3 Neural network applications 606 12.10.4 Hopfield Neural Networks 606 12.10.5 Feed-Forward Networks 607 12.10.6 Back-Propagation Algorithm 610 12.10.7 Interior Point Linear Programming Algorithms 613 12.11 Model Integration 614 12.12 Demand Prediction 614 12.12.1 Hourly System Demand Forecasts 615 12.12.2 One-Step Ahead Forecasts 615 12.12.3 Hourly Bus Demand Forecasts 616 12.13 Conclusion 616 Problems 617 Index 620

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Book SynopsisComputer models can be used to simulate the changing states of electrical power systems. Such simulations enable the power engineer to study performance and predict disturbances. Focusing on the performance of the power system boosted by the FACTS.Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. Transmission Systems. FACTS and HVDC Transmission. Load Flow. Load Flow Under Power Electronic Control. Electromagnetic Transients. System Stability. System Stability Under Power Electronic Control. Appendix I: Fault Level Derivation. Appendix II: Numerical Integration Methods. Appendix III: Test System Used in the Stability Examples. Index.

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Book SynopsisAn in-depth treatment of the transient stability problem, its physical description and formulation. Discusses methods for transient stability analysis, sensitivity assessment and control. Considers conventional and non-conventional techniques including direct and artificial intelligence, system theory, load modeling, evaluation of machine parameters, saturation effects and pattern recognition approaches. Features practical examples and simulation results.Table of ContentsSynchronous Machines--Mathematical Description. Modeling of Power Systems for Stability Studies. Conventional Methods of Analysis. Lyapunov-Like Direct Methods. Extended Equal-Area Criterion. Decision Tree Transient Stability Method. Composite Electromechanical Distance Method. Appendices. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisPhotovoltaic conversion is a process for the direct conversion of sunlight into electricity. This book is a survey of recent achievements in solar concentration techniques for photovoltaic electricity generation.Table of ContentsFundamentals of Photovoltaic Conversion of Concentrated Sunlight(V. Rumyantsev). Ohmic Losses in Solar Cells (V. Rumyantsev). Concentrator Solar Cells (V. Andreev). Luminescent Phenomena in Concentrator Solar Cells (V.Rumyantsev). Transfer and Distribution of Radiant Energy in ConcentrationSystems (V. Grilikhes). Optimization of Solar Photovoltaic Power Plants with Concentrators(V. Grilikhes). Index.

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Book SynopsisProvides in depth discussion of the design, manufacturing, testing, installation, and operation of power and communication cables. This work offers information on the properties of material and teaches how they influence cable characteristics.Table of ContentsPREFACE. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. CHAPTER 1: CABLES: A CHRONOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE (R. Bartnikas). 1.1 Preliminary Remarks. 1.2 Power Cables. 1.3 Communication Cables. CHAPTER 2: CHARACTERISTICS OF CABLE MATERIALS (R. Bartnikas). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Metallic Conductors. 2.3 Conductor and Insulation Semiconducting Shields. 2.4 Insulation. 2.5 Materials for Protective Coverings. 2.6 Armoring Materials. 2.7 Coverings for Corrosion Protection. 2.8 Conclusion. 2.9 Glossary of Cable Materials Technology. CHAPTER 3: DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE OF EXTRUDED SOLID-DIELECTRIC POWER DISTRIBUTION CABLES (H. D. Campbell and L J. Hiivala). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Design Fundamentals. 3.3 Design Considerations. 3.4 Design Objectives. 3.5 Solid-Dielectric Insulation Techniques. 3.6 Related Tests. CHAPTER 4: EXTRUDED SOLID-DIELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION CABLES (L J. Hiivala). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Design and Construction. 4.3 Manufacturing Methods. 4.4 Testing. 4.5 Accessories. 4.6 Concluding Remarks. CHAPTER 5: DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE OF OIL-IMPREGNATED PAPER INSULATED POWER DISTRIBUTION CABLES (W. K. Rybczynski). 5.1 Brief History of Development. 5.2 Elements of Solid-Type Oil-Paper Cable Design. 5.3 Cable Manufacture. 5.4 Tests. 5.5 Electrical Characteristics. 5.6 Conclusion. CHAPTER 6: LOW-PRESSURE OIL-FILLED POWER TRANSMISSION CABLES (W. K. Rybczynski). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Elements of Oil-Filled Cable Design. 6.3 Cable Manufacture. 6.4 Tests. 