Laser technology and holography Books

Book SynopsisWritten by a team of international experts, this book provides a comprehensive overview of the major applications of airborne and terrestrial laser scanning. The book focuses on principles and methods and presents an integrated treatment of airborne and terrestrial laser scanning technology. Laser scanning is a relatively young 3D measurement technique offering much potential in the acquisition of precise and reliable 3D geodata and object geometries. However, there are many terrestrial and airborne scanners on the market, accompanied by numerous software packages that handle data acquisition, processing and visualization, yet existing knowledge is fragmented over a wide variety of publications, whether printed or electronic. This book brings together the various facets of the subject in a coherent text that will be relevant for advanced students, academics and practitioners. After consideration of the technology and processing methods, the book turns to applications.The primary use thus far has been the extraction of digital terrain models from airborne laser scanning data, but many other applications are considered including engineering, forestry, cultural heritage, extraction of 3D building models and mobile mapping.Trade Review'The authors and editors are to be congratulated for this effort at bringning together the knowledge of the technology, data handling and applications of laser scanning in a comprehensive book for the first time. I would recommend it as essential reading for any student or professional in the fieldof geospatial technology and its applications.' GIS DEVELOPMENT '...the editors ... did a tremendous job and provided a comprehensive and coherent textbook... The book ... is a must-have textbook for students which are interested in the large field of airborne and terrestrial LiDAR and will surely become an important reference for practitioners involved in the acquisition and use of laser scanning data.' Photogrammetrie Fernerkundung Geoinformation '...a comprehensive work... This text provides a comprehensive account of airborne and terrestrial laser scanning. ... This will likely become a core textfor undergraduate students, but will doubtlessly also appeal to a broader range of readers, including those engaged in academic research and commercial practice.' Geomatics World '...this book will form a useful reference work... ...an excellent basic text... ...will serve as a reference book for the many users who need to understand the technology and principles of airborna and terrestrial laser scanning. There is no better alternative today.' International Journal of Digital Earth 'A valuable addition to laser scanning literature... For advanced undergraduates or postgrads, Chapters 1 to 3 are an excellent introduction to the technology, and for practitioners, the applications chapters show how laser scanning data is processd to produce the products they use in many, diverse disciplines. An excellent purchase for either group.' GEOconnexion InternationalTable of ContentsIntroduction. Laser Scanning Technology (J.-Angelo Beraldin, National Research Council Canada, Francois Blais, National Research Council Canada and Uwe Lohr, Lohr Consulting Germany). Visualisation and Structuring of Point Clouds (George Vosselman and Reinhard Klein). Registration and Calibration (Derek Lichti, University of Calgary, Canada and Jan Skaloud, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [EPFL]). Extraction of Digital Terrain Models (Christian Briese, Vienna University of Technology, Austria). Building Extraction (Claus Brenner, Leibnitz Universitat Hannover, Germany). Forestry Applications (Hans-Gerd Maas). Engineering Applications (Roderick Lindenbergh, Technical University of Delft, Netherlands). Cultural Heritage Applications (Pierre Grussenmeyer, INSA Strasbourg, Graduate School of Science and Technology, France and Klaus Hanke, University of Innsbruck, Austria). Mobile Mapping (Hansjorg Kutterer, Leibniz Universitat Hannover, Germany). Index

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Book SynopsisThis two-volume book provides an enriching insight into the laser, covering different types of lasers, the basic science behind the technology, their role at the cutting-edge of current scientific research, and their wide-ranging applications. With just high school physics as a prerequisite and favoring qualitative yet scientifically sound explanations over high-level mathematics, this book is aimed at a broad spectrum of readers in physics, chemistry, engineering, medicine, and biology. Its engaging and lucid presentation is enhanced with plenty of illustrations, making the world of the laser accessible to undergraduate students in the sciences and any other inquisitive readers with high school physics under their belts. Furthermore, the text is often laced with anecdotes, picked from history, that are bound to pique the minds of the readers. It is ideal for self-study or as a complement to courses on optics and optoelectronics. This volume, Part 1 of 2, explains the fundamentals of optics, what a laser is, how it works, and what is unique about the light it emits, from fundamental quantum theory through population inversion and cavity to common laser types. It is followed by Part 2 which depicts the many advances in science enabled by the laser, including spectroscopy, nonlinear optics, optical cooling and trapping, and optical tweezers, among many others, and provides a glimpse into the ways that the laser affects our lives via its uses in medicine, manufacturing, the nuclear industry, energy, defence, communication, ranging, pollution monitoring, art conservation, fashion, beauty, and entertainment.Table of ContentsTable of contents: PART I: Laser: An Insight CHAPTER 1. Introduction CHAPTER 2. Classical Optics: A general Overview CHAPTER 3. Bohr’s Atomic Theory: Energy Quantization CHAPTER 4. Laser: At a Glance CHAPTER 5. Population Inversion and Lasing Medium CHAPTER 6. Laser Resonator: Role on the Emission Features CHAPTER 7. Broadening of Gain and Its Bearing on the Laser Subtleties CHAPTER 8. Boosting the Performance of a Pulsed Laser: CHAPTER 9. Some Common Lasers

