Laser technology and holography Books

Book SynopsisThere is evidence to suggest that our world and everything in it from snowflakes to maple trees to falling stars and spinning electrons are only ghostly images, projections from a level of reality literally beyond both space and time.'This is the astonishing idea behind the holographic theory of the universe, pioneered by two eminent thinkers: physicist David Bohm, a former protégé of Albert Einstein, and quantum physicist Karl Pribram. The holographic theory of the universe encompasses consciousness and reality as we know them, but can also explain such hitherto unexplained phenomena as telepathy, out-of-body experiences and even miraculous healing.In this remarkable book, Michael Talbot reveals the extraordinary depth and power of the holographic theory of the universe, illustrating how it makes sense of the entire range of experiences within our universe and in other universes beyond our own.Trade Review‘One of the cleverest writers around today…his eclectic mind ranges far into the deepest and often most controversial mysteries of modern science.’ Fred Alan Wolf PhD, author of ‘Taking the Quantum Leap’Table of ContentsPart 1 A remarkable new view of reality: the brain as hologram; the cosmos. Part 2 Mind and body: the holographic model and psychology; I sing the body holographic; a pocketful of miracles; seeing holographically. Part 3 Space and time: time out of mind; travelling in the superhologram; return to the dreamtime.

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Book SynopsisThe biomaterials technology industry is already well established in the western world and is growing rapidly within Asian Pacific nations. It is often described as the 'next electronics industry', whilst the laser is described as a 'solution looking for a problem'.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements. Introduction. 1. Bioactivity and Biointegration of Orthopaedic and Dental Implants. 1.1. Introduction. 1.3. Biointegration of Orthopaedic and Dental Implants. 1.4. Controlling the Bone-Implant Interface. 2. Surface Modification of Biomaterials. 2.1. Introduction. 2.3. Metallic Implants. 2.4. Surface Modification of Biomaterials. 2.5. Laser Surface Modification of Biomaterials. 3. Wettability in Biomaterials Science and Modification Techniques. 3.1. Introduction. 3.2. Wettability, Adhesion and Bonding Theoretical Background. 3.3. Wettability in Biomaterial Science. 3.4. Current Methods of Wettability Modification. 3.5. Laser Wettability Characteristics Modification. 4. CO2 Laser Modification of the Wettability Characteristics of Magnesia Partially Stabilised Zirconia. 4.1. Introduction. 4.2. Experimental Procedures. 4.3. The Effects of CO2 Laser Radiation on Wettability Characteristics. 4.4. Surface Energy and its Component Parts. 4.5. Identification of the Predominant Mechanisms Active in Determining Wettability Characteristics. 4.6. The Role Played by Microstructures in Terms of Crystal Size and Phase in Effecting Surface Energy Changes. 4.7. Investigation of Wettability and Work Adhesion Using Physiological Liquids. 4.8. Summary. 5. In vitro Biocompatibility Evaluation of CO2 Laser Treated Magnesia Partially Stabilised Zirconia. 5.1. Introduction. 5.2. Sample Preparation. 5.3. Bone Like Apatite Formation. 5.4. Protein Adsorption. 5.5. Osteoblast Cell Response. 5.6. Predictions for Implantation in an in vivo Clinical Situation. 5.7. Summary. 6. The Effects of CO2 Laser Radiation on the Wettability Characteristics of a Titanium Alloy. 6.1. Introduction. 6.2. Experimental Procedures. 6.3. The Effects of CO2 Laser Radiation on Wettability Characteristics. 6.4. Surface Energy and its Component Analysis. 6.5. Identification of the Predominant Mechanisms Active in Determining Wettability Characteristics. 6.6. Investigation of Wettability and Work Adhesion Using Physiological Liquids. 6.7. Summary. 7. In vitro Biocompatibility Evaluation of CO2 Laser Treated Titanium Alloy. 7.1. Introduction. 7.2. Sample Preparation. 7.3. Bone Like Apatite Formation on Titanium Alloys. 7.4. Protein Adsorption. 7.5. Osteoblast Cell Adhesion. 7.6. Predictions for Implantation in an in vivo Clinical Situation. 7.7. Summary. 8. Enquiry into the Possible Generic Effects of the CO2 Laser Treatment on Bone Implant Biomaterials. 8.1. Introduction. 8.2. Ascertaining the Generic Effects of CO2 Laser Treatment on Bioinert Ceramics. 8.3. Ascertaining the Generic Effects of CO2 Laser Treatment on Metal Implants. 8.4. Summary. Conclusions. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book will serve as an introduction to the potential of the laser in atomic spectroscopy. The book focuses primarily on the use of lasers in analytical atomic spectroscopy with optical detection, and also includes a chapter describing the use of lasers in inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).Table of ContentsAnalytical Atomic Spectroscopy/ Historical/ General Characteristics of Atomic Spectra/ Atomic Absorption Spectrometry/ Recent Advances in AAS/ Atomic Emission Spectrometry/ Recent Advances in Atomic Emission Spectrometry/ Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry/ The Practice of Atomic Spectroscopy/ Techniques Similar to Atomic Spectroscopy/ Lasers/ Fundamentals of Lasers/ Practical Lasers/ Laser Excited Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry: Principles, Instrumentation and Applications/ Laser Ablation for Sample Introduction: Principles and Applications/ Laser Types Suitable for Ablation of Solid Samples/ Interactions and Transactions in Laser Ablation/ Laser Ablation-Atomic Emission Spectrometry and Laser Ablation/ Inductively coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry/ Laser Ablation-Atomic Mass Spectrometry and Laser Ablation/ Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Mass Spectrometry/ Laser Induced Plasmas for Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy/ Laser Induced Plasma/ Laser Induced Breakdown Spectrometry (LIBS)/ Applications/ Laser-Enhanced ionization Spectroscopy