6.5 Electrical Characteristics. 6.6 Principles of Oil Feeding. 6.7 Notes on Sheath Bonding. 6.8 Limitations of LPOF Cables. 6.9 Self-Contained High-Pressure Oil-Filled Cables. 6.10 Self Contained Oil-Filled Cables for dc Application. CHAPTER 7: HIGH-PRESSURE OIL-FILLED PIPE-TYPE POWER TRANSMISSION CABLES (W. K. Rybczynski). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Principles of Operation. 7.3 Elements of Cable Design. 7.4 Cable Manufacture. 7.5 Tests. 7.6 Electrical Characteristics. 7.7 Principles of Oil Feeding. 7.8 Cathodic Protection. 7.9 Limitations of HPOFPT Cables. 7.10 Development of HPOFPT Cable for Higher Voltages in the United States. 7.11 Gas-Type Cables. 7.12 Gas Compression EHV Cables. 7.13 Concluding Remarks. CHAPTER 8: VOLTAGE BREAKDOWN AND OTHER ELECTRICAL TESTS ON POWER CABLES (H. D. Campbell). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Alternating-Current Overvoltage Test. 8.3 Direct-Current Overvoltage Test. 8.4 Voltage Testing of Production Lengths. 8.5 Tests on Specimens. 8.6 Impulse Tests. CHAPTER 9: DISSIPATION FACTOR, PARTIAL-DISCHARGE, AND ELECTRICAL AGING TESTS ON POWER CABLES (R. Bartnikas). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Dissipation Factor of a Cable. 9.3 Bridge Techniques for the Measurement of tan δ. 9.4 Partial-Discharge Characteristics. 9.5 Partial-Discharge Measurements. 9.6 Partial-Discharge Site Location. 9.7 Discharge Pulse Pattern Studies. 9.8 Electrical Aging Mechanisms. 9.9 Accelerated Electrical Aging Tests. CHAPTER 10: FIELD TESTS AND ACCESSORIES FOR POLYMERIC POWER DISTRIBUTION CABLES (H. H. Campbell and W. T. Starr). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Alternating-Current Overvoltage Test. 10.3 Dissipation Factor (Power Factor) Test. 10.4 Insulation Resistance Test. 10.5 Partial-Discharge Test. 10.6 Direct-Current Overvoltage Test. 10.7 Direct-Current Test Procedures. 10.8 Interpretation of Test Results. 10.9 Question of Test Levels. 10.10 Direct Stress versus Alternating Stress Considerations. 10.11 Practical Test Levels. 10.12 Joints and Terminations. 10.13 Some Current Practices. CHAPTER 11: POWER CABLE SYSTEMS (G. Ludasi). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Comparison of Overhead Lines and Cables. 11.3 Radial Power Systems. 11.4 Looped Systems. 11.5 Current-Carrying Capacity: Rating Equations. 11.6 Calculation of Losses. 11.7 Thermal Resistance of Cables. 11.8 Cyclic Loading. 11.9 Short-Term Overloading. 11.10 Fault Currents. 11.11 Cable System Economics. 11.12 Choice of System Voltage. 11.13 Cable Selection and Installation Methods. 11.14 Cable Pulling. 11.15 Choice of Cable Route and Manhole Location. CHAPTER 12: CRYOGENIC AND COMPRESSED GAS INSULATED POWER CABLES (K. D. Srivastava). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Compressed Gas Insulated Transmission Line System. 12.3 Cryoresistive Cables. 12.4 Superconductive Cables. 12.5 Economic Considerations. CHAPTER 13: UNDERWATER POWER CABLES (R. T. Traut). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Underwater Power Cable Design. 13.3 Power Transmission Requirements. 13.4 Armor and External Protection Design. 13.5 Underwater Power Cable Manufacture. 13.6 Cable Transport. 13.7 Underwater Power Cable Installation. CHAPTER 14: HIGH-VOLTAGE DIRECT-CURRENT CABLES (C. Doench and K. D. Srivastava). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Electrical Behavior of DC Cables. 14.3 Transient Electric Stresses on HVDC Cables. 14.4 Design of HVDC Cables. 14.5 Selection of Materials. 14.6 Direct-Current Cable Accessories. 14.7 Testing of DC Cables. 14.8 Emerging Trends in HVDC Cable Technology. CHAPTER 15: TELEPHONE CABLES (R. Bartnikas). 15.1 Historical Background. 15.2 Transmission Parameters of Copper Conductor Telephone Cables. 15.3 Digital Transmission. 15.4 Characteristics of Metallic Conductor Telephone Cables. 15.4.1 Twisted-Wire Multipair Cables. 15.5 Electrical Characteristics of Coaxial Cables. 15.6 Metallic Conductor Telephone Cable Design and Manufacture. 15.7 Coaxial Cable Design and Construction. 15.8 Video Pair Cable Design and Construction. 15.9 Optical Fiber Telephone Cables. CHAPTER 16: UNDERSEA COAXIAL COMMUNICATION CABLES (R. T. Traut). 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Undersea Cable Telecommunications. 16.3 Undersea Coaxial Cable Design. CHAPTER 17: TERRESTRIAL AND UNDERWATER OPTICAL FIBER CABLES (W. F. Wright). 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Historical Perspective. 17.3 Optical Fiber Characteristics. 17.4 Introduction to Fiber-Optic Cables. 17.5 Introduction to Undersea Fiber-Optic Communication Systems. 17.6 Concluding Remarks. AUTHOR INDEX. SUBJECT INDEX. ABOUT THE EDITORS.