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Book SynopsisThis new, updated and enlarged edition of the successful and exceptionally well-structured textbook features new chapters on such hot topics as optical angular momentum, microscopy beyond the resolution limit, metamaterials, femtocombs, and quantum cascade lasers. It provides comprehensive and coherent coverage of fundamental optics, laser physics, and important modern applications, while equally including some traditional aspects for the first time, such as the Collins integral or solid immersion lenses. Written for newcomers to the topic who will benefit from the author's ability to explain difficult theories and effects in a straightforward and readily comprehensible way.Table of ContentsPreface xix 1 Light Rays 1 1.1 Light Rays in Human Experience 1 1.2 Ray Optics 2 1.3 Reflection 2 1.4 Refraction 3 1.5 Fermat’s Principle: The Optical Path Length 5 1.6 Prisms 8 1.7 Light Rays in Wave Guides 10 1.8 Lenses and Curved Mirrors 15 1.9 Matrix Optics 17 1.10 Ray Optics and Particle Optics 23 Problems 25 2 Wave Optics 29 2.1 Electromagnetic Radiation Fields 29 2.2 Wave Types 37 2.3 Gaussian Beams 40 2.4 Vector Light: Polarization 50 2.5 Optomechanics: Mechanical Action of Light Beams 58 2.6 Diffraction 63 2.7 Fraunhofer Diffraction 67 2.8 Fresnel Diffraction 71 2.9 Beyond Gaussian Beams: Diffraction Integral and ABCD Formalism 77 Problems 77 3 Light Propagation in Matter: Interfaces, Dispersion, and Birefringence 83 3.1 Dielectric Interfaces 83 3.2 Interfaces of Conducting Materials 89 3.3 Light Pulses in Dispersive Materials 94 3.4 Anisotropic Optical Materials 103 3.5 Optical Modulators 110 Problems 119 4 Light Propagation in Structured Matter 121 4.1 Optical Wave Guides and Fibers 122 4.2 Dielectric Photonic Materials 132 4.3 Metamaterials 143 Problems 147 5 Optical Images 149 5.1 Simple Lenses 149 5.2 The Human Eye 151 5.3 Magnifying Glass and Eyepiece 152 5.4 Microscopes 154 5.5 Scanning Microscopy Methods 161 5.6 Telescopes 166 5.7 Lenses: Designs and Aberrations 169 Problems 177 6 Coherence and Interferometry 181 6.1 Young’s Double Slit 181 6.2 Coherence and Correlation 182 6.3 The Double-Slit Experiment 185 6.4 Michelson interferometer: longitudinal coherence 191 6.5 Fabry–Pérot Interferometer 197 6.6 Optical Cavities 202 6.7 Thin Optical Films 208 6.8 Holography 210 6.9 Laser Speckle (Laser Granulation) 214 Problems 216 7 Light and Matter 219 7.1 Classical Radiation Interaction 220 7.2 Two-Level Atoms 229 7.3 Stimulated and Spontaneous Radiation Processes 239 7.4 Inversion and Amplification 242 Problems 246 8 The Laser 249 8.1 The Classic System: The He–Ne Laser 251 8.2 Other Gas Lasers 261 8.3 The Workhorses: Solid-State Lasers 268 8.4 Selected Solid-State Lasers 271 8.5 Tunable Lasers with Vibronic States 279 8.6 Tunable Ring Lasers 281 Problems 283 9 Laser Dynamics 285 9.1 Basic Laser Theory 285 9.2 Laser Rate Equations 291 9.3 Threshold-Less Lasers and Micro-lasers 295 9.4 Laser Noise 298 9.5 Pulsed Lasers 305 Problems 316 10 Semiconductor Lasers 319 10.1 Semiconductors 319 10.2 Optical Properties of Semiconductors 322 10.3 The Heterostructure Laser 330 10.4 Dynamic Properties of Semiconductor Lasers 339 10.5 Laser Diodes, Diode Lasers, and Laser Systems 345 10.6 High-Power Laser Diodes 348 Problems 350 11 Sensors for Light 353 11.1 Characteristics of Optical Detectors 354 11.2 Fluctuating Optoelectronic Quantities 357 11.3 Photon Noise and Detectivity Limits 359 11.4 Thermal Detectors 364 11.5 Quantum Sensors I: Photomultiplier Tubes 366 11.6 Quantum Sensors II: Semiconductor Sensors 370 11.7 Position and Image Sensors 374 Problems 377 12 Laser Spectroscopy and Laser Cooling 379 12.1 Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF) 379 12.2 Absorption and Dispersion 380 12.3 The Width of Spectral Lines 382 12.4 Doppler-Free Spectroscopy 388 12.5 Light Forces 394 Problems 404 13 Coherent Light–Matter Interaction 407 13.1 Weak Coupling and Strong Coupling 407 13.2 Transient Phenomena 410 14 Photons: An Introduction to Quantum Optics 417 14.1 Does Light Exhibit Quantum Character? 417 14.2 Quantization of the Electromagnetic Field 418 14.3 Spontaneous Emission 421 14.4 Resonance Fluorescence 427 14.5 Light Fields in Quantum Optics 435 14.6 Two-Photon Optics 444 14.7 Entangled Photons 448 Problems 455 15 Nonlinear Optics I: Optical Mixing Processes 457 15.1 Charged Anharmonic Oscillators 457 15.2 Second-Order Nonlinear Susceptibility 459 15.3 Wave Propagation in Nonlinear Media 464 15.4 Frequency Doubling 466 15.5 Sum and Difference Frequency 477 15.6 Optical Parametric Oscillators 479 Problems 482 16 Nonlinear Optics II: Four-Wave Mixing 485 16.1 Frequency Tripling in Gases 485 16.2 Nonlinear Refraction Coefficient (Optical Kerr Effect) 487 16.3 Self-Phase Modulation 494 Problems 495 A Mathematics for Optics 497 A.1 Spectral Analysis of Fluctuating Measurable Quantities 497 A.2 Time Averaging Formula 502 B.1 Temporal Evolution of a Two-State System 503 B.2 Density Matrix Formalism 504 B.3 Density of States 505 Bibliography 507 Index 519

