Laser technology and holography Books

Book SynopsisX-Ray Lasers 2004 comprises invited, contributed, and poster papers presented at the 9th International Conference on X-Ray Lasers (ICXRL2004) held in Beijing in May 2004. Some 120 participants from 13 countries and regions met in Beijing to compare results and exchange views on future developments in x-ray lasers and related fields.The book covers the following topics: overviews of x-ray lasers research, collisionally pumped x-ray lasers, capillary discharge-pumped x-ray lasers, OFI and photo-pumped x-ray lasers, high-order harmonics XUV radiation, grazing incidence pumping x-ray lasers, theory and simulations of x-ray lasers and plasma media, free-electron lasers and accelerator-based x-ray sources, alternative pumping schemes for x-ray lasers, applications of x-ray lasers and other bright x-ray sources, x-ray optics and instrumentation, investigations of x-ray laser media, and developments of x-ray laser drivers. X-Ray Lasers 2004 provides not only an overview and an Table of ContentsPreface, Conference Organization, Sponsors, Conference Schedule, Section 1: Overviews of X-ray lasers research, Section 2: CoIIisionally pumped X-ray lasers, Section 3: Capillary discharge-pumped X-ray lasers, Section 4: OFI and photo-pumped X-ray lasers, Section 5: High-order harmonics XUV radiation, Section 6: Grazing Incidence Pumping (GRIP) X-ray lasers, Section 7: Theory and simulations of X-ray lasers and plasma media, Section 8: Free-electron lasers and accelerator-based X-ray sources, Section 9: Alternative pumping schemes for X-ray lasers, Section 10: Applications of X-ray lasers and other bright X-ray sources, Section 11: X-ray optics and instrumentation, Section 12: Investigations of X-ray laser media, Section 13: Developments of X-ray laser drivers, Author Index

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Book SynopsisHierarchic Electrodynamics and Free Electron Lasers: Concepts, Calculations, and Practical Applications presents intriguing new fundamental concepts in the phenomenon of hierarchical electrodynamics as a new direction in physics. Concentrating on the key theory of hierarchic oscillations and waves, this book focuses on the numerous applications of nonlinear theory in different types of high-current Free Electron Lasers (FEL), including their primary function in the calculation methods used to analyze various multi-resonant, multi-frequency nonlinear FEL models.This is considered the first book to: Completely and systematically describe the foundation of hierarchical electrodynamics as a new direction of physics Fully represent the physics of high-current FELand associated modelsfrom the hierarchic oscillation wave perspective Cover the multi-harmonic nonlinear theory of new types of electronic devices, Trade Review"The book makes a strong impression not only by the scheme of the material organization but also by the choice of this material. One can say that it is extraordinary—really there are no analogous books in the contemporary literature of physics."—Peter O. Kondratenko, National Aviation University, Ukraine Table of ContentsHierarchical Electrodynamics: Key Concepts, Ideas, and Investigation Methods: High-Current Free Electron Lasers as a Historical Relic of the Star Wars Epoch. Elements of the Theory of Hierarchic Dynamic Systems. Hierarchic Oscillations. Hierarchic Waves. Hierarchic Description. Hierarchic Systems with Fast Rotating Phases. Electron Oscillations in FEL-Like Electronic Systems. Hierarchic Oscillations and Waves: The Foundation of the World?High-Current Free Electron Lasers: Free Electron Lasers for the Cluster Systems. General Description of the FEL Models. Parametrical (Ordinary) Free Electron Lasers: Weak-Signal Theory. Ordinary (Parametrical) Free Electron Lasers: Cubic-Nonlinear Theory. Two-Stream Superheterodyne Free Electron Lasers. Plasma-Beam and Parametrical Electron-Wave Superheterodyne FEL.

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Book Synopsis​Dieses Lehrbuch präsentiert den Vorlesungsstoff der Bachelorvorlesung zur Optik modern und anschaulich gestaltet. Die Autoren behandeln die Strahlen- und Wellenoptik sowie die Grundlagen der Laserphysik: Wie berechnet man Beugungsbilder? Was ist der Zusammenhang zwischen Stefan-Boltzmann- und Wien’schem Verschiebungsgesetz? Wie funktioniert ein Laser?Das durchgängig vierfarbige Buch bietet Leserinnen und Lesern eine ausgewogene Mischung aus theoretischen Grundlagen, anschaulichen Experimenten und abgestimmten Aufgaben. Viele vorlesungsrelevante Experimente und Beispiele fördern ein vertieftes Verständnis der behandelten Themen. Übungsaufgaben prüfen das Gelernte ab und bereiten Studierende auf Prüfungen vor. Im Anhang „Mathematische Grundlagen“ sind wichtige mathematische Themen (u.a. Bessel-Funktionen und Fresnel-Integrale) zusammengestellt, die besondere Bedeutung in der Optik haben. Die einzelnen Lernelemente sind farblich hervorgehoben, so dass Leserinnen und Leser die wichtigen Aussagen, Experimente und Aufgaben auf einen Blick zuordnen können.Das Buch richtet sich an Studierende der Physik, des Lehramts Physik und alle, die Experimentalphysik erlernen wollen. Es spiegelt die Begeisterung der Autoren für die Experimentalphysik wider und steckt Leserinnen und Leser damit an.Die AutorenStefan Roth ist Dozent und Studienberater für das Fach Physik an der RWTH Aachen. Er beteiligt sich regelmäßig an den Kursvorlesungen zur experimentellen Physik und hat als Studienberater einen unmittelbaren Kontakt zu den Studierenden. Zu seinen Aufgaben gehört auch die Forschung auf dem Gebiet der Neutrinophysik.Achim Stahl ist Professor für Experimentalphysik an der RWTH Aachen. Er hält regelmäßig den Einführungskurs in experimenteller Physik für Physikstudierende, aus dem dieses Buch entstanden ist. Sein Forschungsgebiet ist die Elementarteilchenphysik am europäischen Forschungszentrum CERN in Genf und an anderen Projekten weltweit. Trade Review“... Das Werk zeichnet sich sowohl durch eine ansprechende Gestaltung als auch eine gelungene didaktische Präsentation aus. Hunderte von Farbabbildungen veranschaulichen die Aussagen und zeigen zahlreiche Geräte. ... Empfehlenswert für Bibliotheken an Hochschulorten mit entsprechendem Leserkreis.” (Michael Mücke, in: ekz-Informationsdienst, Heft 6, 2020)Table of ContentsLichtausbreitung.- Geometrische Optik.- Fotometrie.- Wellenoptik.- Laser.- liste der Symbole.- Lösungen der Aufgabe.- Mathematische Einführung.

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Book SynopsisThis book focuses on the fundamental concepts and physical and chemical aspects of pulsed laser ablation of solid targets in liquid environments and its applications in the preparation of nanomaterials and fabrication of nanostructures. The areas of focus include basic thermodynamic and kinetic processes of laser ablation in liquids, and its applications in metal and metal oxides nanocrystals synthesis and semiconductor nanostructures fabrication. The book comprises theoretical and experimental analysis of laser ablation in liquids, research methods, and preparation techniques.Table of ContentsMechanisms of Laser-Induced Self-Organization of Nano and Micro Structures of Surface Relief in Air and in Liquid Environment. Computer Models of Laser Ablation in Liquids. Thermodynamic and Kinetic Approaches of Diamond and Related Nanomaterials Formed by Laser Ablation in Liquid. Preparation of NPs Using Laser Ablation in Liquids: Fundamental Aspects and Efficient Utilization. Dynamics of Liquid-Phase Laser-Ablation. Emission Spectroscopy of Laser Ablation Plume in Liquid. Formation of Nanoparticles under Laser Ablation of Solids in Liquids. Semiconductor Nanoparticles by Laser Ablation in Liquid: Synthesis Assembly and Properties. Carbon-Based Nano-Materials Obtained by Laser Ablation in Liquids and Other Plasma Processes in High-Density Environments. Fabrication of Inorganic Compound Nanostructures by Laser Irradiation in Liquid: Oxides, Hydroxides, Carbides, etc. Laser Ablation in Flowing Liquid. Nanoparticle Generation by Laser Ablation in Liquid and Supercritical Fluid. Synthesis of Nanostructures via Long-Pulse-Duration Laser Ablation in Liquid Media. Pulsed Laser Ablation Synthesis and Modification of Composite Nanoparticles in Liquids. Complex Nanostructures Growth Based on Laser Ablation in Liquid and Sequential Self-Assembly Process. Nanostructures’ Formation under Laser Ablation of Solids in Liquids. From Nanocrystal Synthesis to Nanomanufacturing: Laser Ablation in Liquid. Laser Induced Breakdown in Liquid and Solid–liquid Interface. Laser-Induced Backside Wet Etching: Processes, Results, and Applications.