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Book SynopsisOsche explores optical detection theory and the associated phenomenologies for laser system applications. Readers will learn how to apply these applications in imaging laser radar, DIAL and DISC lidar, laser remote wind sensing systems, laser pointing systems, rangefinders, and laser communications systems.Table of ContentsPreface. Chapter 1. Introduction and Background. 1.1. Overview of Laser Systems. 1.2. Review of Statistical Methods. 1.3. Decision-Making Processes. 1.4. Optical Detection Techniques. References. Chapter 2. Signal and Noise Analysis. 2.1. Introduction. 2.2. Review of Diffraction Theory. 2.3. Free-Space Propagation. 2.4. Truncated and Obscured Gaussian Beams. 2.5. Fourier Optics and the Array Theorem. 2.6. Antenna and Mixing Theorems. 2.7. Analysis of Coherent Detection Systems. 2.8. Analysis of Direct-Detection Systems. 2.9. Receiver and Clutter Noise. 2.10. Power Signal-to-Noise-Ratio. References. Chapter 3. Random Processes in Beam Propagation. 3.1. Introduction. 3.2. Review of Optical Coherence Theory. 3.3. Surface Scattering. 3.4. Propagation through Turbulent Media. References. Chapter 4. Single-Pulse Direct-Detection Statistics. 4.1. Introduction. 4.2. Single-Point Statistics of Fully Developed Speckle. 4.3. Summed Statistics of Fully Developed Speckle. 4.4. Poisson Signal in Poisson Noise. 4.5. Negative Binomial Signal in Poisson Noise. 4.6. Noncentral Negative Binomial Signal in Poisson Noise. 4.7. Parabolic-Cylinder Signal in Gaussian Noise. 4.8. Detection of Signals in APD Excess Noise. 4.9. Detection in Atmospheric Turbulence. 4.10. Detection in Atmospheric Clutter. 4.11. Polarization Diversity. 4.12. Multiple Uncorrelated Signals. References. Chapter 5. Single-Pulse Coherent Detection Statistics. 5.1. Introduction. 5.2. Constant-Amplitude Signal in Gaussian Noise. 5.3. Rayleigh Fluctuating Signal in Gaussian Noise. 5.4. One-Dominant-Plus-Rayleigh Signal in Gaussian Noise. 5.5. Rician Signal in Gaussian Noise. 5.6. Detection in Atmospheric Turbulence. 5.7. Coherent versus Noncoherent Performance. References. Chapter 6. Multiple-Pulse Detection. 6.1. Introduction. 6.2. Direct-Detection Systems. 6.3. Coherent Detection Systems. 6.4. Binary Integration. References. Appendix A. Advanced Mathematical Functions. A.1. Dirac Delta and Unit Step Functions. A.2. Gamma Function. A.3. Confluent Hypergeometric Function. A.4. Parabolic Cylinder Functions. A.5. Toronto Function. References. Appendix B. Additional Derivations. B.1. Gamma Distribution. B.2. Burgess Variance Theorem. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisLong-wavelength Infrared Semiconductor Lasers provides a comprehensive review of the current status of semiconductor coherent sources emitting in the mid-to far-infrared spectrum and their applications. It includes three topics not covered in any previous book: far-infrared emission from photo-mixers as well as from hot-hole lasers, and InP-based lasers emitting beyond two micrometers. Semiconductor lasers emitting at more than two micrometers have many applications such as in trace gas analysis, environmental monitoring, and industrial process control. Because of very rapid progress in recent years, until this book no comprehensive information beyond scattered journal articles is available at present.Trade Review"This book provides an effective means for getting up to speed onpractical long-wavelength lasers." (Optical & PhontonicsNews, October 2005) "...pulls together a lot of information previously found inan eclectic assortment of journal articles and books. Highlyrecommended." (E-STREAMS, August 2005)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Contributors. 1. Coherent Sources in the Long-Wavelength Infrared Spectrum(Hong K. Choi). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Synopsis of Long-Wavelength Coherent Sources. 1.3 Scope of Book. 2. 2-µm Wavelength Lasers Employing InP-basedStrained-Layer Quantum Wells (Manabu Mitsuhara and MamoruOishi). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Material Properties of InGaAsP. 2.3 Design Consideration of MQW Active Region. 2.4 Growth and Characterization of Strained-InGaAs QuantumWells. 2.5 Lasing Characteristics of 2-µm wavelength InGaAs-MQWLasers. 2.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects. 3. Antimonide Mid-IR Lasers (L.J. Olafsen, et al.). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Antimonide III-V Material System. 3.3 Antimonide Lasers Emitting in the 2µm < lambda <3µm Range. 3.4 Antimonide Lasers Emitting in the lambda >= 3µmRange. 3.5 Challenges and Issues. 3.6 Conclusions. 4. Lead-Chalcogenide-based Mid-Infrared Diode Lasers (Uwe PeterSchieál, et al.). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Homostructure Lasers. 4.3 Double-Heterostructure Lasers. 4.4 Quantum-Well Lasers. 4.5 DFB and DBR Lasers. 4.6 IV-VI Epitaxy on BaF2 and Silicon. 4.7 Conclusion. 5. InP and GaAs-Based Quantum Cascade Lasers (JérômeFaist and Carco Sirtori). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Quantum Cascade Laser Fundamentals. 5.3 Fundamentals of the Three-Quantum-Well Active-RegionDevice. 5.4 Waveguide and Technology. 5.5 High-Power, Room-Temperature Operation of Three-Quantum-WellActive Region Designs. 5.6 GaAs-Based QC Lasers. 5.7 Role of the Conduction-Band Discontinuity. 5.8 Spectral Characteristics of QC Lasers. 5.9 Distributed Feedback Quantum Cascade Lasers. 5.10 Microsctructured QC Lasers. 5.11 Outlook on Active Region Designs and Conclusions. 6. Widely Tunable Far-Infrared Hot-Hole Semiconductor Lasers(Erik Bründermann). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Hot-Hole Laser Model. 6.3 Laser Material Fabrication. 6.4 Technology. 6.5 Laser Emission. 6.6 Future Trends. 6.7 Summary. 7. Continous THz generation with Optical Heterodyning (J. C.Pearson, et al.). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Requirements for Photomixing Systems. 7.3 Design Trade-offs for Photomixers. 7.4 Antenna Design. 7.5 Applications. 7.6 Summary. Index.

