Energy, power generation, distribution and storage Books

Book SynopsisThis second edition describes the fundamentals of modelling and simulation of continuous-time, discrete time, discrete-event and large-scale systems. Coverage new to this edition includes: a chapter on non-linear systems analysis and modelling, complementing the treatment of of continuous-time and discrete-time systems; and a chapter on the computer animation and visualization of dynamical systems motion.;College or university bookstores may order five or more copies at a special student price, available on request from Marcel Dekker Inc.Table of ContentsMotivation and overview; continuous-time and discrete-time systems; nonlinear systems analysis and modelling; computer simulation; computer visualization of dynamic system motion; discrete-event systems; manufacturing systems - modelling and simulation; robotic systems and automation; principles of design and analysis of simulation experiments; computer-aided control system design - techniques and tools; digital control systems; hardware and implementation; microprocessor systems; introduction to large-scale systems; concepts of power system modelling and simulation; world modelling - concepts and applications; economic systems.

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Book SynopsisThe first comprehensive and up-to-date reference on mechatronics, Robert Bishop''s The Mechatronics Handbook was quickly embraced as the gold standard in the field. With updated coverage on all aspects of mechatronics, The Mechatronics Handbook, Second Edition is now available as a two-volume set. Each installment offers focused coverage of a particular area of mechatronics, supplying a convenient and flexible source of specific information. This seminal work is still the most exhaustive, state-of-the-art treatment of the field available.Focusing on the most rapidly changing areas of mechatronics, this book discusses signals and systems control, computers, logic systems, software, and data acquisition. It begins with coverage of the role of control and the role modeling in mechatronic design, setting the stage for the more fundamental discussions on signals and systems. The volume reflects the profound impact the development of not just the computer, but the microcomputer, embeTable of ContentsThe Role of Controls in Mechatronics. The Role of Modeling in Mechatronics Design. Signals and Systems in Mechatronics. State Space Analysis and System Properties. Response of Dynamic Systems. Root Locus Method. Frequency Response Methods. Kalman Filters as Dynamic System State Observers. Digital Signal Processing for Mechatronic Applications. Control System Design via H2 Optimization. Adaptive and Nonlinear Control Design. Neural Networks and Fuzzy Systems. Advanced Control of an Electro-Hydraulic Axis. Design Optimization of Mechatronic Systems.

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Book SynopsisThis book is based on third European Conference on Energy from Biomass held in Venice. It covers energy security, environmental aspects, relieving the overproduction in some agricultural sectors and creation of jobs in rural areas.Table of Contents1. Opening Session 2. Session I: The European Scene 3. Session II: Technical Sessions 4. Session III: Implementation 5. Summaries of Round Tables 6. Summaries of Round Tables 7. Contributed Papers

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Book SynopsisThis text discusses simulation process for circuits including clamper, voltage and current divider, transformer modeling, transistor as an amplifier, transistor as a switch, MOSFET modeling, RC and LC filters, step and impulse response to RL and RC circuits, amplitude modulator in a step-by-step manner for more clarity and understanding to the readers.It covers electronic circuits like rectifiers, RC filters, transistor as an amplifier, operational amplifiers, pulse response to a series RC circuit, time domain simulation with a triangular input signal, and modulation in detail. The text presents issues that occur in practical implementation of various electronic circuits and assist the readers in finding solutions to those issues using the software.Aimed at undergraduate, graduate students, and academic researchers in the areas including electrical and electronics and communications engineering, this book: Discusses simulation of analog circTable of Contents1. Introducing LTspice XVII Circuit Simulator. 2. Simulation Types and Waveform Viewer. 3. Control Panel Settings. 4. DC Bias and DC Sweep Simulations. 5. Transient Simulations. 6. AC Analysis. 7. Parametric Sweep Analysis. 8. DC Transfer Analysis. 9. Small Projects (Examples).

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Book SynopsisIntroduction to Ship Engine Room Systems outlines the key systems, machinery and equipment found in a ship's engine room. It explores the basics of their function with overall practical guidance for engine room operation and maintenance, recognising emerging environmental challenges. It covers the following topics: The role and function of the steering and propulsion systems Power generation The heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems The water management system Engine room fires and emergency response systems Engine room watch procedures and checklists The book serves as an accessible introductory text for engineering students at HNC, HND, and foundation degree level, marine engineering cadets, and non-engineering marine professionals such as deck officers and cadets who want a general guide to how the engine room functions.Table of ContentsPart I. Steering and Propulsion Systems. 1. Rudder and Steering Gear. 2. Propeller Design and Function. 3. Introduction to the Main Engine. 4. Key Components of the Main Engine. 5. Main Engine Pre-Start Checks and Monitoring. 6. Slow Steaming and Economic Fuel Consumption. 7. Exhaust Gas System and Scrubbers. 8. Engine Room Lubrication Systems. 9. Essential Engine Room Machinery Maintenance and Troubleshooting. 10. Mechanical Measuring Tools and Gauges. Part II. Power Generation. 11. Marine Diesel Generators. 12. Marine Electrical Systems. 13. Electrical Distribution Systems and Redundancy. 14. Air Compressor. Part III. Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning. 15. Marine Boiler. 16. Central Cooling System. 17. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning. Part IV. Water Management Systems. 18. Ballast Water Management. 19. Oily Water Separator. 20. Wastewater Management. 21. Freshwater Generation. 22. Pipes, Tubes, Bends and Valves. Part V. Engine Room Tanks and Bunkering Operations. 23. Main Fuel, Diesel and Lube Oil Tanks on Ships. 24. Bunkering Operations. Part VI. Engine Room Fires and Emergency Response. 25. General Emergency Drills, Alarms and Emergency Systems. 26. Engine Room Explosions and Fires. 27. Engine Room Drills, Firefighting Procedures and Apparatus. 28. Engine Room Flooding. Part VII. Engine Room Watch Procedures. 29. Engine Room Watch Procedures. 30. Engine Room Logbook Entries and Checklists. Appendix. Recommended Reading for Marine Engineers.

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This highly successful book is now updated in line with the Amendment 2-2022 of 18th Edition of the Wiring Regulations. It provides a topic-by-topic progression through the areas of electrical installations, including how and why electrical installations are designed, installed and tested. This tenth edition contains new material on batteries, LED and ELV lighting, data cabling and renewable electricity generation and distribution, with some focus on medical locations, and a glossary of terms. The guidance on tools used and safety legislation has also been brought up to date.Brian Scaddan's subject-led approach makes this a valuable resource for professionals and students on both City & Guilds and EAL courses. This approach also makes it easy for those who are learning the topic from scratch to get to grips with it independently of any particular course.The book is widely used in education and training across the UK and has been published for almost 

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Book SynopsisThis book helps power industry executives to systematically navigate the complex technological and organizational changes necessary to recreate power grids.This is especially pertinent in the current environment characterized by volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity conditions. Across the globe, the electric power sector is facing many forces of change as it transitions from a fossil-based system to cleaner sustainable resources. Leaders in the power sector face unprecedented challenges in responding to these changes while continuing to provide safe, reliable, clean, and affordable electricity. Recognizing that historical and existing ways will not work, Jagoron Mukherjee and Marco C. Janssen present a new paradigm for industry leaders to tackle some of the key questions to determine the best path forward: What will the business be like in the future? What technologies will likely prevail? How should my company respond to constant change? How expensive will the transition be? Will the customer expectations be met? How fast do we need to change? Drawing on well-known management principles, the book helps industry leaders to provide a methodology to tackle these questions and sharpen their decisions as they embrace innovation, new customer expectations and digitization in their efforts to steer the energy transition.Taking a holistic problem-solving approach, which addresses the power company as a whole, Recreating the Power Grid will be a valuable resource for all professionals working in this quickly evolving field.Table of ContentsIntroduction: The Power Industry ChallengePart 1: Forces of Change and Their Impacts Forces Impacting the Power Industry The Leadership Problem Components of the Solution Part 2: Addressing Three Critical Historical Gaps Innovation Customer Engagement Data Management Part 3: Preparing for Execution Readiness Rethinking the Business Case Blueprinting Program Architecture Program Design and Management Index

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Book SynopsisMechatronics is a mongrel, a crossbreed of classic mechanical engineering, the relatively young pup of computer science, the energetic electrical engineering, the pedigree mathematics and the bloodhound of Control Theory.All too many courses in control theory consist of a diet of Everything you could ever need to know about the Laplace Transform' rather than answering What happens when your servomotor saturates?' Topics in this book have been selected to answer the questions that the mechatronics student is most likely to raise.That does not mean that the mathematical aspects have been left out, far from it. The diet here includes matrices, transforms, eigenvectors, differential equations and even the dreaded z transform. But every effort has been made to relate them to practical experience, to make them digestible. They are there for what they can do, not to support pages of mathematical rigour that defines their origins.The theme running throughout the Table of Contents1. Why Do You Need Control Theory? 2. Modelling Time .3. A Simulation Environment 4. Step Length Considerations. 5. Modelling a Second-Order System .6. The Complication of Motor Drive Limits. 7. Practical Controller Design 8. Adding Dynamics to the Controller 9. Sensors and Actuators. 10. Analogue Simulation. 11. Matrix State Equations. 12. Putting It into Practice. 13. Observers 14. More about the Mathematics 15. Transfer Functions 16. Solving the State Equations 17. Discrete Time and the z Operator. 18. Root locus. 19. More about the Phase Plane. 20. Optimisation and an Experiment. 21. Problem Systems. 22. Final Comments.

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Book SynopsisAnalysis and Compensation of Kinetic Friction in Robotic and Mechatronic Control Systems comprehensively covers kinetic friction in a robotics, mechatronics, and control engineering context. Providing the theory behind kinetic friction, as well as compensation methods and practical solutions, the text is a key companion to studying different control systems. Beginning with a clear introduction to the subject, the book goes on to include three main facets of kinetic friction, starting with phenomena of kinetic friction in drives. This chapter explains friction interfaces and friction effects. Following from this, the next chapter looks at motion dynamics with friction, which introduces dynamic system equations and focuses on both energy balance and dissipation. Finally, the book looks at compensation of friction in motion control, which summarises key compensation methods in controlled mechanical systems. Introducing various basic feedback control methods, incTable of Contents1. Introduction 2. Phenomena of kinetic friction in drives 3. Motion dynamics with friction 4. Compensation of friction in motion control 5. Conclusion

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Book SynopsisThis book provides fundamental theoretical concepts for the understanding, the modelling, and the optimisation of energy conversion and storage devices. The discussion is based on the general footing of efficiency-power relations and energy-power relations (Ragone plots). Efficiency and Power in Energy Conversion and Storage: Basic Physical Concepts, is written for engineers and scientists with a bachelor-degree level of knowledge in physics. It contains: An introductory motivation of the topic A review on equilibrium thermodynamics A primer to linear non-equilibrium thermodynamics and irreversible processes An introduction to endo-reversible thermodynamics The basics on the theory of Ragone plots Trade Review"The book is a fundamental contribution towards an efficient use of energy resources." --Dr. Alfred Rufer, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne Table of ContentsIntroduction. Ragone Plots. Thermodynamics Basics. Energy, Entropy, and Efficiency. Entropy Production Rate. Endoreversible Thermodynamics. Entropy Generation Minimization. Efficiency-Power Relations. The Endoreversible Carnot Engine. Thermal Heat Storage. Battery Capacitor. Kinetic Energy Storage Devices. Electro-Motor. Super-Capacitor With Frequency Dependent Impedance. Piezoelectric Energy Harvester. Economic Optimization. Net Present Value. Applications. Other Power Maximization Problems. Wind Turbine. Photovoltaics. Solar Power.

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Book SynopsisThis book discusses the integration of power electronics, renewable energy, and the Internet of Things (IoT) from the perspective of smart cities in a single volume. The text will be helpful for senior undergraduate, graduate students and academic researchers in diverse engineering fields including electrical, electronics and communication, and computers. The book: Covers the integration of power electronics, energy harvesting, and the IoT for smart city applications Discusses concepts of power electronics and the IoT in electric vehicles for smart cities Examines the integration of power electronics in renewable energy for smart cities Discusses important concepts of energy harvesting including solar energy harvesting, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controllers, and switch-mode power supplies (SMPS) Explores IoT connectivity technologies such as long-term evolution (LTE), narrow band NB-IoT, long-range (LoRa), Bluetooth, and ZigBee (ITable of Contents1. Fundamentals of Power Electronics in Smart Cities. 2. Fundamentals of Renewable Energy Resources for Smart Cities. 3. Fundamentals of Internet of Things (IoT) for Smart Cities. 4. Role and Applications of Power Electronics, Renewable Energy ;and IoT in Smart Cities. 5. Smart Grid Concept and Technologies for Smart Cities. 6. Smart Agriculture for Smart Cities. 7. Deep Learning-Based Autonomous Vehicle to Vehicle Detection for Smart Traffic Monitoring in Smart Cities. 8. Integration of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy for Smart Cities. 9. Integration of IoT in Renewable Energy for Smart Cities. 10. Power Electronics and IoT for Electric Vehicles in Smart Cities. 11: Machine Learning-Based DNS Traffic Monitoring for Securing IoT Networks. 12: Machine Learning in Power Electronics for Smart Cities. 13: Machine Learning in Renewable Energy Systems for Smart Cities.

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Book SynopsisFrom the way we interact with our workspaces to the simple act of changing a duvet cover, the world around us is shaped by design and not always for the better. This book offers an engaging look at how everyday objects and systems can confuse, frustrate, or even hinder us yet also explores how a better understanding of human behavior can lead to improvements.Written with humor and professional insight, 50 Ways to Fool Your User: How to Make Everyday Products and Systems Work for Us invites readers to question the quirks of modern life while imagining how things could work better for everyone. Across 50 chapters, scientific explanations are paired with snappy anecdotes. Each chapter concludes with actionable takeaways. Whether itâs struggling with unwieldy packaging, enduring the infamous middle seat on an airplane, or navigating the frustrations of an AI call center, these relatable scenarios highlight the often-overlooked aspects of design that impact our daily lives. In the final chapter, the ideas are summarized into a neat practical ethos, offering ergonomic principles to inspire smarter, more thoughtful solutions in everything from technology to office furniture. Through reading this book, the reader will gather a view of what good and bad design looks like and how these examples can inform their work in designing better products, systems and services.This book is for professionals and academics interested in human factors, ergonomics and designing with the human in mind, but also interesting for every layman. It will appeal to designers, engineers and systems operators.

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Book SynopsisThis rigorous treatment of transmission lines presents all the necessary concepts in a clear and straightforward manner. Key principles are demonstrated by numerous practical worked examples and illustrations, and complex mathematics is avoided throughout. An invaluable resource for students, researchers and professionals in electrical, RF and microwave engineering.Trade Review'… presents the theory from three perspectives: equivalent circuit model, electromagnetics, and photons … The end-of-chapter bibliographies are nicely categorized by subject to allow an easier review … Recommended.' B. Kordi, ChoiceTable of Contents1. Pulses on transmission lines; 2. Sine waves and networks; 3. Coupled transmission lines and circuits; 4. Transmission lines and electromagnetism; 5. Guided electromagnetic waves; 6. Attenuation in transmission lines; 7. Transmission lines and photons; 8. Further discussion of photons and other topics.

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Book SynopsisOriginally published in 1934, this book contains a collection of papers written by Sir Charles Algernon Parsons, inventor of the steam turbine. The papers focus primarily on the steam turbine and Parsons' attempts to manufacture synthetic diamonds, and are prefaced by a memoir of Parsons written by Lord Rayleigh.Table of ContentsPreface G. L. Parsons; Foreword Lady Parsons; Some personal reminiscences of Sir Charles Parsons Lord Rayleigh; Part I: 1. The compound steam turbine and its theory, as applied to the working of dynamo-electric machines; 2. The application of the compound steam turbine to the purpose of marine propulsion; 3. Presidential address to the Institution of Junior Engineers; 4. Motive power - high-speed navigation - steam turbines; 5. The steam turbine and its application to the propulsion of vessels; 6. Presidential address to the engineering section of the British Association, 1904; 7. The steam turbine; 8. The steam turbine on land and sea; 9. The expansive working of steam in steam turbines; 10. The application of the marine steam turbine and mechanical gearing to merchant ships; 11. Experiments on the compression of liquids at high pressures; 12. The steam turbine; 13. The marine steam turbine from 1894 to 1910; 14. Presidential address to the North-East Coast Institution; 15. Presidential address to the British Association, 1919; 16. The rise of motive power and the work of Joule; 17. Presidential address to the institute of physics; 18. Steam turbines; 19. Some investigations into the cause of erosion of the tubes of surface condensers; 20. Recent progress in steam turbine plant; Part II: 21. Experiments on carbon at high temperatures and under great pressures, and in contact with other substances; 22. Some notes on carbon at high temperatures and pressures; 23. Experiments on the artificial production of diamond; Part III: Appendix A. The Parsons auxetophone; Appendix B. Optical glass; Appendix C. List of papers; Index.

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Book SynopsisElectrochemical Power Sources (EPS) provides in a concise way the operational features, major types, and applications of batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors Details the design, operational features, and applications of batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors Covers improvements of existing EPSs and the development of new kinds of EPS as the results of intense R&D work Provides outlook for future trends in fuel cells and batteries Covers the most typical battery types, fuel cells and supercapacitors; such as zinc-carbon batteries, alkaline manganese dioxide batteries, mercury-zinc cells, lead-acid batteries, cadmium storage batteries, silver-zinc batteries and modern lithium batteriesTrade Review“Electrochemical Power Sources: Batteries, Fuel Cells, and Supercapacitors” is an excellent introductory text to electrochemical energy devices which covers material considerations, historical developments of the technology and future prospects, spanning fundamental mechanisms to engineering challenges at a high level perspective. The supercapacitor section in particular goes into much more detail of the materials. This text would be most useful for students studying an introduction to electrochemistry course.” (Johnson Matthey Technology Review, 1 October 2015)Table of ContentsForeword xv Acknowledgements xvii Preface xix Symbols xxi Abbrevations xxiii Introduction xxv Part I Batteries with Aqueous Electrolytes 1 1 General Aspects 3 1.1 Definition 3 1.2 Current-Producing Chemical Reaction 3 1.3 Classification 5 1.4 Thermodynamic Aspects 6 1.5 Historical Development 8 1.6 Nomenclature 9 Reviews and Monographs 10 2 Main Battery Types 11 2.1 Electrochemical Systems 11 2.2 Leclanché (Zinc–Carbon) Batteries 12 2.3 The Zinc Electrode in Alkaline Solutions 14 2.4 Alkaline Manganese–Zinc Batteries 14 2.5 Lead Acid Batteries 17 2.6 Alkaline Nickel Storage Batteries 20 2.7 Silver–Zinc Batteries 23 References 24 Monographs and Reviews 25 3 Performance 27 3.1 Electrical Characteristics of Batteries 27 3.2 Electrical Characteristics of Storage Batteries 30 3.3 Comparative Characteristics 30 3.4 Operational Characteristics 31 References 32 4 Miscellaneous Batteries 33 4.1 Mercury–Zinc Batteries 33 4.2 Compound Batteries 34 4.3 Batteries with Water as Reactant 37 4.4 Standard Cells 38 4.5 Reserve Batteries 39 Reference 41 Reviews and Monographs 41 5 Design and Technology 43 5.1 Balance in Batteries 43 5.2 Scale Factors 44 5.3 Separators 44 5.4 Sealing 46 5.5 Ohmic Losses 47 5.6 Thermal Processes in Batteries 48 6 Applications of Batteries 51 6.1 Automotive Equipment Starter and Auxiliary Batteries 51 6.2 Traction Batteries 52 6.3 Stationary Batteries 53 6.4 Domestic and Portable Systems 53 6.5 Special Applications 54 7 Operational Problems 55 7.1 Discharge and Maintenance of Primary Batteries 55 7.2 Maintenance of Storage Batteries 56 7.3 General Aspects of Battery Maintenance 60 8 Outlook for Batteries with Aqueous Electrolyte 63 References 64 Part II Batteries with Nonaqueous Electrolytes 65 9 Different Kinds of Electrolytes 67 9.1 Electrolytes Based on Aprotic Nonaqueous Solutions 68 9.2 Ionically Conducting Molten Salts 69 9.3 Ionically Conducting Solid Electrolytes 70 References 72 10 Insertion Compounds 73 Monographs and Reviews 76 11 Primary Lithium Batteries 77 11.1 General Information: Brief History 77 11.2 Current-Producing and Other Processes in Primary Power Sources 79 11.3 Design of Primary Lithium Cells 81 11.4 Fundamentals of the Technology of Manufacturing of Lithium Primary Cells 82 11.5 Electric Characteristics of Lithium Cells 82 11.6 Operational Characteristics of Lithium Cells 83 11.7 Features of Primary Lithium Cells of Different Electrochemical Systems 84 Monographs 89 12 Lithium Ion Batteries 91 12.1 General Information: Brief History 91 12.2 Current-Producing and Other Processes in Lithium Ion Batteries 93 12.3 Design and Technology of Lithium Ion Batteries 96 12.4 Electric Characteristics, Performance, and Other Characteristics of Lithium Ion Batteries 98 12.5 Prospects of Development of Lithium Ion Batteries 99 Monographs 101 13 Lithium Ion Batteries: What Next? 103 13.1 Lithium–Air Batteries 103 13.2 Lithium–Sulfur Batteries 106 13.3 Sodium Ion Batteries 108 Reviews 110 14 Solid-State Batteries 111 14.1 Low-Temperature Miniature Batteries with Solid Electrolytes 111 14.2 Sulfur–Sodium Storage Batteries 112 Monographs and Reviews 115 15 Batteries with Molten Salt Electrolytes 117 15.1 Storage Batteries 117 15.2 Reserve-Type Thermal Batteries 120 References 122 Part III Fuel Cells 123 16 General Aspects 125 16.1 Thermodynamic Aspects 125 16.2 Schematic Layout of Fuel-Cell Units 128 16.3 Types of Fuel Cells 131 16.4 Layout of a Real Fuel Cell: The Hydrogen–Oxygen Fuel Cell with Liquid Electrolyte 132 16.5 Basic Parameters of Fuel Cells 134 Reference 140 Monographs 140 17 The Development of Fuel Cells 141 17.1 The Period prior to 1894 141 17.2 The Period from 1894 to 1960 143 17.3 The Period from 1960 to the 1990s 144 17.4 The Period after the 1990s 148 References 149 Monographs and Reviews 150 18 Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) 151 18.1 The History of PEMFC 151 18.2 Standard PEMFC Version of the 1990s 154 18.3 Operating Conditions of PEMFC 156 18.4 Special Features of PEMFC Operation 157 18.5 Platinum Catalyst Poisoning by Traces of Co in the Hydrogen 159 18.6 Commercial Activities in Relation to PEMFC 161 18.7 Future Development of PEMFCs 162 18.8 Elevated-Temperature PEMFCs (ET-PEMFCs) 167 References 170 Reviews 170 19 Direct Liquid Fuel Cells with Gaseous, Liquid, And/Or Solid Reagents 171 19.1 Current-Producing Reactions and Thermodynamic Parameters 172 19.2 Anodic Oxidation of Methanol 172 19.3 Use of Platinum–Ruthenium Catalysts for Methanol Oxidation 173 19.4 Milestones in DMFC Development 173 19.5 Membrane Penetration by Methanol (Methanol Crossover) 174 19.6 Varieties of DMFC 176 19.7 Special Operating Features of DMFC 178 19.8 Practical Prototypes of DMFC and Their Features 180 19.9 The Problems to be Solved in Future DMFC 181 19.10 Direct Liquid Fuel Cells (DLFC) 183 Reference 188 Reviews 188 20 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFC) 191 20.1 Special Features of High-Temperature Fuel Cells 191 20.2 The Structure of Hydrogen–Oxygen MCFC 192 20.3 MCFC with Internal Fuel Reforming 194 20.4 The Development of MCFC Work 195 20.5 The Lifetime of MCFCs 196 References 198 Reviews and Monographs 198 21 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) 199 21.1 Schematic Design of a Conventional SOFC 200 21.2 Tubular SOFCs 201 21.3 Planar SOFCs 202 21.4 Varieties of SOFCs 205 21.5 The Utilization of Natural Fuels in SOFCs 206 21.6 Interim-Temperature SOFCs (ITSOFCs) 208 21.7 Low-Temperature SOFCs (LT-SOFC) 211 21.8 Factors Influencing the Lifetime of SOFCs 211 References 212 Monographs and Reviews 212 22 Other Types of Fuel Cells 213 22.1 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFCs) 213 22.2 Redox Flow Fuel Cells 218 22.3 Biological Fuel Cells 221 22.4 Direct Carbon Fuel Cells (DCFCs) 224 References 227 Monographs 227 23 Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFCs) 229 23.1 Hydrogen–Oxygen AFCs 230 23.2 Problems in the AFC Field 233 23.3 The Present State and Future Prospects of AFC Work 235 23.4 Anion-Exchange (Hydroxyl Ion Conducting) Membranes 236 23.5 Methanol Fuel Cell with an Invariant Alkaline Electrolyte 237 References 237 Monograph 237 24 Applications of Fuel Cells 239 24.1 Large Stationary Power Plants 239 24.2 Small Stationary Power Units 242 24.3 Fuel Cells for Transport Applications 243 24.4 Portables 248 24.5 Military Applications 250 References 250 25 Outlook for Fuel Cells 251 25.1 Alternating Periods of Hope and Disappointment—Forever? 252 25.2 Development of Electrocatalysis 252 25.3 “Ideal Fuel Cells” Do Exist 253 25.4 Expected Future Situation with Fuel Cells 255 Reference 256 Monographs 256 Part IV Supercapacitors 257 26 General Aspects 259 26.1 Electrolytic Capacitors 259 References 261 27 Electrochemical Supercapacitors with Carbon Electrodes 263 27.1 Introduction 263 27.2 Main Properties of Electric Double-Layer Capacitors (EDLC) 264 27.3 EDLC Energy Density and Power Density 267 27.4 Fundamentals of EDLC Macrokinetics 271 27.5 Porous Structure and Hydrophilic–Hydrophobic Properties of Highly Dispersed Carbon Electrodes 272 27.6 Effect of Ratio of Ion and Molecule Sizes and Pore Sizes 275 27.7 Effect of Functional Groups on EDLC Characteristics 277 27.8 Electrolytes Used in EDLC 279 27.9 Impedance of Highly Dispersed Carbon Electrodes 283 27.10 Nanoporous Carbons Obtained Using Various Techniques 286 27.11 High-Frequency Carbon Supercapacitors 303 27.12 Self-Discharge of Carbon Electrodes and Supercapacitors 306 27.13 Processes of EDLC Degradation (AGING) 311 References 313 Monograph and Reviews 313 28 Pseudocapacitor Electrodes and Supercapacitors 315 28.1 Electrodes Based on Inorganic Salts of Transition Metals 315 28.2 Electrodes Based on Electron-Conducting Polymers (ECPs) 322 28.3 Redox Capacitors Based on Organic Monomers 333 28.4 Lithium-Cation-Exchange Capacitors 335 References 337 Monograph and Reviews 337 29 Hybrid (Asymmetric) Supercapacitors (HSCs) 339 29.1 HSCs of MeOx/C Types 339 29.2 HSCs of ECP/C Type 343 References 344 Review 344 30 Comparison of Characteristics of Supercapacitors and Other Electrochemical Devices. Characteristics of Commercial Supercapacitors 345 Reference 350 Reviews 350 31 Prospects of Electrochemical Supercapacitors 351 32 Electrochemical Aspects of Solar Energy Conversion 355 32.1 Photoelectrochemical Phenomena 355 32.2 Photoelectrochemical Devices 356 32.3 Photoexcitation of Metals (Electron Photoemission into Solutions) 356 32.4 Behavior of Illuminated Semiconductors 357 32.5 Semiconductor Solar Batteries (SC-SB) 358 32.6 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC) 360 References 363 Reviews and Monographs 363 Author Index 365 Subject Index 369