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Book SynopsisThanks to the pioneering works of Ashkin and coworkers, optical tweezers (OTs) have become an invaluable tool for myriad studies throughout the natural sciences. Their success relies on the fact that they can be considered as exceptionally sensitive transducers that are able to resolve pN forces and nm displacements, with high temporal resolution, down to μs. Hence their application to study a wide range of biological phenomena such as measuring the compliance of bacterial tails, the forces exerted by a single motor protein, and the mechanical properties of human red blood cells and of individual biological molecules. The number of articles related to them totals to a whopping 58,000 (source Google Scholar)!Microrheology is a branch of rheology, but it works at micrometer length scales and with microliter sample volumes. Therefore, microrheology techniques have been revealed to be very useful tools for all those rheological/mechanical studies where rare or precious materials are employed, such as in biological and biomedical studies.The aim of this book is to provide a pedagogical introduction to the physics principles governing both the optical tweezers and their application in the field of microrheology of complex materials. This is achieved by following a linear path that starts from a narrative introduction of the "nature of light," followed by a rigorous description of the fundamental equations governing the propagation of light through matter. Moreover, some of the many possible instrumental configurations are presented, especially those that better adapt to perform microrheology measurements. In order to better appreciate the microrheological methods with optical tweezers explored in this book, informative introductions to the basic concepts of linear rheology, statistical mechanics, and the most popular microrheology techniques are also given. Furthermore, an enlightening prologue to the general applications of optical tweezers different from rheological purposes is provided at the end of the book.Table of ContentsForeword. Introduction to "the nature of light". Geometrical optics. Optical forces. Optical tweezer configurations. Introduction to linear rheology. Statistical mechanics. Introduction to the most popular microrheology techniques. Microrheology with optical tweezers. Optical tweezers with microrheology. An appendix on evaluating the Fourier transform.

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Book SynopsisSpace–time transformations as a design tool for a new class of composite materials (metamaterials) have proved successful recently. The concept is based on the fact that metamaterials can mimic a transformed but empty space. Light rays follow trajectories according to Fermat’s principle in this transformed electromagnetic, acoustic, or elastic space instead of laboratory space. This allows one to manipulate wave behaviors with various exotic characteristics such as (but not limited to) invisibility cloaks. This book is a collection of works by leading international experts in the fields of electromagnetics, plasmonics, elastodynamics, and diffusion waves. The experimental and theoretical contributions will revolutionize ways to control the propagation of sound, light, and other waves in macroscopic and microscopic scales. The potential applications range from underwater camouflaging and electromagnetic invisibility to enhanced biosensors and protection from harmful physical waves (e.g., tsunamis and earthquakes). This is the first book that deals with transformation physics for all kinds of waves in one volume, covering the newest results from emerging topical subjects such as transformational plasmonics and thermodynamics.Table of ContentsPart 1: Non-Classical, Non-Linear Transport. Properties of quantum transport. Non-equilibrium transport. Resonant tunneling. Longitudinal transport of superlattices. Mesoscopic transport. Transport in quantum dots. Silicon single electron transistor. Silicon single electron memory. Part 2: Quantum Waveguide Theory. Properties of quantum transport. One-dimensional quantum waveguide theory. Two-dimensional quantum waveguide theory. One-dimensional quantum waveguide theory of Rashba electron. One-dimensional quantum waveguide theory of Rashba electrons in curved circuits. Spin polarization of Rashba electron with mixed state. Two-dimensional quantum waveguide theory of Rashba electrons.

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Book SynopsisIn the recent decades, laser cooling or optical refrigeration—a physical process by which a system loses its thermal energy as a result of interaction with laser light—has garnered a great deal of scientific interest due to the importance of its applications. Optical solid-state coolers are one such application. They are free from liquids as well as moving parts that generate vibrations and introduce noise to sensors and other devices. They are based on reliable laser diode pump systems. Laser cooling can also be used to mitigate heat generation in high-power lasers.This book compiles and details cutting-edge research in laser cooling done by various scientific teams all over the world that are currently revolutionizing optical refrigerating technology. It includes recent results on laser cooling by redistribution of radiation in dense gas mixtures, three conceptually different approaches to laser cooling of solids such as cooling with anti-Stokes fluorescence, Brillouin cooling, and Raman cooling. It also discusses crystal growth and glass production for laser cooling applications. This book will appeal to anyone involved in laser physics, solid-state physics, low-temperature physics or cryogenics, materials research, development of temperature sensors, or infrared detectors.Trade Review"This book provides a timely and useful collection of articles on optical refrigeration science that complements the earlier books on this subject. It covers a wide range of topics, including laser cooling in dense gases, radiation-balanced lasers, novel cooling methods, and laser cooling in semiconductors. It should serve as a valuable reference for the scientists and graduate students studying this emerging interdisciplinary field."—Prof. Mansoor Sheik-Bahae, The University of New Mexico, USA"This book presents a significant overview of the entire field of laser cooling of bulk matter, with many new results and recent novel directions of investigation. It is written by a large number of well-qualified experts, covering a broad range of ideas, particularly with clear figures and well-organized tables. It would make an excellent reference for spectroscopists, condensed matter physicists, crystallographers, and laser scientists." —Prof. Carl E. Mungan, United States Naval Academy, USATable of ContentsLaser Cooling of Dense Gases by Collisional Redistribution of Radiation. Laser Cooling in Rare Earth Doped Glasses and Crystals. Progress toward Laser Cooling of Thulium-Doped Fibers. Laser Cooling of Solids around 2.07 Microns: A Theoretical Investigation. Optically Cooled Lasers. Methods for Laser Cooling of Solids. Deep Laser Cooling of Rare-Earth Doped Crystals by Stimulated Raman Adiabatic Passage. Bulk Cooling Efficiency Measurements of Yb Doped Fluoride Single Crystals and Energy-Transfer Assisted Anti-Stokes Cooling in Co-doped Fluorides. Interferometric Measurement of Laser Induced Temperature Changes. Fluoride Glasses and Fibers. Crystal Growth of Fluoride Single Crystals for Optical Refrigeration. Microscopic Theory of Optical Refrigeration of Semiconductors. Coulomb-Assisted Laser Cooling of Piezoelectric Semiconductors.

