Geophysics Books

Book SynopsisThis book represents a significant contribution to the area of earthquake data processing and to the development of region-specific magnitude correlations to create an up-to-date homogeneous earthquake catalogue that is uniform in magnitude scale. The book discusses seismicity analysis and estimation of seismicity parameters of a region at both finer and broader levels using different methodologies. The delineation and characterization of regional seismic source zones which requires reasonable observation and engineering judgement is another subject covered. Considering the complex seismotectonic composition of a region, use of numerous methodologies (DSHA and PSHA) in analyzing the seismic hazard using appropriate instruments such as the logic tree will be elaborated to explicitly account for epistemic uncertainties considering alternative models (for Source model, Mmax estimation and Ground motion prediction equations) to estimate the PGA value at bedrock level. Further, VS30 charTable of ContentsIntroduction. Earthquake Data Processing and Seismicity Analysis. Seismic Source Modelling. Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis. Characterization of Regional Seismic Zones. Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis. Site Response and Liquefaction Analyses. References.

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Book SynopsisWe all know that safety should be an integral part of the systems that we build and operate. The public demands that they are protected from accidents, yet industry and government do not always know how to reach this common goal. This book gives engineers and managers working in companies and governments around the world a pragmatic and reasonable approach to system safety and risk assessment techniques. It explains in easy-to-understand language how to design workable safety management systems and implement tested solutions immediately.The book is intended for working engineers who know that they need to build safe systems, but aren't sure where to start. To make it easy to get started quickly, it includes numerous real-life engineering examples. The book's many practical tips and best practices explain not only how to prevent accidents, but also how to build safety into systems at a sensible price. The book also includes numerous case studies from real disasters that descriTrade Review"I found Nick’s chapters on Safety Management Systems and Government Regulations and Safety Oversight, to be very comprehensive, insightful and informative. As a practicing occupational health and safety regulator and a previous transport safety regulator, I will certainly keep Nick’s second edition on my book shelf as a ready reference, just as I do with his first edition."—Len Neist, Health & Safety Regulator, AustraliaTable of ContentsIntroduction. Definitions and Concepts. Safety Analysis in Engineering: How Is It Used?. Safety Management Systems. Hazard Analysis. Process Safety Analysis. Fault Tree Analysis. FMECA, Human Factors, and Software. Other Techniques. Data Sources and Training. Accident Reporting, Investigation, Documentation, and Communication. Government Regulations and Safety Oversight. Risk Assessment. Risk Evaluation.

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Book SynopsisA Financial Times Best Science Book of 2023 A scientist’s exploration of the "ocean engine"—the physics behind the ocean’s systems—and why it matters.Trade Review"Riveting.... The cultural history fascinates.... Wide-ranging and meticulously detailed, this captures the wonder, beauty, and intrigue of its subject." -- Publishers Weekly, starred review"The Blue Machine is a point of departure, a map for further exploration. Not since reading The Diversity of Life by E.O. Wilson have I read a book as timely, salient, and informative." -- Todd L. Capson - Science"[Czerski’s] profound, sparkling global ocean voyage mingles history and culture, natural history, geography, animals and people." -- Andrew Robinson - Nature"A beautifully written guide to the seas reveals the hidden complexity of their role in moving energy around the Earth.... A brisk tour of the oceans, like a sleek catamaran skipping over the waves. Deftly harnessing the trade winds of history and geography, guiding us through eddies and currents of anecdote, [Czerski] leaves us with an understanding of the complexity of the oceans." -- Tom Whipple - The Times (UK)"A dazzle of stories beautifully told.... Czerski argues throughout that to truly see the miraculous oceans, to understand and to feel our connection to them, is vital and integral to our history and our future. Her outstanding book advances that understanding and honours that connection. Her readers will see the seas anew." -- Horatio Clare - Telegraph (UK)"Lively and engrossing.... Czerski is an exceptionally able guide.... Alongside her vivid portrayal of waters sliding over one another, colliding, mixing and turning into ice or water vapour, she explains how the living beings within the sea also form part of the ‘blue machine’.... [An] excellent and important book." -- David Abulafia - Spectator"A spectacular read." -- Martin Chilton - The Independent (UK)"Czerski’s fascinating new book casts the ocean as an extraordinary giant engine, and helps us grasp its complex physics and its key role in climate change." -- Graham Lawton - New Scientist"Czerski aims to greatly expand and even revolutionise the reader’s understanding of what is going on in seven tenths of the planet that is not covered in land." -- Financial Times"Czerski is a wonderful writer.... a compelling and elegantly written story.... [The] Blue Machine really does change the way you see the world." -- Christopher Hart - Daily Mail"Helen Czerski, urging us to see the ocean as a presence, not an absence, has done a remarkable job of shoehorning an overview of the whole shebang into a single, very readable volume." -- Jon Turney - Arts Desk"I love Helen Czerski’s writing, and this is her richest work yet—as clear as springwater, yet as filled with fascinating things as the ocean itself." -- Sarah Bakewell, author of How to Live and Humanly Possible"In Helen Czerski's hands, the mechanical becomes magical. An instant classic." -- Tristan Gooley, author of How to Read Water: Clues and Patterns from Puddles to the Sea"Awash with fascinating facts. Helen Czerski writes with authority, passion, and an easy conversational style. You will want to be out there on the ice and ocean with her. I loved it." -- Hugh Aldersey-Williams, author of The Tide: The Science and Stories Behind the Greatest Force on Earth"The Blue Machine is quite simply one of the best books I have ever read. Helen Czerski is a consummate storyteller…In places you’ll drift serenely among corals or dense kelp forests, in others you’ll ride Atlantic breakers or fear for your life in a tropical storm…When you resurface, you will be bursting with enthusiasm and wonder and you’ll understand how the ocean works and more besides." -- Dr. George McGavin, zoologist, entomologist, and broadcaster"A fascinating dive into the essential engine that drives our world. Czerski brings the oceans alive with compelling stories that masterfully navigate this most complex system." -- Gaia Vince, author of Nomad Century: How Climate Migration Will Reshape Our World"In this captivating and urgently needed book, Helen Czerski weaves a wonderful, watery spell, entwining spectacular science with poetic awe as she expertly guides readers through the workings of a vast, unfamiliar world. Moving and thrilling, The Blue Machine tells us about the seas but also makes us care: an epic love story that captures the ocean’s beating heart." -- Jo Marchant, author of Cure and The Human Cosmos"Helen Czerski weaves together physics and biology, history and science, in a beautifully poetic way. Fascinating, funny, and deeply moving. From vast currents and tides to the smallest creatures that inhabit our oceans she reveals the spellbinding wonder of the oceans. From the opening paragraph, I was entranced." -- Professor Alice Roberts"A compelling read for science buffs and ocean enthusiasts." -- Kirkus Reviews

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Book SynopsisNuclear tests have caused public concern ever since the first such test was conducted, more than six decades ago. During the Cold War, however, con- tions were not conducive to discussing a complete ban on nuclear testing. It was not until 1993 that negotiations on such a treaty finally got under way. From then on, things moved relatively quickly: in 1996, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). To date, the Treaty has been signed by 178 states and ratified by 144, though it has yet to enter into force, as nine out of 44 Annex 2 states'', whose ratification is mandatory, have not heeded the call. Nevertheless, the CTBT verification system is already provisionally operational and has proven its effectiveness. We commend the CTBT organisation in Vienna for its successful efforts to build a verification network. This book is an excellent overview of the evolution of the CTBT and its verification regime. The authors are eminent scholarsTrade ReviewFrom the reviews:"Drawing from their experience, the authors provide a well-structured and comprehensive view of the CTBT, from the construction of nuclear devices to the promising first results of the monitoring system of the treaty. In an impeccable edition, the chapters are clearly divided into subsections, and numerous illustrations are used to clarify the arguments in the text."G. Suarez, EOS Newsletter, Vol. 91, No. 21, p. 193“The book focuses on the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty and the CTBT Organization (CTBTO) that runs the International Monitoring System (IMS) and the International Data Centre (IDC). The authors are experienced researchers with outstanding experience in seismic monitoring and who have helped to create what is now CTBTO. … seems very important to scientists dealing with seismic- or hydroacoustic, infrasound and radionuclide monitoring … .” (Pawel Wiejacz, Pure and Applied Geophysics, Vol. 167, 2010)“It is a solid reference edition concerning the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), International Nuclear Explosion Monitoring System (IMS) and Preparatory Commission of the CTBT Organization. … the authors produced a multilayered book in which one can distinguish several conceptual layers. … the text is supplied with a lot of photographs, maps and diagrams … . The structure of the book is designed to make good that thesis. … gives the reader a holistic view of the diplomatic struggle for the nuclear test ban.” (Alexey Fenenko, International Trends, Vol. 8 (3), September-December, 2010)Table of ContentsForeword Preface Chapter 1 To test or not to test… 1.1 Testing history - more than 2000 nuclear explosions 1. 2 Nuclear weapons – with and without testing 1. 3 Why a Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty? 1.4 Related nuclear arms control and disarmament treaties Chapter 2. Monitoring technologies 2.1 Nuclear explosions - detectable features 2.2 Detection, location and identification 2.3 Seismological monitoring 2.4 Hydroacoustic monitoring 2.5 Infrasound monitoring 2.6 Radionuclide monitoring 2.7 Detection from space 2.8 Enabling technologies Chapter 3 A long journey to a treaty 3.1 Past test ban initiatives 3.2 Group of Scientific Experts 3.3 The CTBT negotiations 1994 – 96 3.4 Critical issues during the negotiations 3.5 Reflections on the negotiations Chapter 4 The Treaty 4.1 The preamble 4.2 Basic obligations 4.3 The Organization 4.4 Verification 4.5 National implementation measures 4.6 Entry into force 4.7 Reflections Chapter 5 The birth of an organization 5.1 The mandate of the CTBTO Preparatory Commission 5.2 Preparations for the first session of the CTBTO Preparatory Commission 5.3 The first session of the CTBTO Preparatory Commission 5.4 The initial enthusiasm 5.5 The early challenges Chapter 6 Establishing the verification regime 6.1 A complex monitoring system in a political environment 6.2 Building the monitoring system - a gradual but slow process 6.3 Some specific IMS issues 6.4 On-site inspections a politicized issue on a slow path Chapter 7 Testing shows high performance 7.1 Frombuilding to testing 7.2 Global tests show high performance of IMS/IDC 7.3 Exercises also get OSI on the move Chapter 8 National technical implementation of the CTBT 8.1 National commitments 8.2 National institutions play key roles in the global verification system 8.3 Basis for national interpretation 8.4 Regional cooperation 8.5 An assessment of the status of national technical implementation Chapter 9 The CTBTO Preparatory Commission and the PTS - an organizational perspective 9.1 The Policy Making Organs 9.2 Provisional Technical Secretariat (PTS) 9.3 Changing the guard Chapter 10 The CTBTO Preparatory Commission and the world 10.1 States Signatories, the CTBTO Preparatory Commission and the PTS 10.2 The CTBTO Preparatory Commission and international organizations 10.3 Synergy with science 10.4 The CTBT - hostage to today’s politics Chapter 11 Always too early to give up 11.1 Finally a CTBT - and then? A political perspective 11.2 Most complex verification system ever - a scientific perspective 11.3 Challenge to establish a technical organization in a political environment - a managerial perspective 11.4 Bringing the CTBT back on track 11.5 A new security agenda Annex 1 Annex 2 Abbreviations and acronyms References

