Geophysics Books

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Book SynopsisAround the World in 80 Ways offers a (sometimes opinionated) discussion of 80 data-driven maps of our planet. Taken together, the maps tell a story about the physical world; about the impact our species is having on the world; and about how people live in the world – or at least how we lived immediately before the emergence of Covid-19. The maps lie. All maps lie. But the origins of the deceptions are explained, the data sources are signposted and referenced, and the readers are shown how to create their own maps using freely available software. The reader is thus armed with the tools needed to explore local, national or world data – on topics ranging from science to society; environment to entertainment; wealth to wellbeing – a valuable skill in an age when certain politicians are happy to refer to “alternative facts” and media outlets deliver data visualizations that sometimes mislead as much as inform.Table of ContentsIntroduction: Mapping the worldChapter 1: The world itself · Earth’s poles · Meteorites · Waterworld · Getting away from it all · The longest straight line over water · The longest you can walk without having to swim · Volcanic eruptions over the past 12,000 years · Earth’s forests · Earth’s chemical elements · Earth’s phosphorus Chapter 2: The world of countries · Countries named after people · Monarchies and republics · Female leaders · National flags that contain the colour red · Passport colours · Driving – left or right? · Capital punishment · Press freedom · Dominance of a capital city · Population density Chapter 3: The world perturbed by people · Carbon dioxide emissions · My short-haul carbon footprint · Busiest airline routes · Renewable electricity output · Nuclear power generation · Trash · Plastic waste · Pesticide use · Mammal species under threat · Night sky brightness Chapter 4: The world of the built environment · Homes at risk of rising sea levels · Lighthouses · World heritage sites · Roman amphitheatres · Skyscrapers · Spaceports · The 500 most powerful supercomputers · Mains frequency · Sharing a McDonald’s · Soccer stadia Chapter 5: The world of thoughts, ideas, and beliefs · The most complex machine ever built · Scientific productivity · Intellectual property · Views on the safety of vaccines · Good at maths? · Literacy · How the world writes · UFO sightings · How the world believes · The happiness of nations Chapter 6: The world of wellbeing · Homicide · Suicide · Obesity in adults · Alcohol consumption · Road traffic deaths · Incidence of malaria · Experience of pain yesterday · How the world dies · The life expectancy gender gap · Life expectancy at birth Chapter 7: The world of sport and leisure · Football World Cup · Foreign players in the Premier League · Summer Olympics · Chess playing strength · Shakespeare’s world · Nobel prize for literature · Going to the movies · Computer games · What the world searches for · Active on social media Chapter 8: The world of economics · Accessing cash · Units of currency · Gold reserves · The indebtedness of nations · Standard of living · Big Apple · International tourism · Military expenditure · Access to electricity · Catching fish Afterword Index

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Book SynopsisIn the twenty-first century, we take the means to measure time for granted, without contemplating the sophisticated concepts on which our time scales are based. This volume presents the evolution of concepts of time and methods of time keeping up to the present day. It outlines the progression of time based on sundials, water clocks, and the Earth''s rotation, to time measurement using pendulum clocks, quartz crystal clocks, and atomic frequency standards. Time scales created as a result of these improvements in technology and the development of general and special relativity are explained. This second edition has been updated throughout to describe twentieth- and twenty-first-century advances and discusses the redefinition of SI units and the future of UTC. A new chapter on time and cosmology has been added. This broad-ranging reference benefits a diverse readership, including historians, scientists, engineers, educators, and it is accessible to general readers.Trade Review'Why do we add 1 second to our clocks at midnight at the end of some years, or at the end of June in others? Why don't we subtract 1 second sometimes instead? … You will find the answers to these and many more questions in this excellent book, written by two experts who worked on the practical aspects of these topics at the US Naval Observatory … The second edition brings these subjects right up to date, and investigates the possible future developments in timekeeping.' L. V. Morrison, The ObservatoryTable of ContentsPreface; 1. Time: pre-twentieth century; 2. Solar time; 3. Ephemerides; 4. Variable Earth rotation; 5. Earth orientation; 6. Ephemeris time; 7. Relativity and time; 8. Time and cosmology; 9. Dynamical and coordinate time scales; 10. Clock developments; 11. Microwave atomic clocks; 12. Optical atomic standards; 13. Definition and role of a second; 14. International Atomic Time (TAI); 15. Coordinated Universal Time (UTC); 16. Time in the solar system; 17. Time and frequency transfer; 18. Modern Earth orientation; 19. International activities; 20. Time applications; 21. Future of time keeping; Acronyms; Glossary.

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Book SynopsisThis hands-on introduction to numerical geodynamic modelling provides a solid grounding in the necessary mathematical theory and techniques, including continuum mechanics and partial differential equations, before introducing key numerical modelling methods and applications. Fully updated, this second edition includes four completely new chapters covering the most recent advances in modelling inertial processes, seismic cycles and fluid-solid interactions, and the development of adaptive mesh refinement algorithms. Many well-documented, state-of-the-art visco-elasto-plastic 2D models are presented, which allow robust modelling of key geodynamic processes. Requiring only minimal prerequisite mathematical training, and featuring over sixty practical exercises and ninety MATLAB examples, this user-friendly resource encourages experimentation with geodynamic models. It is an ideal introduction for advanced courses and can be used as a self-study aid for graduates seeking to master geodynamic modelling for their own research projects.Trade Review'A great introduction to computational geodynamics with vivid examples, hands-on exercises and step-by-step derivations of formulas. Even better than the first edition.' Sascha Brune, Das Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam – Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum'This book is so much more than an introduction to geodynamic modelling. Taras Gerya opens the world of geodynamic experiments by taking the reader through a carefully designed set of hands-on programming exercises that will convince you that modelling is not terribly complicated, but a process to logically follow through. Go ahead and get started!' Susanne Buiter, Geological Survey of Norway'This comprehensive textbook challenges all solid Earth scientists to give geodynamic modelling a try in a hands-on, empowering style. The new edition covers even more ground, including cutting-edge topics. A great achievement, and the community will be the better for it.' Thorsten Becker, University of Texas, AustinPraise for the first edition: '… the book provides excellent value for those wanting an introduction to the field. Anyone who works carefully through this book and completes all the exercises should be well prepared for further work in geodynamic modelling.' GeoscientistPraise for the first edition: 'The book is written in a light and engaging style such that it deserves a place on the recommended reading list of any undergraduate or Masters course that includes geodynamics. Additionally, it will be a valuable resource for any geoscientist who wants to include geodynamic modelling within their research activities.' Geological MagazineTable of Contents1. The continuity equation; 2. Density and gravity; 3. Numerical solutions of partial differential equations; 4. Stress and strain; 5. The momentum equation; 6. Viscous rheology of rocks; 7. Numerical solutions of the momentum and continuity equations; 8. The advection equation and marker-in-cell method; 9. The heat conservation equation; 10. Numerical solution of the heat conservation equation; 11. 2D thermomechanical code structure; 12. Elasticity and plasticity; 13. 2D implementation of visco-elasto-plasticity; 14. 