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Book SynopsisThe biomaterials technology industry is already well established in the western world and is growing rapidly within Asian Pacific nations. It is often described as the 'next electronics industry', whilst the laser is described as a 'solution looking for a problem'.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements. Introduction. 1. Bioactivity and Biointegration of Orthopaedic and Dental Implants. 1.1. Introduction. 1.3. Biointegration of Orthopaedic and Dental Implants. 1.4. Controlling the Bone-Implant Interface. 2. Surface Modification of Biomaterials. 2.1. Introduction. 2.3. Metallic Implants. 2.4. Surface Modification of Biomaterials. 2.5. Laser Surface Modification of Biomaterials. 3. Wettability in Biomaterials Science and Modification Techniques. 3.1. Introduction. 3.2. Wettability, Adhesion and Bonding Theoretical Background. 3.3. Wettability in Biomaterial Science. 3.4. Current Methods of Wettability Modification. 3.5. Laser Wettability Characteristics Modification. 4. CO2 Laser Modification of the Wettability Characteristics of Magnesia Partially Stabilised Zirconia. 4.1. Introduction. 4.2. Experimental Procedures. 4.3. The Effects of CO2 Laser Radiation on Wettability Characteristics. 4.4. Surface Energy and its Component Parts. 4.5. Identification of the Predominant Mechanisms Active in Determining Wettability Characteristics. 4.6. The Role Played by Microstructures in Terms of Crystal Size and Phase in Effecting Surface Energy Changes. 4.7. Investigation of Wettability and Work Adhesion Using Physiological Liquids. 4.8. Summary. 5. In vitro Biocompatibility Evaluation of CO2 Laser Treated Magnesia Partially Stabilised Zirconia. 5.1. Introduction. 5.2. Sample Preparation. 5.3. Bone Like Apatite Formation. 5.4. Protein Adsorption. 5.5. Osteoblast Cell Response. 5.6. Predictions for Implantation in an in vivo Clinical Situation. 5.7. Summary. 6. The Effects of CO2 Laser Radiation on the Wettability Characteristics of a Titanium Alloy. 6.1. Introduction. 6.2. Experimental Procedures. 6.3. The Effects of CO2 Laser Radiation on Wettability Characteristics. 6.4. Surface Energy and its Component Analysis. 6.5. Identification of the Predominant Mechanisms Active in Determining Wettability Characteristics. 6.6. Investigation of Wettability and Work Adhesion Using Physiological Liquids. 6.7. Summary. 7. In vitro Biocompatibility Evaluation of CO2 Laser Treated Titanium Alloy. 7.1. Introduction. 7.2. Sample Preparation. 7.3. Bone Like Apatite Formation on Titanium Alloys. 7.4. Protein Adsorption. 7.5. Osteoblast Cell Adhesion. 7.6. Predictions for Implantation in an in vivo Clinical Situation. 7.7. Summary. 8. Enquiry into the Possible Generic Effects of the CO2 Laser Treatment on Bone Implant Biomaterials. 8.1. Introduction. 8.2. Ascertaining the Generic Effects of CO2 Laser Treatment on Bioinert Ceramics. 8.3. Ascertaining the Generic Effects of CO2 Laser Treatment on Metal Implants. 8.4. Summary. Conclusions. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book will serve as an introduction to the potential of the laser in atomic spectroscopy. The book focuses primarily on the use of lasers in analytical atomic spectroscopy with optical detection, and also includes a chapter describing the use of lasers in inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).Table of ContentsAnalytical Atomic Spectroscopy/ Historical/ General Characteristics of Atomic Spectra/ Atomic Absorption Spectrometry/ Recent Advances in AAS/ Atomic Emission Spectrometry/ Recent Advances in Atomic Emission Spectrometry/ Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry/ The Practice of Atomic Spectroscopy/ Techniques Similar to Atomic Spectroscopy/ Lasers/ Fundamentals of Lasers/ Practical Lasers/ Laser Excited Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry: Principles, Instrumentation and Applications/ Laser Ablation for Sample Introduction: Principles and Applications/ Laser Types Suitable for Ablation of Solid Samples/ Interactions and Transactions in Laser Ablation/ Laser Ablation-Atomic Emission Spectrometry and Laser Ablation/ Inductively coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry/ Laser Ablation-Atomic Mass Spectrometry and Laser Ablation/ Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Mass Spectrometry/ Laser Induced Plasmas for Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy/ Laser Induced Plasma/ Laser Induced Breakdown Spectrometry (LIBS)/ Applications/ Laser-Enhanced ionization Spectroscopy

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Book SynopsisOsche explores optical detection theory and the associated phenomenologies for laser system applications. Readers will learn how to apply these applications in imaging laser radar, DIAL and DISC lidar, laser remote wind sensing systems, laser pointing systems, rangefinders, and laser communications systems.Table of ContentsPreface. Chapter 1. Introduction and Background. 1.1. Overview of Laser Systems. 1.2. Review of Statistical Methods. 1.3. Decision-Making Processes. 1.4. Optical Detection Techniques. References. Chapter 2. Signal and Noise Analysis. 2.1. Introduction. 2.2. Review of Diffraction Theory. 2.3. Free-Space Propagation. 2.4. Truncated and Obscured Gaussian Beams. 2.5. Fourier Optics and the Array Theorem. 2.6. Antenna and Mixing Theorems. 2.7. Analysis of Coherent Detection Systems. 2.8. Analysis of Direct-Detection Systems. 2.9. Receiver and Clutter Noise. 2.10. Power Signal-to-Noise-Ratio. References. Chapter 3. Random Processes in Beam Propagation. 3.1. Introduction. 3.2. Review of Optical Coherence Theory. 3.3. Surface Scattering. 3.4. Propagation through Turbulent Media. References. Chapter 4. Single-Pulse Direct-Detection Statistics. 4.1. Introduction. 4.2. Single-Point Statistics of Fully Developed Speckle. 4.3. Summed Statistics of Fully Developed Speckle. 4.4. Poisson Signal in Poisson Noise. 4.5. Negative Binomial Signal in Poisson Noise. 4.6. Noncentral Negative Binomial Signal in Poisson Noise. 4.7. Parabolic-Cylinder Signal in Gaussian Noise. 4.8. Detection of Signals in APD Excess Noise. 4.9. Detection in Atmospheric Turbulence. 4.10. Detection in Atmospheric Clutter. 4.11. Polarization Diversity. 4.12. Multiple Uncorrelated Signals. References. Chapter 5. Single-Pulse Coherent Detection Statistics. 5.1. Introduction. 5.2. Constant-Amplitude Signal in Gaussian Noise. 5.3. Rayleigh Fluctuating Signal in Gaussian Noise. 5.4. One-Dominant-Plus-Rayleigh Signal in Gaussian Noise. 5.5. Rician Signal in Gaussian Noise. 5.6. Detection in Atmospheric Turbulence. 5.7. Coherent versus Noncoherent Performance. References. Chapter 6. Multiple-Pulse Detection. 6.1. Introduction. 6.2. Direct-Detection Systems. 6.3. Coherent Detection Systems. 6.4. Binary Integration. References. Appendix A. Advanced Mathematical Functions. A.1. Dirac Delta and Unit Step Functions. A.2. Gamma Function. A.3. Confluent Hypergeometric Function. A.4. Parabolic Cylinder Functions. A.5. Toronto Function. References. Appendix B. Additional Derivations. B.1. Gamma Distribution. B.2. Burgess Variance Theorem. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisLong-wavelength Infrared Semiconductor Lasers provides a comprehensive review of the current status of semiconductor coherent sources emitting in the mid-to far-infrared spectrum and their applications. It includes three topics not covered in any previous book: far-infrared emission from photo-mixers as well as from hot-hole lasers, and InP-based lasers emitting beyond two micrometers. Semiconductor lasers emitting at more than two micrometers have many applications such as in trace gas analysis, environmental monitoring, and industrial process control. Because of very rapid progress in recent years, until this book no comprehensive information beyond scattered journal articles is available at present.Trade Review"This book provides an effective means for getting up to speed onpractical long-wavelength lasers." (Optical & PhontonicsNews, October 2005) "...pulls together a lot of information previously found inan eclectic assortment of journal articles and books. Highlyrecommended." (E-STREAMS, August 2005)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Contributors. 1. Coherent Sources in the Long-Wavelength Infrared Spectrum(Hong K. Choi). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Synopsis of Long-Wavelength Coherent Sources. 1.3 Scope of Book. 2. 2-µm Wavelength Lasers Employing InP-basedStrained-Layer Quantum Wells (Manabu Mitsuhara and MamoruOishi). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Material Properties of InGaAsP. 2.3 Design Consideration of MQW Active Region. 2.4 Growth and Characterization of Strained-InGaAs QuantumWells. 2.5 Lasing Characteristics of 2-µm wavelength InGaAs-MQWLasers. 2.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects. 3. Antimonide Mid-IR Lasers (L.J. Olafsen, et al.). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Antimonide III-V Material System. 3.3 Antimonide Lasers Emitting in the 2µm < lambda <3µm Range. 3.4 Antimonide Lasers Emitting in the lambda >= 3µmRange. 3.5 Challenges and Issues. 3.6 Conclusions. 4. Lead-Chalcogenide-based Mid-Infrared Diode Lasers (Uwe PeterSchieál, et al.). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Homostructure Lasers. 4.3 Double-Heterostructure Lasers. 4.4 Quantum-Well Lasers. 4.5 DFB and DBR Lasers. 4.6 IV-VI Epitaxy on BaF2 and Silicon. 4.7 Conclusion. 5. InP and GaAs-Based Quantum Cascade Lasers (JérômeFaist and Carco Sirtori). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Quantum Cascade Laser Fundamentals. 5.3 Fundamentals of the Three-Quantum-Well Active-RegionDevice. 5.4 Waveguide and Technology. 5.5 High-Power, Room-Temperature Operation of Three-Quantum-WellActive Region Designs. 5.6 GaAs-Based QC Lasers. 5.7 Role of the Conduction-Band Discontinuity. 5.8 Spectral Characteristics of QC Lasers. 5.9 Distributed Feedback Quantum Cascade Lasers. 5.10 Microsctructured QC Lasers. 5.11 Outlook on Active Region Designs and Conclusions. 6. Widely Tunable Far-Infrared Hot-Hole Semiconductor Lasers(Erik Bründermann). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Hot-Hole Laser Model. 6.3 Laser Material Fabrication. 6.4 Technology. 6.5 Laser Emission. 6.6 Future Trends. 6.7 Summary. 7. Continous THz generation with Optical Heterodyning (J. C.Pearson, et al.). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Requirements for Photomixing Systems. 7.3 Design Trade-offs for Photomixers. 7.4 Antenna Design. 7.5 Applications. 7.6 Summary. Index.