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Book SynopsisThe third edition of this widely acclaimed textbook provides a comprehensive introduction to all aspects of global tectonics, and includes major revisions to reflect the most significant recent advances in the field. A fully revised third edition of this highly acclaimed text written by eminent authors including one of the pioneers of plate tectonic theory Major revisions to this new edition reflect the most significant recent advances in the field, including new and expanded chapters on Precambrian tectonics and the supercontinent cycle and the implications of plate tectonics for environmental change Combines a historical approach with process science to provide a careful balance between geological and geophysical material in both continental and oceanic regimes Dedicated website available atwww.blackwellpublishing.com/kearey/ Trade Review"Many readers will be familiar with this excellent textbook . . . The subject coverage is more comprehensive than in previous editions with many of the processes and concepts being illustrated with case studies drawn from the recent literature. " (Mar Geophys Res, 2009) "A massive list of mostly critical references cites the most important works the world over." (CHOICE, November 2009)"An excellent in‑depth overview on one of the most revo­lutionary topics in the earth sciences. … Not only clear and comprehensive, but also pleasant to read. It is a highly recommended must‑have on the bookshelves of earth scien­tists for some time to come." (Geologos, December 2009) "Global Tectonics will find its place in all well equipped libraries and a personal copy will be of use for any geoscientist who needs a comprehensive overview." (Surveys in Geophysics, September 2009) "This textbook provides a comprehensive overview of the field of global tectonics. Because the field has changed significantly since the last edition was published, the majority of text and figures in the third edition are new." (Book News, September 2009)Table of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgments x The geologic timescale and stratigraphic column xi 1 Historical perspective 1 1.1 Continental drift 2 1.2 Sea floor spreading and the birth of plate tectonics 6 1.3 Geosynclinal theory 7 1.4 Impact of plate tectonics 8 2 The interior of the Earth 9 2.1 Earthquake seismology 10 2.1.1 Introduction 10 2.1.2 Earthquake descriptors 10 2.1.3 Seismic waves 10 2.1.4 Earthquake location 11 2.1.5 Mechanism of earthquakes 12 2.1.6 Focal mechanism solutions of earthquakes 12 2.1.7 Ambiguity in focal mechanism solutions 14 2.1.8 Seismic tomography 17 2.2 Velocity structure of the Earth 19 2.3 Composition of the Earth 21 2.4 The crust 22 2.4.1 The continental crust 22 2.4.2 Upper continental crust 23 2.4.3 Middle and lower continental crust 23 2.4.4 The oceanic crust 24 2.4.5 Oceanic layer 1 24 2.4.6 Oceanic layer 2 25 2.4.7 Oceanic layer 3 26 2.5 Ophiolites 27 2.6 Metamorphism of oceanic crust 28 2.7 Differences between continental and oceanic crust 29 2.8 The mantle 30 2.8.1 Introduction 30 2.8.2 Seismic structure of the mantle 30 2.8.3 Mantle composition 31 2.8.4 The mantle low velocity zone 31 2.8.5 The mantle transition zone 32 2.8.6 The lower mantle 32 2.9 The core 33 2.10 Rheology of the crust and mantle 33 2.10.1 Introduction 33 2.10.2 Brittle deformation 34 2.10.3 Ductile deformation 36 2.10.4 Lithospheric strength profiles 37 2.10.5 Measuring continental deformation 39 2.10.6 Deformation in the mantle 41 2.11 Isostasy 42 2.11.1 Introduction 42 2.11.2 Airy’s hypothesis 43 2.11.3 Pratt’s hypothesis 43 2.11.4 Flexure of the lithosphere 44 2.11.5 Isostatic rebound 45 2.11.6 Tests of isostasy 46 2.12 Lithosphere and asthenosphere 48 2.13 Terrestrial heat flow 51 3 Continental drift 54 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 Continental reconstructions 55 3.2.1 Euler’s theorem 55 3.2.2 Geometric reconstructions of continents 55 3.2.3 The reconstruction of continents around the Atlantic 56 3.2.4 The reconstruction of Gondwana 57 3.3 Geologic evidence for continental drift 58 3.4 Paleoclimatology 60 3.5 Paleontologic evidence for continental drift 61 3.6 Paleomagnetism 64 3.6.1 Introduction 64 3.6.2 Rock magnetism 64 3.6.3 Natural remanent magnetization 65 3.6.4 The past and present geomagnetic field 66 3.6.5 Apparent polar wander curves 67 3.6.6 Paleogeographic reconstructions based on paleomagnetism 68 4 Sea floor spreading and transform faults 72 4.1 Sea floor spreading 73 4.1.1 Introduction 73 4.1.2 Marine magnetic anomalies 73 4.1.3 Geomagnetic reversals 74 4.1.4 Sea floor spreading 77 4.1.5 The Vine–Matthews hypothesis 78 4.1.6 Magnetostratigraphy 79 4.1.7 Dating the ocean floor 84 4.2 Transform faults 84 4.2.1 Introduction 84 4.2.2 Ridge–ridge transform faults 88 4.2.3 Ridge jumps and transform fault offsets 89 5 The framework of plate tectonics 91 5.1 Plates and plate margins 92 5.2 Distribution of earthquakes 92 5.3 Relative plate motions 94 5.4 Absolute plate motions 97 5.5 Hotspots 99 5.6 True polar wander 103 5.7 Cretaceous superplume 106 5.8 Direct measurement of relative plate motions 107 5.9 Finite plate motions 110 5.10 Stability of triple junctions 113 5.11 Present day triple junctions 120 6 Ocean ridges 121 6.1 Ocean ridge topography 122 6.2 Broad structure of the upper mantle below ridges 125 6.3 Origin of anomalous upper mantle beneath ridges 127 6.4 Depth–age relationship of oceanic lithosphere 128 6.5 Heat flow and hydrothermal circulation 129 6.6 Seismic evidence for an axial magma chamber 131 6.7 Along-axis segmentation of oceanic ridges 133 6.8 Petrology of ocean ridges 140 6.9 Shallow structure of the axial region 141 6.10 Origin of the oceanic crust 142 6.11 Propagating rifts and microplates 145 6.12 Oceanic fracture zones 148 7 Continental rifts and rifted margins 152 7.1 Introduction 153 7.2 General characteristics of narrow rifts 155 7.3 General characteristics of wide rifts 162 7.4 Volcanic activity 169 7.4.1 Large igneous provinces 169 7.4.2 Petrogenesis of rift rocks 172 7.4.3 Mantle upwelling beneath rifts 175 7.5 Rift initiation 176 7.6 Strain localization and delocalization processes 178 7.6.1 Introduction 178 7.6.2 Lithospheric stretching 179 7.6.3 Buoyancy forces and lower crustal flow 181 7.6.4 Lithospheric flexure 183 7.6.5 Strain-induced weakening 184 7.6.6 Rheological stratification of the lithosphere 188 7.6.7 Magma-assisted rifting 192 7.7 Rifted continental margins 193 7.7.1 Volcanic margins 193 7.7.2 Nonvolcanic margins 196 7.7.3 The evolution of rifted margins 198 7.8 Case studies: the transition from rift to rifted margin 202 7.8.1 The East African Rift system 202 7.8.2 The Woodlark Rift 204 7.9 The Wilson cycle 208 8 Continental transforms and strike-slip faults 210 8.1 Introduction 211 8.2 Fault styles and physiography 211 8.3 The deep structure of continental transforms 224 8.3.1 The Dead Sea Transform 224 8.3.2 The San Andreas Fault 224 8.3.3 The Alpine Fault 228 8.4 Transform continental margins 230 8.5 Continuous versus discontinuous deformation 232 8.5.1 Introduction 232 8.5.2 Relative plate motions and surface velocity fields 233 8.5.3 Model sensitivities 236 8.6 Strain localization and delocalization mechanisms 239 8.6.1 Introduction 239 8.6.2 Lithospheric heterogeneity 239 8.6.3 Strain-softening feedbacks 242 8.7 Measuring the strength of transforms 246 9 Subduction zones 249 9.1 Ocean trenches 250 9.2 General morphology of island arc systems 251 9.3 Gravity anomalies of subduction zones 252 9.4 Structure of subduction zones from earthquakes 252 9.5 Thermal structure of the downgoing slab 259 9.6 Variations in subduction zone characteristics 262 9.7 Accretionary prisms 264 9.8 Volcanic and plutonic activity 271 9.9 Metamorphism at convergent margins 275 9.10 Backarc basins 279 10 Orogenic belts 286 10.1 Introduction 287 10.2 Ocean–continent convergence 287 10.2.1 Introduction 287 10.2.2 Seismicity, plate motions, and subduction geometry 289 10.2.3 General geology of the central and southern Andes 291 10.2.4 Deep structure of the central Andes 294 10.2.5 Mechanisms of noncollisional orogenesis 297 10.3 Compressional sedimentary basins 302 10.3.1 Introduction 302 10.3.2 Foreland basins 302 10.3.3 Basin inversion 303 10.3.4 Modes of shortening in foreland fold-thrust belts 304 10.4 Continent–continent collision 306 10.4.1 Introduction 306 10.4.2 Relative plate motions and collisional history 306 10.4.3 Surface velocity fields and seismicity 309 10.4.4 General geology of the Himalaya and Tibetan Plateau 312 10.4.5 Deep structure 316 10.4.6 Mechanisms of continental collision 318 10.5 Arc–continent collision 330 10.6 Terrane accretion and continental growth 332 10.6.1 Terrane analysis 332 10.6.2 Structure of accretionary orogens 336 10.6.3 Mechanisms of terrane accretion 342 11 Precambrian tectonics and the supercontinent cycle 346 11.1 Introduction 347 11.2 Precambrian heat flow 347 11.3 Archean tectonics 349 11.3.1 General characteristics of cratonic mantle lithosphere 349 11.3.2 General geology of Archean cratons 350 11.3.3 The formation of Archean lithosphere 351 11.3.4 Crustal structure 355 11.3.5 Horizontal and vertical tectonics 358 11.4 Proterozoic tectonics 361 11.4.1 General geology of Proterozoic crust 361 11.4.2 Continental growth and craton stabilization 363 11.4.3 Proterozoic plate tectonics 364 11.5 The supercontinent cycle 370 11.5.1 Introduction 370 11.5.2 Pre-Mesozoic reconstructions 370 11.5.3 A Late Proterozoic supercontinent 370 11.5.4 Earlier supercontinents 373 11.5.5 Gondwana–Pangea assembly and dispersal 374 12 The mechanism of plate tectonics 379 12.1 Introduction 380 12.2 Contracting Earth hypothesis 380 12.3 Expanding Earth hypothesis 380 12.3.1 Calculation of the ancient moment of inertia of the Earth 381 12.3.2 Calculation of the ancient radius of the Earth 382 12.4 Implications of heat flow 382 12.5 Convection in the mantle 384 12.5.1 The convection process 384 12.5.2 Feasibility of mantle convection 386 12.5.3 The vertical extent of convection 387 12.6 The forces acting on plates 388 12.7 Driving mechanism of plate tectonics 390 12.7.1 Mantle drag mechanism 391 12.7.2 Edge-force mechanism 391 12.8 Evidence for convection in the mantle 393 12.8.1 Introduction 393 12.8.2 Seismic tomography 393 12.8.3 Superswells 394 12.8.4 The D” layer 395 12.9 The nature of convection in the mantle 396 12.10 Plumes 399 12.11 The mechanism of the supercontinent cycle 401 13 Implications of plate tectonics 404 13.1 Environmental change 405 13.1.1 Changes in sea level and sea water chemistry 405 13.1.2 Changes in oceanic circulation and the Earth’s climate 406 13.1.3 Land areas and climate 411 13.2 Economic geology 412 13.2.1 Introduction 412 13.2.2 Autochthonous and allochthonous mineral deposits 413 13.2.3 Deposits of sedimentary basins 420 13.2.4 Deposits related to climate 421 13.2.5 Geothermal power 422 13.3 Natural hazards 422 Review questions 424 References 428 Index 463