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Book SynopsisThis overview of the analysis and design of buildings runs from basic principles and elementary structural analysis to the selection of structural systems and materials, and on to foundations and retaining structures. It presents a variety of approaches and methodologies while featuring realistic design examples. As a comprehensive guide and desk reference for practicing structural and civil engineers, and for engineering students, it draws on the author's teaching experience at The City College of New York and his work as a design engineer and architect. It is especially useful for those taking the National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying SE exam.Trade Review"The book serves as an effective reference on the design of lateral systems in buildings for experienced structural engineers and advanced students."-- M. Roberts, Southern Utah University in Choice."The book serves as an effective reference on the design of lateral systems in buildings for experienced structural engineers and advanced students."-- M. Roberts, Southern Utah University in Choice.Table of Contents1. Minimum Design Loads for Buildings 1.1 Loads 1.2 Dead Loads1.3 Live Loads1.3.1 Reduction in Uniform Live loads 1.4 Snow Loads1.4.1 Flat roof Snow Loads1.4.2 Minimum Snow Load1.4.3 Snow Drifts on Lower Roof1.5 Thermal Loading 1.6 Forces and Loads Due to Soil Pressures 1.6.1 Active and Passive Lateral Pressure1.6.2 Static Lateral Soil Pressure1.6.3 Hydrostatic Pressure1.6.4 Bearing Pressure 2. Wind and Seismic Forces Applied to Buildings 2.1 Lateral Loads2.2 Wind Loads2.3 Horizontal Seismic Loads2.4 Vertical Seismic Load Effect 3. Lateral force Distribution 3.1 Wall Rigidities3.2 Relative Rigidity Force Distribution (Rigid Diaphragm Analysis) 3.2.1 Center of Mass3.2.2 Center of Rigidity 3.2.3 Polar Moment of Inertia 3.2.4 Eccentricity 3.2.5 Wall Shears (Direct and Torsional)3.2.6 Design Wall Shears 3.3 Flexible Diaphragms 3.4 Seismic Static Force Procedure 3.4.1 Equivalent Lateral Force Method 3.5 Horizontal and Vertical Irregularities 4. Methods4.1 Frame Analysis by Approximate Methods 4.1.1 Analysis of Building Frames for Vertical Loads 4.1.2 Analysis of Building Frames for Lateral Loads5. Design and Detailing of Structures5.1 Lateral Force Resisting Systems 5.1.1 Bearing Wall Systems 5.1.2 Building Frame Systems 5.1.3 Moment Resisting Frame Systems5.1.4 Dual Systems with Special Moment Frames5.1.5 Dual Systems with Intermediate Moment Frames5.1.6 Cantilever Column System5.2 Load Combinations 5.3 Building Drift5.4 Redundancy Factors 5.5 Overstrength 5.6 Structural systems Integration 6. Steel6.1 Introduction to Lateral Steel Design6.2 Special Concentrically Braced Frames6.2.1 Brace Design 6.2.2 Frame Design 6.2.3 Column Design 6.2.4 Beam Design 7. Concrete7.1 Introduction to Lateral Concrete Design 7.2 Shear Wall Systems7.3 Moment Frame Systems 8. Wood 8.1 Introduction to Lateral Wood Design 8.2 Plywood Diaphragm Design 8.3 Shear Walls and Collectors 9. Masonry9.1 Introduction to Lateral Masonry Design 9.2 Building Wall Design for In-Plane Loads9.3 Building Wall Design for Out-of-Plane Loads10. Foundations and Retaining Structures10.1 Types of Foundations10.2 Spread Footings 10.2.1 Concentrically Loaded Footings 10.2.2 Eccentrically Loaded Footings 10.3 Mat-Slab Foundations 10.3.1 Combined Footing10.4 Deep Foundations 10.4.1 Pile Caps10.5 Retaining Structures 10.5.1 Foundation Walls10.5.2 Free Standing Cantilevered Retaining Walls 11. Structural Review of Construction11.1 Construction Administration 11.2 Special Inspections and Structural Observations