2D thermomechanical modelling of inertial processes; 15. Seismo-thermomechanical modelling; 16. Hydro-thermomechanical modelling; 17. Adaptive mesh refinement; 18. The multigrid method; 19. Programming of 3D problems; 20. Numerical benchmarks; 21. Design of 2D numerical geodynamic models; Epilogue: outlook; Appendix: MATLAB® program examples; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisA discussion of the most widely used method for archaeological prospecting, covering the technical background of magnetometry and explaining what is measured and how this knowledge is used in archaeological surveys.Trade ReviewBy providing a more in-depth treatment of the subject than can be found in general texts, this book is directed at both those with little or no background knowledge and those who want to probe more deeply into the subject. Despite the complexity of the subject, the authors have clearly gone to great pains to make it accessible to non-specialists. It will no doubt find its place amongst other formative texts on archaeological geophysics. It covers the subject in a clear and coherent manner and should be welcomed for that reason alone. -- Ben Gourley, University of York * Antiquity *A strong introduction to magnetic survey for archaeologists with emphasis on basic magnetic concepts, magnetometer sensor configurations, practical field issues and survey design. The origin and nature of archaeo-magnetic fields and their appearance as "anomalies" in the data is made clear. The numerous data processing and display steps required to render a graphic suitable for archaeological interpretation are described. Archaeological interpretation of magnetic data is addressed in the context of survey case studies. Readable and to the point, this is a useful contribution for archaeologists on a subject that at its core is both multidisciplinary and complex. -- Lewis Somers, Archaeo-PhysicsThe goal of the. . . book, Magnetometry for Archaeologists, is 'to establish a framework for the significance and understanding of magnetometry with respect to archaeological investigation' (p. 179). The author's goal is clearly met by this book. ... This book is clearly written and well-illustrated. . . all aspects of the images are explained in the caption, including scale, direction of north, and color ramp. * Journal of Anthropological Research *Table of ContentsChapter 1. Concepts Chapter 2. Magnetometers Chapter 3. Magnetic Anomalies and Sources of Noise Chapter 4. Data Collection; Some Practical Problems and Solutions Chapter 5. Processing and Displaying Magnetometer Data Chapter 6. Archaeology and the Interpretation of Magnetometer Data Chapter 7. Magnetometry and Archaeological Prospecting - The Future

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Book SynopsisThis updated edition includes recent advances in data acquisition, spectral data analysis, and new understanding of spatial and temporal variations in the strength of the lithosphere in its response to loading. An invaluable resource to students and researchers, it uses a simplified mathematical treatment and includes numerous geological examples.Trade Review'The second edition of this classic book offers an in-depth analysis of the numerous land, ocean, and planetary processes that are produced and modified by lithospheric flexure. Topics range from the theory of bending and deformation of thin elastic plates, to the relationships between gravity and topography, to the interaction of flexural and erosional processes and their geological interpretation. Throughout the book there are sections on the historical developments of all these topics. This new edition includes updates on yield strength envelope models for the lithosphere and the interpretation of new gravity and topography measured by satellite missions orbiting the Earth and other planets. Whether you are a geologist, geophysicist, or simply an enthusiast seeking a deeper understanding of the Earth's geological processes, Isostasy and Flexure of the Lithosphere is an invaluable resource.' David Sandwell, University of California, San Diego'second edition of this classic book offers an in-depth analysis of the numerous land, ocean, and planetary processes that are produced and modified by lithospheric flexure. Whether you are a geologist, geophysicist, or simply an enthusiast seeking a deeper understanding of the Earth's geological processes, Isostasy and Flexure of the Lithosphere is an invaluable resource.' David Sandwell, University of California, San DiegoReviews of the first edition: '… there is no question but that this book is the authoritative word on isostasy and flexure.' Marcia McNutt, EOS'… a superb book which covers a lot of ground on a fundamental topic of general importance to Earth scientists.' Paul Wessel, Geological Magazine'Isostasy and Flexure of the Lithosphere provides an excellent guide for those applying flexural isostasy to practical problems. It is also a starting point for those wishing to learn more about the actual physics of Earth's lithosphere.' Norman Sleep, Physics Today'Accessible and authoritative, this book will be of interest to a wide range of geologists and geophysicists. For students it would serve as an excellent companion to plate tectonics and geodynamics texts.' Rick Saltus, The Leading Edge'This is a wonderful book, which satisfies and important need and contains material of interest to a variety of Earth (and planetary) scientists, from an author who has been closely associated with important developments in this field over the past three decades.' John Woodside, The Leading Edge'… readable and very useful … it is an absolute bargain. Graduate students, advanced undergraduates and professionals will enjoy this volume and find it very useful in future work.' James S. McClain, Episodes'The opening two chapters are an addictive introduction to the history of isostasy. Watts quickens the pulse and opens the mind with his well-balanced descriptions of spectacular geology, perilous expeditions and scholarly Victorian disputes.' John Maclennan, Institut de Physique du Globe de ParisTable of Contents1. The Development of the Concept of Isostasy; 2. Isostasy and Flexure of the Lithosphere; 3. Theory of Elastic Plates; 4. Geological Examples of the Flexure Model of Isostasy; 5. Isostatic Response Functions; 6. Isostasy and the Physical Nature of the Lithosphere; 7. Isostasy and the Origin of Geological Features in the Continents and Oceans; 8. Isostasy and the Terrestrial Planets; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis enduringly popular undergraduate textbook has been thoroughly reworked and updated, and now comprises twelve chapters covering the same breadth of topics as earlier editions, but in a substantially modernized fashion to facilitate classroom teaching. Covering both theoretical and applied aspects of geophysics, clear explanations of the physical principles are blended with step-by-step derivations of the key equations and over 400 explanatory figures to explain the internal structure and properties of the planet, including its petroleum and mineral resources. New topics include the latest data acquisition technologies, such as satellite geophysics, planetary landers, ocean bottom seismometers, and fibre optic methods, as well as recent research developments in ambient noise interferometry, seismic hazard analysis, rheology, and numerical modelling - all illustrated with examples from the scientific literature. Student-friendly features include separate text boxes with auxiliary explanations and advanced topics of interest; reading lists of foundational, alternative, or more detailed resources; end-of-chapter review questions and an increased number of quantitative exercises. Completely new to this edition is the addition of computational exercises in Python, designed to help students acquire important programming skills and develop a more profound understanding of geophysics.Trade Review'An impressive overview of key geophysical concepts and the most recent advances. It strikes a unique balance in presenting the history, application, and quantitative theory necessary to understand the structure and dynamics of the Earth and terrestrial planets.' Del Bohnenstiehl, North Carolina State University'The addition of several new chapters on new and emerging fields, re-organization of existing chapters, and computational exercises provided as Jupyter notebooks have further enhanced the excellent quality of this outstanding textbook and make it ideal for teaching purposes.' Christine Thomas, Westfälische Wilhelms-Univeristät Münster, Germany'This is a welcome update of this classic textbook, which now includes some of the salient advances in 21st-century geophysics, including space geodesy and ambient noise imaging.' Alexandre Fournier, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris'Fundamentals of Geophysics is an excellent textbook and this third edition includes the most recent advances in geophysics while retaining a historical perspective. The new computer exercises are also a very welcome addition for a modern course in solid-earth geophysics. I highly recommend this book to every student - it makes for compelling reading.' Jeroen Ritsema, University of MichiganTable of ContentsPreface; 1. The Solar System; 2. Plate tectonics; 3. Gravity and the figure of the Earth; 4. Gravity surveying; 5. Rheology of the Earth; 6. Seismology; 7. Earthquakes and the Earth's internal structure; 8. Geochronology; 9. The Earth's heat; 10. Geoelectricity; 11. The Earth's magnetic field; 12. Paleomagnetism; Appendices; Bibliography; Index.