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Book SynopsisMetal vapour ion lasers are a mature class of gas laser for which a number of applications has developed in recent years. This is the first book to appear in the English language on this topic, and concentrates on the physical processes which occur in the laser, in particular the kinetic processes which are responsible for the pumping of excited ion levels, and the production of population inversion. The most important types of electrical discharges used in this class of laser are discussed in detail, and all the major types of metal vapour ion laser are examined. A highly useful appendix tabulates all the known transitions used in metal vapour ion lasers. Metal Vapour Ion Lasers: Kinetic Processes and Gas Discharges provides a much needed review of this important field. It identifies current problem areas, and points to future research directions. It is an invaluable source for all those, both in industry and academia, working on the development or applications of metal vapour ion lasTable of ContentsPumping Mechanisms and Methods of Establishing PopulationInversion. Gas Discharges Used in Metal Vapour Ion Lasers. Pulsed Metal Vapour Ion Lasers with Positive-Column DischargeExcitation. Metal Vapour Ion Lasers Using Recombining Plasmas. Positive-Column Excitation of CW Metal Vapour Ion Lasers. Metal Vapour Ion Lasers Excited by Fast Electrons. Multi-Colour CW Metal Vapour Ion Lasers. Appendices. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisX-Ray Lasers 2004 comprises invited, contributed, and poster papers presented at the 9th International Conference on X-Ray Lasers (ICXRL2004) held in Beijing in May 2004. Some 120 participants from 13 countries and regions met in Beijing to compare results and exchange views on future developments in x-ray lasers and related fields.The book covers the following topics: overviews of x-ray lasers research, collisionally pumped x-ray lasers, capillary discharge-pumped x-ray lasers, OFI and photo-pumped x-ray lasers, high-order harmonics XUV radiation, grazing incidence pumping x-ray lasers, theory and simulations of x-ray lasers and plasma media, free-electron lasers and accelerator-based x-ray sources, alternative pumping schemes for x-ray lasers, applications of x-ray lasers and other bright x-ray sources, x-ray optics and instrumentation, investigations of x-ray laser media, and developments of x-ray laser drivers. X-Ray Lasers 2004 provides not only an overview and an Table of ContentsPreface, Conference Organization, Sponsors, Conference Schedule, Section 1: Overviews of X-ray lasers research, Section 2: CoIIisionally pumped X-ray lasers, Section 3: Capillary discharge-pumped X-ray lasers, Section 4: OFI and photo-pumped X-ray lasers, Section 5: High-order harmonics XUV radiation, Section 6: Grazing Incidence Pumping (GRIP) X-ray lasers, Section 7: Theory and simulations of X-ray lasers and plasma media, Section 8: Free-electron lasers and accelerator-based X-ray sources, Section 9: Alternative pumping schemes for X-ray lasers, Section 10: Applications of X-ray lasers and other bright X-ray sources, Section 11: X-ray optics and instrumentation, Section 12: Investigations of X-ray laser media, Section 13: Developments of X-ray laser drivers, Author Index

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Book SynopsisExploring the fundamentals of modern laser communication systems, this volume provides information from a system designer's point of view. It reviews the history, architectures, design methodologies, optical design guidelines, and tracking and communication processes.Table of ContentsPast, present, and future; architecture and applications; system design methodology; optical design; the communication receiver; the acquisition receiver; the tracking receiver; key technologies; configuring the system; trading RF and laser communications for your system; size, weight, and power trends in laser crosslinks; laser communications applications.

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Book SynopsisFuture microwave, wireless communication systems, computer chip designs, and sensor systems will require miniature fabrication processes in the order of nanometers or less as well as the fusion of various material technologies to produce composites consisting of many different materials. This requires distinctly multidisciplinary collaborations, implying that specialized approaches will not be able to address future world markets in communication, computer, and electronic miniaturized products.Anticipating that many students lack specialized simultaneous training in magnetism and magnetics, as well as in other material technologies, Magnetics, Dielectrics, and Wave Propagation with MATLABR Codes avoids application-specific descriptions, opting for a general point of view of materials per se. Specifically, this book develops a general theory to show how a magnetic system of spins is coupled to acoustic motions, magnetoelectric systems, and superconductors.Table of Contents1. Review of Maxwell Equations and Units 2. Classical Principles of Magnetism 3. Introduction to Magnetism 4. Deposition of Ferrite Films at the Atomic Scale by ATLAD Technique 5. Free Magnetic Energy 6. Phenomenological Theory 7. Electrical Properties of Magneto-Dielectric Films 8. Kramers-Kronig Equations 9. Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Anisotropic Magneto-Dielectric Media 10. ATLAD Deposition of Magnetoelectric Hexaferrite Films and Their Properties 11. Spin Surface Boundary Conditions 12. Matrix Representation of Wave Propegation

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Book Synopsis''Phase-only Fresnel holograms,'' which can be displayed on a single SLM without the need for lenses or complicated optical accessories, substantially simplifies 3-D holographic display systems. Exploring essential concepts, theories, and formulations of these phase-only Fresnel holograms, this book provides comprehensive coverage of modern methods for generating such holograms, which pave the way for commercial products such as compact holographic projectors, heads-up displays, and data security enhancement. Relevant MATLAB codes are provided for readers to implement and evaluate the theories and formulations of different methods, and can be used as a quick start framework for further research and development. This is a crucial and up-to-date treatment of phase-only Fresnel holograms for students and researchers in electrical and electronic engineering, computer science/engineering, applied physics, information technology, and multimedia technology, as well as engineers and scientistTrade Review'MATLAB programs, scattered throughout the book, might be the starting point for further research and be used as an educational tool (there are exercises at the end of each chapter). References are adequate, useful and up-to-date, while the index improves readability. The book is specialized, and I recommend it to those who actively use SLMs for holographic manipulation of light, but it can be useful to a more general community dealing with digital holography.' Dejan Pantelić, Optics & Photonics NewsTable of ContentsPreface; 1. Introduction to Digital Holography; 2. Fast Methods for Computer Generated Holography; 3. Generation of Phase-Only Fresnel Hologram; 4. Conversion of Complex-Valued Holograms to Phase-Only Holograms; 5. Applications of Phase-Only Hologram in Display, Holographic Encryption and Steganography.