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Book SynopsisThis book discusses HVDC grids based on multi-terminal voltage-source converters (VSC), which is suitable for the connection of offshore wind farms and a possible solution for a continent wide overlay grid. HVDC Grids: For Offshore and Supergrid of the Future begins by introducing and analyzing the motivations and energy policy drives for developing offshore grids and the European Supergrid. HVDC transmission technology and offshore equipment are described in the second part of the book. The third part of the book discusses how HVDC grids can be developed and integrated in the existing power system. The fourth part of the book focuses on HVDC grid integration, in studies, for different time domains of electric power systems. The book concludes by discussing developments of advanced control methods and control devices for enabling DC grids. Presents the technology of the future offshore and HVDC grid Explains how offshore and HVDC grids can be integrated Table of ContentsLIST OF FIGURES xviiLIST OF TABLES xxvCONTRIBUTORS xxviiFOREWORD xxixPREFACE xxxiACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxxvACRONYMS xxxviiPART I HVDC GRIDS IN THE ENERGY VISION OF THE FUTURECHAPTER 1 DRIVERS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF HVDC GRIDS 3Dirk Van Hertem1.1 Introduction 31.2 From the Vertically Integrated Industry to Fast Moving Liberalized Market 31.3 Drivers for Change 51.3.1 Liberalized Energy Market 61.4 Investments in the Grid 121.5 Towards HVDC Grids 171.6 Conclusions 22CHAPTER 2 ENERGY SCENARIOS: PROJECTIONS ON EUROPE'S FUTURE GENERATION AND LOAD 25Erik Delarue and Cedric De Jonghe2.1 Introduction 252.2 System Setting 262.3 Scenarios for Europe's Energy Provision 342.4 Conclusions 40PART II HVDC TECHNOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY FOR OFFSHORE GRIDSCHAPTER 3 HVDC TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW 45Gen Li, Chuanyue Li, and Dirk Van Hertem3.1 Introduction 453.2 LCC-HVDC Systems 453.3 LCC-HVDC Converter Station Technology 513.4 VSC-HVDC Systems 533.5 VSC-HVDC Converter Station Technology 533.6 Transmission Lines 723.7 Conclusions 76CHAPTER 4 COMPARISON OF HVAC AND HVDC TECHNOLOGIES 79Hakan Ergun and Dirk Van Hertem4.1 Introduction 794.2 Current Technology Limits 794.3 Technical Comparison 824.4 Economic Comparison 874.5 Conclusions 94CHAPTER 5 WIND TURBINE TECHNOLOGIES 97Eduardo Prieto-Araujo and Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt5.1 Introduction 975.2 Parts of the Wind Turbine 985.3 Wind Turbine Types 995.4 Conclusions 107CHAPTER 6 OFFSHORE WIND POWER PLANTS (OWPPS) 109Mikel De Prada-Gil, Jose Luis Dominguez-Garcia,Francisco Diaz-Gonzalez, and Andreas Sumper6.1 Introduction 1096.2 AC OWPPs 1116.3 DC OWPPs 1306.4 Other OWPPs Proposals 1356.5 Conclusions 138PART III PLANNING AND OPERATION OF HVDC GRIDSCHAPTER 7 HVDC GRID PLANNING 143Hakan Ergun and Dirk Van Hertem7.1 Context of Transmission System Planning 1437.2 Transmission Expansion Optimization Methodologies 1527.3 Specialties of Grid Planning with HVDC Technology 1557.4 Illustrative Examples 157CHAPTER 8 HVDC GRID LAYOUTS 171Jun Liang, Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt, and Dirk Van Hertem8.1 What is an HVDC Grid? 1728.2 HVDC Grid Topologies 1728.3 Topologies of HVDC Grids for Offshore Wind Power Transmission 1768.4 HVDC Converter Station Configuration 1838.5 Substation Configuration 1898.6 Conclusions 189CHAPTER 9 GOVERNANCE MODELS FOR FUTURE GRIDS 193Muhajir Tadesse Mekonnen, Diyun Huang, and Kristof De Vos9.1 Introduction 1939.2 Transmission Grid Planning 1949.3 Transmission Grid Ownership 1979.4 Transmission Grid Financing 2019.5 Transmission Grid Pricing 2049.6 Transmission Grid Operation 2089.7 Conclusions 210CHAPTER 10 POWER SYSTEM OPERATIONS WITH HVDC GRIDS 213Dirk Van Hertem, Robert H. Renner, and Johan Rimez10.1 Introduction 21310.2 Who Operates the HVDC Link or Grid? 21410.3 Reliability Considerations in Systems with HVDC 21710.4 Managing Energy Unbalances in the System 22310.5 Active and Reactive Power Control 22610.6 Ancillary Services 23010.7 Grid Codes 23510.8 Conclusions 235CHAPTER 11 OPERATION AND CONTROL OF OFFSHORE WIND POWER PLANTS 239Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt and Monica Aragues-Penalba11.1 Introduction 23911.2 System Under Analysis 24011.3 Control and Protection Requirements 24011.4 Wind Power Plant Control Structure 24511.5 Dynamic Simulation of a Simplified Example 24911.6 Conclusions 254PART IV MODELING HVDC GRIDSCHAPTER 12 MODELS FOR HVDC GRIDS 257Jef Beerten and Dirk Van Hertem12.1 Introduction 25712.2 Power System Computation Programs 25712.3 Modeling Power Electronic Converters 25812.4 HVDC Grids Modeling Challenges 26212.5 Conclusions 264CHAPTER 13 POWER FLOW MODELING OF HYBRID AC/DC SYSTEMS 267Jef Beerten13.1 Introduction 26713.2 Simplified Power Flow Modeling 26813.3 Detailed Power Flow Modeling 27213.4 Sequential AC/DC Power Flow 27913.5 Software Implementation 28913.6 Test Case 28913.7 Conclusions 290CHAPTER 14 OPTIMAL POWER FLOW MODELING OF HYBRID AC/DC SYSTEMS 293Johan Rimez14.1 Introduction 29314.2 Optimal Power Flow: Standard Formulation and Extension 29314.3 Optimal Power Flow with DC Grids and Converters 29914.4 Adding Security Constraints 30614.5 Conclusions 313CHAPTER 15 CONTROL PRINCIPLES OF HVDC GRIDS 315Jef Beerten, Agusti Egea, and Til Kristian Vrana15.1 Introduction 31515.2 Basic Control Principles 31615.3 Basic Converter Control Strategies 31815.4 Advanced Converter Control Strategies 32115.5 Basic Grid Control Strategies 32415.6 Advanced Grid Control Strategies 32515.7 Converter Inner Current Control 32615.8 System Power Flow Control 32815.9 Conclusions 330CHAPTER 16 STATE-SPACE REPRESENTATION OF HVDC GRIDS 333Eduardo Prieto-Araujo and Fernando Bianchi16.1 Introduction 33316.2 Multi-Terminal Grid Modeling 33316.3 Four-Terminal Grid Example 33916.4 Conclusions 343CHAPTER 17 DC FAULT PHENOMENA AND DC GRID PROTECTION 345Willem Leterme and Dirk Van Hertem17.1 Introduction 34517.2 Short-Circuit Faults in the DC Grid 34617.3 DC Grid Protection 36117.4 DC Protection Components 36617.5 Conclusions 368CHAPTER 18 REAL-TIME SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS OF DC GRIDS 371Oluwole Daniel Adeuyi and Marc Cheah18.1 Introduction 37118.2 Real-Time Simulation in Power Systems 37518.3 Design of Experimental Test Rig 37918.4 Potential Applications of HIL Tests in DC Grids 386PART V APPLICATIONSCHAPTER 19 POWER SYSTEM OSCILLATION DAMPING BY MEANS OF VSC-HVDC SYSTEMS 391Jose Luis Dominguez-Garcia and Carlos E. Ugalde-Loo19.1 Introduction 39119.2 Power System Stability 39219.3 VSC-HVDC Systems Damping Contribution: Application Examples 39719.4 Conclusions 409CHAPTER 20 OPTIMAL DROOP CONTROL OF MULTI-TERMINAL VSC-HVDC GRIDS 413Fernando D. Bianchi and Eduardo Prieto-Araujo20.1 Introduction 41320.2 Control of Multi-Terminal VSC-HVDC Grids 41420.3 Time-Varying Description for Droop Control Design 41820.4 Design of Optimal Control Droops 42120.5 Four-Terminal VSC-HVDC Network Example 42220.6 Conclusions 426CHAPTER 21 DC GRID POWER FLOW CONTROL DEVICES 429Chunmei Feng, Sheng Wang, and Qing Mu21.1 DC Power Flow Control Devices (DCPFC) 43021.2 Generic Modeling of DC Power Flow Control Devices 43721.3 Sensitivity Analysis of DCPFC in DC Grid 43821.4 Case Study of Power Flow Control Devices in DC Grids 44121.5 Control Sensitivity of DCPFC in DC Grids 44421.6 Comparison of Power Control Devices 44821.7 Conclusions 450CHAPTER 22 MODELING AND CONTROL OF OFFSHORE AC HUB 451Xiaobo Hu, Jun Liang, and Jose Luis Dominguez-Garcia22.1 Reasons for Developing AC Hub 45122.2 What is the AC Hub? 45222.3 Frequency-Dependent Modeling of AC Hub Components 45522.4 AC Hub Control Using Variable Frequency 46022.5 Conclusions 469

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Book SynopsisThe essential guide that combines power system fundamentals with the practical aspects of equipment design and operation in modern power systems Written by an experienced power engineer, AC Circuits and Power Systems in Practice offers a comprehensive guide that reviews power system fundamentals and network theorems while exploring the practical aspects of equipment design and application. The author covers a wide-range of topics including basic circuit theorems, phasor diagrams, per-unit quantities and symmetrical component theory, as well as active and reactive power and their effects on network stability, voltage support and voltage collapse. Magnetic circuits, reactor and transformer design are analyzed, as is the operation of step voltage regulators. In addition, detailed introductions are provided to earthing systems in LV and MV networks, the adverse effects of harmonics on power equipment and power system protection. Finally, European and American engineering standards are presTrade ReviewThis book combines the author�s rich experience in industry and teaching expertise in university. It covers the fundamental topics of AC circuits, and the application of those theories are discussed with numerous examples as well as the requirements of Engineering Standards. The writing style is logical and explicit, while illustrations and diagrams are with great accuracy, facilitating readers to have a systematic and in-depth understanding. Overall, I think this book can be an invaluable guide for recent graduate engineers working in power industry. -- Adrian Chen, Electrical Engineer, Moolarben Coal Operations Pty Ltd, Australia This is a refreshingly practical text which covers a wide range of topics relating to AC power systems. The book is divided into two parts with part one providing a broad overview of AC power systems and a review of fundamental AC circuit theory. Part two of the book covers specific areas of AC power systems in more detail with chapters on three phase transformers, voltage and current measurement, energy metering, harmonics and power system protection. One standout feature of this book is the writing style which I found to be very straight forward and easy to read. Additionally, excellent diagrams and illustrations work well to reinforce the subject material. The text is very well referenced with a list of sources provided at the conclusion of each chapter. The industry based examples in the text work well to link electrical engineering theory and practice and as such this book should find appeal with both undergraduate students studying a course of electrical engineering and recent graduates. - James Lamont, Electrical Engineering Technical Officer, Deakin University, Australia The genius of the text is that it presents sound theoretical concepts in a practical, easy to apply manner. The use of phasor diagrams and illustrated examples makes the application to real world problems easier, and gives the practitioner a �feel� for the solution – a valuable and necessary outcome in situations where not all the information is easily available and decisions must still be made. - David Gaskell, Nyrstar Hobart Smelter, AustraliaTable of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgements xvii Part I 1 1 Power Systems: A General Overview 3 1.1 Three‐phase System of AC Voltages 3 1.2 Low Voltage Distribution 6 1.3 Examples of Distribution Transformers 8 1.4 Practical Magnitude Limits for LV Loads 10 1.5 Medium Voltage Network 11 1.6 Transmission and Sub‐Transmission Networks 24 1.7 Generation of Electrical Energy 32 1.8 Sources 41 Further Reading 41 2 Review of AC Circuit Theory and Application of Phasor Diagrams 43 2.1 Representation of AC Voltages and Currents 43 2.2 RMS Measurement of Time Varying AC Quantities 44 2.3 Phasor Notation (Phasor Diagram Analysis) 45 2.4 Passive Circuit Components: Resistors, Capacitors and Inductors 49 2.5 Review of Sign Conventions and Network Theorems 55 2.6 AC Circuit Analysis Examples 61 2.7 Resonance in AC Circuits 74 2.8 Problems 83 2.9 Practical Experiment 88 3 Active Power, Reactive Power and Power Factor 91 3.1 Single‐Phase AC Power 91 3.2 Active Power 92 3.3 Reactive Power 93 3.4 Apparent Power or the volt‐amp Product, S 96 3.5 Three‐Phase Power 97 3.6 Power Factor 99 3.7 Power Factor Correction 100 3.8 Typical Industrial Load Profiles 105 3.9 Directional Power Flows 107 3.10 Energy Retailing 110 3.11 Problems 111 4 Magnetic Circuits, Inductors and Transformers 115 4.1 Magnetic Circuits 115 4.2 Magnetic Circuit Model 116 4.3 Gapped Cores and Effective Permeability 119 4.4 Inductance Calculations 120 4.5 Core Materials 121 4.6 Magnetising Characteristics of GOSS 122 4.7 Energy Stored in the Air Gap 125 4.8 EMF Equation 126 4.9 Magnetic Circuit Topologies 127 4.10 Magnetising Losses 129 4.11 Two‐Winding Transformer Operation 131 4.12 Transformer VA Ratings and Efficiency 133 4.13 Two‐Winding Transformer Equivalent Circuit 134 4.14 The Per‐Unit System 137 4.15 Transformer Short‐Circuit and Open‐Circuit Tests 138 4.16 Transformer Phasor Diagram 140 4.17 Current Transformers 142 4.18 Problems 144 4.19 Sources 153 5 Symmetrical Components 155 5.1 Symmetrical Component Theory 156 5.2 Sequence Networks and Fault Analysis 160 5.3 Network Fault Connections 163 5.4 Measurement of Zero‐sequence Components (Residual Current and Voltage) 170 5.5 Phase‐to‐Ground Fault Currents Reflected from a Star to a Delta Connected Winding 171 5.6 Sequence Components Remote from a Fault 173 5.7 Problems 175 5.8 Sources 185 6 Power Flows in AC Networks 187 6.1 Power Flow Directions 188 6.2 Synchronous Condenser 188 6.3 Synchronous Motor 191 6.4 Generalised Power Flow Analysis 192 6.5 Low X/R Networks 197 6.6 Steady State Transmission Stability Limit 201 6.7 Voltage Collapse in Power Systems 202 6.8 Problems 207 6.9 Sources 209 Part II 211 7 Three‐Phase Transformers 213 7.1 Positive and Negative Sequence Impedance 213 7.2 Transformer Zero‐Sequence Impedance 219 7.3 Transformer Vector Groups 221 7.4 Transformer Voltage Regulation 222 7.5 Magnetising Current Harmonics 228 7.6 Tap‐changing Techniques 233 7.7 Parallel Connection of Transformers 245 7.8 Transformer Nameplate 249 7.9 Step Voltage Regulator 251 7.10 Problems 264 7.11 Sources 272 8 Voltage Transformers 273 8.1 Inductive and Capacitive Voltage Transformers 273 8.2 Voltage Transformer Errors 276 8.3 Voltage Transformer Equivalent Circuit 281 8.4 Voltage Transformer ‘Error Lines’ 284 8.5 Re‐rating Voltage Transformers 288 8.6 Accuracy Classes for Protective Voltage Transformers 289 8.7 Dual‐Wound Voltage Transformers 292 8.8 Earthing and Protection of Voltage Transformers 292 8.9 Non‐Conventional Voltage Transformers 297 8.10 Problems 299 8.11 Sources 301 9 Current Transformers 303 9.1 CT Secondary Currents and Ratios 304 9.2 Current Transformer Errors and Standards 306 9.3 IEEE C57.13 Metering Class Magnitude and Phase Errors 309 9.4 Current Transformer Equivalent Circuit 312 9.5 Magnetising Admittance Variation and CT Compensation Techniques 315 9.6 Composite Error 319 9.7 Instrument Security Factor for Metering CTs 322 9.8 Protection Current Transformers 324 9.9 Inter‐Turn Voltage Ratings 337 9.10 Non‐Conventional Current Transformers 338 9.11 Problems 341 9.12 Sources 349 10 Energy Metering 351 10.1 Metering Intervals 353 10.2 General Metering Analysis using Symmetrical Components 361 10.3 Metering Errors 367 10.4 Ratio Correction Factors 373 10.5 Reactive Power Measurement Error 378 10.6 Evaluation of the Overall Error for an Installation 379 10.7 Commissioning and Auditing of Metering Installations 381 10.8 Problems 383 10.9 Sources 388 11 Earthing Systems 391 11.1 Effects of Electricity on the Human Body 391 11.2 Residual Current Devices 399 11.3 LV Earthing Systems 402 11.4 LV Earthing Systems used Worldwide 413 11.5 Medium Voltage Earthing Systems 413 11.6 High Voltage Earthing 423 11.7 Exercise 423 11.8 Problems (Earthing Grid Design) 425 11.9 Sources 434 12 Introduction to Power System Protection 437 12.1 Fundamental Principles of Protection 437 12.2 Protection Relays 438 12.3 Primary and Backup Protection (Duplicate Protection) 439 12.4 Protection Zones 441 12.5 Overcurrent Protection 443 12.6 Differential Protection 451 12.7 Frame Leakage and Arc Flash Busbar Protection 462 12.8 Distance Protection (Impedance Protection) 464 12.9 Problems 469 12.10 Sources 475 13 Harmonics in Power Systems 477 13.1 Measures of Harmonic Distortion 479 13.2 Resolving a Non‐linear Current or Voltage into its Harmonic Components (Fourier Series) 480 13.3 Harmonic Phase Sequences 484 13.4 Triplen Harmonic Currents 487 13.5 Harmonic Losses in Transformers 487 13.6 Power Factor in the Presence of Harmonics 492 13.7 Management of Harmonics 495 13.8 Harmonic Standards 504 13.9 Measurement of Harmonics 514 13.10 Problems 515 13.11 Sources 519 14 Operational Aspects of Power Engineering 521 14.1 Device Numbers 521 14.2 One Line Diagram (OLD) 523 14.3 Switchgear Topologies 526 14.4 Switching Plans, Equipment Isolation and Permit to Work Procedures 537 14.5 Electrical Safety 542 14.6 Measurements with an Incorrectly Configured Multimeter 549 14.7 Sources 551 Index 553

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Book SynopsisA practical guide to facilitate statistically well-founded decisions in the management of assets of an electricity grid Effective and economic electric grid asset management involves many complex decisions on repair, replacement and maintenance.Trade ReviewRobert Ross�s book gives a deep insight in useful statistical analysis methods for asset management practice. It covers all the basics and specific distributions in a structured and understandable way, before it sets out to give its insight into system and component reliability. I particularly liked the way the subject matter is structured in small and understandable topics. This way it�s easy to �pick and mix� throughout the different subject matters of the book to acquire the relevant knowledge. One of the other strong suits of the book is the application to real life asset and incident management. Robert links theory and practice together in a way which really shows the value of a statistical and reliability driven approach to asset management. - Marcel Hooijmans, Sr. Specialist Asset Management, Stedin DSO, The Netherlands This is a well-grounded book that is really good to read! It is informative and accessible and something that would be suitable as a source book for a more general course on engineering statistics and not one specifically directed towards electric power grid assets. Overall the book develops a very solid statistical basis of use in engineering and, particularly reliability analysis. I believe the book is of such general value that it could be used as part of a manufacturing engineering course with relative ease. I think this should probably be on the bookcase of anyone working in asset management of utilities. The material is presented with a logical and paced approach, taking the reader through basic statistics to some quite advanced concepts. - Professor Alistair Duffy, Professor of Electromagnetics and Director of the Institute of Engineering Sciences at De Montfort University, Leicester, UK Robert Ross creates a comprehensive interface between the statistical analysis and the Asset Management tasks and problems of the electric grid. Many practical examples give a clear and easy understanding of the different subjects�the book is suitable for a direct entry into the topic. Later it can also be used as a reference work, particularly regarding the synoptic tables. This makes the book ideal for students as well as for practical use by asset managers. - Dr. Horst Günter Bender, TenneT TSO GmbH, Germany The book features ten chapters, with the main focus on the fundamentals of statistics. The way the book is written makes it possible to be used as supplement to lectures at universities about asset management because of the following points. Each chapter features an introductory paragraph and a section at the end with a summary of the topics covered by that chapter. Furthermore, each chapter provides exemplary questions and exercises which facilitate understanding of the chapter. Additionally, the author supports his argumentation with easily understandable practical examples from the field of electrical engineering. - Nicholas Hill, TU Braunschweig, Germany Anybody working in asset and incident management of electric power grids will greatly welcome this book if they want to understand and apply the mathematics used for assessing the reliability and availability of components and systems. The author makes a decisive step forward in presenting the knowledge and skills needed for analyzing failure data and constructing reliable systems. Throughout the book, readers can taste the thorough experience of Ross both as a practitioner and as a researcher in the field of reliability analysis. This makes the book a must-have for engineers, asset managers and risk managers who are interested in decision analysis for managing assets of electric power grids. - René Janssen, Associate Professor of Mathematics and Operations Research at the Netherlands Defence AcademyTable of ContentsPreface xvii Acknowledgements xxi List of Symbols and Abbreviations xxiii About the Companion website xxix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Electric Power Grids 1 1.2 Asset Management of Electric Power Grids 2 1.3 Maintenance Styles 4 1.4 Incident Management 20 1.5 Summary 21 2 Basics of Statistics and Probability 25 2.1 Outcomes, Sample Space and Events 26 2.2 Probability of Events 29 2.3 Probability versus Statistical Distributions 30 2.4 Fundamental Statistical Functions 33 2.5 Mixed Distributions 38 2.6 Multivariate Distributions and Power Law 49 2.7 Summary 59 3 Measures in Statistics 63 3.1 Expected Values and Moments 63 3.2 Median and Other Quantiles 73 3.3 Mode 75 3.4 Merits of Mean, Median and Modal Value 75 3.5 Measures for Comparing Distributions 77 3.6 Similarity of Distributions 82 3.7 Compliance 96 3.8 Summary 97 4 Specific Distributions 101 4.1 Fractions and Ranking 101 4.2 Extreme Value Statistics 112 4.3 Mean and Variance Statistics 124 4.4 Frequency and Hit Statistics 134 4.5 Summary 152 5 Graphical Data Analysis 157 5.1 Data Quality 158 5.3 Model-Based or Parametric Graphs 176 5.4 Weibull Plot 178 5.5 Exponential Plot 188 5.6 Normal Distribution 193 5.7 Power Law Reliability Growth 197 5.8 Summary 202 6 Parameter Estimation 207 6.1 General Aspects with Parameter Estimation 207 6.2 Maximum Likelihood Estimators 212 6.3 Linear Regression 223 6.4 Summary 263 7 System and Component Reliability 267 7.1 The Basics of System Reliability 267 7.2 Block Diagrams 268 7.3 Series Systems 269 7.4 Parallel Systems and Redundancy 272 7.5 Combined Series and Parallel Systems, Common Cause 273 7.6 EXTRA: Reliability and Expected Life of k-out-of-n Systems 276 7.7 Analysis of Complex Systems 277 7.8 Summary 285 8 System States, Reliability and Availability 291 8.1 States of Components and Systems 291 8.2 States and Transition Rates of One-Component Systems 292 8.3 System State Probabilities via Markov Chains 297 8.4 Markov–Laplace Method for Reliability and Availability 303 8.5 Lifetime with Absorbing States and Spare Parts 306 8.6 Mean Lifetimes MTTFF and MTBF 310 8.7 Availability and Steady-State Situations 312 8.8 Summary 314 9 Application to Asset and Incident Management 317 9.1 Maintenance Styles 317 9.1.1 Period-Based Maintenance Optimization for Lowest Costs 317 9.2 Health Index 334 9.3 Testing and Quality Assurance 338 9.4 Incident Management (Determining End of Trouble) 342 10 Miscellaneous Subjects 367 10.1 Basics of Combinatorics 367 10.2 Power Functions and Asymptotic Behaviour 369 10.3 Regression Analysis 380 10.4 Sampling from a Population and Simulations 386 10.5 Hypothesis Testing 407 10.6 Approximations for the Normal Distribution 408 10.6.1 Power Series 409 10.6.2 Power Series Times Density f (y) 409 10.6.3 Inequalities for Boxing R(y) and h(y) for Large y 410 10.6.4 Polynomial Expression for F(y) 410 10.6.5 Power Function for the Reliability Function R(y) 410 10.6.6 Wrap-up of Approximations 412 Appendix A Weibull Plot 413 Appendix B Laplace Transforms 415 Appendix C Taylor Series 417 Appendix D SI Prefixes 419 Appendix E Greek Characters 421 Appendix F Standard Weibull and Exponential Distribution 423 Appendix G Standardized Normal Distribution 429 Appendix H Standardized Lognormal Distribution 435 Appendix I Gamma Function 441 Appendix J Plotting Positions 447 References 469 Index 473