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Book SynopsisA wide-ranging compilation of techniques, Extrapolation Practice for Ecotoxicological Effect Characterization of Chemicals describes methods of extrapolation in the framework of ecological risk assessment. The book, informally known as EXPECT, identifies data needs and situations where these extrapolations can be most usefully applied, making it a practical guide to the application of extrapolation procedures. It focuses on the extrapolation of chemical effects and covers the extrapolation of exposures in the context of interactions between toxicants and the matrix.Table of ContentsExtrapolation in the Context of Criteria Setting and Risk Assessment. Matrix and Media Extrapolation. (Q)SAR and Extrapolation. Extrapolation of Effects Measures Across Levels of Biological Organization in Ecological Risk Assessment. Mixture Extrapolation Approaches. Temporal Extrapolation en Ecological Effect Assessment of Chemicals. Spatial Extrapolation in ecological Effect Assessment of Chemicals. Guidance on the Application of Extrapolation Methods in Ecological Exposure and Effects Characterization of Chemicals. Conclusions. Glossary.

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Book SynopsisThe first book dedicated to describing the hydrology of water flow in lake systems, geared for limnologists and students of hydrology. With fresh water becoming a critical issue around the world, lake mass balancethe hydrology or water movement in lakesis increasingly important to environmental studies and remediation projects. Unfortunately, lake hydrology is often only briefly covered in broader texts on hydrogeology and hydrology or is confined to specialized research papers. Lake Hydrology rigorously describes the hydrology of flow into and out of lake systems. Explaining the physical parameters that influence lake behavior, as well as the mathematics that describes these systems, this in-depth book fills an important niche in the literature of watershed science. This text describes the physical structure and nature of drainage basins and explains the origin and classification of lakes explores the hydrology of lake mass balance and storage as it pertains to lake stage, groundwatTable of ContentsPreface AcknowledgmentsChapter 1. Introduction1.1. Limnology1.2. Dimensions, Units, Measurements, and Mathematical Conventions1.3. Dimensional Analysis1.4. Spatial Coordinates1.5. Mathematics and StatisticsChapter 2. Water and the Hydrologic Cycle2.1. Water and Its Properties2.2. The Hydrologic Cycle2.3. Mass Balance of WaterChapter 3. Drainage Basins, Lentic Systems, Lake Morphometry, and Lake Volume3.1. Drainage Basins3.2. Lentic Systems3.3. Solar Radiation3.4. Lake Morphometry3.5. Lake Volume or StorageCase Study 3.1. City of Winters, Texas, Elm Creek Dam and Reservoir3.6. SummaryChapter 4. Evapotranspiration4.1. Introduction4.2. Evaporation4.3. Transpiration4.3.1. Xylem Transport4.4. Molecular Movement of Water4.5. Estimates of Evapotranspiration4.6. SummaryChapter 5. Rainfall and Surface Flow to Lakes5.1. Introduction5.2. Precipitation5.3. Measuring PrecipitationCase Study 5.1. Hastings, Nebraska, Isohyetal MapCase Study 5.2. Hastings, Nebraska, Thiessen PolygonCase Study 5.3. Stanley River Catchment, Queensland, Australia5.4. Presentation of Rainfall DataChapter 6. Stormwater Flow6.1. Introduction6.2. Variable Source Areas6.3. Storm Runoff and Baseflow6.4. Separation of Baseflow and QuickflowCase Study 6.1. Little Bighorn River Groundwater RechargeCase Study 6.2. Indirect Groundwater Discharge to the Great Lakes Using Hydrograph Separation6.5. Losses 6.6. Urban Runoff and Consumptive UseCase Study 6.3. Impacts of Water Development on Great Salt Lake and the Wasatch Front6.6.3. Implications6.7. SummaryChapter 7: Methods for Estimating Storm Runoff7.1. Introduction7.2. Characterizing Rainfall Events7.3. Runoff Models for Small- to Medium-Sized CatchmentsCase Study 7.1. Stormwater Runoff Assessment Using Rational MethodCase Study 7.2. Stormwater Runoff Assessment Using Soil Conservation Service Method7.4. Hydrographs7.6. SummaryChapter 8. Streamflow to Lakes8.1. Introduction8.2. Velocity Distribution and Uniform Flow within Stream Channels8.3. Calculating Channel Flow8.4. Streamflow Hydrographs and Field Measurements for Determining StreamflowChapter 9. Groundwater Flow9.1. Introduction9.2. Groundwater Systems9.3. Groundwater Hydraulics9.4. Fluids in Motion: Laminar and Turbulent Flow9.5. Molecular Attraction, Fluid Viscosity, Friction, Head Loss, and Laminar Flow9.6. Darcy's Law9.7. Hydraulic Head and Hubbert's Classic Treatise on Fluid Potential9.8. Head Loss9.9. Hydraulic Properties of a Porous Medium9.10. Continuum Concept and Representative Elementary Volume9.11. Hydraulic Gradients, Boundary-Value Problem, and Direction of Flow9.12. Field Mapping Equipotential Lines and Flow Nets9.13. SummaryChapter 10. Lake Seepage10.1. Introduction10.2. General Lake-Groundwater Interactions10.3. Determining Seepage10.4. Seepage and Average Linear Velocity10.5. Construction and Placement of Seepage MetersCase Study 10.1. Methods for Measuring Hydraulic Conductivity at Lake Jackson, Leon County, Florida10.6. Lake Bottom and Hydraulic Conductivity HeterogeneitiesCase Study 10.2. Hypsometric Effects and Lake Bottom Hydraulic Conductivity Modeling of Lake Jackson, Leon County, Florida10.7. Ecological Indicators of Lake Seepage10.8. SummaryChapter 11. An Overview of Lake Hydrology Modeling, Lake Mass Balance, and Hypsometry11.1. Systems11.2. Model Process11.3. Model TypesCase Study 11.1. Lake Mass Balance and HypsometryCase Study 11.2. Numerical Simulation Analyses of Lake-Groundwater InteractionCase Study 11.3: Polynomial Regression Seepage Model of Lake Jackson, Leon County, FloridaCase Study 11.4. Seepage Modeling of Lake Jackson, Leon County, Florida11.4. Development of a Model11.5. Model Selection, Validation, Calibration, and Documentation11.6. SummaryAppendixReferencesIndex

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Book SynopsisIn the last decade and a half, great progress has been made in the development of concepts and models for mixture toxicity, both in human and environmental toxicology. However, due to their different protection goals, developments have often progressed in parallel but with little integration. Arguably the first book to clearly link ecotoxicology and classic human toxicology, Mixture Toxicity: Linking Approaches from Ecological and Human Toxicology incorporates extensive reviews of exposure to toxicants, toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics, toxicity of mixtures, and risk assessment.The book examines developments in both fields, compares and contrasts their current state of the art, and identifies where one field can learn from the other. Each chapter provides an essential overview of the state of the art in both human and ecotoxicological mixture risk assessment, focusing on the work published in the last fifteen years. The coverage progresses from exposuTable of ContentsExposure. Introduction. Emission Scenarios. Interactions Affecting Availability and Exposure to Chemical Mixtures. Environmental Fate Modeling. Exposure Scenarios and Monitoring. Summary and Conclusions. Toxicokinetics and Toxicodynamics. Introduction. Fundamental Principles. Toxicokinetics. Toxicodynamics. Toxicity from Combined Exposure to Chemicals. Introduction. Approaches to Mixture Effect Assessment. Mechanisms and mixture effects. The predictability of mixture effects – a brief review. Defining Determinants of Synergistic Mixture Effects. Mixture Effects at Low Levels. What About the Real World? Test Design, Mixture Characterization and Data Evaluation. Introduction. Testing Aims. Concentration Addition and Independent Action: Empirical Modeling. Technical Issues and Pitfalls. Component-Based Approaches, Test Designs and Methods. Whole Mixture Approaches, Test Designs and Methods. Case Studies. Risk Assessment. Introduction. Typical Features of Mixture Assessment. State of the Art in Mixture Assessment. Conceptual Framework for Human and Ecological Risk Assessment of Mixtures. Issues in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment of Mixtures. Appendix. Glossary.