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Book SynopsisThe concept of risk is an outgrowth of our society's great concern about coping with the dangers of modern life. The Perception of Risk brings together the work of Paul Slovic, one of the world's leading analysts of risk, risk perception and risk management, to examine the gap between expert views of risk and public perceptions. Ordered chronologically, it allows the reader to see the evolution of our understanding of such perceptions, from early studies identifying public misconceptions of risk to recent work that recognizes the importance and legitimacy of equity, trust, power and other value-laden issues underlying public concern.Trade Review'An illuminating and important book [that] covers a great deal of ground.' Harvard Law Review. 'Slovic brings fresh insights on how others think of 'risk'. Risk Management Reports 'An invaluable collection of articles for those seeking an in-depth analysis of risk perceptions.' Food, Nutrition and Agriculture 'Everyone, whether a fan of the (extended) psychometric paradigm or not, will like to have in its own library this book as a handy reference.' Journal of Socio-Economics 'superb...I hope Paul Slovic is already working on a sequel that will fill in the few remaining blanks in his brilliant career.' Jason Zweig, Journal of Psychology and Financial Markets, 2001. 'Superior' Torbjorn Malmfors, Amazon. 'Paul Slovic is a prolific and persuasive contributor to the literature on risk, with a well-defined perspective, which has informed an incremental and solid output of research and publication.' Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management 'Essentially academic, but very relevant for anyone interested in taking risk seriously' Long Range PlanningTable of ContentsDecision Processes, Rationality and Adjustment to Natural Hazards * Cognitive Processes and Societal Risk Taking * Preference for Insuring Against Probable Small Losses: Insurance Implications * Accident Probabilities and Seat Belt Usage: A Psychological Perspective * How Safe Is Safe Enough? A Psychometric Study of Attitudes Toward Technological Risks and Benefits * Rating the Risks * Weighing the Risks: Which Risks are Acceptable? * Facts and Fears: Understanding Perceived Risk * Response Mode, Framing and Information-processing Effects in Risk Assessment * The Nature of Technological Hazard * Informing and Educating the Public about Risk * Perception of Risk from Automobile Safety Defects * Perception of Risk * The Social Amplification of Risk: A Conceptual Framework * The Perception and Management of Therapeutic Risk * Perception of Risk from Radiation * Perceived Risk, Trust and the Politics of Nuclear Waste * Intuitive Toxicology: Expert and Lay Judgments of Chemical Risks * Perceived Risk, Trust and Democracy * Adolescent Health-threatening and Health-enhancing Behaviors: A Study of Word Association and Imagery * Technological Stigma * Probability, Danger and Coercion: A Study of Risk Perception and Decision-making in Mental Health Law * Do Adolescent Smokers Know the Risks? * Insensitivity to the Value of a Human Life: A Study of Psychophysical Numbing * Trust, Emotion, Sex, Politics and Science: Surveying the Risk-assessment Battlefield * The Affect Heuristic in Judgments of Risks and Benefits*

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisThe self-potential method enables non-intrusive assessment and imaging of disturbances in electrical currents of conductive subsurface materials. It has an increasing number of applications, from mapping fluid flow in the subsurface of the Earth to detecting preferential flow paths in earth dams and embankments. This book provides the first full overview of the fundamental concepts of this method and its applications in the field. It discusses the historical perspective, laboratory investigations undertaken, the inverse problem and seismoelectric coupling, and concludes with the application of the self-potential method to geohazards, water resources and hydrothermal systems. Chapter exercises, online datasets and analytical software enable the reader to put the theory into practice. This book is a key reference for academic researchers and professionals working in the areas of geophysics, environmental science, hydrology and geotechnical engineering. It will also be valuable reading foTable of ContentsForeword; Preface; 1. Fundamentals of the self-potential method; 2. Development of a fundamental theory; 3. Laboratory investigations; 4. Forward and inverse modeling; 5. Applications to geohazards; 6. Application to water resources; 7. Application to hydrothermal systems; 8. Seismoelectric coupling; Appendix A: a simple model of the Stern layer; Appendix B: the u-p formulation of poroelasticity; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides thorough and comprehensive coverage of most of the new and important quantitative methods of data analysis for graduate students and practitioners. In recent years, data analysis methods have exploded alongside advanced computing power, and it is critical to understand such methods to get the most out of data, and to extract signal from noise. The book excels in explaining difficult concepts through simple explanations and detailed explanatory illustrations. Most unique is the focus on confidence limits for power spectra and their proper interpretation, something rare or completely missing in other books. Likewise, there is a thorough discussion of how to assess uncertainty via use of Expectancy, and the easy to apply and understand Bootstrap method. The book is written so that descriptions of each method are as self-contained as possible. Many examples are presented to clarify interpretations, as are user tips in highlighted boxes.Trade Review'This text is suitable for undergraduates and graduates, as well as seasoned scientists and engineers seeking to broaden their statistical skills. It will have lasting value as it is comprehensive, containing detailed explanations of a wide range of statistical methods. The book is clearly written by a meticulous scientist who is an expert in the field and an award winning teacher.' James Hays, Columbia University, New York'At last: a guide for getting the most out of your data analysis while avoiding the many pitfalls, hazards and common mistakes. This book is an invaluable and inspired opus on the fundamentals of quantitative data analysis. It is both comprehensive and illuminating, with many a nugget of enlightened wisdom, as well as succinctly summarized 'take-home' points in each and every section. A very accessible must-have guide for exploring data in the most informed way, and a gem of a textbook for students, teachers and practitioners alike.' Sharon Stammerjohn, University of Colorado, Boulder'Coherent book-length treatments are so valuable in the Data Age: the internet is full of algorithms - but described flatly, and in myriad notations and nomenclatures. This long-time teacher's lucid text expresses the spirit and strategy of data analysis, as well as the details. Boxes set off optional advanced derivations, appendices survey matrix algebra and uncertainty analysis, and the chapters aim for standalone readability, making this a valuable reference as well as a flexible textbook (with questions). Spectral estimation is especially well covered.' Brian Mapes, University of Miami'This is a competent development of many data analysis methods … Overall, the book is the outgrowth of teaching the subject for 30 years, which shows in the well-developed, clear narrative descriptions accompanying the theory.' D. A. Vaccari, ChoiceTable of ContentsPart I. Fundamentals: 1. The nature of data and analysis; 2. Probability theory; 3. Statistics; Part II. Fitting Curves to Data; 4. Interpolation; 5. Smoothed curve fitting; 6. Special curve fitting; Part III. Sequential Data Fundamentals: 7. Serial products; 8. Fourier series; 9. Fourier transform; 10. Fourier sampling theory; 11. Spectral analysis; 12. Cross spectral analysis; 13. Filtering and deconvolution; 14. Linear parametric models; 15. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis; A1. Overview of matrix algebra; A2. Uncertainty analysis; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisThe Seismic Analysis Code (SAC) is one of the most widely used analysis packages for regional and teleseismic seismic data. For the first time, this book provides users at introductory and advanced levels with a complete guide to SAC. It leads new users of SAC through the steps of learning basic commands, describes the SAC processing philosophy, and presents its macro language in full, supported throughout with example inputs and outputs from SAC. For more experienced practitioners, the book describes SAC's many hidden features, including advanced graphics aspects, its file structure, how to write independent programs to access and create files, and much more. Tutorial exercises engage users with newly acquired skills, providing data and code to implement the standard methods of teleseismic shear-wave splitting and receiver function analysis. Methodical and authoritative, this is a key resource for researchers and graduate students in global seismology, earthquake seismology and geophyTable of ContentsPreface; Acknowledgements; 1. Introduction; 2. SAC data format; 3. SAC processing philosophy; 4. Basic SAC commands; 5. SAC macros; 6. Accessing SAC functionality and data from external programs; 7. Graphical data annotation; 8. Array data handling; 9. Spectral estimation in SAC; 10. 3D data in SAC; 11. Implementation of common processing methodologies using SAC; Appendix A. Alphabetical list of SAC commands; Appendix B. Keyword in context for SAC command descriptions; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisSince the beginning of the US shale gas revolution in 2005, the development of unconventional oil and gas resources has gathered tremendous pace around the world. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the key geologic, geophysical, and engineering principles that govern the development of unconventional reservoirs. The book begins with a detailed characterization of unconventional reservoir rocks: their composition and microstructure, mechanical properties, and the processes controlling fault slip and fluid flow. A discussion of geomechanical principles follows, including the state of stress, pore pressure, and the importance of fractures and faults. After reviewing the fundamentals of horizontal drilling, multi-stage hydraulic fracturing, and stimulation of slip on pre-existing faults, the key factors impacting hydrocarbon production are explored. The final chapters cover environmental impacts and how to mitigate hazards associated with induced seismicity. This text provides Trade Review'Zoback and Kohli's thoughtful and comprehensive examination of the critical role that geomechanics plays in unlocking the potential of unconventional reservoirs is a powerful resource for any engineer or geoscientist working in this arena.' Peter H. Hennings, University of Texas'In this timely and important book, Zoback and Kohli draw on over ten years of research to describe in detail the full breadth of impact that geomechanics has on unconventional reservoir development. This book will benefit all involved with the fast-moving field of applied geomechanics, providing a good grounding of the basics to those new to the field and new insights to current practitioners.' Steve Willson, Apache Corporation'This book is sorely needed, long overdue, and should be required reading for both academics and industry professionals working in the unconventional reservoir space. While focused on geomechanics, the book contains information relevant to all aspects of the development of unconventional reservoirs, ranging from basin analysis and sweet spot identification to risk assessment associated with hydraulic fracturing and produced water injection. This book addresses some misconceptions about the mechanical properties of unconventional shales, and challenges common assumptions regarding the variation in horizontal stress as a function of depth. Perhaps most importantly, the book provides practical advice for optimizing the stimulation of unconventional reservoirs.' Paul Hagin, Chevron Corporation'This book is a comprehensive reference and text for unconventional reservoir geomechanics and represents learnings from 11 years of research on the topic at Stanford University. It is state of the art and up to date with current industry practice and the latest research in the field. The book serves as the text for an edX Stanford Online course that I had the pleasure of auditing. The edX course was great, and it followed the book closely, with the authors as lecturers. There is also a reservoir geomechanics edX course that follows Zoback's previous textbook. I recommend both courses and both books. This is a well-illustrated and readable textbook with real-world examples. It is well suited for students, an excellent introduction for those new to the field, and a great reference for researchers and professionals.' Dimitri Bevc, The Leading Edge, Society of Exploration GeophysicistsTable of ContentsPart I. Physical Properties of Unconventional Reservoirs: 1. Introduction; 2. Composition, fabric, elastic properties and anisotropy; 3. Strength and ductility; 4. Frictional properties; 5. Pore networks and pore fluids; 6. Flow and sorption; 7. Stress, pore pressure, fractures and faults; Part II. Stimulating Production from Unconventional Rservoirs: 8. Horizontal drilling and multi-stage hydraulic fracturing; 9. Reservoir seismology; 10. Induced shear slip during hydraulic fracturing; 11. Geomechanics and stimulation optimization; 12. Production and depletion; Part III. Environmental Impacts and Induced Seismicity: 13. Environmental impacts and induced seismicity; 14. Managing the risk of injection-induced seismicity; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisThe past few decades have witnessed remarkable growth in the application of passive seismic monitoring to address a range of problems in geoscience and engineering, from large-scale tectonic studies to environmental investigations. Passive seismic methods are increasingly being used for surveillance of massive, multi-stage hydraulic fracturing and development of enhanced geothermal systems. The theoretical framework and techniques used in this emerging area draw on various established fields, such as earthquake seismology, exploration geophysics and rock mechanics. Based on university and industry courses developed by the author, this book reviews all the relevant research and technology to provide an introduction to the principles and applications of passive seismic monitoring. It integrates up-to-date case studies and interactive online exercises, making it a comprehensive and accessible resource for advanced students and researchers in geophysics and engineering, as well as industryTrade Review'It is now well established that human activities in the subsurface create induced seismicity. While large events