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Book SynopsisAn essential reference to the modeling techniques of wind turbine systems for the application of advanced control methods This book covers the modeling of wind power and application of modern control methods to the wind power controlspecifically the models of type 3 and type 4 wind turbines. The modeling aspects will help readers to streamline the wind turbine and wind power plant modeling, and reduce the burden of power system simulations to investigate the impact of wind power on power systems. The use of modern control methods will help technology development, especially from the perspective of manufactures. Chapter coverage includes: status of wind power development, grid code requirements for wind power integration; modeling and control of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbine generator (WTG); optimal control strategy for load reduction of full scale converter (FSC) WTG; clustering based WTG model linearization; adaptive control of wind turbines for maximum power poinTable of ContentsList of Contributors xi About the CompanionWebsite xiii 1 Status of Wind Power Technologies 1Haoran Zhao and Qiuwei Wu 1.1 Wind Power Development 1 1.2 Wind Turbine Generator Technology 4 1.2.1 Type 1 4 1.2.2 Type 2 5 1.2.3 Type 3 5 1.2.4 Type 4 6 1.2.5 Comparison 7 1.2.6 Challenges withWind Power Integration 7 1.3 Conclusion 9 References 9 2 Grid Code Requirements for Wind Power Integration 11Qiuwei Wu 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Steady-state Operational Requirements 12 2.2.1 Reactive Power and Power Factor Requirements 12 2.2.2 Continuous Voltage Operating Range 17 2.2.3 Frequency Operating Range and Frequency Response 18 2.2.4 Power Quality 24 2.3 Low-voltage Ride Through Requirement 26 2.3.1 LVRT Requirement in the UK 26 2.3.2 LVRT Requirement in Ireland 29 2.3.3 LVRT Requirement in Germany (Tennet TSO GmbH) 30 2.3.4 LVRT Requirement in Denmark 31 2.3.5 LVRT Requirement in Spain 31 2.3.6 LVRT Requirement in Sweden 32 2.3.7 LVRT Requirement in the USA 33 2.3.8 LVRT Requirement in Quebec and Alberta 34 2.4 Conclusion 36 References 36 3 Control of Doubly-fed Induction Generators for Wind Turbines 37Guojie Li and Lijun Hang 3.1 Introduction 37 3.2 Principles of Doubly-fed Induction Generator 37 3.3 PQ Control of Doubly-fed Induction Generator 40 3.3.1 Grid-side Converter 41 3.3.2 Rotor-side converter 43 3.4 Direct Torque Control of Doubly-fed Induction Generators 46 3.4.1 Features of Direct Torque Control 47 3.4.2 Application of Direct Torque Control in DFIGs 49 3.4.3 Principle of Direct Torque Control in DFIG 50 3.5 Low-voltage Ride Through of DFIGs 58 3.6 Conclusions 61 References 61 4 Optimal Control Strategies of Wind Turbines for Load Reduction 63Shuju Hu and Bin Song 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 The Dynamic Model of aWind Turbine 64 4.2.1 Wind Conditions Model 64 4.2.2 Aerodynamic Model 64 4.2.3 Tower Model 66 4.2.4 DrivetrainModel 66 4.2.5 Electrical Control Model 67 4.2.6 Wind Turbine DynamicModel 67 4.3 Wind Turbine Individual Pitch Control 67 4.3.1 Control Implementation 68 4.3.2 Linearization of theWind Turbine Model 68 4.3.3 Controller Design 71 4.3.4 Simulation Analysis 73 4.4 Drivetrain Torsional Vibration Control 73 4.4.1 LQG Controller Design 73 4.4.2 Simulation Analysis 79 4.5 Conclusion 83 References 83 5 Modeling of Full-scale Converter Wind Turbine Generator 85Yongning Chi, Chao Liu, Xinshou Tian, Lei Shi, and Haiyan Tang 5.1 Introduction 85 5.2 Operating Characteristics of FSC-WTGs 88 5.3 FSC-WTG Model 89 5.3.1 Shaft Model 89 5.3.2 Generator Model 91 5.3.3 Full-scale Converter Model 94 5.4 Full Scale Converter Control System 96 5.4.1 Control System of Generator-side Converter 97 5.4.2 Grid-side Converter Control System 101 5.5 Grid-connected FSC-WTG Stability Control 107 5.5.1 Transient Voltage Control of Grid-side Converter 108 5.5.2 Additional DC Voltage Coupling Controller 108 5.5.3 Simulations 109 5.6 Conclusion 114 References 114 6 Clustering-based Wind Turbine Generator Model Linearization 117Haoran Zhao and Qiuwei Wu 6.1 Introduction 117 6.2 Operational Regions of Power-controlledWind Turbines 118 6.3 SimplifiedWind Turbine Model 119 6.3.1 Aerodynamics 119 6.3.2 Drivetrain 120 6.3.3 Generator 120 6.3.4 Tower 121 6.3.5 Pitch Actuator 121 6.4 Clustering-based IdentificationMethod 122 6.5 Discrete-time PWA Modeling ofWind Turbines 123 6.5.1 Identification of Aerodynamic Torque Ta 123 6.5.2 Identification of Generator Torque Tg 123 6.5.3 Identification of Thrust Force Ft 124 6.5.4 Identification of Correction Factor Kc 125 6.5.5 Formulation of A′ d and B′ d 126 6.5.6 Region Construction through Intersection 126 6.5.7 PWA Model of aWind Turbine 126 6.6 Case Study 127 6.6.1 LowWind Speed Case 128 6.6.2 HighWind Speed Case 129 6.7 Conclusion 131 References 131 7 Adaptive Control of Wind Turbines for Maximum Power Point Tracking 133Haoran Zhao and Qiuwei Wu 7.1 Introduction 133 7.1.1 Hill-climbing Search Control 134 7.1.2 Power Signal Feedback Control 135 7.1.3 Tip-speed Ratio Control 135 7.2 Generator Control System forWECSs 135 7.2.1 Speed Reference Calculation 136 7.2.2 Generator Torque Control 138 7.2.3 Speed Control 139 7.3 Design of óD1 Adaptive Controller 140 7.3.1 Problem Formulation 140 7.3.2 Architecture of the óD1 Adaptive Controller 140 7.3.3 Closed-loop Reference System 142 7.3.4 Design of óD1 Adaptive Controller Parameters 142 7.4 Case Study 144 7.4.1 Wind Speed Estimation 144 7.4.2 MPPT Performance 144 7.5 Conclusion 147 References 148 8 Distributed Model Predictive Active Power Control of Wind Farms 151Haoran Zhao and Qiuwei Wu 8.1 Introduction 151 8.2 Wind Farm without Energy Storage 152 8.2.1 Wind Farm Control Structure 152 8.2.2 Load Evaluation of theWind Turbine 154 8.2.3 MPC Problem Formulation 154 8.2.4 Standard QP Problem 156 8.2.5 Parallel Generalized Fast Dual Gradient Method 158 8.3 Wind Farm Equipped with Energy Storage 160 8.3.1 Wind Farm Control Structure 160 8.3.2 Modelling of ESS Unit 161 8.3.3 MPC Problem Formulation 162 8.4 Case Study 163 8.4.1 Wind Farm Control based on D-MPC without ESS 163 8.4.2 Wind Farm Control based on D-MPC with ESS 166 8.5 Conclusion 171 References 172 9 Model Predictive Voltage Control ofWind Power Plants 175Haoran Zhao and Qiuwei Wu 9.1 Introduction 175 9.2 MPC-basedWFVC 176 9.3 Sensitivity Coefficient Calculation 178 9.3.1 Voltage Sensitivity to Reactive Power 178 9.3.2 Voltage Sensitivity to Tap Position 179 9.4 Modeling ofWTGs and SVCs/SVGs 180 9.4.1 WTG Modeling 180 9.4.2 SVC/SVG Modeling 181 9.4.3 General Composite Model 182 9.5 Coordination with OLTC 183 9.6 Formulation of MPC Problem forWFVC 184 9.6.1 Corrective Voltage Control Mode 184 9.6.2 Preventive Voltage Control Mode 186 9.7 Case Study 186 9.7.1 Scenario 1: Normal Operation 187 9.7.2 Scenario 2: Operation with Disturbances 187 9.8 Conclusion 190 References 191 10 Control of Wind Farm Clusters 193Yan Li, Ningbo Wang, Linjun Wei, and Qiang Zhou 10.1 Introduction 193 10.2 Active Power and Frequency Control of Wind Farm Clusters 194 10.2.1 Active Power Control Mode of Wind Farms 194 10.2.2 Active Power Control Strategy of Wind Farm Cluster 198 10.2.3 AGC of Wind Farm Cluster 200 10.3 Reactive Power and Voltage Control of Wind Farms 200 10.3.1 Impact of Wind Farm on Reactive Power Margin of the System 200 10.3.2 Reactive Voltage Control Measures for Wind Farms 202 10.3.3 Reactive Voltage Control Strategy of Wind Farm Cluster 208 10.3.4 Wind Farm AVC Design Scheme 210 10.4 Conclusion 213 References 213 11 Fault Ride Through Enhancement of VSC-HVDC Connected Offshore Wind Power Plants 215Ranjan Sharma, Qiuwei Wu, Kim Høj Jensen, Tony Wederberg Rasmussen, and Jacob Østergaard 11.1 Introduction 215 11.2 Modeling and Control of VSC-HVDC-connected Offshore WPPs 216 11.2.1 Modeling of VSC-HVDC-connected WPP with External Grid 217 11.2.2 Modeling of VSC-HVDC-connected WPP 217 11.2.3 Control of WPP-side VSC 220 11.3 Feedforward DC Voltage Control based FRT Technique for VSC-HVDC-connected WPP 222 11.4 Time-domain Simulation of FRT for VSC-HVDC-connected WPPs 223 11.4.1 Test System for Case Studies 224 11.4.2 Case Study 224 11.5 Conclusions 229 References 230 12 Power Oscillation Damping from VSC-HVDC-connected Offshore Wind Power Plants 233Lorenzo Zeni 12.1 Introduction 233 12.1.1 HVDC Connection of Offshore WPPs 233 12.1.2 Power Oscillation Damping from Power Electronic Sources 234 12.2 Modelling for Simulation 235 12.2.1 HVDC System 235 12.2.2 Wind Power Plant 237 12.2.3 Power System 238 12.3 POD from Power Electronic Sources 238 12.3.1 Study Case 238 12.3.2 POD Controller 241 12.3.3 Practical Considerations for Parameter Tuning 241 12.4 Implementation on VSC-HVDC-connected WPPs 245 12.4.1 Realization of POD Control 245 12.4.2 Demonstration on Study Case 246 12.4.3 Practical Considerations on Limiting Factors 248 12.5 Conclusion 254 Acknowledgement 254 References 254 Index 257

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Book SynopsisAn invaluable academic reference for the area of high-power converters, covering all the latest developments in the field High-power multilevel converters are well known in industry and academia as one of the preferred choices for efficient power conversion. Over the past decade, several power converters have been developed and commercialized in the form of standard and customized products that power a wide range of industrial applications. Currently, the modular multilevel converter is a fast-growing technology and has received wide acceptance from both industry and academia. Providing adequate technical background for graduate- and undergraduate-level teaching, this book includes a comprehensive analysis of the conventional and advanced modular multilevel converters employed in motor drives, HVDC systems, and power quality improvement. Modular Multilevel Converters: Analysis, Control, and Applications provides an overview of high-power converters, referTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xiii Preface xvii Acknowledgments xxi Acronyms xxiii Symbols xxvii About the Companion Website xli Part I General Aspects of Conventional mmc 1 Review of High-Power Converters 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Overview of High-Power Converters 4 1.3 Voltage Source Converters 6 1.3.1 Neutral-Point Clamped Converter 8 1.3.2 Active Neutral-Point Clamped Converter 10 1.3.3 Flying Capacitor Converter 11 1.3.4 Nested Neutral-Point Clamped Converter 12 1.3.5 Cascaded H-bridge Converter 13 1.3.6 Cascaded Neutral-Point Clamped Converter 15 1.4 Current Source Converters 16 1.4.1 Load-Commutated Current Source Converter 16 1.4.2 PWM Current Source Converter 18 1.5 Matrix Converters 19 1.5.1 Direct Matrix Converter 19 1.5.2 Indirect Matrix Converter 20 1.5.3 Multi-Modular Matrix Converter 21 1.6 Modular Multilevel Converters 23 1.6.1 Converter Technology 24 1.6.2 Applications 24 1.6.3 Technical Challenges 31 1.7 Summary 33 References 34 2 Fundamentals of Modular Multilevel Converter 37 2.1 Introduction 37 2.2 Modular Multilevel Converter 38 2.2.1 Converter Con guration 39 2.2.2 Con guration of Submodules 39 2.2.3 Comparison of Submodules 46 2.2.4 Principle of Operation 48 2.3 Pulse Width Modulation Schemes 49 2.3.1 Phase-Shifted Carrier Modulation 51 2.3.2 Level-Shifted Carrier Modulation 59 2.3.3 Sampled Average Modulation 60 2.3.4 Space Vector Modulation 65 2.3.5 Staircase Modulation 73 2.4 Summary 77 References 77 3 Classical Control of Modular Multilevel Converter 79 3.1 Introduction 79 3.2 Overview of Classical Control Method 80 3.3 Submodule Capacitor Voltage Control 82 3.3.1 Leg Voltage Control 82 3.3.2 Voltage Balance Strategy 83 3.4 Output Current Control 88 3.4.1 Reference Frame Theory 88 3.4.2 Control of MMC with Passive Load 92 3.5 Circulating Current Control 95 3.5.1 Mathematical Model 96 3.5.2 Control in Synchronous-dq Reference Frame 97 3.5.3 Control in Stationary-abc Reference Frame 100 3.6 Summary 101 References 101 4 Model Predictive Control of Modular Multilevel Converter 103 4.1 Introduction 103 4.2 Mathematical Model of mmc 105 4.2.1 Continuous-Time Model 105 4.2.2 Discretization Methods 108 4.2.3 Discrete-Time Model 110 4.3 Extrapolation Techniques 113 4.3.1 Vector Angle Extrapolation 113 4.3.2 Lagrange Extrapolation 113 4.4 Cost Function and Weight factors 114 4.4.1 Formulation of Cost Function 114 4.4.2 Selection of Weight Factors 116 4.5 Direct Model Predictive Control 117 4.5.1 Design Procedure 117 4.5.2 Control Algorithm 120 4.6 Indirect Model Predictive Control 124 4.6.1 Design Procedure 125 4.6.2 Control Algorithm 127 4.7 Summary 128 References 128 Part II Advanced Modular Multilevel Converters 5 Passive Cross-Connected Modular Multilevel Converters 133 5.1 Introduction 133 5.2 Passive Cross-Connected mmc 134 5.2.1 Con guration of Power Circuit 134 5.2.2 Switching States and Output Voltage 135 5.3 Principle of Operation 138 5.3.1 Modeling of PC-MMC 138 5.3.2 Phase-Shifted Carrier Modulation for PC-MMC 140 5.4 Low/Zero Frequency Operation of PC-MMC 144 5.4.1 Equivalent Circuit 145 5.4.2 Design of Cross-Connected Capacitor 146 5.4.3 Submodule Capacitor Voltage Ripple 148 5.4.4 Common-Mode Voltage 151 5.5 Classical Control of PC-MMC 153 5.5.1 Output Current Control 154 5.5.2 Submodule Capacitor Voltage Control 156 5.5.3 Synthesis of Modulation Signals 159 5.6 Summary 162 References 162 6 Active Cross-Connected Modular Multilevel Converters 165 6.1 Introduction 165 6.2 Active Cross-Connected mmc 166 6.2.1 Circuit Con guration of AC-MMC 166 6.2.2 Switching States and Output Voltage 166 6.3 Principles of Operation 169 6.3.1 Modeling of AC-MMC 170 6.3.2 Phase-Shifted Carrier Modulation for AC-MMC 171 6.4 Low-Frequency Operation of AC-MMC 176 6.4.1 Equivalent Circuit 176 6.4.2 Submodule Capacitor Voltage Ripple 178 6.4.3 Common-Mode Voltage 181 6.4.4 Current Stress on Semiconductor Devices 184 6.5 Classical Control of AC-MMC 185 6.5.1 Output Current Control 186 6.5.2 Submodule Capacitor Voltage Control 186 6.5.3 Synthesis of Modulation Signals 189 6.6 Summary 192 References 192 7 Star and Delta-Channel Modular Multilevel Converters 195 7.1 Introduction 195 7.2 Star-Channel Modular Multilevel Converter 196 7.2.1 Circuit Con guration of Star-Channel mmc 196 7.2.2 Switching States and Output Voltage 197 7.3 Principles of Operation 200 7.3.1 Modeling of Star-Channel mmc 200 7.3.2 Phase-Shifted Carrier Modulation for Star-Channel mmc 203 7.4 Low-Frequency Operation of Star-Channel mmc 207 7.4.1 Equivalent Circuit 208 7.4.2 Submodule Capacitor Voltage Ripple 209 7.4.3 Common-Mode Voltage 213 7.5 Classical Control of Star-Channel mmc 216 7.5.1 Output Current Control 217 7.5.2 Submodule Capacitor Voltage Control 217 7.5.3 Synthesis of Modulation Signals 221 7.6 Delta-Channel Modular Multilevel Converter 223 7.7 Comparison of Advanced Modular Multilevel Converters 225 7.8 Summary 226 References 227 Part III Applications of Modular Multilevel Converters 8 Modular Multilevel Converter Based Medium-Voltage Motor Drives 231 8.1 Introduction 231 8.2 Fundamentals of MMC-Based Motor Drive 232 8.2.1 System Con gurations 232 8.2.2 Control Schemes 233 8.3 Voltage-Oriented Control of Grid-Side mmc 234 8.3.1 Principle of voltage orientation 235 8.3.2 Implementation of PLL 236 8.3.3 Block diagram of VOC 237 8.4 Indirect Field-Oriented Control of Motor-side mmc 240 8.4.1 Principle of Field Orientation 241 8.4.2 Rotor Flux Vector Estimator 242 8.4.3 Block diagram of IFOC approach 244 8.5 Low-Speed Operation of MMC-based Motor Drive 248 8.5.1 Analysis of Submodule Capacitor Voltage Ripple 248 8.5.2 Analysis of MMC with High-Frequency Voltage and Current Injection 254 8.5.3 Estimation of High-Frequency Voltage and Current Magnitude 256 8.5.4 Minimization of Submodule Capacitor Voltage Ripple 257 8.6 Common-Mode Voltage Issues and Blocking Schemes 262 8.6.1 De nition of Common-Mode Voltage 262 8.6.2 Blocking of Common-Mode Voltage 264 8.7 Transformer-less MMC-based Motor Drive 265 8.8 Summary 269 References 269 9 Role of Modular Multilevel Converters In The Power System 271 9.1 Introduction 271 9.2 MMC-Based HVDC Transmission Systems 272 9.2.1 Two-Terminal System 273 9.2.2 Multi-Terminal System 274 9.2.3 DC-Side Short-Circuit Fault Protection 275 9.2.4 HVDC Circuit Breakers 277 9.3 Control of Two-Terminal MMC-Based HVDC System 278 9.3.1 Sending-End Converter Control 279 9.3.2 Receiving-End Converter Control 281 9.4 Control of Multi-Terminal MMC-Based HVDC System 286 9.4.1 Voltage Margin Control Scheme 288 9.4.2 Voltage Droop Control Scheme 293 9.5 MMC-based Static Synchronous Compensator 294 9.5.1 System Con guration 295 9.5.2 Reactive Power Compensation 295 9.5.3 Compensation of Unbalanced AC-Grid Currents 298 9.6 MMC-based Uni ed Power Quality Conditioner 306 9.7 Summary 307 References 307 Appendix A MATLAB Demo Projects 311 References 312 Index 313

