Geophysics Books

Book SynopsisSunday Times BestsellerHow did life on Earth begin? What is the nature of space and time? What are the chances that we will discover life on other worlds?Think you know our planet?Think again.Forces of Nature takes you from the mid-Atlantic ridge in Iceland, the volcanoes of Indonesia and the precipitous cliffs in Nepal, to the manatees off the coast of Florida and the northern lights of the Arctic, in search of the fundamental laws that govern our world.These universal laws shape everything, from the structure of snowflakes to the elegant spirals of the galaxies. By seeking to understand the everyday world the colours, structure, behaviour and history of our home we can step beyond the everyday and approach the Universe beyond.Trade ReviewPraise for Professor Brian Cox: ‘Cox’s romantic, lyrical approach to astrophysics all adds up to an experience that feels less like homework and more like having a story told to you. A really good story, too.’ Guardian ‘He bridges the gap between our childish sense of wonder and a rather more professional grasp of the scale of things.’ Independent ‘If you didn’t utter a wow watching the TV, you will while reading the book.’ The Times ‘Engaging, ambitious and creative.’ Guardian ‘In this book of the acclaimed BBC2 TV series, Professor Cox shows us the cosmos as we have never seen it before – a place full of the most bizarre and powerful natural phenomena.’ Sunday Express ‘Will entertain and delight … what a priceless gift that would be.’ Independent on Sunday

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Book SynopsisGeared toward advanced undergraduates and graduate students, this text offers an accessible approach to continuum mechanics, electrodynamics and the mechanics of electrically polarized media, and gravity. 1976 edition.

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Book SynopsisThis hands-on introduction to numerical geodynamic modelling provides a solid grounding in the necessary mathematical theory and techniques, including continuum mechanics and partial differential equations, before introducing key numerical modelling methods and applications. Fully updated, this second edition includes four completely new chapters covering the most recent advances in modelling inertial processes, seismic cycles and fluid-solid interactions, and the development of adaptive mesh refinement algorithms. Many well-documented, state-of-the-art visco-elasto-plastic 2D models are presented, which allow robust modelling of key geodynamic processes. Requiring only minimal prerequisite mathematical training, and featuring over sixty practical exercises and ninety MATLAB examples, this user-friendly resource encourages experimentation with geodynamic models. It is an ideal introduction for advanced courses and can be used as a self-study aid for graduates seeking to master geodynamic modelling for their own research projects.Trade Review'A great introduction to computational geodynamics with vivid examples, hands-on exercises and step-by-step derivations of formulas. Even better than the first edition.' Sascha Brune, Das Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam – Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum'This book is so much more than an introduction to geodynamic modelling. Taras Gerya opens the world of geodynamic experiments by taking the reader through a carefully designed set of hands-on programming exercises that will convince you that modelling is not terribly complicated, but a process to logically follow through. Go ahead and get started!' Susanne Buiter, Geological Survey of Norway'This comprehensive textbook challenges all solid Earth scientists to give geodynamic modelling a try in a hands-on, empowering style. The new edition covers even more ground, including cutting-edge topics. A great achievement, and the community will be the better for it.' Thorsten Becker, University of Texas, AustinPraise for the first edition: '… the book provides excellent value for those wanting an introduction to the field. Anyone who works carefully through this book and completes all the exercises should be well prepared for further work in geodynamic modelling.' GeoscientistPraise for the first edition: 'The book is written in a light and engaging style such that it deserves a place on the recommended reading list of any undergraduate or Masters course that includes geodynamics. Additionally, it will be a valuable resource for any geoscientist who wants to include geodynamic modelling within their research activities.' Geological MagazineTable of Contents1. The continuity equation; 2. Density and gravity; 3. Numerical solutions of partial differential equations; 4. Stress and strain; 5. The momentum equation; 6. Viscous rheology of rocks; 7. Numerical solutions of the momentum and continuity equations; 8. The advection equation and marker-in-cell method; 9. The heat conservation equation; 10. Numerical solution of the heat conservation equation; 11. 2D thermomechanical code structure; 12. Elasticity and plasticity; 13. 2D implementation of visco-elasto-plasticity; 14. 2D thermomechanical modelling of inertial processes; 15. Seismo-thermomechanical modelling; 16. Hydro-thermomechanical modelling; 17. Adaptive mesh refinement; 18. The multigrid method; 19. Programming of 3D problems; 20. Numerical benchmarks; 21. Design of 2D numerical geodynamic models; Epilogue: outlook; Appendix: MATLAB® program examples; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisA discussion of the most widely used method for archaeological prospecting, covering the technical background of magnetometry and explaining what is measured and how this knowledge is used in archaeological surveys.Trade ReviewBy providing a more in-depth treatment of the subject than can be found in general texts, this book is directed at both those with little or no background knowledge and those who want to probe more deeply into the subject. Despite the complexity of the subject, the authors have clearly gone to great pains to make it accessible to non-specialists. It will no doubt find its place amongst other formative texts on archaeological geophysics. It covers the subject in a clear and coherent manner and should be welcomed for that reason alone. -- Ben Gourley, University of York * Antiquity *A strong introduction to magnetic survey for archaeologists with emphasis on basic magnetic concepts, magnetometer sensor configurations, practical field issues and survey design. The origin and nature of archaeo-magnetic fields and their appearance as "anomalies" in the data is made clear. The numerous data processing and display steps required to render a graphic suitable for archaeological interpretation are described. Archaeological interpretation of magnetic data is addressed in the context of survey case studies. Readable and to the point, this is a useful contribution for archaeologists on a subject that at its core is both multidisciplinary and complex. -- Lewis Somers, Archaeo-PhysicsThe goal of the. . . book, Magnetometry for Archaeologists, is 'to establish a framework for the significance and understanding of magnetometry with respect to archaeological investigation' (p. 179). The author's goal is clearly met by this book. ... This book is clearly written and well-illustrated. . . all aspects of the images are explained in the caption, including scale, direction of north, and color ramp. * Journal of Anthropological Research *Table of ContentsChapter 1. Concepts Chapter 2. Magnetometers Chapter 3. Magnetic Anomalies and Sources of Noise Chapter 4. Data Collection; Some Practical Problems and Solutions Chapter 5. Processing and Displaying Magnetometer Data Chapter 6. Archaeology and the Interpretation of Magnetometer Data Chapter 7. Magnetometry and Archaeological Prospecting - The Future

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Book SynopsisWhat processes and physical materials have shaped the planet we live on? Why do earthquakes happen? And what can geology teach us about contemporary issues such as climate change?From volcanoes and glaciers to fossils and rock formations, this user-friendly book gives a structured and thorough overview of the geology of planet Earth and beyond. Geology: A Complete Introduction outlines the basics in clear English, and provides added-value features like a glossary of the essential jargon terms, links to useful websites, and examples of questions you might be asked in a seminar or exam.Topics covered include the Earth''s structure, earthquakes, plate tectonics, volcanoes, igneous intrusions, metamorphism, weathering, erosion, deposition, deformation, physical resources, past life and fossils, the history of the Earth, Solar System geology, and geological fieldwork. There are useful appendices on minerals, rock names and geological time.Whether you

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Book SynopsisThis updated edition includes recent advances in data acquisition, spectral data analysis, and new understanding of spatial and temporal variations in the strength of the lithosphere in its response to loading. An invaluable resource to students and researchers, it uses a simplified mathematical treatment and includes numerous geological examples.Trade Review'The second edition of this classic book offers an in-depth analysis of the numerous land, ocean, and planetary processes that are produced and modified by lithospheric flexure. Topics range from the theory of bending and deformation of thin elastic plates, to the relationships between gravity and topography, to the interaction of flexural and erosional processes and their geological interpretation. Throughout the book there are sections on the historical developments of all these topics. This new edition includes updates on yield strength envelope models for the lithosphere and the interpretation of new gravity and topography measured by satellite missions orbiting the Earth and other planets. Whether you are a geologist, geophysicist, or simply an enthusiast seeking a deeper understanding of the Earth's geological processes, Isostasy and Flexure of the Lithosphere is an invaluable resource.' David Sandwell, University of California, San Diego'second edition of this classic book offers an in-depth analysis of the numerous land, ocean, and planetary processes that are produced and modified by lithospheric flexure. Whether you are a geologist, geophysicist, or simply an enthusiast seeking a deeper understanding of the Earth's geological processes, Isostasy and Flexure of the Lithosphere is an invaluable resource.' David Sandwell, University of California, San DiegoReviews of the first edition: '… there is no question but that this book is the authoritative word on isostasy and flexure.' Marcia McNutt, EOS'… a superb book which covers a lot of ground on a fundamental topic of general importance to Earth scientists.' Paul Wessel, Geological Magazine'Isostasy and Flexure of the Lithosphere provides an excellent guide for those applying flexural isostasy to practical problems. It is also a starting point for those wishing to learn more about the actual physics of Earth's lithosphere.' Norman Sleep, Physics Today'Accessible and authoritative, this book will be of interest to a wide range of geologists and geophysicists. For students it would serve as an excellent companion to plate tectonics and geodynamics texts.' Rick Saltus, The Leading Edge'This is a wonderful book, which satisfies and important need and contains material of interest to a variety of Earth (and planetary) scientists, from an author who has been closely associated with important developments in this field over the past three decades.' John Woodside, The Leading Edge'… readable and very useful … it is an absolute bargain. Graduate students, advanced undergraduates and professionals will enjoy this volume and find it very useful in future work.' James S. McClain, Episodes'The opening two chapters are an addictive introduction to the history of isostasy. Watts quickens the pulse and opens the mind with his well-balanced descriptions of spectacular geology, perilous expeditions and scholarly Victorian disputes.' John Maclennan, Institut de Physique du Globe de ParisTable of Contents1. The Development of the Concept of Isostasy; 2. Isostasy and Flexure of the Lithosphere; 3. Theory of Elastic Plates; 4. Geological Examples of the Flexure Model of Isostasy; 5. Isostatic Response Functions; 6. Isostasy and the Physical Nature of the Lithosphere; 7. Isostasy and the Origin of Geological Features in the Continents and Oceans; 8. Isostasy and the Terrestrial Planets; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis advanced undergraduate textbook provides a thoroughly modern overview of plate tectonics so that readers grasp how the outer part of our planet works in relation to the deep interior. The text is supported by clear prose, helpful analogies, stunning colour imagery, and a rich suite of online resources.

