Electronics: circuits and components Books

Book SynopsisMake: Electronics explores the properties and applications of discrete components that are the fundamental building blocks of circuit design. Understanding resistors, capacitors, transistors, inductors, diodes, and integrated circuit chips is essential even when using microcontrollers. Make: Electronics teaches the fundamentals and also provides advice on the tools and supplies that are necessary. Component kits are available, specifically developed for the third edition.

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Book SynopsisOur phones, computers, and appliances are made of hundreds of internal components, each precisely engineered, but none intended to be seen. Through painstakingly executed, vividly detailed cross-section photography, Open Circuits reveals the surprising beauty hiding inside the electronic components that drive our everyday devices. From resistors to LEDs, USB cables to headphone jacks, the book's arresting imagery transforms more than 130 components into delightful works of art. As you visually dissect the components' insides, you'll learn about how they work and how they were made.Trade Review"This book made me fall in love with electronics all over again . . . Part history book, part coffee-table book, and part journey into the inner lives of the electronics, [Open Circuits] is a fascinating journey through the history of electronics." —Haje Jan Kamps, TechCrunch"Its stunning cross-section photography unlocks a hidden world full of elegance, subtle complexity, and wonder. . . . Open Circuits has something for everyone to appreciate, whether you’re a seasoned electrical engineer, an amateur tinkerer, or simply a lover of art and photography."—Lee Goldberg, Electronic Design“Each page is both a dive into technological history and an ode to the evolution and aesthetics of electronics themselves.”—Grace Ebert, Colossal“An eye-catching and educational coffee table tome.”—Gareth Halfacree, Hackster.io"Every page is a new discovery."—New Screwdriver"A celebration of the electronic aesthetic . . . blur[s] the line between engineering and art."—Andrew "bunnie" Huang, Author of The Hardware Hacker and Hacking the Xbox"Excellent pictures of the world's most interesting objects with clear, accessible explanations."—Trevor Blackwell, Founder of Anybots"Anyone interested in electronics and/or macrophotography will enjoy this book from both an aesthetic and informational standpoint. . . . It’s truly a technological and photographic masterpiece."—Jeremy Cook, Embedded Computing Design"Stunningly beautiful . . . While the component images stand alone as works of art, authors Schlaepfer and Oskay pair the pictures with clear and informative text that adds to the reader's knowledge of the circuitry they are looking at. This book is sure to be a staple in many makers, educators, and engineers libraries."—Professor AnnMarie Thomas, University of St. Thomas, School of Engineering"While it will definitely be a 'geek coffee table book' for me, I would very much have appreciated it when I was 12 years old and first getting into electronics."—Mark Eichin, Senior Software Developer at RightHand Robotics"This is the coolest book I've seen in years. Fascinating look inside hundreds of circuits, switches, and mechanical electronic devices that I've never seen before."—Jeff Geerling, @geerlingguy, Author of Ansible for DevOps"What an awesome book! A rare breed of technical content that is appreciable by experts and novices alike."—Chris Lafky, @fluxotronlabs, Electrical Engineer"Without a doubt, the most beautiful electronics book!"—Ben Krasnow, @BenKrasnow, YouTuber at Applied ScienceTable of ContentsIntroductionChapter 1: Passive ComponentsChapter 2: SemiconductorsChapter 3: ElectromechanicsChapter 4: Cables and ConnectorsChapter 5: Retro TechChapter 6: Composite DevicesAfterword: Creating Cross SectionsGlossary

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Book SynopsisMicroelectronic Circuit Design presents a balanced coverage of analog and digital circuits. Students will develop a comprehensive understanding of the basic techniques of modern electronic circuit design, analog and digital, discrete and integrated. A broad spectrum of topics is included, and material can easily be selected to satisfy either a two-semester or three quarter sequence in electronics.This title is available in Connect, featuring SmartBook 2.0, eBook, and homework problems. Instructor Resources available for this title include: Solutions Manual and PPTs.Table of Contents1 Introduction to Electronics2 Solid-State Electronics3 Solid-State Diodes and Diode Circuits4 Bipolar Junction Transistors5 Field-Effect Transistors6 Introduction to Amplifiers7 The Transistor as an Amplifier8 Transistor Amplifier Building Blocks9 Amplifier Frequency Response10 Ideal Operational Amplifiers11 Non-Ideal Operational Amplifiers and Feedback Amplifier Stability12 Operational Amplifier Applications13 Differential Amplifiers and Operational Amplifier Design14 Analog Integrated Circuit Design Techniques15 Transistor Feedback Amplifiers and OscillatorsS6 Introduction to Digital Electronics (eBook only)S7 Complementary MOS (CMOS) Logic Design (eBook only)S8 MOS Memory Circuits (eBook only)S9 Bipolar Logic Circuits (eBook only)

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Book SynopsisThis book guides you through all of the techniques listed, which are required for a reliable integrated system. Through extensive illustrations and minimal equations, anyone with an interest in electronics will quickly grasp the ideas discussed.

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents 1. Circuit Variables 2. Circuit Elements 3. Simple Resistive Circuits 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis 5. The Operational Amplifier 6. Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits 8. Natural and Step Responses of RLC Circuits 9. Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 10. Sinusoidal Steady-State Power Calculations 11. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits 12. Introduction to the Laplace Transform 13. The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis 14. Introduction to Frequency Selective Circuits 15. Active Filter Circuits 16. Fourier Series 17. The Fourier Transform 18. Two-Port Circuits Appendix A: The Solution of Linear Simultaneous Equations Appendix B: Complex Numbers Appendix C: More on Magnetically Coupled Coils and Ideal Transformers Appendix D: The Decibel Appendix E: Bode Diagrams Appendix F: An Abbreviated Table of Trigonometric Identities Appendix G: An Abbreviated Table of Integrals Appendix H: Common Standard Component Values

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Book SynopsisA hands-on introduction to FPGA prototyping and SoC design This Second Edition of the popular book follows the same learning-by-doing approach to teach the fundamentals and practices of VHDL synthesis and FPGA prototyping. It uses a coherent series of examples to demonstrate the process to develop sophisticated digital circuits and IP (intellectual property) cores, integrate them into an SoC (system on a chip) framework, realize the system on an FPGA prototyping board, and verify the hardware and software operation. The examples start with simple gate-level circuits, progress gradually through the RT (register transfer) level modules, and lead to a functional embedded system with custom I/O peripherals and hardware accelerators. Although it is an introductory text, the examples are developed in a rigorous manner, and the derivations follow strict design guidelines and coding practices used for large, complex digital systems. The new edition is completely Table of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgments xv PART I BASIC DIGITAL CIRCUITS DEVELOPMENT 1 Gate-level Combinational Circuit 1 1.1 Overview of VHDL 1 1.2 General description 2 1.3 Structural description 6 1.4 Top-level signal mapping 8 1.5 Testbench 9 1.6 Bibliographic notes 11 1.7 Suggested experiments 11 2 Overview of FPGA and EDA software 13 2.1 FPGA 13 2.2 Overview of the Digilent Nexys 4 DDR board 15 2.3 Development flow 16 2.4 Xilinx Vivado Design Suite 18 2.5 Bibliographic notes 18 2.6 Suggested experiments 18 3 RT-level combinational circuit 23 3.1 RT-level components 23 3.2 Routing circuit with concurrent assignment statements 29 3.3 Modeling with a process 34 3.4 Routing circuit with if and case statements 36 3.5 Constants and generics 41 3.6 Replicated structure 44 3.7 Design examples 46 3.8 Bibliographic notes 58 3.9 Suggested experiments 58 4 Regular Sequential Circuit 61 4.1 Introduction 61 4.2 HDL code of the FF and register 64 4.3 Simple design examples 67 4.4 Testbench for sequential circuits 72 4.5 Case study 75 4.6 Timing and clocking 87 4.7 Bibliographic notes 90 4.8 Suggested experiments 90 5 FSM 93 5.1 Introduction 93 5.2 FSM code development 97 5.3 Design examples 100 5.4 Bibliographic notes 110 5.5 Suggested experiments 110 6 FSMD 113 6.1 Introduction 113 6.2 Code development of an FSMD 119 6.3 Design examples 125 6.4 Bibliographic notes 140 6.5 Suggested experiments 141 7 RAM and Buffer of FPGA 145 7.1 Embedded memory of FPGA device 145 7.2 General description for RAM-like component 147 7.3 FIFO buffer 153 7.4 HDL templates for memory inference 158 7.5 Overview of memory controller 164 7.6 Bibliographic notes 166 7.7 Suggested experiments 166 PART II EMBEDDED SOC I: VANILLA FPRO SYSTEM 8 Overview of Embedded SoC Systems 171 8.1 Embedded SoC 171 8.2 Development Flow of Embedded SoC 173 8.3 FPro SoC Platform 176 8.4 Adaption on Digilent Nexys 4 DDR board 180 8.5 Portability 182 8.6 Organization 184 8.7 Bibliographic notes 184 9 Bare Metal System Software Development 187 9.1 Bare metal system development overview 187 9.2 Memory-mapped I/O 189 9.3 Direct I/O Register Access 191 9.4 Robust I/O Register Access 193 9.5 Techniques for low-level I/O operations 197 9.6 Device Drivers 199 9.7 FPro Utility Routines and Directory Structure 204 9.8 Test program 208 9.9 Bibliographic notes 211 9.10 Suggested experiments 211 10 FPro Bus Protocol and MMIO Slot Specification 213 10.1 FPro Bus 213 10.2 Interface with bus 216 10.3 MMIO I/O core 222 10.4 Timer core development 226 10.5 MMIO controller 229 10.6 MCS I/O bus and bridge 234 10.7 Vanilla FPRO System Construction 238 10.8 Bibliographic notes 240 10.9 Suggested experiments 240 11 UART Core 243 11.1 Introduction 243 11.2 UART Construction 245 11.3 UART core development 253 11.4 UART driver 256 11.5 Additional Project Ideas 262 11.6 Bibliographic notes 265 11.7 Suggested experiments 266 PART III EMBEDDED SOC II: BASIC I/O CORES 12 Xilinx XADC Core 271 12.1 Overview of XADC 271 12.2 XADC core development 273 12.3 XADC core device driver 278 12.4 Sampler FPro System 281 12.5 Additional Project Ideas 291 12.6 Bibliographic notes 292 12.7 Suggested experiments 292 13 Pulse Width Modulation Core 295 13.1 Introduction 295 13.2 PWM Design 296 13.3 PWM core development 299 13.4 PWM driver 302 13.5 Testing 303 13.6 Project ideas 304 13.7 Suggested experiments 305 14 Debouncing core and LED-Mux Core 307 14.1 Debouncing Core 307 14.2 LED-Mux Core 313 14.3 Project Ideas 319 14.4 Suggested Experiments 320 15 SPI Core 323 15.1 Overview 323 15.3 SPI Core Development 333 15.4 SPI Driver 336 15.5 Test 338 15.6 Project Ideas 341 15.7 Bibliographic notes 342 15.8 Suggested Experiments 342 16 I2C Core 347 16.1 Overview 347 16.2 I2C Controller 350 16.3 I2C Core Development 360 16.4 I2C Driver 361 16.5 Test 365 16.6 Project Idea 366 16.7 Bibliographic notes 367 16.8 Suggested experiments 367 17 PS2 Core 371 17.1 Introduction 371 17.2 PS2 Controller 373 17.3 PS2 core development 383 17.4 PS2 driver 384 17.5 Test 393 17.6 Bibliographic notes 394 17.7 Suggested experiments 394 18 Sound I: DDFS Core 397 18.1 Introduction 397 18.2 Design and implementation 397 18.3 Fixed-point arithmetic 400 18.4 DDFS Construction 402 18.5 DAC (digital-to-analog converter) 404 18.6 DDFS core development 407 18.7 DDFS driver 409 18.8 Testing 412 18.9 Bibliographic notes 413 18.10 Suggested experiments 413 19 Sound II: ADSR Core 415 19.1 Introduction 415 19.2 ADSR envelope generator 416 19.3 ADSR core development 421 19.4 ADRS driver 423 19.5 Testing 429 19.6 Project Idea 430 19.7 Bibliographic notes 431 19.8 Suggested experiments 431 PART IV EMBEDDED SOC III: VIDEO CORES 20 Introduction to Video System 435 20.1 Introduction to a video display 435 20.2 Stream interface 437 20.3 VGA Synchronization 439 20.4 Bar test-pattern generator 448 20.5 Color-to-grayscale conversion circuit 449 20.6 Demo video system 451 20.7 Advanced video standards 452 20.8 Bibliographic notes 453 20.9 Suggested experiments 454 21 FPro Video Subsystem 457 21.1 Organization of video subsystem 457 21.2 FPro video IP core 461 21.3 Example video cores 466 21.4 FPro video synchronization core 470 21.5 Daisy video subsystem 479 21.6 Vanilla daisy FPro system 486 21.7 Video driver and testing program 490 21.8 Bibliographic notes 493 21.9 Suggested experiments 493 22 Sprite Core 497 22.1 Introduction 497 22.2 Basic design 498 22.3 Mouse pointer core 500 22.4 “Ghost” character core 505 22.5 Sprite core driver and testing program 513 22.6 Bibliographic notes 516 22.7 Suggested experiments 516 23 On-Screen-Display Core 519 23.1 Introduction to tile graphics 519 23.2 Basic OSD design 521 23.3 OSD core 524 23.4 OSD core driver and testing program 530 23.5 Bibliographic notes 532 23.6 Suggested experiments 532 24 VGA Frame Buffer Core 535 24.1 Overview 535 24.2 Frame buffer core 536 24.3 Register map 540 24.4 Driver and testing program 542 543 24.5 Project Ideas 545 24.6 Bibliographic notes 547 24.7 Suggested experiments 547 PART V EPILOGUE 25 What Next 553 References 557 Appendix A: Tutorials 561 A.1 Overview of Xilinx Vivado IDE 561 A.2 Short tutorial on Vivado hardware development 565 A.3 Short tutorial on Vivado simulation 570 A.4 Tutorial on IP instantiation 574 A.5 Short tutorial on FPro system development 580 A.6 Bibliographic notes 587 Topic Index 589

