Surface chemistry and adsorption Books

Book SynopsisPart of the new Ladybird Expert series, Bubbles is a clear, surprising and entertaining introduction to the science of bubbles. Bubbles are beautiful, ephemeral, fun, fragile, jolly and slightly unpredictable. We''re all familiar with them, but we don''t often ask what they actually are. The great scientists of the Western world - Robert Hooke, Isaac Newton, Lord Rayleigh and more - studied bubbles seriously. They recognised that they had a lot to say about the nature of the physical world, and they poked, prodded and listened to find out what it was. In the years since, we''ve learned that this bulbous arrangement of liquid and gas does things that neither the gas or the liquid could do by itself. Written by the celebrated physicist and oceanographer Helen Czerski, Bubbles explores how everything from the way drinks taste to the Earth''s temperature are influenced by bubbles. This book has a message: never underestimate a bubble!Written by the leading lights and most outstanding communicators in their fields, the Ladybird Expert books provide clear, accessible and authoritative introductions to subjects drawn from science, history and culture.For an adult readership, the Ladybird Expert series is produced in the same iconic small hardback format pioneered by the original Ladybirds. Each beautifully illustrated book features the first new illustrations produced in the original Ladybird style for nearly forty years.Trade ReviewThe artwork is gloriously retro, echoing the original Ladybird house style but containing completely up to date information. * Shiny New Books *

Read more less

Book SynopsisAn introductory review of the various theoretical and practical aspects of adsorption by powders and porous solids with particular reference to materials of technological importance. It includes chapters dealing with experimental methodology and the interpretation of adsorption data obtained with porous oxides, carbons and zeolites.Trade Review"An introductory chapter summarizes relevance, history, and terminology of adsorption, including chemisorption vs. physisorption, and discusses energetics, molecular modeling, and diffusion. The following chapters treat thermodynamics at a gas/solid and solid/liquid interfaces, measurement and monitoring technique, isotherm theory and interpretation, mathematical modeling of adsorption processes, and use of adsorption to measure surface area and porosity of materials." --ProtoView.com, January 2014 Review of first edition: "A long-awaited but worthy successor to the book considered by many to be the bible of porous materials characterization: ‘Gregg & Sing’ (2nd Edition, 1982). This collaboration between the Rouquerols and Ken Sing has created a detailed handbook covering not only important theoretical aspects, but copious experimental and application information too. Adsorption calorimetry gets more attention than before (not surprising given the Rouquerols' affiliation), as do ‘new’ materials such as MCM's and ‘new’ calculation models like DFT (Density Functional Theory) and Monte Carlo simulation. Importantly, there is a great deal of coverage given to adsorptives other than nitrogen (the most common but not necessarily the most appropriate in all cases). Hundreds of references are given for follow-up reading in areas of special interest. Anyone seeking a reliable, broad, yet highly informative coverage of adsorption methodology for porous materials characterization should invest in this title." --Worthy Successor by "thomasetc" (USA), June 2000, Amazon.comTable of ContentsPreface List of main symbols 1. Introduction 1.1. Importance of adsorption 1.2. Historical aspects 1.3. IUPAC definitions and terminology 1.4. Physisorption and chemisorption 1.5. Physisorption isotherms 1.6. Energetics of physisorption and molecular modelling 1.7. Diffusion of adsorbed molecules 2. Thermodynamics of adsorption at the gas-solid interface 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Quantitative expression of adsorption 2.3. Thermodynamic potentials of adsorption 2.4. Thermodynamic quantities related to the adsorbed states in the Gibbs representation 2.5. Thermodynamic quantities related to the adsorption process 2.6. Indirect derivation of the adsorption quantities of adsorption from of a series of Experimental physisorption isotherms : the isosteric method 2.7. Derivation of the adsorption quantities from calorimetric data 2.8. Other methods for the determination of differential enthalpies of gas adsorption 2.9. State equations for high pressure: single gas and mixtures 3. Methodology of gas adsorption 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Determination of the surface excess amount (and amount adsorbed) 3.3. Gas adsorption calorimetry 3.4. Adsorbent outgassing 3.5. Presentation of experimental data 4. Adsorption at the liquid-solid interface 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Energetics of immersion in pure liquid 4.3. Adsorption from liquid solution 5. The interpretation of physisorption isotherms at the gas-solid interface: the classical approach 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Adsorption of a pure gas 5.3. Adsorption of a gas mixture 6. Molecular simulation and modelling of physisorption in porous solids 6.1. Introduction 6.2. Microscopic description of the porous solids 6.3. Intermolecular potential function 6.4. Characterization computational tools 6.5. Modeling of adsorption in porous solids 6.6. Modeling of diffusion in porous solids. 6.7. Conclusions and future challenges 7. Assessment of surface area 7.1. Introduction 7.2. The BET method 7.3. Empirical methods of isotherm analysis 7.4. The fractal approach 7.5. Conclusions and recommendations 8. Assessment of mesoporosity 8.1. Introduction 8.2. Mesopore volume, porosity and mean pore size 8.3. Capillary condensation and the Kelvin equation 8.4. ‘Classical’ computation of the mesopore size distribution 8.5. DFT computation of the mesopore size distribution 8.6. Hysteresis loops 8.7. Conclusions and recommendations 9. Assessment of microporosity 9.1. Introduction 9.2. Gas physisorption isotherm analysis 9.3. Microcalorimetric methods 9.4. Conclusions and recommendations 10. Adsorption by active carbons 10.1. Introduction 10.2. Active carbons: preparation, properties and applications 10.3. Physisorption of gases by non-porous carbons 10.4. Physisorption of gases by porous carbons 10.5. Adsorption at the carbon-liquid interface 10.6. Low pressure hysteresis and adsorbent deformation 10.7. Characterization of active carbons: conclusions and recommendations 11. Adsorption by metal oxides 11.1. Introduction 11.2. Silica 11.3. Alumina 11.4. Titanium dioxide 11.5. Magnesium oxide 11.6. Other oxides: chromium, iron, zinc, zirconium, beryllium and uranium 11.7. Applications of adsorbent properties of metal oxides 12. Adsorption by clays, pillared clays, zeolites and aluminophosphates 12.1. Introduction 12.2. Structure, morphology and adsorbent properties of layer silicates 12.3. Pillared clays – structures and properties 12.4. Zeolites – synthesis, pore structures and molecular sieve properties 12.5. Aluminophosphate molecular sieves – structures and properties 12.6. Applications of clays, zeolites and phosphate-based molecular sieves 13. Adsorption by ordered mesoporous materials 13.1. Introduction 13.2. Ordered mesoporous silicas 13.3. Effect of surface functionalization on adsorption properties 13.4. Ordered organosilica materials 13.5. Replica materials 14. Adsorption by metal-organic frameworks 14.1. Introduction 14.2. Assessment and meaning of the BET area of MOFs 14.3. Effect of changing the nature of the ligands 14.4. Effect of changing the metal centre 14.5. Changing the nature of other surface sites 14.6. Influence of extra-framework species 14.7. Special case of the flexibility of MOFs 14.8. Towards application performances