can be extremely problematic from both a seismic hazard and operational safety perspective, smaller induced events, known as microseismic events, can tell us a great deal about changes in the subsurface. Eaton provides a clear and comprehensive description of such seismicity, starting from first principles and then progressively taking the reader through to real examples and case studies. A focus is on seismicity associated with oil and gas exploitation, but the book will also appeal to scientists interested in seismicity in a range of other settings (e.g., geothermal, mining, etc.). Eaton has crafted an excellent seismology text for students and earthquake seismologists in general.' Michael Kendall, University of Bristol'Passive Seismic Monitoring of Induced Seismicity is a comprehensive textbook covering basic theoretical concepts of seismic and ancillary topics through to practical implementation in industrial settings. The book is an essential reference text on this topical technology.' Shawn Maxwell, Itasca Microseismic and Geomechanical Evaluation'This comprehensive text is a much-needed and timely overview of topics related to seismic monitoring of induced earthquakes. It not only provides a thorough treatment of how microseismic monitoring is done and the data are analyzed, it provides a valuable overview of how and why injection-induced seismicity occurs.' Mark Zoback, Stanford University, CaliforniaTable of ContentsPreface; List of symbols; Part I. Fundamentals of Passive Seismic Monitoring: 1. Constitutive relations and elastic deformation; 2. Failure criteria and anelastic deformation; 3. Seismic waves and sources; 4. Stress measurement and hydraulic fracturing; Part II. Applications of Passive Seismic Monitoring: 5. Passive-seismic data acquisition; 6. Downhole microseismic processing; 7. Surface and shallow-array microseismic processing; 8. Microseismic interpretation; 9. Induced seismicity; Appendix A. Glossary; Appendix B. Signal-processing essentials; Appendix C. Data formats; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisGlobal Change and Future Earth is derived from the work of several programs of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG). It demonstrates how multi- and inter-disciplinary research outputs from the geoscience community can be applied to tackle the physical and societal impacts of climate change and contribute to the Future Earth programme of the International Council for Science. The volume brings together an international team of eminent researchers to provide authoritative reviews on the wide-ranging ramifications of climate change spanning eight key themes: planetary issues; geodetic issues; the Earth''s fluid environment; regions of the Earth; urban environments; food security; and risk, safety and security; and climate change and global change. Covering the challenges faced by urban and rural areas, and in both developed and developing counties, this volume provides an important resource for a global audience of graduate students and researchers from a broad range oTable of ContentsList of contributors; Preface; 1. International drivers to study climatic and environmental change: a challenge to scientific unions Tom Beer; 2. Future Earth and expected mega changes Serhat Sensoy, Mustafa Coskun, Necla Turkoglu and Ihsan Cicek; 3. Global change, space weather and climate Eigil Friis-Christensen; 4. Climate issues from the planetary perspective and insights for the Earth Athena Coustenis, Fred W. Taylor and Christina Plainaki; 5. Satellite remote sensing of hydrological change Alberto Montanari and Michael G. Sideris; 6. Geodetic observations as a monitor of climate change Tonie van Dam, Jianli Chen and Thierry Meyrath; 7. Future Earth and the cryosphere Ian Allison, Regine Hock, Matt A. King and Andrew N. Mackintosh; 8. Geographical research and Future Earth Michael E. Meadows; 9. Water security: integrating lessons learned for water quality, quantity and sustainability Elaine M. Faustman, Heidi Foth, Luis Schiesari, Julio Alejandro Navoni, Silvia Berlanga de Moraes Barros, Gisela de Aragão Umbuzeiro, Salmaan H. Inayat-Hussain and Marissa N. Smith; 10. Decadal coupled ocean-atmosphere interaction in North Atlantic and global warming hiatus Jianping Li, Cheng Sun and Ruiqiang Ding; 11. Sea level rise and Future Earth Anny Cazenave and Hindumathi Palanisamy; 12. Ocean circulation: knowns and unknowns Harry L. Bryden and Lawrence A. Mysak; 13. Asian groundwater perspectives on global change and Future Earth Makoto Taniguchi; 14. Africa's broken food systems: unravelling the hidden fortune under climate change Richard Munang and Robert Mgendi; 15. Nutrition, urban environments and Future Earth Godwin D. Ndossi and Keto E. Mshigeni; 16. Nutrition science and Future Earth: current nutritional policy dilemmas Mark L. Wahlqvist; 17. Air pollution and human health risk reduction: the case study of Delhi megacity, India R. B. Singh and Aakriti Grover; 18. Targeting research towards achieving food security in an era of climate change Bruce M. Campbell, D. Dinesh and Sophia Huyer; 19. The contribution of food engineering to achieve global food security Walter E. L. Spieß; 20. Supply chains and Future Earth Albert McGill; 21. The impact of global climate change on nutrition security: a multidimensional challenge Ibrahim Elmadfa and Alexa Leonie Meyer; 22. Marine systems, food security and Future Earth Elizabeth A. Fulton, Éva Plagányi, William Cheung, Julia Blanchard and Reg Watson; 23. Geophysical studies, natural hazards and climate change Jaime Urrutia-Fucugauchi and Ligia Pérez-Cruz; 24. Climatic consequences and agricultural impacts of nuclear conflicts Owen B. Toon, Alan Robock, Michael Mills, Lili Xia and Charles Bardeen; 25. Advancing spring flood risk reduction in the Arctic through interdisciplinary research and stakeholder collaborations Yekaterina Y. Kontar, Sarah F. Trainor, Tuyara N. Gavrilyeva, John C. Eichelberger and Nikita I. Tananaev; 26. Geohazard analysis for disaster risk reduction and sustainability Alik Ismail-Zadeh; 27. Geothermal energy and a Future Earth Ladislaus Rybach and Thomas Kohl; 28. Future Earth, climate change and global change: Future Earth's ocean Martin Visbeck and Anke Schneider; 29. Asia's sustainability challenges and Future Earth Tetsuzo Yasunari, Hein Mallee and Reiichiro Ishii; 30. Looking back to move forward: institutional capacity required by global governance changes Jane E. Rovins and Sarah Beaven; Index.