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Book SynopsisMetal vapour ion lasers are a mature class of gas laser for which a number of applications has developed in recent years. This is the first book to appear in the English language on this topic, and concentrates on the physical processes which occur in the laser, in particular the kinetic processes which are responsible for the pumping of excited ion levels, and the production of population inversion. The most important types of electrical discharges used in this class of laser are discussed in detail, and all the major types of metal vapour ion laser are examined. A highly useful appendix tabulates all the known transitions used in metal vapour ion lasers. Metal Vapour Ion Lasers: Kinetic Processes and Gas Discharges provides a much needed review of this important field. It identifies current problem areas, and points to future research directions. It is an invaluable source for all those, both in industry and academia, working on the development or applications of metal vapour ion lasTable of ContentsPumping Mechanisms and Methods of Establishing PopulationInversion. Gas Discharges Used in Metal Vapour Ion Lasers. Pulsed Metal Vapour Ion Lasers with Positive-Column DischargeExcitation. Metal Vapour Ion Lasers Using Recombining Plasmas. Positive-Column Excitation of CW Metal Vapour Ion Lasers. Metal Vapour Ion Lasers Excited by Fast Electrons. Multi-Colour CW Metal Vapour Ion Lasers. Appendices. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book describes the approaches, both successful and not, to the political and infrastructure issues addressed by the trade association. The intent is to provide guidance to those confronting similar issues, and help them avoid unsuccessful approaches. Includes end-of-chapter summaries Example of documents and approaches that LEOMA used successfully are included and could serve as a guide to other trade associations. Chapter 5 includes figures presenting the unique and effective graphical approach that LEOMA use to improve US national-security export controls Table of ContentsPreface vii 1 LEOMA and the U.S. Laser Industry 1 2 Professional Societies and the Photonics Community 29 3 International Laser Standards 53 4 Educational Issues 75 5 Export Controls 95 6 The Federal Government 117 7 Intra-Industry Affairs 131 Appendix 1: LEOMA Officers 157 Appendix 2: ISO Laser Standards 161 Appendix 3: LEOMA Executive Seminars 163 Appendix 4: The LEOMA ADR Agreement 167 Index 171