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Book SynopsisFPGAs are reprogrammable integrated circuits used in everything from hardware hacking and hobbyist electronics to aerospace engineering, video processing, and high-frequency stock trading. They're fast, powerful, and incredibly flexible, but they have a notoriously steep bar of entry. Getting Started with FPGAs lowers that bar, providing a straightforward introduction to working with FPGAs, without unnecessary jargon or complexity. The book explores FPGAs from the bottom up, starting with a look at the basics of digital logic and the fundamental components that make up FPGAs: look-up tables and flip-flops. Understanding how these components work together is critical to thinking like an FPGA designer. As the chapters progress, readers will learn how to master higher-level FPGA concepts like state machines and crossing clock domains, while working on increasingly sophisticated hands-on projects. Loaded with thoroughly annotated, downloadable code examples in both Verilog and VHDL - theTable of ContentsAcknowledgments Introduction Chapter 1: Meet the FPGA Chapter 2: Setting Up Your Hardware and Tools Chapter 3: Boolean Algebra and the Look-Up Table Chapter 4: Storing State with the Flip-Flop Chapter 5: Testing Your Code with Simulation Chapter 6: Common FPGA ModulesChapter 7: Synthesis, Place and Route, and Crossing Clock DomainsChapter 8: The State MachineChapter 9: Useful FPGA PrimitivesChapter 10: Numbers and MathChapter 11: Getting Data In and Out with I/O and SerDes Appendix A: FPGA Development BoardsAppendix B: Tips for a Career in FPGA Engineering GlossaryIndex

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisThis new edition introduces operation and design techniques for Sigma-Delta converters in physical and conceptual terms, and includes chapters which explore developments in the field over the last decade Includes information on MASH architectures, digital-to-analog converter (DAC) mismatch and mismatch shaping Investigates new topics including continuous-time ?S analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) principles and designs, circuit design for both continuous-time and discrete-time ?S ADCs, decimation and interpolation filters, and incremental ADCs Provides emphasis on practical design issues for industry professionals Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 The Magic of Delta-Sigma Modulation 1 1.1 The Need for Oversampling Converters 1 1.2 Nyquist and Oversampling Conversion by Example 3 1.3 Higher-Order Single-Stage Noise-Shaping Modulators 11 1.4 Multi-Stage and Multi-Quantizer Delta-Sigma Modulators 12 1.5 Mismatch Shaping in Multi-Bit Delta-Sigma Modulators 14 1.6 Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulation 15 1.7 Bandpass Delta-Sigma Modulators 17 1.8 Incremental Delta-Sigma Converters 18 1.9 Delta-Sigma Digital-to-Analog Converters 18 1.10 Decimation and Interpolation 19 1.11 Specifications and Figures of Merit 19 1.12 Early History, Performance, and Architectural Trends 21 References 25 2 Sampling, Oversampling, and Noise-Shaping 27 2.1 A Review of Sampling 28 2.2 Quantization 30 2.3 Quantization Noise Reduction by Oversampling 39 2.4 Noise-Shaping 42 2.5 Nonlinear Aspects of the First-Order Delta-Sigma Modulator 52 2.6 MOD1 with DC Excitation 54 2.7 Alternative Architectures: The Error-Feedback Structure 60 2.8 The Road Ahead 60 References 61 3 Second-Order Delta-Sigma Modulation 63 3.1 Simulation of MOD2 67 3.2 Nonlinear Effects in MOD2 70 3.3 Stability of MOD2 73 3.4 Alternative Second-Order Modulator Structures 77 3.5 Generalized Second-Order Structures 80 3.6 Conclusions 82 References 82 4 High-Order Delta-Sigma Modulators 83 4.1 Signal-Dependent Stability of Delta-Sigma Modulators 85 4.2 Improving MSA in High-Order Delta-Sigma Converters 92 4.3 Systematic NTF Design 95 4.4 Noise Transfer Functions with Optimally Spread Zeros 97 4.5 Fundamental Aspects of Noise Transfer Functions 98 4.6 High-Order Single-Bit Delta-Sigma Data Converters 100 4.7 Loop Filter Topologies for Discrete-Time Delta-Sigma Converters 104 4.8 State-Space Description of Delta-Sigma Loops 114 4.9 Conclusions 115 References 115 5 Multi-Stage and Multi-Quantizer Delta-Sigma Modulators 117 5.1 Multi-Stage Modulators 117 5.2 Cascade (MASH) Modulators 120 5.3 Noise Leakage in Cascade Modulators 123 5.4 The Sturdy-MASH Architecture 126 5.5 Noise-Coupled Architectures 128 5.6 Cross-Coupled Architectures 131 5.7 Conclusions 131 References 133 6 Mismatch-Shaping 135 6.1 The Mismatch Problem 135 6.2 Random Selection and Rotation 136 6.3 Implementation of Rotation 141 6.4 Alternative Mismatch-Shaping Topologies 145 6.5 High-Order Mismatch-Shaping 151 6.6 Generalizations 156 6.7 Transition-Error Shaping 158 6.8 Conclusions 162 References 162 7 Circuit Design for Discrete-Time Delta-Sigma ADCs 165 7.1 SCMOD2: A Second-Order Switched-Capacitor ADC 165 7.2 High-Level Design 166 7.3 Switched-Capacitor Integrator 168 7.4 Capacitor Sizing 174 7.5 Initial Verification 176 7.6 Amplifier Design 178 7.7 Intermediate Verification 186 7.8 Switch Design 191 7.9 Comparator Design 191 7.10 Clocking 195 7.11 Full-System Verification 197 7.12 High-Order Modulators 201 7.13 Multi-Bit Quantization 203 7.14 Switch Design Revisited 207 7.15 Double Sampling 209 7.16 Gain-Boosting and Gain-Squaring 211 7.17 Split-Steering and Amplifier Stacking 212 7.18 Noise in Switched-Capacitor Circuits 217 7.19 Conclusions 221 References 221 8 Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulation 223 8.1 CT-MOD1 224 8.2 STF of CT-MOD1 230 8.3 Second-Order Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulation 234 8.4 High-Order Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulators 239 8.5 Loop-Filter Topologies 246 8.6 Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulators with Complex NTF Zeros 249 8.7 Modeling of Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulators for Simulation 250 8.8 Dynamic-Range Scaling 253 8.9 Design Example 255 8.10 Conclusions 258 References 258 9 Nonidealities in Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulators 259 9.1 Excess Loop Delay 259 9.2 Time-Constant Variations of the Loop Filter 271 9.3 Clock Jitter in Delta-Sigma Modulators 273 9.4 Addressing Clock Jitter in Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulators 285 9.5 Mitigating Clock Jitter Using FIR Feedback 287 9.6 Comparator Metastability 293 9.7 Conclusions 298 References 298 10 Circuit Design for Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulators 301 10.1 Integrators 302 10.2 The Miller-Compensated OTA-RC Integrator 305 10.3 The Feedforward-Compensated OTA-RC Integrator 306 10.4 Stability of Feedforward Amplifiers 309 10.5 Device Noise in Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulators 312 10.6 ADC Design 316 10.7 Feedback DAC Design 320 10.8 Systematic Design Centering 331 10.9 Loop-Filter Nonlinearities in Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulators 338 10.10 Case Study of a 16-Bit Audio Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulator346 10.11 Measurement Results 358 10.12 Summary 359 References 360 11 Bandpass and Quadrature Delta-Sigma Modulation 363 11.1 The Need for Bandpass Conversion 363 11.2 System Overview 366 11.3 Bandpass NTFs 367 11.4 Architectures for Bandpass Delta-Sigma Modulators 372 11.5 Bandpass Modulator Example 380 11.6 Quadrature Signals 391 11.7 Quadrature Modulation 396 11.8 Polyphase Signal Processing 402 11.9 Conclusions 404 References 405 12 Incremental Analog-to-Digital Converters 407 12.1 Motivation and Trade-Offs 407 12.2 Analysis and Design of Single-Stage IADCs 408 12.3 Digital Filter Design for Single-Stage IADCs 411 12.4 Multiple-Stage IADCs and Extended Counting ADCs 415 12.5 IADC Design Examples 416 12.6 Conclusions 422 References 423 13 Delta-Sigma DACs 425 13.1 System Architectures for Delta-Sigma DACs 425 13.2 Loop Configurations for Delta-Sigma DACs 427 13.3 Delta-Sigma DACs Using Multi-Bit Internal DACs 431 13.4 Interpolation Filtering for Delta-Sigma DACs 438 13.5 Analog Post-Filters for Delta-Sigma DACs 441 13.6 Conclusions 449 References 449 14 Interpolation and Decimation Filters 451 14.1 Interpolation Filtering 452 14.2 Example Interpolation Filter 456 14.3 Decimation Filtering 461 14.4 Example Decimation Filter 463 14.5 Halfband Filters 467 14.5.1 Saramäki Halfband Filter 469 14.6 Decimation for Bandpass Delta-Sigma ADCs 471 14.7 Fractional Rate Conversion 472 14.8 Summary 480 References 480 A Spectral Estimation 483 A.1 Windowing 484 A.2 Scaling and Noise Bandwidth 488 A.3 Averaging 491 A.4 An Example 493 A.5 Mathematical Background 495 References 498 B The Delta-Sigma Toolbox 499 C Linear Periodically Time-Varying Systems 539 C.1 Linearity and Time (In)variance 539 C.2 Linear Time-Varying Systems 541 C.3 Linear Periodically Time-Varying (LPTV) Systems 543 C.4 LPTV Systems with Sampled Outputs 547 References 559 Index 561