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Book SynopsisWhat is driving climate change? What impact does it have on the Earth's ecosystems, our environment, and us? What can I do? This book explains in a clear and understandable way the interrelationships, influencing factors and effects of the greatest challenge facing mankind: climate change.The team of authors presents over 100 aspects in clear language, each on a double-page spread. With impressive sketchnotes, professor and sketchnoter Katharina Theis-Bröhl illustrates and explains the sometimes simple, sometimes complicated issues always understandable. Because: Sketchnotes are not only beautiful to look at – they are also an effective mnemonic, a structural tool and an aid to crystallize the essentials. Comprehensible accompanying texts by Cecilia Scorza and Harald Lesch round off each topic in an informative way. With this book, you can understand the causes of climate change, discover the physical connections, and recognize both local and global impacts. You will learn about the role our location in the solar system plays, the feedback processes involved in global warming, and what it means when the oceans acidify. And ultimately, the question will be asked: How much time do we have left to act? From the contents:How special is the Earth? – Understanding the greenhouse effect – The Earth's climate system – The climate change – Effects of climate change – What can I do? – A look ahead Table of ContentsHow special is the Earth?.- The sun as a source of energy.- Understanding the greenhouse effect.- The Earth's climate system.- Climate change.- Effects of the climate system.- What can I do?.- Future view.

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Book SynopsisThis enduringly popular undergraduate textbook has been thoroughly reworked and updated, and now comprises twelve chapters covering the same breadth of topics as earlier editions, but in a substantially modernized fashion to facilitate classroom teaching. Covering both theoretical and applied aspects of geophysics, clear explanations of the physical principles are blended with step-by-step derivations of the key equations and over 400 explanatory figures to explain the internal structure and properties of the planet, including its petroleum and mineral resources. New topics include the latest data acquisition technologies, such as satellite geophysics, planetary landers, ocean bottom seismometers, and fibre optic methods, as well as recent research developments in ambient noise interferometry, seismic hazard analysis, rheology, and numerical modelling - all illustrated with examples from the scientific literature. Student-friendly features include separate text boxes with auxiliary explanations and advanced topics of interest; reading lists of foundational, alternative, or more detailed resources; end-of-chapter review questions and an increased number of quantitative exercises. Completely new to this edition is the addition of computational exercises in Python, designed to help students acquire important programming skills and develop a more profound understanding of geophysics.Trade Review'An impressive overview of key geophysical concepts and the most recent advances. It strikes a unique balance in presenting the history, application, and quantitative theory necessary to understand the structure and dynamics of the Earth and terrestrial planets.' Del Bohnenstiehl, North Carolina State University'The addition of several new chapters on new and emerging fields, re-organization of existing chapters, and computational exercises provided as Jupyter notebooks have further enhanced the excellent quality of this outstanding textbook and make it ideal for teaching purposes.' Christine Thomas, Westfälische Wilhelms-Univeristät Münster, Germany'This is a welcome update of this classic textbook, which now includes some of the salient advances in 21st-century geophysics, including space geodesy and ambient noise imaging.' Alexandre Fournier, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris'Fundamentals of Geophysics is an excellent textbook and this third edition includes the most recent advances in geophysics while retaining a historical perspective. The new computer exercises are also a very welcome addition for a modern course in solid-earth geophysics. I highly recommend this book to every student - it makes for compelling reading.' Jeroen Ritsema, University of MichiganTable of ContentsPreface; 1. The Solar System; 2. Plate tectonics; 3. Gravity and the figure of the Earth; 4. Gravity surveying; 5. Rheology of the Earth; 6. Seismology; 7. Earthquakes and the Earth's internal structure; 8. Geochronology; 9. The Earth's heat; 10. Geoelectricity; 11. The Earth's magnetic field; 12. Paleomagnetism; Appendices; Bibliography; Index.

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Book SynopsisA breathtaking and beautiful exploration of our planet, this groundbreaking book accompanies the acclaimed BBC TV series, providing the deepest answers to the simplest questions.Trade ReviewPraise for Professor Brian Cox: ‘Cox’s romantic, lyrical approach to astrophysics all adds up to an experience that feels less like homework and more like having a story told to you. A really good story, too.’ Guardian ‘He bridges the gap between our childish sense of wonder and a rather more professional grasp of the scale of things.’ Independent ‘If you didn’t utter a wow watching the TV, you will while reading the book.’ The Times ‘Engaging, ambitious and creative.’ Guardian ‘In this book of the acclaimed BBC2 TV series, Professor Cox shows us the cosmos as we have never seen it before – a place full of the most bizarre and powerful natural phenomena.’ Sunday Express ‘Will entertain and delight … what a priceless gift that would be.’ Independent on Sunday

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Book SynopsisLectures on Geophysical Fluid Dynamics offers an introduction to several topics in theoretical geophysical fluid dynamics, including the theory of large-scale ocean circulation, geostrophic turbulence, and Hamiltonian fluid dynamics. The book is based on an introductory course in dynamical oceanography offered to first-year graduate students at Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Each chapter is a self-contained introduction ti its particular subject, and makes few specific references to other chapters. Chapters 1 examines the relationship between the molecular and continuum models of the fluid, and between the Eulerian and Lagrangian descriptions of the latter. Ch.2 is a broad introduction to the fluid dynamics of rotating, stratified flows. Ch.3 adddresses large-scale ocean circulation. Chs.4,5 and 6 discuss the theory of turbulence, including elementary ideas based on vorticity laws (Ch.4), statistical turbulence theory (Ch.5), and the applications of these ideas to quasigeostrophiTrade Review'The book provides an excellent course for graduate students in applied mathematics or mathematical oceanography or meterology. It can be used fruitfully by researchers in related areas who would like to learn about a field of physics that generates intriguing and cha,lenging mathematical problems...It is also likely to become a significant reference book for the subject' SIAM ReviewTable of Contents1. Fundamentals ; 2. Introduction to Geophysical Fluid Dyunamics ; 3. Non-inertial Theory of Ocean Circulation ; 4. Vorticity and Turbulence ; 5. Statistical Fluid Dynamics ; 6. Geostropic Turbulence ; 7. Hamiltonian Fluid Dynamics

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Book SynopsisThe Moon is the most viewed object in the sky, the Sun being too bright to look at directly and the planets too far away. The Greeks deduced everything that could be learned about the Moon using only the naked eye, including that it has no light of its own but reflects that of the Sun. They understood the cause of eclipses and used the Earth''s shadow on the Moon to conclude that our planet is a sphere and to calculate the size of both the Moon and the Earth. The invention of the telescope some two millennia later offered the opportunity for much greater understanding, but the early observers became sidetracked onto a dead end: First, they fooled themselves into believing that they saw evidence of life on the Moon, even the works of a civilization. Second, they became convinced that the craters of the Moon were volcanoes like those we have on the Earth. These wrong-headed beliefs took centuries to dispel. The origin of the Moon itself has proven an even more difficult question, but scientists have now closed in on the answer. They find that our placid and seemingly unchanging Moon was born in colossal violence as a planet the size of Mars crashed into the primordial Earth and flung off a blob that solidified to become our heavenly companion. Unlocking the Moon''s Secrets follows these developments to show how science evolves, complete with misunderstandings, contentious arguments, difficult to relinquish assumptions, and shifting views as new facts come to light. Thanks to the work of generations of determined scientists, we understand our Moon, at last.

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Trade ReviewFredric Taylor's Elementary Climate Physics is an easy-to-read and useful introduction for undergraduate and graduate students who are intersted in this increasingly important area of physics. * David J. Lary, Physics Today *Table of Contents1. The Climate System ; 2. Solar Radiation and the Energy Budget of the Earth ; 3. Atmosphere and Climate ; 4. Clouds and Aerosols ; 5. Ocean and Climate ; 6. Radiative Transfer ; 7. Earth's Energy Budget: The Greenhouse Effect ; 8. The Ozone Layer ; 9. Climate Observations by Remote Sensing ; 10. Climate Sensitivity and Change ; 11. Climate Models and Predictions ; 12. Climate on other Planets ; 13. Epilogue

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Book SynopsisGeophysics is the physics of the Earth. Central to the Earth Sciences today, it encompasses areas such as seismology, volcanism, plate tectonics, gravitational anomalies, and the Earth''s magnetic field (present and past, as captured in rocks), all of which give clues to both the structure and the working of the Earth. In this Very Short Introduction, William Lowrie describes the internal and external processes that affect the planet, as well as the principles and methods of geophysics used to investigate them. He explains how analysis of the seismic waves produced in earthquakes reveals the internal structure of the Earth. Geophysicists have established that the greatest source of energy powering geological processes is the Earth''s internal heat. Deep inside the Earth, the temperature is high enough to produce a fluid outer core of molten iron. It is the motion in this molten iron layer that produces the Earth''s magnetic field, which shields the planet against harmful radiation from the Sun and outer space, and thus makes the planet habitable. Lowrie describes how the magnetic field also magnetizes rocks during their formation, leaving a permanent record of the ancient field and its direction that geophysicists have learned to use to interpret past motions of the continents and tectonic plates. From analyses of Earth''s deepest interior to measurements made from Earth-orbiting satellites, Lowrie shows how geophysical exploration is vitally important in the search for mineral resources, and emphasizes our need to understand the history of our planet and the processes that govern its continuing evolution. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.Table of ContentsWhat is geophysics? Planet earth Seismology and Earth's internal structure Seismicity - the restless Earth Gravity and the figure of the Earth Earth's heat Earth's magnetic field Afterthoughts Further Reading Index

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Book SynopsisFollow Nobel laureate and legendary teacher Enrico Fermi's lost course on geophysics. Nobel Prizewinning physicist Enrico Fermi (190154) is known for his work on experimental particle and nuclear physics, quantum theory, and statistical mechanics, and for his particular ability to condense complicated problems into approximations for understanding and testing theory in a variety of scientific disciplines. Six of his graduate students went on to win their own Nobel Prizes. Unearthing Fermi's Geophysics opens a window onto two underrepresented facets of this extraordinary thinker: Fermi's teaching and his contribution to the field of geophysics. Drawing on Fermi's handwritten calculations and notes, many of which are reproduced here in photographic facsimile, physicists Gino Segrè and John Stack have reconstructed a coursebook of Fermi's insights into the physics of a range of geological and atmospheric phenomena. From gravity on Earth to thermodynamics in the atmosphere, the physicTrade Review"An informative and lucid book... a welcome contribution to the literature on Fermi and 20th-century geophysics." * Physics Today *“Unearthing Fermi’s Geophysics is a rather unusual book. It is a text on geophysics that Enrico Fermi might have written, based on notes from a course he did give at Columbia University in the late 1930s. It is idiosyncratic in its coverage of topics, but does an excellent job of illustrating how Fermi went about exploring a field for which he had no background other than being a (remarkably able) physicist. Segrè and Stack have done a fine job of filling in the details needed to make sense of Fermi’s lecture notes. This invaluable book is not only clearly a labor of love, but also a boon to students of the history of science and of Fermi.” -- Robert Rosner, Departments of Astronomy & Astrophysics and Physics, Enrico Fermi Institute, and Harris School of Public Policy, University of Chicago“An assured and informative biography of the pioneering nuclear scientist.” * New York Times Book Review, Editors’ Choice, on "The Pope of Physics" *“Superb. . . . A definitive study of Fermi’s life and work.” * Wall Street Journal, on "The Pope of Physics" *“Impressive. . . . Both intelligent and extremely engaging.” * Washington Post, on "The Pope of Physics" *“Humane, scientifically astute, and beautifully written.” * Physics Today, on "The Pope of Physics" *"Nobel Prize laureate Enrico Fermi (1901–1954) was famous among physicists for the simplicity with which he explained complex questions and made valid numerical estimates about many phenomena. Fermi worked primarily in nuclear and particle physics and built the world's first nuclear reactor. This book is based on notes he made for a course in geophysics that he taught to senior-level physics students between 1939 and 1941 at Columbia University, soon after he arrived in the US from Italy... The text expands on and explains Fermi's notes with annotations by Segrè and Stack, providing supplementary equations and numerical calculations... Highly recommended." * Choice *