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Book SynopsisThis book describes the approaches, both successful and not, to the political and infrastructure issues addressed by the trade association. The intent is to provide guidance to those confronting similar issues, and help them avoid unsuccessful approaches. Includes end-of-chapter summaries Example of documents and approaches that LEOMA used successfully are included and could serve as a guide to other trade associations. Chapter 5 includes figures presenting the unique and effective graphical approach that LEOMA use to improve US national-security export controls Table of ContentsPreface vii 1 LEOMA and the U.S. Laser Industry 1 2 Professional Societies and the Photonics Community 29 3 International Laser Standards 53 4 Educational Issues 75 5 Export Controls 95 6 The Federal Government 117 7 Intra-Industry Affairs 131 Appendix 1: LEOMA Officers 157 Appendix 2: ISO Laser Standards 161 Appendix 3: LEOMA Executive Seminars 163 Appendix 4: The LEOMA ADR Agreement 167 Index 171

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Book SynopsisWith emphasis on the physical and engineering principles, this book provides a comprehensive and highly accessible treatment of modern lasers and optoelectronics. Divided into four parts, it explains laser fundamentals, types of lasers, laser electronics & optoelectronics, and laser applications, covering each of the topics in their entirety, from basic fundamentals to advanced concepts. Key features include: exploration of technological and application-related aspects of lasers and optoelectronics, detailing both existing and emerging applications in industry, medical diagnostics and therapeutics, scientific studies and Defence. simple explanation of the concepts and essential information on electronics and circuitry related to laser systems illustration of numerous solved and unsolved problems, practical examples, chapter summaries, self-evaluation exercises, and a comprehensive list of references for further reading This volume Table of ContentsPreface xix Part I LASER FUNDAMENTALS 1 1 Laser Basics 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Laser Operation 3 1.3 Rules of Quantum Mechanics 3 1.4 Absorption, Spontaneous Emission and Stimulated Emission 4 1.5 Population Inversion 10 1.6 Two-, Three- and Four-Level Laser Systems 11 1.7 Gain of Laser Medium 16 1.8 Laser Resonator 17 1.9 Longitudinal and Transverse Modes 18 1.10 Types of Laser Resonators 21 1.11 Pumping Mechanisms 23 1.12 Summary 29 2 Laser Characteristics 34 2.1 Introduction 34 2.2 Laser Characteristics 34 2.3 Important Laser Parameters 41 2.4 Measurement of Laser Parameters 49 2.5 Laser Beam Diagnostic Equipment 56 2.6 Summary 59 Part II TYPES OF LASERS 65 3 Solid-state Lasers 67 3.1 Introduction: Types of Laser 67 3.2 Importance of Host Material 67 3.3 Operational Modes 68 3.4 Ruby Lasers 76 3.5 Neodymium-doped Lasers 78 3.6 Erbium-doped Lasers 85 3.7 Vibronic Lasers 88 3.8 Colour Centre Lasers 90 3.9 Fibre Lasers 91 3.10 Summary 101 4 Gas Lasers 105 4.1 Introduction to Gas Lasers 105 4.2 Helium-neon Lasers 107 4.3 Carbon Dioxide Lasers 111 4.4 Metal Vapour Lasers 115 4.5 Rare Gas Ion Lasers 118 4.6 Excimer Lasers 120 4.7 Chemical Lasers 121 4.8 Carbon Dioxide Gas Dynamic Lasers 125 4.9 Dye Laser 125 4.10 Free-electron Lasers 127 4.11 X-Ray Lasers 129 4.12 Summary 129 5 Semiconductor Lasers 132 5.1 Introduction 132 5.2 Operational Basics 132 5.3 Semiconductor Laser Materials 135 5.4 Types of Semiconductor Lasers 136 5.5 Characteristic Parameters 148 5.6 Gain- and Index-guided Diode Lasers 152 5.7 Handling Semiconductor Diode Lasers 152 5.8 Semiconductor Diode Lasers: Application Areas 153 5.9 Summary 154 Part III LASER ELECTRONICS AND OPTOELECTRONICS 159 6 Building Blocks of Laser Electronics 161 6.1 Introduction 161 6.2 Linear Power Supplies 161 6.3 Switched-mode Power Supplies 173 6.4 Constant Current Sources 186 6.5 Integrated-circuit Timer Circuits 191 6.6 Current-to-voltage Converter 197 6.7 Peak Detector 199 6.8 High-voltage Trigger Circuit 200 6.9 Summary 202 7 Solid-state Laser Electronics 208 7.1 Introduction 208 7.2 Spectrum of Laser Electronics 208 7.3 Electronics for Solid-state Lasers 213 7.4 Electronics for Pulsed Solid-state Lasers 214 7.5 Electronics for CW Solid-state Lasers 233 7.6 Solid-state Laser Designators and Rangefinders 237 7.7 Summary 238 8 Gas Laser Electronics 242 8.1 Introduction 242 8.2 Gas Discharge Characteristics 242 8.3 Gas Laser Power Supplies 242 8.4 Helium-Neon Laser Power Supply 244 8.5 Carbon Dioxide Laser Power Supplies 257 8.6 Power Supplies for Metal Vapour Lasers 260 8.7 Power Supplies for Excimer Lasers 261 8.8 Power Supplies for Ion Lasers 262 8.9 Frequency Stabilization of Gas Lasers 263 8.10 Summary 267 9 Laser Diode Electronics 271 9.1 Introduction 271 9.2 Laser Diode Protection 271 9.3 Operational Modes 276 9.4 Laser Diode Driver Circuits 278 9.5 Laser Diode Temperature Control 291 9.6 Summary 308 10 Optoelectronic Devices and Circuits 315 10.1 Introduction 315 10.2 Classification of Photosensors 315 10.3 Radiometry and Photometry 316 10.4 Characteristic Parameters 318 10.5 Photoconductors 324 10.6 Photodiodes 329 10.7 Phototransistors 340 10.8 Photo- FET, SCR and TRIAC 343 10.9 Photoemissive Sensors 345 10.10 Thermal Sensors 347 10.11 Displays 349 10.12 Light-emitting Diodes 351 10.13 Liquid-crystal Displays 356 10.14 Cathode Ray Tube Displays 361 10.15 Emerging Display Technologies 362 10.16 Optocouplers 363 10.17 Summary 370 Part IV LASER APPLICATIONS 379 11 Lasers in Industry 381 11.1 Introduction 381 11.2 Material-processing Applications 381 11.3 Laser Cutting 385 11.4 Laser Welding 390 11.5 Laser Drilling 393 11.6 Laser Marking and Engraving 396 11.7 Laser Micromachining 401 11.8 Photolithography 407 11.9 Rapid Manufacturing 411 11.10 Lasers in Printing 414 11.11 Summary 418 12 Lasers in Medicine 422 12.1 Introduction 422 12.2 Light–tissue Interaction 422 12.3 Laser Diagnostics 430 12.4 Therapeutic Techniques: Application Areas 442 12.5 Ophthalmology 443 12.6 Dermatology 449 12.7 Laser Dentistry 453 12.8 Vascular Surgery 455 12.9 Photodynamic Therapy 456 12.10 Thermal Therapy 459 12.11 Summary 460 13 Lasers in Science and Technology 466 13.1 Introduction 466 13.2 Optical Metrology 466 13.3 Laser Velocimetry 478 13.4 Laser Vibrometry 482 13.5 Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry 484 13.6 Satellite Laser Ranging 490 13.7 Lasers in Astronomy 494 13.8 Holography 496 13.9 Summary 503 14 Military Applications: Laser Instrumentation 508 14.1 Introduction 508 14.2 Military Applications of Lasers 508 14.3 Laser-based Instrumentation 512 14.4 Guided Munitions 532 14.5 Laser Communication 556 14.6 Summary 561 15 Military Applications: Directed-energy Laser Systems 566 15.1 Introduction 566 15.2 Laser Technology for Low-intensity Conflict (LIC) Applications 566 15.3 Electro-optic Countermeasures 580 15.4 Directed-energy Laser Weapons 585 15.5 Summary 592 Review Questions 595 Self-evaluation Exercise 596 Bibliography 598 Appendix A: Laser Safety 597 Index 603