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Book SynopsisOffers information on debugging and troubleshooting analog circuits. This book gives advice on using simple equipment to troubleshoot; and step-by-step procedures for analog troubleshooting methods. It provides proven methods for troubleshooting analog circuits.Trade Review"Combining his expertise as a senior scientist at National Semiconductor with a sense of humor and easy writing style, Pease has produced an excellent guide to analog circuit troubleshooting." --Library Journal 2004Table of ContentsTroubleshooting linear circuits - The beginninghoosing the right equipmentGetting down to the component levelSolving capacitor-based troublesPreventing material and assembly problemsSolving active-component problemsIdentifying transistor troublesOperational amplifiers - the supreme activatorsQuashing spurious oscillationsThe analog-digital boundaryTroubleshooting charts

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Book SynopsisWith its practical approach to design, Transformer and Inductor Design Handbook, Fourth Edition distinguishes itself from other books by presenting information and guidance that is shaped primarily by the user's needs and point of view. Expanded and revised to address recent industry developments, the fourth edition of this classic reference is re-organized and improved, again serving as a constant aid for anyone seeking to apply the state of the art in transformer and inductor design. Carefully considering key factors such as overall system weight, power conversion efficiency, and cost, the author introduces his own new equation for the power handling ability of the core, intended to give engineers faster and tighter design control. The book begins by providing the basic fundamentals of magnetics, followed by an explanation of design using the Kg or Ap techniques. It also covers subjects such as laminations, tape cores, powder cores and ferrites, and iron alTrade Review"Every transformer designer needs to have a copy of this book. Not only will it be helpful for designing transformers, but it provides an in-depth background of the fundamentals of transformer magnetic, including the latest designs used in modern switching power supplies."—John J. Shea, IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, November/December 2012, Vol. 28, No. 6Praise for the Previous Edition:"Not only would the expert working on a specific design benefit from this handbook, but also the general reader would get a very good working knowledge on transformer design because the book covers fundamentals and magnetic material characteristics in a very clearly written, easy-to-read style. … Along with all of the practical design examples, the book is filled with clear and well-annotated illustrations and circuit schematics that provide great insight; the many references make this book a must have for anyone designing transformers or inductors."—IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, Feb. 2005"This book is a must for engineers doing magnetic design. Whether you are working on high "rel" state of the art design or high volume, low cost production, this book will help you."—Robert G. Noah, Application Engineering Manager (retired), Magnetics, Division of Spang and Company"Every transformer designer needs to have a copy of this book. Not only will it be helpful for designing transformers, but it provides an in-depth background of the fundamentals of transformer magnetic, including the latest designs used in modern switching power supplies."—John J. Shea, IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, November/December 2012, Vol. 28, No. 6Praise for the Previous Edition:"Not only would the expert working on a specific design benefit from this handbook, but also the general reader would get a very good working knowledge on transformer design because the book covers fundamentals and magnetic material characteristics in a very clearly written, easy-to-read style. … Along with all of the practical design examples, the book is filled with clear and well-annotated illustrations and circuit schematics that provide great insight; the many references make this book a must have for anyone designing transformers or inductors."—IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, Feb. 2005"This book is a must for engineers doing magnetic design. Whether you are working on high "rel" state of the art design or high volume, low cost production, this book will help you."—Robert G. Noah, Application Engineering Manager (retired), Magnetics, Division of Spang and CompanyTable of ContentsFundamentals of Magnetics. Magnetic Materials and Their Characteristics. Magnetic Cores. Window Utilization, Magnet Wire and Insulation. Transformer Design Trade-Offs. Transformer-Inductor Efficiency, Regulation, and Temperature Rise. Power Transformer Design. DC Inductor Design, Using Gapped Cores. DC Inductor Design, Using Powder Cores. AC Inductor Design. Constant Voltage Transformer (CVT). Three-Phase Transformer Design. Flyback Converters, Transformer Design. Forward Converter, Transformer Design, and Output Inductor Design. Input Filter Design. Current Transformer Design. Winding Capacitance and Leakage Inductance. Quiet Converter Design. Rotary Transformer Design. Planar Transformers and Inductors. Derivations for the Design Equations. Autotransformer Design. Common-Mode Inductor Design. Series Saturable Reactor Design. Self-Saturating, Magnetic Amplifiers. Designing Inductors for a Given Resistance