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Book SynopsisWhy are humans so fond of water? Why is our skin colour so variable?Why arenât we hairy like our close ape relatives?A savannah scenario of human evolution has been widely accepted primarily due to fossil evidence; and fossils do not offer insight into these questions. Other alternative evolutionary scenarios might, but these models have been rejected. This book explores a controversial idea â that human evolution was intimately associated with watery habitats as much or more than typical savannahs. Written from a medical point of view, the author presents evidence supporting a credible alternative explanation for how humans diverged from our primate ancestors. Anatomical and physiological evidence offer insight into hairlessness, different coloured skin, subcutaneous fat, large brains, a marine-type kidney, a unique heat regulation system and speech. This evidence suggests that humans may well have evolved, not just as savannah mammals, as is generally believed, but with more affinity for aquatic habitats â rivers, streams, lakes and coasts.Key Features:Presents the evidence for a close association between riparian habitats and the origin of humansReviews the savannah ape hypothesis for human originsDescribes various anatomical adaptations that are associated with hypotheses of human evolution Explores characteristics from the head and neck such as skull and sinus structures, the larynx and ear structures and functions Trade Review"In my view, this is a totally incontrovertible demonstration that our view of the paleo history of humanity has been quite misguided. So, to me, this is a very, very important book. You will find at least two (arguments) which are, to my mind, conclusive. One is to do with exostoses which develop as bulging growths in the ear canal, which occur amongst people today who spend a lot of time diving – extraordinary – and they can be discovered in the skulls in the period that we are talking about – early human skulls. Another extraordinary revelation in Peter’s book, which is also new, is that human babies, when they are born, are covered in a membrane called the vernix. It is a very strange thing – nobody quite understands why. There is no other primate that we know has a vernix. Peter and his co-workers have discovered that there is another creature which has a vernix – seals. What is more, the chemistry, the biochemistry, the molecule which is responsible and the gene which is responsible for producing a vernix, is identical." Sir David Attenborough"Congratulations on your new book. The shoreline and riverbank are fertile sources of small animal life, as any exploratory schoolboy knows, and the creatures living there are comparatively simple to catch. It does look as if our species went through a temporary water-loving phase, and spent a great deal of its time fishing around beneath the surface. With this as an encouragement, the Aquatic Theory sees early man becoming more and more engrossed in his dabblings and divings, living in tribal groups close to the water’s edge and slowly adapting to this new pattern of living. So, I approve of your title The Waterside Ape. In 1977, Desmond Morris wrote: "Hopefully, future fossil-hunters will unearth some evidence to resolve this question. All we need now is some hard, tangible evidence to clinch the idea"."Desmond Morris, Author of The Naked Ape"I found this a fascinating book. We have a very thought provoking, if surprisingly controversial, theory, to which an ENT expert has obviously been able to make a major contribution It shows how much can be learnt from comparative anatomy and is of special interest to an ENT readership. I thought it presented very convincing evidence for a theory that the anthropologists should address with a better counterargument than presently offered".Liam M Flood FRCS, Editor, Journal of Laryngology and Otology"The waterside theory of homo evolution has been around for a long time and more and more fossil evidence is being unearthed constantly to support the already copious amounts of evidence from comparative biology. This book sheds light on both the existing evidence and new evidence that has come to light. Books like this should be taught in schools and colleges as it explains so much about our species. The author clearly knows his subject and writes in a way that is both comprehensible and interesting to the layman and full of scientific insight to academics. He picks up where Elaine Morgan left off and continues to challenge the head in the sand scientists who refuse to even consider this topic"Francesca Mansfield, Founder/Director, Odyssey Sailing"This book adds the latest information to the growing body of evidence that Homo sapiens had a period in its evolutionary history where water played an important part. This explains why modern humans have characteristics that do not align with other terrestrial mammals and in particular any other of the primate apes. This idea was first proposed by the eminent marine biologist Sir Alister Hardy in 1964. It was not well received by the biological establishment at that time. It was subsequently taken up by Elaine Morgan in her first book The Descent of Woman. She wrote several more books as updates on the theory. It addresses the questions of why we are bipedal, naked (nearly), can hold our breath for extended periods, have subcutaneous fat, a very large brain to bodyweight ratio, have speech as the consequence of a descended larynx, etc, etc.The zoological establishment have resisted this theory for nearly sixty years but there are signs of light dawning amongst the younger fraternity without the prejudice and bias of the conventional view that modern humans evolved on the African savannah. As a retired scientist, I can tell you that prejudice blights my discipline as it does the rest of humanity; but I would urge you all to remember the words of Max Planck - a nuclear physicist who had trouble with his establishment. He said: "Scientists never change their minds but eventually, they die!"Gray Mage, Retired Scientist"Well written and referenced, fairly balanced although always returning to the interesting underlying hypothesis that extended time in waterside environments near the Rift Valley of Africa selected for hominids with key adaptive features that helped the progression toward modern Homo sapiens. Artificial selection within populations, which also seems plausible, and similarly, the elimination of other tribe-equivalents, are not discussed. The book persuades me to read recent work by the master of human evolution, Desmond Morris." Gerald McLaughlin"Rhys-Evans provides an up-to-date account of all the paleontological, environmental and medical evidence for the aquatic ape hypothesis. The information is interesting, makes use of well-referenced scientific articles, and applies logic where gaps need to be filled in. A variety of human "attributes" are compared with similar attributes in terrestrial, semi-aquatic and aquatic animals. Any speculation on the author's part is noted as such. The information is presented in a straight-forward manner, with the use of the correct technical terms for anatomical organs/structures, which may require some effort on the part of non-medical readers. Illustrations are provided where relevant. The information contained in this book is fascinating and really should be read by anyone even vaguely interested in human evolution." Jill Schroeder"In my view, this is a totally incontrovertible demonstration that our view of the paleo history of humanity has been quite misguided. So, to me, this is a very, very important book. You will find at least two (arguments) which are, to my mind, conclusive. One is to do with exostoses which develop as bulging growths in the ear canal, which occur amongst people today who spend a lot of time diving – extraordinary – and they can be discovered in the skulls in the period that we are talking about – early human skulls. Another extraordinary revelation in Peter’s book, which is also new, is that human babies, when they are born, are covered in a membrane called the vernix. It is a very strange thing – nobody quite understands why. There is no other primate that we know has a vernix. Peter and his co-workers have discovered that there is another creature which has a vernix – seals. What is more, the chemistry, the biochemistry, the molecule which is responsible and the gene which is responsible for producing a vernix, is identical." Sir David Attenborough"Congratulations on your new book. The shoreline and riverbank are fertile sources of small animal life, as any exploratory schoolboy knows, and the creatures living there are comparatively simple to catch. It does look as if our species went through a temporary water-loving phase, and spent a great deal of its time fishing around beneath the surface. With this as an encouragement, the Aquatic Theory sees early man becoming more and more engrossed in his dabblings and divings, living in tribal groups close to the water’s edge and slowly adapting to this new pattern of living. So, I approve of your title The Waterside Ape. In 1977, Desmond Morris wrote: "Hopefully, future fossil-hunters will unearth some evidence to resolve this question. All we need now is some hard, tangible evidence to clinch the idea"."Desmond Morris, Author of The Naked Ape"I found this a fascinating book. We have a very thought provoking, if surprisingly controversial, theory, to which an ENT expert has obviously been able to make a major contribution It shows how much can be learnt from comparative anatomy and is of special interest to an ENT readership. I thought it presented very convincing evidence for a theory that the anthropologists should address with a better counterargument than presently offered".Liam M Flood FRCS, Editor, Journal of Laryngology and Otology"The waterside theory of homo evolution has been around for a long time and more and more fossil evidence is being unearthed constantly to support the already copious amounts of evidence from comparative biology. This book sheds light on both the existing evidence and new evidence that has come to light. Books like this should be taught in schools and colleges as it explains so much about our species. The author clearly knows his subject and writes in a way that is both comprehensible and interesting to the layman and full of scientific insight to academics. He picks up where Elaine Morgan left off and continues to challenge the head in the sand scientists who refuse to even consider this topic"Francesca Mansfield, Founder/Director, Odyssey Sailing"This book adds the latest information to the growing body of evidence that Homo sapiens had a period in its evolutionary history where water played an important part. This explains why modern humans have characteristics that do not align with other terrestrial mammals and in particular any other of the primate apes. This idea was first proposed by the eminent marine biologist Sir Alister Hardy in 1964. It was not well received by the biological establishment at that time. It was subsequently taken up by Elaine Morgan in her first book The Descent of Woman. She wrote several more books as updates on the theory. It addresses the questions of why we are bipedal, naked (nearly), can hold our breath for extended periods, have subcutaneous fat, a very large brain to bodyweight ratio, have speech as the consequence of a descended larynx, etc, etc.The zoological establishment have resisted this theory for nearly sixty years but there are signs of light dawning amongst the younger fraternity without the prejudice and bias of the conventional view that modern humans evolved on the African savannah. As a retired scientist, I can tell you that prejudice blights my discipline as it does the rest of humanity; but I would urge you all to remember the words of Max Planck - a nuclear physicist who had trouble with his establishment. He said: "Scientists never change their minds but eventually, they die!"Gray Mage, Retired Scientist, "Well written and referenced, fairly balanced although always returning to the interesting underlying hypothesis that extended time in waterside environments near the Rift Valley of Africa selected for hominids with key adaptive features that helped the progression toward modern Homo sapiens. Artificial selection within populations, which also seems plausible, and similarly, the elimination of other tribe-equivalents, are not discussed. The book persuades me to read recent work by the master of human evolution, Desmond Morris." Gerald McLaughlin"Rhys-Evans provides an up-to-date account of all the paleontological, environmental and medical evidence for the aquatic ape hypothesis. The information is interesting, makes use of well-referenced scientific articles, and applies logic where gaps need to be filled in. A variety of human "attributes" are compared with similar attributes in terrestrial, semi-aquatic and aquatic animals. Any speculation on the author's part is noted as such. The information is presented in a straight-forward manner, with the use of the correct technical terms for anatomical organs/structures, which may require some effort on the part of non-medical readers. Illustrations are provided where relevant. The information contained in this book is fascinating and really should be read by anyone even vaguely interested in human evolution." Jill SchroederTable of ContentsForeword by Gareth Morgan.Chapter 1 Theories of Human Evolution. Chapter 2 The Aquatic Debate.Chapter 3 Our Genetic Heritage. Chapter 4 Our Early Ancestors. Chapter 5 The Neanderthals and Their Demise. Chapter 6 The Waterside Ape – Why Are We So Different? Chapter 7 The Naked Ape. Chapter 8 Why We Lost Our Costs: The Early Hominin Tailors. Chapter 9 Evolutionary Adaptations in the Human Skull and Sinuses. Chapter 10 Human Skull Buoyancy and the Diving Reflex. Chapter 11 Surfer’s Ear. Chapter 12 Evolution of the Human Brain. Chapter 13 Food for Thought and the Cognitive Revolution. Chapter 14 The Human Larynx and Evolution of Voice. Chapter 15 Obstetric and Neonatal Considerations. Chapter 16 Marine Adaptations in the Human Kidney. Chapter 17 Scars of Evolution. Chapter 18 We Are What We Eat. Chapter 19 An Incredible Journey. Glossary