Read more less

Book SynopsisPhotoalignment possesses significant advantages in comparison with the usual rubbing' treatment of the substrates of liquid crystal display (LCD) cells as it is a non-contact method with a high resolution. A new technique recently pioneered by the authors of this book, namely the photo-induced diffusion reorientation of azodyes, does not involve any photochemical or structural transformations of the molecules. This results in photoaligning films which are robust and possess good aligning properties making them particularly suitable for the new generation of liquid crystal devices. Photoalignment of Liquid Crystalline Materials covers state-of-the-art techniques and key applications, as well as the authors' own diffusion model for photoalignment. The book aims to stimulate new research and development in the field of liquid crystalline photoalignment and in so doing, enable the technology to be used in large scale LCD production. Key features: Provides a Trade Review"I believe that the reader will obtain beneficial information on the various aspects of the physics and applications of the photoalignment of LCs and the techniques involved." (Liquid Crystals Today, June 2010) Table of ContentsAbout the Authors. Series Editor's Foreword. 1. Introduction. References. 2. Mechanisms of LC Photoalignment. 2.1 Cis-Trans Isomerization. 2.2 Pure Reorientation of the Azo-Dye Chromophore Molecules or Azo-Dye Molecular Solvates. 2.3 Crosslinking in Cinnamoyl Side-Chain Polymers. 2.4 Photodegradation in Polymide Materials. 2.5 Photoinduced Order in Langmuir–Blodgett Films. References. 3. LC-Surface Interaction in a Photoaligned Cell. 3.1 Pretilt Angle Generation in Photoaligning Materials. 3.2 Generation of Large Pretilt Angles. 3.3 Anchoring Energy in Photoaligning Materials. 3.4 Stability of Photoaligning Materials Sensitivity to UV Light. 3.5 Comparison of the Characteristics of Photoalignment Layers for Different Mechanisms of LC Photoalignment. 3.6 Various Methods for the Experimental Characterization of Photoalignment Layers. References. 4. Photoalignment of LCs. 4.1 Vertical LC Alignment. 4.2 Twisted LC Photoalignment. 4.3 Photoalignment of Ferroelectric LC. 4.4 Optical Rewritable LC Alignment. 4.5 Photoalignment with Asymmetric Surface Anchoring. 4.6 LC Photoalignment on Plastic Substrates. 4.7 Photoalignment on Grating Surface. 4.8 Photoalignment of Lyotropic and Discotic LCs. 4.9 Other Types of LC Photoalignment. References. 5. Application of Photoalignment Materials in Optical Elements. 5.1 Polarizers. 5.2 Retardation Films. 5.3 Transflective LCD with Photo-Patterned Polarizers and Phase Retarders. 5.4 Security Applications of Photoaligning and Photo-Patterning. 5.5 Optical Elements Based on Photoaligning Technology. References. 6. Novel LCDs Based on Photoalignment. 6.1 Bistable Nematic Displays. 6.2 Photoaligned Liquid-Crystal-on-Silicon Microdisplays. 6.3 Photoaligned Ferroelectric LCDs. 6.4 New Optical Rewritable Electronic Paper. 6.5 Application of Photoalignment in Photonic LC Devices. References. 7. US Patents Related to Photoalignment of Liquid Crystals. 7.1 Introductory Remarks. 7.2 List of Patents Patent Classification. 7.3 Analysis and Comments on the Patents. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe cutting-edge guide on advancing the science of molecular imaging using nanoparticles Nanoplathform-Based Molecular Imaging provides rationale for using nanoparticle-based probes for molecular imaging, then discusses general strategies for this underutilized, yet promising, technology. It addresses general strategies of particle synthesis and surface chemistry, applications in computed tomography optical imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, multimodality imaging, theranostics, and finally, the clinical perspectives of nanoimaging. This comprehensive volume summarizes the opinions of those in the forefront of research and describes the latest developments by emphasizing fundamentals and initiating hands-on application. Trade Review“This comprehensive volume summarizes the opinions of those in the forefront of research and describes the latest developments by emphasizing fundamentals and initiating hands-on application.” (Imaging & Microscopy, 1 March 2012) "This monumental work of more than 800 pages is dedicated to the visualization of cellular behavior and molecular processes in living organisms using nanotechnologies. The book is written in a clear manner by tens of experts in the field." (Optics & Photonics News, 2011) "This comprehensive volume summarizes the opinions of those in the forefront of research and describes the latest developments by emphasizing fundamentals and initiating hands-on application." (Global Print Monitor, 8 March 2011)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Contributors. Part I Basics of Molecular Imaging and Nanobiotechnology. 1. Basic Principles of Molecular Imaging (Sven H. Hausner). 2. Synthesis of Nanomaterials as a Platform for Molecular Imaging (Jinhao Gao, Jin Xie, Bing Xu, and Xiaoyuan Chen). 3. Nanoparticle Surface Modification and Bioocnjugation (Jin Xie, Jinhao Gao, Mark Michalski, and Xiaoyuan Chen). 4. Biodistribution and Pharmacokinetics of Nanoprobes (Nagesh Kolishetti, Frank Alexis, Eric M. Pridgen, and Omid C. Farokhzad). Part II Nanoparticles for Single Modality Molecular Imaging. 5. Computed Tomography as a Tool for Anatomical and Molecular Imaging (Pingyu Liu, Hu Zhou, and Lei Xing). 6. Carbon Nanotube X-Ray for Dynamic Micro-CT Imaging of Small Animal Models (Otto Zhou, Guohua Cao, Yueh Z. Lee, and Jianping Lu). 7. Quantum Dots for In Vivo Molecular Imaging (Yun Xing). 8. Biopolymer, Dendrimer and Liposome Nanoplatforms for Optical Molecular Imaging (David Pham, Ling Zhang, Bo Chen, and Ella F. Jones). 9. Nanoplatforms for Raman Molecular Imaging in Biological Systems (Zhuang Liu). 10. Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Near-Infrared Fluorescent Sensors for Biological Systems (Jingqing Zhang, and Michael S. Strano). 11. Microparticle- and Nanoparticle-Based Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Imaging (Nirupama Deshpande, and Jurgen K. Willmann). 12. Ultrasound-Based Molecular Imaging Using Nanoagents (Srivalleesha Mallidi, Mohammad Mehrmohammadi, Kimberly Homan, Bo Wang, Min Qu, Timothy Larson, Konstantin Sokolov, and Stanislav Emelianov). 13. MRI Contrast Agents Based on Inorganic Nanoparticles (Hyon B. Na, and Taghwan Hyeon). 14. Cellular Magnetic Labeling with Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (Sebastien Boutry, Sophie Laurent, Luce V. Elst, and Robert N. Muller). 15. Nanoparticles Containing Rare Earth Ions: A Tunable Tool for MRI (C. Riviére, S. Roux, R. Bazzi, J.-L. Bridot, C. Billotey, P. Perriat, and O. Tillement). 16. Microfabricated Multispectral MRI Contrast Agents (Gary Zabow, and Alan Koretsky). 17. Radiolabeled Nanoplatforms: Imaging Hot Bullets Hitting Their Targets (Raffaella Rossin). Part III: Nanoparticle Platforms as Multimodality Imaging and Therapy Agents. 18. Lipoprotein-Based Nanoplatforms for Cancer Molecular Imaging (Ian R. Corbin, Kenneth Ng, and Gang Zheng). 19. Protein Cages as Multimode Imaging Agents (Masaki Uchida, Lars Liepold, Peter Suci, Mark Young, and Trevor Douglas). 20. Biomedical Applications of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (Weibo Cai, Ting Gao, and Hao Hong). 21. Multifunctional Nanoparticles for Multimodal Molecular Imaging (Yonglong Hou, and Rui Hao). 22. Multifunctional Nanoparticles for Cancer Theragnostics (Seulki Lee, Ick Chan Kwon, and Kwangmeyung Kim). 23. Nanoparticles for Combined Cancer Imaging and Therapy (Vaishali Bagolkot, Mikyung Yu, and Sangyong Jon). 24. Multimodal Imaging and Therapy with Magnetofluorescent Nanoparticles (Jason McCarthy, and Ralph Weissleder). 25. Gold Nanocages: A Multifunctional Platform for Molecular Optical Imaging and Photothermal Treatment (Leslie Au, Claire M. Cobley, Jingyi Chen, and Younan Xia). 26. Theranostic Applications of Gold Nanoparticles in Cancer (Parmeswaran Diagaradjane, Pranshu Mohindra, and Sunil Krishnan). 27. Gold Nanorods as Theranostic Agents (Alexander Wei, Qingshan Wei, and Alexei P. Lenov). 28. Theranostic Applications of Gold Core-Shell Structured Nanoparticles (Wei Lu, Marites Melancon, and Chun Li). 29. Magnetic Nanoparticle Carrier for Targeted Drug Delivery: Perspective, Outlook and Design (R.D.K. Misra). 30. Perfluorocarbon Nanoparticles: A Multidimensional Platform for Targeted Image-Guided Drug Delivery (Gregory M. Lanza, Shelton D. Caruthers, Anne H. Schmieder, Patrick M. Winter, Tillmann Cyrue, Samuel and A. Wickline). 31. Radioimmunonanoparticles for Cancer Imaging and Therapy (Arutselvan Natarajan). Part IV: Translational Nanomedicine. 32. Current Status and Future Prospects for Nanoparticle-Based Technology in Human Medicine (Nuria Sanvicens, Fatima Fernandez, J.-Pablo Salvador, and M.-Pilar Marco). Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisPushing the frontiers of electrochemistry-a survey of new surface imaging techniques. This latest installment in the Frontiers of Electrochemistry series helps readers gain insight into one of the hottest areas of modern electrochemistry. Tracing recent advances in the imaging of electrified surfaces, this volume describes cutting-edge techniques that allow us to record real-time and real-space images with atomic resolution, observe structures of surfaces and interfaces directly on a display, study the distribution of atoms and molecules during a surface reaction, and much more. Leading international authorities discuss surface imaging techniques used in technologies involving electrocrystallization and electrodeposition of metals-employing numerous examples to demonstrate site specificity of electrode processes, and discussing applications to electronic materials such as the capacity to print nanopatterns at electrode surfaces. They cover techniques thatTrade Review"full of ultramicroscopical detail" (Ultramicroscopy, Vol. 87, 2001)Table of ContentsLow-Dimensional Metal Phases and Nanostructuring of Solid Surfaces (G. Staikov, et al.). Electron Diffraction and Electron Microscopy of Electrode Surfaces (G. Lehmpfuhl, et al.). Imaging Metal Electrocrystallization at High Resolution (R. Nichols). Imaging of Reaction Fronts at Surfaces and Interfaces (H. Rottermund, et al.). Potential Controlled Ordering in Organic Monolayers at Electrode-Electrolyte Interface (N. Tao). Scanning Probe Microscopy of Organic Thin Films at Electrode Surfaces (J.-B. Green, et al.). Theoretical Aspects of the Scanning Tunneling Microscope Operating in an Electrolyte Solution (W. Schmickler). Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisTreats the important area of surface chemistry - or what happens on a molecular level when one substance comes in contact with another. Provides an understanding of the principles which govern adsorption and reactions of gases on solid surfaces. Describes what occurs and why processes happen the way they do, including discussions of applications.Table of ContentsThe Structure of Solid Surfaces and Adsorbate Overlayers. Adsorption I: The Binding of Molecules to Surfaces. Adsorption II: Adsorption Isotherms. Adsorption III: Kinetics of Adsorption. Introduction to Surface Reactions. Rate Laws for Reactions on Surfaces I: Kinetic Models. A Review of Reaction-Rate Theory. Models of Potential Energy Surfaces: Reactions as Curve Crossings and Electron Transfer Processes. Rates and Mechanisms of Surface Reactions. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisCovering the basic theory of atom-surface interactions, this volume combines approaches to the subject from both physics and chemistry in order to provide an understanding of surface chemistry from a molecular point of view.Trade Review"...Billing relates the dynamics of chemical reactions at surfaces." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 24, No. 4, December 2000)Table of ContentsBasic Concepts. Surface Diffusion. Interaction Potentials. Quantum Treatment of Atom/Molecule-Surface Scattering. Classical Mechanical Treatment. The Generalized Langevin Equation. A Semiclassical Approach. Electron Gas Theories. Density Functional Theory. Electron-Hole Pair Excitation. Perspective. Appendices. Bibliography. Answers to Exercises. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisMembrane manufacturing processes are sensitive to operating conditions and raw material properties, making quality control a key concern in the industry. This book comprehensively covers the manufacturing and industrial applications of membranes plus quality management and Six Sigma, along with providing membrane fundamentals.Table of ContentsPREFACE xv ABOUT THE EDITORS xvii CONTRIBUTORS xix PART I MEMBRANES AND APPLICATIONS IN WATER AND WASTEWATER 1 1. Thin-Film Composite Membranes for Reverse Osmosis 3 Tadahiro Uemura and Masahiro Henmi 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Application of RO Membranes 3 1.3 Major Progress in RO Membranes 4 1.4 Trends in RO Membrane Technology 6 1.5 Reverse Osmosis/Biofouling Protection 13 1.6 Low-Fouling RO Membrane for Wastewater Reclamation 14 1.7 Chlorine Tolerance of Cross-Linked Aromatic Polyamide Membrane 17 2. Cellulose Triacetate Membranes for Reverse Osmosis 21 A. Kumano and N. Fujiwara 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 History of Cellulose Acetate Membrane 21 2.3 Toyobo RO Module for Seawater Desalination 22 2.4 Actual Performance of Toyobo RO Module for Seawater Desalination 28 2.5 Most Recent RO Module of Cellulose Triacetate 35 2.6 Conclusion 43 3. Seawater Desalination 47 Nikolay Voutchkov and Raphael Semiat 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 Seawater Desalination Plant Configuration 50 3.3 Water Production Costs 82 3.4 Future Trends 84 3.5 Conclusion 85 4. Seawater Desalination by Ultralow-Energy Reverse Osmosis 87 R. L. Truby 4.1 Introduction 87 4.2 SWRO Energy Reduction Using Energy Recovery Technology 88 4.3 SWRO Energy Optimization 95 4.4 Affordable Desalination Collaboration (ADC) 96 4.5 Conclusion 99 5. Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration 101 N. Kubota, T. Hashimoto, and Y. Mori 5.1 Introduction 101 5.2 Recent Trends and Progress in MF/UF Technology 104 5.3 Future Prospects 127 6. Water Treatment by Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration 131 M. D. Kennedy, J. Kamanyi, S. G. Salinas Rodrı´guez, N. H. Lee, J. C. Schippers, and G. Amy 6.1 Introduction 131 6.2 Materials, Module Configurations, and Manufacturers 133 6.3 Microfiltration/Ultrafiltration Pretreatment 142 6.4 Membrane Applications 146 6.5 Membrane Fouling and Cleaning 149 6.6 Integrated Membrane Systems (MF or UF þ RO or NF) 160 6.7 Backwash Water Reuse, Treatment, and Disposal 164 7. Water Reclamation and Desalination by Membranes 171 Pierre Cote, Mingang Liu, and Steven Siverns 7.1 Introduction 171 7.2 Water Reclamation and Seawater Desalination 172 7.3 Cost Estimation 173 7.4 Process Options for Water Reclamation 174 7.5 Cost of Water Reclamation 177 7.6 Process Options for Desalination 181 7.7 Cost of Desalination 181 7.8 Water Reuse versus Desalination 185 7.9 Conclusions 186 8. Chitosan Membranes with Nanoparticles for Remediation of Chlorinated Organics 189 Yit-Hong Tee and Dibakar Bhattacharyya 8.1 Introduction 189 8.2 Experimental Section 191 8.3 Results and Discussions 197 8.4 Conclusions 212 9. Membrane Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment 217 P. Cornel and S. Krause 9.1 Introduction 217 9.2 Principle of the Membrane Bioreactor Process 217 9.3 MBR Design Considerations 230 9.4 Applications and Cost 233 9.5 Conclusions and Summary 235 10. Submerged Membranes 239 Anthony G. Fane 10.1 Introduction 239 10.2 Modes of Operation of Submerged Membranes 241 10.3 Submerged Membrane Module Geometries 246 10.4 Bubbling and Hydrodynamic Considerations 253 10.5 Practical Aspects 262 10.6 Applications 267 10.7 Conclusions 268 11. Nanofiltration 271 Bart Van der Bruggen and Jeroen Geens 11.1 Introduction 271 11.2 Process Principles 272 11.3 Application of Nanofiltration for Production of Drinking Water and Process Water 276 11.4 Wastewater Polishing and Water Reuse 280 11.5 Other Applications 283 11.6 Solvent-Resistant Nanofiltration 284 11.7 Conclusions 287 12. Membrane Distillation 297 Mohamed Khayet 12.1 Introduction to Membrane Distillation 297 12.2 Membrane Distillation Membranes and Modules 305 12.3 Membrane Distillation Membrane Characterization Techniques 320 12.4 Transport Mechanisms in MD: Temperature Polarization, Concentration Polarization, and Theoretical Models 331 12.5 Membrane Distillation Applications 341 12.6 Long-Term MD Performance and Membrane Fouling in MD 355 12.7 Hybrid MD Systems 356 12.8 Concluding Remarks and Future Directions in MD 357 13. Ultrapure Water by Membranes 371 Avijit Dey 13.1 Introduction 371 13.2 Integrated Membrane Technology in UPW Systems 377 PART II MEMBRANES FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND CHEMICAL/BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 407 14. Tissue Engineering with Membranes 409 Zhanfeng Cui 14.1 Introduction 409 14.2 Hollow-Fiber Membrane Bioreactors for Three-Dimensional Tissue Culture 412 14.3 Micromembrane Probes for Tissue Engineering Monitoring 420 14.4 Future Opportunities 427 14.5 Summary 429 15. Biopharmaceutical Separations by Ultrafiltration 435 Raja Ghosh 15.1 Introduction 435 15.2 Ultrafiltration: An Overview 436 15.3 Basic Working Principles of Ultrafiltration 437 15.4 Ultrafiltration Membranes and Devices 438 15.5 Ultrafiltration Processes 446 15.6 Conclusion 449 16. Nanofiltration in Organic Solvents 451 P. Silva, L. G. Peeva, and A. G. Livingston 16.1 Organic Solvent Nanofiltration Membranes 451 16.2 OSN Transport Mechanisms—Theoretical Background 458 16.3 Applications of Organic Solvent Nanofiltration 461 17. Pervaporation 469 Fakhir U. Baig 17.1 Introduction 469 17.2 Applications of AZEO SEP and VOC SEP 471 17.3 Computer Simulation of Module Performance 475 17.4 Permeation and Separation Model in Hollow-Fiber Membrane Module 481 17.5 Conclusion 487 18. Biomedical Applications of Membranes 489 G. Catapano and J. Vienken 18.1 Introduction 489 18.2 Membrane Therapeutic Treatments 490 18.3 Medical Membrane Properties 496 18.4 Medical Membrane Materials 501 18.5 Biocompatibility of Membrane-Based Therapeutic Treatments 508 18.6 Conclusions 511 19. Hemodialysis Membranes 519 Norma J. Ofsthun, Sujatha Karoor, and Mitsuru Suzuki 19.1 Introduction 519 19.2 Transport Requirements 521 19.3 Other Requirements 525 19.4 Membrane Materials, Spinning Technology, and Structure 527 19.5 Dialyzer Design and Performance 530 19.6 Current Market Trends 533 19.7 Future Directions 533 19.8 Conclusions 536 20. Tangential-Flow Filtration for Virus Capture 541 S. Ranil Wickramasinghe 20.1 Introduction 541 20.2 Tangential-Flow Filtration 543 20.3 Tangential-Flow Filtration for Virus Capture 545 20.4 Tangential-Flow Filtration for Virus Clearance 550 20.5 Conclusions 552 PART III GAS SEPARATIONS 557 21. Vapor and Gas Separation by Membranes 559 Richard W. Baker 21.1 Introduction to Membranes and Modules 559 21.2 Membrane Process Design 563 21.3 Applications 567 21.4 Conclusions 577 21.5 Glossary 577 22. Gas Separation by Polyimide Membranes 581 Yoji Kase 22.1 Introduction 581 22.2 Permeability and Chemical Structure of Polyimides 582 22.3 Manufacture of Asymmetric Membrane 587 22.4 Membrane Module 588 22.5 Applications of Polyimide Gas Separation Membranes 589 23. Gas Separation by Carbon Membranes 599 P. Jason Williams and William J. Koros 23.1 Introduction 599 23.2 Structure of Carbon Membranes 599 23.3 Transport in Carbon Membranes 601 23.4 Formation of Carbon Membranes 604 23.5 Current Separation Performance 616 23.6 Production of CMS Modules 620 23.7 Challenges and Disadvantages of CMS Membranes 622 23.8 Direction of Carbon Membrane Development 626 24. Polymeric Membrane Materials and Potential Use in Gas Separation 633 Ho Bum Park and Young Moo Lee 24.1 Introduction 633 24.2 Basic Principles of Gas Separation in Polymer Membranes 635 24.3 Limitations of Gas Separations Using Polymer Membranes 643 24.4 Polymer Membrane Materials 646 24.5 Membrane Gas Separation Applications and Conclusions 659 25. Hydrogen Separation Membranes 671 Yi Hua Ma 25.1 Introduction 671 25.2 Porous Nonmetallic Membranes for Hydrogen Separations 672 25.3 High-Temperature Hydrogen Separation Membranes 674 25.4 Concluding Remarks 680 PART IV MEMBRANE CONTACTORS AND REACTORS 685 26. Membrane Contactors 687 Kamalesh K. Sirkar 26.1 Introduction 687 26.2 Membrane-Based Contacting of Two Fluid Phases 690 26.3 Membrane-Based Solid–Fluid Contacting 696 26.4 Two Immobilized Phase Interfaces 697 26.5 Dispersive Contacting in a Membrane Contactor 699 26.6 Concluding Remarks 700 27. Membrane Reactors 703 Enrico Drioli and Enrica Fontananova 27.1 State-of-the-Art On Catalytic Membrane Reactors 703 27.2 Advanced Oxidation Processes for Wastewater Treatments 704 27.3 Selective Oxidations 710 27.4 Biocatalytic Membrane Reactors 712 27.5 Catalytic Crystals 712 27.6 Inorganic Membrane Reactors 713 27.7 Microreactors 713 27.8 Conclusions 714 PART V ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENERGY APPLICATIONS 719 28. Facilitated Transport Membranes for Environmental, Energy, and Biochemical Applications 721 Jian Zou, Jin Huang, and W. S. Winston Ho 28.1 Introduction 721 28.2 Supported Liquid Membranes with Strip Dispersion 729 28.3 Carbon-Dioxide-Selective Membranes 737 28.4 Conclusions 747 29. Fuel Cell Membranes 755 Peter N. Pintauro and Ryszard Wycisk 29.1 Introduction to Fuel Cells 755 29.2 Background on Fuel Cell Membranes 759 29.3 Recent Work on New Fuel Cell Membranes 764 29.4 Conclusions 779 PART VI MEMBRANE MATERIALS AND CHARACTERIZATION 787 30. Recent Progress in Mixed-Matrix Membranes 789 Chunqing Liu, Santi Kulprathipanja, Alexis M. W. Hillock, Shabbir Husain, and William J. Koros 30.1 Introduction 789 30.2 Recent Progress in Mixed-Matrix Membranes 794 30.3 Summary and Future Opportunities 809 31. Fabrication of Hollow-Fiber Membranes by Phase Inversion 821 Tai-Shung Neal Chung 31.1 Introduction 821 31.2 Basic Understanding 822 31.3 Recent Progresses on Single-Layer Asymmetric Hollow-Fiber Membranes 825 31.4 Dual-Layer Hollow Fibers 831 31.5 Concluding Remarks 835 32. Membrane Surface Characterization 841 M. Kallioinen and M. Nystrom 32.1 Introduction 841 32.2 Characterization of the Chemical Structure of a Membrane 842 32.3 Characterization of Membrane Hydrophilicity 852 32.4 Characterization of Membrane Charge 855 32.5 Characterization of Membrane Morphology 859 32.6 Conclusions 867 33. Membrane Characterization by Ultrasonic Time-Domain Reflectometry 879 William B. Krantz and Alan R. Greenberg 33.1 Introduction 879 33.2 Principle of UTDR Measurement 880 33.3 Characterization of Inorganic Membrane Fouling 882 33.4 Characterization of Membrane Biofouling 885 33.5 Characterization of Membrane Compaction 886 33.6 Characterization of Membrane Formation 889 33.7 Characterization of Membrane Morphology 891 33.8 Summary and Recommendations 894 34. Microstructural Optimization of Thin Supported Inorganic Membranes for Gas and Water Purification 899 M. L. Mottern, J. Y. Shi, K. Shqau, D. Yu, and Henk Verweij 34.1 Introduction 899 34.2 Morphology, Porosity, and Defects 902 34.3 Optimization of Supported Membrane Structures 908 34.4 Synthesis and Manufacturing 917 34.5 Characterization 918 34.6 Conclusions 923 35. Structure/Property Characteristics of Polar Rubbery Membranes for Carbon Dioxide Removal 929 Victor A. Kusuma, Benny D. Freeman, Miguel Jose-Yacaman, Haiqing Lin, Sumod Kalakkunnath, and Douglass S. Kalika 35.1 Introduction and Background 929 35.2 Theory and Experiment 931 35.3 Results and Discussion 937 35.4 Conclusions 950 Index 955