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Book SynopsisThoroughly revised and expanded to help readers systematically increase their knowledge and insight about Sigma-Delta Modulators Sigma-Delta Modulators (SDMs) have become one of the best choices for the implementation of analog/digital interfaces of electronic systems integrated in CMOS technologies. Compared to other kinds of Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs), S?Ms cover one of the widest conversion regions of the resolution-versus-bandwidth plane, being the most efficient solution to digitize signals in an increasingly number of applications, which span from high-resolution low-bandwidth digital audio, sensor interfaces, and instrumentation, to ultra-low power biomedical systems and medium-resolution broadband wireless communications. Following the spirit of its first edition, Sigma-Delta Converters: Practical Design Guide, 2nd Edition takes a comprehensive look at SDMs, their diverse types of architectures, circuit techniques, analysis synthesis methTable of ContentsPreface xix Acknowledgements xxv List of Abbreviations xxvii 1 Introduction to 𝚺𝚫 Modulators: Fundamentals, Basic Architecture and Performance Metrics 1 1.1 Basics of Analog-to-Digital Conversion 2 1.1.1 Sampling 3 1.1.2 Quantization 4 1.1.3 Quantization White Noise Model 5 1.1.4 Noise Shaping 8 1.2 Sigma-Delta Modulation 9 1.2.1 From Noise-shaped Systems to ΣΔ Modulators 10 1.2.2 Performance Metrics of ΣΔMs 11 1.3 The First-order ΣΔ Modulator 13 1.4 Performance Enhancement and Taxonomy of ΣΔMs 16 1.4.1 ΣΔM System-level Design Parameters and Strategies 17 1.4.2 Classification of ΣΔMs 18 1.5 Putting All The Pieces Together: From ΣΔMs to ΣΔ ADCs 19 1.5.1 Some Words about ΣΔ Decimators 20 1.6 ΣΔ DACs 22 1.6.1 System Design Trade-offs and Signal Processing in ΣΔ DACs 22 1.6.2 Implementation of Digital ΣΔMs used in DACs 24 1.7 Summary 25 References 26 2 Taxonomy of 𝚺𝚫 Architectures 29 2.1 Second-order ΣΔ Modulators 30 2.1.1 Alternative Representations of Second-order ΣΔMs 31 2.1.2 Second-Order ΣΔM with Unity STF 34 2.2 High-order Single-loop ΣΔMs 35 2.3 Cascade ΣΔ Modulators 39 2.3.1 SMASH ΣΔM Architectures 46 2.4 Multi-bit ΣΔ Modulators 49 2.4.1 Influence of Multi-bit DAC Errors 49 2.4.2 Dynamic Element Matching Techniques 50 2.4.3 Dual Quantization 53 2.4.3.1 Dual-quantization Single-loop ΣΔMs 53 2.4.3.2 Dual-quantization Cascade ΣΔMs 54 2.5 Band-pass ΣΔ Modulators 55 2.5.1 Quadrature BP-ΣΔMs 56 2.5.2 The z → −z2 LP–BP Transformation 58 2.5.3 BP-ΣΔMs with Optimized NTF 58 2.5.4 Time-interleaved and Polyphase BP-ΣΔMs 61 2.6 Continuous-time ΣΔ Modulators: Architecture and Basic Concepts 64 2.6.1 An Intuitive Analysis of CT-ΣΔMs 66 2.6.2 Some Words about Alias Rejection in CT-ΣΔMs 69 2.7 DT–CT Transformation of ΣΔMs 70 2.7.1 The Impulse-invariant Transformation 70 2.7.2 DT–CT Transformation of a Second-order ΣΔM 72 2.8 Direct Synthesis of CT-ΣΔMs 74 2.9 Summary 76 References 76 3 Circuit Errors in Switched-capacitor 𝚺𝚫 Modulators 83 3.1 Overview of Nonidealities in Switched-capacitor ΣΔ Modulators 84 3.2 Finite Amplifier Gain in SC-ΣΔMs 86 3.3 Capacitor Mismatch in SC-ΣΔMs 90 3.4 Integrator Settling Error in SC-ΣΔMs 91 3.4.1 Behavioral Model for the Integrator Settling 91 3.4.2 Linear Effect of Finite Amplifier Gain–Bandwidth Product 95 3.4.3 Nonlinear Effect of Finite Amplifier Slew Rate 98 3.4.4 Effect of Finite Switch On-resistance 100 3.5 Circuit Noise in SC-ΣΔMs 101 3.6 Clock Jitter in SC-ΣΔMs 105 3.7 Sources of Distortion in SC-ΣΔMs 107 3.7.1 Nonlinear Amplifier Gain 107 3.7.2 Nonlinear Switch On-Resistance 109 3.8 Case Study: High-level Sizing of a ΣΔM 111 3.8.1 Ideal Modulator Performance 111 3.8.2 Noise Leakages 112 3.8.3 Circuit Noise 115 3.8.4 Settling Error 116 3.8.5 Overall High-Level Sizing and Noise Budget 117 3.9 Summary 119 References 119 4 Circuit Errors and Compensation Techniques in Continuous-time 𝚺𝚫 Modulators 123 4.1 Overview of Nonidealities in Continuous-time ΣΔ Modulators 123 4.2 CT Integrators and Resonators 124 4.3 Finite Amplifier Gain in CT-ΣΔMs 126 4.4 Time-constant Error in CT-ΣΔMs 128 4.5 Finite Integrator Dynamics in CT-ΣΔMs 130 4.5.1 Effect of Finite Gain–Bandwidth Product on CT-ΣΔMs 131 4.5.2 Effect of Finite Slew Rate on CT-ΣΔMs 133 4.6 Sources of Distortion in CT-ΣΔMs 134 4.6.1 Nonlinearities in the Front-end Integrator 134 4.6.2 Intersymbol Interference in the Feedback DAC 136 4.7 Circuit Noise in CT-ΣΔMs 137 4.7.1 Noise Analysis Considering NRZ Feedback DACs 137 4.7.2 Noise Analysis Considering SC Feedback DACs 139 4.8 Clock Jitter in CT-ΣΔMs 140 4.8.1 Jitter in Return-to-zero DACs 141 4.8.2 Jitter in Non-return-to-zero DACs 142 4.8.3 Jitter in Switched-capacitor DACs 144 4.8.4 Lingering Effect of Clock Jitter Error 145 4.8.5 Reducing the Effect of Clock Jitter with FIR and Sine-shaped DACs 147 4.9 Excess Loop Delay in CT-ΣΔMs 149 4.9.1 Intuitive Analysis of ELD 149 4.9.2 Analysis of ELD based on Impulse-invariant DT-CT Transformation 151 4.9.3 Alternative ELD Compensation Techniques 154 4.10 Quantizer Metastability in CT-ΣΔMs 155 4.11 Summary 159 References 160 5 Behavioral Modeling and High-level Simulation 165 5.1 Systematic Design Methodology of ΣΔ Modulators 165 5.1.1 System Partitioning and Abstraction Levels 167 5.1.2 Sizing Process 167 5.2 Simulation Approaches for the High-level Evaluation of ΣΔMs 169 5.2.1 Alternatives to Transistor-level Simulation 169 5.2.2 Event-driven Behavioral Simulation Technique 171 5.2.3 Programming Languages and Behavioral Modeling Platforms 172 5.3 Implementing ΣΔM Behavioral Models 173 5.3.1 From Circuit Analysis to Computational Algorithms 173 5.3.2 Time-domain versus Frequency-domain Behavioral Models 175 5.3.3 Implementing Time-domain Behavioral Models in MATLAB 178 5.3.4 Building Time-domain Behavioral Models as SIMULINK C-MEX S-functions 182 5.4 Efficient Behavioral Modeling of ΣΔM Building Blocks using C-MEX S-functions 188 5.4.1 Modeling of SC Integrators using S-functions 188 5.4.1.1 Capacitor Mismatch and Nonlinearity 190 5.4.1.2 Input-referred Thermal Noise 191 5.4.1.3 Switch On-resistance Dynamics 194 5.4.1.4 Incomplete Settling Error 197 5.4.2 Modeling of CT Integrators using S-functions 200 5.4.2.1 Single-pole Gm-C Model 200 5.4.2.2 Two-pole Dynamics Model 201 5.4.2.3 Modeling Transconductors as S-functions 203 5.4.3 Behavioral Modeling of Quantizers using S-functions 205 5.4.3.1 Modeling Multi-level ADCs as S-functions 205 5.4.3.2 Modeling Multi-level DACs as S-functions 207 5.5 SIMSIDES: A SIMULINK-based Behavioral Simulator for ΣΔMs 209 5.5.1 Model Libraries Included in SIMSIDES 210 5.5.2 Structure of SIMSIDES and its User Interface 211 5.5.2.1 Creating a New ΣΔM Block Diagram 212 5.5.2.2 Setting Model Parameters 215 5.5.2.3 Simulation Analyses 215 5.6 Using SIMSIDES for High-level Sizing and Verification of ΣΔMs 216 5.6.1 SC Second-order Single-Bit ΣΔM 216 5.6.1.1 Effect of Amplifier Finite DC Gain 218 5.6.1.2 Effect of Thermal Noise 218 5.6.1.3 Effect of the Incomplete Settling Error 220 5.6.1.4 Cumulative Effect of All Errors 221 5.6.2 CT Fifth-order Cascade 3-2 Multi-bit ΣΔM 224 5.6.2.1 Effect of Nonideal Effects 227 5.6.2.2 High-level Synthesis and Verification 229 5.7 Summary 231 References 231 6 Automated Design and Optimization of 𝚺𝚫Ms 235 6.1 Architecture Exploration and Selection: Schreier’s Toolbox 236 6.1.1 Basic Functions of Schreier’s Delta-Sigma Toolbox 236 6.1.2 Synthesis of a Fourth-order CRFF LP/BP SC-ΣΔM with Tunable Notch 238 6.1.3 Synthesis of a Fourth-order BP CT-ΣΔM with Tunable Notch 240 6.2 Optimization-based High-level Synthesis of ΣΔ Modulators 245 6.2.1 Combining Behavioral Simulation and Optimization 246 6.2.2 Using Simulated Annealing as Optimization Engine 247 6.2.3 Combining SIMSIDES with MATLAB Optimizers 253 6.3 Lifting Method and Hardware Acceleration to Optimize CT-ΣΔMs 255 6.3.1 Hardware Emulation of CT-ΣΔMs on an FPGA 257 6.3.2 GPU-accelerated Computing of CT-ΣΔMs 258 6.4 Using Multi-objective Evolutionary Algorithms to Optimize ΣΔMs 259 6.4.1 Combining MOEA with SIMSIDES 261 6.4.2 Applying MOEA and SIMSIDES to the Synthesis of CT-ΣΔMs 262 6.5 Summary 269 References 269 7 Electrical Design of 𝚺𝚫Ms: From Systems to Circuits 271 7.1 Macromodeling ΣΔMs 272 7.1.1 SC Integrator Macromodel 272 7.1.1.1 Switch Macromodel 272 7.1.1.2 OTA Macromodel 274 7.1.2 CT Integrator Macromodel 274 7.1.2.1 Active-RC Integrators 274 7.1.2.2 Gm-C Integrators 274 7.1.3 Nonlinear OTA Transconductor 275 7.1.4 Embedded Flash ADC Macromodel 276 7.1.5 Feedback DAC Macromodel 277 7.2 Examples of ΣΔM Macromodels 279 7.2.1 SC Second-order Example 279 7.2.2 Second-order Active-RC ΣΔM 283 7.3 Including Noise in Transient Electrical Simulations of ΣΔMs 286 7.3.1 Generating and Injecting Noise Data Sequences in HSPICE 287 7.3.2 Analyzing the Impact of the Main Noise Sources in SC Integrators 289 7.3.3 Generating and Injecting Flicker Noise Sources in Electrical Simulations 289 7.3.4 Test Bench to Include Noise in the Simulation of ΣΔMs 293 7.4 Processing ΣΔM Output Results of Electrical Simulations 294 7.5 Summary 298 References 298 8 Design Considerations of 𝚺𝚫M Subcircuits 301 8.1 Design Considerations of CMOS Switches 302 8.1.1 Trade-Off Between Ron and the CMOS Switch Drain/Source Parasitic Capacitances 302 8.1.2 Characterizing the Nonlinear Behavior of Ron 302 8.1.3 Influence of Technology Downscaling on the Design of Switches 304 8.1.4 Evaluating Harmonic Distortion due to CMOS Switches 305 8.2 Design Considerations of Operational Amplifiers 308 8.2.1 Typical Amplifier Topologies 309 8.2.2 Common-mode Feedback Networks 311 8.2.3 Characterization of the Amplifier in AC 313 8.2.4 Characterization of the Amplifier in DC 313 8.2.5 Characterization of the Amplifier Gain Nonlinearity 316 8.3 Design Considerations of Transconductors 317 8.3.1 Highly Linear Front-end Transconductor 318 8.3.2 Loop-filter Transconductors 320 8.3.3 Widely Programmable Transconductors 323 8.4 Design Considerations of Comparators 324 8.4.1 Regenerative Latch-based Comparators 325 8.4.2 Design Guidelines of Comparators 327 8.4.3 Characterization of Offset and Hysteresis Based on the Input-ramp Method 328 8.4.4 Characterization of Offset and Hysteresis Based on the Bisectional Method 328 8.4.5 Characterizing the Comparison Time 330 8.5 Design Considerations of Current-Steering DACs 332 8.5.1 Fundamentals and Basic Concepts of CS DACs 333 8.5.2 Practical Realization of CS DACs 333 8.5.3 Current Cell Circuits, Error Limitations, and Design Criteria 336 8.5.4 CS 4-bit DAC Example 336 8.6 Summary 338 References 338 9 Practical Realization of 𝚺𝚫Ms: From Circuits to Chips 341 9.1 Auxiliary ΣΔM Building Blocks 341 9.1.1 Clock-phase Generators 342 9.1.1.1 Phase Generation 342 9.1.1.2 Phase Buffering 342 9.1.1.3 Phase Distribution 344 9.1.2 Generation of Common-mode Voltage, Reference Voltage, and Bias Currents 345 9.1.2.1 Bandgap Circuit 345 9.1.2.2 Reference Voltage Generator 345 9.1.2.3 Master Bias Current Generator 346 9.1.2.4 Common-mode Voltage Generator 346 9.1.3 Additional Digital Logic 347 9.2 Layout Design, Floorplanning, and Practical Issues 348 9.2.1 Layout Floorplanning 348 9.2.1.1 Divide Layout into Different Parts or Regions 348 9.2.1.2 Shield Sensitive ΣΔM Analog Subcircuits from Switching Noise 349 9.2.1.3 Buses to Distribute Signals Shared by Different ΣΔM Parts 349 9.2.1.4 Be Obsessive about Layout Symmetry and Details of Analog Parts 349 9.2.2 I/O Pad Ring 350 9.2.3 Importance of Layout Verification and Catastrophic Failure 350 9.3 Chip Package, Test PCB, and Experimental Setup 354 9.3.1 Bonding Diagram and Package 354 9.3.2 Test PCB 355 9.4 Experimental Test Set-Up 355 9.4.1 Planning the Type and Number of Instruments Needed 357 9.4.2 Connecting Lab Instruments 357 9.4.3 Measurement Set-Up Example 358 9.5 ΣΔM Design Examples and Case Studies 359 9.5.1 Programmable-gain ΣΔMs for High Dynamic Range Sensor Interfaces 360 9.5.1.1 Main Design Criteria and Performance Limitations 361 9.5.1.2 SC Realization with Programmable Gain and Double Sampling 362 9.5.1.3 Influence of Chopper Frequency on Flicker Noise 362 9.5.2 Reconfigurable SC-ΣΔMs for Multi-standard Direct Conversion Receivers 364 9.5.2.1 Power-scaling Circuit Techniques 367 9.5.2.2 Experimental Results 368 9.5.3 Using Widely-programmable Gm-LC BP-ΣΔMs for RF Digitizers 368 9.5.3.1 Application Scenario 371 9.5.3.2 Gm-LC BP-ΣΔM High-level Sizing 371 9.5.3.3 BP CT-ΣΔM Loop-Filter Reconfiguration Techniques 375 9.5.3.4 Embedded 4-bit Quantizer with Calibration 378 9.5.3.5 Biasing, Digital Control Programmability and Testability 382 9.6 Summary 385 References 386 10 Frontiers, Trends and Challenges: Towards Next-generation 𝚺𝚫 Modulators 389 10.1 State-of-the-Art ADCs: Nyquist-rate versus ΣΔ Converters 390 10.1.1 Conversion Energy 391 10.1.2 Figures of Merit 392 10.2 Comparison of Different Categories of ΣΔ ADCs 393 10.2.1 Aperture Plot of ΣΔMs 406 10.2.2 Energy Plot of ΣΔMs 407 10.3 Empirical and Statistical Analysis of State-of-the-Art ΣΔMs 408 10.3.1 SC versus CT ΣΔMs 408 10.3.2 Technology used in State-of-the-Art ΣΔMs 410 10.3.3 Single-Loop versus Cascade ΣΔMs 410 10.3.4 Single-bit versus Multi-bit ΣΔMs 411 10.3.5 Low-pass versus Band-pass ΣΔMs 413 10.3.6 Emerging ΣΔM Techniques 415 10.4 Gigahertz-range ΣΔMs for RF-to-digital Conversion 415 10.5 Enhanced Cascade ΣΔMs 418 10.5.1 SMASH CT-ΣΔMs 418 10.5.2 Two-stage 0-L MASH 419 10.5.3 Stage-sharing Cascade ΣΔMs 420 10.5.4 Multi-rate and Hybrid CT/DT ΣΔMs 420 10.5.4.1 Upsampling Cascade MR-ΣΔMs 421 10.5.4.2 Downsampling Hybrid CT/DT Cascade MR-ΣΔMs 422 10.6 Power-efficient ΣΔM Loop-filter Techniques 423 10.6.1 Inverter-based ΣΔMs 423 10.6.2 Hybrid Active/Passive and Amplifier-less ΣΔMs 424 10.6.3 Power-efficient Amplifier Techniques 426 10.7 Hybrid ΣΔM/Nyquist-rate ADCs 428 10.7.1 Multi-bit ΣΔM Quantizers based on Nyquist-rate ADCs 428 10.7.2 Incremental ΣΔ ADCs 429 10.8 Time-based ΣΔ ADCs 431 10.8.1 ΣΔMs with VCO/PWM-based Quantization 432 10.8.2 Scaling-friendly Mostly-digital ΣΔMs 433 10.8.3 GRO-based ΣΔMs 434 10.9 DAC Techniques for High-performance CT-ΣΔMs 436 10.10 Classification of State-of-the-Art References 437 10.11 Summary and Conclusions 437 References 438 A State-space Analysis of Clock Jitter in CT-𝚺𝚫Ms 463 A.1 State-space Representation of NTF (z) 463 A.2 Expectation Value of (Δqn)2 465 A.3 In-band Noise Power due to Clock Jitter 466 References 467 B SIMSIDES User Guide 469 B.1 Getting Started: Installing and Running SIMSIDES 470 B.2 Building and Editing ΣΔM Architectures in SIMSIDES 470 B.3 Analyzing ΣΔMs in SIMSIDES 473 B.3.1 Node Spectrum Analysis 474 B.3.2 Integrated Power Noise 474 B.3.3 SNR/SNDR 475 B.3.4 Harmonic Distortion 475 B.3.5 Integral and Differential Non-Linearity 477 B.3.6 Multi-tone Power Ratio 477 B.3.7 Histogram 478 B.3.8 Parametric Analysis 478 B.3.9 Monte Carlo Analysis 479 B.4 Optimization Interface 480 B.5 Tutorial Example: Using SIMSIDES to Model and Analyze ΣΔMs 482 B.5.1 Creating the Cascade 2-1 ΣΔM Block Diagram in SIMSIDES 482 B.5.2 Setting Model Parameters 482 B.5.3 Computing the Output Spectrum 484 B.5.4 SNR versus Input Amplitude Level 486 B.5.5 Parametric Analysis Considering Only One Parameter 487 B.5.6 Parametric Analysis Considering Two Parameters 488 B.5.7 Computing Histograms 489 B.6 Getting Help 489 C SIMSIDES Block Libraries and Models 491 C.1 Overview of SIMSIDES Libraries 491 C.2 Ideal Libraries 492 C.2.1 Ideal Integrators 492 C.2.1.1 Building-block Model Purpose and Description 492 C.2.1.2 Model Parameters 493 C.2.2 Ideal Resonators 493 C.2.2.1 Ideal_LD_Resonator 493 C.2.2.2 Ideal_FE_Resonator 493 C.2.2.3 Ideal_CT_Resonator 493 C.2.3 Ideal Quantizers 494 C.2.3.1 Ideal_Comparator 494 C.2.3.2 Ideal_Comparator_for_SI 495 C.2.3.3 Ideal_Multibit_Quantizer 495 C.2.3.4 Ideal_Multibit_Quantizer_for_SI 496 C.2.3.5 Ideal_Multibit_Quantizer_levels 496 C.2.3.6 Ideal_Multibit_Quantizer_levels_SD2 496 C.2.3.7 Ideal_Sampler 496 C.2.4 Ideal D/A Converters 496 C.2.4.1 Ideal_DAC_for_SI 496 C.2.4.2 Ideal_DAC_dig_level_SD2 497 C.3 Real SC Building-Block Libraries 497 C.3.1 Real SC Integrators 497 C.3.2 Real SC Resonators 501 C.4 Real SI Building-Block Libraries 503 C.4.1 Real SI Integrators 503 C.4.2 Real SI Resonators 505 C.4.3 SI Errors and Model Parameters 506 C.4.3.1 Basic_SI_FE(LD)_Integrator and Basic_SI_FE(LD)_Resonator 506 C.4.3.2 SI_FE(LD)_Int_Finite_Conductance 507 C.4.3.3 SI_FE(LD)_Int_Finite_Conductance & Settling & ChargeInjection 508 C.5 Real CT Building-Block Libraries 508 C.5.1 Real CT Integrators 508 C.5.1.1 Model Parameters used in Transconductors and Gm-C Integrator Building Blocks 511 C.5.1.2 Gm-MC Integrators 511 C.5.1.3 Active-RC Integrators 512 C.5.1.4 MOSFET-C Integrators 513 C.5.2 Real CT Resonators 513 C.5.2.1 Gm-C Resonators 514 C.5.2.2 Gm-LC Resonators 517 C.6 Real Quantizers & Comparators 517 C.7 Real D/A Converters 518 C.8 Auxiliary Blocks 519 Index 523