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Book SynopsisReviews state-of-the-art technologies in modern heuristic optimization techniques and presents case studies showing how they have been applied in complex power and energy systems problems Written by a team of international experts, this book describes the use of metaheuristic applications in the analysis and design of electric power systems. This includes a discussion of optimum energy and commitment of generation (nonrenewable & renewable) and load resources during day-to-day operations and control activities in regulated and competitive market structures, along with transmission and distribution systems. Applications of Modern Heuristic Optimization Methods in Power and Energy Systems begins with an introduction and overview of applications in power and energy systems before moving on to planning and operation, control, and distribution. Further chapters cover the integration of renewable energy and the smart grid and electricity markets. The book finishes with final conclusions draTable of ContentsPreface xv Contributors xvii List of Figures xxi List of Tables xxxiii Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Evolutionary Computation: A Successful Branch of CI 3 1.2.1 Genetic Algorithm 6 1.2.2 Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II 8 1.2.3 Evolution Strategies and Evolutionary Programming 8 1.2.4 Simulated Annealing 9 1.2.5 Particle Swarm Optimization 10 1.2.6 Quantum Particle Swarm Optimization 10 1.2.7 Multi-objective Particle Swarm Optimization 11 1.2.8 Particle Swarm Optimization Variants 12 1.2.9 Artificial Bee Colony 13 1.2.10 Tabu Search 14 References 15 Chapter 2 Overview Of Applications In Power And Energy Systems 21 2.1 Applications to Power Systems 21 2.1.1 Unit Commitment 23 2.1.2 Economic Dispatch 24 2.1.3 Forecasting in Power Systems 25 2.1.4 Other Applications in Power Systems 27 2.2 Smart Grid Application Competition Series 28 2.2.1 Problem Description 29 2.2.2 Best Algorithms and Ranks 30 2.2.3 Further Information and How to Download 32 References 32 Chapter 3 Power System Planning And Operation 39 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Unit Commitment 40 3.2.1 Introduction 40 3.2.2 Problem Formulation 40 3.2.3 Advancement in UCP Formulations and Models 42 3.2.4 Solution Methodologies, State-of-the-Art, History, and Evolution 46 3.2.5 Conclusions 56 3.3 Economic Dispatch Based on Genetic Algorithms and Particle Swarm Optimization 56 3.3.1 Introduction 56 3.3.2 Fundamentals of Genetic Algorithms and Particle Swarm Optimization 58 3.3.3 Economic Dispatch Problem 60 3.3.4 GA Implementation to ED 63 3.3.5 PSO Implementation to ED 71 3.3.6 Numerical Example 79 3.3.7 Conclusions 87 3.4 Differential Evolution in Active Power Multi-Objective Optimal Dispatch 87 3.4.1 Introduction 87 3.4.2 Differential Evolution for Multi-Objective Optimization 88 3.4.3 Multi-Objective Model of Active Power Optimization for Wind Power Integrated Systems 97 3.4.4 Case Studies 100 3.4.5 Analyses of Dispatch Plan 105 3.4.6 Conclusions 106 3.5 Hydrothermal Coordination 106 3.5.1 Introduction 106 3.5.2 Hydrothermal Coordination Formulation 107 3.5.3 Problem Decomposition 110 3.5.4 Case Studies 111 3.5.5 Conclusions 114 3.6 Meta-Heuristic Method for Gms Based on Genetic Algorithm 115 3.6.1 History 115 3.6.2 Meta-heuristic Search Method 116 3.6.3 Flexible GMS 119 3.6.4 User-Friendly GMS System 131 3.6.5 Conclusion 141 3.7 Load Flow 143 3.7.1 Introduction 143 3.7.2 Load Flow Analysis in Electrical Power Systems 144 3.7.3 Particle Swarm Optimization and Mutation Operation 148 3.7.4 Load Flow Computation via Particle Swarm Optimization with Mutation Operation 150 3.7.5 Numerical Results 153 3.7.6 Conclusions 160 3.8 Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm for Solving Optimal Power Flow 161 3.8.1 Optimization in Power System Operation 162 3.8.2 The Optimal Power Flow Problem 162 3.8.3 Artificial Bee Colony 166 3.8.4 ABC for the OPF Problem 168 3.8.5 Case Studies 170 3.8.6 Conclusions 176 3.9 OPF Test Bed and Performance Evaluation of Modern Heuristic Optimization 176 3.9.1 Introduction 176 3.9.2 Problem Definition 177 3.9.3 OPF Test Systems 178 3.9.4 Differential Evolutionary Particle Swarm Optimization: DEEPSO 183 3.9.5 Enhanced Version of Mean–Variance Mapping Optimization Algorithm: MVMO-PHM 187 3.9.6 Evaluation Results 193 3.9.7 Conclusions 196 3.10 Transmission System Expansion Planning 197 3.10.1 Introduction 197 3.10.2 Transmission System Expansion Planning Models 198 3.10.3 Mathematical Modeling 199 3.10.4 Challenges 201 3.10.5 Application of Meta-heuristics to TEP 202 3.10.6 Conclusions 210 3.11 Conclusion 210 References 210 Chapter 4 Power System And Power Plant Control 227 4.1 Introduction 227 4.2 Load Frequency Control – Optimization and Stability 228 4.2.1 Introduction 228 4.2.2 Load Frequency Control 229 4.2.3 Components of Active Power Control System 230 4.2.4 Designing LFC Structure for an Interconnected Power System 232 4.2.5 Parameter Optimization and System Performance 237 4.2.6 System Stability in the Presence of Communication Delay 242 4.2.7 Conclusions 244 4.3 Control of Facts Devices 244 4.3.1 Introduction 244 4.3.2 Role of FACTS 246 4.3.3 Static Modeling of FACTS devices 247 4.3.4 Power Flow Control using FACTS 255 4.3.5 Optimal Power Flow Using Suitability FACTS devices 259 4.3.6 Use of Particle Swarm Optimization 281 4.3.7 Conclusions 283 4.4 Hybrid of Analytical and Heuristic Techniques for facts Devices 284 4.4.1 Introduction 284 4.4.2 Heuristic Algorithms 285 4.4.3 SVC and Voltage Instability Improvement 288 4.4.4 FACTS Devices and Angle Stability Improvement 293 4.4.5 Selection of Supplementary Input Signals for Damping Inter-area Oscillations 295 4.4.6 TCSC and Improvement of Total Transfer Capability 302 4.4.7 Conclusions 305 4.5 Power System Automation 305 4.5.1 Introduction 305 4.5.2 Application of PSO on Power System’s Corrective Control 307 4.5.3 Genetic Algorithm-aided DTs for Load Shedding 322 4.5.4 Power System-Controlled Islanding 324 4.5.5 Application of the method on the IEEE – 30 buses test system 326 4.5.6 Application of the method on the IEEE – 118 buses test system 327 4.5.7 Conclusions 327 4.5.8 Appendix 328 4.6 Power Plant Control 334 4.6.1 Introduction 334 4.6.2 Coal Mill Modeling 335 4.6.3 Nonlinear Model Predictive Control of Reheater Steam Temperature 340 4.6.4 Multi-objective Optimization of Boiler Combustion System 345 4.6.5 Conclusions 355 4.7 Predictive Control in Large-Scale Power Plant 355 4.7.1 Introduction 355 4.7.2 Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm 356 4.7.3 Performance Prediction Model Development Based on NARMA Model 357 4.7.4 Design of Intelligent MPOC Scheme 361 4.7.5 Control Simulation Tests 364 4.7.6 Conclusions 367 4.8 Conclusion 368 References 369 Chapter 5 Distribution System 381 5.1 Introduction 381 5.2 Active Distribution Network Planning 382 5.2.1 Introduction 382 5.2.2 Problem Formulation 382 5.2.3 Overview of the Solution Techniques for Distribution Network Planning 385 5.2.4 Genetic Algorithm Solution to Active Distribution Network Planning Problem 385 5.2.5 Numerical Results 388 5.2.6 Conclusions 392 5.3 Optimal Selection of Distribution System Architecture 392 5.3.1 Introduction 392 5.3.2 Deterministic Optimization Techniques 393 5.3.3 Stochastic Optimization Techniques 394 5.3.4 Multi-Objective Optimization 400 5.3.5 Mathematical Modeling for Power System Components 401 5.3.6 AC/DC Power Flow in Hybrid Networks 405 5.3.7 Pareto-Based Multi-Objective Optimization Problem 409 5.4 Conservation Voltage Reduction Planning 418 5.4.1 Introduction 418 5.4.2 Conservation Voltage Reduction 418 5.4.3 CVR Based on PSO 420 5.4.4 CVR Based on AHP 423 5.4.5 Case Studies for CVR in Korean Power System 424 5.4.6 Conclusion 427 5.5 Dynamic Distribution Network Expansion Planning with Demand Side Management 427 5.5.1 Introduction 427 5.5.2 Expansion Options 431 5.5.3 Problem Formulation 436 5.5.4 Optimization Algorithm 442 5.5.5 Case Studies 450 5.5.6 Conclusions 460 5.6 GA-Guided Trust-Tech Methodology for Capacitor Placement in Distribution Systems 467 5.6.1 Introduction 467 5.6.2 Overview of the Trust-Tech Method 469 5.6.3 Computing Tier-One Local Optimal Solutions 472 5.6.4 The GA-Guided Trust-Tech Method 474 5.6.5 Applications to Capacitor Placement Problems 478 5.6.6 Numerical Study 481 5.6.7 Conclusions 488 5.7 Network Reconfiguration 489 5.7.1 Introduction 489 5.7.2 Modern Distribution Systems: A Concept 490 5.7.3 Distribution System Reconfiguration 493 5.7.4 Distribution System Service Restoration 496 5.7.5 Multi-Agent System for Distribution System Reconfiguration 501 5.7.6 Conclusions 510 5.8 Distribution System Restoration 510 5.8.1 Introduction 510 5.8.2 Power System Restoration Process 511 5.9 Group-based PSO for System Restoration 531 5.9.1 Introduction 531 5.9.2 Group-Based PSO Method 533 5.9.3 Overview of the Service Restoration Problem 539 5.9.4 Application to the Service Restoration Problem 542 5.9.5 Numerical Results 545 5.9.6 Conclusions 552 5.10 MVMO for Parameter Identification of Dynamic Equivalents for Active Distribution Networks 553 5.10.1 Introduction 553 5.10.2 Active Distribution System 553 5.10.3 Need for Aggregation and the Concept of Dynamic Equivalents 554 5.10.4 Proposed Approach with MVMO 556 5.10.5 Adaptation of MVMO for Identification Problem 558 5.10.6 Case Study 562 5.10.7 Application to Test Case 568 5.10.8 Analysis 569 5.10.9 Reflections 572 5.10.10 Conclusions 572 5.11 Parameter Estimation of Circuit Model for Distribution Transformers 573 5.11.1 Introduction 573 5.11.2 Transformer Winding Equivalent Circuit 574 5.11.3 Signal Comparison Indicators 576 5.11.4 Coefficients Estimation Using Heuristic Optimization 578 5.11.5 Coefficients Estimation Results and Conclusion 582 5.11.6 Conclusions 586 References 590 Chapter 6 Integration Of Renewable Energy In Smart Grid 613 6.1 Introduction 613 6.2 Renewable Energy Sources 613 6.2.1 Renewable Energy Sources Management Overview 613 6.2.2 Energy Resource Scheduling – Problem Formulation 615 6.2.3 Energy Resources Scheduling – Particle Swarm Optimization 617 6.2.4 Energy Resources Scheduling – Simulated Annealing 618 6.2.5 Practical Case Study 621 6.2.6 Appendix 632 6.2.7 Conclusions 634 6.3 Operation and Control of Smart Grid 635 6.3.1 Introduction 635 6.3.2 Problems for Systems Configuration or Systems Design 636 6.3.3 Systems Operation and Systems Control 638 6.3.4 System’s Management 640 6.3.5 Conclusion 645 6.4 Compliance of Reactive Power Requirements in Wind Power Plants 645 6.4.1 Introduction 645 6.4.2 Problem Definition 646 6.4.3 NN-Based Wind Speed Forecasting Method 648 6.4.4 Mean Variance Mapping Optimization Algorithm 650 6.4.5 Case Studies 654 6.4.6 Conclusions 665 6.5 Photovoltaic Controller Design 667 6.5.1 Introduction 667 6.5.2 Maximum Power Point Tracking in PV System 668 6.5.3 Particle Swarm Optimization 674 6.5.4 Application of Particle Swarm Optimization in MPPT 674 6.5.5 Illustration of PSO Technique for MPPT During Different Irradiance Conditions 676 6.5.6 Conclusion 678 6.6 Demand Side Management and Demand Response 680 6.6.1 Introduction 680 6.6.2 Methodology for Consumption Shifting and Generation Scheduling 683 6.6.3 Quantum PSO 685 6.6.4 Numeric Example 687 6.6.5 Conclusions 691 6.7 EPSO-Based Solar Power Forecasting 691 6.7.1 Introduction 691 6.7.2 General Radial Basis Function Network 693 6.7.3 k-Means 695 6.7.4 Deterministic Annealing Clustering 695 6.7.5 Evolutionary Particle Swarm Optimization 697 6.7.6 Hybrid Intelligent Method 698 6.7.7 Case Studies 699 6.7.8 Conclusion 704 6.8 Load Demand and Solar Generation Forecast for PV Integrated Smart Buildings 704 6.8.1 Introduction 704 6.8.2 Literature Review of Forecasting Techniques 714 6.8.3 Ensemble Forecast Methodology for Load Demand and PV Output Power 717 6.8.4 Numerical Results and Discussion 722 6.8.5 Conclusions 728 6.9 Multi-Objective Planning of Public Electric Vehicle Charging Stations 729 6.9.1 Introduction 729 6.9.2 Multi-Objective Electric Vehicle Charging Station Layout Planning Model 730 6.9.3 An Improved SPEA2 for Solving EVCSLP Problem 733 6.9.4 Case Study 737 6.9.5 Conclusion 740 6.10 Dispatch Modeling Incorporating Maneuver Components, Wind Power, and Electric Vehicles 741 6.10.1 Introduction 741 6.10.2 Proposed Economic Dispatch Formulation 743 6.10.3 Population-Based Optimization Algorithms 751 6.10.4 Test System and Results Analysis 753 6.10.5 Conclusion 756 6.11 Conclusions 757 References 757 Chapter 7 Electricity Markets 775 7.1 Introduction 775 7.2 Bidding Strategies 777 7.2.1 Introduction 777 7.2.2 Context Analysis 779 7.2.3 Strategic Bidding 780 7.3 Market Analysis and Clearing 781 7.3.1 Introduction 781 7.3.2 Electricity Market Simulators 782 7.3.3 Didactic Example 785 7.4 Electricity Market Forecasting 793 7.4.1 Introduction 793 7.4.2 Artificial Neural Networks for Electricity Market Price Forecasting 794 7.4.3 Support Vector Machines for Electricity Market Price Forecasting 795 7.4.4 Illustrative Results 796 7.5 Simultaneous Bidding of V2G In Ancillary Service Markets Using Fuzzy Optimization 798 7.5.1 Introduction 798 7.5.2 Fuzzy Optimization 799 7.5.3 FO-based Simultaneous Bidding of Ancillary Services Using V2G 801 7.5.4 Case Study 806 7.5.5 Results and Discussions 807 7.5.6 Conclusion 811 7.6 Conclusions 812 References 812 Index 819

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Book SynopsisHow to design a solar power plant, from start to finish In Step-by-Step Design of Large-Scale Photovoltaic Power Plants, a team of distinguished engineers delivers a comprehensive reference on PV power plantsand their designfor specialists, experts, and academics. Written in three parts, the book covers the detailed theoretical knowledge required to properly design a PV power plant. It goes on to explore the step-by-step requirements for creating a real-world PV power plant, including parts and components design, mathematical formulations and calculations, analyses, evaluations, and planning. The book concludes with a discussion of a sample solar plant design, as well as tips on how to avoid common design mistakes, and how to handle the operation and maintenance of PV power plants. Step-by-Step Design of Large-Scale Photovoltaic Power Plants also includes: Thorough introductions to the basic requirements of design, economic analyses, and investTable of ContentsPREFACE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ACRONYMS SYMBOLS 1 Introduction 1.1 Solar Energy 1 1.2 Diverse Solar Energy Applications 1 1.2.1 Solar Thermal Power Plant 2 1.2.2 PV Thermal Hybrid Power Plants 4 1.2.3 PV Power Plant 4 1.3 Global PV Power Plants 9 1.4 Perspective of PV Power Plants 11 1.5 A Review on the Design of Large-Scale PV Power Plant 13 1.6 Outline of the Book 14 References 15 2 Design Requirements 19 2.1 Overview 19 2.2 Development Phases 19 2.2.1 Concept Development and Site Identification 20 2.2.2 Prefeasibility Study 20 2.2.3 Feasibility Study 20 2.2.4 Permitting, Financing and Contracts 20 2.2.5 Detailed Design and Engineering 21 2.2.6 Construction 21 2.2.7 Commercial Operation 21 2.3 Project Predesign 21 2.4 Project Detailed Design 21 2.5 The Main Components Required for Realizing an LS-PVPP 22 2.5.1 PV Panels (PV Module) 22 2.5.2 Solar Inverter 22 2.5.3 Photovoltaic Mounting Systems (Solar Module Racking) 26 2.5.4 DC Cable 26 2.5.5 DC Combiner Box 26 2.5.6 DC Protection System 26 2.5.7 AC Combiner Box 26 2.5.8 Low-Voltage Switchgear 26 2.5.9 Transformers 27 2.5.10 Medium-Voltage Switchgear 27 2.5.11 LV and MV AC Cables 27 2.5.12 AC Protection Devices 27 2.6 An Overview of PV Technologies 27 2.6.1 Background on Solar Cell 27 2.6.2 Types and Classifications 28 2.7 Solar Inverter Topologies Overview 28 2.7.1 Central Inverter 28 2.7.2 String Inverter 29 2.7.3 Multi-string Inverter29 2.7.4 Micro-Inverter 29 2.8 Solar Panel Mounting 30 2.9 Solar Panel Tilt 30 2.10 Solar Tracking System 31 2.10.1 One-Axis Tracker 31 2.10.1.1 North–South Horizontal-Axis Tracking 31 2.10.1.2 Polar Tracking 31 2.10.1.3 East–West Horizontal-Axis Tracking 31 2.10.1.4 Azimuthal-Axis Tracking 32 2.10.2 Two-Axis Tracker 32 2.10.3 Driving Motor 32 2.10.4 Solar Tracker Control 33 References 34 3 Feasibility Studies 35 3.1 Introduction 35 3.2 Preliminary Feasibility Studies 35 3.3 Technical Feasibility Study 36 3.3.1 Site Selection 36 3.3.1.1 Amount of Sunlight 36 3.3.1.2 Land Area and Geometry 36 3.3.1.3 Climate Conditions 37 3.3.1.4 Site Access to Power Grid 38 3.3.1.5 Site Road Access 38 3.3.1.6 Site Topography 38 3.3.1.7 Land Geotechnics and Seismicity 40 3.3.1.8 Drainage, Seasonal Flooding 41 3.3.1.9 Land Use and Legal Permits 41 3.3.1.10 Air Pollution and Suspended Solid Particles 42 3.3.1.11 Geopolitical Risk 43 3.3.1.12 Financial Incentives 43 3.3.2 Annual Electricity Production 43 3.3.3 Equipment Technical Specifications 43 3.3.4 Execution and Construction Processes 43 3.3.5 Site Plan 43 3.4 Environmental Feasibility 44 3.5 Social Feasibility 45 3.6 Economic Feasibility 45 3.6.1 Financial Model Inputs 45 3.6.2 Financial Model Results 47 3.6.3 Financial and Economic Indicators 48 3.6.4 Financial Indicators 48 3.6.4.1 Net Present Value 48 3.6.4.2 Internal Rate of Return 48 3.6.4.3 Investment Return Period 49 3.6.4.4 Break Even Point 49 3.7 Timing Feasibility 50 3.8 Summary 50 References 51 4 Grid Connection Studies 53 4.1 Introduction 53 4.2 Introducing Topics of Grid Connection Studies 53 4.2.1 Load Flow Studies 53 4.2.2 Contingency (N-1) 54 4.2.3 Three-phase and Single-phase Short Circuit Studies 55 4.2.4 Grounding System Studies 55 4.2.5 Network Protection Studies 56 4.2.6 Power Quality Studies 57 4.2.7 Stability Studies 58 4.3 Modeling of Grid and PV Power Plants 59 4.3.1 Background Information Required for Modeling 59 4.3.2 Simulation of PV Plant and Network 60 4.3.3 Load Flow Studies Before and After PV Plant Connection 60 4.3.4 Contingency (N-1) Studies Before and After PV Plant Connection 66 4.3.5 Three-phase Short Circuit Studies 68 4.3.6 Power Quality Studies 68 4.3.7 Sustainability Studies 72 4.3.8 Investigating Additional Parameters for Grid Connection Studies 73 4.4 Summary 76 References 76 5 Solar Resource and Irradiance 79 5.1 Introduction 79 5.2 Radiometric Terms 79 5.2.1 Extraterrestrial Irradiance 79 5.2.2 Solar Geometry 80 5.2.3 Solar Radiation and Earth’s Atmosphere 81 5.3 Solar Resources 82 5.3.1 Satellite Solar Data 86 5.3.2 Radiation Measurement 86 5.4 Solar Energy Radiation on Panels 86 5.5 Solar Azimuth and Altitude Angle 89 5.6 Tilt Angle and Orientation 92 5.7 Shadow Distances and Row Spacing 95 5.7.1 Sun Path 96 5.7.2 Shadow Calculations for Fixed PV Systems 96 5.7.3 Shadow Calculations for Single-Axis Tracking PV Systems) Horizontal E–W Tracking Axis) 99 References 100 6 Large-Scale PV Plant Design Overview 101 6.1 Introduction 101 6.2 Classification of LSPVPP Engineering Documents 101 6.2.1 Part 1: Feasibility Study 101 6.2.2 Part 2: Basic Design 102 6.2.3 Part 3: Detailed Design and Shop Drawing 107 6.2.4 Part 4: As-Built and Final Documentation 107 6.3 Roadmap Proposal for LSPVPP Design 108 6.3.1 Project Definition 108 6.3.2 Collecting General Information 109 6.3.3 Collecting Information By Site Visit 109 6.3.4 Limitations and Obstacles Identification 110 6.3.5 PV Module and Inverter Selection111 6.3.6 String Size Calculations 111 6.3.7 Solar PV Mounting Structure Selection 111 6.3.8 Tilt Angle Calculation 113 6.3.9 Calculations of Far and Near Shading 113 6.3.10 Optimization Process 113 6.3.11 Energy Balance and Value Engineering 115 6.3.12 Optimal Transformer Size 116 6.3.13 General SLD and Layout 116 6.3.14 Detailed Design 117 6.3.15 Electrical Parameters and Value Engineering 117 6.3.16 Preparing Final Documents 117 6.4 Conclusion 117 References 118 7 PV Power Plant DC Side Design 119 7.1 Introduction 119 7.2 DC Side Design Methodology 119 7.3 PV Modules Selection 121 7.3.1 Module Technology 121 7.3.2 PV Module Size 123 7.3.3 Selection Criteria 123 7.4 Inverter Selection 123 7.4.1 Inverter Topologies 126 7.4.1.1 Micro Inverter 126 7.4.1.2 Multi-string Inverter 126 7.4.1.3 String Inverter 126 7.4.1.4 Central Inverter 126 7.4.1.5 Virtual Central Inverter 128 7.4.2 Comparison of Inverter Topologies 128 7.5 PV Modules Number 129 7.5.1 Method 1 133 7.5.1.1 Minimum String Size 133 7.5.1.2 Maximum String Size 134 7.5.1.3 Determining Maximum Current of a PV Module 135 7.5.1.4 Determining Number of Inverters 135 7.5.2 Method 2 136 7.6 Size of PV Plant DC Side 136 7.7 DC Cables 138 7.7.1 Criteria 138 7.7.2 DC Cables Cross Section 139 7.7.2.1 Current Capacity 139 7.7.2.2 Voltage Drop 141 7.7.2.3 Power Loss 143 7.7.2.4 Short-circuit Current 143 7.8 DC Box Combiner 144 7.9 String Diode 145 7.10 Fuse 145 7.10.1 Rated Voltage 146 7.10.2 Rated Current 146 7.10.3 Fuse Testing 147 7.10.4 Melting Time 147 7.11 Surge Arrester 148 7.12 DC Switch 149 7.13 Conclusion 150 Note 150 References 150 8 PV System Losses and Energy Yield 8.1. Introduction 8.2. PV System Losses 8.2.1. Sunlight Losses 8.2.1.1. Array Incidence Losses 8.2.1.2. Soiling Losses 8.2.1.3. Dust Losses 8.2.1.4. Snow Losses 8.2.2. Sunlight into DC Electricity Conversion 8.2.2.1. Temperature-r Related Losses 8.2.2.2. Shading Losses 8.2.2.3. Low Irradiance 8.2.2.4. Module Quality 8.2.2.5. Light-Induced Degradation 8.2.2.6. Potential-Induced Degradation 8.2.2.7. Manufacturing Module Mismatch 8.2.2.8. Degradation 8.2.3. DC to AC Conversion Losses 8.2.3.1. Inverter Losses 8.2.3.2. MPPT Losses 8.2.3.3. Tracking Curtailment 8.2.3.4. PV Plant DC Losses 8.2.4. PV Plant AC Losses 8.2.4.1. AC Losses 8.2.4.2. Auxiliary Power Losses 8.2.4.3. Downtime and Unavailability 8.2.4.4. Grid Compliance Losses 8.3. Energy Yield Prediction 8.3.1. Irradiation on Modules 8.3.2. PV Plant Losses 8.3.3. Performance Modeling 8.3.4. Uncertainty in Energy Yield 8.3.5. Performance Ratio 8.3.6. Capacity Factor 8.4. Conclusion References