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Book SynopsisCovering both theory and experiment, this text describes the behaviour of homogeneous and density-stratified fluids over and around topography. Its presentation is suitable for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in fluid mechanics, as well as for practising scientists, engineers, and researchers. Using laboratory experiments and illustrations to further understanding, the author explores topics ranging from the classical hydraulics of single-layer flow to more complex situations involving stratified flows over two- and three-dimensional topography, including complex terrain. A particular focus is placed on applications to the atmosphere and ocean, including discussions of downslope windstorms, and of oceanic flow over continental shelves and slopes. This new edition has been restructured to make it more digestible, and updated to cover significant developments in areas such as exchange flows, gravity currents, waves in stratified fluids, stability, and applications to the atmTable of Contents1. Background; 2. Nonlinear single-layer flow: classical hydraulics; 3. Nonlinear single-layer flow past obstacles – jumps, bores and wave dispersion; 4. Two-layer flow with jumps and topography; 5. Two-layer and stratified flow through contractions; 6. Exchange flows; 7. Gravity currents, downslope and anabatic flows, and stratified hydraulic jumps; 8. Waves in stratified fluids; 9. The stability of stratified flows; 10. Stratified flow over two-dimensional obstacles – linear and near-linear theory; 11. Stratified flow over two-dimensional obstacles – nonlinear hydraulic models with applications; 12. Stratified flow over three-dimensional topography – linear theory; 13. Three-dimensional stratified flow over finite obstacles; 14. Flow over complex and realistic terrain in the atmosphere and ocean; 15. Applications to practical modelling of flow over complex terrain; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisGlacially triggered faulting describes movement of pre-existing faults caused by a combination of tectonic and glacially induced isostatic stresses. The most impressive fault-scarps are found in northern Europe, assumed to be reactivated at the end of the deglaciation. This view has been challenged as new faults have been discovered globally with advanced techniques such as LiDAR, and fault activity dating has shown several phases of reactivation thousands of years after deglaciation ended. This book summarizes the current state-of-the-art research in glacially triggered faulting, discussing the theoretical aspects that explain the presence of glacially induced structures and reviews the geological, geophysical, geodetic and geomorphological investigation methods. Written by a team of international experts, it provides the first global overview of confirmed and proposed glacially induced faults, and provides an outline for modelling these stresses and features. It is a go-to reference for geoscientists and engineers interested in ice sheet-solid Earth interaction.Table of ContentsPart I. Introduction: 1. Glacially-Triggered Faulting – A Historical Overview and Recent Developments H. Steffen, O. Olesen and R. Sutinen; 2. Geomechanics of Glacially-Triggered Faulting R. Steffen, P. Wu and B. Lund; Part II. Methods and Techniques for Fault Identification and Dating: 3. Earthquake-Induced Landforms in the Context of Ice-Sheet Loading and Unloading P. B. E. Sandersen and R. Sutinen; 4. The Challenge to Distinguish Soft-Sediment Deformation Structures (SSDS) Formed by Glaciotectonic, Periglacial and Seismic Processes in a Formerly Glaciated Area: A Review and Synthesis K. Müller, J. Winsemann, M. Pisarska-Jamroży, T. Lege, T. Spies, and C. Brandes; 5. Glacially Induced Fault Identification with LiDAR, Based on Examples from Finland J.-P. Palmu, A. Ojala, J. Mattila, M. Markovaara-Koivisto, T. Ruskeeniemi, R. Sutinen, T. Bauer and M. Keiding; 6. Fault Identification from Seismology N. Gestermann and T. Plenefisch; 7. Imaging and Characterization of Glacially Induced Faults Using Applied Geophysics R. Beckel, C. Juhlin, A. Malehmir and O. Ahmadi; 8. Dating of Postglacial Faults in Fennoscandia C. A. Smith, A. Ojala, S. Grigull and H. Mikko; 9. Proposed Drilling into Postglacial Faults: The Pärvie Fault System M. Ask, I. Kukkonen, O. Olesen, B. Lund, Å. Fagereng, J. Rutqvist, J.-E. Rosberg and H. Lorenz; Part III. Glacially Triggered Faulting in the Fennoscandian Shield: 10. Seismicity and Sources of Stress in Fennoscandia S. Gregersen, C. Lindholm, A. Korja, B. Lund, M. Uski, K. Oinonen, P. H. Voss and M. Keiding; 11. Postglacial Faulting in Norway: Large Magnitude Earthquakes of the Late Holocene Age O. Olesen, L. Olsen, S. Gibbons, B. O. Ruud, F. Høgaas, T. A. Johansen and T. Kværna; 12. Glacially Induced Faults in Sweden: The Rise and Reassessment of the Single-Rupture Hypothesis C. A. Smith, H. Mikko and S. Grigull; 13. Glacially Induced Faults in Finland R. Sutinen, E. Hyvönen, M. Markovaara-Koivisto, M. Middleton, A. Ojala, J.-P. Palmu, T. Ruskeeniemi and J. Mattila; 14. Late- and Postglacial Faults in the Russian Part of the Fennoscandian Shield S. Nikolaeva, A. Nikonov and S. Shvarev; Part IV. Glacially Triggered Faulting at the Edge and in the Periphery of the Fennoscandian Sheild: 15. Late– and Postglacial Faulting in Denmark P. B. E. Sandersen, S. Gregersen and P. Voss; 16. Glacially Induced Faults in Germany K. Müller, J. Winsemann, D. Tanner, T. Lege, T. Spies and C. Brandes; 17. Glacially Induced Faulting in Poland M. Pisarska-Jamroży, P. P. Wozniak and T. van Loon; 18. Soft-Sediment Deformation Structures in the Eastern Baltic Region: Implication in Seismicity and Glacially Triggered Faulting A. Bitinas, J. Lazauskienė and M. Pisarska-Jamroży; Part V. Glacially Triggered Faulting Outside Europe: 19. The Search for Glacially Induced Faults in Eastern Canada J. Adams and G. Brooks; 20. Glacially Induced Faulting in Alaska J. Sauber, C. Rollins, J. T. Freymueller and N. A. Ruppert; 21. Indications on Glacially Triggered Faulting in Polar Areas H. Steffen and R. Steffen; Part VI. Modelling of Glacially Induced Faults and Stress: 22. Glacial Isostatic Adjustment Models for Earthquake Triggering P. Wu, R. Steffen, H. Steffen and B. Lund; 23. Crustal-Scale Stress Modelling to Investigate Glacially Triggered Faulting S. Gradmann and R. Steffen; Part VII. Outlook: 24. Future Research on Glacially Triggered Faulting and Intraplate Seismicity O. Olesen, H. Steffen and R. Sutinen

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Book SynopsisCovering both theory and experiment, this text describes the behaviour of homogeneous and density-stratified fluids over and around topography. Its presentation is suitable for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in fluid mechanics, as well as for practising scientists, engineers, and researchers. Using laboratory experiments and illustrations to further understanding, the author explores topics ranging from the classical hydraulics of single-layer flow to more complex situations involving stratified flows over two- and three-dimensional topography, including complex terrain. A particular focus is placed on applications to the atmosphere and ocean, including discussions of downslope windstorms, and of oceanic flow over continental shelves and slopes. This new edition has been restructured to make it more digestible, and updated to cover significant developments in areas such as exchange flows, gravity currents, waves in stratified fluids, stability, and applications to the atmTable of Contents1. Background; 2. Nonlinear single-layer flow: classical hydraulics; 3. Nonlinear single-layer flow past obstacles – jumps, bores and wave dispersion; 4. Two-layer flow with jumps and topography; 5. Two-layer and stratified flow through contractions; 6. Exchange flows; 7. Gravity currents, downslope and anabatic flows, and stratified hydraulic jumps; 8. Waves in stratified fluids; 9. The stability of stratified flows; 10. Stratified flow over two-dimensional obstacles – linear and near-linear theory; 11. Stratified flow over two-dimensional obstacles – nonlinear hydraulic models with applications; 12. Stratified flow over three-dimensional topography – linear theory; 13. Three-dimensional stratified flow over finite obstacles; 14. Flow over complex and realistic terrain in the atmosphere and ocean; 15. Applications to practical modelling of flow over complex terrain; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisThe most utilized technique for exploring the Earth''s subsurface for petroleum is reflection