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Book SynopsisDistributed optical fiber sensors (DOFS) are capable of revealing information about temperature, strain, vibration, pressure, or magnetic field from anywhere along the fiber. This book explains their physical principles, unique benefits, broad categories, implementation aspects, and performance criteria. Trade Review"The most authoritative account available of an important and ever expanding technology. The text encompasses basic principles, established and emerging application and insights into ongoing development. It will appeal to the student as well as the practising engineer and also presents insight into current and prospective applications…promises to become the essential reference text for many years to come!" –From the Foreword by Prof. Brian Culshaw, University of Strathclyde,GlasgowTable of ContentsIntroduction. Principles. Raman based distributed temperature sensors. Distributed strain sensors. Distributed vibration sensors. Other distributed sensors. Conclusions and outlook.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a thorough account of the current status of achievements made in the area of soft X-Ray laser source development and of the increasingly diverse applications being demonstrated using such radiation sources. There is significant effort worldwide to develop very bright, short duration radiation sources in the X-Ray spectral region – driven by the multitude of potential applications in all branches of science. This book contains updates on several different approaches for comparative purposes but concentrates on developments in the area of laser-produced plasmas, whereby transient population inversion and gain between ion states is pumped by optical lasers interacting with pre-formed plasmas. Topics covered will include Laser-driven XRLs, Collisional XRLs, Recombination XRLs, Transient Inversion Collisional XRLs, Optical Field Ionization XRLs, Alternative XRL, pumping schemes Theory and simulations of XRL gain media and beam properties High order harmonic sources of XUV radiation, Free-electron lasers and other accelerator based X-Ray sources, X-Ray Laser drives, X-Ray optics and instrumentation Spectroscopy, and other diagnostics of laser media Applications of XRLs.Table of ContentsPart 1: X-Ray Laser SystemsRecent results and future plans for XRLs using the TARANIS laser facilityC.L.S. Lewis et alSource development and novel applications of laser-driven plasma x-ray lasers in JAEAT. Kawachi et alTheoretical study of Ni-like Ta XRL driven by One 2? pulse with duration of 100 ps on upgraded ShenguangII facilityZ. Guoping, Q. Xiumei, Z. WudiX-ray laser developments at PHELIX B. Zielbauer et alLASERIX : an open facility for developments of EUV and soft X-ray lasers and applicationsD. Ros et alUsing the X-FEL as a source to investigate photo-pumped X-ray lasers J. Nilsen and H. A. ScottPart 2: Repetitive X-Ray LasersDemonstration of an all-diode-pumped soft X-ray laser and other advances in table-top soft X-ray lasers J. J. Rocca et alSaturated XUV lasing down to 8.85 nm using the grazing-incidence schemeJ.E. Balmer, C. Imesch, and F. Staub Double-pulse single-beam grazing-incidence pumping (DGRIP)D. Zimmer et alDevelopment and application of plasma-waveguide based soft x-ray lasersJiunn-Yuan. Lin et alDevelopment of silver tape target system for high repetition X-ray laserMasaharu Nishikino et alPart 3: X-Ray Laser Amplifiers – Seeding Temporal coherence and spectral width of seeded and ASE XUV lasersA. Klisnick et alWave perspective on high harmonics amplification in a high-gain medium with level degeneracyC. M. Kim, K. A. Janulewicz, and J. LeeLaser driven parametric amplification in the xuv and soft-x-ray spectral rangeJ. Seres et alCharacterization of a seeded optical-field ionized collisional soft x-ray laser S. Sebban et alOptimization of soft x-ray amplifiers by tailoring plasmahydrodynamicsE. Oliva et alMeasurement of the temporal coherence of a seeded GRIP transient Mo soft X-ray laser L.M. Meng et alPart 4: Sources Based on Relativistic InteractionExtreme field limits in the ultra-relativistic interaction of electromagnetic waves with plasmasS. V. Bulanov et alGeneration of coherent X-ray radiation with relativistic nonlinear processesY. Kato et alPart 5: High-harmonicsGeneration of ultrashort attosecond high-harmonic pulses from chirp-compensated Ne harmonicsDong Hyuk Ko et alAn intense kHz and aberration-free two-color high harmonic source for seeding FEL and XRLG. Lambert et alTuning of high-order harmonics for soft x-ray laser seedingBoris Ecker et alGeneration of small band width coherent extreme ultraviolet radiation and its applicationL.V. Dao, S. Teichmann, K.B. Dinh, and P. Hannaford Highly directive high harmonic generation from solid target plasma for biomedical and medicine applicationsH. Kuroda et alHigh harmonic generation by using laser-ablation two-compounds target schemeM. Suzuki, M. Baba, R. A. Ganeev, and H. KurodaPart 6: Incoherent Short-Wavelength SourcesEUV-induced surface modification of polymersA. Bartnik et alStudy on fundamental processes of laser welded metals observed with intense x-ray beamsT. Muramatsu et alXUV radiation emitted by capillary pinching dischargeM. Vrbova et alEUV radiation of pulse high-current proximity-wall-stabilized dischargesK. Kolacek et alPart 7: X-Ray Laser ApplicationsProbing high energy density plasmas with EUV and X-ray lasersG J Tallents et alMeasuring the electron density gradients of dense plasmas by X-ray laser deflectometryJ. Nejdl, M. Kozlová, T. Mocek, and B. RusLaser-matter interaction studies using X-ray laser and double Lloyd’s mirror interferometerM. Kozlova et alApplication of laser plasma x-ray beam in radiation biologyMasaharu Nishikino et alEnergy spectra of photo- and Auger electrons generated by a soft x ray laser and Xe cluster interactionS. Namba et alObservation of phase transition dynamics in BaTiO3 by X-ray laser speckle techniqueK. Namikawa et alSingle-shot nanometer-scale Fourier transform hologram using Ni-like Ag X-ray LaserH. T. Kim et alTheory and computations towards coherent reflection imaging of tilted objectsI. A. Artyukov et alHighly efficient soft X-ray microscope using PMMA phase-reversal zone plateKyoung Hwan Lee et alSingle-photon ionization soft-X-ray laser mass spectrometry of potential hydrogen storage materialsF. Dong , E.R. Bernstein and J.J. RoccaDevelopment of the x-ray interferometer and the method of spatial and temporal synchronization of XRL and optical pulseN. Hasegawa et al