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Book SynopsisAn essential text for todayâs emerging professionals and higher education community, the third edition of Hazard Mitigation and Preparedness provides accessible and actionable strategies to create safer, more resilient communities. Known and valued for its balanced approach, Hazard Mitigation and Preparedness assumes no prior knowledge of the subject, presenting the major principles involved in preparing for and mitigating the impacts of hazards in emergency management. Real-world examples of different tools and techniques allow for the application of knowledge and skills.This new edition includes: Updates to case studies and sidebars with recent disasters and mitigation efforts, including major hurricanes, wildfires, earthquakes, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Summary of the National Flood Insurance Program, including how insurance rates are determined, descriptions of flood maps, and strategies for communities to help reduce premiums for residents. Overview of the ways that climate change is affecting disasters and the tools that emergency managers can use to plan for an uncertain future. Best practices in communication with the public, including models for effective use of social media, behavioral science techniques to communicate information about risk and preparedness actions, and ways to facilitate behavior change to increase the publicâs level of preparedness. Actionable information to help emergency managers and planners develop and implement plans, policies, and programs to reduce risk in their communities. Updated in-text learning aids, including sidebars, case studies, goals and outcomes, key terms, summary questions and critical thinking exercises for students. An eResource featuring new supplemental materials to assist instructors with course designs. Supplements include PowerPoint slides, tests, instructor lecture notes and learning objectives, key terms and a course syllabus. Table of ContentsChapter 1: Hazards and Disasters Chapter 2: Preparedness, Hazard Mitigation, and Climate Change Part 1 Introduction Chapter 3: Meteorological and Hydrological Hazards: Hurricanes, Sea Level Rise, Floods, Drought, Wildfire, Tornadoes, Severe Winter Weather, and Extreme Heat Chapter 4: Geological Hazards: Earthquakes, Tsunamis, Volcanoes, Landslides, Coastal Erosion, and Land Subsidence Chapter 5: Human-Made Hazards: Terrorism, Civil Unrest and Technological Hazards Part 2 Introduction Chapter 6: Role of the Federal Government in Disaster Management Chapter 7: Mitigating Hazards at the State Level Chapter 8: Local Government Powers: Building Resilience from the Ground Up Chapter 9: Community Resilience and the Private Sector Part 3 Introduction Chapter 10: Risk Assessment: Identifying Hazards and Vulnerability Chapter 11: Preparedness Activities: Planning to Be Ready When Disaster Hits Chapter 12: Hazard Mitigation Planning: Creating Strategies to Reduce Vulnerability Part 4 Introduction Chapter 13: Disaster Resilience: Living With Our Environment

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Book SynopsisEarth's climate is changing. This book investigates the scientific, environmental, social, political, and economic aspects of climate change. It enables students to reach an informed opinion and encourages active engagement in finding solutions. It begins with a strong introduction to the scientific factors that drive natural and anthropogenic climate change and expands over three chapters to explore the impact of greenhouse gases on the distribution of solar energy across land, sea, ice, and air. The author examines geologically ancient climates in order to highlight possible future scenarios, and case studies from around the world highlight the impact of climate change on the physical and human environment. The final chapters investigate how society can respond to the challenges of climate change and overcome the political, social, and economic factors that are barriers to progress, focusing on the role of energy policy, fiscal policy, and risk assessment as a means to stimTrade Review"Human-caused climate change is increasing risks to our global health, security, and economic stability. Kitchen’s text is an invaluable resource for instructors who wish to prepare their students to engage in the important policy discussions taking place regarding climate change adaptation and mitigation. The text is thorough, yet easy to read, as it is filled with superb illustrations, thought boxes, and stunning color schemes. I have been teaching for over 30 years and this is the best textbook I have ever used for any course."Scott A. Mandia, Suffolk County Community College, NY, USA.Table of ContentsPart 1 – The Evidence: Is this Normal? Chapter 1 – "So, What’s Up with the Weather?" Chapter 2 – The Evidence: Observing Climate Change Part 2 – Follow the Energy: Atmosphere, Oceans, and Climate Chapter 3 – Energy and Earth’s Climate Chapter 4 – Understanding Weather and Climate Part 3 – Deep Time: A Long History of Natural Climate Change Chapter 5 – Revealing Ancient Climate Chapter 6 – Climate History Part 4 – Impacts of Climate Change: From Polar Bears to Politics Chapter 7 – The Global Impact of Climate Change Chapter 8 – People and Politics Part 5 – Global Solutions: Managing the Crisis Chapter 9 – The Energy Crisis Chapter 10 – Turning Knowledge into Action

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Book SynopsisTerrestrial Ecosystem Research Infrastructures: Challenges and Opportunities reveals how environmental research infrastructures (RIs) provide new valuable insights on ecological processes that cannot be realized by more traditional short-term funding cycles and are integral to understand our changing world. This book bonds the latest state-of-the-science knowledge on environmental RIs, the challenges in creating them, their place in addressing scientific frontiers, and the new perspectives they bear. Each chapter is thoughtfully invested with fresh viewpoints from the environmental RI vantage as the authors explore and explain many topics such as the rationale and challenges in global change, field and modeling platforms, new tools, challenges in data management, distilling information into knowledge, and new developments in large-scale RIs. This work serves an advantageous guide for academics and practitioners alike who aim to deepen their knowledge in the field ofTrade Review"A long overdue and fine analysis of the importance of ecosystems and ecosystem research in this time of global change. This should be required reading for any one concerned about achieving truly sustainable development."— Thomas E. Lovejoy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States"…is a timely and comprehensive account of the emergence of large-scale ecological research infrastructure, worldwide. A fortunate convergence between the need to address emerging ecological problems with the technology to understand pattern and process at ecosystem scale has led to dramatic progress in this field. The ability to combine automated sensors, remote sensing, computational power and data management techniques has provided ecologists with a whole new toolbox. It brings with it new challenges of organization and design in order to provide an infrastructure which is fit-for-use, multi-institutional, adaptive and durable. This volume covers the learning achieved so far in implementing research platforms of this kind." — Robert J Scholes, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa"… a very timely book. Large-scale infrastructures are essential to advance our understanding of the Earth System at a variety of scales. The establishment of these is often difficult as it conflicts with traditional short term funding cycles. This book comes at a time when several such large-scale ecological infrastructures are indeed being established worldwide based on a plethora of new scientific ideas and. It deals however not only with the science questions driving the need for infrastructures, but importantly also with crucial issues such as data quality and accessibility and the introduction and development of new technologies. The editors have done a great job in producing this much-needed overview that will enable a new generation of scientists and other users to appreciate the need, value and benefits of large scale infrastructures."— Han Dolman, Free University Amsterdam, Netherlands"This volume describes how to approach contemporary global environmental challenges with large and integrated experimental and monitoring infrastructure, including the scientific and engineering platforms necessary to acquire, evaluate, maintain, interpret, and synthesize vast amounts of data in order to produce useful knowledge. Building and connecting research infrastructure across the globe is a frontier science and this book, edited by Abbad Chabbi and Hank Loescher provides valuable lessons learned to date from a number of aspects of networked activities worldwide."— Jill Baron, U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins, Colorado, USATable of ContentsPreface: Goals and Structure of This Book. Editors. Contributors. Section I Ecosystem Research Infrastructures: The Need to Address Global Change and Associated Challenges. Section II A New Generation of Controlled Environment, Field, and Modeling Platforms. Section III New Tools to meet New Challenges: Emerging Technologies for Exploring Unknown Ecosystem Processes. Section IV Data Management and Access. Section V Infrastructure Integration and Perspectives. Index.