seismology. However, asolefocus onreflectionseismology often misses opportunities to integrate other geophysical techniquessuch as gravity, magnetic, resistivity, and other seismicity techniques,which have tended to be used in isolationand by specialist teams. There is now growing appreciation that these technologies usedin combination withreflectionseismologycanproduce more accurate images of the subsurface. This book describes how these different field techniques can be used individually and in combination with each other and with seismic reflection data. World leading experts present chapters covering different techniques and describe when, where, and how to apply them to improve petroleum exploration and production. It also explores the use of such techniques in monitoring CO2 storage reservoirs. Including case studies throughout, it will be an invaluable resource for petroleum industry prTable of Contents1. Introduction Hamish Wilson; 2. The Hydrocarbon Exploration Process Hamish Wilson; 3. Crustal Seismic Studies Jannis Makris and K. R. Nunn; 4. Gravity and magnetics Alan Reid; 5. Full Tensor Gradiometry (FTG) Matt Luheshi; 6. Marine Electromagnetic Methods Lucy MacGregor; 7. Ocean Bottom Marine Seismic Methods Ian Jack; 8. Microseismic Technology Peter Duncan; 9. A Road Map For Subsurface De-risking Hamish Wilson; 10. Glossary; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents original research results on the leading edge of physics. Each article has been carefully selected in an attempt to present substantial research across a broad spectrum. Topics include a gamma spectroscopy study of natural radioactivity in soil, sediment, drinking and brine waters in communities of the oil rich Niger Delta Region, Nigeria; nature and properties of axions from the sun, archernar and gas giants; new developments of light-front dynamics in hadron physics; mesonic Lipschitz monoids; estimates for parameters and characteristics of the confining SU(3)-gluonic field in neutral vector mesons from leptonic widths; and manifestation of the strong nuclear interactions in the isotope-induced band-gap opening of graphene.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents current research in the field of geophysics, particularly referring to some principles, applications and emerging technologies. Topics discussed comprehend environmental geophysics, with an explanation of geophysical methods ("seismic refraction and reflection techniques", "seismic analysis of surface waves", "electrical methods", "gravimetric and microgravimetric methods", "magnetic and electromagnetic methods") and new methodologies of processing and interpretation with examples in the area of Greece; applications of innovative geophysical techniques in other coastal areas, showing a new approach to seismic data acquisition, joining up land and marine seismic data through a marine streamer connected to a land cable with examples in Procida and Ventotene islands (Southern Italy); marine geophysics of Naples Bay focusing on seismic and magnetic data offshore the Vesuvius, Phlegrean Fields, Ischia and Procida volcanic complexes and a technological evolution in seismic data acquisition from explosive, Sparker and Watergun seismic sources towards new techniques, including MEAS (Multispot Extended Array Sparker) used in marine geological mapping of Southern Italy''s continental shelf and slope. Other topics in this book include oceanographic aspects regarding the oceanic oscillation phenomena and their relationships with the synchronisation and stochastic resonance, particularly referring to the transitions among stable and unstable states of western boundary currents, such as the Kuroshio in Japan and investigating their occurrence in general oceanographic circulation as a rhythmic natural phenomena; oceanographic aspects regarding the assessment of ocean variability in the Sicily Channel (Southern Italy) through a numerical 3D model based on Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF) analysis aimed at studying the seasonal and interannual variability of oceanographic circulation and hydrology, and extending down to the African coast, involving the Tunisian and Lybian continental shelves (Mediterranean sea); and finally, experimental application of distributed optical fiber sensors through Brillouin Optical Time Domain Analysis (BOTDA) to the monitoring of artificially induced cracks opening in the volcanic rocky slope of the Coroglio coastal cliff (Naples, Southern Italy) aimed at the development of early warning systems and geomorphological setting of coastal cliffs, characterised by a rocks falls, topples and slides.

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Book SynopsisPlate tectonics can drift continents and push up mountains, but what drives the plates? This is an insider’s account of how we answered questions posed over two centuries ago, and completed geology’s quest for a driving mechanism. Forging through confusing evidence, apparent contradictions and raging debates we arrived at not one but two mechanisms: sinking plates and rising plumes.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Deep Earth and deep time, big ideas and big egos.- Chapter 2. The accidental geophysicist.- Chapter 3. A propitious time.- Chapter 4. Water, heat, time, mountains.- Chapter 5. Yielding rocks.- Chapter 6. Vagrant continents.- Chapter 7. Like nothing we’ve seen before.- Chapter 8. Novel ideas: plates and plumes.- Chapter 9. But what is the driving mechanism?.- Chapter 10. Chemistry and egos muscle in.- Chapter 11. Making it a science?.- Chapter 12. Some clarity: two convection modes, interacting.- Chapter 13. Earth’s lessons: humility, power and science.- Chapter 14. Some chemical clarifying.- Chapter 15. Too noble?.- Chapter 16. Perspective; Imperfect but better than shouting

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Book SynopsisLectures on Geophysical Fluid Dynamics offers an introduction to several topics in theoretical geophysical fluid dynamics, including the theory of large-scale ocean circulation, geostrophic turbulence, and Hamiltonian fluid dynamics. The book is based on an introductory course in dynamical oceanography offered to first-year graduate students at Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Each chapter is a self-contained introduction ti its particular subject, and makes few specific references to other chapters. Chapters 1 examines the relationship between the molecular and continuum models of the fluid, and between the Eulerian and Lagrangian descriptions of the latter. Ch.2 is a broad introduction to the fluid dynamics of rotating, stratified flows. Ch.3 adddresses large-scale ocean circulation. Chs.4,5 and 6 discuss the theory of turbulence, including elementary ideas based on vorticity laws (Ch.4), statistical turbulence theory (Ch.5), and the applications of these ideas to quasigeostrophiTrade Review'The book provides an excellent course for graduate students in applied mathematics or mathematical oceanography or meterology. It can be used fruitfully by researchers in related areas who would like to learn about a field of physics that generates intriguing and cha,lenging mathematical problems...It is also likely to become a significant reference book for the subject' SIAM ReviewTable of Contents1. Fundamentals ; 2. Introduction to Geophysical Fluid Dyunamics ; 3. Non-inertial Theory of Ocean Circulation ; 4. Vorticity and Turbulence ; 5. Statistical Fluid Dynamics ; 6. Geostropic Turbulence ; 7. Hamiltonian Fluid Dynamics