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Book SynopsisGetting Started with Soldering not only teaches new makers and experimenters the core principles of soldering, it also functions as an excellent reference and resource for beginners and more advanced makers alike. The book guides readers through the fundamentals of soldering, explains the tools and materials, demonstrates proper techniques, and shows how to fix mistakes or broken connections. It even includes guidance on more advanced techniques such as surface-mount soldering for electronics. From choosing the right soldering iron to making perfect connections, readers will acquire the knowledge and skills needed to form a strong foundation for a lifetime of making. Soldering is a core concept in making, electronics prototyping, and home repairs The many different types of soldering -- requiring different materials and tools -- are explained with easy-to-follow instructions Full-color photographs and illustrations throughout create a visually engaging format for learning Pricing and technical considerations help readers select the best tools for their budgets and needs Troubleshooting guidelines show how to repair solder connections that have failed from improper technique or from age

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Book SynopsisThe hallmark feature of Engineering Circuit Analysis is its focus on the student. This text is written so students may teach the science of circuit analysis to themselves. Terms are clearly defined, basic material appears toward the beginning of each chapter and is explained carefully and in detail, and numerical examples are used to introduce and suggest general results. Simple practice problems appear throughout each chapter, while more difficult problems appear at the end of chapters. The new edition of Engineering Circuit Analysis is also available in McGraw Hill Connect, featuring: SmartBook 2.0, Adaptive STEM Prep Modules, Application-Based Activities, a curated question bank, Proctorio, and more!Table of ContentsChapter 1: IntroductionChapter 2: Basic Components and Electric CircuitsChapter 3: Voltage and Current LawsChapter 4: Basic Nodal and Mesh AnalysisChapter 5: Handy Circuit Analysis TechniquesChapter 6: The Operational AmplifierChapter 7: Capacitors and InductorsChapter 8: Basic RC and RL CircuitsChapter 9: The RLC CircuitChapter 10: Sinusoidal Steady-State AnalysisChapter 11: AC Circuit Power AnalysisChapter 12: Polyphase CircuitsChapter 13: Magnetically Coupled CircuitsChapter 14: Circuit Analysis in the s-DomainChapter 15: Frequency ResponseChapter 16: Two-Port NetworksChapter 17: Fourier Circuit Analysis

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition ix Preface to First Edition xi About the Companion Website xiii 1 What is Density Functional Theory? 1 1.1 How to Approach This Book 1 1.2 Examples of DFT in Action 2 1.2.1 Ammonia Synthesis by Heterogeneous Catalysis 2 1.2.2 Embrittlement of Metals by Trace Impurities 3 1.2.3 Materials Properties for Modeling Planetary Formation 4 1.2.4 Screening Large Collections of Materials to Develop Photoanodes 5 1.3 The Schrödinger Equation 7 1.4 Density Functional Theory – From Wavefunctions to Electron Density 9 1.5 The Exchange-Correlation Functional 12 1.6 The Quantum Chemistry Tourist 13 1.6.1 Localized and Spatially Extended Functions 13 1.6.2 Wavefunction-Based Methods 15 1.6.3 The Hartree–Fock Method 15 1.6.4 Beyond Hartree–Fock 18 1.7 What Can DFT Not Do? 22 1.8 Density Functional Theory in Other Fields 23 1.9 How to Approach This Book (Revisited) 24 1.10 Which Code Should I Use? 25 Further Reading 26 References 27 2 DFT Calculations for Simple Solids 29 2.1 Periodic Structures, Supercells, and Lattice Parameters 29 2.2 Face-Centered Cubic Materials 31 2.3 Hexagonal Close-Packed Materials 32 2.4 Crystal Structure Prediction 35 2.5 Phase Transformations 35 Exercises 37 Further Reading 37 Appendix – Calculation Details 38 Reference 38 3 Nuts and Bolts of DFT Calculations 39 3.1 Reciprocal Space and k-Points 40 3.1.1 Plane Waves and the Brillouin Zone 40 3.1.2 Integrals in k-Space 42 3.1.3 Choosing k-Points in the Brillouin Zone 43 3.1.4 Metals – Special Cases in k-Space 47 3.1.5 Summary of k-Space 48 3.2 Energy Cutoffs 49 3.2.1 Pseudopotentials 50 3.3 Numerical Optimization 51 3.3.1 Optimization in One Dimension 52 3.3.2 Optimization in More Than One Dimension 54 3.3.3 What Do I Really Need to Know About Optimization? 57 3.4 DFT Total Energies – An Iterative Optimization Problem 58 3.5 Geometry Optimization 59 3.5.1 Internal Degrees of Freedom 59 3.5.2 Geometry Optimization with Constrained Atoms 61 3.5.3 Optimizing Supercell Volume and Shape 61 Exercises 62 Further Reading 63 Appendix – Calculation Details 64 References 64 4 Accuracy of DFT Calculations 65 4.1 How Accurate are DFT Calculations? 65 4.2 Choosing a Functional 69 4.3 Examples of Physical Accuracy 73 4.3.1 Benchmark Calculations for Molecular Systems – Energy and Geometry 74 4.3.2 Benchmark Calculations for Molecular Systems – Vibrational Frequencies 75 4.3.3 Crystal Structures and Cohesive Energies 75 4.3.4 Adsorption Energies and Bond Strengths 76 4.4 When Might DFT Fail? 77 Exercises 78 Further Reading 79 References 79 5 DFT Calculations for Surfaces of Solids 81 5.1 Why Surfaces are Important 81 5.2 Periodic Boundary Conditions and Slab Models 82 5.3 Choosing k-Points for Surface Calculations 85 5.4 Classification of Surfaces by Miller Indices 85 5.5 Surface Relaxation 88 5.6 Calculation of Surface Energies 91 5.7 Symmetric and Asymmetric Slab Models 92 5.8 Surface Reconstruction 93 5.9 Adsorbates on Surfaces 95 5.9.1 Accuracy of Adsorption Energies 98 5.10 Effects of Surface Coverage 99 5.11 DFT Calculations for Grain Boundaries 101 Exercises 102 Further Reading 103 Appendix – Calculation Details 104 References 105 6 DFT Calculations of Vibrational Frequencies 107 6.1 Isolated Molecules 107 6.2 Vibrations of a Collection of Atoms 110 6.3 Molecules on Surfaces 112 6.4 Zero-Point Energies 114 6.5 Reaction Energies at Finite Temperatures 118 6.6 Phonons and Delocalized Modes 119 Exercises 120 Further Reading 120 Appendix – Calculation Details 121 Reference 122 7 Calculating Rates of Chemical Processes Using Transition State Theory 123 7.1 One-Dimensional Example 124 7.2 Multidimensional Transition State Theory 128 7.3 Finding Transition States 131 7.3.1 Elastic Band Method 132 7.3.2 Nudged Elastic Band Method 134 7.3.3 Initializing NEB Calculations 135 7.4 Finding the Right Transition States 137 7.5 Connecting Individual Rates to Overall Dynamics 139 7.6 Quantum Effects and Other Complications 141 7.6.1 High Temperatures/Low Barriers 142 7.6.2 Quantum Tunneling 142 7.6.3 Zero-Point Energies 142 Exercises 143 Further Reading 144 Appendix – Calculation Details 145 Reference 146 8 Predicting Equilibrium Phase Diagrams and Electrochemistry Using Open Ensemble Methods 147 8.1 Stability of Bulk Metal Oxides 148 8.1.1 Examples Including Disorder – Configurational Entropy 152 8.2 Stability of Metal and Metal Oxide Surfaces 154 8.3 DFT for Electrochemistry: The Computational Hydrogen Electrode 156 8.4 Using DFT to Predict Dissolution of Solids in Electrochemical Environments 159 Exercises 161 Further Reading 162 Appendix – Calculation Details 163 References 163 9 Electronic Structure and Magnetic Properties 165 9.1 Electronic Density of States 165 9.2 Local DOS and Atomic Charges 170 9.3 Magnetism 172 Exercises 174 Further Reading 174 Appendix – Calculation Details 175 10 Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics 177 10.1 Classical Molecular Dynamics 177 10.1.1 Molecular Dynamics with Constant Energy 177 10.1.2 Molecular Dynamics in the Canonical Ensemble 179 10.1.3 Practical Aspects of Classical Molecular Dynamics 180 10.2 Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics 180 10.3 Applications of Ab Initio MD 182 10.3.1 Exploring Structurally Complex Materials: Liquids and Amorphous Phases 182 10.3.2 Exploring Complex Energy Surfaces 183 Exercises 186 Further Reading 186 Appendix – Calculation Details 188 References 188 11 Methods Beyond “Standard” Calculations 189 11.1 Estimating Uncertainties in DFT 189 11.2 DFT+X Methods for Improved Treatment of Electron Correlation 191 11.2.1 Dispersion Interactions and DFT-D 191 11.2.2 Self-Interaction Error, Strongly Correlated Electron Systems and DFT+U 192 11.3 Random Phase Approximation 194 11.4 TD-DFT 196 11.5 Larger System Sizes with Linear Scaling Methods and Classical Forcefields 197 11.6 Conclusion 197 Further Reading 198 References 199 Index 201