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Book SynopsisStarting from fundamentals and moving through a thorough discussion of equipment, methods, and techniques, the Handbook of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy provides a unique reference source that will be of value for many years to come for this important new analysis method.Table of ContentsPreface xi Acronyms, Constants, and Symbols xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Atomic Optical Emission Spectrochemistry (OES) 1 1.1.1 Conventional OES 1 1.1.2 Laser OES 1 1.2 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) 2 1.3 LIBS History 1960–1980 7 1.4 LIBS History 1981–1990 9 1.5 LIBS History 1991–2000 11 1.6 LIBS History 2001–2012 14 References 18 2 Basics of the LIBS Plasma 29 2.1 LIBS Plasma Fundamentals 29 2.1.1 Spectral Lines and Line Profiles 32 2.1.2 Determining Electron Densities from Spectral Line Widths 34 2.1.3 Plasma Opacity 37 2.1.4 Temperature and Thermodynamic Equilibrium 38 2.2 Laser-Induced Breakdown 46 2.2.1 Breakdown in Gases 46 2.2.2 Post-Breakdown Phenomena in Gases 48 2.2.3 Breakdown in and on Solids, Aerosols, and Liquids 48 2.2.4 Post-Breakdown Phenomena on Solid Surfaces 50 2.3 Laser Ablation from Surfaces and Aerosols 53 2.4 Nanosecond and Femtosecond Double- or Multiple-Pulse LIBS 58 2.5 Summary 63 2.6 Problems 63 References 64 3 LIBS Apparatus Fundamentals 69 3.1 Basic LIBS Apparatus 69 3.2 Lasers 70 3.2.1 Laser Fundamentals 70 3.2.2 Types of Lasers 72 3.2.3 Properties of Laser Light Important for LIBS 76 3.2.4 Generation of Additional Wavelengths 78 3.2.5 Double-Pulse Operation 78 3.3 Optical Systems 80 3.3.1 Focusing and Light Collection 80 3.3.2 Lenses 82 3.3.3 Fiber Optic Cables 82 3.4 Methods of Spectral Resolution 86 3.4.1 Introduction 86 3.4.2 Spectral Resolution Devices 88 3.5 Detectors 102 3.6 Detection System Calibrations 109 3.6.1 Wavelength Calibration 109 3.6.2 Spectral Response Calibration 110 3.7 Timing Considerations 114 3.8 Methods of LIBS Deployment 115 3.9 Problems 117 References 118 4 LIBS Analytical Figures of Merit and Calibration 123 4.1 Introduction 123 4.2 Basics of a LIBS Measurement 123 4.3 Precision 129 4.4 Calibration 131 4.4.1 Calibration Curves 131 4.4.2 Calibration Standards 138 4.4.3 Calibration-Free LIBS 140 4.5 Detection Limit 144 4.6 Accuracy 144 4.7 Problems 146 References 148 References for Detection Limits 150 5 Qualitative LIBS Analysis 151 5.1 Introduction 151 5.2 Identifying Elements 151 5.3 Material Identification 156 5.4 Process Monitoring 159 5.4.1 Introduction 159 5.4.2 Experimental 162 5.4.3 Results 163 5.4.4 Conclusions 169 5.5 Material Sorting/Distinguishing 169 5.5.1 Surface Condition 169 5.5.2 Type of Analysis 171 5.5.3 Sorting Materials of Close Composition 173 5.5.4 Other Examples of Material Identification 174 5.6 Site Screening Using LIBS 177 5.7 Semiquantitative Analysis 178 5.8 Problems 180 References 182 6 Quantitative LIBS Analysis 185 6.1 Introduction 185 6.2 Effects of Sampling Geometry 185 6.3 Other Sampling Considerations 189 6.4 Incomplete Vaporization and Ablation Stoichiometry 193 6.5 Use of Internal Standardization 194 6.6 Chemical Matrix Effects 196 6.7 Example of LIBS Measurement: Impurities in Lithium-Containing Solutions 198 6.7.1 Objective 198 6.7.2 Experimental 198 6.7.3 Results 201 6.7.4 Discussion of Results 205 6.8 Example of LIBS Measurement: Detection of Materials on Swipes 206 6.8.1 Objective 206 6.8.2 Experimental 206 6.8.3 Results 209 6.9 Reported Figures of Merit for LIBS Measurements and Comparison with Standard Methods 211 6.10 Enhancing Quantitative Analysis via Sophisticated Signal Processing 219 6.11 Conclusions 220 References 221 7 Chemometric Analysis in LIBS 223 7.1 Introduction 223 7.2 Chemometric Terms 227 7.3 Chemometric Analysis/Model Development 232 7.3.1 Data Collection 232 7.3.2 Data Preprocessing: Selection of Variables 234 7.3.3 Train the Model (Calibration) 236 7.3.4 Selecting the Criteria for Classification 238 7.3.5 Test the Model (Validation) 239 7.3.6 Refine the Model Parameters 239 7.3.7 Using the Model 240 7.3.8 Improve the Training Data 241 7.4 Summary 241 References 241 8 Remote LIBS Measurements 257 8.1 Introduction 257 8.2 Conventional Open-Path LIBS 259 8.2.1 Apparatus 259 8.2.2 Focusing the Laser Pulse 260 8.2.3 Collecting the Plasma Light 264 8.2.4 Results Using Conventional Open-Path LIBS 265 8.3 Standoff LIBS Using Femtosecond Pulses 270 8.3.1 Conventional Remote LIBS Using Femtosecond Laser Pulses 270 8.3.2 Remote Analysis by Filamentation Produced by Femtosecond Pulses 271 8.4 Fiber Optic LIBS 276 8.4.1 Fiber Optics for Light Collection 276 8.4.2 Fibers for Laser Pulse Delivery 277 8.4.3 Applications of Fiber Optics 280 References 284 9 Selected LIBS Applications 289 9.1 Introduction 289 9.2 LIBS and the CBRNE Threats 289 9.2.1 Background 289 9.2.2 Nuclear Material and Isotope Detection 291 9.2.3 Detection of Explosives 294 9.2.4 Chemical and Biological Agent Detection 295 9.3 LIBS Analysis of Liquids and Solids in Liquids 297 9.4 Transportable LIBS Instrument for Stand-off Analysis 303 9.4.1 Instrument Design 303 9.4.2 Instrument Capabilities 307 9.4.3 Consideration of Detection Scenarios 312 9.5 LIBS for Space Applications 313 9.5.1 Background 313 9.5.2 Laboratory Studies of LIBS for Space Missions 313 9.5.3 ChemCam LIBS Instrument on MSL Rover 322 References 325 A Safety Considerations in LIBS 333 B Major LIBS References 337 C Detection Limits from the Literature 341 D Examples of LIBS Spectra 377 E Solutions to Problems 387 Index 397