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Book SynopsisCutting across traditional subject boundaries, Principles of Ecotoxicology, Fourth Edition gives readers an integrated view of ecotoxicology, from molecules to ecosystems. This new edition of a bestselling textbook continues to emphasize principles rather than practice, providing the interdisciplinary perspective and grounding required for research. Organized into three sections, the book first describes the molecular structures, properties, and environmental fate of pollutants. It then deals with the effects of pollutants on living organisms at the molecular, cellular, and individual levels. Moving into population biology and population genetics, the third part of the book addresses a question of great interest to ecologists: What effects do pollutants have at the levels of population, community, and the whole ecosystem? The book also looks at how ecotoxicology is used in the biomonitoring of environmental pollution, the investigation of pollution proTrade ReviewAn excellent fresh edition to one of the best ecotoxicology textbooks. Authored by some of the best scientists in the field, it deserves a place on the bookshelf of any serious environmental scientist.—Michael C. Newman, College of William & Mary – Virginia Institute of Marine Science, USAPraise for Previous EditionsKeeping the focus on principles over practice is what has made each incarnation of this book a bestseller. The third edition follows this central theme while bringing the text up to date and strengthening coverage in areas that have come to the forefront of the field. …With updates to every chapter, the text provides essential information in an easy to use format.—International Pest Control, Vol. 48 (2), March/AprilThe book is quite extensive in content and length….the authors continue to assist us in understanding the integration of this new knowledge by focusing on the 'principles' of the science.—Lee R. Shugart in Ecotoxicology, Vol. 16 (483), 2007…its aim is to provide a wide-ranging, concise and readable introduction to ecotoxicology that will encourages student to want to learn more about the field…continues to succeed.—David Spurgeon in The British Toxicology Society Newsletter, Winter 2006The coauthorship is advantageous in that it ensures that all topics are addressed by an expert, but the style is consistent and the content is integrated in a way that texts assembled by editors cannot achieve.—Glenn Suter in SETAC Globe, July-August 2001To say that ecotoxicology is a multidisciplinary subject is an understatement. This text attempts a comprehensive survey of all of these aspects. It succeeds admirably.—Dr. J.W. Daniel in Chemistry & Industry, March 5, 2001The authors used their outstanding interdisciplinary experience to describe the progression from chemical analysis of environmental pollutants to their effects at the levels of the individual, population, community and, ultimately, ecosystem. Using appropriate examples and relevant case studies, they have made ecotoxicology more accessible to any person who is concerned with environmental changes induced by pollution.—Dr. Laurent Lagadic in Ecotoxicology, Vol. 10 (6), 2001This is, by any standards, an outstanding book, written by a chemist, a mathematician and a zoologist, who have achieved their aim in producing a truly interdisciplinary approach across the full spectrum of topics, from molecules to ecosystems….This book will certainly succeed in serving its primary purpose—providing a textbook for students, which covers the principles of ecotoxicology with a broad approach, cutting across traditional subject boundaries.—Michael Balls in ATLA, 1996Table of ContentsIntroduction. Pollutants and Their Fate in Ecosystems: Major Classes of Pollutants. Routes by Which Pollutants Enter Ecosystems. Long-Range Movements and Global Transport of Pollutants. The Fate of Metals and Radioactive Isotopes in Contaminated Ecosystems. Fates of Organic Pollutants in Individuals and in Ecosystems. Effects of Pollutants on Individual Organisms: Testing for Ecotoxicity. Biochemical Effects of Pollutants. Physiological Effects of Pollutants. Interactive Effects of Pollutants. Biomarkers. In Situ Biological Monitoring. Effects of Pollutants on Populations and Communities: Changes in Numbers: Population Dynamics. Evolution of Resistance to Pollution. Changes in Communities and Ecosystems. Extrapolating from Molecular Interactions to Consequent Effects at Population Level. Biomarkers in Population Studies. Ecotoxicology: Looking to the Future. Glossary. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisHead waves – also called refraction arrivals, lateral waves, or conical waves – have been used extensively in near-earthquake studies, geophysical prospecting, and deep-crustal seismological investigations. In the past, research was confined largely to the kinematic characteristics of the waves, but emphasis is now being given to the dynamic characteristics: amplitudes, spectra, and wave forms. In the last fifteen years, several new mathematical and computational techniques have been developed to study these waves.This is an advanced, technical book presenting a consistent theory of head waves, using methods developed in the famous Leningrad school under G.I. Petrashen and his colleagues. It proceeds from a consideration of the simplest problem of one interface to a study of the situation in which there are many interfaces (some of which may not be plane or parallel to one another) and the material between the interfaces is not necessarily homogenous. The method i