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Book SynopsisPOWER GRID RESILIENCE AGAINST NATURAL DISASTERS How to protect our power grids in the face of extreme weather events The field of structural and operational resilience of power systems, particularly against natural disasters, is of obvious importance in light of climate change and the accompanying increase in hurricanes, wildfires, tornados, frigid temperatures, and more. Addressing these vulnerabilities in service is a matter of increasing diligence for the electric power industry, and as such, targeted studies and advanced technologies are being developed to help address these issues generallywhether they be from the threat of cyber-attacks or of natural disasters. Power Grid Resilience against Natural Disasters provides, for the first time, a comprehensive and systematic introduction to resilience-enhancing planning and operation strategies of power grids against extreme events. It addresses, in detail, the three necessary steps to ensure power grid sucTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xv Preface xvii Acknowledgments xxiii Part I Introduction 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Power Grid and Natural Disasters 3 1.2 Power Grid Resilience 4 1.2.1 Definitions 4 1.2.2 Importance and Benefits 6 1.2.2.1 Dealing withWeather-Related Disastrous Events 6 1.2.2.2 Facilitating the Integration of Renewable Energy Sources 7 1.2.2.3 Dealing with Cybersecurity-Related Events 8 1.2.3 Challenges 9 1.3 Resilience Enhancement Against Disasters 12 1.3.1 Preparedness Prior to Disasters 12 1.3.1.1 Component-Level Resilience Enhancement 13 1.3.1.2 System-Level Resilience Enhancement 14 1.3.2 Response as Disasters Unfold 14 1.3.2.1 System State Acquisition 15 1.3.2.2 Controlled Separation 16 1.3.3 Recovery After Disasters 17 1.3.3.1 Conventional Recovery Process 17 1.3.3.2 Microgrids for Electric Service Recovery 18 1.3.3.3 Distribution Grid Topology Reconfiguration 18 1.4 Coordination and Co-Optimization 20 1.5 Focus of This Book 22 1.6 Summary 23 References 23 Trim Size: 152mm x 229mm Single Column Lei801474 ftoc.tex V1 - 10/31/2022 4:04pm Page viii [1] [1] [1] [1] viii Contents Part II Preparedness Prior to a Natural Disaster 35 2 Preventive Maintenance to Enhance Grid Reliability 37 2.1 Component- and System-Level Deterioration Model 37 2.1.1 Component-Level Deterioration Transition Probability 38 2.1.2 System-Level Deterioration Transition Probability 40 2.1.3 Mathematical Model without Harsh External Conditions 40 2.2 Preventive Maintenance in Consideration of Disasters 41 2.2.1 Potential Disasters Influencing Preventive Maintenance 41 2.2.2 Preventive Maintenance Model with Disasters Influences 42 2.2.2.1 Probabilistic Model of Repair Delays Caused By Harsh External Conditions 42 2.2.2.2 Activity Vectors Corresponding to Repair Delays 42 2.2.2.3 Expected Cost 43 2.3 Solution Algorithms 44 2.3.1 Backward Induction 44 2.3.2 Search Space Reduction Method 44 2.4 Case Studies 45 2.4.1 Data Description 45 2.4.2 Case I: Verification of the Proposed Model 45 2.4.2.1 Verifying the Model Using Monte Carlo Simulations 46 2.4.2.2 Selection of Optimal Maintenance Activities 47 2.4.2.3 Influences of Harsh External Conditions on Maintenance 48 2.4.3 Case II: Results Simulating the Zhejiang Electric Power Grid 48 2.5 Summary and Conclusions 51 Nomenclature 52 References 53 3 Preallocating Emergency Resources to Enhance Grid Survivability 55 3.1 Emergency Resources of Grids against Disasters 55 3.2 Mobile Emergency Generators and Grid Survivability 58 3.2.1 Microgrid Formation 59 3.2.2 Preallocation and Real-Time Allocation 59 3.2.3 Coordination with Conventional Restoration Procedures 60 3.3 Preallocation Optimization of Mobile Emergency Generators 61 3.3.1 A Two-Stage Stochastic Optimization Model 61 3.3.2 Availability of Mobile Emergency Generators 66 3.3.3 Connection of Mobile Emergency Generators 66 3.3.4 Coordination of Multiple Flexibility in Microgrids 67 Trim Size: 152mm x 229mm Single Column Lei801474 ftoc.tex V1 - 10/31/2022 4:04pm Page ix [1] [1] [1] [1] Contents ix 3.4 Solution Algorithms 67 3.4.1 Scenario Generation and Reduction 68 3.4.2 Dijkstra’s Shortest-Path Algorithm 69 3.4.3 Scenario Decomposition Algorithm 69 3.5 Case Studies 70 3.5.1 Test System Introduction 70 3.5.2 Demonstration of the Proposed Dispatch Method 71 3.5.3 Capacity Utilization Rate 73 3.5.4 Importance of Considering Traffic Issue and Preallocation 75 3.5.5 Computational Efficiency 76 3.6 Summary and Conclusions 77 Nomenclature 78 References 80 4 Grid Automation Enabling Prompt Restoration 85 4.1 Smart Grid and Automation Systems 85 4.2 Distribution System Automation and Restoration 87 4.3 Prompt Restoration with Remote-Controlled Switches 89 4.4 Remote-Controlled Switch Allocation Models 91 4.4.1 Minimizing Customer Interruption Cost 91 4.4.2 Minimizing System Average Interruption Duration Index 93 4.4.3 Maximizing System Restoration Capability 94 4.5 Solution Method 95 4.5.1 Practical Candidate Restoration Strategies 95 4.5.2 Model Transformation 99 4.5.3 Linearization and Simplification Techniques 100 4.5.4 Overall Solution Process 100 4.6 Case Studies 102 4.6.1 Illustration on a Small Test System 102 4.6.1.1 Results of the CIC-oriented Model 102 4.6.1.2 Results of the SAIDI-oriented Model 103 4.6.1.3 Results of the RL-oriented Model 105 4.6.1.4 Comparisons 105 4.6.2 Results on a Large Test System 106 4.7 Impacts of Remote-Controlled Switch Malfunction 109 4.8 Consideration of Distributed Generations 110 4.9 Summary and Conclusions 111 Nomenclature of RCS-Restoration Models 112 Nomenclature of RCS Allocation Models 113 References 113 Trim Size: 152mm x 229mm Single Column Lei801474 ftoc.tex V1 - 10/31/2022 4:04pm Page x [1] [1] [1] [1] x Contents Part III Response as a Natural Disaster Unfolds 119 5 Security Region-Based Operational Point Analysis for Resilience Enhancement 121 5.1 Resilience-Oriented Operational Strategies 121 5.2 Security Region during an Unfolding Disaster 123 5.2.1 Sequential Security Region 123 5.2.2 Uncertain Varying System Topology Changes 125 5.3 Operational Point Analysis Resilience Enhancement 126 5.3.1 Sequential Security Region 126 5.3.2 Sequential Security Region with Uncertain Varying Topology Changes 127 5.3.3 Mapping System Topology Changes 129 5.3.4 Bilevel Optimization Model 130 5.3.5 Solution Process 131 5.4 Case Studies 132 5.5 Summary and Conclusions 138 Nomenclature 138 References 140 6 Proactive Resilience Enhancement Strategy for Transmission Systems 143 6.1 Proactive Strategy Against ExtremeWeather Events 143 6.2 System States Caused by Unfolding Disasters 145 6.2.1 Component Failure Rate 146 6.2.2 System States on Disasters’ Trajectories 146 6.2.3 Transition Probabilities Between Different System States 147 6.3 Sequentially Proactive Operation Strategy 148 6.3.1 Sequential Decision Processes 148 6.3.2 Sequentially Proactive Operation Strategy Constraints 148 6.3.3 Linear Scalarization of the Model 150 6.3.4 Case Studies 152 6.3.4.1 IEEE 30-Bus System 152 6.3.4.2 A Practical Power Grid System 156 6.4 Summary and Conclusions 159 Nomenclature 160 References 162 7 Markov Decision Process-Based Resilience Enhancement for Distribution Systems 165 7.1 Real-Time Response Against Unfolding Disasters 165 7.2 Disasters’ Influences on Distribution Systems 167 Trim Size: 152mm x 229mm Single Column Lei801474 ftoc.tex V1 - 10/31/2022 4:04pm Page xi [1] [1] [1] [1] Contents xi 7.2.1 Markov States on Disasters’ Trajectories 167 7.2.2 Transition Probability Between Markov States 169 7.3 Markov Decision Processes-Based Optimization Model 169 7.3.1 Markov Decision Processes-based Recursive Model 169 7.3.2 Operational Constraints 170 7.3.2.1 Radiality Constraint 170 7.3.2.2 Repair Constraint 170 7.3.2.3 Power Flow Constraint 171 7.3.2.4 Power Balance Constraint 171 7.3.2.5 Line Capacity Constraint 171 7.3.2.6 Voltage Constraint 172 7.4 Solution Algorithms – Approximate Dynamic Programming 172 7.4.1 Solution Challenges 172 7.4.2 Post-decision States 174 7.4.3 Forward Dynamic Algorithm 174 7.4.4 Proposed Model Reformulation 175 7.4.5 Iteration Process 177 7.5 Case Studies 177 7.5.1 IEEE 33-Bus System 177 7.5.1.1 Data Description 177 7.5.1.2 Estimated Values of Post-Decision States 178 7.5.1.3 Dispatch Strategies with Estimated Values of Post-Decision States 180 7.5.2 IEEE 123-Bus System 181 7.5.2.1 Data Description 181 7.5.2.2 Simulated Results 181 7.6 Summary and Conclusions 183 Nomenclature 184 References 186 Part IV Recovery After a Natural Disaster 189 8 Microgrids with Flexible Boundaries for Service Restoration 191 8.1 Using Microgrids in Service Restoration 191 8.2 Dynamically Formed Microgrids 194 8.2.1 Flexible Boundaries in Microgrid Formation Optimization 194 8.2.2 Radiality Constraints and Topological Flexibility 195 8.3 Mathematical Formulation of Radiality Constraints 198 8.3.1 Loop-Eliminating Model 200 8.3.2 Path-Based Model 200 Trim Size: 152mm x 229mm Single Column Lei801474 ftoc.tex V1 - 10/31/2022 4:04pm Page xii [1] [1] [1] [1] xii Contents 8.3.3 Single-Commodity Flow-Based Model 200 8.3.4 Parent–Child Node Relation-Based Model 201 8.3.5 Primal and Dual Graph-Based Model 201 8.3.6 Spanning Forest-Based Model 201 8.4 Adaptive Microgrid Formation for Service Restoration 202 8.4.1 Formulation and Validity 202 8.4.2 Tightness and Compactness 205 8.4.3 Applicability and Application 207 8.5 Case Studies 211 8.5.1 Illustration on a Small Test System 211 8.5.2 Results on a Large Test System 215 8.5.3 LinDistFlow Model Accuracy 219 8.6 Summary and Conclusions 219 8.A.1 Proof of Theorem 8.1 220 8.A.2 Proof of Proposition 8.1 220 Nomenclature of Spanning Tree Constraints 221 Nomenclature of MG Formation Model 221 References 222 9 Microgrids with Mobile Power Sources for Service Restoration 227 9.1 Grid Survivability and Recovery with Mobile Power Sources 227 9.2 Routing and Scheduling Mobile Power Sources in Microgrids 230 9.3 Mobile Power Sources and Supporting Facilities 233 9.3.1 Availability 233 9.3.2 Grid-Forming Functions 234 9.3.3 Cost-Effectiveness 234 9.4 A Two-Stage Dispatch Framework 235 9.4.1 Proactive Pre-Dispatch 235 9.4.2 Dynamic Routing and Scheduling 239 9.5 Solution Method 243 9.5.1 Column-and-Constraint Generation Algorithm 243 9.5.2 Linearization Techniques 245 9.6 Case Studies 245 9.6.1 Illustration on a Small Test System 246 9.6.1.1 Results of MPS Proactive Pre-positioning 246 9.6.1.2 Results of MPS Dynamic Dispatch 247 9.6.2 Results on a Large Test System 251 9.7 Summary and Conclusions 255 Nomenclature 255 References 257 Trim Size: 152mm x 229mm Single Column Lei801474 ftoc.tex V1 - 10/31/2022 4:04pm Page xiii [1] [1] [1] [1] Contents xiii 10 Co-Optimization of Grid Flexibilities in Recovery Logistics 261 10.1 Post-Disaster Recovery Logistics of Grids 261 10.1.1 Power Infrastructure Recovery 262 10.1.2 Microgrid-Based Service Restoration 263 10.1.3 A Co-Optimization Approach 264 10.2 Flexibility Resources in Grid Recovery Logistics 265 10.2.1 Routing and Scheduling of Repair Crews 265 10.2.2 Routing and Scheduling of Mobile Power Sources 268 10.2.3 Grid Reconfiguration and Operation 271 10.3 Co-Optimization of Flexibility Resources 277 10.4 Solution Method 280 10.4.1 Pre-assigning Minimal Repair Tasks 280 10.4.2 Selecting Candidate Nodes to Connect Mobile Power Sources 281 10.4.3 Linearization Techniques 283 10.5 Case Studies 284 10.5.1 Illustration on a Small Test System 284 10.5.2 Results on a Large Test System 287 10.5.3 Computational Efficiency 290 10.5.4 LinDistFlow Model Accuracy 292 10.6 Summary and Conclusions 293 10.A.1 Proof of Proposition 10.1 293 References 294 Index 301

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Book SynopsisControl of Power Electronic Converters with Microgrid Applications Discover a systematic approach to design controllers for power electronic converters and circuits In Control of Power Electronic Converters with Microgrid Applications, distinguished academics and authors Drs. Arindam Ghosh and Firuz Zare deliver a systematic exploration of design controllers for power electronic converters and circuits. The book offers readers the knowledge necessary to effectively design intelligent control mechanisms. It covers the theoretical requirements, like advanced control theories and the analysis and conditioning of AC signals as well as controller development and control. The authors provide readers with discussions of custom power devices, as well as both DC and AC microgrids. They also discuss the harmonic issues that are crucial in this area, as well as harmonic standardization. The book addresses a widespread lack of understanding in the control philosophy that can lead to a stable operaTable of ContentsAuthor Biographies xv Preface xvii Acknowledgments xxi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction to Power Electronics 4 1.2 Power Converter Modes of Operation 7 1.3 Power Converter Topologies 9 1.4 Harmonics and Filters 10 1.5 Power Converter Operating Conditions, Modelling, and Control 12 1.6 Control of Power Electronic Systems 14 1.6.1 Open-loop Versus Closed-loop Control 14 1.6.2 Nonlinear Systems 16 1.6.3 Piecewise Linear Systems 17 1.7 Power Distribution Systems 18 1.8 Concluding Remarks 20 References 20 2 Analysis of AC Signals 23 2.1 Symmetrical Components 24 2.1.1 Voltage Unbalanced Factor (VUF) 25 2.1.2 Real and Reactive Power 26 2.2 Instantaneous Symmetrical Components 27 2.2.1 Estimating Symmetrical Components from Instantaneous Measurements 29 2.2.2 Instantaneous Real and Reactive Power 34 2.3 Harmonics 37 2.4 Clarke and Park Transforms 39 2.4.1 Clarke Transform 39 2.4.2 Park Transform 40 2.4.3 Real and Reactive Power 41 2.4.4 Analyzing a Three-phase Circuit 43 2.4.5 Relation Between Clarke and Park Transforms 45 2.5 Phase Locked Loop (PLL) 46 2.5.1 Three-phase PLL System 47 2.5.2 PLL for Unbalanced System 50 2.5.3 Frequency Estimation of Balanced Signal Using αβ Components 52 2.6 Concluding Remarks 53 Problems 54 Notes and References 56 3 Review of SISO Control Systems 59 3.1 Transfer Function and Time Response 60 3.1.1 Steady State Error and DC Gain 60 3.1.2 System Damping and Stability 62 3.1.3 Shaping a Second-order Response 63 3.1.4 Step Response of First- and Higher-order Systems 65 3.2 Routh–Hurwitz’s Stability Test 66 3.3 Root Locus 69 3.3.1 Number of Branches and Terminal Points 70 3.3.2 Real Axis Locus 71 3.3.3 Breakaway and Break-in Points 73 3.4 PID Control 76 3.4.1 PI Controller 77 3.4.2 PD Controller 78 3.4.3 Tuning of PID Controllers 81 3.5 Frequency Response Methods 83 3.5.1 Bode Plot 85 3.5.2 Nyquist (Polar) Plot 89 3.5.3 Nyquist Stability Criterion 91 3.6 Relative Stability 95 3.6.1 Phase and Gain Margins 95 3.6.2 Bandwidth 101 3.7 Compensator Design 104 3.7.1 Lead Compensator 104 3.7.2 Lag Compensator 108 3.7.3 Lead–lag Compensator 108 3.8 Discrete-time Control 110 3.8.1 Discrete-time Representation 110 3.8.2 The z-transform 111 3.8.3 Transformation from Continuous Time to Discrete Time 112 3.8.4 Mapping s-Plane into z-Plane 112 3.8.5 Difference Equation and Transfer Function 113 3.8.6 Digital PID Control 115 3.9 Concluding Remarks 115 Problems 116 Notes and References 120 4 Power Electronic Control Design Challenges 123 4.1 Analysis of Buck Converter 123 4.1.1 Designing a Buck Converter 126 4.1.2 The Need for a Controller 128 4.1.3 Dynamic State of a Power Converter 133 4.1.4 Averaging Method 133 4.1.5 Small Signal Model of Buck Converter 135 4.1.6 Transfer Function of Buck Converter 136 4.1.7 Control of Buck Converter 136 4.2 Transfer Function of Boost Converter 140 4.2.1 Control of Boost Converter 141 4.2.2 Two-loop Control of Boost Converter 144 4.2.3 Some Practical Issues 150 4.3 Concluding Remarks 151 Problems 151 Notes and References 152 5 State Space Analysis and Design 153 5.1 State Space Representation of Linear Systems 154 5.1.1 Continuous-time Systems 154 5.1.2 Discrete-time Systems 155 5.2 Solution of State Equation of a Continuous-time System 156 5.2.1 State Transition Matrix 156 5.2.2 Properties of State Transition Matrix 158 5.2.3 State Transition Equation 159 5.3 Solution of State Equation of a Discrete-time System 160 5.3.1 State Transition Matrix 161 5.3.2 Computation of State Transition Matrix 161 5.3.3 Discretization of a Continuous-time System 162 5.4 Relation Between State Space Form and Transfer Function 164 5.4.1 Continuous-time System 164 5.4.2 Discrete-time System 166 5.5 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 167 5.5.1 Eigenvalues 167 5.5.2 Eigenvectors 168 5.6 Diagonalization of a Matrix Using Similarity Transform 170 5.6.1 Matrix with Distinct Eigenvalues 170 5.6.2 Matrix with Repeated Eigenvalues 173 5.7 Controllability of LTI Systems 174 5.7.1 Implication of Cayley–Hamilton Theorem 176 5.7.2 Controllability Test Condition 176 5.8 Observability of LTI Systems 178 5.9 Pole Placement Through State Feedback 180 5.9.1 Pole Placement with Integral Action 183 5.9.2 Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) 185 5.9.3 Discrete-time State Feedback with Integral Control 187 5.10 Observer Design (Full Order) 187 5.10.1 Separation Principle 188 5.11 Control of DC-DC Converter 190 5.11.1 Steady State Calculation 192 5.11.2 Linearized Model of a Boost Converter 195 5.11.3 State Feedback Control of a Boost Converter 196 5.12 Concluding Remarks 200 Problems 201 Notes and References 204 6 Discrete-time Control 207 6.1 Minimum Variance (MV) Prediction and Control 208 6.1.1 Discrete-time Models for SISO Systems 208 6.1.2 MV Prediction 209 6.1.3 MV Control Law 212 6.1.4 One-step-ahead Control 214 6.2 Pole Placement Controller 218 6.2.1 Pole Shift Control 222 6.3 Generalized Predictive Control (GPC) 225 6.3.1 Simplified GPC Computation 233 6.4 Adaptive Control 234 6.5 Least-squares Estimation 235 6.5.1 Matrix Inversion Lemma 237 6.5.2 Recursive Least-squares (RLS) Identification 238 6.5.3 Bias and Consistency 242 6.6 Self-tuning Controller 244 6.6.1 MV Self-tuning Control 244 6.6.2 Pole Shift Self-tuning Control 248 6.6.3 Self-tuning Control of Boost Converter 249 6.7 Concluding Remarks 252 Problems 253 Notes and References 254 7 DC-AC Converter Modulation Techniques 257 7.1 Single-phase Bridge Converter 258 7.1.1 Hysteresis Current Control 259 7.1.2 Bipolar Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) 263 7.1.3 Unipolar Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation 265 7.2 SPWM of Three-phase Bridge Converter 267 7.3 Space Vector Modulation (SVM) 271 7.3.1 Calculation of Space Vectors 272 7.3.2 Common Mode Voltage 273 7.3.3 Timing Calculations 274 7.3.4 An Alternate Method for Timing Calculations 277 7.3.5 Sequencing of Space Vectors 279 7.4 SPWM with Third Harmonic Injection 282 7.5 Multilevel Converters 285 7.5.1 Diode-clamped Multilevel Converter 290 7.5.2 Switching States of Diode-clamped Multilevel Converters 291 7.5.3 Flying Capacitor Multilevel Converter 295 7.5.4 Cascaded Multilevel Converter 302 7.5.5 Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) 302 7.5.6 PWM of Multilevel Converters 303 7.6 Concluding Remarks 306 Problems 307 Notes and References 307 8 Control of DC-AC Converters 311 8.1 Filter Structure and Design 311 8.1.1 Filter Design 313 8.1.2 Filter with Passive Damping 315 8.2 State Feedback Based PWM Voltage Control 315 8.2.1 HPF-based Control Design 318 8.2.2 Observer-based Current Estimation 321 8.3 State Feedback Based SVPWM Voltage Control 323 8.4 Sliding Mode Control 324 8.4.1 Sliding Mode Voltage Control 326 8.5 State Feedback Current Control 330 8.6 Output Feedback Current Control 333 8.7 Concluding Remarks 336 Problems 337 Notes and References 338 9 VSC Applications in Custom Power 341 9.1 DSTATCOM in Voltage Control Mode 342 9.1.1 Discrete-time PWM State Feedback Control 346 9.1.2 Discrete-time Output Feedback PWM Control 348 9.1.3 Voltage Control Using Four-leg Converter 351 9.1.4 The Effect of System Frequency 353 9.1.5 Power Factor Correction 357 9.2 Load Compensation 360 9.2.1 Classical Load Compensation Technique 360 9.2.2 Load Compensation Using VSC 363 9.3 Other Custom Power Devices 367 9.4 Concluding Remarks 370 Problems 370 Notes and References 373 10 Microgrids 377 10.1 Operating Modes of a Converter 380 10.2 Grid Forming Converters 381 10.2.1 PI Control in dq-domain 382 10.2.2 State Feedback Control in dq-domain 385 10.3 Grid Feeding Converters 389 10.4 Grid Supporting Converters for Islanded Operation of Microgrids 392 10.4.1 Active and Reactive Over a Feeder 393 10.4.2 Inductive Grid 394 10.4.3 Resistive Grid 398 10.4.4 Consideration of Line Impedances 400 10.4.5 Virtual Impedance 402 10.4.6 Inclusion of Nondispatchable Sources 405 10.4.7 Angle Droop Control 406 10.5 Grid-connected Operation of Microgrid 411 10.6 DC Microgrids 415 10.6.1 P-V Droop Control 417 10.6.2 The Effect of Line Resistances 419 10.6.3 I-V Droop Control 421 10.6.4 DCMG Operation with DC-DC Converters 423 10.7 Integrated AC-DC System 424 10.7.1 Dual Active Bridge (DAB) 425 10.7.2 AC Utility Connected DCMG 429 10.8 Control Hierarchies of Microgrids 430 10.8.1 Primary Control 430 10.8.2 Secondary Control 432 10.8.3 Tertiary Control 433 10.9 Smart Distribution Networks: Networked Microgrids 434 10.9.1 Interconnection of Networked Microgrids 435 10.10 Microgrids in Cluster 439 10.10.1 The Concept of Power Exchange Highway (PEH) 442 10.10.2 Operation of DC Power Exchange Highway (DC-PEH) 444 10.10.3 Overload Detection and Surplus Power Calculation 445 10.10.4 Operation of DC-PEH 447 10.10.5 Dynamic Droop Gain Selection 448 10.11 Concluding Remarks 456 Problems 457 Notes and References 460 11 Harmonics in Electrical and Electronic Systems 465 11.1 Harmonics and Interharmonics 465 11.1.1 High-frequency Harmonics (2–150 kHz) 467 11.1.2 EMI in the Frequency Range of 150 kHz–30 MHz 468 11.1.3 Common Mode and Differential Mode Harmonics and Noises 469 11.1.4 Stiff and Weak Grids 470 11.2 Power Quality Factors and Definitions 471 11.2.1 Harmonic Distortion 471 11.2.2 Power and Displacement Factors 473 11.3 Harmonics Generated by Power Electronics in Power Systems 474 11.3.1 Harmonic Analysis at a Load Side (a Three-phase Inverter) 477 11.3.2 Harmonic Analysis at a Grid Side (a Three-phase Rectifier) 479 11.3.3 Harmonic Analysis at Grid Side (Single-phase Rectifier with and without PF Correction System) 484 11.3.4 Harmonic Analysis at Grid Side (AFE) 488 11.4 Power Quality Regulations and Standards 491 11.4.1 IEEE Standards 491 11.4.2 IEEE 519 491 11.4.3 IEEE 1547 494 11.4.4 IEEE 1662-2008 494 11.4.5 IEEE 1826-2012 495 11.4.6 IEEE 1709-2010 496 11.4.7 IEC Standards 497 11.5 Concluding Remarks 499 Notes and References 499 Index 501