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Book SynopsisWith emphasis on the physical and engineering principles, this book provides a comprehensive and highly accessible treatment of modern lasers and optoelectronics. Divided into four parts, it explains laser fundamentals, types of lasers, laser electronics & optoelectronics, and laser applications, covering each of the topics in their entirety, from basic fundamentals to advanced concepts. Key features include: exploration of technological and application-related aspects of lasers and optoelectronics, detailing both existing and emerging applications in industry, medical diagnostics and therapeutics, scientific studies and Defence. simple explanation of the concepts and essential information on electronics and circuitry related to laser systems illustration of numerous solved and unsolved problems, practical examples, chapter summaries, self-evaluation exercises, and a comprehensive list of references for further reading This volume Table of ContentsPreface xix Part I LASER FUNDAMENTALS 1 1 Laser Basics 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Laser Operation 3 1.3 Rules of Quantum Mechanics 3 1.4 Absorption, Spontaneous Emission and Stimulated Emission 4 1.5 Population Inversion 10 1.6 Two-, Three- and Four-Level Laser Systems 11 1.7 Gain of Laser Medium 16 1.8 Laser Resonator 17 1.9 Longitudinal and Transverse Modes 18 1.10 Types of Laser Resonators 21 1.11 Pumping Mechanisms 23 1.12 Summary 29 2 Laser Characteristics 34 2.1 Introduction 34 2.2 Laser Characteristics 34 2.3 Important Laser Parameters 41 2.4 Measurement of Laser Parameters 49 2.5 Laser Beam Diagnostic Equipment 56 2.6 Summary 59 Part II TYPES OF LASERS 65 3 Solid-state Lasers 67 3.1 Introduction: Types of Laser 67 3.2 Importance of Host Material 67 3.3 Operational Modes 68 3.4 Ruby Lasers 76 3.5 Neodymium-doped Lasers 78 3.6 Erbium-doped Lasers 85 3.7 Vibronic Lasers 88 3.8 Colour Centre Lasers 90 3.9 Fibre Lasers 91 3.10 Summary 101 4 Gas Lasers 105 4.1 Introduction to Gas Lasers 105 4.2 Helium-neon Lasers 107 4.3 Carbon Dioxide Lasers 111 4.4 Metal Vapour Lasers 115 4.5 Rare Gas Ion Lasers 118 4.6 Excimer Lasers 120 4.7 Chemical Lasers 121 4.8 Carbon Dioxide Gas Dynamic Lasers 125 4.9 Dye Laser 125 4.10 Free-electron Lasers 127 4.11 X-Ray Lasers 129 4.12 Summary 129 5 Semiconductor Lasers 132 5.1 Introduction 132 5.2 Operational Basics 132 5.3 Semiconductor Laser Materials 135 5.4 Types of Semiconductor Lasers 136 5.5 Characteristic Parameters 148 5.6 Gain- and Index-guided Diode Lasers 152 5.7 Handling Semiconductor Diode Lasers 152 5.8 Semiconductor Diode Lasers: Application Areas 153 5.9 Summary 154 Part III LASER ELECTRONICS AND OPTOELECTRONICS 159 6 Building Blocks of Laser Electronics 161 6.1 Introduction 161 6.2 Linear Power Supplies 161 6.3 Switched-mode Power Supplies 173 6.4 Constant Current Sources 186 6.5 Integrated-circuit Timer Circuits 191 6.6 Current-to-voltage Converter 197 6.7 Peak Detector 199 6.8 High-voltage Trigger Circuit 200 6.9 Summary 202 7 Solid-state Laser Electronics 208 7.1 Introduction 208 7.2 Spectrum of Laser Electronics 208 7.3 Electronics for Solid-state Lasers 213 7.4 Electronics for Pulsed Solid-state Lasers 214 7.5 Electronics for CW Solid-state Lasers 233 7.6 Solid-state Laser Designators and Rangefinders 237 7.7 Summary 238 8 Gas Laser Electronics 242 8.1 Introduction 242 8.2 Gas Discharge Characteristics 242 8.3 Gas Laser Power Supplies 242 8.4 Helium-Neon Laser Power Supply 244 8.5 Carbon Dioxide Laser Power Supplies 257 8.6 Power Supplies for Metal Vapour Lasers 260 8.7 Power Supplies for Excimer Lasers 261 8.8 Power Supplies for Ion Lasers 262 8.9 Frequency Stabilization of Gas Lasers 263 8.10 Summary 267 9 Laser Diode Electronics 271 9.1 Introduction 271 9.2 Laser Diode Protection 271 9.3 Operational Modes 276 9.4 Laser Diode Driver Circuits 278 9.5 Laser Diode Temperature Control 291 9.6 Summary 308 10 Optoelectronic Devices and Circuits 315 10.1 Introduction 315 10.2 Classification of Photosensors 315 10.3 Radiometry and Photometry 316 10.4 Characteristic Parameters 318 10.5 Photoconductors 324 10.6 Photodiodes 329 10.7 Phototransistors 340 10.8 Photo- FET, SCR and TRIAC 343 10.9 Photoemissive Sensors 345 10.10 Thermal Sensors 347 10.11 Displays 349 10.12 Light-emitting Diodes 351 10.13 Liquid-crystal Displays 356 10.14 Cathode Ray Tube Displays 361 10.15 Emerging Display Technologies 362 10.16 Optocouplers 363 10.17 Summary 370 Part IV LASER APPLICATIONS 379 11 Lasers in Industry 381 11.1 Introduction 381 11.2 Material-processing Applications 381 11.3 Laser Cutting 385 11.4 Laser Welding 390 11.5 Laser Drilling 393 11.6 Laser Marking and Engraving 396 11.7 Laser Micromachining 401 11.8 Photolithography 407 11.9 Rapid Manufacturing 411 11.10 Lasers in Printing 414 11.11 Summary 418 12 Lasers in Medicine 422 12.1 Introduction 422 12.2 Light–tissue Interaction 422 12.3 Laser Diagnostics 430 12.4 Therapeutic Techniques: Application Areas 442 12.5 Ophthalmology 443 12.6 Dermatology 449 12.7 Laser Dentistry 453 12.8 Vascular Surgery 455 12.9 Photodynamic Therapy 456 12.10 Thermal Therapy 459 12.11 Summary 460 13 Lasers in Science and Technology 466 13.1 Introduction 466 13.2 Optical Metrology 466 13.3 Laser Velocimetry 478 13.4 Laser Vibrometry 482 13.5 Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry 484 13.6 Satellite Laser Ranging 490 13.7 Lasers in Astronomy 494 13.8 Holography 496 13.9 Summary 503 14 Military Applications: Laser Instrumentation 508 14.1 Introduction 508 14.2 Military Applications of Lasers 508 14.3 Laser-based Instrumentation 512 14.4 Guided Munitions 532 14.5 Laser Communication 556 14.6 Summary 561 15 Military Applications: Directed-energy Laser Systems 566 15.1 Introduction 566 15.2 Laser Technology for Low-intensity Conflict (LIC) Applications 566 15.3 Electro-optic Countermeasures 580 15.4 Directed-energy Laser Weapons 585 15.5 Summary 592 Review Questions 595 Self-evaluation Exercise 596 Bibliography 598 Appendix A: Laser Safety 597 Index 603

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Book SynopsisThis book is in part an introduction to ladar (or lidar), providing the technical building blocks for understanding the technology, but also provides in-depth coverage of aspects of coherent detection. It covers the mathematical background of traditional direct-detection architecture, including a detailed description of photon-counting detection, which is usually achieved with Geiger-mode APD technology. The book also dives into details of coherent detection architecture, explaining various imaging techniques such as synthetic aperture lidar and vibration sensing lidar. This book can serve as a reference for readers who want to become more acquainted with lidar technology and can also be used as a textbook on the subject.Table of Contents Ladar: A New Light on Imaging Laser Transmitters Receiver Detector The Ladar Range Equation Detection Statistics, Probability of Detection and False Alarm, and Statistical Improvement Techniques Image Resolution and Optical Considerations Ladar Waveforms Receiver, Signal Processing, and Data Extraction Coherent Detection Ladar Waveform Considerations in Coherent Ladar Coherent Detection with a Geiger-Mode Receiver Lidar Applications: Present and Future