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Book Synopsis1 Finding Your Way Around the Sky.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Constellations.- 1.3 Star Hopping.- 1.4 Positions in the Sky.- 1.5 Star Charts and Other Helpful Items.- 2 Your Telescope and How to get the Best Out of It.- 2.1 Telescope Designs.- 2.2 Eyepieces.- 2.3 Collimation.- 2.4 Mountings.- 2.5 Optics.- 2.6 Cleaning and Aluminising.- 2.7 Dewing-up.- 2.8 Observing Techniques.- 2.9 Twinkling.- 2.10 Finder Charts.- 2.11 Keeping a Log Book.- 2.12 Discoveries.- 3 The Sun.- 3.1 Warning.- 3.2 Observing the Sun.- 3.3 Solar Observing Programmes.- 3.4 More Advanced Work.- 4 The Moon.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Naked-eye Work and Binoculars.- 4.3 The Moon through the Telescope.- 4.4 An Optimum Telescope for Lunar Work.- 4.5 More Advanced Investigations.- 5 The Planets and Minor Solar System Objects.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn.- 5.3 Uranus, Neptune, Pluto and the Asteroids.- 6 Comets.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Cometary Orbits.- 6.3 The Structure of Comets.- 6.4 Origins.- 6.5 Famous Comets.- 6.6 Nomenclature of Comets.- 6.7 Observing Comets.- 7 Stars.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Brightness.- 7.3 Variable Stars.- 7.4 Visual Double and Binary Stars.- 7.5 Star Clusters.- 8 Nebulae.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Gas and Dust Clouds.- 8.3 Dark Nebulae.- 8.4 Reflection Nebulae.- 8.5 Emission Nebulae.- 8.6 Supernova Remnants.- 8.7 Planetary Nebulae.- 9 Galaxies.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Spiral Galaxies.- 9.3 Elliptical Galaxies.- 9.4 Irregular Galaxies.- 9.5 Quasars, Seyfert Galaxies and Other Active Galaxies.- 10 Unaided Observations.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 The Moon.- 10.3 The Sun.- 10.4 Meteors.- 10.5 The Milky Way, the Zodiacal Light and Aurorae.- 10.6 Comets and Planets.- 10.7 Spacecraft.- 10.8 UFOs.- 11 Advanced Work.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Nebular and Light-pollution Filters.- 11.3 Colour Filters.- 11.4 Photography with Your Telescope.- 11.5 CCDs.- 11.6 Photometry.- 11.7 Occultations.- 11.8 Computers in Astronomy.- 11.9 Spectroscopy.- Appendix 1: Astronomical Societies.- Appendix 2: Bibliography.- Appendix 3: Messier and Caldwell Catalogues.- Appendix 4: A Selection of Choice Astronomical Objects for Viewing.- Appendix 5: The Greek Alphabet.- Appendix 6: Constellations.- Appendix 7: Useful World-Wide-Web and Internet Addresses.- Appendix 8: Terminology.Table of Contents1 Finding Your Way Around the Sky.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Constellations.- 1.2.1 Getting Started.- 1.2.2 Moving Onwards.- 1.3 Star Hopping.- 1.4 Positions in the Sky.- 1.5 Star Charts and Other Helpful Items.- 2 Your Telescope and How to get the Best Out of It.- 2.1 Telescope Designs.- 2.1.1 The Refractor.- 2.1.2 The Newtonian Reflector.- 2.1.3 The Cassegrain Reflector.- 2.1.4 The Schmidt-Cassegrain Telescope.- 2.2 Eyepieces.- 2.2.1 Magnification.- 2.2.2 Other Properties of Eyepieces.- 2.2.3 Choosing an Eyepiece.- 2.3 Collimation.- 2.4 Mountings.- 2.4.1 The Equatorial Mounting.- 2.4.2 The Alt-Azimuth Mounting.- 2.5 Optics.- 2.5.1 Light Grasp.- 2.5.2 Resolution.- 2.6 Cleaning and Aluminising.- 2.7 Dewing-up.- 2.8 Observing Techniques.- 2.8.1 Dark Adaption.- 2.8.2 Averted Vision.- 2.8.3 Seeing.- 2.8.4 Finding.- 2.8.5 Guiding.- 2.8.6 Apodisation.- 2.9 Twinkling.- 2.10 Finder Charts.- 2.11 Keeping a Log Book.- 2.12 Discoveries.- 3 The Sun.- 3.1 Warning.- 3.2 Observing the Sun.- 3.2.1 Stopping-down.- 3.2.2 Eyepiece Projection.- 3.2.3 Full-aperture Filters.- 3.2.4 Solar Diagonals.- 3.2.5 Finding the Sun.- 3.3 Solar Observing Programmes.- 3.4 More Advanced Work.- 3.4.1 The Prominence Spectroscope.- 3.4.2 The H-? Filter.- 3.4.3 The Spectrohelioscope.- 3.4.4 The Coronagraph.- 3.4.5 Solar Spectroscopy.- 4 The Moon.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Naked-eye Work and Binoculars.- 4.3 The Moon through the Telescope.- 4.4 An Optimum Telescope for Lunar Work.- 4.5 More Advanced Investigations.- 5 The Planets and Minor Solar System Objects.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn.- 5.2.1 Mercury.- 5.2.2 Venus.- 5.2.3 Mars.- 5.2.4 Jupiter.- 5.2.5 Saturn.- 5.3 Uranus, Neptune, Pluto and the Asteroids.- 6 Comets.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Cometary Orbits.- 6.2.1 Long-period Comets.- 6.2.2 Short-period Comets.- 6.2.3 Orbital Inclinations.- 6.3 The Structure of Comets.- 6.3.1 Composition.- 6.3.2 Coma and Tail.- 6.3.3 The View from Earth.- 6.4 Origins.- 6.5 Famous Comets.- 6.5.1 Halley’s Comet.- 6.5.2 Kohoutek’s Comet.- 6.5.3 Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9.- 6.6 Nomenclature of Comets.- 6.7 Observing Comets.- 6.7.1 Observing Information.- 6.7.2 What You Can Observe.- 6.7.3 Discovering Comets.- 7 Stars.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Brightness.- 7.2.1 Magnitudes.- 7.2.2 Estimating Visual Magnitudes.- 7.3 Variable Stars.- 7.3.1 Observing Variable Stars.- 7.3.2 Types of Variable Star.- 7.4 Visual Double and Binary Stars.- 7.5 Star Clusters.- 7.5.1 Galactic Clusters.- 7.5.2 Globular Clusters.- 8 Nebulae.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Gas and Dust Clouds.- 8.3 Dark Nebulae.- 8.3.1 Introduction.- 8.3.2 Nebulae.- 8.4 Reflection Nebulae.- 8.4.1 Introduction.- 8.4.2 Nebulae.- 8.5 Emission Nebulae.- 8.5.1 Introduction.- 8.5.2 The Spectra of Emission Nebulae and Planetary Nebulae.- 8.5.3 Nebulae.- 8.6 Supernova Remnants.- 8.6.1 Introduction.- 8.6.2 Nebulae.- 8.7 Planetary Nebulae.- 8.7.1 Introduction.- 8.7.2 Nebulae.- 9 Galaxies.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Spiral Galaxies.- 9.2.1 Observing Spiral Galaxies.- 9.3 Elliptical Galaxies.- 9.4 Irregular Galaxies.- 9.5 Quasars, Seyfert Galaxies and Other Active Galaxies.- 10 Unaided Observations.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 The Moon.- 10.3 The Sun.- 10.4 Meteors.- 10.5 The Milky Way, the Zodiacal Light and Aurorae.- 10.6 Comets and Planets.- 10.7 Spacecraft.- 10.8 UFOs.- 11 Advanced Work.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Nebular and Light-pollution Filters.- 11.2.1 Introduction.- 11.2.2 Nebular Filters.- 11.2.3 Light-pollution Filters.- 11.2.4 Comet Filters.- 11.2.5 Practical Considerations.- 11.3 Colour Filters.- 11.3.1 Introduction.- 11.3.2 Types and Fittings.- 11.3.3 Planetary Observations.- 11.3.4 Imaging.- 11.3.5 Tri-colour Imaging.- 11.4 Photography with Your Telescope.- 11.4.1 Introduction.- 11.4.2 Piggyback Photography.- 11.4.3 Cameras for Telescopes.- 11.4.4 Focal Plane Photography through the Telescope.- 11.4.5 Using Telecompressors.- 11.4.6 Use of a Tele-extender for Eyepiece Projection.- 11.4.7 Guiding.- 11.4.8 Choice of Film and Processing.- 11.4.9 Projects.- 11.5 CCDs.- 11.5.1 Introduction.- 11.5.2 Camcorders.- 11.5.3 Purpose-designed CCD Cameras.- 11.5.4 CCD Chips.- 11.5.5 Sensitivity to Light.- 11.5.6 Astrometric Measurements.- 11.6 Photometry.- 11.6.1 Introduction.- 11.6.2 Photographic Photometry.- 11.6.3 Photometers.- 11.6.4 Filter Sets.- 11.6.5 CCD Photometry.- 11.6.6 Observing Projects.- 11.7 Occultations.- 11.7.1 Introduction.- 11.7.2 Lunar Occultations.- 11.7.3 Asteroid Occultations.- 11.7.4 Satellite Eclipses and Mutual Events.- 11.8 Computers in Astronomy.- 11.8.1 Introduction.- 11.8.2 Choice of Computer.- 11.8.3 “Planetarium” Programs.- 11.8.4 Databases.- 11.8.5 Ephemerides.- 11.8.6 Images and Image Processing.- 11.8.7 Data Processing.- 11.8.8 The Internet.- 11.9 Spectroscopy.- 11.9.1 Introduction.- 11.9.2 Objective Prisms.- 11.9.3 The Direct Vision Spectrograph.- 11.9.4 Slit Spectrographs.- 11.9.5 Observing Projects in Spectroscopy.- Appendix 1: Astronomical Societies.- Appendix 2: Bibliography.- Appendix 3: Messier and Caldwell Catalogues.- Appendix 4: A Selection of Choice Astronomical Objects for Viewing.- Appendix 5: The Greek Alphabet.- Appendix 6: Constellations.- Appendix 7: Useful World-Wide-Web and Internet Addresses.- Appendix 8: Terminology.

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Book Synopsis''AN ORIGINAL AND TIMELY ODYSSEY INTO OUR MYSTERIOUS UNDERWORLD . . . THRILLING PROOF THAT SCIENCE AND IMAGINATION SHARE THE GROUND BENEATH OUR FEET'' Nicholas Crane, presenter of BBC2''s Coast and Great British JourneysIf you were to peel back the Earth''s surface like an orange, then take a sly peek underneath, what extraordinary things would you see?Subterranea is where the world''s remaining mysteries are yet to be found. For millennia, across nations and cultures, it has been a hotbed of fantastical stories. It''s where humans have kept their most sacred treasures and their darkest secrets. It''s where we have found evidence of our past and may, at some point, find an escape route for our uncertain future. But what would we find there today? From the underground cities of Cappadocia to smuggling tunnels on the US-Mexico border, caves full of tiny blind dragons and a seed vault located 1300km inside the Arctic circle, SuTrade ReviewAn original and timely odyssey into our mysterious underworld ... Thrilling proof that science and imagination share the ground beneath our feet. * Nicholas Crane, presenter of BBC2's Coast and Great British Journeys *An incredible and evocative journey into the most exotic and unknown realms on the planet ... Here is a book that makes you stop and wonder at every page; a deeply engaging guided tour through an eerie world where mankind's old myths and legends seem to acquire a mesmerising reality. * Sinclair McKay *With evocative maps and stunning photography, Subterranea shows that the underground realm is just as captivating as the above-ground world around us. * Daily Mail *Accompanied by stunning photography and illustrative maps, this book is a great way to escape from the outside world by diving into the depths of another. 5 STARS ***** * How It Works magazine *Chris Fitch is fascinated by these fantastical underworlds, and has gone in search of enigmatic cave paintings, eerie plague pits, the Svalbard Global Seed Vault and the illicit smuggling tunnels snaking between Mexico and the USA. * The Simple Things magazine *Remarkable places ... glorious illustrations. * Wanderlust magazine *With evocative maps and stunning photograpghy, Subterranea shows that the underground realm is just as captivating as the above-ground world around us.' -- Ciara Dossett * Daily Mail *

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Book SynopsisTerrestrial Ecosystem Research Infrastructures: Challenges and Opportunities reveals how environmental research infrastructures (RIs) provide new valuable insights on ecological processes that cannot be realized by more traditional short-term funding cycles and are integral to understand our changing world. This book bonds the latest state-of-the-science knowledge on environmental RIs, the challenges in creating them, their place in addressing scientific frontiers, and the new perspectives they bear. Each chapter is thoughtfully invested with fresh viewpoints from the environmental RI vantage as the authors explore and explain many topics such as the rationale and challenges in global change, field and modeling platforms, new tools, challenges in data management, distilling information into knowledge, and new developments in large-scale RIs. This work serves an advantageous guide for academics and practitioners alike who aim to deepen their knowledge in the field ofTrade Review"A long overdue and fine analysis of the importance of ecosystems and ecosystem research in this time of global change. This should be required reading for any one concerned about achieving truly sustainable development."— Thomas E. Lovejoy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States"…is a timely and comprehensive account of the emergence of large-scale ecological research infrastructure, worldwide. A fortunate convergence between the need to address emerging ecological problems with the technology to understand pattern and process at ecosystem scale has led to dramatic progress in this field. The ability to combine automated sensors, remote sensing, computational power and data management techniques has provided ecologists with a whole new toolbox. It brings with it new challenges of organization and design in order to provide an infrastructure which is fit-for-use, multi-institutional, adaptive and durable. This volume covers the learning achieved so far in implementing research platforms of this kind." — Robert J Scholes, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa"… a very timely book. Large-scale infrastructures are essential to advance our understanding of the Earth System at a variety of scales. The establishment of these is often difficult as it conflicts with traditional short term funding cycles. This book comes at a time when several such large-scale ecological infrastructures are indeed being established worldwide based on a plethora of new scientific ideas and. It deals however not only with the science questions driving the need for infrastructures, but importantly also with crucial issues such as data quality and accessibility and the introduction and development of new technologies. The editors have done a great job in producing this much-needed overview that will enable a new generation of scientists and other users to appreciate the need, value and benefits of large scale infrastructures."— Han Dolman, Free University Amsterdam, Netherlands"This volume describes how to approach contemporary global environmental challenges with large and integrated experimental and monitoring infrastructure, including the scientific and engineering platforms necessary to acquire, evaluate, maintain, interpret, and synthesize vast amounts of data in order to produce useful knowledge. Building and connecting research infrastructure across the globe is a frontier science and this book, edited by Abbad Chabbi and Hank Loescher provides valuable lessons learned to date from a number of aspects of networked activities worldwide."— Jill Baron, U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins, Colorado, USATable of ContentsPreface: Goals and Structure of This Book. Editors. Contributors. Section I Ecosystem Research Infrastructures: The Need to Address Global Change and Associated Challenges. Section II A New Generation of Controlled Environment, Field, and Modeling Platforms. Section III New Tools to meet New Challenges: Emerging Technologies for Exploring Unknown Ecosystem Processes. Section IV Data Management and Access. Section V Infrastructure Integration and Perspectives. Index.