Read more less

Book SynopsisDescribes preparation techniques of protein-based surfactants (PBS) in the laboratory by a variety of chemical and enzymatic means, production by using different types of amino acids, and marketplace applications of PBS in medical and personal care products, detergents, cosmetics, antimicrobial agents, and foods.Table of ContentsAn overview of the basis, technology, and surface phenomena of protein-based surfactants; natural raw materials and enzymatic modification of agricultural by-products for protein-based surfactants; protein interaction at interfaces; amino acid surfactants - chemistry, synthesis and properties; enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of protein-based surfactants - amphoteric surfactants; arginine lipopeptide surfactants with antimicrobial activity; essentially fluorinated synthetic surfactants based on amino acids or oligopeptides; interactions of amino acid-based surfactants with other compounds; potential applications of protein-based surfactants; current market developments and trends in amino acid- and protein-based surfactants.

Read more less

Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface xv Part 1: Fundamental and General Aspects 1 Wetting of Solid Walls and Spontaneous Capillary Flow 3 Jean Berthier and Kenneth A. Brakke 1.1 Introduction: Capillary Flows and Contact Angles 3 1.2 A General Condition for Spontaneous Capillary Flow (SCF) 5 1.3 The Dynamics of SCF 15 1.4 Conclusion 41 2 A Review of "Ordered Water Monolayer That Does Not Completely Wet Water" at Room Temperature 47 Chunlei Wang and Haiping Fang 2.1 Introduction 47 2.2 "Ordered Water Monolayer that Does Not Completely Wet Water" at Room Temperature 49 2.3 Effect of Surface Point Defects on the Ordered Water Monolayer 55 2.4 Thermal Properties of Ordered Water Monolayer 56 2.5 Simulation or Experimental Observations on the Phenomenon of Water Droplets on Water Monolayers on Real Solid Surfaces at Room Temperature 59 2.6 "Ordered Ethanol Monolayer that does not Completely Wet Ethanol" at Room Temperature 61 2.7 Discussion 64 2.8 Summary 65 3 Cheerios Effect and its Control by Contact Angle Modulation 73 Junqi Yuan and Sung Kwon Cho 3.1 Introduction 74 3.2 Theoretical Models 76 3.3 Control of Cheerios Effect 102 3.4 Concluding Remarks and Outlook 105 4 Recent Mathematical Analysis of Contact Angle Hysteresis 111 Xianmin Xu and Xiaoping Wang 4.1 Introduction 111 4.2 The Physical Principle and Mathematical Method 113 4.3 The Wenzel’s and Cassie’s Equations 114 4.4 The Modified Cassie Equation 118 4.5 Contact Angle Hysteresis 119 4.6 Conclusion and Outlook 124 5 Computational Analysis of Wetting on Hydrophobic Surfaces: Application to Self-Cleaning Mechanisms 129 Muhammad Osman and Roger A. Sauer 5.1 Introduction 130 5.2 Basic Relations in Differential Geometry 131 5.3 System Model 133 5.4 Governing Equations 134 5.5 Force Analysis 139 5.6 Results and Discussion 140 5.7 Conclusions 145 6 Bubble Adhesion to Superhydrophilic Surfaces 149 Ridvan Ozbay, Ali Kibar and Chang-Hwan Choi 6.1 Introduction 150 6.2 Theoretical Models 151 6.3 Experimental 154 6.4 Results and Discussion 155 6.5 Conclusions 161 Acknowledgement 162 References 162 7 Relationship Between the Roughness and Oleophilicity of Functional Surfaces 165 Luisa Coriand, Markus Rettenmayr and Angela Duparré 7.1 Introduction 165 7.2 Basics and Experimental 166 7.3 Results and Discussion 170 7.4 Summary 175 8 Liquid Repellent Amorphous Carbon Nanoparticle Networks 179 Ilker S. Bayer, Alexander J. Davis and Eric Loth 8.1 Introduction 180 8.2 Templates for Liquid Repellent Surfaces 180 8.3 Synthesis Without Flames 184 8.4 Synthesis by Combustion of Terpenoids 189 8.5 Amorphous Carbon Networks on 3-D Porous Materials for Liquid Filtration 191 8.6 Towards Robust Carbonaceous Films on Micro-textured Polymer Surfaces 193 8.7 Conclusions 208 9 Recent Progress in Evaluating Mechanical Durability of Liquid Repellent Surfaces 211 Athanasios Milionis, Ilker S. Bayer and Eric Loth 9.1 Introduction 211 9.2 Durability to Tangential Shear 218 9.3 Durability to Dynamic Impact 233 9.4 Durability under Vertical Compression/Expansion 239 9.5 Wear in Liquid Baths 242 9.6 Inherently Durable Liquid Repellent Materials 249 9.7 Future Directions for Investigating Mechanical Durability 251 10 Superhydrophobic and Superoleophobic Biobased Materials 259 Ilker S. Bayer 10.1 Introduction 260 10.2 Advances in Liquid Repellent Cellulose Fiber Networks 260 10.3 Liquid Repellent Materials: Cellulose Derivatives 270 10.4 Liquid Repellent Thermoplastic Starch and Biopolyesters 277 10.5 Conclusions 281 Part 2: Wettability Modification 11 Laser Ablated Micro/Nano-Patterned Superhydrophobic Stainless Steel Substrates 287 Sona Moradi, Saeid Kamal and Savvas G. Hatzikiriakos 11.1 Introduction 288 11.2 Materials and Experimental Methods 290 11.3 Experimental Details 292 11.4 Results and Discussion 293 11.5 Conclusions 301 12 RF Plasma Treatment of Neptune Grass (Posidonia oceanica): A Facile Method to Achieve Superhydrophilic Surfaces for Dye Adsorption from Aqueous Solutions 305 Hernando S. Salapare III, Ma. Gregoria Joanne P. Tiquio and Henry J. Ramos 12.1 Introduction 306 12.2 Experimental Details 315 12.3 Results and Discussion 319 12.4 Conclusions 328 13 Highly Liquid Repellent Technical Textiles Obtained by Means of Photo-chemical and Laser Surface Modifications 333 Thomas Bahners and Jochen S. Gutmann 13.1 Introduction 334 13.2 Background of the Conceptual Approach 335 13.3 Application of Combined Laser and Photo-chemical Modifications to Technical Textiles 347 13.4 Summary 358 14 Modification of Paper/Cellulose Surfaces to Control Liquid Wetting and Adhesion 365 Victor Breedveld and Dennis W. Hess 14.1 Introduction 366 14.2 Plasma Processing 366 14.3 Sticky vs. Roll-off Superhydrophobic Surfaces 367 14.4 Local Wetting/Adhesion Control 369 14.5 Superamphiphobic/Superomniphobic Paper 372 14.6 Summary and Conclusions 374 Part 3: Surface Free Energy and Adhesion 15 Surface Free Energy of Superhydrophobic Materials Obtained by Deposition of Polymeric Particles on Glass 381 Konrad Terpilowski 15.1 Introduction 382 15.2 Experimental 385 15.3 Results and Discussion 387 15.4 Conclusions 394 16 Tablet Tensile Strength: Role of Surface Free Energy 397 Frank M. Etzler and Sorana Pisano 16.1 Introduction 398 16.2 Applicability of the Proposed Model to Pharmaceutical Materials 404 16.3 Discussion 414 16.4 Summary 415 7 Why Test Inks Cannot Tell the Whole Truth About Surface Free Energy of Solids 419 Ming Jin, Frank Thomsen, Thomas Skrivanek and Thomas Willers 17.1 Introduction 419 17.2 Background 420 17.3 Materials and Methods 424 17. 4 Results and Interpretation 426 17.5 Advantages and Drawbacks of Contact Angle Measurement in Practice 435 17.6 Summary 437 References 438 Index 439