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Book SynopsisFor about half a century the general theory of relativity attracted little attention from physicists.Table of ContentsI. The General Theory of Relativity.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. The Case for Nonflat Space—Time.- 1.2. The Principle of Equivalence.- 1.3. Conflict Between the Equivalence Principle and the Pseudo-Euclidean Metric: Gravitational Redshift.- 1.4. A Fifth Force.- 2. Tensor Calculus and Riemannian Geometry.- 2.1. Riemannian Geometry and the Metric Tensor.- 2.2. Vectors and Tensors.- 2.3. Invariant Volume and Volume Integral.- 2.4. Affine Connection—Parallel Transport.- 2.5. Covariant Differentiation.- 2.6. The Differential Equation of a Geodesic.- 2.7. The Integrability of Parallel Displacement.- 2.8. The Riemann—Christoffel Tensor.- 2.9. The Bianchi Identity.- 2.10. The Ricci Tensor and the Einstein Tensor.- 2.11. The Weyl Tensor.- 2.12. Geodesic Deviation.- 3. Einstein’s Field Equations.- 3.1. Einstein’s Formulation of the Field Equations.- 3.2. Weak Field Approximation (Static Case).- 3.3. Gravitational Waves in Weak Field Approximation.- 3.4. Detection of Gravitational Waves.- 3.5. Integration of the Linearized Equations for a Stationary Axially Symmetric Distribution.- 3.6. The Action Principle and the Energy—Momentum Tensors.- 3.7. The Energy—Stress Tensor.- 3.8. The Einstein Equations from the Variational Principle.- 4. The Schwarzschild Metric and Crucial Tests.- 4.1. The Schwarzschild Solution.- 4.2. Birkhoff’s Theorem.- 4.3. Three Crucial Tests.- 4.4. The PPN Formalism.- 4.5. The Schwarzschild or the Spherically Symmetric Black Hole.- 4.6. Frequency Shift of Spectral Lines of Light Emitted by a Collapsing/Exploding Spherical Body.- 4.7. Fall in Apparent Luminosity of a Collapsing Body.- 4.8. Kruskal—Szekeres Coordinates.- 4.9. Historical Note on the Schwarzschild Black Hole.- 5. Electromagnetism in General Relativity.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. The Field of a Charged Particle.- 5.3. Static Electrovac.- 5.4. The Already Unified Field Theory.- 6. Axially Symmetric Fields.- 6.1. The Lie Derivative and the Killing Equation.- 6.2. Static and Stationary Metrics.- 6.3. The Axially Symmetric Static Metric.- 6.4. Weyl’s Canonical Form.- 6.5. The Case of Two Mass Particles.- 6.6. The Schwarzschild Metric in the Form (6.21).- 6.7. Stationary Axisymmetric Vacuum Solutions.- 7. The Kerr Metric or the Rotating Black Hole.- 7.1. The Kerr Metric in Boyer—Lindquist Coordinates.- 7.2. The Black Hole Property.- 7.3. Locally Nonrotating Observers.- 7.4. The Horizon as a Null Surface.- 7.5. The Kerr—Newmann Metric.- 7.6. The Penrose Process.- 8. The Energy—Momentum Pseudotensor of the Gravitational Field and Loss of Energy by Gravitational Radiation.- 8.1. The Pseudo-Energy—Momentum Tensor.- 8.2. Historical Note.- 8.3. Loss of Energy by Gravitational Radiation.- 8.4. The Case of a Binary Star.- 9. Analysis of the Observational Data of the Hulse—Taylor Pulsar. Confirmation of the Einstein Quadrupole Radiation Formula.- II. Relativistic Astrophysics.- 10. White Dwarf Stars.- 10.1. Introduction.- 10.2. The Contraction of a Radiating Star in the Absence of Energy Generation.- 10.3. Degeneracy and the Equation of State.- 10.4. Limiting Mass for White Dwarfs.- 10.5. A Simple Argument for the Mass Limit.- 10.6. Critique of Chandrasekhar’s Result and Later Works.- 10.7. Historical Note.- 10.8. Observational Data on White Dwarfs.- 10.9. The Cooling and Age of White Dwarfs.- 11. Stellar Evolution, Supernovae, and Compact Objects.- 11.1. Introduction.- 11.2. The Evolution of Stars.- 11.3. The Dynamical Collapse.- 11.4. Some Numerical Results.- 11.5. Explosive Processes.- 11.6. Supernova 1987 A.- 12. Pulsars.- 12.1. Introduction.- 12.2. Distance from Dispersion Measure.- 12.3. Identification of Pulsars as Neutron Stars.- 12.4. The Energetics of Pulsar Emission.- 12.5. The Magnetic Field at the Pulsar Surface.- 12.6. The Age of Pulsars.- 12.7. Calculation of the Braking Index.- 12.8. The Nonvacuum Model.- 12.9. Observational Determination of Pulsar Masses.- 12.10. Cooling of Neutron Stars—Theory and Observation.- 12.11. The Influence of Superfluidity.- 12.12. The Influence of Pion Condensation.- 12.13. The Influence of Quarks.- 13. Spherically Symmetric Star Models.- 13.1. Introduction.- 13.2. The Tolman, Oppenheimer—Volkoff Equation.- 13.3. The Equation of State for Cold Catalyzed Matter.- 13.4. A Model of a Neutron Star and the Mass Limits.- 13.5. The Problems of the Upper Mass Limit of Neutron Stars.- 13.6. The Influence of Rotation, etc., on the Mass Limit.- 13.7. Note on the Stability of Compact Objects.- 14. Black Holes.- 14.1. Introduction.- 14.2. The No-Hair Theorem.- 14.3. The Laws of Black Hole Physics.- 14.4. Black Hole Thermodynamics.- 14.5. The Identification of a Black Hole—Cygnus X-1.- 14.6. The Possible Locale of the Occurrence of Black Holes.- 14.7. The Quasi-Steller Objects (Quasars).- 14.8. Gravitational Lens.- 15. Accretion onto Compact Objects.- 15.1. Introduction—Spherically Symmetric Accretion.- 15.2. Disk Accretion.- 15.3. Compact X-Ray Sources.- III. Cosmology.- 16. The Standard Cosmological Model.- 16.1. Introduction to the Friedmann Metric.- 16.2. Elementary Discussion of Standard Cosmology.- 16.3. The Observational Background of Cosmology.- 16.4. Summary.- 17. The Singularity Problem.- 17.1. Introduction.- 17.2. The Raychaudhuri Equation.- 17.3. The Meaning of Shear, Vorticity, and Expansion.- 17.4. An Elementary Singularity Theorem.- 17.5. The Gödel Universe.- 17.6. General Singularity Theorems.- 18. Thermal History of the Universe—Cosmological Nucleosynthesis.- 18.1. The Thermal History.- 18.2. Cosmological Nucleosynthesis.- 19. Structure Formation in the Universe.- 19.1. The Problem.- 19.2. The Linear Growth Formula.- 19.3. Finite Perturbation.- 19:4. Structure Formation with Dark Matter.- 20. Grand Unified Theory and Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking.- 20.1. Introduction.- 20.2. Gauge Fields.- 20.3. Weak Interaction.- 20.4. Strong Interaction and Grand Unification.- 20.5. Baryon Asymmetry and the Baryon/Photon Ratio.- 21. The Inflationary Scenario.- 21.1. Introduction.- 21.2. The Problems in Terms of Entropy.- 21.3. The Vacuum Energy—Stress Tensor and the de Sitter Phase.- 21.4. The Different Models of Inflation.- 21.5. A Critique of the Inflationary Models.- 21.6. Fluctuations in the Inflationary Models.- 22. Concluding Remarks.- Appendix. Differential Forms.- A.1. Introductory Ideas and Definitions.- A.2. Connection 1-Forms and Ricci Rotation Coefficients.- A.3. Cartan’s Equations of Structure.- A.4. Bianchi Identities and Symmetry Properties of the Riemann—Christoffel Tensor.- A.5. An Example of the Calculation of the Riemann—Christoffel Tensor.- References.

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Book SynopsisAn exhilarating, time-travelling journey to the solar system’s strangest and most awe-inspiring volcanoes.Trade Review"Super Volcanoes sculpt the sea, land and sky, and alter the machinery of life. Join science writer Robin George Andrews on a journey from Yellowstone, Tanzania and the ocean floor on Earth to the moon, Venus and Mars. " -- New Scientist"“In Super Volcanoes, Robin George Andrews takes readers on a Cook’s tour of volcanoes near and far, fuelling a broader curiosity about our planet and its place in the solar system... Andrews’s descriptions are breezy, readily engaging the reader… He is at his best when discussing those who live in the shadow of volcanoes and, especially, the scientists who study them.”" -- Andrew H. Knoll - Times Literary Supplement

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Book SynopsisMathematics is a universal language. Differential equations, mathematical modeling, numerical methods and computation form the underlying infrastructure of engineering and the sciences. In this context mathematical modeling is a very powerful tool for studying engineering problems, natural systems and human society. This interdisciplinary book contains a comprehensive overview, including practical examples, of the progress achieved to date in the modeling of coupled phenomena, computational mathematics and mechanics, heat transfer, fluid-structure interactions, biomechanics, and the flow of mass and energy in porous media. Numerical subjects such as grid generation, optimization, finite elements, finite differences, spectral methods, boundary elements, finite volumes and meshless methods are also discussed in detail using real examples.The book provides a thorough presentation of the existing numerical techniques with specific applications to concrete, practical topics. The mTable of ContentsPREFACE - General Introduction to Coupled Phenomena. Karsten PruessPART 1. COMPUTATIONAL MATHEMATICS, MODELING AND NUMERICAL METHODS PART 2. COUPLED PROBLEMS IN FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTIONS AND IN HEAT TRANSFER PART 3. COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS OF FLUIDS AND SOLIDS, MULTIPHYSICS, BIOMECHANICS PART 4. FLOW OF MASS AND ENERGY IN POROUS MEDIA PART 5. BOUNDARY ELEMENTS, SPECTRAL AND MESHLESS METHODS. NUMERICAL OPTIMIZATION.