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Book SynopsisThis book offers an introduction to applications of fuzzy system theory to selected areas of electric power engineering. It presents theoretical background material from a practical point of view and then explores a number of applications of fuzzy systems.Table of ContentsList of Contributors. Preface. Acknowledgments. Introduction (M. El-Hawary). Fuzzy Systems: An Engineering Point of View (M. El-Hawary). Fuzzy Information Approaches to Equipment Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis (K. Tomsovic & B. Baer). Detection and Localization of Shorted Turns in the DC Field Winding of Turbine-Generator Rotors Using Novelty Detection and Fuzzified Neural Networks (M. El-Sharkawi, et al). Fuzzy Logic Controller as a Power System Stabilizer (O. Malik & K. El-Metwally). Fuzzy Logic Power System Stabilizer Using Polar Information (T. Hiyama). Fuzzy Logic Switching of FACTS Devices (T. Hiyama). Effects of Uncertain Load on Power Network Modeling (C. Lu & R. Leou). A Fuzzy Perspective of Power System Reliability (V. Miranda). Operation Support Expert System for Startup Schedule Optimization in Fossil Power Plants (H. Matsumoto). Fuzzy Systems Approach to Short-Term Power Purchases Considering Uncertain Prices (S. Shahidehpour & R. Ferrero). Index. About the Editor.

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Book SynopsisThe Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) -- a new technologybased on power electronics -- offers an opportunity to enhancecontrollability, stability, and power transfer capability of ACtransmission systems. Pioneers in FACTS and leading world expertsin power electronics applications Narain G. Hingorani and LaszloGyugyi have teamed together to bring you the definitive book onFACTS technology. Hingorani and Gyugyi present a practical approach to FACTS thatwill enable electrical engineers working in the power industry tounderstand the principles underlying this advanced system.UNDERSTANDING FACTS will also enhance expertise in equipmentspecifications and engineering design, offering an informed view ofthe future of power electronics in AC transmission systems. This comprehensive reference book provides an in-depth lookat: * Power semiconductor devices * Voltage-sourced and current-sourced converters * Specific FACTS controllers including SVC, STATCOM, TCSCTable of ContentsPREFACE xiii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xvii CHAPTER 1 FACTS Concept and General System Considerations 1 1.1 Transmission Interconnections 1 1.1.1 Why We Need Transmission Interconnections 1 1.1.2 Opportunities for FACTS 2 1.2 Flow of Power in an AC System 3 1.2.1 Power Flow in Parallel Paths 4 1.2.2 Power Flow in Meshed System 4 1.3 What Limits the Loading Capability? 7 1.4 Power Flow and Dynamic Stability Considerations of a Transmission Interconnection 9 1.5 Relative Importance of Controllable Parameters 12 1.6 Basic Types of FACTS Controllers 13 1.6.1 Relative Importance of Different Types of Controllers 14 1.7 Brief Description and Definitions of FACTS Controllers 16 1.7.1 Shunt Connected Controllers 18 1.7.2 Series Connected Controllers 20 1.7.3 Combined Shunt and Series Connected Controllers 23 1.7.4 Other Controllers 24 1.8 Checklist of Possible Benefits from FACTS Technology 25 1.9 In Perspective: HVDC or FACTS 26 CHAPTER 2 Power Semiconductor Devices 37 2.1 Perspective on Power Devices 37 2.1.1 Types of High-Power Devices 40 2.2 Principal High-Power Device Characteristics and Requirements 41 2.2.1 Voltage and Current Ratings 41 2.2.2 Losses and Speed of Switching 42 2.2.3 Parameter Trade-Off of Devices 44 2.3 Power Device Material 45 2.4 Diode (Pn Junction) 46 2.5 Transistor 48 2.5.1 MOSFET 51 