Read more less

Book SynopsisCovers the latest developments in modeling elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) problems using the finite element method (FEM) This comprehensive guide introduces readers to a powerful technology being used today in the modeling of elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) problems. It provides a general framework based on the finite element method (FEM) for dealing with multi-physical problems of complex nature (such as the EHL problem) and is accompanied by a website hosting a user-friendly FEM software for the treatment of EHL problems, based on the methodology described in the book. Finite Element Modeling of Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Problems begins with an introduction to both the EHL and FEM fields. It then covers Standard FEM modeling of EHL problems, before going over more advanced techniques that employ model order reduction to allow significant savings in computational overhead. Finally, the book looks at applications that show how the developed modeling framework could be uTable of ContentsPreface xiii Nomenclature xvii About the CompanionWebsite xxv Part I Introduction 1 1 Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication (EHL) 3 1.1 EHL Regime 3 1.2 Governing Equations in Dimensional Form 7 1.2.1 Generalized Reynolds Equation 9 1.2.2 FilmThickness Equation 15 1.2.3 Linear Elasticity Equations 18 1.2.4 Load Balance Equation 24 1.2.5 Energy Equations 24 1.2.6 Shear Stress Equations 28 1.3 Governing Equations in Dimensionless Form 28 1.3.1 Dimensionless Parameters 29 1.3.2 Generalized Reynolds Equation 31 1.3.3 FilmThickness Equation 32 1.3.4 Linear Elasticity Equations 33 1.3.5 Load Balance Equation 34 1.3.6 Energy Equations 34 1.3.7 Shear Stress Equations 36 1.4 Lubricant Constitutive Behavior 36 1.4.1 Pressure and Temperature Dependence 37 1.4.1.1 Density 37 1.4.1.2 Viscosity 39 1.4.1.3 Thermal Conductivity and Heat Capacity 41 1.4.2 Shear Dependence of Viscosity 41 1.4.3 Limiting Shear Stress 43 1.5 Dimensionless Groups 44 1.6 Review of EHL Numerical Modeling Techniques 46 1.7 Conclusion 52 References 52 2 Finite ElementMethod (FEM) 59 2.1 FEM:The Basic Idea 59 2.2 Model PDE 61 2.3 Steady-State Linear FEM Analysis 63 2.3.1 Elementary Integral Formulations 64 2.3.1.1 Weighted-Residual Form 64 2.3.1.2 Weak Form 65 2.3.2 Solution Approximation 66 2.3.2.1 Meshing and Discretization 67 2.3.2.2 Lagrange Linear Elements 69 2.3.2.3 Lagrange Quadratic Elements 73 2.3.3 Galerkin Formulation 75 2.3.4 Integral Evaluations: Mapping between Reference and Actual Elements 78 2.3.5 Connectivity of Elements 85 2.3.6 Assembly Process and Treatment of B.C.’s 86 2.3.7 Resolution Process 90 2.3.8 Post-Processing of the Solution 91 2.3.9 One-Dimensional Example 92 2.4 Steady-State Nonlinear FEM Analysis 99 2.4.1 Newton Methods for Nonlinear Systems of Equations 99 2.4.1.1 Newton Method 100 2.4.1.2 Damped-NewtonMethod 102 2.4.2 Nonlinear FEM Formulation 105 2.5 Transient FEM Analysis 109 2.5.1 Space-Time Discretization 110 2.5.2 Time-Dependent FEM Formulation 111 2.6 Multi-Physical FEM Analysis 112 2.6.1 Multi-Physical FEM Formulation 113 2.6.2 Assembly Process 115 2.6.3 Coupling Strategies 116 2.6.3.1 Weak Coupling 117 2.6.3.2 Full/Strong Coupling 117 2.7 Stabilized FEM Formulations 118 2.7.1 Isotropic Diffusion 120 2.7.2 Streamline Upwind Petrov–Galerkin 121 2.7.3 Galerkin Least Squares 121 2.8 Conclusion 123 References 123 Part II Finite ElementModeling Techniques 125 3 Steady-State Isothermal Newtonian Line Contacts 127 3.1 Contact Configuration 127 3.2 Geometry, Computational Domains, and Meshing 128 3.2.1 Geometry 128 3.2.2 Computational Domains 128 3.2.3 Meshing and Discretization 130 3.3 Governing Equations and Boundary Conditions 132 3.3.1 Reynolds Equation 133 3.3.2 Linear Elasticity Equations 136 3.3.3 Load Balance Equation 138 3.4 FEM Model 138 3.4.1 Connectivity of Elements 139 3.4.2 Weak Form Formulation 139 3.4.3 Elementary Matrix Formulations 141 3.4.3.1 Elastic Part 142 3.4.3.2 Hydrodynamic Part 144 3.4.3.3 Load Balance Part 145 3.4.4 Stabilized Formulations 146 3.5 Overall Solution Procedure 150 3.6 Model Calibration and Preliminary Results 153 3.6.1 Mesh Sensitivity Analysis 153 3.6.2 Penalty Term Tuning 153 3.6.3 Solid Domain Size Calibration 156 3.6.4 Preliminary Results 157 3.7 Conclusion 161 References 161 4 Steady-State Isothermal Newtonian Point Contacts 165 4.1 Contact Configuration 165 4.2 Geometry, Computational Domains, and Meshing 166 4.2.1 Geometry 166 4.2.2 Computational Domains 166 4.2.3 Meshing and Discretization 169 4.3 Governing Equations and Boundary Conditions 170 4.3.1 Reynolds Equation 171 4.3.2 Linear Elasticity Equations 173 4.3.3 Load Balance Equation 174 4.4 FEM Model 175 4.4.1 Connectivity of Elements 175 4.4.2 Weak Form Formulation 176 4.4.3 Elementary Matrix Formulations 177 4.4.3.1 Elastic Part 178 4.4.3.2 Hydrodynamic Part 180 4.4.3.3 Load Balance Part 182 4.4.4 Stabilized Formulations 183 4.5 Overall Solution Procedure 187 4.6 Model Calibration and Preliminary Results 190 4.6.1 Mesh Sensitivity Analysis 190 4.6.2 Penalty Term Tuning 191 4.6.3 Preliminary Results 192 4.7 Conclusion 196 References 196 5 Steady-State Thermal Non-Newtonian Line Contacts 199 5.1 Contact Configuration 199 5.2 Geometry, Computational Domains, and Meshing 200 5.2.1 Geometry 200 5.2.2 Computational Domains 200 5.2.3 Meshing and Discretization 201 5.3 Governing Equations and Boundary Conditions 203 5.3.1 Generalized Reynolds Equation 204 5.3.2 Linear Elasticity Equations 205 5.3.3 Load Balance Equation 205 5.3.4 Energy Equations 205 5.3.5 Shear Stress Equation 207 5.4 FEM Model 208 5.4.1 Connectivity of Elements 208 5.4.2 Weak Form Formulation 210 5.4.3 Elementary Matrix Formulations 213 5.4.3.1 Elastic Part 215 5.4.3.2 Hydrodynamic Part 215 5.4.3.3 Load Balance Part 218 5.4.3.4 Thermal Part 219 5.4.3.5 Shear Stress Part 224 5.4.4 Stabilized Formulations 225 5.5 Overall Solution Procedure 227 5.6 Model Calibration and Preliminary Results 228 5.6.1 Mesh Sensitivity Analysis 230 5.6.2 Full versusWeak Coupling 230 5.6.3 Preliminary Results 239 5.7 Conclusion 240 References 241 6 Steady-State Thermal Non-Newtonian Point Contacts 243 6.1 Contact Configuration 243 6.2 Geometry, Computational Domains, and Meshing 244 6.2.1 Geometry 244 6.2.2 Computational Domains 244 6.2.3 Meshing and Discretization 245 6.3 Governing Equations and Boundary Conditions 247 6.3.1 Generalized Reynolds Equation 248 6.3.2 Linear Elasticity Equations 249 6.3.3 Load Balance Equation 249 6.3.4 Energy Equations 249 6.3.5 Shear Stress Equations 252 6.4 FEM Model 252 6.4.1 Connectivity of Elements 253 6.4.2 Weak Form Formulation 255 6.4.3 Elementary Matrix Formulations 258 6.4.3.1 Elastic Part 260 6.4.3.2 Hydrodynamic Part 261 6.4.3.3 Load Balance Part 264 6.4.3.4 Thermal Part 264 6.4.3.5 Shear Stress Part 270 6.4.4 Stabilized Formulations 273 6.5 Overall Solution Procedure 274 6.6 Model Calibration and Preliminary Results 275 6.6.1 Mesh Sensitivity Analysis 276 6.6.2 Preliminary Results 276 6.7 Conclusion 280 References 280 7 Transient Effects 281 7.1 Contact Configuration 281 7.2 Geometry, Computational Domains, and Meshing 281 7.3 Governing Equations, Boundary, and Initial Conditions 282 7.3.1 Reynolds Equation 282 7.3.2 Linear Elasticity Equations 284 7.3.3 Load Balance Equation 284 7.4 FEM Model 284 7.4.1 Connectivity of Elements 285 7.4.2 Weak Form Formulation 285 7.4.3 Elementary Matrix Formulations 286 7.4.3.1 Elastic Part 288 7.4.3.2 Hydrodynamic Part 288 7.4.3.3 Load Balance Part 289 7.5 Overall Solution Procedure 289 7.6 Preliminary Results 291 7.7 Conclusion 295 References 295 8 Model Order Reduction (MOR) Techniques 297 8.1 Introduction 297 8.2 Reduced Solution Space Techniques 299 8.2.1 Modal Reduction 302 8.2.2 Ritz-Vector-Like Method 303 8.2.3 EHL-Basis Technique 304 8.2.3.1 Typical Test Case Results 306 8.2.3.2 Performance Analysis: Reduced versus Full Model 310 8.3 Static Condensation with Splitting (SCS) 313 8.3.1 Static Condensation 315 8.3.2 Splitting 316 8.3.3 Overall Numerical Procedure 316 8.3.4 Results and Discussion 320 8.3.4.1 Typical Test Cases 320 8.3.4.2 Splitting Algorithm Tuning 321 8.3.4.3 Preservation of Solution Scheme Generality 327 8.3.4.4 Performance Analysis 329 8.4 Conclusion 335 References 337 Part III Applications 339 9 Pressure and Film Thickness Predictions 341 9.1 Introduction 341 9.2 Qualitative Parametric Analysis 341 9.2.1 Isothermal Newtonian Conditions 342 9.2.2 Thermal Non-Newtonian Conditions 345 9.3 Quantitative Predictions 348 9.4 Analytical FilmThickness Predictions 351 9.4.1 Numerical Experiments 352 9.4.2 Correction Factors and FilmThickness Formulas 353 9.4.3 Experimental Validation 355 9.5 Conclusion 357 References 359 10 Friction Predictions 361 10.1 Introduction 361 10.2 Quantitative Predictions 363 10.3 Friction Regimes 369 10.3.1 Relevant Dimensionless Numbers 370 10.3.1.1 Weissenberg Number 370 10.3.1.2 Nahme–Griffith Number 370 10.3.1.3 LSS Number 370 10.3.1.4 Roller Compliance Number 370 10.3.2 Delineation of Friction Regimes 371 10.3.2.1 Linear Regime 375 10.3.2.2 Nonlinear Viscous Regime 376 10.3.2.3 Plateau Regime 377 10.3.2.4 Thermoviscous Regime 378 10.3.3 Friction Regimes Chart 378 10.4 Conclusion 380 References 381 11 Coated EHL Contacts 383 11.1 Introduction 383 11.2 Modeling Subtleties 385 11.3 Influence of Coating Properties on EHL Contact Performance 388 11.3.1 Pressure and FilmThickness 389 11.3.2 Friction 391 11.3.3 Discussion 394 11.3.3.1 Influence of Coating Mechanical Properties 394 11.3.3.2 Influence of Coating Thermal Properties 396 11.4 Conclusion 402 References 403 Appendices 405 A Numerical Integration 407 A.1 Line Elements 412 A.2 Triangular Elements 412 A.3 Rectangular Elements 413 A.4 Tetrahedral Elements 414 A.5 Prism Elements 415 B Sparse Matrix Storage 417 B.1 Triplet Storage (TS) 418 B.2 Compressed Row Storage (CRS) 419 B.3 Compressed Column Storage (CCS) 419 C Shell T9 Lubricant Properties 423 C.1 Pressure and Temperature Dependence of Density 423 C.2 Pressure and Temperature Dependence of Viscosity 424 C.3 Shear Dependence of Viscosity 425 C.4 Pressure Dependence of Limiting Shear Stress 426 C.5 Pressure and Temperature Dependence ofThermal Properties 427 References 429 Index 431