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsBiography xix Preface xxi Organization of the Book xxiii Acknowledgments xxv About the Companion Website xxvi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Prologue 1 1.2 The Past 1 1.3 The Present 2 1.4 The Future 2 1.5 New Developments 3 1.6 Epilogue 3 1.7 The Electric Power System 4 1.8 Distribution System Devices 5 1.8.1 Substation Devices 6 1.8.1.1 Power Transformers 6 1.8.1.2 Switchgear 7 1.8.1.3 Compensating Devices 7 1.8.1.4 Protection Equipment 8 1.8.1.5 Control and Monitoring Devices 8 1.8.2 Primary System Components 8 1.8.2.1 Feeders and Laterals 9 1.8.2.2 Switches 9 1.8.2.3 Compensating Devices 10 1.8.2.4 Protection Equipment 10 1.8.2.5 Control and Monitoring Devices 11 1.8.2.6 Distribution Transformers 11 1.8.2.7 Types of Primary Systems 11 1.8.3 Secondary System Components 11 1.9 Frequently Asked Questions on Distribution Systems 12 Reference 12 2 Distribution System Transformers 13 2.1 Definition 13 2.2 Types of Distribution Transformers 13 2.2.1 Overhead Transformers 13 2.2.2 Underground Transformers 14 2.3 Standards 14 2.3.1 Loading of Transformers 14 2.3.2 Types of Cooling 15 2.3.2.1 OA – Oil-Immersed Self-Cooled 15 2.3.2.2 OA/FA – Oil-Immersed Self-Cooled/Forced-Air Cooled 15 2.3.2.3 OA/FA/FOA – Oil-immersed Self-Cooled/Forced-Air Cooled/Forced-Oil Forced-Air Cooled 16 2.3.2.4 FOA – Oil-Immersed Forced-Oil Cooled with Forced-Air Cooled 16 2.3.2.5 OW– Oil-ImmersedWater Cooled 16 2.3.2.6 FOW– Oil-Immersed Forced-Oil Cooled with Forced-Water Cooled 17 2.3.2.7 AA – Dry-Type Self-cooled 17 2.3.2.8 AFA – Dry-Type Forced-Air Cooled 17 2.3.2.9 AA/FA – Dry-Type Self-cooled/Forced-Air Cooled 17 2.3.3 Terminal Markings and Polarity 17 2.3.4 Insulation Class 17 2.4 Single-Phase Transformer 18 2.4.1 Model for a Single-Phase Transformer 18 2.4.2 Performance Analysis 20 2.4.3 Regulation 20 2.4.4 Taps 21 2.5 Distribution Transformer Connections 21 2.5.1 Example 22 2.5.2 Parallel Operation of Three-wire Transformers 23 2.5.3 Single-Phase Autotransformers 25 2.6 Three-Phase Transformer Connections 26 2.6.1 Analysis of Y/Δ Transformer with Unbalanced Load 27 2.6.2 Analysis of Y/Y Transformer 29 2.6.3 Three-winding Transformer 31 Problems 33 References 34 3 Distribution Line Models 35 3.1 Overview 35 3.2 Conductor Types and Sizes 35 3.2.1 Sizes 35 3.2.2 Overhead Feeders 35 3.2.3 Underground Feeders 36 3.2.4 Conductor Data 37 3.3 Generalized Carson’s Models 38 3.4 Series Impedance Models of Overhead Lines 39 3.4.1 Three-phase Line 39 3.4.2 Single- and Two-phase Line Modeling 42 3.4.3 Three-phase Line Example 42 3.5 Series Impedance Models of Underground Lines 44 3.5.1 Nonconcentric Neutral Cables 44 3.5.2 Concentric Neutral Cables 45 3.5.2.1 Single-phase Cable 45 3.5.2.2 Three-phase Cable 46 Problems 49 References 52 4 Distribution System Analysis 53 4.1 Introduction 53 4.2 Modeling of Source Impedance 53 4.3 Load Models 54 4.3.1 Load Model I 54 4.3.2 Load Model II 56 4.3.3 Load Model III 56 4.3.4 Load Model IV 57 4.4 Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) 57 4.5 Power Flow Studies 61 4.5.1 Line Model 62 4.5.2 Load and DER Model 63 4.5.3 Computing Currents 65 4.5.4 Power Flow Algorithm 66 4.6 Voltage Regulation 68 4.6.1 Voltage Regulation Definition 68 4.6.2 Approximate Method for Voltage Regulation 69 4.6.3 Voltage Drop on Radial Feeders with Uniformly Distributed Load 72 4.6.4 Voltage Drop on a Radial Feeder Serving a Triangular Area 74 4.7 Fault Calculations 75 4.7.1 Prefault System 76 4.7.2 Three-phase Fault 78 4.7.3 Double-Line-to-Ground (DLG) Fault 79 4.7.4 Single-Line-to-Ground (SLG) Fault 80 4.7.5 Line-to-Line (LL) Fault 80 4.7.6 Symmetrical Component-based Fault Analysis 81 4.7.6.1 Three-phase Fault 82 4.7.6.2 DLG Fault 83 4.7.6.3 SLG Fault 84 4.7.6.4 LL Fault 85 Problems 86 References 88 5 Distribution System Planning 89 5.1 Introduction 89 5.2 Traditional vs. Modern Approaches to Planning 90 5.3 Long-term Load Forecasting 90 5.4 Load Characteristics 92 5.4.1 Customer Classes 92 5.4.2 Loads in a Modern House 94 5.4.3 Time Aggregation 95 5.4.4 Diversity and Coincidence 96 5.4.5 Demand Factor 101 5.4.6 Load Duration Curve 101 5.4.7 Load Factor 103 5.4.8 Loss Factor 103 5.5 Design Criteria and Standards 105 5.5.1 Voltage Standards 105 5.5.2 Conservation Voltage Reduction 106 5.6 Distribution System Design 107 5.6.1 Substation Design 107 5.6.2 Design of Primary Feeders 108 5.6.3 Design of Secondary Systems 111 5.6.4 Underground Distribution Systems 111 5.6.5 Rural vs. Urban Systems 113 5.7 Cold Load Pickup (CLPU) 114 5.7.1 CLPU Fundamentals 114 5.7.2 CLPU Models 115 5.7.3 Impacts of CLPU 116 5.7.4 Operating Limits 117 5.8 Asset Management 117 Problems 118 References 121 6 Economics of Distribution Systems 123 6.1 Introduction 123 6.2 Basic Concepts 123 6.2.1 Interest Rate 123 6.2.2 Inflation 124 6.2.3 Discount Rate 124 6.2.4 Time Value of Money 124 6.2.5 Annuity 125 6.2.6 PresentWorth of Annuity 125 6.2.7 PresentWorth of Geometric Series 125 6.3 Selection of Devices: Conductors and Transformers 126 6.3.1 Distribution Feeder Conductors 126 6.3.1.1 Conductor Economics 126 6.3.1.2 Reach of Feeders 129 6.3.1.3 Optimal Selection of Conductors for Feeders 132 6.3.1.4 Example 135 6.3.2 Economic Evaluation of Transformers 136 6.4 Tariffs and Pricing 138 6.4.1 Electricity Rates 138 6.4.1.1 Energy 138 6.4.1.2 Demand 139 6.4.1.3 Time of Use (TOU) 139 6.4.1.4 Critical Peak Pricing (CPP) 139 6.4.1.5 Critical Peak Rebates (CPRs) 139 6.4.1.6 Interruptible Rates 140 6.4.1.7 Power Factor-Based Rates 140 6.4.1.8 Real-Time Price 140 6.4.1.9 Net Metering 140 6.4.2 Understanding Electricity Bills 141 6.4.2.1 Monthly Rate 141 6.4.3 Rural Electric Cooperatives (RECs) 142 6.4.4 Municipal Utilities 142 Problems 143 References 146 7 Distribution System Operation and Automation 147 7.1 Introduction 147 7.2 Distribution Automation 148 7.3 Communication Infrastructure 151 7.4 Distribution Automation Functions 151 7.4.1 Outage Management 153 7.4.2 Feeder Reconfiguration 154 7.4.3 Voltage and var Management 155 7.4.3.1 Transformer LTC Operation 155 7.4.3.2 Capacitor Operation 156 7.4.3.3 Regulator Operation 157 7.4.3.4 Smart Inverters 157 7.4.4 Monitoring and Control 159 7.4.4.1 Transformer Life Extension 159 7.4.4.2 Recloser/Circuit Breaker Monitoring and Control 160 7.5 Cost–Benefit of Distribution Automation 160 7.5.1 Higher Energy Sales 162 7.5.2 Reduced Labor for Fault Location 162 7.5.3 O&M of Switches and Controllers 162 7.5.4 Lesser Low-Voltage Complaints 162 7.6 Cost–Benefit Case Studies 163 References 165 8 Analysis of Distribution System Operation Functions 169 8.1 Introduction 169 8.2 Outage Management 169 8.2.1 Trouble Call Analysis 171 8.2.1.1 Outage Location Using Escalation Methods 172 8.2.1.2 Rule-Based Escalation 173 8.2.1.3 Test Cases 175 8.3 Voltage and var Control 178 8.3.1 Load Tap Changer 178 8.3.2 Line Regulators 179 8.3.3 Capacitors 179 8.3.4 Capacitor Placement 180 8.3.4.1 Illustrative Example 181 8.3.5 Capacitor Switching and Control 185 8.4 Distribution System Reconfiguration 185 8.4.1 Multiobjective Reconfiguration Problem 185 8.4.1.1 Minimization of Real Loss 186 8.4.1.2 Transformer Load Balancing 186 8.4.1.3 Minimization of Voltage Deviation 187 8.4.2 Illustrative Example 187 8.5 Distribution System Restoration 188 8.5.1 Step-by-Step Restoration 189 8.5.2 Restoration Times 191 8.5.3 Derivation of Restoration Times 192 8.5.4 Optimal Operation and Design for Restoration During CLPU 193 8.5.4.1 Thermally Limited System 193 8.5.4.2 Voltage Drop Limited System 194 References 195 9 Distribution System Reliability 197 9.1 Motivation 197 9.2 Basic Definitions 198 9.3 Reliability Indices 201 9.3.1 Basic Parameters 201 9.3.2 Sustained Interruption Indices 202 9.3.2.1 System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI) 202 9.3.2.2 System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI) 202 9.3.2.3 Customer Average Interruption Duration Index (CAIDI) 203 9.3.2.4 Customer Total Average Interruption Duration Index (CTAIDI) 203 9.3.2.5 Customer Average Interruption Frequency Index (CAIFI) 203 9.3.2.6 Average Service Availability Index (ASAI) 203 9.3.2.7 Customers Experiencing Multiple Interruptions (CEMIn) 204 9.3.2.8 Customers Experiencing Long Interruption Durations (CELID) 204 9.3.3 Load-based Indices 204 9.3.3.1 Average System Interruption Frequency Index (ASIFI) 204 9.3.3.2 Average System Interruption Duration Index (ASIDI) 205 9.3.4 Momentary Interruption Indices 205 9.3.4.1 Momentary Average Interruption Frequency Index (MAIFI) 205 9.3.4.2 The Momentary Average Interruption Event Frequency Index (MAIFIE) 205 9.3.4.3 Customers Experiencing Multiple Sustained Interruption and Momentary Interruption Events Index (CEMSMIn) 205 9.3.5 Sustained Interruption Example 206 9.3.6 Momentary Interruption Example 208 9.4 Major Event Day Classification 209 9.5 Causes of Outages 210 9.5.1 Trees 211 9.5.2 Lightning 211 9.5.3 Wind 212 9.5.4 Icing 213 9.5.5 Animals/Birds 213 9.5.6 Vehicular Traffic 214 9.5.7 Age of Components 214 9.5.8 Conductor Size 214 9.6 Outage Recording 214 9.7 Predictive Reliability Assessment 216 9.7.1 Component Failure Models 216 9.7.2 Network Reduction 217 9.7.3 Markov Modeling 219 9.7.4 Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) 223 9.7.4.1 FMEA Method Assumptions 223 9.7.4.2 FMEA Procedure 223 9.7.5 Monte Carlo Simulation 225 9.8 Regulation of Reliability 226 Problems 227 References 229 10 Distribution System Grounding 231 10.1 Basics of Grounding 231 10.1.1 Need for Grounding 231 10.1.2 Approaches for Grounding 231 10.1.3 Effects of Grounding on System Models 233 10.2 Neutral Grounding 233 10.2.1 Neutral Shift Due to Ground Faults 233 10.2.2 Types of Neutral Grounding 234 10.2.3 Standards for Neutral Grounding 234 10.3 Substation Safety 234 10.4 National Electric Safety Code (NESC) 236 10.5 National Electric Code (NEC) 236 References 238 11 Distribution System Protection 239 11.1 Overview and Philosophy 239 11.2 Role of Protection Studies 240 11.3 Protection of Power-carrying Devices 241 11.4 Classification of Protective and Switching Devices 241 11.4.1 Single-action Fuses 241 11.4.1.1 Expulsion Fuses 242 11.4.1.2 Vacuum Fuses 243 11.4.1.3 Current-limiting Fuses 243 11.4.1.4 Distribution Fuse Cutouts 244 11.4.2 Automatic Circuit Reclosers 244 11.4.2.1 Recloser Classifications 247 11.4.3 Sectionalizers 247 11.4.4 Circuit Breakers 249 11.4.5 Time Overcurrent Relays 250 11.4.6 Static or Solid-state Relays 254 11.4.7 Digital or Numerical Relays 254 11.4.8 Load Break Switch 255 11.4.9 Circuit Interrupter 255 11.4.10 Disconnecting Switch 255 11.4.11 Sectionalizing Switch 255 11.4.12 Example Distribution System 255 11.5 New Generation of Devices 256 11.5.1 Smart Switching Devices 256 11.5.1.1 Smart Fuses 257 11.5.1.2 Smart Reclosers (Interrupters) 257 11.5.1.3 Smart Circuit Breakers 257 11.6 Basic Rules of Classical Distribution Protection 257 11.6.1 Operational Convention for Protective Devices 258 11.6.2 Protecting Feeder Segments and Taps 258 11.7 Coordination of Protective Devices 258 11.7.1 General Coordination Rule 259 11.7.2 Fuse–Fuse Coordination 259 11.7.2.1 Model for Fuses 259 11.7.2.2 Rule for Fuse–Fuse Coordination 260 11.7.3 Recloser–Fuse Coordination 262 11.7.4 Recloser–Sectionalizer Coordination 270 11.7.4.1 Rule for Coordination 270 11.7.5 Circuit Breaker–Recloser Coordination 270 11.7.5.1 Models for Relay-controlled Circuit Breakers 270 11.7.5.2 Rule for Coordination 270 11.8 New Digital Sensing and Measuring Devices 272 11.8.1 Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) 272 11.8.2 Microphasor Measurement Units 272 11.8.3 Optical Line Current Sensors 273 11.8.4 Optical Voltage Sensors 274 11.8.5 Digital Pressure and Temperature Sensors 274 11.8.6 Evolving Sensors 274 11.9 Emerging Protection System Design and Coordination 274 Problems 275 References 277 12 Power Quality for Distribution System 279 12.1 Definition of Power Quality 279 12.2 Impacts of Power Quality 280 12.2.1 The Customer Side 280 12.2.2 The Utility Side 281 12.2.3 Importance of Power Quality 281 12.2.4 Cost of Power Quality 281 12.3 Harmonics and PQ Indices 281 12.3.1 Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) 281 12.3.1.1 Properties of THD 282 12.3.2 Total Demand Distortion (TDD) 283 12.3.3 Power Factor (PF) 283 12.3.4 Standards for Harmonic Control 284 12.4 Momentary Interruptions 286 12.5 Voltage Sag and Swell 286 12.5.1 Definition 286 12.5.2 ITI (CBEMA) Curve 287 12.6 Flicker 289 Problems 290 References 290 13 Distributed Energy Resources and Microgrids 293 13.1 Introduction 293 13.2 DER Resources and Models 293 13.2.1 Wind Generation 293 13.2.2 Solar Generation 295 13.2.3 Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) 296 13.2.4 Microturbine 298 13.2.5 Electric Vehicles 298 13.3 Interconnection Issues 299 13.4 Variable Solar Power 299 13.5 Microgrids 303 13.5.1 Microgrid Types by Supply and Structure 303 13.5.1.1 ac Microgrids 303 13.5.1.2 dc Microgrids 304 13.5.1.3 Hybrid Microgrids 305 13.5.1.4 Networked Microgrids 305 13.5.2 Microgrid Modes of Operation 305 13.5.2.1 Grid-Connected Mode 305 13.5.2.2 Islanded Mode 306 13.5.3 Grid-Following vs. Grid-Forming Inverters 308 13.5.4 Microgrid Protection Challenges and Requirements 309 13.5.5 Examples of Microgrid in Operation 310 13.5.5.1 CERTS Microgrid 310 13.5.5.2 IIT Microgrid 311 13.5.5.3 Philadelphia Navy Yard Microgrid 312 13.6 Off-Grid Electrification 312 13.6.1 Designing Off-Grid Systems 313 13.6.1.1 Load Estimation 313 13.6.1.2 Resource Assessment 313 13.6.1.3 Optimal System Design 313 13.6.1.4 Other Factors 314 References 314 Appendix A Per-unit Representation 317 A.1 Single-phase Systems 317 A.2 Three-phase Systems 318 A.2.1 Per-unit Values for Δ-Connected Systems 318 A.2.2 Per-unit Values for Δ-Connected Systems 319 A.3 Base Values for Transformers 319 A.4 Change of Base 320 A.5 Advantages of Per-unit Representation 320 Appendix B Symmetrical Components 323 Index 327

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Book SynopsisPower System Relaying An updated edition of the gold standard in power system relaying texts In the newly revised fifth edition of Power System Relaying, a distinguished team of engineers delivers a thorough update to an essential text used by countless univer??sities and industry courses around the world. The book explores the fundamentals of relaying and power system phenomena, including stability, protection, and reliability. The latest edition provides readers with substantial updates to transformer protection, rotating machinery protection, nonpilot distance protection of transmission and distribution lines, power system phenomena, and bus, reactor, and capacitor protection. It also includes an expanded introduction to the elements of protection systems. Problems and solutions round out the new material and offer an indispensable self-contained study environment. Readers will also find: A thorough introduction to protective relaying, including discussions of effective grounding and power system bus configurations In-depth explorations of relay operating principles and current and voltage transformersFulsome discussions of nonpilot overcurrent and distance protection of transmission and distribution lines, as well as pilot protection of transmission lines Comprehensive treatments of rotating machinery protection and bus, reactor, and capacitor protection Perfect for undergraduate and graduate students studying power system engineering, Power System Relaying is an ideal resource for practicing engineers involved with power systems and academic researchers studying power system protection.Table of ContentsFront matter Preface to the Fifth Edition Preface to the First Edition 1 Introduction to Protective Relaying 2 Relay Operating Principles 3 Current and Voltage Transformers 4 Nonpilot Overcurrent Protection of Transmission and Distribution Lines 5 Nonpilot Distance Protection of Transmission Lines 6 Pilot Protection of Transmission Lines 7 Rotating Machinery Protection 8 Transformer Protection 9 Bus, Reactor, and Capacitor Protection 10 Power System Phenomena and Relaying Considerations 11 Relaying for System Performance 12 Switching Schemes and Procedures 13 Monitoring the Performance of Power Systems 14 Improved Protection with Wide Area Measurements (WAMS) 15 Protection Considerations for Renewable Resources 16 Solutions Appendix A: IEEE Device Numbers and Functions Appendix B: Symmetrical Components Appendix C: Power Equipment Parameters Appendix D: Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay Characteristics Index

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Book SynopsisAn all-in-one resource on power system protection fundamentals, practices, and applications Made up of an assembly of electrical components, power system protections are a critical piece of the electric power system. Despite its central importance to the safe operation of the power grid, the information available on the topic is limited in scope and detail. In Power System Protection: Fundamentals and Applications, a team of renowned engineers delivers an authoritative and robust overview of power system protection ideal for new and early-career engineers and technologists. The book offers device- and manufacturer-agnostic fundamentals using an accessible balance of theory and practical application. It offers a wealth of examples and easy-to-grasp illustrations to aid the reader in understanding and retaining the information provided within. In addition to providing a wealth of information on power system protection applications for generation, transmission, aTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xix Preface xxi Acknowledgements xxiii 1 What Is Power System Protection, Why Is It Required and Some Basics? 1 1.1 What Is Power System Protection? 1 1.2 Why Is Power System Protections Required? 2 1.3 Some Basic Protection System Terms and Information 6 References 12 2 Basic Power System Protection Components 13 2.1 General Description 13 2.2 Power System Protection Components 13 2.3 Physical Implementation 21 2.4 Power System Isolation Devices and Control Interfaces 23 2.5 Redundancy Arrangements 24 3 AC Signal Sources 27 3.1 Introduction 27 3.2 Current Transformers 27 3.3 Voltage Sources 53 References 56 4 Basic Types of Protection Relays and Their Operation 57 4.1 General 57 4.3 Overcurrent 59 4.4 Differential 77 4.5 Distance 86 Reference 94 5 Protection Information Representation, Nomenclature, and Jargon 95 5.1 General 95 5.2 Protection Drawing Types 95 5.3 Nomenclature and Device Numbers 108 5.4 Classification of Relays 112 5.5 Protection Jargon 114 Reference 116 6 Per-Unit System and Fault Calculations 117 6.1 General 117 6.2 Per-Unit 118 6.3 Fundamental Need for Fault Information 125 6.4 Symmetrical Components 128 6.5 Sequence Impedances of Power Apparatus 131 6.6 Balanced Fault Analysis 139 6.7 Sequence Networks 140 6.8 Summary of Unbalance Fault Calculations 144 6.9 High-Level Summary of the Fault Calculation Process 147 6.10 Useful Fault Calculation Formulas/Methods 148 6.11 Fault Calculation Examples 149 References 157 7 Protection Zones 159 7.1 Protection Zones General 159 7.2 Zones Defined 159 7.3 Zone Overlap Around Breakers 161 7.4 Protection Zoning at Stations 163 7.5 Protection Zones in General 170 7.6 Backup Protection 177 7.7 CT Configuration and Protection Trip Zones 178 7.8 Where Protections Zones do not Overlap Around Breakers 182 7.9 Lines Terminating Directly on Buses at a HV Switching Station 183 8 Transformer Protection 185 8.1 Introduction 185 8.2 General Principles 185 8.3 Differential Protection Power Transformers 186 8.4 Percent Differential Protection Autotransformers 220 8.5 Transformer Percent Differential Setting Examples 227 Reference 235 9 Bus Protection 237 9.1 Introduction 237 9.2 Typical Bus Arrangements 237 9.3 Bus Protection Requirements 239 9.4 Methods of Protecting Buses 239 9.5 Example High Impedance Differential Protection Setting 264 Reference 267 10 Breaker Failure Protection and Automatic Reclosing 269 10.1 Introduction 269 10.2 Breaker Failure General Background 269 10.3 Breaker Automatic Reclosing General Background 283 11 Station Protection 285 11.1 Introduction 285 11.2 Types of Stations 285 11.3 Station and Protection Architecture 287 11.4 Station Switchgear Type 300 11.5 Sub-Transmission Types and Station Grounding 302 11.6 Master Ground 303 12 Capacitor Bank Protection 307 12.1 Capacitor Banks 307 12.2 Purpose for Shunt Capacitors on Power System Networks 307 12.3 Capacitor Bank Construction 308 12.4 Capacitor Bank Protection 319 12.5 Capacitor Bank Breakers 324 12.6 Capacitor Bank Sample Settings 324 Reference 333 13 Synchronous Generator Protection 335 13.1 Introduction 335 13.2 General 336 13.3 Generator/Unit Transformer Protections 340 13.4 Current Transformers 355 13.5 Generator Protection Sample Settings 356 13.6 Generator Control and Protection Systems Coordination 363 13.7 General Generator Tripping Requirements 369 13.8 Breaker Failure Initiation 370 Reference 370 14 Transmission Line Protection 371 14.1 General 371 14.2 Basic Line Protection Requirements 371 14.3 Impedance Relays and Why Not Just Overcurrent Relays 372 14.4 Distance Relay Response to Fault Types 376 14.5 Apparent Impedance 381 14.6 Redundancy/Backup 388 14.7 Tele-Protection (Also Known as Pilot-Protection) 390 14.8 General Implications 399 14.9 Peripheral Requirements of Distance Protection 400 14.10 Tele-Protection (Pilot-Protection) A Historical Perspective 408 14.11 Tele-Protection via Power Line Carrier 408 14.12 Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) 409 14.13 Three-Terminal Lines 410 14.14 Distributed Generation 413 14.15 Distance Relay Response to Resistive Faults 421 14.16 Power System Considerations 428 14.17 Line Current Differential Protection 433 14.18 Pilot Wire Protection 439 14.19 Power System Considerations 440 14.20 Line Setting Application Example 443 References 453 15 Subtransmission/Distribution Feeder Protection 455 15.1 Subtransmission/Distribution Characteristics 455 15.2 Definitions/Characteristics 455 15.3 Distribution Feeder Protection Devices 459 15.4 Protection Coordination Principles 482 15.5 Feeder Energization 491 15.6 Subtransmission Feeder Protection 493 15.7 Impact of Distributed Generators (DGs) on Distribution Feeder Protection 509 15.8 Feeder Protection Application Settings Example 516 References 522 Index 523