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Book SynopsisDistributed optical fiber sensors (DOFS) are capable of revealing information about temperature, strain, vibration, pressure, or magnetic field from anywhere along the fiber. This book explains their physical principles, unique benefits, broad categories, implementation aspects, and performance criteria. Trade Review"The most authoritative account available of an important and ever expanding technology. The text encompasses basic principles, established and emerging application and insights into ongoing development. It will appeal to the student as well as the practising engineer and also presents insight into current and prospective applications…promises to become the essential reference text for many years to come!" –From the Foreword by Prof. Brian Culshaw, University of Strathclyde,GlasgowTable of ContentsIntroduction. Principles. Raman based distributed temperature sensors. Distributed strain sensors. Distributed vibration sensors. Other distributed sensors. Conclusions and outlook.

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Book SynopsisQuantitative bioimaging is a broad interdisciplinary field that exploits tools from biology, chemistry, optics, and statistical data analysis for the design and implementation of investigations of biological processes. Instead of adopting the traditional approach of focusing on just one of the component disciplines, this textbook provides a unique introduction to quantitative bioimaging that presents all of the disciplines in an integrated manner. The wide range of topics covered include basic concepts in molecular and cellular biology, relevant aspects of antibody technology, instrumentation and experimental design in fluorescence microscopy, introductory geometrical optics and diffraction theory, and parameter estimation and information theory for the analysis of stochastic data.Key Features include: Comprises four parts, the first of which provides an overview of the topics that are developed from fundamental principles to more advanced levels in the other paTable of Contents1. Introduction, Then and Now 2. Introduction to Two Problems in Cellular Biology 3. Basics of Microscopy Techniques 4. Introduction to Image Formation and Analysis 5. From genes to proteins 6. Antibodies 7. Cloning of genes for protein expression 8. Principles of Fluorescence 9. Cells 10. Microscope Designs 11. Microscopy Experiments 12. Detectors 13. Geometrical Optics 14. Diffraction 15. From Photons to Image: Data Models 16. Parameter Estimation 17. Fisher Information and Cramér–Rao Lower Bound 18. Localizing Objects and Single Molecules in Two Dimensions 19. Localizing Objects and Single Molecules in Three Dimensions 20. Resolution 21. Deconvolution 22. Spatial Statistics. Online Appendices.

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Book SynopsisHierarchic Electrodynamics and Free Electron Lasers: Concepts, Calculations, and Practical Applications presents intriguing new fundamental concepts in the phenomenon of hierarchical electrodynamics as a new direction in physics. Concentrating on the key theory of hierarchic oscillations and waves, this book focuses on the numerous applications of nonlinear theory in different types of high-current Free Electron Lasers (FEL), including their primary function in the calculation methods used to analyze various multi-resonant, multi-frequency nonlinear FEL models.This is considered the first book to: Completely and systematically describe the foundation of hierarchical electrodynamics as a new direction of physics Fully represent the physics of high-current FELand associated modelsfrom the hierarchic oscillation wave perspective Cover the multi-harmonic nonlinear theory of new types of electronic devices, Trade Review"The book makes a strong impression not only by the scheme of the material organization but also by the choice of this material. One can say that it is extraordinary—really there are no analogous books in the contemporary literature of physics."—Peter O. Kondratenko, National Aviation University, Ukraine Table of ContentsHierarchical Electrodynamics: Key Concepts, Ideas, and Investigation Methods: High-Current Free Electron Lasers as a Historical Relic of the Star Wars Epoch. Elements of the Theory of Hierarchic Dynamic Systems. Hierarchic Oscillations. Hierarchic Waves. Hierarchic Description. Hierarchic Systems with Fast Rotating Phases. Electron Oscillations in FEL-Like Electronic Systems. Hierarchic Oscillations and Waves: The Foundation of the World?High-Current Free Electron Lasers: Free Electron Lasers for the Cluster Systems. General Description of the FEL Models. Parametrical (Ordinary) Free Electron Lasers: Weak-Signal Theory. Ordinary (Parametrical) Free Electron Lasers: Cubic-Nonlinear Theory. Two-Stream Superheterodyne Free Electron Lasers. Plasma-Beam and Parametrical Electron-Wave Superheterodyne FEL.