Read more less

Book SynopsisAn updated fourth edition of the text that provides an understanding of chemical transformations and the formation of structures at surfaces The revised and enhanced fourth edition of Surface Science covers all the essential techniques and phenomena that are relevant to the field. The text elucidates the structural, dynamical, thermodynamic and kinetic principles concentrating on gas/solid and liquid/solid interfaces. These principles allow for an understanding of how and why chemical transformations occur at surfaces. The author (a noted expert on in the field) combines the required chemistry, physics and mathematics to create a text that is accessible and comprehensive. The fourth edition incorporates new end-of-chapter exercises, the solutions to which are available on-line to demonstrate how problem solving that is relevant to surface science should be performed. Each chapter begins with simple principles and builds to more advanced ones. The advancedTable of ContentsDedication i Preface ii Surface Science: Fundamentals of Catalysis and Nanoscience 1 Introduction 1 I.1 Heterogeneous Catalysis 2 I.2 Why surfaces? 4 I.3 Where are surfaces, interfaces and nanoscale objects important? 5 I.3.1 Ammonia Synthesis 5 I.3.2 Gas-to-Liquids: Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis, C1 Chemistry & Artificial Photosynthesis 6 I.3.3 Clean Propulsion Three-way Catalyst, Lithium ion batteries, fuel cells 7 I.3.4 Water Splitting: Oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions (OER and HER) 8 I.4 Semiconductor Processing and Nanotechnology 9 I.5 Other Areas of Relevance 12 I.6 Structure of the Book 12 Further Reading 14 References 14 Chapter 1. Surface and Adsorbate Structure 2 1.1 Clean Surface Structure 3 1.1.1 Ideal flat surfaces 3 1.1.2 High index and vicinal planes 9 1.1.3 Faceted Surfaces 10 1.1.4 Bimetallic Surfaces 11 1.1.5 Oxide and Compound Semiconductor Surfaces 13 1.1.6 The Carbon Family: Diamond, Graphite, Graphene, Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes 17 1.1.7 Two-Dimensional Solids (2D solids) 26 Advanced Topic: Stacked Two-Dimensional Materials and Moiré Superlattices 28 1.1.8 Porous Solids 31 1.2 Reconstruction and adsorbate structure 34 1.2.1 Implications of surface heterogeneity for adsorbates 34 1.2.2 Clean Surface Reconstructions 37 1.2.3 Adsorbate induced reconstructions 39 1.2.4 Islands 45 1.2.5 Chiral surfaces 45 1.3 Band structure of solids 48 1.3.1 Bulk electronic states 48 1.3.2 Metals, semiconductors and insulators 50 1.3.3 Energy levels at metal interfaces 57 1.3.4 Energy Levels at Metal-Semiconductor Interfaces 61 1.3.5 Surface electronic states 64 1.3.6 Size effects in nanoscale systems 67 1.4 The vibrations of solids 71 1.4.1 Bulk systems 71 1.4.2 Nanoscale systems 73 1.5 Summary of important concepts 74 1.6 Frontiers and Challenges 75 1.7 Further Reading 76 1.8 Exercises 77 References 81 Chapter 2. Experimental Probes and Techniques 2 2.1 Ultrahigh vacuum 2 2.1.1 The need for UHV 2 2.1.2 Attaining UHV 4 2.2 Light and electron sources 6 2.2.1 Types of lasers 7 2.2.2 Atomic lamps 10 2.2.3 Synchrotrons 10 2.2.4 Free electron laser (FEL) 11 2.2.5 Electron guns 11 2.3 Molecular beams 12 2.3.1 Knudsen molecular beams 13 2.3.2 Free jets 15 2.2.3 Comparison of Knudsen and Supersonic Beams 18 2.4 Scanning probe techniques 22 2.4.1 Scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) 23 2.4.2 Scanning tunnelling spectroscopy (STS) 29 2.4.3 Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) 32 2.4.4 Atomic force microscopy (AFM) 32 2.4.5 Near-field optical microscopy (NSOM) 39 2.5 Low energy electron diffraction (LEED) 46 Advanced Topic: LEED structure determination 51 2.6 Electron spectroscopy 57 2.6.1 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) 59 2.6.1.1 Quantitative analysis 64 2.6.2 Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) 66 2.6.2.1 Angle-resolved ultraviolet photoemission (ARUPS) 69 Advanced Topic: Multiphoton photoemission (MPPE) 73 2.6.3 Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) 75 2.6.3.1 Quantitative analysis 78 2.6.4 Photoelectron microscopy 81 2.6.4.1 Profiling and xy mapping with XPS 81 2.6.4.2 Depth profiling and xy mapping with AES 82 2.6.4.3 Photoemission electron microscope (PEEM) 82 2.7 Vibrational spectroscopy 83 2.7.1 IR spectroscopy 88 2.7.2 Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) 94 2.7.2.1 Three scattering mechanisms 96 2.8 Second Harmonic and Sum Frequency Generation 97 2.9 Summary of important concepts 101 2.10 Frontiers and challenges 102 2.12 Further reading 103 2.13 Exercises 104 References 112 Chapter 3. Chemisorption, Physisorption and Dynamics 1 3.1 Types of interactions 1 3.2 Binding sites and diffusion 3 3.3 Physisorption 9 Advanced Topic: Theoretical Description of Physisorption 9 3.4 Non-dissociative chemisorption 11 3.4.1 Theoretical treatment of chemisorption 11 3.4.2 The Blyholder model of CO chemisorption on a metal 17 3.4.3 Molecular oxygen chemisorption 21 3.4.4 The binding of ethene 22 3.5 Dissociative chemisorption: H2 on a simple metal 25 3.6 What determines the reactivity of metals? 28 3.7 Atoms and molecules incident on a surface 34 3.7.1 Scattering channels 35 3.7.2 Non-activated adsorption 38 3.7.3 Hard cube model 42 3.7.4 Activated adsorption 46 3.7.5 Direct versus precursor mediated adsorption 48 3.8 Microscopic reversibility in ad/desorption phenomena 51 3.9 The influence of individual degrees of freedom on adsorption and desorption 59 3.9.1 Energy exchange 59 3.9.2 PES topography and the relative efficacy of energetic components 62 3.10 Translations, corrugation, surface atom motions 63 3.10.1 Effects on adsorption 63 3.10.2 Connecting adsorption and desorption with microscopic reversibility 68 3.10.3 Normal energy scaling 70 3.11 Rotations and adsorption 72 3.11.1 Non-activated adsorption 72 3.11.2 Activated adsorption 76 3.12 Vibrations and adsorption 76 3.13 Competitive adsorption and collision induced processes 78 3.13.1 High energy collisions 82 3.14 Classification of reaction mechanisms 84 3.14.1 Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism 84 3.14.2 Eley-Rideal mechanism 87 3.14.3 Hot atom mechanism 89 3.15 Measurement of sticking coefficients 91 3.16 Summary of Important Concepts 97 3.17 Frontiers and challenges 99 3.18 Further Reading 100 3.19 Exercises 101 References 113 Table of Figures and Tables iii Chapter 4. Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Adsorption & Desorption 5 4.1 Thermodynamics of ad/desorption 2 4.1.1 Single-particle versus distribution-averaged quantities 2 4.1.2 Binding energies and activation barriers 5 4.1.3 Thermodynamic quantities 8 4.1.4 Some definitions 9 4.1.5 Absorption enthalpy 11 4.2 Adsorption isotherms from thermodynamics 15 4.2.1 Adsorbate chemical potential and activity 19 4.3 Lateral interactions 21 4.4 Rate of desorption 24 4.4.1 First-order desorption 25 4.4.2 Transition state theory treatment of first-order desorption 26 4.4.3 Thermodynamic treatment of first-order desorption 33 4.4.4 Adsorption entropy 36 4.4.5 Configurational entropy 40 4.4.6 Non-first-order desorption 41 4.5 Kinetics of adsorption 44 4.5.1 CTST approach to adsorption kinetics 44 4.5.2 Langmuirian adsorption: Non-dissociative adsorption 45 4.5.3 Langmuirian adsorption: Dissociative adsorption 49 4.5.4 Dissociative Langmuirian adsorption with lateral interactions 50 4.5.5 Precursor mediated adsorption 52 4.6 Adsorption isotherms from kinetics 55 4.6.1 Langmuir Isotherm 55 4.6.2 Classification of adsorption isotherms 57 4.6.3 Thermodynamic measurements via isotherms 60 4.7 Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) 61 4.7.1 The basis of TPD 61 4.7.2 Qualitative analysis of TPD spectra 64 4.7.3 Quantitative analysis of TPD spectra 68 4.8 Summary of Important Concepts 72 4.9 Frontiers and Challenges 74 4.10 Further Reading 74 4.11 Exercises 75 References 85 Chapter 5. Liquid interfaces 1 5.1 Structure of the liquid/solid interface 2 5.1.1 The structure of the water/solid interface 4 5.2 Surface energy and surface tension 9 5.2.1 Liquid surfaces 10 5.2.2 Curved interfaces 14 5.2.3 Surface Melting and Surface Crystallization 17 5.2.4 Capillary Waves 18 5.3 Liquid films 21 5.3.1 Liquid-on-solid films 21 5.4 Langmuir films 25 5.5 Langmuir-Blodgett films 29 5.5.1 Capillary condensation and meniscus formation 29 5.5.2 Vertical Deposition 33 5.5.3 Horizontal Lifting (Schaefer's method) 36 5.6 Self assembled monolayers (SAMs) 37 5.6.1 Thermodynamics of self-assembly 38 5.6.2 Amphiphiles and bonding interactions 40 5.6.3 Mechanism of SAM formation 41 Advanced Topic: Chemistry with Self Assembled Monolayers 46 5.7 Thermodynamics of liquid interfaces 47 5.7.1 The Gibbs model 48 5.7.2 Surface Excess 50 5.7.3 Interfacial enthalpy and internal, Helmholtz and Gibbs surface energies 50 5.7.4 Gibbs adsorption isotherm 52 5.8 Electrified and Charged Interfaces 54 5.8.1 Surface charge and potential 54 5.8.2 Relating work functions to the electrochemical series 58 5.9 Summary of important concepts 61 5.10 Frontiers and challenges 62 5.11 Further reading 63 5.12 Exercises 64 References 70 Chapter 6. Heterogeneous Catalysis 1 6.1 The prominence of heterogeneous reactions 1 6.2 How to choose a catalyst 4 6.3 Sabatier analysis and optimal catalyst selection 9 6.4 Measurement of surface kinetics and reaction mechanisms 13 6.5 Haber-Bosch process 19 6.6 From microscopic kinetics to catalysis 27 6.6.1 Reaction kinetics 27 6.6.2 Kinetic analysis using De Donder relations 30 6.6.3 Counting sites in surface kinetics 31 6.6.4 Definition of the rate determining step (RDS) 33 6.6.5 Microkinetic analysis of ammonia synthesis 36 6.7 Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and related chemistry 40 6.7.1 Steam Reforming 41 6.7.2 Water gas shift reaction 42 6.7.3 Methanol synthesis 42 6.7.4 Fischer-Tropsch synthesis 43 6.8 The three-way automotive catalyst 49 6.9 Promoters 54 6.10 Poisons 56 6.11 Bimetallic & bifunctional catalysts 58 6.12 Rate oscillations and spatiotemporal pattern formation 61 Advanced Topic: Cluster assembled catalysts 65 6.13 Electrocatalysis 66 6.13.1 Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and H2 oxidation reaction (HOR) 68 6.13.2 Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and O2 reduction reaction (ORR) 70 Advanced Topic: Water Splitting in Photosystem II 73 6.14 Summary of Important Concepts 75 6.15 Frontiers and Challenges 76 6.16 Further Reading 77 6.17 Exercises 78 Chapter 7. Growth and Epitaxy 7 7.1 Stress and Strain 7 7.2 Types of Interfaces 12 7.2.1 Strain Relief 13 7.3 Surface Energy, Surface Tension & Strain Energy 15 7.4 Growth Modes 20 7.4.1 Solid-on-Solid Growth 20 7.4.2 Strain in Solid-on-Solid Growth 22 Layer by layer Growth = Frank-van der Merwe (FM) [34] 22 Layer + island growth = Stranski-Krastanov (SK) [35] 22 Three Dimensional Island Growth = Volmer-Weber (VW) [36] 23 7.4.3 Ostwald Ripening 25 7.4.4 Equilibrium Overlayer Structure and Growth Mode 27 7.5 Nucleation theory 30 7.5.1 Cloud Formation: Heterogeneous versus Homogeneous Nucleation 34 7.6 Growth Away from Equilibrium 35 7.6.1 Thermodynamics versus Dynamics 35 7.6.2 Non-equilibrium growth modes 37 7.7 Techniques for Growing Layers 41 7.7.1 Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) 42 7.7.2 Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) 47 7.7.3 Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) 53 7.7.4 Ablation Techniques 54 7.7.5 Growth on liquid metals 55 7.7.6 van der Waals epitaxy 56 7.8 Catalytic Growth of Nanotubes and Nanowires 59 7.9 Etching 67 7.9.1 Classification of Etching 69 7.9.2 Etch morphologies 74 7.9.3 Porous Solid Formation 76 7.9.4 Silicon etching in aqueous fluoride solutions 80 7.9.5 Selective Area Growth and Etching 85 7.9.6 Atomic Layer Etching (ALE) 89 Advanced Topic: Nanosphere Lithography 91 7.9.7 Coal Gasification and Graphite Etching 93 7.10 Summary of Important Concepts 95 7.11 Frontiers and Challenges 96 7.12 Further Reading 98 7.13 Exercises 99 References 103 Chapter 8. Laser & Non-thermal chemistry: Photon and electron stimulated chemistry & atom manipulation 1 8.1 Photon Excitation of Surfaces 2 8.1.1 Light absorption by condensed matter 2 8.1.2 Lattice heating 5 8.1.3 Advanced Topic: Temporal evolution of electronic excitations 11 8.1.3.1 Slow pulse excitation (>100 ps) 16 8.1.3.2 Ultrafast pulse excitation (1–10 ps) 17 8.1.3.3 Even faster (<1 ps) 18 8.1.4 Summary of Laser Excitations 22 8.1.5 Plasmon Excitation 23 8.2 Mechanisms of Electron and photon stimulated processes 24 8.2.1 Direct versus substrate mediated processes 24 8.2.2 Gas phase photochemistry 26 8.2.3 Gas Phase Electron Stimulated Chemistry 29 8.2.4 MGR & Antoniewicz models of DIET 30 8.2.5 Desorption Induced by Ultrafast Excitation 35 8.3 Photon and electron induced chemistry at surfaces 37 8.3.1 Thermal desorption, reaction and diffusion 37 8.3.2 Stimulated desorption/reaction 39 8.3.2.1 High-Energy Radiation 40 8.3.2.2 IR-Visible-UV radiation 46 8.3.2.3 Ultrafast IR-Visible-UV radiation 49 8.3.3 Ablation 51 8.4 Charge transfer & electrochemistry 61 8.4.1 Homogeneous Electron Transfer 63 8.4.2 Corrections to and improvements on Marcus theory 68 8.4.3 Heterogeneous Electron Transfer 69 8.4.4 Current flow at a metal electrode 74 8.4.5 Advanced Topic: Semiconductor Photoelectrodes and the Grätzel Photovoltaic Cell 77 8.5 Tip induced process: Mechanisms of atom manipulation 83 8.5.1 Electric Field Effects 84 8.5.2 Tip Induced ESD 84 8.5.3 Vibrational Ladder Climbing 87 8.5.4 Pushing 90 8.5.5 Pulling 91 8.5.6 Atom Manipulation by Covalent Forces 91 8.6 Summary of Important Concepts 94 8.7 Frontiers and Challenges 96 8.8 Further Reading 97 8.9 Exercises 98 References 104