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Book SynopsisIn hard rock terrain, shallow water wells generally have a poor to moderate yield. Sinking wells deeply to tap yielding fracture zones often backfires, because the borehole may miss the saturated fracture zones at depths. A wrong approach to groundwater exploration in hard rock has therefore often led to unnecessary recurring expenditures and waste of time, something that could have been avoided by a systematic and proper geophysical approach. The combination of various geophysical techniques with environmental conditions is essential to constrain the interpretation and reduce uncertainties in this respect. This book presents the approach to groundwater exploration in hard rocks, various geophysical techniques and combinations to be used, interpretation of data with case studies and drilling results and the preparation of different utility maps. Trade ReviewGeophysics is about physics of the earth, its physical property variations and their response to induced perturbation giving a comprehensive insight into sub-surface hydrogeological conditions. I have rarely come across such a masterly treatment of the subject, so comprehensive, and penned in such a lucid language and student friendly style as in the book under review. The author P.C. Chandra, an eminent hydro-geophysicist, formerly Regional Director of Central Ground Water Board, has spent a major part of his career in the hard rock terrains of peninsular states and eastern India, namely the basement complex and Deccan traps. He has distilled his knowledge and experience gained in his more than three decades of field surveys in the pages of this book and enriched it with his priceless case studies. There are very few professionals in the country like Chandra who after superannuation from government service return to the academia prompted by sheer love of science and an urge to transmit the acquired knowledge to the young scientists, and ignite their inquisitive minds. Almost all aspects of hard rock hydro-geophysics from the perspectives of this subcontinent have been succinctly dealt with in the book. The author has also not forgotten to add a brief section on future scope of research in this field. Neat illustrations, valuable data tables, reference lists with each chapter for future study and error free quality printing mark the book as a ‘must read’ Manual for all, – graduate and post-graduate students, research scholars, teachers, and practicing groundwater geologists and geophysicists alike. I have no doubt that it will be a treasured keep in the Reference Libraries of Universities and Institutes teaching and practicing hydrogeology and geophysics. Truly the book is a masterpiece, a stellar contribution of P.C. Chandra to geoscience education. It is a tribute to his four decade long dedicated pursuit of geophysics.Subhajyoti Das, Geological Society of India vol. 88 (August 2016)"This work is one of several recently published textbooks on the important topic of geophysics for groundwater studies. As the title states, this particular text focuses almost exclusively on hard rock aquifers, which include the weathered zone, and mostly excludes soft rock terrains typified by carbonates and sulfates. Surface geophysical methods emphasized in this textbook include individual chapters that address the magnetic, resistivity, self-potential, mise-a-la-masse, and electromagnetic techniques. Borehole geophysical methods are relegated to one chapter that covers typical methods, such as spontaneous potential, gamma, caliper, and neutron techniques. An important aspect of the textbook is the discussion on planning geophysical investigations; the reviewer believes this should have further emphasized the importance of geological studies prior to initiating a geophysical investigation (to better target the geophysical investigation and the integration of a geophysical survey) because application of a single technique is rarely adequate. The limited use of mathematics, the basic discussion of geophysical methods, and the very brief case history discussions make for a reasonably good introductory text on the importance of geophysical investigations for groundwater investigations in hard rock terrains.Summing Up: Recommended. Lower-division undergraduates through faculty; professionals"M. S. Field, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, in 'Choice', January 2017 issueGeophysics is about physics of the earth, its physical property variations and their response to induced perturbation giving a comprehensive insight into sub-surface hydrogeological conditions. I have rarely come across such a masterly treatment of the subject, so comprehensive, and penned in such a lucid language and student friendly style as in the book under review. The author P.C. Chandra, an eminent hydro-geophysicist, formerly Regional Director of Central Ground Water Board, has spent a major part of his career in the hard rock terrains of peninsular states and eastern India, namely the basement complex and Deccan traps. He has distilled his knowledge and experience gained in his more than three decades of field surveys in the pages of this book and enriched it with his priceless case studies. There are very few professionals in the country like Chandra who after superannuation from government service return to the academia prompted by sheer love of science and an urge to transmit the acquired knowledge to the young scientists, and ignite their inquisitive minds. Almost all aspects of hard rock hydro-geophysics from the perspectives of this subcontinent have been succinctly dealt with in the book. The author has also not forgotten to add a brief section on future scope of research in this field. Neat illustrations, valuable data tables, reference lists with each chapter for future study and error free quality printing mark the book as a ‘must read’ Manual for all, – graduate and post-graduate students, research scholars, teachers, and practicing groundwater geologists and geophysicists alike. I have no doubt that it will be a treasured keep in the Reference Libraries of Universities and Institutes teaching and practicing hydrogeology and geophysics. Truly the book is a masterpiece, a stellar contribution of P.C. Chandra to geoscience education. It is a tribute to his four decade long dedicated pursuit of geophysics. Subhajyoti Das, Geological Society of India vol. 88 (August 2016) "This work is one of several recently published textbooks on the important topic of geophysics for groundwater studies. As the title states, this particular text focuses almost exclusively on hard rock aquifers, which include the weathered zone, and mostly excludes soft rock terrains typified by carbonates and sulfates. Surface geophysical methods emphasized in this textbook include individual chapters that address the magnetic, resistivity, self-potential, mise-a-la-masse, and electromagnetic techniques. Borehole geophysical methods are relegated to one chapter that covers typical methods, such as spontaneous potential, gamma, caliper, and neutron techniques. An important aspect of the textbook is the discussion on planning geophysical investigations; the reviewer believes this should have further emphasized the importance of geological studies prior to initiating a geophysical investigation (to better target the geophysical investigation and the integration of a geophysical survey) because application of a single technique is rarely adequate. The limited use of mathematics, the basic discussion of geophysical methods, and the very brief case history discussions make for a reasonably good introductory text on the importance of geophysical investigations for groundwater investigations in hard rock terrains.Summing Up: Recommended. Lower-division undergraduates through faculty; professionals"M. S. Field, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, in 'Choice', January 2017 issueTable of Contents1 Groundwater issues in hard rock & geophysics; 2 Introduction to the hydrogeology of hard rock; 3 Introduction to geophysical investigations in hard rock; 4 Planning of geophysical surveys; 5 The magnetic method; 6 The electrical resistivity method; 7 The self potential method; 8 The mise-a-la-masse method; 9 The frequency domain electromagnetic method; 10 The very low frequency electromagnetic method; 11 The time domain electromagnetic method; 12 The borehole geophysical logging methods; 13 Integrated geophysical survey; 14 Geophysical methods in management of aquifer recharge & groundwater contamination study

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Book SynopsisGravity and magnetic methods can be directly related to physical properties of rocks, i.e. the density and the susceptibility, and are very useful to field geologists and geophysicists in the mapping and identification of various rock types. They are also used for the detection of minerals with large contrast in density and susceptibility compared to country rock. This reference volume consists of two parts: The first part describes the basic principles and methodology of the gravity and the magnetic methods of geophysical exploration with global examples. It deals with geological studies and gravity & magnetic methods; geodynamic studies (plate tectonics, crustal structures, plume tectonics); resource exploration (geological mapping, hydrocarbon, mineral and groundwater exploration); environmental studies (seismotectonics, engineering sites, climate changes, mining geophysics, volcanoes and volcanic activity, landslides, impact craters) and different modes of surveying. The Table of ContentsPart I: Methodology with Global Examples (Continental, Marine and Airborne – Satellite Surveys): 1. Introduction 2. Gravity Method 3. Magnetic Methods 4. Common Data Processing Methods and Parameter Estimation - Digital Signal ProcessingPart II Integrated Exploration of Indian Plate and Resources (Geodynamics, Seismotectonics, Hydrocarbons, Minerals, Groundwater, Environment and Engineering Sites): 5. Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics: Reconstructions, Gondwanaland Break-Up, Plumes and Drifting of Indian Plate 6. Collision of Indian and Eurasian Plates and Seismotectonics: Himalayan and Tibetan Terrains 7. Geodynamics of the Indian Continent and Seismotectonics: Isostasy, Archean – Proterozoic Cratons, Collision Zones, Rift Basins, Plumes and Lithosphere, and it’s Flexure 8. Seismotectonics and Geodynamics: Bhuj, New Madrid and Sumatra Earthquakes and Tsunami with Co-Seismic Changes 9. Resource Exploration and Geodynamics: Hydrocarbons, Groundwater, and Minerals 10. Some Typical Environmental and Engineering Studies: Near Surface Geophysics

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Book SynopsisThis handy pocket-sized field guide provides practical information and assistance to anyone engaged in small-scale surveys on the ground. Fully revised and updated throughout, the Fourth Edition includes comprehensive updates on the use of GPS and new sections on surface wave seismics, borehole geophysics and towed array systems.Trade Review“Overall, Field Geophysics—one of several published by Wiley-Blackwell in their Geological Field Guide Series—is a good practical introductory reference book for a geophysical technician beginning their career or a quick refresher for someone using an instrument they haven’t picked up for many years.” (Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, 2 May 2013) Table of ContentsPreface to the First Edition ix Preface to the Second Edition x Preface to the Third Edition xii Preface to the Fourth Edition xiv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 What Geophysics Measures 1 1.2 Fields 1 1.3 Geophysical Survey Design 9 1.4 Geophysical Fieldwork 14 1.5 Geophysical Data 19 1.6 Bases and Base Networks 29 1.7 Real-Time Profiling 32 2 Gravity Method 39 2.1 Physical Basis of the Gravity Method 39 2.2 Gravity Meters 41 2.3 Gravity Reductions 49 2.4 Gravity Surveys 52 2.5 Field Interpretation 61 3 Magnetic Method 65 3.1 Magnetic Properties 65 3.2 The Magnetic Field of the Earth 67 3.3 Magnetic Instruments 72 3.4 Magnetic Surveys 75 3.5 Simple Magnetic Interpretation 81 4 Radiometric Surveys 85 4.1 Natural Radiation 85 4.2 Radiation Detectors 90 4.3 Radiometric Surveys 92 5 Electric Current Methods: General Considerations 97 5.1 Resistivity and Conductivity 97 5.2 Varying Currents 102 6 Resistivity Methods 109 6.1 DC Survey Fundamentals 109 6.2 DC Practicalities 117 6.3 Resistivity Profiling 122 6.4 Resistivity Depth-Sounding 125 6.5 Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) 128 6.6 Capacitive Coupling 133 7 SP and IP 137 7.1 SP Surveys 137 7.2 Polarisation Fundamentals 140 7.3 Time-Domain IP Surveys 143 7.4 Frequency-Domain Surveys 144 7.5 IP Data 146 8 Electromagnetic Methods 149 8.1 Two-Coil CW Systems 149 8.2 CWEM Conductivity Mapping 158 8.3 Fixed-Source Methods 161 8.4 Transient Electromagnetics 165 9 Remote-Source Electromagnetics 171 9.1 Natural Electromagnetic Radiation 171 9.2 Controlled-Source Audio-Magnetotellurics (CSAMT) 180 10 Ground Penetrating Radar 185 10.1 Radar Fundamentals 185 10.2 GPR Surveys 199 10.3 Data Processing 205 11 Siesmic Methods: General Considerations 211 11.1 Seismic Waves 211 11.2 Seismic Sources 216 11.3 Detection of Seismic Waves 222 11.4 Recording Seismic Signals 226 12 Seismic Reflection 229 12.1 Reflection Theory 229 12.2 Reflection Surveys 233 13 Seismic Refraction 241 13.1 Refraction Surveys 241 13.2 Interpretation 247 13.3 Limitations of the Refraction Method 257 14 Seismic Surface Wave Methods 261 14.1 Surface Wave Surveys 261 14.2 Data Processing 266 14.3 Limitations of the Method 270 15 Maps, Mapping and GPS 273 15.1 Maps and Mapping 273 15.2 Satellite Navigation 276 Appendix: Terrain Corrections for Hammer Zones B to m 281 Index 283

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Book SynopsisProvides a description of the thermodynamic model, data treatment procedures and the thermodynamic constants for hydrous ferric oxide. Includes detailed coverage of the model and the parameter extraction procedure.Table of ContentsThe Generalized Two-Layer Model. Experimental Data. Data Compilation and Treatment Methods. Properties of Hydrous Ferric Oxide, Cation Sorption on HydrousFerric Oxide. Anion Sorption on Hydrous Ferric Oxide. Use of the Model and Data Base. The Coulombic Effect. Coherence and Extrapolation of Results. References. Appendices. Author Index. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisMetamorphic Crystallization investigates the upper regions of the crystalline Earth, where countless solid-state chemical changes have taken place during the long history of the planet. The exploration proceeds in five stages.Table of ContentsThe Geological Background. Mineral Thermodynamics. Phase Equilibrium. Chemical Kinetics. Granular Microstructures and Crystallization Mechanisms. Appendices. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis information--packed volume on marine geophysics has two objectives: to provide a clear comprehensive review of techniques, and to examine what geophysical observations can tell us about the structure and tectonics of the oceans.Table of ContentsPreview. Locating Offshore Observations. Seabed Imaging by Sonar and Lidar. Seismic Exploration at Sea: A Theoretical Background. Seismic Data Acquisition at Sea. The Marine Gravity Field. The Earth's Magnetic Field at Sea. Heat Flow. Investigations of the Sea Floor using Electrical Methods. Seabed Exploration using Radiometric Methods. Geophysical Observations in Offshore Boreholes. Deep-Sea Geophysics and the Changing Geometry of the Oceans. Studies of the Oceanic Lithosphere: The Sedimentary Cover. Studies of the Oceanic Lithosphere: The Crustal Basement and Upper Mantle. Investigations of Divergent and Transform Continental Margins. Studies of Subduction Zones. Index.