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Book SynopsisThis compilation titled "Laser Therapy: Types, Uses, and Safety" focuses on varied aspects of laser (photobiomodulation, PBM) therapy ranging from types of lasers, parameters of optical radiation determining its biological activity and therapeutic action, basic and modern techniques, mitochondrial effects of laser for therapeutics to the clinical use of PBM in treating various medical conditions and its use in surgery. The authors discuss parameters of optical radiation of low intensity determining its biological activity and therapeutic action, basic techniques and modern technologies, and mitochondrial effects of laser therapy. This book provides the most up-to-date information on recent clinical and research trials and clinical uses as well as catalogs the optimal therapeutic settings for a myriad of disease states. The book describes the use of PBM in dentistry, tissue repair and regeneration, treatment of fibromyalgia, muscle fatigue, injury, regeneration and repair, hearing loss, osteoarthritis, neurosurgery, gynecological diseases, snakebite envenomation, acute and chronic respiratory diseases, hypertension, relieving symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage, venous ulcer healing, treatment of inflammation, and its synergism with physical exercise in treatment of obesity. Further, the role of laser therapy in drug development and in enhancing drug delivery has been discussed. Lastly, we have discussed the evolving role of optogenetics using laser lights in elucidating the molecular mechanism in various pathologies. The authors have critically discussed the uses and side-effects of laser therapy and have highlighted the future directions and approaches to get the best outcome. Altogether, this book will serve as a helpful guide on how PBM could play a role in providing daily care to the patients and enlighten upcoming students and researchers.Table of ContentsPrefaceParameters of Optical Radiation of Low Intensity Determining Its Biological Activity and Therapeutic ActionBasic Techniques of Low-Level Laser Therapy: Modern Technologies from RussiaMitochondrial Effects of Low-Level LightPhotobiomodulation of Tissue Repair and RegenerationSynergism of Laser Therapy with Therapeutic Resources in Medical SpecialitiesLaser Therapy for Muscle Fatigue, Injury, Regeneration, Repair and DiseaseThe Light in the Palms of the Hands: The Revolution in the Treatment of Fibromyalgia through New TechnologiesDiode Laser in Periodontal TherapyLow-Level Laser Therapy: Progress and Future Trends in Hearing Loss and Vestibular DysfunctionLaser Technology to Facilitate Drug Discovery and Development Processes: Perspective to Recent AdvancementsOptogeneticsIndex.