Read more less

Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface xxi 1 Hot-Melt Adhesives: Fundamentals, Formulations, and Applications: A Critical Review 1Swaroop Gharde, Gaurav Sharma and Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian 1.1 Introduction to Hot-Melt Adhesives (HMAs) 2 1.2 Formulation of Hot-Melt Adhesives 4 1.2.1 Theories or Mechanisms of Adhesion 4 1.2.1.1 Mechanical Interlocking Theory 4 1.2.1.2 Electrostatic Theory 5 1.2.1.3 Diffusion Theory 5 1.2.1.4 Physical Adsorption or Wetting Theory 5 1.2.1.5 Chemical Bonding 5 1.2.2 Intermolecular Forces between Adhesives and Adherend 5 1.2.3 Thermodynamic Model of Adhesion 6 1.2.4 Bonded Joints 7 1.2.5 Surface Preparation for HMA Application 8 1.2.5.1 Solvent Degreasing 9 1.2.5.2 Chemically-Active Surface 9 1.3 Fundamental Aspects of Adhesive Behavior of HMAs 10 1.3.1 Mechanical and Physical Behaviors 10 1.3.2 Blending Behavior and the Effects of Other Ingredients 11 1.3.3 Polymeric Behavior 12 1.4 Preparation of HMAs Using Various Polymers 12 1.4.1 HMAs by Grafting Acrylic and Crotonic Acids on Metallocene Ethylene-Octene Polymers 12 1.4.1.1 Solution Grafting 13 1.4.1.2 Melt Grafting 14 1.4.1.3 Preparation of HMAs 14 1.4.2 Cross-Linked Polyurethane Hot-Melt Adhesives (PUR-HMAs) 14 1.4.3 Soybean Protein Isolate and Polycaprolactone Based HMAs (SPIP-HMAs) 15 1.5 Mechanical Analysis of Hot-Melt Adhesives 16 1.5.1 Fracture Mechanics of HMAs 16 1.5.1.1 Fracture Energy Measurement 18 1.5.2 Stress-Strain, and Frequency-Temperature Sweep Tests for Viscoelasticity 18 1.6 Industrial Applications of Hot-Melt Adhesives 20 1.6.1 Medical Applications 20 1.6.2 Electronic Applications 21 1.6.3 Anticorrosion Applications 21 1.6.4 Food Packaging Applications 21 1.6.5 Textile Applications 22 1.7 Current Challenges and Future Scope of HMAs 22 1.8 Summary 23 Acknowledgment 24 References 24 2 Optimization of Adhesively Bonded Spar-Wingskin Joints of Laminated FRP Composites Subjected to Pull-Off Load: A Critical Review 29S. Rakshe, S. V. Nimje and S. K. Panigrahi 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Finite Element Analysis of SWJ 31 2.2.1 Geometry and Configuration 31 2.2.2 Finite Element Modeling 32 2.2.3 Validation and Convergence Study 33 2.3 Taguchi Method of Optimization 34 2.3.1 Optimization of Material and Lamination Scheme 35 2.3.2 Geometrical Parameter 36 2.4 Results and Discussion 38 2.4.1 Material and Lamination Scheme 38 2.4.1.1 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) 39 2.4.2 Geometrical Parameter 41 2.4.2.1 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) 42 2.5 Conclusions 44 References 45 3 Contact Angle Hysteresis – Advantages and Disadvantages: A Critical Review 47Andrew Terhemen Tyowua and Stephen Gbaoron Yiase 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 Contact Angle and Hysteresis Measurement 49 3.2.1 Theoretical Treatment of Static Contact Angles 51 3.2.2 Modeling of Dynamic Contact Angles 53 3.2.3 Modelling Contact Angle Hysteresis 57 3.3 Advantages of Contact Angle Hysteresis 59 3.4 Disadvantages of Contact Angle Hysteresis 59 3.5 Summary 61 3.6 Acknowledgements 62 References 62 4 Test Methods for Fibre/Matrix Adhesion in Cellulose Fibre-Reinforced Thermoplastic Composite Materials: A Critical Review 69J. Müssig and N. Graupner 4.1 Introduction 70 4.2 Terms and Definitions 70 4.2.1 Fibres 71 4.2.2 Fibre Bundle 71 4.2.3 Equivalent Diameter 72 4.2.4 Critical Length 72 4.2.5 Aspect Ratio and Critical Aspect Ratio 72 4.2.6 Single Element versus Collective 73 4.2.7 Interface and Interphase 75 4.2.8 Adhesion and Adherence 75 4.2.9 Practical & Theoretical Fibre/Matrix Adhesion 75 4.3 Test Methods for Fibre/Matrix Adhesion 76 4.3.1 Overview 76 4.3.2 Single Fibre/Single Fibre Bundle Tests 77 4.3.2.1 Pull-Out Test 77 4.3.2.2 Microbond Test 88 4.3.3 Test Procedures for Fibre/Matrix Adhesion 91 4.3.3.1 Pull-Out Test 92 4.3.3.2 Microbond Test 93 4.3.3.3 Evaluation of Characteristic Values from Pull-Out and Microbond Tests 94 4.3.3.4 Fragmentation Test 98 4.4 Comparison of IFSS Data 103 4.5 Influence of Fibre Treatment on the IFSS 107 4.6 Summary 118 Acknowledgements 119 References 119 5 Bioadhesives in Biomedical Applications: A Critical Review 131Aishee Dey, Proma Bhattacharya and Sudarsan Neogi 5.1 Introduction 131 5.2 Theories of Bioadhesion 132 5.2.1 Factors Affecting Bioadhesion 134 5.3 Different Polymers Used as Bioadhesives 134 5.3.1 Collagen-Based Bioadhesives 135 5.3.2 Chitosan-Based Bioadhesives 137 5.3.3 Albumin-Based Bioadhesives 138 5.3.4 Dextran-Based Bioadhesives 139 5.3.5 Gelatin-Based Bioadhesives 140 5.3.6 Poly(ethylene glycol)-Based Bioadhesives 142 5.3.7 Poly(acrylic acid)-Based Bioadhesives 142 5.3.8 Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-Based Bioadhesives 145 5.4 Summary 147 References 148 6 Mucoadhesive Pellets for Drug Delivery Applications: A Critical Review 155Inderbir Singh, Gayatri Devi, Bibhuti Ranjan Barik, Anju Sharma and Loveleen Kaur 6.1 Introduction 155 6.2 Mucoadhesive Polymers 157 6.3 Pellets 159 6.3.1 Preparation and Evaluation of Pellets 160 6.3.2 Mucoadhesive Pellets for Drug Delivery Applications 161 6.4 Summary and Prospects 166 Conflict of Interest 166 References 166 7 Bio-Inspired Icephobic Coatings for Aircraft Icing Mitigation: A Critical Review 171Liqun Ma, Zichen Zhang, Linyue Gao, Yang Liu and Hui Hu 7.1 Introduction 172 7.2 The State-of-the-Art Icephobic Coatings/Surfaces 174 7.2.1 Lotus-Leaf-Inspired Superhydrophobic Surfaces (SHS) with Micro-/Nano-Scale Surface Textures 176 7.2.2 Pitcher-Plant-Inspired Slippery Liquid-Infused Porous Surfaces (SLIPS) 177 7.3 Impact Icing Process Pertinent to Aircraft Inflight Icing Phenomena 179 7.4 Preparation of Typical SHS and SLIPS Coatings/Surfaces 181 7.5 Measurements of Ice Adhesion Strengths on Different Icephobic Coatings/Surfaces 182 7.6 Icing Tunnel Testing to Evaluate the Icephobic Coatings/Surfaces for Impact Icing Mitigation 184 7.7 Characterization of Rain Erosion Effects on the Icephobic Coatings 189 7.8 Summary and Conclusions 196 Acknowledgments 198 References 198 8 Wood Adhesives Based on Natural Resources: A Critical Review Part I. Protein-Based Adhesives 203Manfred Dunky List of Abbreviations 203 8.1 Overview and Challenges for Wood Adhesives Based on Natural Resources 205 8.1.1 Definition of Wood Adhesives Based on Natural Resources 205 8.1.2 Motivation to Use Wood Adhesives Based on Natural Resources 207 8.1.3 Combined Use of Synthetic and Naturally-Based Wood Adhesives 208 8.1.4 Review Articles on Wood Adhesives Based on Natural Resources 209 8.1.5 Motivation for this Review Article in Four Parts in the Journal “Reviews of Adhesion and Adhesives” 211 8.1.6 Overview on Wood Adhesives Based on Natural Resources 212 8.1.7 Requirements, Limitations, and Opportunities for Wood Adhesives Based on Natural Resources 214 8.1.8 Synthetic and Natural Crosslinkers 214 8.1.9 Future of Wood Adhesives Based on Natural Resources 219 8.2 Protein-Based Adhesives 222 8.2.1 Introduction 222 8.2.1.1 Chemical Structure of Proteins 223 8.2.1.2 Proteinaceous Feedstock 224 8.2.1.3 Wood Bonding with Proteins 224 8.2.2 Plant-Based Proteins 228 8.2.2.1 Overview on Plant-Based Protein Sources and Types 228 8.2.2.2 Soy Proteins 228 8.2.2.3 Soy Protein as Wood Adhesive 239 8.2.2.4 Thermal Treatment of Soy Proteins 243 8.2.3 Animal-Based Proteins 246 8.2.3.1 Types and Sources of Animal-Based Proteins 246 8.2.3.2 Mussels (Marine) Proteins 246 8.2.3.3 Slaughterhouse Waste as Source of Proteins 257 8.2.3.4 Proteins from Specified Risk Materials (SRMs) 260 8.2.4 Properties of Protein-Based Adhesives 261 8.2.5 Denaturation and Modification of Proteins 261 8.2.5.1 Modification of Proteins 265 8.2.5.2 Crosslinking of Proteins 265 8.2.6 Proteins in Combination with Other Natural Adhesives and Natural Crosslinkers 286 8.2.7 Proteins in Combination with Synthetic Adhesive Resins and Crosslinkers 286 8.2.8 Application of Protein-Based Wood Adhesives 286 8.3 Summary 316 General Literature (Overview and Review Articles) for Wood Adhesives Based on Natural Resources 316 Protein-Based Adhesives 317 Plant Proteins (including Soy) 318 Animal Proteins and Other Sources 318 References 318 9 Wood Adhesives Based on Natural Resources: A Critical Review Part II. Carbohydrate-Based Adhesives 337Manfred Dunky List of Abbreviations 337 9.1 Types and Sources of Carbohydrates Used as Wood Adhesives 338 9.2 Modification of Starch for Possible Use as Wood Adhesive 348 9.3 Citric Acid as Naturally-Based Modifier and Co-Reactant 348 9.4 Combination and Crosslinking of Carbohydrates with Natural and Synthetic Components 348 9.5 Degradation and Repolymerization of Carbohydrates 348 9.6 Summary 373 General Literature (Overview and Review Articles) for Carbohydrate-Based Adhesives 373 References 373 10 Wood Adhesives Based on Natural Resources: A Critical Review Part III. Tannin- and Lignin-Based Adhesives 383Manfred Dunky List of Abbreviations 384 10.1 Introduction 385 10.2 Tannin-Based Adhesives 385 10.2.1 Chemistry of Condensed Tannins 386 10.2.2 Types of Condensed Tannins 390 10.2.3 Extraction, Purification, and Modification Methods for Tannins 390 10.2.4 Hardening and Crosslinking of Tannins 400 10.2.5 Hardening of Tannins by Hexamethylenetetramine (Hexamine) 418 10.2.6 Autocondensation of Tannins 419 10.2.7 Combination of Tannins with Natural Components 421 10.2.8 Combination of Tannins with Synthetic Components and Crosslinkers 421 10.3 Lignin-Based Adhesives 421 10.3.1 Chemistry and Structure of Lignin 430 10.3.2 Lignin as Adhesive 432 10.3.3 Analysis of Molecular Structure 437 10.3.4 Modification of Lignin 437 10.3.5 Lignin as Sole Adhesive and Chemical Activation of the Wood Surface 452 10.3.6 Laccase Induced Activation of Lignin 452 10.3.7 Pre-Methylolation of Lignin 469 10.3.8 Incorporation of Lignin into PF Resins 481 10.3.9 Reactions of Lignin With Various Aldehydes and Other Naturally-Based Components 481 10.3.10 Reaction of Lignin With Synthetic Components and Crosslinkers 481 10.4 Summary 481 General Literature (Overview and Review Articles) for Tannin and Lignin 499 References 501 11 Adhesion in Biocomposites: A Critical Review 531Siji K. Mary, Merin Sara Thomas, Rekha Rose Koshy, Prasanth K.S. Pillai, Laly A. Pothan and SabuThomas 11.1 Introduction 531 11.2 Biocomposite Processing Methods 533 11.3 Factors Enhancing Adhesion Property in Biocomposites 536 11.3.1 Effect of Chemical Modification 537 11.3.2 Effect of Enzymatic Modification 539 11.3.3 Effect of Physical Modification 539 11.4 Physical and Chemical Characterization 542 11.5 Adhesion in Polymer Biocomposites with Specific Applications 545 11.5.1 Biomedical Applications 546 11.5.2 Dye Adsorption and Removal 547 11.5.3 Automotive Applications 548 11.6 Summary 549 References 549 12 Vacuum UV Surface Photo-Oxidation of Polymeric and Other Materials for Improving Adhesion: A Critical Review 559Gerald A. Takacs, Massoud J. Miri and Timothy Kovach 12.1 Introduction 559 12.2 Vacuum UV Photo-Oxidation Process 561 12.2.1 VUV Background 561 12.2.2 VUV Radiation 561 12.2.2.1 Emission from Excited Atoms 561 12.2.2.2 Emission from High Pressure Rare Gas Plasmas 563 12.2.2.3 Emission from Rare-Gas Halides and Halogen Dimers 564 12.2.3 VUV Optical Filters 564 12.2.4 Penetration Depths of VUV Radiation in Polymers 565 12.2.5 Analytical Methods for Surface Analysis 565 12.2.6 VUV Photochemistry of Oxygen 565 12.2.7 Reaction of O Atoms and Ozone with a Polymer Surface 566 12.3 Adhesion to VUV Surface Photo-Oxidized Polymers 567 12.3.1 Fluoropolymers 567 12.3.2 Nafion® 568 12.3.3 Polyimides 569 12.3.4 Metal-Containing Polymers 569 12.3.5 Polyethylene (PE) 570 12.3.6 Polystyrene 571 12.3.7 Other Polymers 571 12.3.7.1 Polypropylene (PP) 571 12.3.7.2 Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) 571 12.3.7.3 Poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) (PEN) 571 12.3.7.4 Cyclo-Olefin Polymers 572 12.3.7.5 Polybenzimidazole (PBI) 572 12.4 Applications of VUV Surface Photo-Oxidation to Other Materials 573 12.4.1 Carbon Nanotubes and Diamond 573 12.4.2 Metal Oxides 574 12.5 Prospects 575 12.5.1 Sustainable Polymers 575 12.6 Summary 576 References 576 13 Bio- and Water-Based Reversible Covalent Bonds Containing Polymers (Vitrimers) and Their Relevance to Adhesives – A Critical Review 587Natanel Jarach, Racheli Zuckerman, Naum Naveh, Hanna Dodiuk and Samuel Kenig List of Abbreviations 587 13.1 Introduction 588 13.1.1 RCBPs Classification 589 13.1.2 Reversible Bonds 590 13.1.2.1 General Reversible Covalent Bonds 590 13.1.2.2 Dynamic Reversible Covalent Bonds 590 13.1.3 RCBPs Applications 591 13.1.3.1 Recyclability 591 13.1.3.2 Self-Healing Materials 592 13.1.3.3 Shape-Memory Materials 592 13.1.3.4 Smart Composites 593 13.1.3.5 Adhesives 593 13.1.3.6 Dynamic Hydrogels and Biomedical Materials 594 13.2 Bio-Based RCBPs 595 13.2.1 Bio-Based Polymers 595 13.2.1.1 Classification of Bio-Based Polymers 596 13.2.1.2 Common Synthetic Bio-Based Polymers 596 13.2.2 Bio-Based RCBPs 599 13.2.2.1 Bio-Based DA RCBPs 600 13.2.2.2 Bio-Based Acylhydrazone-Containing RCBPs 601 13.2.2.3 Bio-Based Imine (Schiff-Base)-Containing RCBPs 601 13.2.2.4 Bio-Based β-Hydroxy Ester Containing RCBPs 604 13.2.2.5 Bio-Based Disulfide-Containing RCBPs 606 13.3 Water-Based RCBPs 607 13.3.1 Solvents in Polymer Industry 607 13.3.1.1 Organic and Inorganic Solvents Used in RCBPs Synthesis 608 13.3.1.2 Water-Based Polymers 608 13.3.2 Water-Based RCBPs 609 13.3.2.1 Acylhydrazone-Containing Water-Based RCBPs 609 13.3.2.2 Schiff-Base-Containing Water-Based RCBPs 609 13.4 Summary 611 13.5 Authors Contributions 611 13.6 Funding 611 13.7 Conflict of Interest 611 References 612 14 Superhydrophobic Surfaces by Microtexturing: A Critical Review 621Anustup Chakraborty, Alan T. Mulroney and Mool C. Gupta 14.1 Introduction 622 14.1.1 Background 622 14.1.2 State-of-the-Art 626 14.1.2.1 Microtexture Geometry 627 14.1.2.2 Ice Adhesion 627 14.1.2.3 Optical Transparency 628 14.1.2.4 Anti-Condensation Surfaces 628 14.2 Fabrication of Microtextured Surfaces 628 14.2.1 Surface Materials 628 14.2.2 Methods of Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Surfaces 630 14.2.2.1 Plasma Treatment 630 14.2.2.2 Laser Ablation 631 14.2.2.3 Chemical Etching 632 14.3 Properties of Microtextured Surfaces 634 14.3.1 Antifogging 634 14.3.2 Antibacterial 634 14.3.3 Antireflection 634 14.3.4 Self-Cleaning 636 14.3.5 Effect of Temperature on Surface Properties 636 14.4 Applications 639 14.4.1 Anti-Icing 639 14.4.2 Drag Reduction 640 14.4.3 Anti-Corrosion 641 14.4.4 Solar Cells 641 14.4.5 Water-Repellent Textiles 641 14.5 Future Outlook 643 Acknowledgments 644 References 644 15 Structural Acrylic Adhesives: A Critical Review 651D.A. Aronovich and L.B. Boinovich 15.1 Introduction 651 15.2 Compositions and Chemistries 653 15.2.1 Base Monomer 654 15.2.2 Thickeners and Elastomeric Components 656 15.2.3 Adhesive Additives 663 15.2.4 Initiators 665 15.2.5 Aerobically Curable Systems 670 15.2.6 Fillers 671 15.3 Physico-Mechanical Properties of SAAs 673 15.4 Adhesives for Low Surface Energy Materials 677 15.4.1 Initiators Based on Trialkylboranes 677 15.4.2 Alternative Types of Boron-Containing Initiators 686 15.4.3 Additives Modifying the Curing Stage 687 15.4.4 Hybrid SAAs 690 15.5 Comparison of the Properties of SAAs and Other Reactive Adhesives 693 15.6 Summary and Outlook 698 References 698 16 Current Progress in Mechanically Durable Water-Repellent Surfaces: A Critical Review 709Philip Brown and Prantik Mazumder 16.1 Introduction 709 16.2 Fundamentals of Superhydrophobicity and SLIPs 710 16.2.1 Intermolecular Forces and Wetting 710 16.2.2 Young’s Contact Angle and Surface Chemistry Limitation 712 16.2.3 Superhydrophobicity by Texturing 715 16.2.4 Hysteresis and Tilt Angle 717 16.2.5 Slippery Liquid-Infused Porous Surfaces (SLIPs) 719 16.3 Techniques to Achieve Water-Repellent Surfaces 720 16.3.1 Superhydrophobic Composite Coatings 720 16.3.2 Superhydrophobic Textured Surfaces 724 16.3.3 Liquid-Impregnated Surfaces/SLIPs 728 16.4 Durability Testing 729 16.5 Future Trends 732 16.6 Summary 734 References 734 17 Mussel-Inspired Underwater Adhesives- from Adhesion Mechanisms to Engineering Applications: A Critical Review 739Yanfei Ma, Bozhen Zhang, Imri Frenkel, Zhizhi Zhang, Xiaowei Pei, Feng Zhou and Ximin He 17.1 Introduction 740 17.2 Adhesion Mechanisms of Mussel and the Catechol Chemistry 741 17.2.1 Hydrogen Bonding and Metal Coordination 742 17.2.2 Hydrophobic Interaction 743 17.2.3 Cation/Anion/π-π Interactions 743 17.2.4 The Flexibility of the Molecular Chain 744 17.3 Catechol-Functionalized Adhesive Materials 744 17.3.1 Permanent/High-Strength Adhesives 745 17.3.2 Temporary/Smart Adhesives 748 17.3.2.1 pH-Responsive Adhesives 748 17.3.2.2 Electrically Responsive Adhesives 750 17.3.2.3 Thermally Responsive Adhesives 750 17.3.2.4 Photo-Responsive Adhesives 750 17.3.3 Applications 751 17.4 Summary and Outlook 753 References 754 18 Wood Adhesives Based on Natural Resources: A Critical Review Part IV. Special Topics 761Manfred Dunky List of Abbreviations 762 18.1 Liquified Wood 765 18.2 Pyrolysis of Wood 769 18.3 Replacement of Formaldehyde in Resins 772 18.4 Unsaturated Oil Adhesives 791 18.5 Natural Polymers 793 18.5.1 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) 793 18.5.2 Natural Rubber 795 18.6 Poly(hydroxyalkanoate)s (PHAs) 796 18.7 Thermoplastic Adhesives Based on Natural Resources 797 18.7.1 Polyurethanes (PURs) 798 18.7.2 Polyamides (PAs) 806 18.7.3 Epoxies 808 18.8 Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs) and Cellulose Nanofibrils (CNFs) 808 18.8.1 Cellulose Nanofibrils (CNFs) as Sole Adhesives 810 18.8.2 Cellulose Nanofibrils as Components of Adhesives 812 18.9 Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) 812 18.10 Summary 819 General Literature (Overview and Review Articles) for Wood Adhesives Based on Natural Resources 820 References 820 19 Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Technology for Modifying Polymers to Enhance Adhesion: A Critical Review 841Hom Bahadur Baniya, Rajesh Prakash Guragain and Deepak Prasad Subedi 19.1 Introduction 842 19.2 Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Discharge 844 19.2.1 Corona Discharge 844 19.2.2 Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) 845 19.2.3 Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet (CAPPJ) 845 19.2.4 Polymer Surface Modification by CAPPJ 845 19.3 Experimental Setup for the Generation of Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet 846 19.4 Methods and Materials for Surface Modification of Polymers 847 19.5 Direct Method for the Determination of Temperature of Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet (CAPPJ) 848 19.6 Results and Discussion 848 19.6.1 Temperature Determination of Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet (CAPPJ) 848 19.6.2 Electrical Characterization of the CAPPJ 849 19.6.2.1 Power Balance Method 849 19.6.2.2 Current Density Method 850 19.6.2.3 Determination of Energy Dissipation in the Cold Plasma Discharge per Cycle by the Lissajous Figure Method 851 19.6.3 Optical Characterization of CAPPJ 852 19.6.3.1 Line Intensity Ratio Method 852 19.6.3.2 Stark Broadening Method 856 19.6.3.3 Boltzmann Plot Method 858 19.6.3.4 Determination of the Rotational Temperature 859 19.6.3.5 Determination of the Vibrational Temperature 860 19.7 Surface Characterization/Adhesion Property of Polymers 862 19.7.1 Contact Angle Measurements and Surface Free Energy Determination 862 19.7.1.1 Poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) 862 19.7.1.2 Polypropylene (PP) 864 19.7.1.3 Polyamide (PA) 867 19.7.1.4 Polycarbonate (PC) 869 19.7.2 FTIR Analysis 871 19.7.2.1 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Analysis of PET 871 19.7.2.2 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Analysis of PP 872 19.7.3 SEM Analysis 872 19.7.3.1 SEM Images of the Control and APPJ Treated PET 872 19.7.3.2 SEM Images of the Control and APPJ Treated PP 872 19.8 Summary 873 Acknowledgements 874 Data Availability 874 Conflict of Interest 874 References 874