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Book SynopsisA state of the art presentation of important advances in the field of digital holography, detailing advances related to fundamentals of digital holography, in-line holography applied to fluid mechanics, digital color holography, digital holographic microscopy, infrared holography, special techniques in full field vibrometry and inverse problems in digital holographyTable of ContentsINTRODUCTION xiPasscal PICART CHAPTER 1. BASIC FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL HOLOGRAPHY 1Pascal PICART, Michel GROSS and Pierre MARQUET 1.1. Digital holograms 2 1.1.1. Interferences between the object and reference waves 2 1.1.2. Role of the image sensor 5 1.1.3. Demodulation of digital holograms 9 1.2. Back-propagation to the object plane 16 1.2.1. Monochromatic spherical and plane waves 17 1.2.2. Propagation equation 18 1.2.3. Angular spectrum transfer function 19 1.2.4. Kirchhoff and Rayleigh–Sommerfeld formulas 21 1.2.5. Fresnel approximation and Fresnel diffraction integral 22 1.3. Numerical reconstruction of digital holograms 24 1.3.1. Discrete Fresnel transform 24 1.3.2. Reconstruction with convolution 30 1.4. Holographic setups 37 1.4.1. Fresnel holography 37 1.4.2. Fresnel holography with spatial spectrum reduction 38 1.4.3. Fourier holography 38 1.4.4. Lensless Fourier holography 39 1.4.5. Image-plane holography 40 1.4.6. Holographic microscopy 41 1.4.7. In-line Gabor holography 43 1.5. Digital holographic interferometry 45 1.5.1. Reconstruction of the phase of the object 45 1.5.2. Optical phase variations and the sensitivity vector 46 1.5.3. Phase difference method 47 1.5.4. Phase unwrapping 49 1.6. Quantitative phase tomography 49 1.7. Conclusion 53 1.8. Bibliography 54 CHAPTER 2. DIGITAL IN-LINE HOLOGRAPHY APPLIED TO FLUID FLOWS 67Sébastien COËTMELLEC, Denis LEBRUN and Marc BRUNEL 2.1. Examples of measurements in flows 68 2.1.1. Increasing NA with a divergent wave 68 2.1.2. Choice of the magnification 70 2.1.3. 3D velocity measurements in a turbulent boundary layer 70 2.1.4. Cavitation bubbles measurements 77 2.2. The fractional-order Fourier transform 81 2.3. Digital in-line holography with a sub-picosecond laser beam 82 2.4. Spatially partially coherent source applied to the digital in-line holography 89 2.5. Digital in-line holography for phase objects metrology 94 2.5.1. In-line holograms of transparent phase objects 94 2.5.2. Reconstruction 97 2.5.3. Experimental results 98 2.6. Bibliography 101 CHAPTER 3. DIGITAL COLOR HOLOGRAPHY FOR ANALYZING UNSTEADY WAKE FLOWS 107JEAN MICHEL DESSE AND PASCAL PICART 3.1. Advantage of using multiple wavelengths 109 3.2. Analysis of subsonic wake flows 112 3.2.1. Description of the digital color holographic interferometer 112 3.2.2. Results obtained with subsonic wake flows 114 3.2.3. Comparison between holographic plate and digital holograms 116 3.3. Analysis of a supersonic jet with high-density gradients 117 3.3.1. Definition of an optical setup 118 3.3.2. Results obtained with a supersonic jet 122 3.4. Analysis of a hydrogen jet in a hypersonic flow 125 3.4.1. Experimental setup 126 3.4.2. Experimental results 128 3.4.3. Comparisons with numerical simulations 130 3.5. Conclusion 132 3.6. Acknowledgment 133 3.7. Bibliography 134 CHAPTER 4. AUTOMATION OF DIGITAL HOLOGRAPHIC DETECTION PROCEDURES FOR LIFE SCIENCES APPLICATIONS 137Ahmed EL MALLAHI, Christophe MINETTI and Frank DUBOIS 4.1. Introduction 137 4.2. Experimental protocol 139 4.2.1. Optical setup 139 4.2.2. Dynamic monitoring 140 4.3. General tools 140 4.3.1. Extraction of the full interferometric information 140 4.3.2. Compensation of the phase 141 4.3.3. Border processing 143 4.3.4. Best focus determination 144 4.4. Automated 3D detection 145 4.4.1. Introduction 145 4.4.2. Description of the testing samples 146 4.4.3. In-plane detection 147 4.4.4. In-depth detection 158 4.4.5. Discussion 160 4.5. Application 162 4.6. Conclusions 164 4.7. Bibliography 165 CHAPTER 5. QUANTITATIVE PHASE-DIGITAL HOLOGRAPHIC MICROSCOPY: A NEW MODALITY FOR LIVE CELL IMAGING 169Pierre MARQUET, Benjamin RAPPAZ and Nicolas PAVILLON 5.1. Introduction 170 5.2. Cell imaging with quantitative phase DHM 172 5.2.1. The origin and content of the quantitative phase signal 172 5.2.2. Cell counting and classification analysis 174 5.2.3. Exploration of cell movements and dynamics 175 5.2.4. Dry mass, cell growth and cell cycle 175 5.2.5. Cell membrane fluctuations and biomechanical properties 176 5.2.6. Dynamics of absolute cell volume and transmembrane water movements 177 5.3. High-content phenotypic screening based on QP-DHM 179 5.4. Multimodal QP-DHM 182 5.4.1. Multimodal fluorescence QP-DHM 182 5.4.2. Multimodal Raman-QP-DHM 183 5.4.3. Multimodal electrophysiology QP-DHM 186 5.5. Resolving neuronal network activity and visualizing spine dynamics 190 5.5.1. Background 190 5.5.2. Imaging neuronal activity by measuring transmembrane water movements with QP-DHM 193 5.5.3. 3D Visualization of dendritic spine dynamics with quantitative phase tomographic microscopy (QP-TM) 197 5.6. Perspectives 198 5.7. Acknowledgments 201 5.8. Bibliography 201 CHAPTER 6. LONG-WAVE INFRARED DIGITAL HOLOGRAPHY 219Marc GEORGES 6.1. Introduction 219 6.2. Analog hologram recording in LWIR 221 6.3. Digital hologram recording in LWIR 222 6.3.1. Hardware components 222 6.3.2. Specific features of the LWIR domain 229 6.4. Typical applications of LWIR digital holography 235 6.4.1. Recording holograms of large objects in LWIR and display in visible 235 6.4.2. Reconstruction of images through smoke and flames 237 6.4.3. Large deformations of specular aspheric reflectors 240 6.4.4. Combined holography and thermography for thermomechanical analysis and non-destructive testing 243 6.5. Conclusions: future prospects 246 6.6. Bibliography 247 CHAPTER 7. FULL FIELD HOLOGRAPHIC VIBROMETRY AT ULTIMATE LIMITS 255Nicolas VERRIER, Michael ATLAN and Michel GROSS 7.1. Introduction 255 7.2. Heterodyne holography 257 7.2.1. Accurate phase shift and holographic detection bandwidth 260 7.2.2. Shot noise holographic detection 264 7.3. Holographic vibrometry 268 7.3.1. Optical signal scattered by a vibrating object 268 7.3.2. Selective detection of the sideband components Em: sideband holography 270 7.3.3. Sideband holography for large amplitude of vibration 273 7.3.4. Sideband holography with strobe illumination 277 7.3.5. Sideband holography for small amplitude of vibration 280 7.4. Conclusion 290 7.5. Bibliography 290 LIST OF AUTHORS 295 INDEX 297

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Book SynopsisAndreas Neff zeigt die exzellenten diagnostischen und therapeutischen Optionen der Endoskopie, die für den MKG-Chirurgen bei der komplexen Anatomie der Mund-Kiefer-Gesichtsregion, speziell der Kieferhöhlen und der Nasengänge, des Kiefergelenks, aber auch der Speicheldrüsen heute unverzichtbar ist. Minimalinvasive Darstellung und Zugänge gemäß State of the Art erfordern neben chirurgischem Know-how auch ein spezielles technisches Equipment. Während die Endoskopie in der MKG-Chirurgie meist speziellen Indikationen vorbehalten ist, hat sie insbesondere in der HNO inzwischen einen Großteil der traditionellen direkten bzw. invasiv-offenen Verfahren ersetzt. Auch in der MKG-Chirurgie wird es analog zu ihren Nachbardisziplinen zunehmend zu Paradigmenwechseln in der Behandlungsstrategie kommen, denen sich die MKG-Chirurgie stellen muss, um sich auch in Zukunft auf Augenhöhe weiterentwickeln zu können.Table of ContentsArthroskopie des Kiefergelenks und Chirurgie des Sinus maxillaris.- Endoskopische Speicheldrüsenchirurgie und dentoalvelären Chirurgie.- Endoskopie in der Traumatologie und plastisch-ästhetischen Chirurgie.

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Book SynopsisDieses essential stellt das Selektive Lasersintern als Verfahren der additiven Fertigung im Kontext anderer 3D-Druck-Prozesse vor. Manfred Schmid erläutert verschiedene Technologien, die zu den additiven Verfahren gezählt werden, und gibt einen Einblick in die Prozessprinzipien und Werkstoffe. Die grundlegenden Werkstoffvarianten unterschiedlicher Hersteller werden ebenso thematisiert wie die Limitationen des Verfahrens aufgrund reduzierter Bauteildichte und -anisotropie. Das anspruchsvolle Verfahren des Lasersinterns, das die Stufe vom Prototyping zur Produktion überwinden und eine „echte“ Fertigungstechnologie werden kann, wird detailliert, aber dennoch in kompakter Form beschrieben. Ein Ausblick hinsichtlich bereits vorliegender und gewünschter alternativer Materialien rundet das essential ab.Table of ContentsDer aktuelle SLS-Markt und die wichtigsten Prozessschritte.- Bewertung der aktuell verfügbaren Werkstoffe.- Werkstoffeigenschaften und -varianten unterschiedlicher Hersteller.