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Book SynopsisDevelopments in lasers continue to enable progress in many areas such as eye surgery, the recording industry and dozens of others. This book presents citations from the book literature for the last 25 years and groups them for ease of access which is also provided by subject, author and titles indexes.

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Book SynopsisIt is expected that ongoing advances in optics will revolutionise the 21st century as they have the last quarter of the 20th. Such fields as communications, materials science, computing and medicine are leaping forward based on developments in optics. This series presents leading edge research on optics and lasers from researchers around the globe.

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Book SynopsisIt is expected that ongoing advances in optics will revolutionise the 21st century as they began doing in the last quarter of the 20th. Such fields as communications, materials science, computing and medicine are leaping forward based on developments in optics. This new series presents leading edge research on optics and lasers from researchers spanning the globe.

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Book SynopsisIt is expected that ongoing advances in optics will revolutionise the 21st century as they began doing in the last quarter of the 20th. Such fields as communications, materials science, computing and medicine are leaping forward based on developments in optics.

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Book SynopsisOver 20 years ago, world-wide optical communications was not possible; critical pieces of technology in both computing and communication were just emerging. The new communication technology has fuelled the exponential growth of the phenomenon known as the Internet. The exploding demand for Internet access, telecommunications, and broadband services has led to a push for greater light-wave transmission capacity. Optical fibre networks now carry a large amount of voice and data traffic all over the world. This new and important book gathers the latest research from around the globe on the subject of lasers and optics research with related topics such as: low-energy lasers in orthodontics, semiconductor lasers in endoscopy, cooling and manipulating atoms by semiconductor lasers, and others.

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Book SynopsisThis book considers some general laser-induced processes that are involved in laser-matter interactions. A brief review is presented about a very interesting application of laser beams in the fields of materials science: the growth of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructured films by Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD). In addition, safe and precise cavity detection, especially of dangerous or inaccessible voids, is essential to safe production in a working mine. The advantages and disadvantages of laser detection systems are analysed, and a combination of laser scanning techniques and conventional survey methodology is proposed. Other chapters in this book present an overview on laser cladding, a discussion of the applications of structured laser beams in laser refractography technology, a review of some fundamentals of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and an analysis of laser forming of steel parts by means of diode lasers.

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Book Synopsis''Optical and Electro-Optical Properties of Liquid Crystals: Nematic and Smectic Phases'' describes the general properties of the most popular liquid crystal (LC) phases nematics (Ns) and smectics (Ss), and in addition, is directed to fill in a niche of the LC field. This book covers topics ranging from the types and classifications of liquid crystals to a detail description of the fundamental properties of nematics and smectics, including continuum theory, non-linearity, behaviour in electric field, surface alignment, phase transitions, defect and textures and provides a useful reference intended for advanced topics of the physics of liquid crystals.

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Book SynopsisElectronic and optoelectronic devices using organic materials as active elements are attractive because they can take advantage of organic materials. Among them, organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), which consist of organic semiconductors, dielectric layers, and electrodes, are expected to be a promising technology for application in displays, sensors and memories. Organic semiconductors play a key role in determining the device characteristics. Recent technological advances in OFETs have triggered intensive research into molecular design, synthesis, device fabrication, thin film morphology and transport of holes and electrons. This book presents and discusses research on new organic semiconductors.

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Book SynopsisThis book gathers the latest research from around the globe on the subject of lasers and optics research. Topics discussed include polarisation dependent effects in optical wave-guides containing bragg grating structures; bacterial cell interactions with optical fibre surfaces; passively mode-locked fibre lasers with non-linear optical loop mirrors; optical breakdown in gases induced by high-power ir co2 laser pulses and towards shaping of pulsed plane waves in the time domain via chiral sculptured thin films.