Read more less

Book SynopsisA detailed understanding of the chemistry of surfaces and interfaces is required by many research personnel in the chemical and life science industries, as surfaces and interfaces play a critical role in many of the processes they seek to influence.Trade Review"It should be seriously considered by the target audience and its position will only be strengthened as older texts go out of print and more people work across subjects." ChemPhysChemTable of ContentsPART I. Principles. . 1. Introduction to surfaces and interfaces. 2. Molecular interactions. 3. Thermodynamics of interfaces. PART II. Liquids. 4. Pure liquid surfaces. 5. Liquid solution surfaces. 6. Experimental determination of surface tension at pure liquid and solution surfaces/interfaces. 7. Potential energy of interaction between particles and surfaces. PART III. Solids. 8. Solid surfaces. 9. Contact angle of liquid drops on solids. 10. Some applications involving solid/liquid interfaces

Read more less

Book SynopsisWith principles that are shaping today's most advanced technologies, from nanomedicine to electronic nanorobots, colloid and interface science has become a truly interdisciplinary field, integrating chemistry, physics, and biology. Colloid and Surface Chemistry: Exploration of the Nano World- Laboratory Guide explains the basic principles of colloid and interface science through experiments that emphasize the fundamentals. It bridges the gap between the underlying theory and practical applications of colloid and surface chemistry.Separated into five chapters, the book begins by addressing research methodology, how to design successful experiments, and ethics in science. It also provides practical information on data collection and analysis, keeping a laboratory notebook, and writing laboratory reports. With each section written by a distinguished researcher, chapter 2 reviews common techniques for the characterization and analysis of colloidal structures, including suTable of ContentsPreface. Chapter 1: Scientific Research. Chapter 2: Characterization Techniques. Chapter 3: Colloids and Surfaces. Chapter 4: Nanoparticles. Chapter 5: Applications. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book covers the physics and chemistry of surfaces. The scope includes the structure, thermodynamics, and mobility of clean surfaces, as well as the interaction of gas molecules with solid surfaces. The energetic particle interactions that are the basis for the majority of techniques developed to reveal the structure and chemistry of surfaces are explored including auger electron spectroscopy, photoelectron spectroscopy, inelastic scattering of electrons and ions, low energy electron diffraction, scanning probe microscopy, and interfacial segregation. Crystal nucleation and growth are also considered. Principles such as adsorption, desorption and reactions between adsorbates are examined, with coverage also of new developments in the growth of epitaxial, and Langmuir-Blodgett films, as well as treatment of the etching of surfaces. Modern analytical techniques and applications to thin films and nanostructures are included. The latest in-depth research from around the world is presented.

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book presents leading-edge research on colloids and surface science and spans a wide range of topics including biological interactions at surfaces, molecular assembly of selective surfaces, role of surface chemistry in microelectronics and catalysis, tribology, and colloidal physics in the context of crystallisation and suspensions; fluid interfaces; adsorption; surface aspects of catalysis; dispersion preparation, characterisation and stability; aerosols, foams and emulsions; surfaces forces; micelles and microemulsions; light scattering and spectroscopy; nanoparticles; new material science; detergency and wetting; thin films, liquid membranes and bilayers; surfactant science; polymer colloids; rheology of colloidal and disperse systems; electrical phenomena in interfacial and disperse systems.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe efficient utilisation of energy at low heat source temperature is a key issue for both industry and academia. In recent years, the heat-activated adsorption cycles are proven to be practical and energy efficient method for converting low-temperature waste heat into useful effects such as cooling, freezing, heating, storage and desalination and this is reflected by the dearth of literature publications. The adsorption technology would steer towards the key development of heat activated machines for the energy industry and they could offer cost-effective solutions for achieving energy efficiency and environment sustainability. This edited book covers the state-of-the art of adsorption research and technologies for relevant applications with the objectives of energy efficiency and sustainability. It consists of fifteen chapters from renowned experts in adsorption fields around the world covering the aspects of adsorption fundamentals, adsorbent materials characterisations, adsorption cooling, storage, and heat pump systems. This book examines new research directions in this frontier field.

Read more less

Book SynopsisBorne out of the current widespread interest in the pollution of water bodies, this book explores the latest research concerning the photochemical fate of organic pollutants in surface water. Considering both the functioning of ecosystems and the behaviour of emerging pollutants in those ecosystems, it is dedicated to techniques that can be used in the field and in the laboratory for the detection of pollutants and of their transformation intermediates. The inclusion of photochemical processes that have not gained previous coverage will afford the reader novel insights, whilst the focus on modelling and transformation intermediates will ensure the title’s relevance to academics, the chemical manufacturing industries and environmental assessment experts alike.Table of ContentsIntroduction; Lake ecology and chemistry; Characteristics of the underwater light field; Direct photolysis processes; Photochemical reactivity of organic matter and its size fractions; Excitation-emission matrices of fluorescence - EEMF - for the characterisation of organic matter of surface waters; Phototransformation induced by OH radicals; The role of singlet oxygen in surface water photochemistry; Phototransformations of organic compounds induced by iron species; Photochemical reaction kinetics in surface waters; Use of chemometrics as a tool to assess photoreaction photodegradation; New analytical approaches for the detection of micropollutants in natural waters: Identification of 3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxybenzene sulfonic acid as an unknown persistent pollutant; Photochemical fate of micropollutants in aqueous systems through field studies and laboratory simulation; Photocatalytic degradation of irgarol in water by photo-fenton reactions

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe development of smart materials for environmental applications is a highly innovative and promising new approach to meet the increasing demands from society on water resources and pollution remediation. Smart materials with surfaces that can reversibly respond to stimuli from internal and external environments by changing their properties show great promise as solutions for global environmental issues. Many of these functional materials are inspired by biological systems, that use sophisticated material interfaces to display high levels of adaptability to their environment. Leading researchers present the latest information on the current and potential applications of omniphobic slippery coatings, responsive particle stabilized emulsions and self-healing surfaces among other functional materials. The book contains a section dedicated to water treatment and harvesting, describing and explaining strategies such as use of copolymer membranes and surfaces with patterned wettability. It provides a valuable source of information for environmental, materials, polymer and nano-scientists interested in environmental applications of functional material surfaces.Table of ContentsIntroduction; Smart Materials as Forward Osmosis Draw Solutes; Superwetting Nanomaterials for Advanced Oil/Water Separation: From Absorbing Nanomaterials to Separation Membranes; Responsive Particle-Stabilized Emulsions: Formation and Applications; Intrinsic Self-Healing Polymeric Materials for Engineering and Environmental Applications; Biomimetic Materials for Efficient Atmospheric Water Collection; "Slippery" Liquid-Infused Surfaces Inspired by Nature; Challenges and Opportunities of Superhydrophobic/Superamphiphobic Coatings in Real Applications

Read more less

Book SynopsisRecent advances in nanofabrication and subwavelength optical characterisation have led to significant new advances in plasmonics. In addition to traditional top-down nanofabrication techniques, chemical-based fabrication has emerged as an inexpensive and viable alternative with electrochemical and self-organisation methods for fabrication of plasmonic nanoparticles and extended plasmonic structures. This volume aims to highlight the most recent breakthroughs in this multidisciplinary field and hear from the different perspectives of physicists, chemists and biologists. It connects the various subdisciplines in the field and defines the most challenging problems for the future. This volume is focused on areas where progress is expected to have a most significant impact on a whole area of nanoplasmonics and on commercial exploitation. In this volume the topics covered include: Plasmonic nanoparticles and metamaterials with designed optical properties Surface plasmon enhanced spectroscopies Quantum plasmonics, gain and spasers Biosensing and biomedical applications of plasmonicsTable of ContentsPlasmonic nanoparticles and metamaterials with designed optical properties; Surface plasmon enhanced spectroscopies; Quantum plasmonics, gain and spasers; Biosensing and biomedical applications of plasmonics

Read more less

Book SynopsisWith the need to combat emerging infectious diseases, research around antimicrobial biomaterials and their applications is booming. This book provides the field with a much-needed fundamental overview of the science, addressing the chemistry of a broad range of biomaterial types, and their applications in the biomedical industry. Materials covered include polymers, from those with inherent antimicrobial activity to those that release antimicrobial agents, antimicrobial ceramics and inorganic compounds, such as metal based antimicrobial additives, and the developing field of biomimetic materials, are discussed. Surfaces, coatings and adhesives are covered, whilst the applications of these antimicrobial materials in biomedical applications, from catheters to orthopaedics, dentistry to ophthalmology, are explored. Edited by international leaders and with contributions from the best in the field, this book is the go-to resource for graduates and researchers in biomaterials science, biomedical engineering, chemical engineering, and materials and polymer chemistry.Table of ContentsAntimicrobial Materials—An Overview; Introduction to Microbes and Infection in the Modern World; Controlled Release of Antimicrobial Small Molecules; Biomimetic Antimicrobial Polymers; Synthetic Cationic Watersoluble Antimicrobial Polymers: An Alternative to Conventional Small-molecule Antibiotics; Focal Drug Delivery for Management of Oral Infections; Photodynamic Antimicrobial Polymers; Antimicrobial Biomaterials in Ophthalmology; Metal-based Antimicrobials; Antimicrobial Quaternary Ammonium Polymers for Biomedical Applications; Polymer–Drug Conjugates for Treating Local and Systemic Fungal Infections; Methods for Sterilization of Biopolymers for Biomedical Applications; Recent Advances in Antimicrobial Hydrogels; Catheters with Antimicrobial Surfaces; Dendrimers and Hyperbranched Polymers as Antimicrobial Agents; Antimicrobial Activities of Fatty Acids and their Derivatives; Overview of Antimicrobial Resistance and Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Approach to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe chemistry of nanomaterials has developed considerably in the past two decades, and concepts that have emerged from these developments are now well established. The surface modification of nanoparticles is a subject of intense research interest given its importance for many applications across a number of disciplines. This comprehensive guide is the first to be devoted to the surface chemistry of inorganic nanocrystals. Following an introduction to the physical chemistry of surfaces, chapters cover topics such as the surface modification of nanoparticles, water compatible, polymer-based, and inorganic nanocomposites, as well as relevant applications in catalysis, biotechnology and nanomedicine. Highlighting recent advances, Surface Chemistry of Colloidal Nanocrystals provides an integrated approach to chemical aspects related to the surface of nanocrystals. Written by prestigious scientists, this will be a useful resource for students and researchers working in surface science, nanoscience and materials science as well as those interested in the applications of the nanomaterials in areas such as health science, biology, and environmental engineering.Table of ContentsInorganic nanocrystals and surfaces: an overview; Water compatible colloidal nanocrystals; Colloidal nanocrystals with surface organic ligands; Polymer-inorganic colloidal nanocomposites; Inorganic Nanocrystals and Biointerfaces; Applications of colloidal nanocrystals