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Book SynopsisThis Open Access book discusses an extension to low-coherence interferometry by dispersion-encoding. The approach is theoretically designed and implemented for applications such as surface profilometry, polymeric cross-linking estimation and the determination of thin-film layer thicknesses. During a characterization, it was shown that an axial measurement range of 79.91 µm with an axial resolution of 0.1 nm is achievable. Simultaneously, profiles of up to 1.5 mm in length were obtained in a scan-free manner. This marked a significant improvement in relation to the state-of-the-art in terms of dynamic range. Also, the axial and lateral measurement range were decoupled partially while functional parameters such as surface roughness were estimated. The characterization of the degree of polymeric cross-linking was performed as a function of the refractive index. It was acquired in a spatially-resolved manner with a resolution of 3.36 x 10-5. This was achieved by the development of a novel mathematical analysis approach.Table of Contents1 Introduction and motivation.- 2 Related works and basic considerations.- 3 Surface profilometry.- 4 Polymer characterization.- 5 Thin-film characterization.- 6 Conclusion.

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Book SynopsisWas ist Glas? Wie wird es hergestellt? Wo wird Glas eingesetzt? Hat Glas eine Zukunft? Die Autoren sind Experten ihres Faches. Trotzdem gelingt es ihnen, informativ und doch unterhaltsam Antworten auf diese Fragen zu geben. An ausgewählten Beispielen erläutern sie die vielfältigen Anwendungen von Glas. Und sie vermitteln, wie die physikalischen und chemischen Eigenschaften dieses Werkstoffes zur Entwicklung technischer, industriell gefertigter Produkte führen. So ermöglicht etwa die bis ins Extrem gesteigerte Lichtdurchlässigkeit einer Glasfaser die heutige Telekommunikation und das Internet. Besonders dünnes Glas, das zusätzlich verfestigt ist, wird für Bildschirme von Fernsehern, Laptops und Mobiltelefonen eingesetzt, Glaswerkstoffe mit thermischer Nullausdehnung sind der Werkstoff der Wahl für Teleskopspiegelträger und Kochflächen.Table of ContentsWas ist Glas ?.- Kurze Geschichte des Glases.- Glasstruktur.- Viskoelastisches Verhalten.- Glaszusammensetzungen und Glaseigenschaften.- Kalknatronsilicat Gläser, Spezialgläser, nicht-silicatische Gläser.- Keimbildung und Kristallisation.- Glas und seine vielfältigen Anwendungen.- Optik.- Architektur und Automobil.- Energie.- Lampen.- Verpackung / Pharma.- Elektronik.- Telekommunikation.- Andere.- Herstellung – Schmelzen von Glas.- Glasrohstoffe, Recyclingscherben.- Glasschmelzöfen.- Energieaufwand.- Umweltschutz.- Funktionsgläser.- Glasspiegel.- Entspiegeltes Glas.- Wärmeschutz- und Sonnenschutzgläser.- Glas mit variabler Lichtdurchlässigkeit.- Selbstreinigendes Glas.- Festigkeitserhöhtes Glas.- Glaslaminate.- Thermisch vorgespanntes Glas.- Chemisch vorgespanntes Glas.- Die Zukunft des Glases.- Dünnstgläser.- Glas von der Rolle.- Glas als Elektrolyt.- Laserglas für die Laserfusion.- Glaskügelchen für den Fusionsreaktor.- Nachwort.- Literaturauswahl.- Quellenverzeichnis.

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Book SynopsisFuture microwave, wireless communication systems, computer chip designs, and sensor systems will require miniature fabrication processes in the order of nanometers or less as well as the fusion of various material technologies to produce composites consisting of many different materials. This requires distinctly multidisciplinary collaborations, implying that specialized approaches will not be able to address future world markets in communication, computer, and electronic miniaturized products.Anticipating that many students lack specialized simultaneous training in magnetism and magnetics, as well as in other material technologies, Magnetics, Dielectrics, and Wave Propagation with MATLABR Codes avoids application-specific descriptions, opting for a general point of view of materials per se. Specifically, this book develops a general theory to show how a magnetic system of spins is coupled to acoustic motions, magnetoelectric systems, and superconductors.Table of Contents1. Review of Maxwell Equations and Units 2. Classical Principles of Magnetism 3. Introduction to Magnetism 4. Deposition of Ferrite Films at the Atomic Scale by ATLAD Technique 5. Free Magnetic Energy 6. Phenomenological Theory 7. Electrical Properties of Magneto-Dielectric Films 8. Kramers-Kronig Equations 9. Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Anisotropic Magneto-Dielectric Media 10. ATLAD Deposition of Magnetoelectric Hexaferrite Films and Their Properties 11. Spin Surface Boundary Conditions 12. Matrix Representation of Wave Propegation

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Book SynopsisQuantitative bioimaging is a broad interdisciplinary field that exploits tools from biology, chemistry, optics, and statistical data analysis for the design and implementation of investigations of biological processes. Instead of adopting the traditional approach of focusing on just one of the component disciplines, this textbook provides a unique introduction to quantitative bioimaging that presents all of the disciplines in an integrated manner. The wide range of topics covered include basic concepts in molecular and cellular biology, relevant aspects of antibody technology, instrumentation and experimental design in fluorescence microscopy, introductory geometrical optics and diffraction theory, and parameter estimation and information theory for the analysis of stochastic data.Key Features include: Comprises four parts, the first of which provides an overview of the topics that are developed from fundamental principles to more advanced levels in the other paTable of Contents1. Introduction, Then and Now 2. Introduction to Two Problems in Cellular Biology 3. Basics of Microscopy Techniques 4. Introduction to Image Formation and Analysis 5. From genes to proteins 6. Antibodies 7. Cloning of genes for protein expression 8. Principles of Fluorescence 9. Cells 10. Microscope Designs 11. Microscopy Experiments 12. Detectors 13. Geometrical Optics 14. Diffraction 15. From Photons to Image: Data Models 16. Parameter Estimation 17. Fisher Information and Cramér–Rao Lower Bound 18. Localizing Objects and Single Molecules in Two Dimensions 19. Localizing Objects and Single Molecules in Three Dimensions 20. Resolution 21. Deconvolution 22. Spatial Statistics. Online Appendices.

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Book Synopsis''Phase-only Fresnel holograms,'' which can be displayed on a single SLM without the need for lenses or complicated optical accessories, substantially simplifies 3-D holographic display systems. Exploring essential concepts, theories, and formulations of these phase-only Fresnel holograms, this book provides comprehensive coverage of modern methods for generating such holograms, which pave the way for commercial products such as compact holographic projectors, heads-up displays, and data security enhancement. Relevant MATLAB codes are provided for readers to implement and evaluate the theories and formulations of different methods, and can be used as a quick start framework for further research and development. This is a crucial and up-to-date treatment of phase-only Fresnel holograms for students and researchers in electrical and electronic engineering, computer science/engineering, applied physics, information technology, and multimedia technology, as well as engineers and scientistTrade Review'MATLAB programs, scattered throughout the book, might be the starting point for further research and be used as an educational tool (there are exercises at the end of each chapter). References are adequate, useful and up-to-date, while the index improves readability. The book is specialized, and I recommend it to those who actively use SLMs for holographic manipulation of light, but it can be useful to a more general community dealing with digital holography.' Dejan Pantelić, Optics & Photonics NewsTable of ContentsPreface; 1. Introduction to Digital Holography; 2. Fast Methods for Computer Generated Holography; 3. Generation of Phase-Only Fresnel Hologram; 4. Conversion of Complex-Valued Holograms to Phase-Only Holograms; 5. Applications of Phase-Only Hologram in Display, Holographic Encryption and Steganography.