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Trade ReviewFredric Taylor's Elementary Climate Physics is an easy-to-read and useful introduction for undergraduate and graduate students who are intersted in this increasingly important area of physics. * David J. Lary, Physics Today *Table of Contents1. The Climate System ; 2. Solar Radiation and the Energy Budget of the Earth ; 3. Atmosphere and Climate ; 4. Clouds and Aerosols ; 5. Ocean and Climate ; 6. Radiative Transfer ; 7. Earth's Energy Budget: The Greenhouse Effect ; 8. The Ozone Layer ; 9. Climate Observations by Remote Sensing ; 10. Climate Sensitivity and Change ; 11. Climate Models and Predictions ; 12. Climate on other Planets ; 13. Epilogue

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Book SynopsisFor about half a century the general theory of relativity attracted little attention from physicists.Table of ContentsI. The General Theory of Relativity.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. The Case for Nonflat Space—Time.- 1.2. The Principle of Equivalence.- 1.3. Conflict Between the Equivalence Principle and the Pseudo-Euclidean Metric: Gravitational Redshift.- 1.4. A Fifth Force.- 2. Tensor Calculus and Riemannian Geometry.- 2.1. Riemannian Geometry and the Metric Tensor.- 2.2. Vectors and Tensors.- 2.3. Invariant Volume and Volume Integral.- 2.4. Affine Connection—Parallel Transport.- 2.5. Covariant Differentiation.- 2.6. The Differential Equation of a Geodesic.- 2.7. The Integrability of Parallel Displacement.- 2.8. The Riemann—Christoffel Tensor.- 2.9. The Bianchi Identity.- 2.10. The Ricci Tensor and the Einstein Tensor.- 2.11. The Weyl Tensor.- 2.12. Geodesic Deviation.- 3. Einstein’s Field Equations.- 3.1. Einstein’s Formulation of the Field Equations.- 3.2. Weak Field Approximation (Static Case).- 3.3. Gravitational Waves in Weak Field Approximation.- 3.4. Detection of Gravitational Waves.- 3.5. Integration of the Linearized Equations for a Stationary Axially Symmetric Distribution.- 3.6. The Action Principle and the Energy—Momentum Tensors.- 3.7. The Energy—Stress Tensor.- 3.8. The Einstein Equations from the Variational Principle.- 4. The Schwarzschild Metric and Crucial Tests.- 4.1. The Schwarzschild Solution.- 4.2. Birkhoff’s Theorem.- 4.3. Three Crucial Tests.- 4.4. The PPN Formalism.- 4.5. The Schwarzschild or the Spherically Symmetric Black Hole.- 4.6. Frequency Shift of Spectral Lines of Light Emitted by a Collapsing/Exploding Spherical Body.- 4.7. Fall in Apparent Luminosity of a Collapsing Body.- 4.8. Kruskal—Szekeres Coordinates.- 4.9. Historical Note on the Schwarzschild Black Hole.- 5. Electromagnetism in General Relativity.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. The Field of a Charged Particle.- 5.3. Static Electrovac.- 5.4. The Already Unified Field Theory.- 6. Axially Symmetric Fields.- 6.1. The Lie Derivative and the Killing Equation.- 6.2. Static and Stationary Metrics.- 6.3. The Axially Symmetric Static Metric.- 6.4. Weyl’s Canonical Form.- 6.5. The Case of Two Mass Particles.- 6.6. The Schwarzschild Metric in the Form (6.21).- 6.7. Stationary Axisymmetric Vacuum Solutions.- 7. The Kerr Metric or the Rotating Black Hole.- 7.1. The Kerr Metric in Boyer—Lindquist Coordinates.- 7.2. The Black Hole Property.- 7.3. Locally Nonrotating Observers.- 7.4. The Horizon as a Null Surface.- 7.5. The Kerr—Newmann Metric.- 7.6. The Penrose Process.- 8. The Energy—Momentum Pseudotensor of the Gravitational Field and Loss of Energy by Gravitational Radiation.- 8.1. The Pseudo-Energy—Momentum Tensor.- 8.2. Historical Note.- 8.3. Loss of Energy by Gravitational Radiation.- 8.4. The Case of a Binary Star.- 9. Analysis of the Observational Data of the Hulse—Taylor Pulsar. Confirmation of the Einstein Quadrupole Radiation Formula.- II. Relativistic Astrophysics.- 10. White Dwarf Stars.- 10.1. Introduction.- 10.2. The Contraction of a Radiating Star in the Absence of Energy Generation.- 10.3. Degeneracy and the Equation of State.- 10.4. Limiting Mass for White Dwarfs.- 10.5. A Simple Argument for the Mass Limit.- 10.6. Critique of Chandrasekhar’s Result and Later Works.- 10.7. Historical Note.- 10.8. Observational Data on White Dwarfs.- 10.9. The Cooling and Age of White Dwarfs.- 11. Stellar Evolution, Supernovae, and Compact Objects.- 11.1. Introduction.- 11.2. The Evolution of Stars.- 11.3. The Dynamical Collapse.- 11.4. Some Numerical Results.- 11.5. Explosive Processes.- 11.6. Supernova 1987 A.- 12. Pulsars.- 12.1. Introduction.- 12.2. Distance from Dispersion Measure.- 12.3. Identification of Pulsars as Neutron Stars.- 12.4. The Energetics of Pulsar Emission.- 12.5. The Magnetic Field at the Pulsar Surface.- 12.6. The Age of Pulsars.- 12.7. Calculation of the Braking Index.- 12.8. The Nonvacuum Model.- 12.9. Observational Determination of Pulsar Masses.- 12.10. Cooling of Neutron Stars—Theory and Observation.- 12.11. The Influence of Superfluidity.- 12.12. The Influence of Pion Condensation.- 12.13. The Influence of Quarks.- 13. Spherically Symmetric Star Models.- 13.1. Introduction.- 13.2. The Tolman, Oppenheimer—Volkoff Equation.- 13.3. The Equation of State for Cold Catalyzed Matter.- 13.4. A Model of a Neutron Star and the Mass Limits.- 13.5. The Problems of the Upper Mass Limit of Neutron Stars.- 13.6. The Influence of Rotation, etc., on the Mass Limit.- 13.7. Note on the Stability of Compact Objects.- 14. Black Holes.- 14.1. Introduction.- 14.2. The No-Hair Theorem.- 14.3. The Laws of Black Hole Physics.- 14.4. Black Hole Thermodynamics.- 14.5. The Identification of a Black Hole—Cygnus X-1.- 14.6. The Possible Locale of the Occurrence of Black Holes.- 14.7. The Quasi-Steller Objects (Quasars).- 14.8. Gravitational Lens.- 15. Accretion onto Compact Objects.- 15.1. Introduction—Spherically Symmetric Accretion.- 15.2. Disk Accretion.- 15.3. Compact X-Ray Sources.- III. Cosmology.- 16. The Standard Cosmological Model.- 16.1. Introduction to the Friedmann Metric.- 16.2. Elementary Discussion of Standard Cosmology.- 16.3. The Observational Background of Cosmology.- 16.4. Summary.- 17. The Singularity Problem.- 17.1. Introduction.- 17.2. The Raychaudhuri Equation.- 17.3. The Meaning of Shear, Vorticity, and Expansion.- 17.4. An Elementary Singularity Theorem.- 17.5. The Gödel Universe.- 17.6. General Singularity Theorems.- 18. Thermal History of the Universe—Cosmological Nucleosynthesis.- 18.1. The Thermal History.- 18.2. Cosmological Nucleosynthesis.- 19. Structure Formation in the Universe.- 19.1. The Problem.- 19.2. The Linear Growth Formula.- 19.3. Finite Perturbation.- 19:4. Structure Formation with Dark Matter.- 20. Grand Unified Theory and Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking.- 20.1. Introduction.- 20.2. Gauge Fields.- 20.3. Weak Interaction.- 20.4. Strong Interaction and Grand Unification.- 20.5. Baryon Asymmetry and the Baryon/Photon Ratio.- 21. The Inflationary Scenario.- 21.1. Introduction.- 21.2. The Problems in Terms of Entropy.- 21.3. The Vacuum Energy—Stress Tensor and the de Sitter Phase.- 21.4. The Different Models of Inflation.- 21.5. A Critique of the Inflationary Models.- 21.6. Fluctuations in the Inflationary Models.- 22. Concluding Remarks.- Appendix. Differential Forms.- A.1. Introductory Ideas and Definitions.- A.2. Connection 1-Forms and Ricci Rotation Coefficients.- A.3. Cartan’s Equations of Structure.- A.4. Bianchi Identities and Symmetry Properties of the Riemann—Christoffel Tensor.- A.5. An Example of the Calculation of the Riemann—Christoffel Tensor.- References.

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