Read more less

Book SynopsisThere is much speculation about the chemistry occurring in astronomical environments, but without observation of such environments, speculation is without foundation. Observational astrochemistry is the foundation on which astrochemistry is built. It offers us a window into a world that would otherwise be beyond our reach. Chemical spectroscopy helps identify chemical species and probe their environments; gas-phase, surface, solid-state and photochemically-induced chemical processes drive the evolution of our galaxy and others; chemical evolution controls the formation of stars and planets; chemistry is the forerunner that brings us to the edge of biology and of life itself. This window to our universe is being opened more widely as a revolution in the observational capabilities available to astronomers is expected to continue through the 2020s and beyond. Join internationally leading experimental and theoretical scientists from across the fields of astronomy, chemistry and physics to explore and exchange ideas about our chemical understanding of the universe. The topics are organised into the following sections: Observational astrochemistry in the age of ALMA, NOEMA, JWST and beyond Laboratory astrochemistry of the gas phase Laboratory astrochemistry of and on dust and ices Computational astrochemistryTable of ContentsObservational astrochemistry in the age of ALMA, NOEMA, JWST and beyond;Laboratory astrochemistry of the gas phase;Laboratory astrochemistry of and on dust and ices;Computational astrochemistry

Read more less

Book SynopsisVolume 3 of Annual Surfactants Review focuses on the diversity of surfactants, both in terms of chemical structure and physico-chemical / surface active properties. These properties may be predictable for simple molecules, but for most commercial surfactants (which may be regarded as multi-component blends) this is not so easy. In the first chapter of this volume, detailed consideration is given to surfactant applications in the context of structure-performance relationships. The end uses of surface active agents are classified by industrial sector and the surfactant properties required for each application are presented in detail. The result is a unique guide to the influence of chemical structure on performance in end use. Many applications of surfactants feature formulations which incorporate polymeric materials. The topic of surfactant-polymer interactions is receiving considerable attention at present and so a chapter has been included on this area. In an attempt to illustrate the diversity of surfactant uses and focus on some of the latest developments in application technology, five areas of application are presented: natural surfactants for drug delivery systems, surfactants used in the construction industry, preparation and end uses of inverse emulsions (for example, as flocculants), the use of surfactants in plastics flotation (part of the plastics recycling process) and the role of surfactants in 'dynamic wetting'.Trade Review"A fine book with excellent information presented in a pleasant form. I recommend it for purchase as both a 'technology update' book and as a 'reference' book" - Journal of Surfactants and DetergentsTable of ContentsSurfactant applications in the context of structure-performance relationships; Surfactants in inverse (water-in-oil) emulsion polymers of acrylamide; Inter-actions between polymers and surfactants; Use of surfactants in plastic flotation; Surface-active agents in the construction industry; The role of surfactants in dynamic wetting; Interfacial properties of natural surfactants and their application in drug delivery systems; References; Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisWhen a biomaterial is placed inside the body, a biological response is triggered almost instantaneously. With devices that need to remain in the body for long periods, such interactions can cause encrustation, plaque formation and aseptic loosening on the surface. These problems contribute to the patient's trauma and increase the risk of death. Electrical properties, such as local electrostatic charge distribution, play a significant role in defining biological interactions, although this is often masked by other factors. This book describes the fundamental principles of this phenomenon before providing a more detailed scientific background. It covers the development of the relevant technologies and their applications in therapeutic devices such as MRSA-resistant fabrics, cardiovascular and urological stents, orthopaedic implants, and grafts. Academic and graduate students interested in producing a selective biological response at the surface of a given biomaterial will find the detailed coverage of interactions at the nanometre scale useful. Practitioners will also benefit from guidance on how to pre-screen many inappropriate designs of biomedical devices long before any expensive, animal or potentially risky clinical trials. Enhanced by the use of case studies, the book is divided in to four topical sections. The final section is dedicated to the application of related topics making the book unique in its pragmatic approach to combining high end interdisciplinary scientific knowledge with commercially viable new technologies. Contributing to the newly emerging discipline of 'nanomedicine', the book is written not only by experts from each relevant specialty but also by practitioners such as clinicians and device engineers from industry.Trade ReviewThe book originates from the activity of a BioElectricSurface consortium, funded by the European Commission under the FP-7 Nanosciences, Nanotechnologies, Materials and New Production Technologies (NMP) program and discusses the crucial role surface charge plays in the interaction between materials in biological and medical applications. The first part of the book covers new findings in biology, e.g. bone growth by charged hydroxyapatite and photocatalytic effect in doped titania and includes useful explanations of the many modern techniques used to create and measure electric charges at surfaces and intersurfaces. The first part of the book contains some very useful information, such as discussion of the polarization of hydroxyapatite, which increased bone growth on the negative surface while no growth was observed on the positive surface, and commentary on the increased photocatalytic activity of doped titania . This section also concisely, but thoroughly, analyses thermally stimulated depolarization current methods, the laser intensity modulation method of charge measurements, scanning probe, Kelvin probe force and electrostatic force microscopy, and the streaming potential measurement techniques used for wet cases. The techniques utilized for interfacial measurements, such as confocal laser scanning microscopy, are also covered in chapter 4. Part 2 describes many practical examples in which the surface interactions play an essential role. For example, chapter 5 discusses immobilized enzymes on porous surfaces in biocatalysts, drug delivery, and biosensors, while chapter 6 goes on to describe improvement of the extracellular matrix (ECM) by the interactions of host tissue cells with the implant surface Chapters 7, 8 and 9 discuss antibody immobilization on solid surfaces, adhesion, proliferation and differentiation of bone-forming cells with electrostatic charge at biomaterials surfaces and interactions of biofilm-forming bacteria with abiotic surfaces. Endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells on the biomaterials surfaces, interactions of bacteria and fungi on biofilms in hospital acquired infections and immunological response of electrostatic charge at the surface of biomaterials are covered in chapters 10, 11 and 12. Such elaborate discussions show the relevance of surface charge in biological interactions at and with non-biological surfaces and, I strongly believe, will provide a solid foundation for interested readers who are willing to bring innovative ideas of surface modifications to generate or control a specific biological response on implantable therapeutic devices. Part 3 of the book is a logical progression from parts 1 and 2, and describes some of the important applications where surface charge is believed to play a significant role. These include: Community and hospital acquired infections of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), MRSA-resistant textiles, inhibition of encrustation in urological devices and the reduction of restenosis in cardiovascular stents. The book finishes with a general overview of a new class of materials, named as vector materials, where the interfaces between biomaterial and biological environment can be manipulated by the application of vectorial effects induced by electrical polarization. Surface charges are frequently experienced by the frictional electricity in textiles. The infection of bacteria and the restenosis of implanted stenosis are broadly concerned matters in the society. As a basic research, it is noteworthy that negatively charged hydroxyapatite induces new bone. The book shows that the study of electric charge in surfaces is important to understand the basic mechanism of all these matters. The many topics introduced in this book promises more rapid progress in future research. The abbreviation of technical words sometime hinders the understanding of sentences, but the subject index at the end of the book helps greatly to solve this difficulty. The arrangement of chapters is also well ordered. The Editor’s kind efforts are appreciated. -- Eiichi Fukada, Kobayasi Institute of Physical Research, Tokyo, Japan and Emeritus Scientist, RIKEN, Wako, JapanTable of ContentsElectrostatic Charge on Biomaterials Surface; Electrical modifications of biomaterials' surfaces: Beyond hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity; Photocatalytic effects in doped and undoped titania; Surface charge measurements on biomaterials in dry and wet conditions Measurements of surface and interfacial charge and morphology in electrically modified materials; Protein Interactions at the surface; Immobilisation of enzymes on porous surface; Fibrous proteins interactions with modified surfaces of biomaterials; Antibody immobilisation on solid surfaces: methods and applications; Cellular Interactions with Abiotic Surfaces; Interactions of bone forming cells with electrostatic charge at biomaterials surface; Interactions of biofilm-forming bacteria with abiotic surfaces; Endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells (SMC) interactions at biomaterials surfaces; Interactions of Bacteria and fungi at the surface; Immunological response of electrostatic charge at the surface of biomaterials; IV. Applications; Community and hospital acquired Staphylococcal infections; MRSA resistant textiles; Inhibition of urological devices; Encrustation; Reduction of restenosis in cardiovascular stents; Regulatory and safety issues related to biomedical devices

Read more less

Book SynopsisSupramolecular chemistry provides a versatile approach for modifying the structure and function of surfaces, including the formation of clusters, monolayers and films. This can be used in a variety of applications from porous surface systems, to modifiers of interface energy and sensor-based systems. Supramolecular Chemistry at Surfaces covers different methods of preparing and studying self-assembled structures at surfaces and interfaces. The book starts with a general introduction concerning the nature of surfaces followed by specific sections discussing different techniques to characterise surface-based supramolecular systems. Each chapter then goes on to address different surface systems including the surface of water; physisorbed layers at interfaces; chemisorbed layers at interfaces; polyelectrolyte systems; thin films; dynamic systems; and patterning. Written by a leading expert in the field, this is the first book to give a multidisciplinary view of the supramolecular aspects of interfaces providing the reader with an objective summary of all the deposition methods and their characterisation. The book will appeal to students and researchers in supramolecular chemistry, nanoscience, polymer chemistry and physics, surface science and materials science.Table of ContentsSurfaces for supramolecular systems; Tools for surface characterisation of surface-based supramolecular systems; Supramolecular systems on the surface of water; Physisorbed layers at interfaces; Chemisorbed layers at interfaces; Layer-by-layer growth of polyelectrolyte systems; Supramolecular chemistry in thin film formation upon deposition from solution and vapour; Supramolecular chemistry for the formation of dynamic systems at surfaces; Patterning of surfaces for supramolecular chemistry and template effects; Supramolecular surface systems: Which and whither?;

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book presents recent developments in the coating processes, sub processes and emphasizes on processes with the potential to improve performance quality and reproducibility. The book demonstrates how application methods, environmental factors, and chemical interactions affect each surface coating's performance. In addition, it provides analysis of latest polymers, carbon resins, high-temperature materials used for coatings and describes the development, chemical and physical properties, synthesis, polymerization, commercial uses and characteristics for each raw material and coating. Characterization techniques to solve the coating problems are also presented, as well as optimization studies to identify the critical coating parameters to ensure a robust process.Table of ContentsRecent Developments in the Coating Processes and Sub Processes.- Process Development improving the performance quality, reproducibility.- Effect on Performance of Surface Coating due to Application Methods.- Effect on Performance of Surface Coating due to Environmental Factors.- Effect on Performance of Surface Coating due to Chemical Interactions.- Materials Like Latest Polymers, Carbon Resins, High-Temperature Materials etc. Used in Coating and Their Characterizations.- Application of Optimization Techniques towards Optimal Coating Parameters.

Read more less

Book SynopsisFormulation Product Technology focuses on materials chemistry and introduces industrial manufacturing technologies for different product types. Besides addressing the fundamentals and the corresponding unit operations, the author presents a full cycle of product development for the materials that are used in everyday live. Various performance and personal chemicals, such as paints, coatings, dyes, laundry detergents, glass and concrete, pesticides, diapers, skin care and hair care products, etc. are discussed starting from product selection and up to setup of manufacturing process. Additional new products discussed: dyes for textiles, decorative products, hand sanitizers, deodorants, pesticides. Easy-to-understand introduction to formulation product design. Covers all main product types of modern chemical industry.

Read more less

Book SynopsisMaterials Science today is the base for all technological and industrial developments. The book provides the understanding of the advanced spectroscopic and microscopic instruments used for material characterization. The main issues addressed are 1) a detailed understanding of the instrument, including working and handling, 2) sample preparation, and 3) data analysis and interpretation. The book is divided in two parts i.e., Part A discusses microscopic instruments, consisting of Optical Microscope, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Atomic Force Microscopy, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope and X-Ray Diffraction. Part B is on spectroscopic instruments and covers FTIR Spectrometer, Raman Spectrometer, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Fluorescence Spectroscopy, and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Table of ContentsPART A MICROSCOPIC CHARACTERIZATION Chapter 1: Optical Microscope Introduction Instrumental Details Working And Handling of Instruments Sample Preparation Imaging Analysis and Interpretation. Chapter 2: Scanning Electron Microscopy Introduction Instrumental Details Working And Handling of Instruments Sample Preparation Imaging Analysis and Interpretation. Chapter 3: Atomic Force Microscopy Introduction Instrumental Details Working And Handling of Instruments Sample Preparation Imaging Analysis and Interpretation. Chapter 4: Scanning Probe Microscopy Introduction Instrumental Details Working And Handling of Instruments Sample Preparation Imaging Analysis and Interpretation. Chapter 5: X-Ray Diffraction. Introduction Instrumental Details Working And Handling of Instruments Sample Preparation Imaging Analysis and Interpretation. PART B SPECTROSCOPIC CHARACTERIZATION Chapter 1: FTIR Spectrometer Introduction Instrumental Details Working And Handling of Instruments Sample Preparation Data Analysis and Interpretation. Chapter 2: Raman Spectrometer Introduction Instrumental Details Working And Handling of Instruments Sample Preparation Data Analysis and Interpretation. Chapter 3: X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Introduction Instrumental Details Working And Handling of Instruments Sample Preparation Data Analysis and Interpretation. Chapter 4: Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy Introduction Instrumental Details Working And Handling of Instruments Sample Preparation Data Analysis and Interpretation. Chapter 5: Fluorescence Spectroscopy Introduction Instrumental Details Working And Handling of Instruments Sample Preparation Data Analysis and Interpretation. Chapter 6: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Introduction Instrumental Details Working And Handling of Instruments Sample Preparation Data Analysis and Interpretation.

Read more less

Book SynopsisAdsorption is the basis of various emerging technologies that will be essential for addressing the problems of technologies that will be essential for addressing the problems of energy conservation and environmental protection.This volume reviews recent progress and outlines the outlook for future development in adsorption theories, kinetics, pressure swing adsorption, SMB, and new nanoporous adsorbents. The contributions cover the fundamental knowledge and methodologies for adsorption experiments and calculations regarding equilibria, heat effects, adsorbent structural modeling, diffusion measurement, and selectivity control.The volume also includes topics concerning hydrogen storage, desulfurization of fuels, and chiral separation. The contributors are internationally renowned scholars in the field of adsorption.

Read more less