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Book SynopsisIn fluid mechanics, non-intrusive measurements are fundamental in order to improve knowledge of the behavior and main physical phenomena of flows in order to further validate codes.The principles and characteristics of the different techniques available in laser metrology are described in detail in this book.Velocity, temperature and concentration measurements by spectroscopic techniques based on light scattered by molecules are achieved by different techniques: laser-induced fluorescence, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering using lasers and parametric sources, and absorption spectroscopy by tunable laser diodes, which are generally better suited for high velocity flows. The size determination of particles by optical means, a technique mainly applied in two-phase flows, is the subject of another chapter, along with a description of the principles of light scattering.For each technique the basic principles are given, as well as optical devices and data processing. A final chapter reminds the reader of the main safety precautions to be taken when using powerful lasers.Table of ContentsPreface xi Introduction xiii Alain BOUTIER Chapter 1. Basics on Light Scattering by Particles 1 Fabrice ONOFRI and Séverine BARBOSA 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. A brief synopsis of electromagnetic theory 2 1.2.1. Maxwell’s equations 2 1.2.2. Harmonic electromagnetic plane waves 4 1.2.3. Optical constants 9 1.2.4. Light scattering by a single particle 11 1.3. Methods using separation of variables 16 1.3.1. Lorenz–Mie (or Mie) theory 16 1.3.2. Debye and complex angular momentum theories 26 1.4. Rayleigh theory and the discrete dipole approximation 29 1.4.1. Rayleigh theory 29 1.4.2. Discrete dipole approximation 31 1.5. The T-matrix method 32 1.6. Physical (or wave) optics models 34 1.6.1. Huygens–Fresnel integral 35 1.6.2. Fraunhofer diffraction theory for a particle with a circular cross section 37 1.6.3. Airy theory of the rainbow 40 1.6.4. Marston’s physical-optics approximation 44 1.7. Geometrical optics 47 1.7.1. Calculation of the scattering angle 48 1.7.2. Calculation of the intensity of rays 48 1.7.3. Calculation of the phase and amplitude of rays 49 1.8. Multiple scattering and Monte Carlo models 50 1.8.1. Scattering by an optically diluted particle system 50 1.8.2. Multiple scattering 51 1.8.3. Monte Carlo method 52 1.9. Conclusion 57 1.10. Bibliography 57 Chapter 2. Optical Particle Characterization 67 Fabrice ONOFRI and Séverine BARBOSA 2.1. Introduction 67 2.2. Particles in flows 69 2.2.1. Diameter, shape and concentration 69 2.2.2. Statistical representation of particle size data 70 2.2.3. Concentrations and fluxes 74 2.3. An attempt to classify OPC techniques 75 2.3.1. Physical principles and measured quantities 75 2.3.2. Nature and procedure to achieve statistics 76 2.4. Phase Doppler interferometry (or anemometry) 77 2.4.1. Principle 77 2.4.2. Modeling the phase–diameter relationship 81 2.4.3. Experimental setup and typical results 87 2.4.4. Conclusion 90 2.5. Ellipsometry 91 2.6. Forward (or “laser”) diffraction 93 2.6.1. Principle 93 2.6.2. Modeling and inversion of diffraction patterns 95 2.6.3. Typical experimental setup and results 98 2.6.4. Conclusion 100 2.7. Rainbow and near-critical-angle diffractometry techniques 101 2.7.1. Similarities to forward diffraction 101 2.7.2. Rainbow diffractometry 102 2.7.3. Near-critical-angle diffractometry 107 2.8. Classical shadowgraph imaging 112 2.8.1. Principle and classical setup 112 2.8.2. One-dimensional shadow Doppler technique 114 2.8.3. Calculation of particle images using the point spread function 115 2.8.4. Conclusion 118 2.9. Out-of-focus interferometric imaging 119 2.9.1. Principle 119 2.9.2. Modeling the diameter–angular frequency relationship 120 2.9.3. Conclusion 126 2.10. Holography of particles 128 2.10.1. Gabor holography for holographic films 128 2.10.2. Inline digital holography 129 2.10.3. Conclusion 131 2.11. Light extinction spectrometry 132 2.11.1. Principle 132 2.11.2. Algebraic inverse method 134 2.11.3. Experimental setup and conclusion 136 2.12. Photon correlation spectroscopy 139 2.13. Laser-induced fluorescence and elastic-scattering imaging ratio 141 2.13.1. Principle 142 2.13.2. Experimental setup and results 143 2.13.3. Conclusion 144 2.14. Laser-induced incandescence 144 2.15. General conclusions 145 2.16. Bibliography 146 Chapter 3. Laser-Induced Fluorescence 159 Fabrice LEMOINE and Frédéric GRISCH 3.1. Recall on energy quantification of molecules 159 3.1.1. Radiative transitions 162 3.1.2. Energy level thermo-statistics 164 3.1.3. Franck–Condon principle 164 3.1.4. Non-radiative transitions 164 3.1.5. Line width 165 3.2. Laser-induced fluorescence principles 168 3.2.1. Absorption kinetics 169 3.2.2. Fluorescence signal 170 3.2.3. Fluorescence detection 173 3.2.4. Absorption along optical path 174 3.2.5. Fluorescence measurement device 175 3.3. Applications of laser-induced fluorescence in gases 177 3.3.1. Generalities 177 3.3.2. Diatomic molecules 178 3.3.3. Poly-Atomic molecular tracers 186 3.4. Laser-induced fluorescence in liquids 202 3.4.1. Principles and modeling 202 3.4.2. Fluorescence reabsorption 205 3.4.3. Applications to concentration measurement 205 3.4.4. Application to temperature measurement 210 3.5. Bibliography 218 Chapter 4. Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy Techniques 223 Ajmal MOHAMED 4.1. High spectral resolution absorption spectroscopy in fluid mechanics 223 4.2. Recap on molecular absorption 226 4.2.1. Line profile 226 4.2.2. Line strength 228 4.3. Absorption spectroscopy bench 229 4.3.1. Emitting optics 230 4.3.2. Optical detection 234 4.3.3. Spectra processing 237 4.4. Applications in hypersonic 245 4.4.1. F4 characteristics 246 4.4.2. Setup installed at F4 248 4.4.3. Results obtained at F4 and HEG 249 4.5. Other applications of diode laser absorption spectroscopy 250 4.5.1. Combustion applications 250 4.5.2. Applications to atmospheric probing 253 4.6. Other devices for diode laser absorption spectroscopy 254 4.6.1. Multipass spectrometry 254 4.6.2. Spectrometry in a resonant cavity 257 4.7. Perspectives and conclusion on diode laser absorption spectroscopy 261 4.7.1. Laser source: use of non-cryogenic diodes 262 4.7.2. Spatial resolution: use of probe in flow 262 4.7.3. Use of frequency combs 264 4.8. Bibliography 264 Chapter 5. Nonlinear Optical Sources and Techniques for Optical Diagnostic 271 Michel LEFEBVRE 5.1. Introduction to nonlinear optics 271 5.2. Main processes in nonlinear optics 272 5.2.1. Propagation effects 273 5.2.2. Second- and third-order nonlinearities 276 5.2.3. Phase matching notion 280 5.3. Nonlinear sources for optical metrology 282 5.3.1. Sum frequency generation and frequency doubling 283 5.3.2. Raman converters 285 5.3.3. Optical parametric generators and oscillators 289 5.4. Nonlinear techniques for optical diagnostic 296 5.4.1. Introduction to four-wave mixing techniques 296 5.4.2. Temperature and concentration measurements in four-wave mixing 299 5.4.3. Velocity measurements in four-wave mixing 301 5.5. Bibliography 305 Chapter 6. Laser Safety 307 Jean-Michel MOST 6.1. Generalities on laser safety 307 6.2. Laser type and classification 308 6.3. Laser risks: nature and effects 310 6.3.1. Biological risks 310 6.3.2. Risks to the eye 312 6.3.3. Risks to the skin 314 6.3.4. Risk to hearing 315 6.3.5. Other biological risks 315 6.4. Protections 316 6.4.1. Accident prevention 316 6.4.2. Collective protection 316 6.4.3. Individual protection 318 6.5. Safety advice 319 6.6. Human behavior 320 Conclusion 321 Alain BOUTIER Nomenclature 323 List of Authors 329 Index 331

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