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Book SynopsisA graduate text that bridges the gap between the classic texts on potential theory and modern books on applied geophysics. It begins with an introduction to potential theory and then gives applications to gravity and magnetic anomalies, using examples from the modern geophysical literature. Contains exercises and FORTRAN subroutines.Trade Review"...the first six chapters develop the fundamentals of potential theory in a clear and very accessible manner; the next six develop the applications of potential theory..." H.N. Pollack, ChoiceTable of ContentsIntroduction; 1. The potential; 2. Consequences of the potential; 3. Newtonian potential; 4. Magnetic potential; 5. Magnetization; 6. Spherical harmonic analysis; 7. Regional gravity fields; 8. The geomagnetic field; 9. Forward method; 10. Inverse method; 11. Fourier-domain modeling; 12. Transformations; Appendix A. Review of vector calculus; Appendix B. Subroutines; Appendix C. Review of sampling theory; Appendix D. Conversion of units.

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Book SynopsisReversals of the Earth's magnetic field have played a major role in the development of plate tectonics and in establishing a geological time scale. In this 1994 book, observational data and ideas on the mechanism of the reversal process are reviewed in detail.Trade Review'The author writes lucidly and well, and the book offers a comprehensive overview of all things related to reversals … The book definitely belongs on the shelves of all researchers and graduate students working with aspects of reversals and should be purchased by all research libraries.' Geological MagazineTable of ContentsPreface; 1. The Earth's magnetic field; 2. The magnetisation of rocks; 3. The morphology of geomagnetic reversals; 4. Geomagnetic excursions; 5. Models for reversals; 6. Transition fields; 7. Magnetostratigraphy; 8. The Earth's magnetic field and other geophysical phenomena; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisThe general area of geophysical fluid mechanics is truly interdisciplinary. Now ideas from statistical physics are being applied in novel ways to inhomogeneous complex systems such as atmospheres and oceans. In this book, the basic ideas of geophysics, probability theory, information theory, nonlinear dynamics and equilibrium statistical mechanics are introduced and applied to large time-selective decay, the effect of large scale forcing, nonlinear stability, fluid flow on a sphere and Jupiter's Great Red Spot. The book is the first to adopt this approach and it contains many recent ideas and results. Its audience ranges from graduate students and researchers in both applied mathematics and the geophysical sciences. It illustrates the richness of the interplay of mathematical analysis, qualitative models and numerical simulations which combine in the emerging area of computational science.Trade Review'… this book is a valuable contribution to the fascinating intersection of applied mathematics and geophysical fluid dynamics. … The authors are adept at illuminating and motivating rigorous mathematical analysis, qualitative models and physical intuition through exceptionally lucid exposition and a rich collection of examples.' Mathematical ReviewsTable of Contents1. Barotropic geophysical flows and two-dimensional fluid flows: an elementary introduction; 2. The Response to large scale forcing; 3. The selective decay principle for basic geophysical flows; 4. Nonlinear stability of steady geophysical flows; 5. Topographic mean-flow interaction, nonlinear instability, and chaotic dynamics; 6. Introduction to empirical statistical theory; 7. Equilibrium statistical mechanics for systems of ordinary differential equations; 8. Statistical mechanics for the truncated quasi-geostrophic equations; 9. Empirical statistical theories for most probable states; 10. Assessing the potential applicability of equilibrium statistical theories for geophysical flows: an overview; 11. Predictions and comparison of equilibrium statistical theories; 12. Equilibrium statistical theories and dynamical modeling of flows with forcing and dissipation; 13. Predicting the jets and spots on Jupiter by equilibrium statistical mechanics; 14. Statistically relevant and irrelevant conserved quantities for truncated quasi-geostrophic flow and the Burger–Hopf model; 15. A mathematical framework for quantifying predictability utilizing relative entropy; 16. Barotropic quasi-geostrophic equations on the sphere; Bibliography; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book examines historical evidence from the last 2000 years to analyse earthquakes in the eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. Early chapters review techniques of historical seismology, while the main body of the book comprises a catalogue of more than 4000 earthquakes identified from historical sources. Each event is supported by textual evidence extracted from primary sources and translated into English. Covering southern Rumania, Greece, Turkey, Lebanon, Israel, Egypt, Jordan, Syria, and Iraq, the book documents past seismic events, places them in a broad tectonic framework, and provides essential information for those attempting to prepare for, and mitigate the effects of, future earthquakes and tsunamis in these countries. This volume is an indispensable reference for researchers studying the seismic history of the eastern Mediterranean and Middle East, including archaeologists, historians, earth scientists, engineers and earthquake hazard analysts. A parametric catalogue ofTrade ReviewPraise for The Seismicity of Egypt, Arabia and the Red Sea (Cambridge University Press, 1994) co-authored by Professor Ambraseys: 'Once again the authors are to be congratulated on a painstaking piece of research that is now the starting point for anyone working on the seismicity of this region.' Martin Degg, Geoscientist'Anyone with an interest in historical earthquakes will want this volume without hesitation; and rather a lot of seismologists, engineers and planners could learn from the introductory sections … Production values are excellent.' Roger Musson, Geoscientist'It is a great relief to see this monumental work finally printed. Professor Ambraseys has towered over research into historical earthquakes for 50 years. … a level of scholarship that very few people can match. … Cambridge [University Press] should be congratulated for publishing this book … This book will never go out of demand … for libraries, researchers, consulting engineers and the insurance industry.' Geological Magazine'Helpful is the 'earthquake of Amos', dated ca. 759 BCE (Amos 1:1), for which there seems to be solid archaeological evidence all over the place - from Tel Beersheva to Jerusalem, from Gezer and Shechem to Tell Deir Alia and Megiddo, all listed and documented by the author. One should consider the possibility of Amos's activity being somehow conditioned, if not occasioned, by a mighty earthquake that shook all of Palestine' International Review of Biblical StudiesTable of ContentsPreface; 1. Macroseismic information; 2. Evaluation of macroseismic data; 3. Catalogue of earthquakes; 4. Evaluation of instrumental data; 5. Long-term seismicity; 6. Future challenges; Appendix: Photographs of researchers in the field; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisThe Solid Earth is a general introduction to the physics of the Earth's surface and its deep interior. This new edition of Mary Fowler's acclaimed textbook has been fully revised to reflect the latest advances in geophysical research. Solutions to the numerous exercises are available from www.cambridge.org/9780521893077.Trade Review'… the second edition is significantly improved and augmented … More than ever this book stands out as both an excellent introduction for geophysics undergraduates and a valuable reference text for researchers …'. Astronomy & Geophysics'This fine new geophysics textbook will now be added to the top of my list of recommendations, as it promises to be excellent both for teachers and for those seeking a review of these processes from a geophysical point of view.' Nature' … a superb, clearly laid out text. It covers a broad range of applied geophysics, from bulk Earth structure to the calculation of thermal histories in sedimentary basins.' New Scientist'… deserves to be acclaimed. It is a carefully balanced introduction to the physics of the Earth, and is likely to become quickly the textbook used in most classrooms. The main asset of this book is the good balance between geological applications and geophysical methods.' Geophysics'In summary, this book is an excellent text for a general introductory geophysics class focused on applications to the Earth rather than a rigorous presentation of techniques. I have enjoyed using this book in my beginning physics course with graduate and senior undergraduate students. It is also a useful reference book to have on the shelf.' EOS'… a first-rate, comprehensive text for teaching an audience of earth science students about the multidisciplinary approach that plate tectonics now demands.' Episodes'This is a book to be recommended to anyone, geophysicist, earth scientist, geologist, physicist or mathematician, interested in understanding the workings of the planet we know most about.' Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors'This is an excellent textbook and it is a must for anyone seriously wanting to study geophysics … Even for those who just enjoy geophysics it is a great reference and the glossary is invaluable.' Open University Geological Society'The book provides an exciting review of a decade of advances and improved comprehension of the interior working of the Earth. It is truly a wonderful text and a source of reference fro many facts in the field of geoscience.' Environmental Geology'To summarise, Mary Fowler's book is an outstanding work that I strongly recommend to each library and that I advise each geology student to read. As picturesque, informative and scientifically satisfying as the earlier version of the book … .' Journal of Sedimentary ResearchTable of ContentsPreface; Acknowledgements; Sources; 1. Introduction; 2. Tectonics on a sphere: the geometry of plate tectonics; 3. Past plate motions; 4. Seismology: measuring the interior; 5. Gravity; 6. Geochronology; 7. Heat; 8. The deep interior of the Earth; 9. The oceanic lithosphere: ridges, transforms, trenches and oceanic islands; 10. The continental lithosphere; A1. Scalars, vector and differential operators; A2. Theory of elasticity and elastic waves; A3. Geometry of ray paths and inversion of earthquakes body wave time-distance curves; A4. The least-squares method; A5. The error function; A6. Units and symbols; A7. Numerical data; A8. IASP91 Earth model; A9. Preliminary reference Earth model isotropic version - PREM; Glossary; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis new edition of the well-established Kearey and Brooks text is fully updated to reflect the important developments in geophysical methods since the production of the previous edition. The broad scope of previous editions is maintained, with even greater clarity of explanations from the revised text and extensively revised figures.Trade Review"The book is popular with geophysics students, a result of its clear and concise style, the presentation of information a the level required for the earlier years of an undergraduate degree, and figures which are also clear and concise." Geophysical Journal International on the second edition "No doubt that this volume will once again prove to be a classic textbook for undergraduate and graduate students in geology, geophysics, and for anyone interested in Earth Science." The EGGS, February 2003 "Overall...this is an excellent book and no doubt will continue to be recommended for many undergraduate courses." Geological Magazine, August 2003Table of ContentsPreface ix 1 The principles and limitations of geophysical exploration methods 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The survey methods 1 1.3 The problem of ambiguity in geophysical interpretation 6 1.4 The structure of the book 7 2 Geophysical data processing 8 2.1 Introduction 8 2.2 Digitization of geophysical data 8 2.3 Spectral analysis 10 2.4 Waveform processing 13 2.4.1 Convolution 13 2.4.2 Deconvolution 16 2.4.3 Correlation 16 2.5 Digital filtering 17 2.5.1 Frequency filters 18 2.5.2 Inverse (deconvolution) filters 19 2.6 Imaging and modelling 19 Problems 20 Further reading 20 3 Elements of seismic surveying 21 3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 Stress and strain 21 3.3 Seismic waves 22 3.3.1 Body waves 23 3.3.2 Surface waves 24 3.3.3 Waves and rays 25 3.4 Seismic wave velocities of rocks 26 3.5 Attenuation of seismic energy along ray paths 27 3.6 Ray paths in layered media 28 3.6.1 Reflection and transmission of normally incident seismic rays 28 3.6.2 Reflection and refraction of obliquely incident rays 30 3.6.3 Critical refraction 31 3.6.4 Diffraction 31 3.7 Reflection and refraction surveying 32 3.8 Seismic data acquisition systems 33 3.8.1 Seismic sources and the seismic/acoustic spectrum 34 3.8.2 Seismic transducers 39 3.8.3 Seismic recording systems 41 Problems 42 Further reading 42 4 Seismic reflection surveying 43 4.1 Introduction 43 4.2 Geometry of reflected ray paths 43 4.2.1 Single horizontal reflector 43 4.2.2 Sequence of horizontal reflectors 45 4.2.3 Dipping reflector 46 4.2.4 Ray paths of multiple reflections 47 4.3 The reflection seismogram 48 4.3.1 The seismic trace 48 4.3.2 The shot gather 49 4.3.3 The CMP gather 50 4.4 Multichannel reflection survey design 51 4.4.1 Vertical and horizontal resolution 52 4.4.2 Design of detector arrays 53 4.4.3 Common mid-point (CMP) surveying 54 4.4.4 Display of seismic reflection data 57 4.5 Time corrections applied to seismic traces 57 4.6 Static correction 57 4.7 Velocity analysis 59 4.8 Filtering of seismic data 61 4.8.1 Frequency filtering 62 4.8.2 Inverse filtering (deconvolution) 62 4.8.3 Velocity filtering 65 4.9 Migration of reflection data 67 4.10 3D seismic reflection surveys 72 4.11 Three component (3C) seismic reflection surveys 76 4.12 4D seismic reflection surveys 77 4.13 Vertical seismic profiling 79 4.14 Interpretation of seismic reflection data 80 4.14.1 Structural analysis 81 4.14.2 Stratigraphical analysis (seismic stratigraphy) 82 4.14.3 Seismic modelling 84 4.14.4 Seismic attribute analysis 85 4.15 Single-channel marine reflection profiling 86 4.15.1 Shallow marine seismic sources 89 4.15.2 Sidescan sonar systems 90 4.16 Applications of seismic reflection surveying 92 Problems 97 Further reading 98 5 Seismic refraction surveying 99 5.1 Introduction 99 5.2 Geometry of refracted ray paths: planar interfaces 99 5.2.1 Two-layer case with horizontal interface 100 5.2.2 Three-layer case with horizontal interface 101 5.2.3 Multilayer case with horizontal interfaces 102 5.2.4 Dipping-layer case with planar interfaces 102 5.2.5 Faulted planar interfaces 104 5.3 Profile geometries for studying planar layer problems 105 5.4 Geometry of refracted ray paths: irregular (non-planar) interfaces 106 5.4.1 Delay time 106 5.4.2 The plus–minus interpretation method 108 5.4.3 The generalized reciprocal method 109 5.5 Construction of wavefronts and ray-tracing 110 5.6 The hidden and blind layer problems 110 5.7 Refraction in layers of continuous velocity change 112 5.8 Methodology of refraction profiling 112 5.8.1 Field survey arrangements 112 5.8.2 Recording scheme 113 5.8.3 Weathering and elevation corrections 114 5.8.4 Display of refraction seismograms 115 5.9 Other methods of refraction surveying 115 5.10 Seismic tomography 117 5.11 Applications of seismic refraction surveying 119 5.11.1 Engineering and environmental surveys 119 5.11.2 Hydrological surveys 120 5.11.3 Crustal seismology 120 5.11.4 Two-ship seismic surveying: combined refraction and reflection surveying 122 Problems 123 Further reading 124 6 Gravity surveying 125 6.1 Introduction 125 6.2 Basic theory 125 6.3 Units of gravity 126 6.4 Measurement of gravity 126 6.5 Gravity anomalies 129 6.6 Gravity anomalies of simple-shaped bodies 130 6.7 Gravity surveying 132 6.8 Gravity reduction 133 6.8.1 Drift correction 133 6.8.2 Latitude correction 133 6.8.3 Elevation corrections 134 6.8.4 Tidal correction 136 6.8.5 Eötvös correction 136 6.8.6 Free-air and Bouguer anomalies 136 6.9 Rock densities 137 6.10 Interpretation of gravity anomalies 139 6.10.1 The inverse problem 139 6.10.2 Regional fields and residual anomalies 139 6.10.3 Direct interpretation 140 6.10.4 Indirect interpretation 142 6.11 Elementary potential theory and potential field manipulation 144 6.12 Applications of gravity surveying 147 Problems 150 Further reading 153 7 Magnetic surveying 155 7.1 Introduction 155 7.2 Basic concepts 155 7.3 Rock magnetism 158 7.4 The geomagnetic field 159 7.5 Magnetic anomalies 160 7.6 Magnetic surveying instruments 162 7.6.1 Introduction 162 7.6.2 Fluxgate magnetometer 162 7.6.3 Proton magnetometer 163 7.6.4 Optically pumped magnetometer 164 7.6.5 Magnetic gradiometers 164 7.7 Ground magnetic surveys 164 7.8 Aeromagnetic and marine surveys 164 7.9 Reduction of magnetic observations 165 7.9.1 Diurnal variation correction 165 7.9.2 Geomagnetic correction 166 7.9.3 Elevation and terrain corrections 166 7.10 Interpretation of magnetic anomalies 166 7.10.1 Introduction 166 7.10.2 Direct interpretation 168 7.10.3 Indirect interpretation 170 7.11 Potential field transformations 172 7.12 Applications of magnetic surveying 173 Problems 180 Further reading 181 8 Electrical surveying 183 8.1 Introduction 183 8.2 Resistivity method 183 8.2.1 Introduction 183 8.2.2 Resistivities of rocks and minerals 183 8.2.3 Current flow in the ground 184 8.2.4 Electrode spreads 186 8.2.5 Resistivity surveying equipment 186 8.2.6 Interpretation of resistivity data 187 8.2.7 Vertical electrical sounding interpretation 188 8.2.8 Constant separation traversing interpretation 193 8.2.9 Limitations of the resistivity method 196 8.2.10 Applications of resistivity surveying 196 8.3 Induced polarization (IP) method 199 8.3.1 Principles 199 8.3.2 Mechanisms of induced polarization 199 8.3.3 Induced polarization measurements 200 8.3.4 Field operations 201 8.3.5 Interpretation of induced polarization data 201 8.3.6 Applications of induced polarization surveying 202 8.4 Self-potential (SP) method 203 8.4.1 Introduction 203 8.4.2 Mechanism of self-potential 203 8.4.3 Self-potential equipment and survey procedure 203 8.4.4 Interpretation of self-potential anomalies 204 Problems 205 Further reading 207 9 Electromagnetic surveying 208 9.1 Introduction 208 9.2 Depth of penetration of electromagnetic fields 208 9.3 Detection of electromagnetic fields 209 9.4 Tilt-angle methods 209 9.4.1 Tilt-angle methods employing local transmitters 210 9.4.2 The VLF method 210 9.4.3 The AFMAG method 212 9.5 Phase measuring systems 212 9.6 Time-domain electromagnetic surveying 214 9.7 Non-contacting conductivity measurement 216 9.8 Airborne electromagnetic surveying 218 9.8.1 Fixed separation systems 218 9.8.2 Quadrature systems 220 9.9 Interpretation of electromagnetic data 221 9.10 Limitations of the electromagnetic method 221 9.11 Telluric and magnetotelluric field methods 221 9.11.1 Introduction 221 9.11.2 Surveying with telluric currents 222 9.11.3 Magnetotelluric surveying 224 9.12 Ground-penetrating radar 225 9.13 Applications of electromagnetic surveying 227 Problems 228 Further reading 230 10 Radiometric surveying 231 10.1 Introduction 231 10.2 Radioactive decay 231 10.3 Radioactive minerals 232 10.4 Instruments for measuring radioactivity 233 10.4.1 Geiger counter 233 10.4.2 Scintillation counter 233 10.4.3 Gamma-ray spectrometer 233 10.4.4 Radon emanometer 234 10.5 Field surveys 235 10.6 Example of radiometric surveying 235 Further reading 235 11 Geophysical borehole logging 236 11.1 Introduction to drilling 236 11.2 Principles of well logging 236 11.3 Formation evaluation 237 11.4 Resistivity logging 237 11.4.1 Normal log 238 11.4.2 Lateral log 239 11.4.3 Laterolog 240 11.4.4 Microlog 241 11.4.5 Porosity estimation 241 11.4.6 Water and hydrocarbon saturation estimation 241 11.4.7 Permeability estimation 242 11.4.8 Resistivity dipmeter log 242 11.5 Induction logging 243 11.6 Self-potential logging 243 11.7 Radiometric logging 244 11.7.1 Natural gamma radiation log 244 11.7.2 Gamma-ray density log 244 11.7.3 Neutron–gamma-ray log 245 11.8 Sonic logging 246 11.9 Temperature logging 247 11.10 Magnetic logging 247 11.10.1 Magnetic log 247 11.10.2 Nuclear magnetic resonance log 247 11.11 Gravity logging 247 Problems 248 Further reading 249 Appendix: SI c.g.s. and Imperial (customary USA) units and conversion factors 250 References 251 Index 257

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"Syukuro Manabe, Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics""Useful for those wishing to understand global warming’s future impact."---Andrew Robinson, Nature"[Highly] engaging and well written."---S.C. Pryor, Choice"Useful and enlightening . . . . The knowledge derived from the model output is clear, detailed, and relevant to a better understanding of the climate system. The purpose of the book is to lead the reader down the path that Manabe and Broccoli have followed in their careers, showcasing the methods and motivation used in each study, and explaining and contextualising their findings. In each of these goals it succeeds admirably."---Eimear Dunne, Holocene

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