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Book SynopsisDiscover the history behind the semiconductor laser diode that has enabled so many of the modern optomechanical devices we enjoy - the vertical cavity surface emitting laser - and its creator, Kenichi Iga. Translated from the original Japanese edition, this book charts a course through the author's life and the evolution of the laser industry, exploring the scientific, economic, and personal developments that have occurred over the last sixty years.Table of Contents Everyone Uses Surface Emitting Lasers Surface Emitting Lasers: From Horizontal to Vertical My Research: Started from a Ruby Laser Experiment The Very Beginning is the Most Important Part: Well Prepared, No Regret The Birth of the Surface Emitting Laser: A Difficult Delivery Bell Labs: Experiencing the Major League Continuous Operation at Room Temperature: Mission Impossible Special Research Fund and a Wavelength-Tunable Surface Emitting Laser The Berlin Wall Collapse: The Great Research Competition in the 1990s Surface Emitting Lasers of Various Wavelengths: Development of Basic Technology Toward Industrialization and Big Innovation The Internet and Smartphones: The Surface Emitting Lasers Within Massively Parallel Photonics: The Dream Continues Surface Emitting Laser Patent: Too Early Laws of Making Opportunity Executive Director of the Funding Agency and University President: For Science, Education, and Research The 2013 Franklin Medal and the Bower Award and Prize

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Book SynopsisThis research monograph is a companion edition and update to the book: L. C. Andrews and R. L. Phillips, Laser Beam Propagation through Random Media, 2nd edition (SPIE Press, 2005). We present several new and advanced topics that have emerged during the years since the 2005 title was published. Much of the new material is compared throughout the text with experimental and computer simulation data. This comparison includes beam wander and its effect on a propagating laser beam, including beam-wander-induced scintillation. Other additions include an assessment of conventional probability density function (PDF) models for the irradiance after passing through a finite receiver aperture. New mathematical models for enhanced backscatter are introduced here, including extension to strong fluctuation regimes and semi-rough targets. In recent years, scientists have found experimental evidence that non-Kolmogorov and anisotropic conditions may occur even along horizontal propagation paths near the ground. We include a chapter on these important topics that presents a detailed treatment involving both non-Kolmogorov and anisotropic models. The book ends with a chapter devoted to the discussion of commonly used instruments for measuring atmospheric parameters like the refractive-index structure parameter, inner scale, temperature, wind speed, heat flux, and so forth.

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Book SynopsisThis book is in part an introduction to ladar (or lidar), providing the technical building blocks for understanding the technology, but also provides in-depth coverage of aspects of coherent detection. It covers the mathematical background of traditional direct-detection architecture, including a detailed description of photon-counting detection, which is usually achieved with Geiger-mode APD technology. The book also dives into details of coherent detection architecture, explaining various imaging techniques such as synthetic aperture lidar and vibration sensing lidar. This book can serve as a reference for readers who want to become more acquainted with lidar technology and can also be used as a textbook on the subject.Table of Contents Ladar: A New Light on Imaging Laser Transmitters Receiver Detector The Ladar Range Equation Detection Statistics, Probability of Detection and False Alarm, and Statistical Improvement Techniques Image Resolution and Optical Considerations Ladar Waveforms Receiver, Signal Processing, and Data Extraction Coherent Detection Ladar Waveform Considerations in Coherent Ladar Coherent Detection with a Geiger-Mode Receiver Lidar Applications: Present and Future

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Book SynopsisDue to their unique flexibility and high reproducibility, lasers have been traditionally used in processes such as cutting, drilling, machining, welding or cladding. In recent years, with the development of ultrafast laser sources, (ie: laser sources emitting pulses with durations ranging from picoseconds to femtoseconds), lasers also emerged as a new and promising tool for the texturing of virtually all kinds of surfaces. In Chapter One, a brief overview of the lasers and techniques utilised in micro- and nano-surface modifications is presented, followed by a detailed discussion of the surface chemistry and topography effect on bacteria aggregation and adhesion. Also, the role of the laser-induced superficial patterns on the response and sensitivity of bio-implants will be explored in depth. Chapter Two reports on cardiovascular laser application by using the open-irrigated ELMA catheter RytmoLas as an intriguing alternative for catheter ablation of arrhythmias. Chapter Three describes a novel feature designed for ELAI in which different colouration codes for the different metals are applied, enabling a good regional allocation of a specific metal within the tissues. Chapter Four focuses on laser ablation processing of metallic and polymeric thin films used in microelectromechanical systems technology for the fabrication of microfluidic devices with integrated electrodes on printed circuit boards (PCB-MEMS). Chapter Five presents typical micro and nanotextured surfaces created by direct irradiation under stationary and non-stationary conditions and the mechanisms behind their development and growth are discussed. Chapter Six describes a novel three-dimensional (3-D) fabrication process of micro-scale shell resonator made of single-crystal diamond (SCD). Chapter Seven discusses the data about structural and morphological characteristics of nano-sized transition-metal oxides of zirconium and molybdenum produced by laser ablation in water.

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Book SynopsisThis compilation titled "Laser Therapy: Types, Uses, and Safety" focuses on varied aspects of laser (photobiomodulation, PBM) therapy ranging from types of lasers, parameters of optical radiation determining its biological activity and therapeutic action, basic and modern techniques, mitochondrial effects of laser for therapeutics to the clinical use of PBM in treating various medical conditions and its use in surgery. The authors discuss parameters of optical radiation of low intensity determining its biological activity and therapeutic action, basic techniques and modern technologies, and mitochondrial effects of laser therapy. This book provides the most up-to-date information on recent clinical and research trials and clinical uses as well as catalogs the optimal therapeutic settings for a myriad of disease states. The book describes the use of PBM in dentistry, tissue repair and regeneration, treatment of fibromyalgia, muscle fatigue, injury, regeneration and repair, hearing loss, osteoarthritis, neurosurgery, gynecological diseases, snakebite envenomation, acute and chronic respiratory diseases, hypertension, relieving symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage, venous ulcer healing, treatment of inflammation, and its synergism with physical exercise in treatment of obesity. Further, the role of laser therapy in drug development and in enhancing drug delivery has been discussed. Lastly, we have discussed the evolving role of optogenetics using laser lights in elucidating the molecular mechanism in various pathologies. The authors have critically discussed the uses and side-effects of laser therapy and have highlighted the future directions and approaches to get the best outcome. Altogether, this book will serve as a helpful guide on how PBM could play a role in providing daily care to the patients and enlighten upcoming students and researchers.Table of ContentsPrefaceParameters of Optical Radiation of Low Intensity Determining Its Biological Activity and Therapeutic ActionBasic Techniques of Low-Level Laser Therapy: Modern Technologies from RussiaMitochondrial Effects of Low-Level LightPhotobiomodulation of Tissue Repair and RegenerationSynergism of Laser Therapy with Therapeutic Resources in Medical SpecialitiesLaser Therapy for Muscle Fatigue, Injury, Regeneration, Repair and DiseaseThe Light in the Palms of the Hands: The Revolution in the Treatment of Fibromyalgia through New TechnologiesDiode Laser in Periodontal TherapyLow-Level Laser Therapy: Progress and Future Trends in Hearing Loss and Vestibular DysfunctionLaser Technology to Facilitate Drug Discovery and Development Processes: Perspective to Recent AdvancementsOptogeneticsIndex.