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Book SynopsisHelps to master the fundamentals of electronic devices and circuits. This book includes: key concepts, principles, and terminology of electronic devices and circuits; introduction to Pspice, the industry standard circuitry design tool; evaluation copy of Pspice, with examples and solved problems; and, useful concepts and design of circuitry.Table of ContentsCircuit Analysis: Port Point of ViewSemiconductor DiodesCharacteristics of Bipolar Junction TransistorsCharacteristics of Field-Effect Transistors and TriodesTransistor Bias ConsiderationsSmall-Signal Midfrequency BJT AmplifiersSmall-Signal Midfrequency FET AmplifiersFrequency Effects in AmplifiersOperational AmplifiersSwitched Mode Power Supplies

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Book Synopsis Diagrams and illustrations are included in colour to make explanations easier to understand Ideal for students taking City and Guilds 2357 and 2391 as a companion volume to their textbooks Up-to-date for the 17th Edition IEE Wiring Regulations Get instant access to all the words, phrases and abbreviations you are likely to come across while studying or working in the electrical industry. Entries are described in detail with diagrams and illustrations used to explain complicated topics. This is an indispensable resource for students enrolled in NVQ Technical Certificates, City and Guilds Diplomas and for many others working and studying in the construction industry, making it an ideal companion to any electrical installations textbook. Brian Scaddan has many years of experience in the electrical industry and is a bestselling author of electrical installations textbooks. Brian Scaddan, I Eng, MIET, is a consultant for and an Honorary Member of City

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPart 1: Legislation and Standards 1. Introduction 2. The EMC and Radio Directives 3. International EMC compliance requirements 4. Commercial standards 5. Other standards and legislation 6. EMC and Functional Safety Part 2: Testing 7. RF emissions measurements 8. Immunity tests 9. Low frequency tests 10. Test planning Part 3: Design 11. Interference coupling mechanisms 12. Layout and grounding 13. Digital and analogue circuit design 14. Interfaces and filtering 15. Shielding 16. Systems EMC 17. EMC management

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Book SynopsisWith the growth of digital systems, wireless communications, complex industrial and automotive systems, designers are being challenged to develop sophisticated analog solutions. This source book of circuit design solutions aids engineers with elegant and practical design techniques that focus on common analog challenges.Trade Review"Analog electronic designers will find this handbook an essential reference source. It contains a broad range of analog circuit design ideas and practical tips for ensuring proper circuit implementation, and more importantly, it provides the reader with the basis for good circuit and board design techniques." --IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, May/June 2014 "The writing is clear, and for such detailed technique descriptions, the language is delightfully readable…expect elegant design and timeless analogue wisdom on every page." --Electronics Weekly, May 2013 "Newnes Press, an imprint of Elsevier, announced the publication of Analog Circuit Design, Volume 2, Immersion in the Black Art of Analog Design. The book is a companion volume to Analog Circuit Design: A Tutorial Guide to Applications and Solutions." --EDA BLOG and EETimesTable of ContentsPart 1 Power Management Power Management Tutorials Switching Regulator Design Linear Regulator Design High Voltage and High Current Applications Powering Illumination Devices Automotive and Industrial Power Design Part 2 Data Conversion, Signal Conditioning and High Frequency/RF Data Conversion Signal Conditioning High Frequency/RF Design Part 3 Circuit Collections

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Book SynopsisOffers a comprehensive volume of applied circuit design solutions to aid systems designers with elegant and practical design techniques. This book covers switching regulator design, linear regulator design, microprocessor power design, battery management, powering LED lighting, automotive and industrial power design.Trade Review"This compilation of expert guidance for designers is credited to some very talented and capable authors..Books like this contain tried-and-true designs you can count on for your designs." --EDN "...an extensive collection of real circuit solutions that provide both elegant and practical design techniques vividly...provides developers with an opportunity to expand their knowledge." --Design and Elektronik "...anyone who is a serious student or practitioner of the art and reality of analog design (whether by choice or mandate) will receive a substantial return on time invested." --PlanetAnalog.com, January 2015 "... intended to bring new designers up to speed and give experienced designers a starting point for even more complicated designs." --PowerElectronics.com, January 2015Table of ContentsPart 1: Power Management Section 1: Power Management DesignSection 2: Microprocessor Power DesignSection 3: Switching Regulator BasicsSection 4: Switching Regulator Design: Buck (Step-Down)Section 5: Switching Regulator Design: Boost ConvertersSection 6: Switching Regulator Design: DC/DC ControllersSection 7: Switching Regulator Design: Buck-Boost ControllersSection 8: Linear Regulator DesignSection 9: Micromodule (µModule®) Power DesignSection 10: Switching Regulators for Isolated Power DesignSection 11: Power Control & Ideal Diode DesignSection 12: Battery ManagementSection 13: Energy Harvesting & Solar Power CircuitsSection 14: Charge Pump DC/DC Converter DesignSection 15: Flyback Converter DesignSection 16: Supercapacitor ChargingSection 17: Current Source DesignSection 18: Hot Swap and Circuit ProtectionSection 19: Power over EthernetSection 20: System Monitoring and ControlSection 21: Powering LED Lighting & Other Illumination DevicesSection 22: Automotive and Industrial Power DesignSection 23 Video Design SolutionsPart 2: Mixed SignalSection 1: Data Conversion: Analog-to-DigitalSection 2: Data Conversion: Digital-to-AnalogSection 3: Data AcquisitionSection 4: Communications Interface DesignSection 5 Instrumentation DesignPart 3: Signal ConditioningSection 1: Operational Amplifier Design TechniquesSection 2: Special Function Amplifier DesignSection 3: Voltage Reference DesignSection 4: Filter DesignSection 5: Comparator Design TechniquesSection 6: System Timing DesignSection 7: RMS to DC ConversionPart 4: Wireless, RF & Communications Design

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPart I - SIGNALS 1. The Big Picture: Bioengineering Signals and Systems 2. Signal Analysis in the Time Domain 3. Signal Analysis in the Frequency Domain: The Fourier Series and the Fourier Transformation 4. Signal Analysis in the Frequency Domain - Implications and Applications Part II - SYSTEMS 5. Linear Systems Analysis in the Time Domain - Convolution 6. Linear Systems Analysis in the Frequency Domain: The Transfer Function 7. Linear Systems in the Complex Frequency Domain: The Laplace Transform 8. Analysis of Discrete Linear Systems - The z-Transform and Applications to Filters 9. System Simulation and Simulink 10. Stochastic, Nonstationary, and Nonlinear Systems and Signals 11. Two-Dimensional Signals - Basic Image Analysis PART III - CIRCUITS 12. Circuits Elements and Circuit Variables 13. Analysis of Analog Circuits and Models 14. Circuit Reduction - Simplifications 15. Basic Analog Electronics - Operational Amplifiers APPENDICES Appendix A - Derivations; Appendix B - Laplace Transforms and Properties of the Fourier; Appendix C - Trigonometric and Other Formulae; Appendix D - Conversion Factors: Units; Appendix E - Complex Arithmetic; Appendix F - LF356 Specifications; Appendix G - Determinants and Cramer's Rule

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents Quantities and Units Voltage, Current, and Resistance Ohm's Law Energy and Power Series Circuits Parallel Circuits Series-Parallel Circuits Circuit Theorems and Conversions Branch, Loop, and Node Analyses Magnetism and Electromagnetism Introduction to Alternating Current and Voltage Capacitors Inductors Transformers RC Circuits RL Circuits RLC Circuits and Resonance Passive Filters Circuit Theorems in AC Analysis Time Response of Reactive Circuits Three-Phase Systems in Power Applications APPENDICES Table of Standard Resistor Values Derivations Capacitor Label Coding NI Multisim for Circuit Simulation