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Book SynopsisAn epoch-changing work on scientific developments which can save countless lives.Each year the world faces thousands of earthquakes of magnitude 5.0 or greater, resulting in devastating property destruction and tragic loss of life. To help avert these catastrophes, scientists have long searched for ways to predict when and where earthquakes will happen. The earth science establishment in the US says that earthquake prediction still lies outside the realm of possibility. But recent scientific developments across the globe suggest that seismic forecasting is on the horizon.Earthquake Prediction: Dawn of the New Seismology examines the latest scientific clues in hopes of discovering seismic precursors which may shed light on real earthquake prediction in the future. It is destined to be nothing less than an epoch-changing work, addressing this ancient enigma by joining the parts of a scientific detective story that ranges from the steppes of Russia to the coast of Chile, bringing to light astounding breakthroughs by researchers in Italy, India and elsewhere.Governments in countries such as China and Japan provide support for seismic forecasting, and it is time for our country to do the same. Earthquake Prediction makes the case, with an important message for the tens of millions of Americans on the US West Coast, the Mississippi River Valley, and other seismically active zones.Trade ReviewPraise for David Nabhan and his theory:“Nabhan’s theory deserves to be taken note of.” —Dr. Kate Hutton, chief seismologist, California Institute of Technology“This is simple but brilliant observation, followed by reasonable applications; impossible to dismiss as coincidence.” —Dr. Cort Stoskopf, Popular Science Radio“If you believe that predicting earthquakes is impossible than everything you think you know about it could be wrong.” —Thom Hartmann, RT Television“What if I were to tell you that nearly every single deadly Southern Californian earthquake in the past happened at dawn or at dusk and during a new or full moon?” —Paul Magers, news anchor, CBS 2, Los Angeles“If proven this would be the ‘Holy Grail’ of seismology.” —Conan Nolan, KNBC News, Los Angeles“Nabhan’s forecasts nailed three of the largest seismic events on the West Coast in 1996.” —Erin Aubrey, staff writer, Los Angeles Weekly“There you go; seems to me you’re right.” —George Noory, Coast to Coast AM“David Nabhan is the man who says he's worked out how to predict earthquakes in Southern California... quakes happen during either a new or a full moon, and within three hours of dawn or dusk.” —London Daily Mail“This is the first guy to go back and check what all those seismic events have in common? The idea that it just took somebody to say ‘let’s look and see if there’s a pattern’ is pretty shocking to me.” —Scott Cox, KERN TV/Radio“While some studies indicate that tidal effect may have an effect on smaller quakes, there’s no evidence they have an effect on bigger quakes.” —Dr. Tom Jordan, director, Southern California Earthquake Center“We’ve got a guy coming on who predicted a quake the last time on the show; I don’t know what to make of this earthquake prediction stuff.” —Howard Stern, Howard Stern Show“Ladies and gentlemen, you read it here first: Nabhan’s near dead-on calculation for the August 20 shaker near Wrightwood.” —Theresa Moreau, Pasadena Weekly“Whether or not Nabhan can predict earthquakes, he certainly predicts seismic skepticism.” —David Moye, America Online News“It’s such a no-no. Seismologists won’t even talk about it!” —Kate Delaney, America Tonight“Nabhan is confident enough in his work to urge government leaders to take action and prepare for major tremors during certain periods of time.” —Andrew Ireland, World Net Daily“There’s a huge difference between a prediction and an advisory. But the hardships unprepared Valley residents face if the Big One hits? That’s a promise.” —Jeff Jardin, Modesto Bee“It’s simply mind-boggling that with the evidence Nabhan has placed in front of scientific and governmental authorities over the last two decades, that they are still reluctant to move forward to at least consider the advisory system he proposes. Simply mind-boggling.” —Rob Mc Connell, The ‘X’ Zone radio show“What’s wrong with trying to warn people? How does this hurt anyone?” —Wendy Snyder, WGN, Chicago“We’re not interested in anyone saying the sky’s falling, but David Nabhan is a rational man who has studied earthquakes seriously and has intelligent, useful information to offer.” —Whitley Strieber, Dreamland radio show“An intriguing and fascinating book. Nabhan’s simply asking us to look at the data, the way science used to be done. Here’s the evidence, you look at it and figure out what it means.” —Dave Bowman, KFIV, Modesto“David Nabhan is no stranger to controversy for his belief that we can predict earthquakes to some degree. His theory is pinned to gravitational tides, and these are immense forces!” —Faune Riggin, Morning News, KZIM & KSIM, Southeastern Missouri“This is a no-brainer for me; facts are facts.” —Rick Wiles, Trunews“His ideas warrant better scrutiny, because maybe there is a grain of truth in his hypotheses and all of us deserve the best chance to survive the next Big One.” —David Fox, Anchorage Press“This is the multi-billion dollar question. Does David Nabhan have the answer?” —David Page, KSRO, San Francisco Bay AreaPraise for David Nabhan and his theory:“Nabhan’s theory deserves to be taken note of.” —Dr. Kate Hutton, chief seismologist, California Institute of Technology“This is simple but brilliant observation, followed by reasonable applications; impossible to dismiss as coincidence.” —Dr. Cort Stoskopf, Popular Science Radio“If you believe that predicting earthquakes is impossible than everything you think you know about it could be wrong.” —Thom Hartmann, RT Television“What if I were to tell you that nearly every single deadly Southern Californian earthquake in the past happened at dawn or at dusk and during a new or full moon?” —Paul Magers, news anchor, CBS 2, Los Angeles“If proven this would be the ‘Holy Grail’ of seismology.” —Conan Nolan, KNBC News, Los Angeles“Nabhan’s forecasts nailed three of the largest seismic events on the West Coast in 1996.” —Erin Aubrey, staff writer, Los Angeles Weekly“There you go; seems to me you’re right.” —George Noory, Coast to Coast AM“David Nabhan is the man who says he's worked out how to predict earthquakes in Southern California... quakes happen during either a new or a full moon, and within three hours of dawn or dusk.” —London Daily Mail“This is the first guy to go back and check what all those seismic events have in common? The idea that it just took somebody to say ‘let’s look and see if there’s a pattern’ is pretty shocking to me.” —Scott Cox, KERN TV/Radio“While some studies indicate that tidal effect may have an effect on smaller quakes, there’s no evidence they have an effect on bigger quakes.” —Dr. Tom Jordan, director, Southern California Earthquake Center“We’ve got a guy coming on who predicted a quake the last time on the show; I don’t know what to make of this earthquake prediction stuff.” —Howard Stern, Howard Stern Show“Ladies and gentlemen, you read it here first: Nabhan’s near dead-on calculation for the August 20 shaker near Wrightwood.” —Theresa Moreau, Pasadena Weekly“Whether or not Nabhan can predict earthquakes, he certainly predicts seismic skepticism.” —David Moye, America Online News“It’s such a no-no. Seismologists won’t even talk about it!” —Kate Delaney, America Tonight“Nabhan is confident enough in his work to urge government leaders to take action and prepare for major tremors during certain periods of time.” —Andrew Ireland, World Net Daily“There’s a huge difference between a prediction and an advisory. But the hardships unprepared Valley residents face if the Big One hits? That’s a promise.” —Jeff Jardin, Modesto Bee“It’s simply mind-boggling that with the evidence Nabhan has placed in front of scientific and governmental authorities over the last two decades, that they are still reluctant to move forward to at least consider the advisory system he proposes. Simply mind-boggling.” —Rob Mc Connell, The ‘X’ Zone radio show“What’s wrong with trying to warn people? How does this hurt anyone?” —Wendy Snyder, WGN, Chicago“We’re not interested in anyone saying the sky’s falling, but David Nabhan is a rational man who has studied earthquakes seriously and has intelligent, useful information to offer.” —Whitley Strieber, Dreamland radio show“An intriguing and fascinating book. Nabhan’s simply asking us to look at the data, the way science used to be done. Here’s the evidence, you look at it and figure out what it means.” —Dave Bowman, KFIV, Modesto“David Nabhan is no stranger to controversy for his belief that we can predict earthquakes to some degree. His theory is pinned to gravitational tides, and these are immense forces!” —Faune Riggin, Morning News, KZIM & KSIM, Southeastern Missouri“This is a no-brainer for me; facts are facts.” —Rick Wiles, Trunews“His ideas warrant better scrutiny, because maybe there is a grain of truth in his hypotheses and all of us deserve the best chance to survive the next Big One.” —David Fox, Anchorage Press“This is the multi-billion dollar question. Does David Nabhan have the answer?” —David Page, KSRO, San Francisco Bay Area

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Book SynopsisThe fourth edition of SEG’s best seller is a valuable, comprehensive reference that is a must for every geophysicist, geologist, explorationist, engineer, energy adviser, economist, editor, and student involved in the field. Hundreds of terms have been added since publication of the third edition in 1991, reflecting rapid evolution of the science, especially in the areas of engineering and production problems, 3D (including multicomponent) acquisition and processing, visualization, S- and converted waves, interpretation, anisotropy, AVO, geostatistics, geohazards, neural networks, tomography, downhole measurements, horizontal drilling, and deepwater work. Definitions of hundreds of other terms have been updated. The dictionary’s title has been modified slightly to reflect growth in application of geophysical methods, with the word Applied replacing the word Exploration. The dictionary includes a guide to pronunciation and a list of reference figures and tables. A CD containing the dictionary in searchable PDF format also is included.