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Book SynopsisOptical Spectroscopy is an interdisciplinary science dedicated to generating and building knowledge in the field of spectroscopy and as a tool for practical investigations. This book has been elaborated for the use of specialists, students and young scientists interested in material characterization and direct investigation of various technological processes. As the title shows, the project of this book is ambitious and challenging. The topics have been selected to supply the physical background needed to understand the main spectroscopic principles and, at the same time, to reveal new potentiality for applications. Subjects like Reflectance Spectroscopy, Infrared Attenuated Total Reflection or Photoreflectance Spectroscopy provide an overview of classical methods in spectroscopy in contexts of new applications and reveal possibilities in new domains such as medicine, environmental investigations, etc. Various spectroscopic measurement methods embedded in characterization of materials, devices or technological processes are extensively presented.

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Book SynopsisThe processing of signals or data is one of the cores of the information chain from production to application. More and more signals should be processed digitally in the big data era. Rapid and massive advances in digital signal processing (DSP) technology have been achieved over the past several decades. DSP technology revolutionized the electronics and opto-electronics industries. DSP technology is almost an all-embracing field and is advancing with each passing day. The classical application areas of DSP such as telecommunications, speech and image processing continue to be the main contributor to its growth. This book compiles cutting-edge research in several elementary and advanced topics in DSP, focusing on areas such as filter design algorithms, hardware/software techniques, and their applications. This book has a special emphasis on the modeling and design of optical communication filters. Use of well-developed DSP techniques and algorithms to design the wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) devices is a wise use of existing technology. The authors also share several of their thoughts concerning the practical DSP systems. The DSP theory and hardware for obscured object identification, and its applications in the intelligent baggage scanners are introduced systematically. This book will be helpful for students, researchers and engineers in the DSP fields to understand the basic knowledge and techniques of software, hardware, devices, and systems.

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Book SynopsisExploring the fundamentals of modern laser communication systems, this volume provides information from a system designer's point of view. It reviews the history, architectures, design methodologies, optical design guidelines, and tracking and communication processes.Table of ContentsPast, present, and future; architecture and applications; system design methodology; optical design; the communication receiver; the acquisition receiver; the tracking receiver; key technologies; configuring the system; trading RF and laser communications for your system; size, weight, and power trends in laser crosslinks; laser communications applications.