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsBrief Contents PART I: FUNDAMENTALS Introduction to Design 1.1 Design Machine Design 1.2 A Design Process 1.3 Problem Formulation and Calculation Definition Stage Preliminary Design Stage Detailed Design Stage Documentation Stage 1.4 The Engineering Model Estimation and First-Order Analysis The Engineering Sketch 1.5 Computer-Aided Design and Engineering Computer-Aided Design (CAD) Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) Computational Accuracy 1.6 The Engineering Report 1.7 Factors of Safety and Design Codes Factor of Safety Choosing a Safety Factor Design and Safety Codes 1.8 Statistical Considerations 1.9 Units 1.10 Summary 1.11 References 1.12 Web References 1.13 Bibliography 1.14 Problems Materials and Processes 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Material-Property Definitions The Tensile Test Ductility and Brittleness The Compression Test The Bending Test The Torsion Test Fatigue Strength and Endurance Limit Impact Resistance Fracture Toughness Creep and Temperature Effects 2.2 The Statistical Nature of Material Properties 2.3 Homogeneity and Isotropy 2.4 Hardness Heat Treatment Surface (Case) Hardening Heat Treating Nonferrous Materials Mechanical Forming and Hardening 2.5 Coatings and Surface Treatments Galvanic Action Electroplating Electroless Plating Anodizing Plasma-Sprayed Coatings Chemical Coatings 2.6 General Properties of Metals Cast Iron Cast Steels Wrought Steels Steel Numbering Systems Aluminum Titanium Magnesium Copper Alloys 2.7 General Properties of Nonmetals Polymers Ceramics Composites 2.8 Selecting Materials 2.9 Summary 2.10 References 2.11 Web References 2.12 Bibliography 2.13 Problems Kinematics and Load Determination 3.0 Introduction 3.1 Degree of Freedom 3.2 Mechanisms 3.3 Calculating Degree of Freedom (Mobility) 3.4 Common 1-DOF Mechanisms Fourbar Linkage and the Grashof Condition Sixbar Linkage Cam and Follower 3.5 Analyzing Linkage Motion Types of Motion Complex Numbers as Vectors The Vector Loop Equation 3.6 Analyzing the Fourbar Linkage Solving for Position in the Fourbar Linkage Solving for Velocity in the Fourbar Linkage Angular Velocity Ratio and Mechanical Advantage Solving for Acceleration in the Fourbar Linkage 3.7 Analyzing the Fourbar Crank-Slider Solving for Position in the Fourbar Crank-Slider Solving for Velocity in the Fourbar Crank-Slider Solving for Acceleration in the Fourbar Crank-Slider Other Linkages 3.8 Cam Design and Analysis The Timing Diagram The svaj Diagram Polynomials for the Double-Dwell Case Polynomials for the Single-Dwell Case Pressure Angle Radius of Curvature 3.9 Loading Classes For Force Analysis 3.10 Free-body Diagrams 3.11 Load Analysis Three-Dimensional Analysis Two-Dimensional Analysis Static Load Analysis 3.12 Two-Dimensional, Static Loading Case Studies 3.13 Three-Dimensional, Static Loading Case Study 3.14 Dynamic Loading Case Study 3.15 Vibration Loading Natural Frequency Dynamic Forces 3.16 Impact Loading Energy Method 3.17 Beam Loading Shear and Moment Singularity Functions Superposition 3.18 Summary 3.19 References 3.20 Web References 3.21 Bibliography 3.22 Problems Stress, Strain, and Deflection 4.0 Introduction 4.1 Stress 4.2 Strain 4.3 Principal Stresses 4.4 Plane Stress and Plane Strain Plane Stress Plane Strain 4.5 Mohr’s Circles 4.6 Applied Versus Principal Stresses 4.7 Axial Tension 4.8 Direct Shear Stress, Bearing Stress, and Tearout Direct Shear Direct Bearing Tearout Failure 4.9 Beams and Bending Stresses Beams in Pure Bending Shear Due to Transverse Loading 4.10 Deflection in Beams Deflection by Singularity Functions Statically Indeterminate Beams 4.11 Castigliano’s Method Deflection by Castigliano’s Method Finding Redundant Reactions with Castigliano’s Method 4.12 Torsion 4.13 Combined Stresses 4.14 Spring Rates 4.15 Stress Concentration Stress Concentration Under Static Loading Stress Concentration Under Dynamic Loading Determining Geometric Stress-Concentration Factors Designing to Avoid Stress Concentrations 4.16 Axial Compression - Columns Slenderness Ratio Short Columns Long Columns End Conditions Intermediate Columns 4.17 Stresses in Cylinders Thick-Walled Cylinders Thin-Walled Cylinders 4.18 Case Studies in Static Stress and Deflection Analysis 4.19 Summary 4.20 References 4.21 Bibliography 4.22 Problems Static Failure Theories 5.0 Introduction 5.1 Failure of Ductile Materials Under Static Loading The von Mises-Hencky or Distortion-Energy Theory The Maximum Shear-Stress Theory The Maximum Normal-Stress Theory Comparison of Experimental Data with Failure Theories 5.2 Failure of Brittle Materials Under Static Loading Even and Uneven Materials The Coulomb-Mohr Theory The Modified-Mohr Theory 5.3 Fracture Mechanics Fracture-Mechanics Theory Fracture Toughness Kc 5.4 Using The Static Loading Failure Theories 5.5 Case Studies in Static Failure Analysis 5.6 Summary 5.7 References 5.8 Bibliography 5.9 Problems Fatigue Failure Theories 6.0 Introduction History of Fatigue Failure 6.1 Mechanism of Fatigue Failure Crack Initiation Stage Crack Propagation Stage Fracture 6.2 Fatigue-Failure Models Fatigue Regimes The Stress-Life Approach 3 The Strain-Life Approach The LEFM Approach 6.3 Machine-Design Considerations 6.4 Fatigue Loads Rotating Machinery Loading Service Equipment Loading 6.5 Measuring Fatigue Failure Criteria Fully Reversed Stresses Combined Mean and Alternating Stress Fracture-Mechanics Criteria Testing Actual Assemblies 6.6 Estimating Fatigue Failure Criteria Estimating the Theoretical Fatigue Strength Sf ’ or Endurance Limit Se’ Correction Factors—Theoretical Fatigue Strength or Endurance Limit Corrected Fatigue Strength Sf or Corrected Endurance Limit Se Creating Estimated S-N Diagrams 6.7 Notches and Stress Concentrations Notch Sensitivity 6.8 Residual Stresses 6.9 Designing for High-Cycle Fatigue 6.10 Designing for Fully Reversed Uniaxial Stresses Design Steps for Fully Reversed Stresses with Uniaxial Loading 6.11 Designing for Fluctuating Uniaxial Stresses Creating the Modified-Goodman Diagram Applying Stress-Concentration Effects with Fluctuating Stresses Determining the Safety Factor with Fluctuating Stresses Design Steps for Fluctuating Stresses 6.12 Designing for Multiaxial Stresses in Fatigue Frequency and Phase Relationships Fully Reversed Simple Multiaxial Stresses Fluctuating Simple Multiaxial Stresses Complex Multiaxial Stresses 6.13 A General Approach to High-Cycle Fatigue Design 6.14 A Case Study in Fatigue Design 6.15 Summary 6.16 References 6.17 Bibliography 6.18 Problems Surface Failure 7.0 Introduction 7.1 Surface Geometry 7.2 Mating Surfaces 7.3 Friction Effect of Roughness on Friction Effect of Velocity on Friction Rolling Friction Effect of Lubricant on Friction 7.4 Adhesive Wear The Adhesive-Wear Coefficient 7.5 Abrasive Wear Abrasive Materials Abrasion-Resistant Materials 7.6 Corrosion Wear Corrosion Fatigue Fretting Corrosion 7.7 Surface Fatigue 7.8 Spherical Contact Contact Pressure and Contact Patch in Spherical Contact Static Stress Distributions in Spherical Contact 7.9 Cylindrical Contact Contact Pressure and Contact Patch in Parallel Cylindrical Contact Static Stress Distributions in Parallel Cylindrical Contact 7.10 General Contact Contact Pressure and Contact Patch in General Contact Stress Distributions in General Contact 7.11 Dynamic Contact Stresses Effect of a Sliding Component on Contact Stresses 7.12 Surface Fatigue Failure Models—Dynamic Contact 7.13 Surface Fatigue Strength 7.14 Summary 7.15 References 7.16 Problems Finite Element Analysis 8.0 Introduction Stress and Strain Computation 8.1 Finite Element Method 8.2 Element Types Element Dimension and Degree of Freedom (DOF) Element Order H-Elements Versus P-Elements Element Aspect Ratio 8.3 Meshing Mesh Density Mesh Refinement Convergence 8.4 Boundary Conditions 8.5 Applying Loads 8.6 Testing the Model (Verification) 8.7 Modal Analysis 8.8 Case Studies 8.9 Summary 8.10 References 8.11 Bibliography 8.12 Web Resources 8.13 Problems PART II: MACHINE DESIGN Design Case Studies 9.0 Introduction 9.1 Case Study 8—A Portable Air Compressor 9.2 Case Study 9—A Hay-Bale Lifter 9.3 Case Study 10—A Cam-Testing Machine 9.4 Summary 9.5 References 9.6 Design Projects Shafts, Keys, and Couplings 10.0 Introduction 10.1 Shaft Loads 10.2 Attachments and Stress Concentrations 10.3 Shaft Materials 10.4 Shaft Power 10.5 Shaft Loads 10.6 Shaft Stresses 10.7 Shaft Failure in Combined Loading 10.8 Shaft Design General Considerations Design for Fully Reversed Bending and Steady Torsion Design for Fluctuating Bending and Fluctuating Torsion 10.9 Shaft Deflection Shafts as Beams Shafts as Torsion Bars 10.10 Keys and Keyways Parallel Keys Tapered Keys Woodruff Keys Stresses in Keys Key Materials Key Design Stress Concentrations in Keyways 10.11 Splines 10.12 Interference Fits Stresses in Interference Fits Stress Concentration in Interference Fits Fretting Corrosion 10.13 Flywheel Design Energy Variation in a Rotating System Determining the Flywheel Inertia Stresses in Flywheels Failure Criteria 10.14 Critical Speeds of Shafts Lateral Vibration of Shafts and Beams—Rayleigh’s Method Shaft Whirl Torsional Vibration Two Disks on a Common Shaft Multiple Disks on a Common Shaft Controlling Torsional Vibrations 10.15 Couplings Rigid Couplings Compliant Couplings 10.16 Case Study 8B Designing Driveshafts for a Portable Air Compressor 10.17 Summary 10.18 References 10.19 Problems Bearings and Lubrication 11.0 Introduction A Caveat 11.1 Lubricants 11.2 Viscosity 11.3 Types of Lubrication Full-Film Lubrication Boundary Lubrication 11.4 Material Combinations in Sliding Bearings 11.5 Hydrodynamic Lubrication Theory Petroff’s Equation for No-Load Torque Reynolds’ Equation for Eccentric Journal Bearings Torque and Power Losses in Journal Bearings 11.6 Design of Hydrodynamic Bearings Design Load Factor—The Ocvirk Number Design Procedures 11.7 Nonconforming Contacts 11.8 Rolling-element Bearings Comparison of Rolling and Sliding Bearings Types of Rolling-Element Bearings 11.9 Failure of Rolling-element bearings 11.10 S election of Rolling-element bearings Basic Dynamic Load Rating C Modified Bearing Life Rating Basic Static Load Rating C0 Combined Radial and Thrust Loads Calculation Procedures 11.11 Bearing Mounting Details 11.12 Special Bearings 11.13 Case Study 10B 11.14 Summary Important Equations Used in This Chapter 11.15 References 11.16 Problems Spur Gears 12.0 Introduction 12.1 Gear Tooth Theory The Fundamental Law of Gearing The Involute Tooth Form Pressure Angle Gear Mesh Geometry Rack and Pinion Changing Center Distance Backlash Relative Tooth Motion 12.2 Gear Tooth Nomenclature 12.3 Interference and Undercutting Unequal-Addendum Tooth Forms 12.4 Contact Ratio 12.5 Gear Trains Simple Gear Trains Compound Gear Trains Reverted Compound Trains Epicyclic or Planetary Gear Trains 12.6 Gear Manufacturing Forming Gear Teeth Machining Roughing Processes Finishing Processes Gear Quality 12.7 Loading on Spur Gears 12.8 Stresses in Spur Gears Bending Stresses Surface Stresses 12.9 Gear Materials Material Strengths Bending-Fatigue Strengths for Gear Materials Surface-Fatigue Strengths for Gear Materials 12.10 Lubrication of Gearing 12.11 Design of Spur Gears 12.12 Case Study 8C 12.13 Summary 12.14 References 12.15 Problems Helical, Bevel, and Worm Gears 13.0 Introduction 13.1 Helical Gears Helical Gear Geometry Helical-Gear Forces Virtual Number of Teeth Contact Ratios Stresses in Helical Gears 13.2 Bevel Gears Bevel-Gear Geometry and Nomenclature Bevel-Gear Mounting Forces on Bevel Gears Stresses in Bevel Gears 13.3 Wormsets Materials for Wormsets Lubrication in Wormsets Forces in Wormsets Wormset Geometry Rating Methods A Design Procedure for Wormsets 13.4 Case Study 9B 13.5 Summary 13.6 References 13.7 Problems Spring Design 14.0 Introduction 14.1 Spring Rate 14.2 Spring Configurations 14.3 Spring Materials Spring Wire Flat Spring Stock 14.4 Helical Compression Springs Spring Lengths End Details Active Coils Spring Index Spring Deflection Spring Rate Stresses in Helical Compression Spring Coils Helical Coil Springs of Nonround Wire Residual Stresses Buckling of Compression Springs Compression-Spring Surge Allowable Strengths for Compression Springs The Torsional-Shear S-N Diagram for Spring Wire The Modified-Goodman Diagram for Spring Wire 14.5 Designing Helical Compression Springs for Static Loading 14.6 Designing Helical Compression Springs for Fatigue Loading 14.7 Helical Extension Springs Active Coils in Extension Springs Spring Rate of Extension Springs Spring Index of Extension Springs Coil Preload in Extension Springs Deflection of Extension Springs Coil Stresses in Extension Springs End Stresses in Extension Springs Surging in Extension Springs Material Strengths for Extension Springs Design of Helical Extension Springs 14.8 Helical Torsion Springs Terminology for Torsion Springs Number of Coils in Torsion Springs Deflection of Torsion Springs Spring Rate of Torsion Springs Coil Closure Coil Stresses in Torsion Springs Material Parameters for Torsion Springs Safety Factors for Torsion Springs Designing Helical Torsion Springs 14.9 Belleville Spring Washers Load-Deflection Function for Belleville Washers Stresses in Belleville Washers Static Loading of Belleville Washers Dynamic Loading Stacking Springs Designing Belleville Springs 14.10 Case Study 10C 14.11 Summary 14.12 References 14.13 Problems Screws and Fasteners 15.0 Introduction 15.1 Standard Thread Forms Tensile Stress Area Standard Thread Dimensions 15.2 Power Screws Square, Acme, and Buttress Threads Power Screw Application Power Screw Force and Torque Analysis Friction Coefficients Self-Locking and Back-Driving of Power Screws Screw Efficiency Ball Screws 15.3 Stresses in Threads Axial Stress Shear Stress Torsional Stress 15.4 Types of Screw Fasteners Classification by Intended Use Classification by Thread Type Classification by Head Style Nuts and Washers 15.5 Manufacturing Fasteners 15.6 Strengths of Standard Bolts and Machine Screws 15.7 Preloaded Fasteners in Tension Preloaded Bolts Under Static Loading Preloaded Bolts Under Dynamic Loading 15.8 Determining the Joint Stiffness Factor Joints With Two Plates of the Same Material Joints With Two Plates of Different Materials Gasketed Joints 15.9 Controlling Preload The Turn-of-the-Nut Method Torque-Limited Fasteners Load-Indicating Washers Torsional Stress Due to Torquing of Bolts 15.10 Fasteners in Shear Dowel Pins Centroids of Fastener Groups Determining Shear Loads on Fasteners 15.11 Case Study 8D 15.12 Summary 15.13 References 15.14 Bibliography 15.15 Problems Weldments 16.0 Introduction 16.1 Welding Processes Types of Welding in Common Use Why Should a Designer Be Concerned with the Welding Process? 16.2 Weld Joints and Weld Types Joint Preparation Weld Specification 16.3 Principles of Weldment Design 16.4 Static Loading of Welds 16.5 Static Strength of Welds Residual Stresses in Welds Direction of Loading Allowable Shear Stress for Statically Loaded Fillet and PJP Welds 16.6 Dynamic Loading of Welds Effect of Mean Stress on Weldment Fatigue Strength Are Correction Factors Needed For Weldment Fatigue Strength? Effect of Weldment Configuration on Fatigue Strength Is There an Endurance Limit for Weldments? Fatigue Failure in Compression Loading? 16.7 Treating a Weld as a Line 16.8 Eccentrically Loaded Weld Patterns 16.9 Design Considerations for Weldments in Machines 16.10 Summary 16.11 References 16.12 Problems Clutches and Brakes 17.0 Introduction 17.1 Types of Brakes and Clutches 17.2 Clutch/Brake Selection and Specification 17.3 Clutch and Brake Material 17.4 Disk Clutches Uniform Pressure Uniform Wear 17.5 Disk Brakes 17.6 Drum Brakes Short-Shoe External Drum Brakes Long-Shoe External Drum Brakes Long-Shoe Internal Drum Brakes 17.7 Summary 17.8 References 17.9 Bibliography 17.10 Problems Appendices Material Properties Beam Tables Stress-Concentration Factors Answers to Selected Problems