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Book SynopsisBecause most sedimentary rocks encountered in oil and gas exploration are effectively anisotropic, it is imperative to properly estimate seismic anisotropy and incorporate it into data-processing and imaging algorithms. Seismology of Azimuthally Anisotropic Media and Seismic Fracture Characterization (SEG Geophysical References Series No. 17) presents a systematic analysis of seismic signatures for azimuthally anisotropic media and describes anisotropic inversion/processing methods for wide-azimuth reflection data and VSP (vertical seismic profiling) surveys. The main focus is on kinematic parameter-estimation techniques operating with P-waves as well as with the combination of PP and PS (mode-converted) data. The part devoted to prestack amplitudes includes azimuthal AVO (amplitude variation with offset) analysis and a concise treatment of attenuation coefficients, which are highly sensitive to the presence of anisotropy. Discussion of fracture characterization is based on modern effective media theories and illustrates both the potential and limitations of seismic methods. Field-data examples highlight the improvements achieved by accounting for anisotropy in seismic processing, imaging, and fracture detection.

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Book SynopsisIn his classic text, Seismic Prospecting for Oil, C. Hewitt Dix remarks that the correlation of one reflection record with another, that is, the interpretation of seismic data, is a procedure that “can hardly be described in words.” First Steps in Seismic Interpretation (Geophysical Monograph Series No. 16) is a book about fundamental concepts and practices of seismic interpretation that attempts to achieve such a description. Intended for beginning interpreters, this book approaches interpretation via synthesis of concepts and practical applications rather than through formal treatment of basic physics and geology. It is based on the author’s personal experience as a seismic interpreter and is organized along the lines of notes from interpretation classes that he designs and teaches.

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Book SynopsisFundamentals of Gravity Exploration (Geophysical Monograph Series No. 17) covers a full range of gravity-exploration topics, including first principles, field instrumentation and operations, rock densities and density contrasts, data reduction, methods of interpretation, and geologic examples. The subject matter includes inversion and an appendix on the Fourier transform. This book will help students to efficiently gain knowledge and appreciation for the method, and it will provide experienced earth scientists with a valuable addition to their exploration libraries, both for reference and understanding of this important method.

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Book SynopsisMicroseismic Imaging of Hydraulic Fracturing: Improved Engineering of Unconventional Shale Reservoirs (SEG Distinguished Instructor Series No. 17) covers the use of microseismic data to enhance engineering design of hydraulic fracturing and well completion. The book, which accompanies the 2014 SEG Distinguished Instructor Short Course, describes the design, acquisition, processing, and interpretation of an effective microseismic project. The text includes a tutorial of the basics of hydraulic fracturing, including the geologic and geomechanical factors that control fracture growth. In addition to practical issues associated with collecting and interpreting microseismic data, potential pitfalls and quality-control steps are discussed. Actual case studies are used to demonstrate engineering benefits and improved production through the use of microseismic monitoring. Providing a practical user guide for survey design, quality control, interpretation, and application of microseismic hydraulic fracture monitoring, this book will be of interest to geoscientists and engineers involved in development of unconventional reservoirs.

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Book SynopsisProviding geophysicists with an in-depth understanding of the theoretical and applied background for the seismic diffraction method, Classical and Modern Diffraction Theory covers the history and foundations of the classical theory and the key elements of the modern diffraction theory. Chapters include an overview and a historical review of classical theory, a summary of the experimental results illustrating this theory, and key principles of the modern theory of diffraction; the early cornerstones of classical diffraction theory, starting from its inception in the 17th century and an extensive introduction to reprinted works of Grimaldi, Huygens, and Young; details of the classical theory of diffractions as developed in the 19th century and reprinted works of Fresnel, Green, Helmholtz, Kirchhoff, and Rayleigh; and the cornerstones of the modern theory including Keller’s geometrical theory of diffraction, boundary-layer theory, and super-resolution. Appendices on the Cornuspiral and Babinet’s principle also are included.

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Book SynopsisExploration and characterization of conventional and unconventional reservoirs using seismic technologies are among the main activities of upstream technology groups and business units of oil and gas operators. However, these activities frequently encounter difficulties in quantitative seismic interpretation due to remaining confusion and new challenges in the fast developing field of seismic petrophysics. Seismic Petrophysics in Quantitative Interpretation shows how seismic interpretation can be made simple and robust by integration of the rock physics principles with seismic and petrophysical attributes bearing on the properties of both conventional (thickness, net/ gross, lithology, porosity, permeability, and saturation) and unconventional (thickness, lithology, organic richness, thermal maturity) reservoirs. Practical solutions to existing interpretation problems in rock physics-based amplitude versus offset (AVO) analysis and inversion are addressed in the book to streamline the workflows in subsurface characterization. Although the book is aimed at oil and gas industry professionals and academics concerned with utilization of seismic data in petroleum exploration and production, it could also prove helpful for geotechnical and completion engineers and drillers seeking to better understand how seismic and sonic data can be more thoroughly utilized.

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Book SynopsisThe scope of engineering seismology includes geotechnical site investigations for buildings and engineering infrastructures, such as dams, levees, bridges, and tunnels, landslide and active- fault investigations, seismic microzonation, and geophysical investigations of historic buildings. These projects require multidisciplinary participation by the geologist, geophysicist, and geotechnical and earthquake engineers. A key objective of this book (SEG Investigations in Geophysics Series No. 17) by Öz Yilmaz is to encourage the specialists from these disciplines to apply the seismic method to solve the many challenging engineering problems they face. The broader scope of engineering seismology also includes exploration of earth resources, including groundwater exploration, coal and mineral exploration, and geothermal exploration. While focusing on the application of the seismic method to geotechnical site investigations, this book includes many case studies in all of the applications of engineering seismology.

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Book SynopsisFilling the gap between theoretical literature and the routine activities of geophysicists in the oil industry, The Seismic Signal and Its Meaning is a translation of the second edition of Análise do Sinal Sísmico, published in Portuguese by Sociedade Brasileira de Geofísica (SBGf). For those performing acquisition, processing, and/or interpretation, this book will aid an understanding of how practical problems may have important links to seismic data analysis theory. With an emphasis on providing an objective description of the physical and mathematical aspects that support these links, the rules necessary for robust reservoir characterization are presented. With an extensive development of Gassmann’s (and Biot) theory and its relevance, the book concentrates on phase and amplitude distortions to the seismic signal, the physical processes that it undergoes, and the interpretation methods to recover rock physics properties. Capturing 30 years of teaching and improvement as a part of Petrobras internal courses, the book is a modern treatment, reflecting the many advances that have occurred in geophysics. The book serves as both a text and a reference.

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Book SynopsisElements of 3D Seismology, Third Edition is a thorough introduction to the acquisition, processing, and interpretation of 3D seismic data. This third edition is a major update of the second edition. Sections dealing with interpretation have been greatly revised in accordance with improved understanding and availability of data and software. Practice exercises have been added, as well as a 3D seismic survey predesign exercise. Discussions include: conceptual and historical foundations of modern reflection seismology; an overview of seismic wave phenomena in acoustic, elastic, and porous media; acquisition principles for land and marine seismic surveys; methods used to create 2D and 3D seismic images from field data; concepts of dip moveout, prestack migration, and depth migration; concepts and limitations of 3D seismic interpretation for structure, stratigraphy, and rock property estimation; and the interpretation role of attributes, impedance estimation, and AVO. This book is intended as a general text on reflection seismology, including wave propagation, data acquisition, processing, and interpretation, and it will be of interest to entry-level geophysicists, experts in related fields (geology, petroleum engineering), and experienced geophysicists in one subfield wishing to learn about another (e.g., interpreters wanting to learn about seismic waves or data acquisition).

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Book SynopsisUseful attributes capture and quantify key components of the seismic amplitude and texture for subsequent integration with well log, microseismic, and production data through either interactive visualization or machine learning. Although both approaches can accelerate and facilitate the interpretation process, they can by no means replace the interpreter. Interpreter “grayware” includes the incorporation and validation of depositional, diagenetic, and tectonic deformation models, the integration of rock physics systematics, and the recognition of unanticipated opportunities and hazards. This book is written to accompany and complement the 2018 SEG Distinguished Instructor Short Course that provides a rapid overview of how 3D seismic attributes provide a framework for data integration over the life of the oil and gas field. Key concepts are illustrated by example, showing modern workflows based on interactive interpretation and display as well as those aided by machine learning.Table of Contents Preface Acknowledgments Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Seismic Attributes and What They Measure Chapter 3 Postmigration Data Conditioning and Image Enhancement Chapter 4 The Exploration Stage of the Oilfield Life Cycle Chapter 5 The Development Stage of the Oilfield Life Cycle Chapter 6 The Mature Stage of the Oilfield Life Cycle Chapter 7 Data Integration During the Rebirth Stage of the Oilfield Life Cycle: Resource Plays Chapter 8 Data Integration and a Profile of the Future Interpreter Appendix A Concepts of Linear Algebra — Correlation, Linear Regression, Covariance Matrices, Eigenvectors, and Principal Components Appendix B Multiattribute Display References Index

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a foundation for understanding the vigorous and fascinating field of seismic processing. Written for the non-expert, this two-volume introductory text reveals the limitations and potential pitfalls of seismic data, prepares both seismic interpreters and acquisition specialists for working with seismic processing geophysicists, explains seismic processing operations as a series of solutions to problems, and demonstrates the dependence of a final interpretable seismic volume on its many seismic processing decisions. Although seismic processing is inherently mathematical, this text uses numerous illustrations and real data examples, providing an intuitive understanding of the seismic processing procedures, resorting to an algebra-based argument only on rare occasions. By starting with migration in the first volume and concluding with deconvolution in the second volume, this text presents seismic processing topics in a reversed order compared to a customary processing sequence. The reader will examine input requirements for algorithms and then be equipped to understand the processing flow algorithms themselves.

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Book SynopsisThis second volume provides a foundation for understanding the vigorous, relevant, and fascinating field of seismic processing, addressing that portion which precedes migration. Written for the non-expert, this second volume of the two-volume introductory text reveals the limitations and potential pitfalls of seismic data, prepares both seismic interpreters and acquisition specialists for working with seismic processing geophysicists, explains seismic processing operations as a series of solutions to problems, and demonstrates the dependence of a final interpretable seismic volume on its many seismic processing decisions.Although seismic processing is inherently mathematical, this text uses numerous illustrations and real data examples, providing an intuitive understanding of the seismic processing procedures and resorting to an algebra-based argument only on rare occasions. The first volume starts with migration. This second volume addresses pre-migration processing. In combination, these two volumes present seismic processing topics in order reverse of a typical processing sequence. Through this reverse ordering, the reader understands an algorithm's input requirements, providing motivation for understanding the preceding algorithm in the processing sequence.