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Book SynopsisFiltering Resonators

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Book SynopsisDevelopments in lasers continue to enable progress in many areas such as eye surgery, the recording industry and dozens of others. This book presents citations from the book literature for the last 25 years and groups them for ease of access which is also provided by subject, author and titles indexes.

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Book SynopsisIt is expected that ongoing advances in optics will revolutionise the 21st century as they have the last quarter of the 20th. Such fields as communications, materials science, computing and medicine are leaping forward based on developments in optics. This series presents leading edge research on optics and lasers from researchers around the globe.

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Book SynopsisIt is expected that ongoing advances in optics will revolutionise the 21st century as they began doing in the last quarter of the 20th. Such fields as communications, materials science, computing and medicine are leaping forward based on developments in optics. This new series presents leading edge research on optics and lasers from researchers spanning the globe.

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Book SynopsisIt is expected that ongoing advances in optics will revolutionise the 21st century as they began doing in the last quarter of the 20th. Such fields as communications, materials science, computing and medicine are leaping forward based on developments in optics.

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Book SynopsisIt is expected that ongoing advances in optics will revolutionise the 21st century as they began doing in the last quarter of the 20th. Such fields as communications, materials science, computing and medicine are leaping forward based on developments in optics. This series presents leading edge research on optics and lasers from researchers spanning the globe.

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Book SynopsisIt is expected that ongoing advances in optics will revolutionise the 21st century as they began doing in the last quarter of the 20th. Such fields as communications, materials science, computing and medicine are leaping forward based on developments in optics. This series presents leading edge research on optics and lasers from researchers spanning the globe.

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Book SynopsisIt is expected that ongoing advances in optics will revolutionise the 21st century as they began doing in the last quarter of the 20th. Such fields as communications, materials science, computing and medicine are leaping forward based on developments in optics. The scope includes UV, VUV and X-Ray lasers; visible, solid-state, semiconductor and infrared gas lasers; FEL and ultrashort laser pulses; visible and infrared optical materials; infrared and imaging detectors; optical fibers and fiber optic sensors; holography; laser spectroscopy and photochemistry; high resolution lithography for optoelectronics and more. This book presents leading new research in the field.

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Book SynopsisThe formation, deformation, and break-up of liquid interfaces are ubiquitous phenomena in nature. In the present book the authors discuss the deformation of a liquid interface produced by optical radiation forces. Usually, the bending of such an interface by the radiation pressure of a c.w. laser beam is weak. However, the effect can be enhanced significantly if one works with a near-critical phase-separated liquid mixture, whereby the surface tension becomes weak. The bending may in this way become as large as several tenths of micrometers, even with the use of only moderate laser power. This near-criticality is a key element in our experimental investigations as reviewed in the article. The effect is achieved by working with a micellar phase of microemulsions, at room temperature. The authors give a brief survey of the theory of electromagnetic forces on continuous matter, and survey earlier experiments in this area, such as the Ashkin-Dziedzic optical radiation force experiment on a water/air surface, the Zhang-Chang experiment on the laser-induced deformation of a micrometer-sized spherical water droplet, and the experiment of Sakai et al. measuring surface tensions of interfaces in a non-contact manner. Thereafter, the authors survey results they obtained in recent years by performing experiments on near-critical interfaces, such as interface bending in the linear regime, stationary large deformations of liquid interfaces, asymmetric pressure effects on interfaces under intense illumination, non-linear deformations, and laser-sustained liquid columns.

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Book SynopsisOver 20 years ago, world-wide optical communications was not possible; critical pieces of technology in both computing and communication were just emerging. The new communication technology has fuelled the exponential growth of the phenomenon known as the Internet. The exploding demand for Internet access, telecommunications, and broadband services has led to a push for greater light-wave transmission capacity. Optical fibre networks now carry a large amount of voice and data traffic all over the world. This new and important book gathers the latest research from around the globe on the subject of lasers and optics research with related topics such as: low-energy lasers in orthodontics, semiconductor lasers in endoscopy, cooling and manipulating atoms by semiconductor lasers, and others.

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Book SynopsisThis book considers some general laser-induced processes that are involved in laser-matter interactions. A brief review is presented about a very interesting application of laser beams in the fields of materials science: the growth of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructured films by Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD). In addition, safe and precise cavity detection, especially of dangerous or inaccessible voids, is essential to safe production in a working mine. The advantages and disadvantages of laser detection systems are analysed, and a combination of laser scanning techniques and conventional survey methodology is proposed. Other chapters in this book present an overview on laser cladding, a discussion of the applications of structured laser beams in laser refractography technology, a review of some fundamentals of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and an analysis of laser forming of steel parts by means of diode lasers.

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Book SynopsisPulsed laser deposition (PLD) is at present one of the most interesting technique for thin film deposition. In the PLD process a film is formed by ablating a solid target with energetic laser pulses and collecting the material of interest on a substrate placed a few cm from the target. According to its ability to carry the stoichiometry from the target to the substrate and to its relatively high growth rate (~0.1 nm/pulse), PLD is an attractive technique for compound thin film deposition. This technique offers the possibility of depositing thin films on room-temperature or low-temperature substrates, due to the high energy of the species forming the laser plasma plume expanding from the target to the substrate. This book reviews research on the depositon of c-BN films by using PLD, ion-assisted PLD and other laser-assisted procedures.

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