2.6 Thyristor (without Turn-Off Capability) 52 2.7 Gate Turn-Off Thyristor (GTO) 54 2.7.1 Turn-On and Turn-Off Process 56 2.8 MOS Turn-Off Thyristor (MTO) 58 2.9 Emitter Turn-Off Thyristor 60 2.10 Integrated Gate-Commutated Thyristor (GCT and IGCT) 61 2.11 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) 63 2.12 MOS-Controlled Thyristor (MCT) 64 CHAPTER 3 Voltage-Sourced Converters 67 3.1 Basic Concept of Voltage-Sourced Converters 67 3.2 Single-Phase Full-Wave Bridge Converter Operation 69 3.3 Single Phase-Leg Operation 72 3.4 Square-Wave Voltage Harmonics for a Single-Phase Bridge 73 3.5 Three-Phase Full-Wave Bridge Converter 74 3.5.1 Converter Operation 74 3.5.2 Fundamental and Harmonics for a Three-Phase Bridge Converter 77 3.6 Sequence of Valve Conduction Process in Each Phase-Leg 80 3.7 Transformer Connections for 12-Pulse Operation 83 3.8 24- and 48-Pulse Operation 85 3.9 Three-Level Voltage-Sourced Converter 87 3.9.1 Operation of Three-Level Converter 87 3.9.2 Fundamental and Harmonic Voltages for a Three-Level Converter 88 3.9.3 Three-Level Converter with Parallel Legs 91 3.10 Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) Converter 91 3.11 Generalized Technique of Harmonic Elimination and Voltage Control 95 3.12 Converter Rating—General Comments 97 CHAPTER 4 Self- and Line-Commutated Current-Sourced Converters 103 4.1 Basic Concept of Current-Sourced Converters 103 4.2 Three-Phase Full-Wave Diode Rectifier 106 4.3 Thyristor-Based Converter (With Gate Turn-On but Without Gate Turn-Off) 110 4.3.1 Rectifier Operation 110 4.3.2 Inverter Operation 113 4.3.3 Valve Voltage 116 4.3.4 Commutation Failures 118 4.3.5 AC Current Harmonics 120 4.3.6 DC Voltage Harmonics 126 4.4 Current-Sourced Converter with Turn-Off Devices (Current Stiff Converter) 129 4.5 Current-Sourced Versus Voltage-Sourced Converters 132 CHAPTER 5 Static Shunt Compensators: SVC and STATCOM 135 5.1 Objectives of Shunt Compensation 135 5.1.1 Midpoint Voltage Regulation for Line Segmentation 135 5.1.2 End of Line Voltage Support to Prevent Voltage Instability 138 5.1.3 Improvement of Transient Stability 138 5.1.4 Power Oscillation Damping 142 5.1.5 Summary of Compensator Requirements 143 5.2 Methods of Controllable Var Generation 144 5.2.1 Variable Impedance Type Static Var Generators 145 5.2.2 Switching Converter Type Var Generators 164 5.2.3 Hybrid Var Generators: Switching Converter with TSC and TCR 177 5.2.4 Summary of Static Var Generators 178 5.3 Static Var Compensators: SVC and STATCOM 179 5.3.1 The Regulation Slope 183 5.3.2 Transfer Function and Dynamic Performance 184 5.3.3 Transient Stability Enhancement and Power Oscillation Damping 188 5.3.4 Var Reserve (Operating Point) Control 193 5.3.5 Summary of Compensator Control 195 5.4 Comparison Between STATCOM and SVC 197 5.4.1 V-I and V-Q Characteristics 197 5.4.2 Transient Stability 199 5.4.3 Response Time 201 5.4.4 Capability to Exchange Real Power 201 5.4.5 Operation With Unbalanced AC System 202 5.4.6 Loss Versus Var Output Characteristic 204 5.4.7 Physical Size and Installation 204 5.4.8 Merits of Hybrid Compensator 205 5.5 Static Var Systems 205 CHAPTER 6 Static Series Compensators: GCSC, TSSC, TCSC, and SSSC 209 6.1 Objectives of Series Compensation 209 6.1.1 Concept of Series Capacitive Compensation 210 6.1.2 Voltage Stability 211 6.1.3 Improvement of Transient Stability 212 6.1.4 Power Oscillation Damping 213 6.1.5 Subsynchronous Oscillation Damping 214 6.1.6 Summary of Functional Requirements 215 6.1.7 Approaches to Controlled Series Compensation 216 6.2 Variable Impedance Type Series Compensators 216 6.2.1 GTO Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor (GCSC) 216 6.2.2 Thyristor-Switched Series Capacitor (TSSC) 223 6.2.3 Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) 225 6.2.4 Subsynchronous Characteristics 236 6.2.5 Basic Operating Control Schemes for GCSC, TSSC, and TCSC 239 6.3 Switching Converter Type Series Compensators 243 6.3.1 The Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) 244 6.3.2 Transmitted Power Versus Transmission Angle Characteristic 245 6.3.3 Control Range and VA Rating 248 6.3.4 Capability to Provide Real Power Compensation 250 6.3.5 Immunity to Subsynchronous Resonance 254 6.3.6 Internal Control 257 6.4 External (System) Control for Series Reactive Compensators 259 6.5 Summary of Characteristics and Features 261 CHAPTER 7 Static Voltage and Phase Angle Regulators: TCVR and TCPAR 267 7.1 Objectives of Voltage and Phase Angle Regulators 267 7.1.1 Voltage and Phase Angle Regulation 269 7.1.2 Power Flow Control by Phase Angle Regulators 270 7.1.3 Real and Reactive Loop Power Flow Control 272 7.1.4 Improvement of Transient Stability with Phase Angle Regulators 274 7.1.5 Power Oscillation Damping with Phase Angle Regulators 276 7.1.6 Summary of Functional Requirements 277 7.2 Approaches to Thyristor-Controlled Voltage and Phase Angle Regulators (TCVRs and TCPARs) 277 7.2.1 Continuously Controllable Thyristor Tap Changers 280 7.2.2 Thyristor Tap Changer with Discrete Level Control 286 7.2.3 Thyristor Tap Changer Valve Rating Considerations 289 7.3 Switching Converter-Based Voltage and Phase Angle Regulators 290 7.4 Hybrid Phase Angle Regulators 293 CHAPTER 8 Combined Compensators: Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) and Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) 297 8.1 Introduction 297 8.2 The Unified Power Flow Controller 299 8.2.1 Basic Operating Principles 300 8.2.2 Conventional Transmission Control Capabilities 301 8.2.3 Independent Real and Reactive Power Flow Control 305 8.2.4 Comparison of UPFC to Series Compensators and Phase Angle Regulators 308 8.2.5 Control Structure 315 8.2.6 Basic Control System for P and Q Control 319 8.2.7 Dynamic Performance 322 8.2.8 Hybrid Arrangements: UPFC with a Phase Shifting Transformer 329 8.3 The Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) 333 8.3.1 Basic Operating Principles and Characteristics 334 8.3.2 Control Structure 343 8.3.3 Computer Simulation 344 8.3.4 Practical and Application Considerations 346 8.4 Generalized and Multifunctional FACTS Controllers 348 CHAPTER 9 Special Purpose Facts Controllers: NGH-SSR Damping Scheme and Thyristor-Controlled Braking Resistor 353 9.1 Subsynchronous Resonance 353 9.2 NGH-SSR Damping Scheme 358 9.2.1 Basic Concept 358 9.2.2. Design and Operation Aspects 361 9.3 Thyristor-Controlled Braking Resistor (TCBR) 362 9.3.1 Basic Concept 362 9.3.2 Design and Operation Aspects 364 CHAPTER 10 Application Examples 373 10.1 WAPA's Kayenta Advanced Series Capacitor (ASC) 373 10.1.1 Introduction and Planning Aspects 373 10.1.2 Functional Specification 376 10.1.3 Design and Operational Aspects 377 10.1.4 Results of the Project 380 10.2 BPA's Slatt Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) 382 10.2.1 Introduction and Planning Aspects 382 10.2.2 Functional Specifications 384 10.2.3 Design and Operational Aspects 387 10.2.4 Results of the Project 392 10.3 TVA's Sullivan Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) 394 10.3.1 Introduction and Planning Aspects 394 10.3.2 STATCOM Design Summary 396 10.3.3 Steady-State Performance 400 10.3.4 Dynamic Performance 401 10.3.5 Results of the Project 407 10.4 AEP's Inez Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) 407 10.4.1 Introduction and Planning Aspects 407 10.4.2 Description of the UPFC 411 10.4.3 Operating Performance 414 10.4.4 Results of the Project 423 INDEX 425 ABOUT THE AUTHORS 431

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