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Book SynopsisStarting from fundamentals and moving through a thorough discussion of equipment, methods, and techniques, the Handbook of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy provides a unique reference source that will be of value for many years to come for this important new analysis method.Table of ContentsPreface xi Acronyms, Constants, and Symbols xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Atomic Optical Emission Spectrochemistry (OES) 1 1.1.1 Conventional OES 1 1.1.2 Laser OES 1 1.2 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) 2 1.3 LIBS History 1960–1980 7 1.4 LIBS History 1981–1990 9 1.5 LIBS History 1991–2000 11 1.6 LIBS History 2001–2012 14 References 18 2 Basics of the LIBS Plasma 29 2.1 LIBS Plasma Fundamentals 29 2.1.1 Spectral Lines and Line Profiles 32 2.1.2 Determining Electron Densities from Spectral Line Widths 34 2.1.3 Plasma Opacity 37 2.1.4 Temperature and Thermodynamic Equilibrium 38 2.2 Laser-Induced Breakdown 46 2.2.1 Breakdown in Gases 46 2.2.2 Post-Breakdown Phenomena in Gases 48 2.2.3 Breakdown in and on Solids, Aerosols, and Liquids 48 2.2.4 Post-Breakdown Phenomena on Solid Surfaces 50 2.3 Laser Ablation from Surfaces and Aerosols 53 2.4 Nanosecond and Femtosecond Double- or Multiple-Pulse LIBS 58 2.5 Summary 63 2.6 Problems 63 References 64 3 LIBS Apparatus Fundamentals 69 3.1 Basic LIBS Apparatus 69 3.2 Lasers 70 3.2.1 Laser Fundamentals 70 3.2.2 Types of Lasers 72 3.2.3 Properties of Laser Light Important for LIBS 76 3.2.4 Generation of Additional Wavelengths 78 3.2.5 Double-Pulse Operation 78 3.3 Optical Systems 80 3.3.1 Focusing and Light Collection 80 3.3.2 Lenses 82 3.3.3 Fiber Optic Cables 82 3.4 Methods of Spectral Resolution 86 3.4.1 Introduction 86 3.4.2 Spectral Resolution Devices 88 3.5 Detectors 102 3.6 Detection System Calibrations 109 3.6.1 Wavelength Calibration 109 3.6.2 Spectral Response Calibration 110 3.7 Timing Considerations 114 3.8 Methods of LIBS Deployment 115 3.9 Problems 117 References 118 4 LIBS Analytical Figures of Merit and Calibration 123 4.1 Introduction 123 4.2 Basics of a LIBS Measurement 123 4.3 Precision 129 4.4 Calibration 131 4.4.1 Calibration Curves 131 4.4.2 Calibration Standards 138 4.4.3 Calibration-Free LIBS 140 4.5 Detection Limit 144 4.6 Accuracy 144 4.7 Problems 146 References 148 References for Detection Limits 150 5 Qualitative LIBS Analysis 151 5.1 Introduction 151 5.2 Identifying Elements 151 5.3 Material Identification 156 5.4 Process Monitoring 159 5.4.1 Introduction 159 5.4.2 Experimental 162 5.4.3 Results 163 5.4.4 Conclusions 169 5.5 Material Sorting/Distinguishing 169 5.5.1 Surface Condition 169 5.5.2 Type of Analysis 171 5.5.3 Sorting Materials of Close Composition 173 5.5.4 Other Examples of Material Identification 174 5.6 Site Screening Using LIBS 177 5.7 Semiquantitative Analysis 178 5.8 Problems 180 References 182 6 Quantitative LIBS Analysis 185 6.1 Introduction 185 6.2 Effects of Sampling Geometry 185 6.3 Other Sampling Considerations 189 6.4 Incomplete Vaporization and Ablation Stoichiometry 193 6.5 Use of Internal Standardization 194 6.6 Chemical Matrix Effects 196 6.7 Example of LIBS Measurement: Impurities in Lithium-Containing Solutions 198 6.7.1 Objective 198 6.7.2 Experimental 198 6.7.3 Results 201 6.7.4 Discussion of Results 205 6.8 Example of LIBS Measurement: Detection of Materials on Swipes 206 6.8.1 Objective 206 6.8.2 Experimental 206 6.8.3 Results 209 6.9 Reported Figures of Merit for LIBS Measurements and Comparison with Standard Methods 211 6.10 Enhancing Quantitative Analysis via Sophisticated Signal Processing 219 6.11 Conclusions 220 References 221 7 Chemometric Analysis in LIBS 223 7.1 Introduction 223 7.2 Chemometric Terms 227 7.3 Chemometric Analysis/Model Development 232 7.3.1 Data Collection 232 7.3.2 Data Preprocessing: Selection of Variables 234 7.3.3 Train the Model (Calibration) 236 7.3.4 Selecting the Criteria for Classification 238 7.3.5 Test the Model (Validation) 239 7.3.6 Refine the Model Parameters 239 7.3.7 Using the Model 240 7.3.8 Improve the Training Data 241 7.4 Summary 241 References 241 8 Remote LIBS Measurements 257 8.1 Introduction 257 8.2 Conventional Open-Path LIBS 259 8.2.1 Apparatus 259 8.2.2 Focusing the Laser Pulse 260 8.2.3 Collecting the Plasma Light 264 8.2.4 Results Using Conventional Open-Path LIBS 265 8.3 Standoff LIBS Using Femtosecond Pulses 270 8.3.1 Conventional Remote LIBS Using Femtosecond Laser Pulses 270 8.3.2 Remote Analysis by Filamentation Produced by Femtosecond Pulses 271 8.4 Fiber Optic LIBS 276 8.4.1 Fiber Optics for Light Collection 276 8.4.2 Fibers for Laser Pulse Delivery 277 8.4.3 Applications of Fiber Optics 280 References 284 9 Selected LIBS Applications 289 9.1 Introduction 289 9.2 LIBS and the CBRNE Threats 289 9.2.1 Background 289 9.2.2 Nuclear Material and Isotope Detection 291 9.2.3 Detection of Explosives 294 9.2.4 Chemical and Biological Agent Detection 295 9.3 LIBS Analysis of Liquids and Solids in Liquids 297 9.4 Transportable LIBS Instrument for Stand-off Analysis 303 9.4.1 Instrument Design 303 9.4.2 Instrument Capabilities 307 9.4.3 Consideration of Detection Scenarios 312 9.5 LIBS for Space Applications 313 9.5.1 Background 313 9.5.2 Laboratory Studies of LIBS for Space Missions 313 9.5.3 ChemCam LIBS Instrument on MSL Rover 322 References 325 A Safety Considerations in LIBS 333 B Major LIBS References 337 C Detection Limits from the Literature 341 D Examples of LIBS Spectra 377 E Solutions to Problems 387 Index 397

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