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Book SynopsisWritten for practicing geophysicists, Land Seismic Case Studies for Near-Surface Modeling and Subsurface Imaging is a comprehensive guide to understanding and analyzing seismic data. The culmination of land seismic data acquisition and processing projects conducted by the author over the last two decades, this book contains nearly 800 figures from worldwide case studies—conducted in both 2D and 3D. Beginning with Chapter 1 on seismic characterization of the near-surface, Chapter 2 presents near-surface modeling by traveltime and full-wave inversion, Chapter 3 presents near-surface modeling by imaging, and then Chapter 4 includes detailed case studies for near-surface modeling. Chapter 5 reviews single- and multichannel signal processing of land seismic data with the key objective of removing surface waves and guided waves that are characterized as coherent linear noise. Uncommon seismic data acquisition methods, including large-offset acquisition in thrust belts to capture the large-amplitude supercritical reflections, swath-line acquisition, and joint PP and SH-SH seismic imaging are highlighted in Chapter 6, and Chapter 7 presents image-based rms velocity estimation and discusses the problem of velocity uncertainty. The final two chapters focus exclusively on case studies: 2D in Chapter 8 and 3D in Chapter 9. An outstanding teaching tool, this book includes analysis workflows containing processing steps designed to solve specific problems. Essential for anyone involved in acquisition, processing, and inversion of seismic data, this volume will become the definitive reference for understanding how the variables in seismic acquisition are directly reflected in the data.

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Book SynopsisElementary, conceptual, and easy to read, this book describes the methods and techniques used to estimate rock properties from seismic data, based on a sound understanding of the elastic properties of materials and rocks and how the amplitudes of seismic reflections change with those properties. By examining the recorded seismic amplitudes in some detail, we can deduce properties beyond the basic geological structure of the subsurface. We can, using AVO and other amplitude techniques, characterize rocks and the reservoirs inside them with some degree of qualitative, and even quantitative, detail. Mathematics is not ignored, but is kept to a minimum. Intended for geophysicists, seismic acquisition specialists, processors, and interpreters, even those with little previous exposure to "quantitative interpretation", "interpretive processing", or "advanced seismic analysis", this book also would be appropriate for geologists, engineers, and technicians who are familiar with the concepts but need a methodical review as well as managers and businesspeople who would like to obtain an understanding of these concepts.

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Book SynopsisGeoscientists and engineers are very comfortable using seismic data sets acquired with geophones, hydrophones, and accelerometers because we have a long, well-defined set of standards for acquiring, processing, and interpreting them. However, distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) seismic measurements are rapidly augmenting, and in some cases replacing, the data from these conventional tools. Technologists are frequently unaccustomed to using DAS seismic data sets since it directly acquires relative strain or strain rate measurements and not the more familiar pressure, displacement, velocity, and acceleration data. There are also acquisition parameter selections that must be made to optimize the acquired data to accomplish the purpose of the seismic survey. This book is designed to build an intuition and understanding of the value, limitations, and applications of DAS seismic technology.

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Book SynopsisFrom Bohr magneton at the atomic level to van Allen belts in the magnetosphere around the Earth, from an absolute atomic gravimeter to the gravity field curvature, and from Bayesian stochastic inversion to artificial intelligence (AI), this Dictionary contains more than 3,200 entries and presents a terminology-guided summary of the gravity and magnetic theory, measuring instruments, methods of data acquisition, processing, analysis, and interpretation for geophysical studies of the Earth and other planets. Terrestrial applications include engineering (karst and faults), geodesy, geothermal, groundwater, volcano and global tectonic studies, CO2 sequestration and reservoir monitoring, as well as exploration for oil and gas, rare earth elements (REE), iron, gold, and other mineral resources. The terms are extensively cross referenced to other terms in the book. A comprehensive but concise list of referenced also is included.

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Book SynopsisFluids in the pore space of rocks causes attenuation and dispersion by the mechanism broadly known as wave-induced fluid flow. Of particular interest to exploration geophysics is inelastic attenuation and dispersion of body waves (P- and S-waves). Understanding fluid-related dissipation in hydrocarbon reservoir rocks, combined with improved measurements of attenuation and/or dispersion from recorded seismic data, may be used to estimate the hydraulic properties of these rocks. Discussing macroscopic, mesoscopic, and local flow and including theoretical models and experimental evidence, this book presents a systematic treatment of attenuation and dispersion mechanisms relevant to seismic, sonic, and ultrasonic wave propagation.

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Book SynopsisThese three works cover the entire field of formation evaluation, from basic concepts and theories, through standard methods used by the petroleum industry, on to new and exciting applications in environmental science and engineering, hydrogeology, and other fields. Designed to be used individually or as a set, these volumes represent the first comprehensive assessment of all exploration methodologies. No other books offer the breadth of information and range of applications available in this set.Trade Review"…fundamental knowledge and general rules of well logging are gathered and clearly presented and the reviewed book can play important role in the education of log analysts."-Jadwiga Jarzyna, Environmental ProtectionTable of ContentsCONTENTS: Resistivity Methods. Focused Resistivity Methods. Induction Methods. Resistivity Log Interpretation. Spontaneous Potentials. Natural Gamma Radiation. Gamma Ray Spectroscopy. Neutron Porosity Logging. Neutron Activation Methods. Formation Evaluation - Standard Methods. Index.

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Book SynopsisHandbook of Ecotoxicology, Second Edition focuses on toxic substances and how they affect ecosystems worldwide. It presents methods for quantifying and measuring ecotoxicological effects in the field and in the lab, as well as methods for estimating, predicting, and modeling in ecotoxicology studies. Completely revised and updated with 18 new chapters, this second edition includes contributions from over 75 international experts. Also, a Technical Review Board reviewed all manuscripts for accuracy and currency. This authoritative work is the definitive reference for students, researchers, consultants, and other professionals in the environmental sciences, toxicology, chemistry, biology, and ecology - in academia, industry, and government.Trade Review"… This book is destined to be the reference of ecotoxicology, offers a valuable overview of the subject, and constitutes a valuable guide to students, researchers, consultants and other professionals in environmental sciences, toxicology, chemistry, biology, and ecology." - International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 2004Table of ContentsQuantifying and Measuring Ecotoxicological Effects. Contaminant Sources and Effects. Case Histories and Ecosystem Surveys. Methods for Making Estimates and Predictability in Ecotoxicology. Special Issues in Ecotoxicology.

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Book SynopsisAlthough the origin of Earth's and other celestial bodies' magnetic fields remains unknown, we do know that the motion of electrically conducting fluids generates and maintains these fields, forming the basis of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) and, to a larger extent, dynamo theory. Answering the need for a comprehensive, interdisciplinary introduction to this area, Mathematical Aspects of Natural Dynamos provides a foundation in dynamo theory before moving on to modeling aspects of natural dynamos.Bringing together eminent international contributors, the book first introduces governing equations, outlines the kinematic dynamo theory, covers nonlinear effects, including amplitude saturation and polarity reversals, and discusses fluid dynamics. After establishing this base, the book describes the Earth's magnetic field and the current understanding of its characteristics. Subsequent chapters examine other planets in our solar system and the magnetic field of stars, including the sun. The book also addresses dynamo action on the large scale of galaxies, presents modeling experiments of natural dynamos, and speculates about future research directions.After reading this well-illustrated, thorough, and unified exploration, you will be well prepared to embark on your own journey through this fascinating area of research.Trade Review"Dormy and Soward are the editors of the book, they have done a magnificent job in taking what was evidently a series of paper written by scientists from around the world and combining them into a single book that has a consistent tone throughout out." – In Books-on-Line, August 2007". . . the quality of the text is high, and the content is far from reiterating previous works . . . highly recommended; particularly those new to the field, but also as a reference and refresher for those already immersed in the topic." – Graeme Sarson, University of Newcastle, in GAFD, September 2008Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction to Self-Excited Dynamo Action. Nonlinearities and Saturation. Dynamics of Rotating Fluids. The Geodynamo. Planetary Dynamos. Stellar Dynamos. Galactic Dynamos. Survey of Experimental Results. Prospects. Appendices. References. Indices.

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Book SynopsisRock mechanics is the theoretical and applied science of the mechanical behaviour of rock and rock masses. Rock mechanics, as applied in mining, petroleum, and civil engineering practice, is concerned with the application of the principles of engineering mechanics to the design of the rock structures. This book examines the hydraulic characterisation of fractured rocks, with specific reference to the fluid flow in single fractures, the interpretation of hydraulic tests, the geometrical characterisation and modelling of fracture networks. An appropriate model for the fluid flow and transport in fractured formations is based on these items. Indications are also given about the best strategy to undertake in order to set up this model. This book develops the conditions, criteria, basic approaches and test case results for establishing the elastic compliance tensor, hydraulic permeability tensor, and numerical techniques for investigating stress effect on hydraulic behaviour of fractured rocks. The correlation between the fracture aperture and size (represented by trace length) is also examined. In addition, the role of CO2 saturated water on the fracturing behaviour of rock samples and the geomaterials geotechnical parameter changes after subjection to environmental solutions are examined.

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Book SynopsisThis book describes the impact, stability and designs of dams, which are based upon structural, geotechnical and hydraulic properties. The impact of the dam structure on the upstream and downstream catchments are considered: e.g., sediment trap, fish migration, downstream water quality, and modifications of the water table and associated impacts (salinity). The impact dams have on the survival of certain fish is also reviewed. For example, dams impact the survival of juvenile anadromous fishes by obstructing migration corridors, lowering water quality, delaying migrations, and entraining fish in turbine discharge. To reduce these impacts, structural and operational modifications to dams- such as voluntary spill discharge, turbine intake guidance screens, and surface flow outlets are instituted. These data on the operational and structural changes to the dams for the benefit of anadromous fish populations are examined. This book also describes the bankfull hydraulic geometry adjustments caused by check dams. The concrete-face rockfill dam (CFRD), a simple dam type which has remarkable economical, ecological and environmental benefits, is analysed as well, as it has become one of the most widely used dam types. Finally, this book explores two aspects related to the environmental impacts that trigger the construction of hydrological correction check dams: the erosion caused within the riverbeds and the ploughing and soil movements made by the opening of paths in order to grant access to the check dams.

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