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Book SynopsisAdvanced Control of Power Converters Unique resource presenting advanced nonlinear control methods for power converters, plus simulation, controller design, analyses, and case studies Advanced Control of Power Converters equips readers with the latest knowledge of three control methods developed for power converters: nonlinear control methods such as sliding mode control, Lyapunov-function-based control, and model predictive control. Readers will learn about the design of each control method, and simulation case studies and results will be presented and discussed to point out the behavior of each control method in different applications. In this way, readers wishing to learn these control methods can gain insight on how to design and simulate each control method easily. The book is organized into three clear sections: introduction of classical and advanced control methods, design of advanced control methods, and case studies. Each control method is supporTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xiii List of Abbreviations xvii Preface xix Acknowledgment xxi About the Companion Website xxiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 General Remarks 1 1.2 Basic Closed-Loop Control for Power Converters 3 1.3 Mathematical Modeling of Power Converters 4 1.4 Basic Control Objectives 6 1.4.1 Closed-Loop Stability 6 1.4.2 Settling Time 10 1.4.3 Steady-State Error 11 1.4.4 Robustness to Parameter Variations and Disturbances 12 1.5 Performance Evaluation 12 1.5.1 Simulation-Based Method 12 1.5.2 Experimental Method 13 1.6 Contents of the Book 13 References 15 2 Introduction to Advanced Control Methods 17 2.1 Classical Control Methods for Power Converters 17 2.2 Sliding Mode Control 18 2.3 Lyapunov Function-Based Control 22 2.3.1 Lyapunov’s Linearization Method 23 2.3.2 Lyapunov’s Direct Method 24 2.4 Model Predictive Control 27 2.4.1 Functional Principle 27 2.4.2 Basic Concept 28 2.4.3 Cost Function 29 References 30 3 Design of Sliding Mode Control for Power Converters 33 3.1 Introduction 33 3.2 Sliding Mode Control of DC–DC Buck and Cuk Converters 33 3.3 Sliding Mode Control Design Procedure 44 3.3.1 Selection of Sliding Surface Function 44 3.3.2 Control Input Design 46 3.4 Chattering Mitigation Techniques 48 3.4.1 Hysteresis Function Technique 48 3.4.2 Boundary Layer Technique 49 3.4.3 State Observer Technique 50 3.5 Modulation Techniques 51 3.5.1 Hysteresis Modulation Technique 51 3.5.2 Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation Technique 52 3.5.3 Space Vector Modulation Technique 53 3.6 Other Types of Sliding Mode Control 54 3.6.1 Terminal Sliding Mode Control 54 3.6.2 Second-Order Sliding Mode Control 54 References 55 4 Design of Lyapunov Function-Based Control for Power Converters 59 4.1 Introduction 59 4.2 Lyapunov-Function-Based Control Design Using Direct Method 59 4.3 Lyapunov Function-Based Control of DC–DC Buck Converter 62 4.4 Lyapunov Function-Based Control of DC–DC Boost Converter 67 References 71 5 Design of Model Predictive Control 73 5.1 Introduction 73 5.2 Predictive Control Methods 73 5.3 FCS Model Predictive Control 75 5.3.1 Design Procedure 76 5.3.2 Tutorial 1: Implementation of FCS-MPC for Three-Phase VSI 80 5.4 CCS Model Predictive Control 86 5.4.1 Incremental Models 86 5.4.2 Predictive Model 88 5.4.3 Cost Function in CCSMPC 92 5.4.4 Cost Function Minimization 93 5.4.5 Receding Control Horizon Principle 96 5.4.6 Closed-Loop of an MPC System 97 5.4.7 Discrete Linear Quadratic Regulators 97 5.4.8 Formulation of the Constraints in MPC 99 5.4.9 Optimization with Equality Constraints 103 5.4.10 Optimization with Inequality Constraints 105 5.4.11 MPC for Multi-Input Multi-Output Systems 108 5.4.12 Tutorial 2: MPC Design For a Grid-Connected VSI in dq Frame 109 5.5 Design and Implementation Issues 112 5.5.1 Cost Function Selection 112 5.5.1.1 Examples for Primary Control Objectives 113 5.5.1.2 Examples for Secondary Control Objectives 114 5.5.2 Weighting Factor Design 114 5.5.2.1 Empirical Selection Method 115 5.5.2.2 Equal-Weighted Cost-Function-Based Selection Method 116 5.5.2.3 Lookup Table-Based Selection Method 117 References 118 6 MATLAB/Simulink Tutorial on Physical Modeling and Experimental Setup 121 6.1 Introduction 121 6.2 Building Simulation Model for Power Converters 121 6.2.1 Building Simulation Model for Single-Phase Grid-Connected Inverter Based on Sliding Mode Control 122 6.2.2 Building Simulation Model for Three-Phase Rectifier Based on Lyapunov-Function-Based Control 126 6.2.3 Building Simulation Model for Quasi-Z Source Three-Phase Four-Leg Inverter Based on Model Predictive Control 131 6.2.4 Building Simulation Model for Distributed Generations in Islanded AC Microgrid 137 6.3 Building Real-Time Model for a Single-Phase T-Type Rectifier 142 6.4 Building Rapid Control Prototyping for a Single-Phase T-Type Rectifier 154 6.4.1 Components in the Experimental Testbed 155 6.4.1.1 Grid Simulator 155 6.4.1.2 A Single-Phase T-Type Rectifier Prototype 156 6.4.1.3 Measurement Board 157 6.4.1.4 Programmable Load 158 6.4.1.5 Controller 158 6.4.2 Building Control Structure on OP- 5707 158 References 162 7 Sliding Mode Control of Various Power Converters 163 7.1 Introduction 163 7.2 Single-Phase Grid-Connected Inverter with LCL Filter 163 7.2.1 Mathematical Modeling of Grid-Connected Inverter with LCL Filter 164 7.2.2 Sliding Mode Control 165 7.2.3 PWM Signal Generation Using Hysteresis Modulation 168 7.2.3.1 Single-Band Hysteresis Function 168 7.2.3.2 Double-Band Hysteresis Function 168 7.2.4 Switching Frequency Computation 170 7.2.4.1 Switching Frequency Computation with Single-Band Hysteresis Modulation 170 7.2.4.2 Switching Frequency Computation with Double-Band Hysteresis Modulation 171 7.2.5 Selection of Control Gains 172 7.2.6 Simulation Study 174 7.2.7 Experimental Study 177 7.3 Three-Phase Grid-Connected Inverter with LCL Filter 180 7.3.1 Physical Model Equations for a Three-Phase Grid-Connected VSI with an LCL Filter 181 7.3.2 Control System 182 7.3.2.1 Reduced State-Space Model of the Converter 183 7.3.2.2 Model Discretization and KF Adaptive Equation 187 7.3.2.3 Sliding Surfaces with Active Damping Capability 188 7.3.3 Stability Analysis 189 7.3.3.1 Discrete-Time Equivalent Control Deduction 189 7.3.3.2 Closed-Loop System Equations 191 7.3.3.3 Test of Robustness Against Parameters Uncertainties 192 7.3.4 Experimental Study 192 7.3.4.1 Test of Robustness Against Grid Inductance Variations 192 7.3.4.2 Test of Stability in Case of Grid Harmonics Near the Resonance Frequency 196 7.3.4.3 Test of the VSI Against Sudden Changes in the Reference Current 196 7.3.4.4 Test of the VSI Under Distorted Grid 198 7.3.4.5 Test of the VSI Under Voltage Sags 198 7.3.5 Computational Load and Performances of the Control Algorithm 199 7.4 Three-Phase AC–DC Rectifier 200 7.4.1 Nonlinear Model of the Unity Power Factor Rectifier 200 7.4.2 Problem Formulation 202 7.4.3 Axis-Decoupling Based on an Estimator 203 7.4.4 Control System 205 7.4.4.1 Kalman Filter 206 7.4.4.2 Practical Considerations: Election of Q and R Matrices 208 7.4.4.3 Practical Considerations: Computational Burden Reduction 208 7.4.5 Sliding Mode Control 209 7.4.5.1 Inner Control Loop 209 7.4.5.2 Outer Control Loop 210 7.4.6 Hysteresis Band Generator with Switching Decision Algorithm 212 7.4.7 Experimental Study 215 7.5 Three-Phase Transformerless Dynamic Voltage Restorer 224 7.5.1 Mathematical Modeling of Transformerless Dynamic Voltage Restorer 224 7.5.2 Design of Sliding Mode Control for TDVR 225 7.5.3 Time-Varying Switching Frequency with Single-Band Hysteresis 227 7.5.4 Constant Switching Frequency with Boundary Layer 229 7.5.5 Simulation Study 231 7.5.6 Experimental Study 233 7.6 Three-Phase Shunt Active Power Filter 240 7.6.1 Nonlinear Model of the SAPF 240 7.6.2 Problem Formulation 242 7.6.3 Control System 243 7.6.3.1 State Model of the Converter 243 7.6.3.2 Kalman Filter 245 7.6.3.3 Sliding Mode Control 246 7.6.3.4 Hysteresis Band Generator with SDA 247 7.6.4 Experimental Study 248 7.6.4.1 Response of the SAPF to Load Variations 249 7.6.4.2 SAPF Performances Under a Distorted Grid 253 7.6.4.3 SAPF Performances Under Grid Voltage Sags 254 7.6.4.4 Spectrum of the Control Signal 254 References 257 8 Design of Lyapunov Function-Based Control of Various Power Converters 261 8.1 Introduction 261 8.2 Single-Phase Grid-Connected Inverter with LCL Filter 261 8.2.1 Mathematical Modeling and Controller Design 261 8.2.2 Controller Modification with Capacitor Voltage Feedback 264 8.2.3 Inverter-Side Current Reference Generation Using Proportional- Resonant Controller 264 8.2.4 Grid Current Transfer Function 266 8.2.5 Harmonic Attenuation and Harmonic Impedance 267 8.2.6 Results 270 8.3 Single-Phase Quasi-Z-Source Grid-Connected Inverter with LCL Filter 277 8.3.1 Quasi-Z-Source Network Modeling 277 8.3.2 Grid-Connected Inverter Modeling 280 8.3.3 Control of Quasi-Z-Source Network 281 8.3.4 Control of Grid-Connected Inverter 281 8.3.5 Reference Generation Using Cascaded PR Control 282 8.3.6 Results 283 8.4 Single-Phase Uninterruptible Power Supply Inverter 287 8.4.1 Mathematical Modeling of Uninterruptible Power Supply Inverter 287 8.4.2 Controller Design 288 8.4.3 Criteria for Selecting Control Parameters 290 8.4.4 Results 292 8.5 Three-Phase Voltage-Source AC–DC Rectifier 298 8.5.1 Mathematical Modeling of Rectifier 298 8.5.2 Controller Design 301 8.5.3 Results 304 References 307 9 Model Predictive Control of Various Converters 309 9.1 CCS MPC Method for a Three-Phase Grid-Connected VSI 309 9.1.1 Model Predictive Control Design 310 9.1.1.1 VSI Incremental Model with an Embedded Integrator 310 9.1.1.2 Predictive Model of the Converter 311 9.1.1.3 Cost Function Minimization 312 9.1.1.4 Inclusion of Constraints 313 9.1.2 MATLAB ® /Simulink ® Implementation 315 9.1.3 Simulation Studies 322 9.2 Model Predictive Control Method for Single-Phase Three-Level Shunt Active Filter 325 9.2.1 Modeling of Shunt Active Filter (SAPF) 325 9.2.2 The Energy-Function-Based MPC 328 9.2.2.1 Design of Energy-Function-Based MPC 328 9.2.2.2 Discrete-Time Model 331 9.2.3 Experimental Studies 332 9.2.3.1 Steady-State and Dynamic Response Tests 333 9.2.3.2 Comparison with Classical MPC Method 337 9.3 Model Predictive Control of Quasi-Z Source Three-Phase Four-Leg Inverter 341 9.3.1 qZS Four-Leg Inverter Model 341 9.3.2 MPC Algorithm 345 9.3.2.1 Determination of References 345 9.3.2.2 Discrete-Time Models of the System 346 9.3.2.3 Cost Function Optimization 347 9.3.2.4 Control Algorithm 347 9.3.3 Simulation Results 349 9.4 Weighting Factorless Model Predictive Control for DC–DC SEPIC Converters 352 9.4.1 Principle of Control Strategy 352 9.4.1.1 Conventional Model Predictive Current Control 355 9.4.1.2 Cost Function Analysis of Conventional MPC 356 9.4.1.3 Cost Function Design of Presented MPC in [11] 358 9.4.1.4 Output Voltage Control 361 9.4.2 Experimental Results 362 9.4.2.1 Switching Frequency Control Test 362 9.4.2.2 Dynamic Response Test Under Input Voltage Variation 363 9.4.2.3 Dynamic Response Test Under Load Change 366 9.4.2.4 Influence of Parameter Mismatch 367 9.5 Model Predictive Droop Control of Distributed Generation Inverters in Islanded AC Microgrid 370 9.5.1 Conventional Droop Control 370 9.5.2 Control Technique 373 9.5.2.1 Reference Voltage Generation Through Droop Control 373 9.5.2.2 Model Predictive Control 374 9.5.3 Simulation Results 376 9.6 FCS-MPC for a Three-Phase Shunt Active Power Filter 378 9.6.1 System Modeling 381 9.6.2 Control Technique 383 9.6.3 FCS-MPC with Reduced States 384 9.6.3.1 Vector Selection Based on Vector Operation 384 9.6.3.2 Cost Function Minimization Procedure 387 9.6.3.3 Kalman Filter 387 9.6.4 Experimental Results 389 9.7 FCS-MPC for a Single-Phase T-Type Rectifier 395 9.7.1 Modeling of Single-Phase T-Type Rectifier 395 9.7.2 Model Predictive Control 397 9.7.2.1 Sensorless Grid Voltage Estimation 397 9.7.2.2 Reference Current Generation 400 9.7.2.3 MPC for the T-Type Rectifier 400 9.7.2.4 MPC for the Power Decoupling Circuit 402 9.7.3 Experimental Studies 404 9.7.3.1 Steady-State Analysis 404 9.7.3.2 Robustness Analysis 404 9.8 Predictive Torque Control of Brushless Doubly Fed Induction Generator Fed by a Matrix Converter 408 9.8.1 Overview of the System Model 411 9.8.1.1 Topology Overview 411 9.8.1.2 Mathematical Model of the CDFIG 412 9.8.1.3 Mathematical Model of the Matrix Converter 414 9.8.2 Predictive Torque Control of CDFIG 415 9.8.2.1 Outer Loop 416 9.8.2.2 Internal Model of the Controller 416 9.8.2.3 Cost Function Minimization 418 9.8.3 Simulation Results 418 9.9 An Enhanced Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control Method with Self-Balancing Capacitor Voltages for Three-Level T-Type Rectifiers 420 9.9.1 Overview of the System Model 422 9.9.2 Problem Definition 424 9.9.3 Derivation of Lyapunov-Energy Function 425 9.9.4 Discrete-Time Model 428 9.9.5 Experimental Studies 429 References 431 Index 435

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Book SynopsisSMART GRIDS for SMART CITIES Written and edited by a team of experts in the field, this first volume in a two-volume set focuses on an interdisciplinary perspective on the financial, environmental, and other benefits of smart grid technologies and solutions for smart cities. What makes a regular electric grid a smart grid? It comes down to digital technologies that enable two-way communication between a utility and its customers, as opposed to the traditional electric grid, where power flows in one direction. Based on statistics and available research, smart grids globally attract the largest investment venues in smart cities. Smart grids and city buildings that are connected in smart cities contribute to significant financial savings and improve the economy. The smart grid has many components, including controls, computers, automation, and new technologies and equipment working together. These technologies cooperate with the electrical grid to respond digitally to our quickly changingTable of ContentsPreface xvii 1 Carbon-Free Fuel and the Social Gap: The Analysis 1 Saravanan Chinnusamy, Milind Shrinivas Dangate and Nasrin I. Shaikh 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Objectives 3 1.3 Study Areas 3 1.3.1 Community A 4 1.3.2 Community B 4 1.3.3 community c 5 1.3.4 Community d 5 1.4 Data Collection 6 1.5 Data Analysis 9 1.6 Conclusion 10 References 13 2 Opportunities of Translating Mobile Base Transceiver Station (BTS) for EV Charging Through Energy Management Systems in DC Microgrid 15 A. Matheswaran, P. Prem, C. Ganesh Babu and K. Lakshmi 2.1 Introduction 16 2.1.1 Telecom Sector in India 16 2.1.2 Overview of Base Transceiver Station (BTS) 17 2.1.3 Electric Vehicle in India 19 2.1.4 Evolution of EV Charging Station 21 2.2 Translating Mobile Base Transceiver Station (BTS) for EV Charging 21 2.2.1 Mobile Base Transceiver Station (BTS) for EV Charging – A Substitute or Complementary Solution? 21 2.2.2 Proposed Methodology 23 2.2.3 System Description 24 2.2.3.1 Solar PV Array 24 2.2.3.2 DC-DC Boost Converter 25 2.2.3.3 Rectifier 25 2.2.3.4 Battery Backup System 26 2.2.3.5 Charge Controller 27 2.2.3.6 Bidirectional Converter 28 2.3 Implementation of Energy Management System in Base Transceiver Station (BTS) 29 2.3.1 Introduction 29 2.3.2 Control Strategies 30 2.3.2.1 MPPT Control 31 2.3.2.2 Charge Controller Control 31 2.3.2.3 Bidirectional Converter Control 32 2.3.3 Power Supervisory and Control Algorithm (PSCA) 33 2.3.3.1 Grid Available Mode 33 2.3.3.2 Grid Fault Mode 33 2.3.4 Results and Discussions 35 2.3.4.1 Grid Available Mode 35 2.3.4.2 Grid Failure Mode 35 2.4 Conclusion 35 References 38 3 A Review on Advanced Control Techniques for Multi-Input Power Converters for Various Applications 41 Kodada Durga Priyanka and Abitha Memala Wilson Duraisamy 3.1 Introduction 42 3.2 Multi-Input Magnetically Connected Power Converters 46 3.2.1 Dual-Source Power DC to DC Converter with Buck-Boost Arrangement 46 3.2.2 Bidirectional Multi-Input Arrangement 47 3.2.3 Full-Bridge Boost DC-DC Converter Formation 48 3.2.4 Multi-Input Power Converter with Half-Bridge and Full Bridge Configuration 49 3.3 Electrically Coupled Multi-Input Power DC-DC Converters 50 3.3.1 Combination of Electrically Linked Multi-Input DC/DC Power Converter 50 3.3.2 Multi-Input Power Converters in Series or Parallel Connection 51 3.3.3 Multi-Input DC/DC Fundamental Power Converters 52 3.3.4 Multiple-Input Boost Converter for RES 53 3.3.5 Multi-Input Buck-Boost/Buck/Boost-Boost Based Converter 54 3.3.6 Multi-Input Buck-Boost/Buck/Boost-Boost Based Converter 55 3.3.7 Multi-Input DC/DC Converter Using ZVS (Zero Voltage Switching) 57 3.3.8 Multi-Input DC-DC Converter Based Three Switches Leg 57 3.3.9 Multi-Input Converter Constructed on Switched Inductor/Switched Capacitor/Diode Capacitor 58 3.3.10 High/Modular VTR Multi-Input Converters 59 3.3.11 Multi/Input and Multi/Output (MIMO) Power Converter 60 3.4 Electro Magnetically Coupled Multi-Input Power DC/DC Converters 61 3.4.1 Direct Charge Multi-Input DC/DC Power Converter 61 3.4.2 Boost-Integrated Full-Bridge DC-DC Power Converter 62 3.4.3 Isolated Dual-Port Power Converter for Immediate Power Management 63 3.4.4 Dual Port Converter with Non-Isolated and Isolated Ports 63 3.4.5 Multi-Port ZVS And ZCS DC-DC Converter 64 3.4.6 Combined DC-Link and Magnetically Coupled DC/DC Power Converter 65 3.4.7 Three-Level Dual-Input DC-DC Converter 65 3.4.8 Half-Bridge Tri-Modal DC-DC Converter 66 3.4.9 Bidirectional Converter with Various Collective Battery Storage Input Sources 75 3.5 Different Control Methods Used in Multi-Input DC-DC Power Converters 75 3.5.1 Proportional Integral Derivation Controller (PID) 76 3.5.2 Model Predictive Control Method (MPC) 77 3.5.3 State Space Modelling (SSM) 78 3.5.4 Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) 79 3.5.5 Sliding Mode Control (SMC) 80 3.6 Comparison and Future Scope of Work 82 3.6.1 Comparison and Discussion 82 3.7 Conclusion 85 References 86 4 Case Study: Optimized LT Cable Sizing for an IT Campus 101 O.V. Gnana Swathika, K. Karthikeyan, Umashankar Subramaniam and K.T.M.U. Hemapala Abbreviations 102 4.1 Introduction 102 4.2 Methodology 103 4.2.1 Algorithm for Cable Sizing 103 4.3 Results and Discussion 103 4.3.1 Feeder Schedule 104 4.3.2 Design Consideration for LT Power Cable 104 4.3.3 Cable Sizing & Voltage Drop Calculation 107 4.4 Conclusion 114 References 114 5 Advanced Control Architecture for Interlinking Converter in Autonomous AC, DC and Hybrid AC/DC Micro Grids 115 M. Padma Lalitha, S. Suresh and A. Viswa Pavani 5.1 Introduction 116 5.2 Prototype Model of IC 117 5.3 Implemented Photo Voltaic System 118 5.4 Highly Reliable and Efficient (HRE) Configurations 120 5.5 MATLAB Simulink Results 122 5.6 Conclusion 127 References 127 6 Optimal Power Flow Analysis in Distributed Grid Connected Photovoltaic Systems 131 Neenu Thomas, T.N.P. Nambiar and Jayabarathi R. 6.1 Introduction 131 6.2 System Development and Design Parameters 132 6.3 Proposed Algorithm 138 6.4 Results and Discussion 138 6.5 Conclusion 141 References 141 7 Reliability Assessment for Solar and Wind Renewable Energy in Generation System Planning 143 S. Vinoth John Prakash and P.K. Dhal 7.1 Introduction 144 7.2 Generation & Load Model 146 7.2.1 Generation Model-RBTS 146 7.2.2 Wind Power Generation Model 147 7.2.2.1 Wind Speed and Wind Turbine Output Model 147 7.2.3 Solar Power Generation Model 150 7.2.3.1 Solar Radiation and Solar Power Output Model 150 7.2.4 Load Model 152 7.3 Results and Analysis 152 7.3.1 Reliability Indices Evaluation for Different Scenario 153 7.4 Conclusion 155 References 156 8 Implementation of Savonius Blad Wind Tree Structure by Super Lift Luo Converter for Smart Grid Applications and Benefits to Smart City 159 Jency Joseph J., Anitha Mary X., Josh F. T., Vinoth Kumar K. and Vinodha K. 8.1 Introduction 160 8.2 Savonius Wind Turbine – Performance Design 160 8.3 Design Modules 163 8.4 Results and Discussion 167 8.5 Positive Output Super Lift Luo Converter 170 8.6 Conclusion 171 References 172 9 Analysis: An Incorporation of PV and Battery for DC Scattered System 175 M. Karuppiah, P. Dineshkumar, A. Arunbalaj and S. Krishnakumar 9.1 Introduction 176 9.2 Block Diagram of Proposed System 179 9.2.1 Determine the Load Profile 180 9.2.2 Duration of Autonomy and Recharge 180 9.2.3 Select the Battery Rating 181 9.2.4 Sizing the PV Array 182 9.2.5 Analysis of Boost Converter 184 9.2.5.1 To Select a Proper Inductor Value 187 9.2.5.2 To Select a Proper Capacitor Value 187 9.3 Proposed System Simulations 188 9.4 Conclusion 192 References 193 10 Dead Time Compensation Scheme Using Space Vector PWM for 3Ø Inverter 195 Sreeramula Reddy, Ravindra Prasad, Harinath Reddy and Suresh Srinivasan 10.1 Introduction 195 10.2 Concept of Space Vector PWM 197 10.3 Proteus Simulation 200 10.4 Hardware Setup 201 10.4.1 Total Harmonic Distortion 206 10.4.2 Hardware Configuration 209 10.5 Conclusion 210 References 211 11 Transformer-Less Grid Connected PV System Using TSRPWM Strategy with Single Phase 7 Level Multi-Level Inverter 213 S. Sruthi, K. Karthikumar, D. Narmitha, P. Chandra Sekhar and K. Karthi 11.1 Introduction 214 11.2 Proposed System 215 11.3 DC-DC Influence Converter 216 11.4 Controlling of 7-Level Inverter 218 11.5 Controlling for Boost Converter and Inverter 221 11.6 MATLAB Simulation Results 221 11.7 Conclusion 224 References 225 12 An Enhanced Multi-Level Inverter Topology for HEV Applications 227 Premkumar E. and Kanimozhi G. 12.1 Introduction 227 12.2 E-MLI Topology 228 12.2.1 Switching Operation of the E-MLI Topology 229 12.2.2 Diode-Clamped Multi-Level Inverter (DC-MLI) 232 12.3 PWM for the E-MLI Topology 233 12.3.1 SPWM Based Switching for the E-MLI Topology 234 12.3.2 Phase Opposition Disposition (POD) Scheme for DC-MLI 234 12.4 Simulation Results & Discussions 236 12.5 Conclusion 249 References 249 13 Improved Sheep Flock Heredity Algorithm-Based Optimal Pricing of RP 253 P. Booma Devi, Booma Jayapalan and A.P. Jagadeesan 13.1 Introduction 254 13.2 RP Flow Tracing 257 13.2.1 Intent Function 257 13.2.1.1 System’s Price Loss After RP Compensation 257 13.2.1.2 SVC Support Price for RP 258 13.2.1.3 Diesel Generator RP Production Price 258 13.2.1.4 Minimization Function 258 13.3 Existing Methodologies 259 13.3.1 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) 259 13.3.1.1 PSO Parameter Settings 259 13.3.2 Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization (HPSO) 260 13.3.2.1 Flowchart for HPSO 260 13.4 Proposed Methodology 261 13.4.1 Improved Sheep Flock Heredity Algorithm 261 13.4.2 ISFHA Algorithm 263 13.5 Case Study 263 13.5.1 Realistic Seventy-Five Bus Indian System Wind Farm 263 13.6 Conclusion 266 References 267 14 Dual Axis Solar Tracking with Weather Monitoring System by Using IR and LDR Sensors with Arduino UNO 269 Rajesh Babu Damala and Rajesh Kumar Patnaik 14.1 Introduction 269 14.2 Associated Hardware Components Details 270 14.2.1 Arduino Uno 270 14.2.2 L293D Motor Driver 271 14.2.3 LDR Sensor 272 14.2.4 Solar Panel 273 14.2.5 RPM 10 Motor 274 14.2.6 Jumper Wires 274 14.2.7 16×2 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) Module with I2C 275 14.2.8 DTH11 Sensor 276 14.2.9 Rain Drop Sensor 276 14.3 Methodology 277 14.3.1 Dual Axis Solar Tracking System Working Model 277 14.3.2 Dual Axis Solar Tracking System Schematic Diagram 279 14.4 Results and Discussion 279 14.5 Conclusion 281 References 282 15 Missing Data Imputation of an Off-Grid Solar Power Model for a Small-Scale System 285 Aadyasha Patel, Aniket Biswal and O.V. Gnana Swathika Abbreviations and Nomenclature 286 15.1 Overview 286 15.2 Literature Review 287 15.3 AI/ML for Imputation of Missing Values 288 15.3.1 Cbr 288 15.3.2 Mice 290 15.3.3 Results and Discussion 291 15.3.3.1 Data Collection 291 15.3.3.2 Error Metrics 292 15.3.3.3 Comparison Between CBR and MICE 293 15.4 Applications of MICE in Imputation 296 15.5 Summary 296 References 297 16 Power Theft in Smart Grids and Microgrids: Mini Review 299 P. Tejaswi and O.V. Gnana Swathika 16.1 Introduction 299 16.2 Smart Grids/Microgrids Security Threats and Challenges 300 16.2.1 Security Threats to Smart Grid/Microgrid by Classification of Sources 301 16.2.1.1 Smart Grid/Microgrid Threats Sources in Technical Point of View 302 16.2.2 Sources of Smart Grids/Microgrids Threats in Non-Technical Point of View 304 16.2.2.1 Security of Environment 304 16.2.2.2 Regulatory Policies of Government 304 16.3 Conclusion 304 References 304 17 Isolated SEPIC-Based DC-DC Converter for Solar Applications 309 Varun Mukesh Lal, Pranay Singh Parihar and Kanimozhi. G 17.1 Introduction 309 17.2 Converter Operation and Analysis 311 17.2.1 Mode A 311 17.2.2 Mode B 313 17.3 Design Equations 314 17.4 Simulation Results 316 17.5 Conclusion 321 References 321 18 Hybrid Converter for Stand-Alone Solar Photovoltaic System 323 R.R. Rubia Gandhi and C. Kathirvel 18.1 Introduction 324 18.2 Review on Converter Topology 324 18.3 Block Diagram 325 18.4 Existing Converter Topology 326 18.5 Proposed Tapped Boost Hybrid Converter 326 18.5.1 Novelty in the Circuit 327 18.5.2 Converter Modes of Operation 327 18.6 Derivation Part of Tapped Boost Hybrid Converter 327 18.6.1 Voltage Gain 328 18.6.2 Modulation Index 328 18.7 Design Specification of the Converter 329 18.8 Simulation Results for Both DC and AC Power Conversion 330 18.9 Hardware Results 330 18.10 TBHC Parameters for Simulation 332 18.11 Conclusion 334 References 334 19 Analysis of Three-Phase Quasi Switched Boost Inverter Based on Switched Inductor-Switched Capacitor Structure 337 P. Sriramalakshmi, Vachan Kumar, Pallav Pant and Reshab Kumar Sahoo 19.1 Introduction 337 19.1.1 Conventional Inverter (VSI) 339 19.1.2 Z-Source Inverter (ZSI) 339 19.1.3 SBI Based on SL-SC Structure 340 19.2 Working Modes of Three-Phase SL-SC Circuit 341 19.2.1 Shoot-Through State 341 19.2.2 Non-Shoot-Through State 342 19.3 Design of Three-Phase SL-SC Based Quasi Switched Boost Inverter 342 19.3.1 Steady State Analysis of SL-SC Topology 342 19.3.2 Design of Passive Elements 344 19.3.3 Design Equations 344 19.3.4 Design Specifications 344 19.4 Simulation Results and Discussions 344 19.4.1 Simulation Diagram of SBC PWM Technique 344 19.4.2 SBC PWM Technique 345 19.4.3 Switching Pulse Generated for the Power Switches 347 19.4.4 Expanded Switching Pulse 348 19.4.5 Input Current 348 19.4.6 Current in Inductor L 1 349 19.4.7 Current in Inductor L 2 349 19.4.8 Capacitor Voltage VC 2 350 19.4.9 dc Link Voltage 350 19.4.10 Output Load Voltage 351 19.4.11 Output Load Current 351 19.5 Performance Analysis 351 19.6 Conclusion 353 References 354 20 Power Quality Improvement and Performance Enhancement of Distribution System Using D-STATCOM 357 M. Sai Sandeep, N. Balaji, Muqthiar Ali and Suresh Srinivasan 20.1 Introduction 358 20.2 Distribution Static Synchronous Compensator (d-statcom) 360 20.3 Modelling of Distribution System 361 20.3.1 Single Machine System 361 20.3.2 Modeling of IEEE 14 Bus System 362 20.4 Simulation Results & Discussions 363 20.4.1 Power Flow Analysis on Single Machine System 363 20.4.2 Different Modes of Operation of D-STATCOM on Single Machine System 365 20.4.3 Step Change in Reference Value of dc Link Voltage 368 20.5 IEEE-14 Bus Systems 370 20.6 Conclusion 374 References 374 Index 377

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xii Preface xiv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background and Motivation 1 1.2 Multimodal Pose Estimation for Vehicle Navigation 2 1.2.1 Multi-Senor Pose Estimation 2 1.2.2 Pose Estimation with Constraints 4 1.2.3 Research Focus in Multimodal Pose Estimation 5 1.3 Secure Estimation 7 1.3.1 Secure State Estimation under Cyber Attacks 7 1.3.2 Secure Pose Estimation for Autonomous Vehicles 8 1.4 Contributions and Organization 9 Part I Multimodal Perception in Vehicle Pose Estimation 13 2 Heading Reference-Assisted Pose Estimation 15 2.1 Preliminaries 16 2.1.1 Stereo Visual Odometry 16 2.1.2 Heading Reference Sensors 17 2.1.3 Graph Optimization on a Manifold 17 2.2 Abstraction Model of Measurement with a Heading Reference 19 2.2.1 Loosely Coupled Model 19 2.2.2 Tightly Coupled Model 20 2.2.3 Structure of the Abstraction Model 22 2.2.4 Vertex Removal in the Abstraction Model 22 2.3 Heading Reference-Assisted Pose Estimation (HRPE) 24 2.3.1 Initialization 24 2.3.2 Graph Optimization 24 2.3.3 Maintenance of the Dynamic Graph 26 2.4 Simulation Studies 26 2.4.1 Accuracy with Respect to Heading Measurement Error 28 2.4.2 Accuracy with Respect to Sliding Window Size 28 2.4.3 Time Consumption with Respect to Sliding Window Size 28 2.5 Experimental Results 31 2.5.1 Experimental Platform 31 2.5.2 Pose Estimation Performance 33 2.5.3 Real-Time Performance 34 2.6 Conclusion 36 3 Road-Constrained Localization Using Cloud Models 37 3.1 Preliminaries 38 3.1.1 Scaled Measurement Equations for Visual Odometry 38 3.1.2 Cloud Models 39 3.1.3 Uniform Gaussian Distribution (UGD) 39 3.1.4 Gaussian-Gaussian Distribution (GGD) 42 3.2 Map-Assisted Ground Vehicle Localization 43 3.2.1 Measurement Representation with UGD 44 3.2.2 Shape Matching Between Map and Particles 45 3.2.3 Particle Resampling and Parameter Estimation 46 3.2.4 Framework Extension to Other Cloud Models 47 3.3 Experimental Validation on UGD 47 3.3.1 Configurations 47 3.3.2 Localization with Stereo Visual Odometry 48 3.3.3 Localization with Monocular Visual Odometry 49 3.3.4 Scale Estimation Results 52 3.3.5 Weighting Function Balancing 52 3.4 Experimental Validation on GGD 54 3.4.1 Experiments on KITTI 55 3.4.2 Experiments on the Self-Collected Dataset 61 3.5 Conclusion 63 4 GPS/Odometry/Map Fusion for Vehicle Positioning Using Potential Functions 65 4.1 Potential Wells and Potential Trenches 66 4.1.1 Potential Function Creation 67 4.1.2 Minimum Searching 71 4.2 Potential-Function-Based Fusion for Vehicle Positioning 74 4.2.1 Information Sources and Sensors 74 4.2.2 Potential Representation 76 4.2.3 Road-Switching Strategy 76 4.3 Experimental Results 78 4.3.1 Quantitative Results 78 4.3.2 Qualitative Evaluation 80 4.4 Conclusion 84 5 Multi-Sensor Geometric Pose Estimation 85 5.1 Preliminaries 86 5.1.1 Distance on Riemannian Manifolds 86 5.1.2 Probabilistic Distribution on Riemannian Manifolds 87 5.2 Geometric Pose Estimation Using Dynamic Potential Fields 88 5.2.1 State Space and Measurement Space 88 5.2.2 Dynamic Potential Fields on Manifolds 90 5.2.3 DPF-Based Information Fusion 91 5.2.4 Approximation of Geometric Pose Estimation 95 5.3 VO-Heading-Map Pose Estimation for Ground Vehicles 97 5.3.1 System Modeling 97 5.3.2 Road Constraints 98 5.3.3 Parameter Estimation on SE(3) 99 5.4 Experiments on KITTI Sequences 99 5.4.1 Overall Performance 99 5.4.2 Influence of Heading Error 102 5.4.3 Influence of Road Map Resolution 102 5.4.4 Influences of Parameters 104 5.5 Experiments on the NTU Dataset 105 5.5.1 Overall Performance 105 5.5.2 Phenomena Observed During Experiments 105 5.6 Conclusion 107 Part II Secure State Estimation for Mobile Robots 109 6 Filter-Based Secure Dynamic Pose Estimation 111 6.1 Introduction 111 6.2 RelatedWork 113 6.3 Problem Formulation 114 6.3.1 System Model 114 6.3.2 Measurement Model 116 6.3.3 Attack Model 116 6.4 Estimator Design 117 6.5 Discussion of Parameter Selection 122 6.5.1 The Probability Subject to Deception Attacks 122 6.5.2 The Bound of Signal 𝝃k 123 6.6 Experimental Validation 123 6.6.1 Pose Estimation under Attack on a Single State 125 6.6.2 Pose Estimation under Attacks on Multiple States 127 6.7 Conclusion 130 7 UKF-Based Vehicle Pose Estimation under Randomly Occurring Deception Attacks 131 7.1 Introduction 131 7.2 Related Work 133 7.3 Pose Estimation Problem for Ground Vehicles under Attack 134 7.3.1 System Model 134 7.3.2 Attack Model 136 7.4 Design of the Unscented Kalman Filter 137 7.5 Numeric Simulation 141 7.6 Experiments 144 7.6.1 General Performance 145 7.6.2 Influence of Parameters 145 7.7 Conclusion 147 8 Secure Dynamic State Estimation with a Decomposing Kalman Filter 149 8.1 Introduction 149 8.2 Problem Formulation 151 8.3 Decomposition of the Kalman Filter By Using a Local Estimate 153 8.4 A Secure Information Fusion Scheme 158 8.5 Numerical Example 161 8.6 Conclusion 162 8.7 Appendix: Proof of Theorem 8.2 162 8.8 Proof of Theorem 8.4 165 9 Secure Dynamic State Estimation for AHRS 169 9.1 Introduction 169 9.2 Related Work 170 9.2.1 Attitude Estimation 170 9.2.2 Secure State Estimation 171 9.2.3 Secure Attitude Estimation 171 9.3 Attitude Estimation Using Heading References 172 9.3.1 Attitude Estimation from Vector Observations 172 9.3.2 Secure Attitude Estimation Framework and Modeling 173 9.4 Secure Estimator Design with a Decomposing Kalman Filter 174 9.4.1 Decomposition of the Kalman Filter Using a Local Estimate 176 9.4.2 A Least-Square Interpretation for the Decomposition 177 9.4.3 Secure State Estimate 178 9.5 Simulation Validation 181 9.5.1 Simulating Measurements with Attacks 182 9.5.2 Filter Performance 182 9.5.3 Influence of Parameter 𝛾 182 9.6 Conclusion 184 10 Conclusions 185 References 189 Index 207

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Book SynopsisAn all-in-one reference on the interdisciplinary area of battery systems engineering, this original work covers the background, models, solution techniques, and systems theory necessary for the development of advanced battery management systems.Table of Contents1 Introduction 1 1.1 Energy Storage Applications 1 1.2 The Role of Batteries 4 1.3 Battery Systems Engineering 6 1.4 A Model-Based Approach 9 1.5 Electrochemical Fundamentals 10 1.6 Battery Design 12 1.7 Objectives of this Book 14 2 Electrochemistry 17 2.1 Lead-Acid 17 2.2 Nickel-Metal Hydride 21 2.3 Lithium-Ion 25 2.4 Performance Comparison 27 2.4.1 Energy Density and Specific Energy 27 2.4.2 Charge and Discharge 31 2.4.3 Cycle life 34 2.4.4 Temperature Operating Range 34 3 Governing Equations 35 3.1 Thermodynamics and Faraday's Law 35 3.2 Electrode Kinetics 39 3.2.1 The Butler-Volmer Equation 40 3.2.2 Double-Layer Capacitance 42 3.3 Solid Phase of Porous Electrodes 42 3.3.1 Ion Transport 44 3.3.2 Conservation of Charge 45 3.4 Electrolyte Phase of Porous Electrodes 47 3.4.1 Ion Transport 47 3.4.2 Conservation of Charge 52 3.4.3 Concentrated Solution Theory 54 3.5 Cell Voltage 54 3.6 Cell Temperature 55 3.6.1 Arrhenius Equation 56 3.6.2 Conservation of Energy 57 3.7 Side Reactions and Aging 58 4 Discretization Methods 67 4.1 Analytical Method 69 4.1.1 Electrolyte Diffusion 69 4.1.2 Coupled Electrolyte/Solid Diffusion in Pb Electrodes 79 4.1.3 Solid State Diffusion in Li-Ion and Ni-MH Particles 81 4.2 Pade Approximation Method 83 4.2.1 Solid State Diffusion in Li-Ion Particles 84 4.3 Integral Method Approximation 85 4.3.1 Electrolyte Diffusion 85 4.3.2 Solid State Diffusion in Li-Ion and Ni-MH Particles 88 4.4 Ritz Method 89 4.4.1 Electrolyte Diffusion in a Single Domain 89 4.4.2 Electrolyte Diffusion in Coupled Domains 91 4.4.3 Coupled Electrolyte/Solid Diffusion in Pb Electrodes 94 4.5 Finite Element Method 97 4.5.1 Electrolyte Diffusion 99 4.5.2 Coupled Electrolyte/Solid Diffusion in Li-Ion Electrodes 101 4.6 Finite Difference Method 102 4.6.1 Electrolyte Diffusion 103 4.6.2 Nonlinear Coupled Electrolyte/Solid Diffusion in Pb Electrodes 104 4.7 System Identification in the Frequency Domain 106 4.7.1 System Model 107 4.7.2 Least Squares Optimization Problem 107 4.7.3 Optimization Approach 109 4.7.4 Multiple Outputs 111 4.7.5 System Identification Toolbox 112 4.7.6 Experimental Data 112 5 System Response 115 5.1 Time Response 117 5.1.1 Constant Charge/Discharge 119 5.1.2 DST Cycle Response of the Pb-Acid Electrode 129 5.2 Frequency Response 130 5.2.1 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy 130 5.2.2 Discretization Eciency 137 5.3 Model Order Reduction 144 5.3.1 Truncation Approach 146 5.3.2 Grouping Approach 147 5.3.3 Frequency Response Curve Fitting 148 5.3.4 Performance Comparison 148 6 Battery System Models 159 6.1 Lead-Acid Battery Model 160 6.1.1 Governing Equations 161 6.1.2 Discretization Using the Ritz Method 166 6.1.3 Numerical Convergence 170 6.1.4 Simulation Results 170 6.2 Lithium-Ion Battery Model 173 6.2.1 Conservation of Species 178 6.2.2 Conservation of Charge 180 6.2.3 Reaction Kinetics 181 6.2.4 Cell Voltage 182 6.2.5 Linearization 182 6.2.6 Impedance Solution 184 6.2.7 FEM Electrolyte Diffusion 188 6.2.8 Overall System Transfer Function 189 6.2.9 Time Domain Model and Simulation Results 189 6.3 Nickel-Metal Hydride Battery Model 193 6.3.1 Solid Phase Diffusion 197 6.3.2 Conservation of Charge 200 6.3.3 Reaction Kinetics 200 6.3.4 Cell Voltage 201 6.3.5 Simulation Results 202 6.3.6 Linearized Model 203 7 Estimation 213 7.1 State of Charge Estimation 215 7.1.1 SOC Modeling 218 7.1.2 Instantaneous SOC 221 7.1.3 Current Counting Method 222 7.1.4 Voltage Lookup Method 223 7.1.5 State Estimation 225 7.2 Least Squares Model Tuning 233 7.2.1 Impedance Transfer Function 233 7.2.2 Least Squares Algorithm 234 7.2.3 Ni-MH Cell Example 237 7.2.4 Identifiability 239 7.3 State of Health Estimation 243 7.3.1 Parameterization for Environment and Aging 244 7.3.2 Parameter Estimation 245 7.3.3 Ni-MH Cell Example 246 8 Battery Management Systems 253 8.1 BMS Hardware 257 8.2 Charging Protocols 260 8.3 Pulse Power Capability 264 8.4 Dynamic Power Limits 268 8.5 Pack Management 272 8.5.1 Pack Dynamics 272 8.5.2 Cell Balancing in Series Strings 282 8.5.3 Thermal Management 298 Bibliography 308 Index 318

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Book SynopsisFast-Charging Infrastructure for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles Comprehensive resource describing fast-charging infrastructure in electric vehicles, including various subsystems involved in the power system architecture needed for fast-charging Fast-Charging Infrastructure for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles presents various aspects of fast-charging infrastructure, including the location of fast-charging stations, revenue models and tariff structures, power electronic converters, power quality problems such as harmonics & supraharmonics, energy storage systems, and wireless-charging, electrical distribution infrastructures and planning. This book serves as a guide to learn recent advanced technologies with examples and case studies. It also considers problems that arise, and the mitigation methods involved, in fast-charging stations in global aspects and provides tools for analysis. Sample topics covered in Fast-Charging Infrastructure fTable of ContentsPreface xii About the Authors xiv Acknowledgments xvi 1 Introduction to Electric Vehicle Fast-Charging Infrastructure 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Fast-Charging Station 4 1.2.1 Power Grid or Grid Power Supply 4 1.2.2 Power Cables 5 1.2.3 Switchgears 8 1.2.4 Distribution Transformer 8 1.2.5 Energy Meters and Power Quality Meters 9 1.2.6 Fast Chargers 10 1.2.7 Plugs and Connectors 10 1.2.7.1 CCS Combo 1 Connector 13 1.2.7.2 CHAdeMO Connector 13 1.2.7.3 Tesla Connectors 14 1.3 Fast-Charging Station Using Renewable Power Sources (RES) 14 1.4 Digital Communication for Fast-Charging Station 17 1.5 Requirements for Fast-Charging Station 19 1.6 Case Study: Public Fast-Charging Station in India 20 1.7 Conclusion 23 References 24 Annexure 1 Photos 26 2 Selection of Fast-Charging Station 31 2.1 Introduction 31 2.2 Business Model for Fast-Charging Stations 32 2.3 Location of Fast-Charging Station 33 2.4 Electric Supply for Fast Charging 35 2.5 Availability of Land 36 2.6 Conclusion 37 References 37 3 Business Model and Tariff Structure for Fast-Charging Station 39 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Business Model 41 3.2.1 Integrated Model 41 3.2.2 Independent Model 42 3.2.3 Selection of Business Model for Fast-Charging Station 43 3.2.4 Fast-Charging Infrastructure and Operating Expenses 44 3.3 Battery Swapping 45 3.4 Tariff Structure 47 3.4.1 Tariff Between Electric Utilities (DISCOMs) and Fast-Charging Stations 47 3.4.2 Tariff Between Fast-Charging Stations and EV Users 47 3.5 Conclusion 48 References 48 4 Batteries for Fast-Charging Infrastructure 51 4.1 Introduction 51 4.2 C-Rating of the Battery 52 4.3 Different Types of Chemistries 53 4.3.1 Li-Ion Family 54 4.3.2 Lead Acid 55 4.3.3 Nickel Family 55 4.3.4 Selection of Battery Chemistry 56 4.4 Batteries Used in EVs in the Market 56 4.5 Conclusion 58 References 58 5 Distribution System Planning 59 5.1 Introduction 59 5.2 Planning for Power and Energy Demand 62 5.3 Planning for Distribution System Feeders and Equipment 71 5.4 Conclusion 81 References 81 6 Electric Distribution for Fast-Charging Infrastructure 83 6.1 Introduction 83 6.2 Major Components of Fast-Charging Station 86 6.3 Design of Fast-Charging Station 86 6.3.1 Single Point of Failure 86 6.3.2 Configuration of Electrical Distribution Considering the Redundancy 88 6.3.2.1 Simple Radial Distribution Scheme for FCS 88 6.3.2.2 Expanded Radial Scheme for FCS 89 6.3.2.3 Primary Selective Scheme for FCS 89 6.3.2.4 Secondary Selective Scheme for FCS 93 6.3.2.5 Primary Loop Scheme for FCS 98 6.3.2.6 Sparing Transformer Configuration for FCS 98 6.3.2.7 Other Configurations for FCS 103 6.4 Conclusion 108 References 108 7 Energy Storage System for Fast-Charging Stations 111 7.1 Introduction 111 7.2 Renewables + ESS 112 7.2.1 Solar PV System without Battery Energy Storage System – Scheme 1 AC Interconnection 113 7.2.2 Solar PV System with Battery Energy Storage System – Scheme 2 AC Interconnection 114 7.2.3 Solar PV System with Battery Energy Storage System – Scheme 3 DC Interconnection 116 7.3 Microgrid with Renewables + ESS 118 7.3.1 Grid-Connected Microgrid for Fast-Charging Stations 119 7.3.2 Standalone Microgrid for Fast-Charging Stations 124 7.4 ESS Modes of Operation 124 7.5 Conclusion 127 References 128 8 Surge Protection Device for Electric Vehicle Fast-Charging Infrastructure 129 8.1 Introduction 129 8.2 Surge Protection for Fast-Charging Stations 132 8.2.1 Surge Protection for Open Locations 132 8.2.2 Surge Protection for Covered Locations 133 8.3 Surge Protection for Underground Locations 136 8.4 Conclusion 137 References 137 9 Power Quality Problems Associated with Fast-Charging Stations 139 9.1 Introduction 139 9.2 Introduction to Power Quality 140 9.3 Power Quality Problems Due to Fast-Charging Stations 142 9.3.1 Impact of Poor Power Quality of Distribution Grid on Fast-Charging Station Loads 143 9.3.2 Impact of Poor Power Quality from the Fast-Charging Station Loads on the Distribution Grid 144 9.4 Analysis of Harmonic Injection into the Distribution System 145 9.4.1 Hand Calculation or Manual Calculation 146 9.4.2 Conducting Field Measurements at the Site 146 9.4.3 Model Calibration 147 9.4.4 Computer Simulation 148 9.5 Analysis of System Resonance Condition 149 9.6 Analysis of Supra-Harmonics 152 9.7 Case Study: Harmonic Measurement of 30 kW DC Fast Charger 152 9.8 Conclusion 161 References 161 10 Standards for Fast-Charging Infrastructure 163 10.1 Introduction 163 10.2 IEC Standards 164 10.2.1 IEC 61851 164 10.2.2 IEC 61980 Electric Vehicle Wireless Power Transfer Systems 166 10.2.3 IEC 62196 Plugs, Socket-Outlets, Vehicle Connectors, and Vehicle Inlets – Conductive Charging of Electric Vehicles 168 10.2.4 IEC TR 62933-2-200 Electrical Energy Storage (EES) Systems – Part 2-200: Unit Parameters and Testing Methods – Case Study of EES Systems Located in EV Charging Station with PV 169 10.2.5 IEC 62893 Charging Cables for Electric Vehicles for Rated Voltages up to and Including 0.6/1 kV 169 10.2.6 IEC 60364-7-722 Low-Voltage Electrical Installations – Part 7-722: Requirements for Special Installations or Locations – Supplies for Electric Vehicles 172 10.3 IEEE Standards 172 10.3.1 IEEE Std 2030.1.1-2021 IEEE Standard for Technical Specifications for a DC Quick and Bidirectional Charger for Use with Electric Vehicles 172 10.3.2 IEEE Std 2836-2021 IEEE Recommended Practice for Performance Testing of Electrical Energy Storage (ESS) System in Electric Charging Stations in Combination with Photovoltaic (PV) 174 10.4 SAE Standards 174 10.4.1 SAE J1772 SAE Electric Vehicle and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Conductive Charge Coupler 174 10.4.2 SAE J2894-1 2019 Power Quality Requirements for Plug-In Electric Vehicle Chargers 174 10.5 ISO 17409 Electrically Propelled Road Vehicles – Connection to an External Electric Power Supply – Safety Requirements 175 10.6 CEA Technical Standards in India 176 10.6.1 Technical Standards for Connectivity of the Distributed Generation Resources – February 2019 176 10.6.2 Technical Standards for Measures Relating to Safety and Electric Supply – June 2019 176 10.7 BS 7671-2018 Requirements for Electrical Installations 178 10.8 Conclusion 178 References 179 11 Fast-Charging Infrastructure for Electric Vehicles: Today’s Situation and Future Needs 181 11.1 Batteries 181 11.1.1 Voltage 181 11.1.2 Improvements in Battery Chemistry 181 11.1.3 Standardization of Battery Ratings (Capacity, Voltage, and Dimensions) for Enabling Battery Swapping 183 11.2 Distributed Energy Storage System and Grid-Friendly Charging 185 11.3 Ultrafast Chargers 185 11.4 Interoperable Features 186 11.5 Charging the Vehicle While Driving (Wireless Charging) 186 11.6 Conclusion 187 References 187 12 A Review of the Improved Structure of an Electric Vehicle Battery Fast Charger 189 Mohammad Zand, Mostafa Azimi Nasab, Samaneh Rastgoo, and Morteza Azimi Nasab 12.1 Introduction 189 12.2 Types of Battery Charging 190 12.2.1 Li-Ion Battery Charger Algorithm 191 12.2.2 Constant Voltage–Current Charging Method 191 12.2.3 Constant Current Multilevel Charging Method 192 12.2.4 Method of Incremental Charging 193 12.2.5 Pulse Charging Method 193 12.2.6 Sinusoidal Pulse Charging Algorithm 195 12.2.7 Using a Different Frequency Pulse Charging Method (VFPCS) 195 12.2.8 Pulse Voltage Charging Method with Different Pulse Widths (DVVPCS) 196 12.2.9 An Overview of Lithium-Ion Batteries 196 12.2.10 Performance Comparison with Other Batteries 197 12.2.11 Lithium-Ion Battery Control System (BMS) 198 12.2.12 Cell Control 198 12.2.13 Checking Input and Output Current and Voltage 198 12.2.14 Battery Charge and Discharge Control 199 12.2.15 State Estimation 199 12.2.16 State of Charge 199 12.2.17 State of Health (SoH) 200 12.2.18 Mode of Operation (SoF) 201 12.2.19 Battery Protection 201 12.3 Temperature and Heat Control 203 12.3.1 Examining the Charger Structure 203 12.4 Bidirectional AC–DC Converters 206 12.4.1 Unidirectional AC–DC Converters 208 12.4.2 Unidirectional Isolated DC–DC Converters 208 12.4.3 Bidirectional Isolated DC–DC Converters 210 12.5 High-Frequency Transformers 210 12.5.1 High-Frequency Transformer Design 210 12.5.2 Core Geometry Method 211 12.5.3 Core Losses 211 12.6 Examine Some of the Charger Examples Provided in the References 212 12.7 Conclusion 218 References 219 Index 221

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Book SynopsisIn traditional power system dynamics and control books, the focus is on synchronous generators. Within current industry, where renewable energy, power electronics converters, and microgrids arise, the related system-level dynamics and control need coverage. Wind energy system dynamics and microgrid system control are covered. The text also offers insight to using programming examples, state-of-the-art control design tools, and advanced control concepts to explain traditional power system dynamics and control. The reader will gain knowledge of dynamics and control in both synchronous generator-based power system and power electronic converter enabled renewable energy systems, as well as microgrids.Trade Review"The material on renewable energy systems was particularly of interest and the text includes MATLAB code and numerous problems and examples. The text is aimed at students rather than engineers in industry, but it will be valuable to both. The text is nicely presented with a logical layout of the text and its presentation.This is certainly a book that can be recommended for the bookshelves of engineers working on power systems, power electronics and renewable energies. The hard back is £92 but there is an e-book available at £64.40. It includes more than 200 pages of useful material."—The Applied Control Technology Consortium e-newsletter, August 2017"The author’s goal is to provide a bridge between traditional control and microgrid control. That goal is fully achieved. The reader learns by example problems and solutions with the provided MATLAB code. I wholeheartedly recommend Control and Dynamics in Power Systems and Microgrids as an extension to traditional text presentations of power system analysis. I applaud the author’s presentation of problems and solutions with MATLAB code as a thorough learning tool."—IEEE Power & Energy Magazine, May/June 2018 IssueTable of ContentsIntroduction. Dynamic Simulation. Frequency Control. Synchronous Generator Models. Voltage Control of a Synchronous Generator. Frequency and Voltage Control in a Microgrid. Large-Signal Stability. Small-Signal Stability. Index.

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