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Book SynopsisDeparting from the style of typical manuals, Hands-On Introduction to LabVIEW for Scientists and Engineers, Fourth Edition, uses a learn-by-doing approach to guide students through using this powerful laboratory tool. It helps students--who are not assumed to have prior experience--master the computer-based skills they need to carry out effective experiments.Table of ContentsPreface About the Author 1. LABVIEW PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT 1.1 LabVIEW Programming Environment 1.2 Blank VI 1.3 Front-Panel Editing 1.4 Block-Diagram Editing 1.5 Program Execution 1.6 Pop-Up Menu and Data-Type Representation 1.7 Program Storage 1.8 Quick Drop 2. THE WHILE LOOP AND WAVEFORM CHART 2.1 Programming Structures and Graphing Modes 2.2 While Loop Basics 2.3 Sine-Wave Plot Using a While Loop and Waveform Chart 2.4 LabVIEW Help Window 2.5 Front Panel Editing 2.6 Waveform Chart Pop-Up Menu 2.7 Finishing the Program 2.8 Program Execution 2.9 Program Improvements 2.10 Data Types and Automatic Creation Feature 3. THE FOR LOOP AND WAVEFORM GRAPH 3.1 For Loop Basics 3.2 Sine-Wave Plot Using a For Loop and Waveform Graph 3.3 Waveform Graph 3.4 Owned and Free Labels 3.5 Creation of Sine Wave Using a For Loop 3.6 Cloning Block-Diagram Icons 3.7 Auto-Indexing Feature 3.8 Running the VI 3.9 X-Axis Calibration of the Waveform Graph 3.10 Sine-Wave Plot Using a While Loop and Waveform Graph 3.11 Front-Panel Array Indicator 3.12 Debugging With the Probe Watch Window and Error List 4. THE MATHSCRIPT NODE AND XY GRAPH 4.1 MathScript Node Basics 4.2 Quick MathScript Node Example: Sine-Wave Plot 4.3 Waveform Simulator Using a MathScript Node and XY Graph 4.4 Creating an XY Cluster 4.5 Running the VI 4.6 LabVIEW MathScript Window 4.7 Adding Shape Options Using an Enumerated Type Control 4.8 Finishing the Block Diagram 4.9 Running the VI 4.10 Control and Indicator Clusters 4.11 Creating an Icon Using the Icon Editor 4.12 Icon Design 4.13 Connector Assignment 5. INTRODUCTION TO DATA ACQUISITION DEVICES USING MAX 5.1 Data Acquisition Hardware 5.2 Measurement & Automation Explorer (MAX) 5.3 Analog Input Modes 5.4 Range and Resolution 5.5 Sampling Frequency and the Aliasing Effect 5.6 Analog Input Operation Using MAX 5.7 Analog Output 5.8 Analog Output Operation Using MAX 5.9 Digital Input/Output 5.10 Digital Input/Output Operation Using Max 6. DATA ACUISITION USING DAQ ASSISTANT 6.1 Data Acquisition VIs 6.2 Simple Analog Input Operation on a DC Voltage 6.3 Digital Oscilloscope 6.4 DC Voltage Storage 6.5 Hardware-Timed Waveform Generator 6.6 Placing a Custom-Made VI on a Block Diagram 6.7 Completing and Executing Waveform Generator (Express) 7. DATA FILES AND CHARACTER STRINGS 7.1 ASCII Text and Binary Data Files 7.2 Storing Data in Spreadsheet-Formatted File 7.3 Storing a One-Dimensional Data Array 7.4 Transpose Option 7.5 Storing a Two-Dimensional Data Array 7.6 Controlling the Format of Stored Data 7.7 The Path Constant and Platform Portability 7.8 Fundamental File I/O VIs 7.9 Adding Text Labels to a Spreadsheet File 7.10 Backslash Codes 8. SHIFT REGISTERS 8.1 Shift Register Basics 8.2 Quick Shift Register Example: Integer Sum 8.3 Noise and Signal Averaging 8.4 Noisy Sine VI 8.5 Moving Average of Four Traces 8.6 Modularity and Automatic SubVI Creation 8.7 Moving Average of Arbitrary Number of Traces 9. THE CASE STRUCTURE 9.1 Case Structure Basics 9.2 Quick Case Structure Example: Runtime Options Using Property Nodes 9.3 State Machine Architecture: Guessing Game 9.4 State Machine Architecture: Express VI-Based Digital Oscilloscope 10. DATA DEPENDENCY AND THE SEQUENCE STRUCTURE 10.1 Data Dependency and Sequence Structure Basics 10.2 Event Timer Using a Sequence Structure 10.3 Event Timer Using Data Dependency 10.4 Highlight Execution 11. ANALYSIS VIs: CURVE FITTING 11.1 Thermistor Resistance-Temperature Data File 11.2 Temperature Measurement Using Thermistors 11.3 The Linear Least-Squares Method 11.4 Inputting Data to a VI Using a Front-Panel Array Control 11.5 Inputting Data to a VI by Reading from a Disk File 11.6 Slicing Up a Multi-Dimensional Array 11.7 Running the VI 11.8 Curve Fitting Using the Linear Least-Squares Method 11.9 Residual Plot 11.10 Curve Fitting Using the Nonlinear Least-Squares Method 12. ANALYSIS VIs: FAST FOURIER TRANSFORM 12.1 Quick Fast Fourier Transform Example 12.2 The Fourier Transform 12.3 Discrete Sampling and the Nyquist Frequency 12.4 The Discrete Fourier Transform 12.5 The Fast Fourier Transform 12.6 Frequency Calculator VI 12.7 FFT of Sinusoids 12.8 Applying the FFT to Various Sinusoidal Inputs 12.9 Magnitude of Complex-Amplitude 12.10 Observing Leakage 12.11 Windowing 12.12 Estimating Frequency and Amplitude 12.13 Aliasing 13. DATA ACQUISITION AND GENERATION USING DAQMX VIs 13.1 DAQmx VI Basics 13.2 Simple Analog Input Operation on a DC Voltage 13.3 Digital Oscilloscope 13.4 Express VI Automatic Code Generation 13.5 Limitations of Express VIs 13.6 Improving Digital Oscilloscope Using State Machine Architecture 13.7 Analog Output Operations 13.8 Waveform Generator 14. CONTROL OF STAND-ALONE INSTRUMENTS 14.1 Instrument Control using VISA VIs 14.2 The VISA Session 14.3 The IEEE 488.2 Standard 14.4 Common Commands 14.5 Status Reporting 14.6 Device-Specific Commands 14.7 Specific Hardware Used In This Chapter 14.8 Measurement & Automation Explorer (MAX) 14.9 Simple VISA-Based Query Operation 14.10 Message Termination 14.11 Getting and Setting Communication Properties Using a Property Node 14.12 Performing a Measurement over the Interface Bus 14.13 Synchronization Methods 14.14 Measurement VI Based on the Serial Poll Method 14.15 Measurement VI Based on the Service Request Method 14.16 Creating an Instrument Driver 14.17 Using the Instrument Driver to Write an Application Program APPENDIX A. FORMULA NODE PROGRAMMING FOR CHAPTER 4 A.1 Formula Node Basics A.2 Quick Formula Node Example: Sine-Wave Plot (Section 4.2) A.3 Formula Node-Based Waveform Simulator (Sections 4.3-4.4) A.4 Formula Node-Based Waveform Simulator (Section 4.8) A.5 Formula Node-Based Waveform Simulator (Section 4.10) APPENDIX B. MATHEMATICS OF LEAKAGE AND WINDOWING B.1 Analytic Description of Leakage B.2 Description of Leakage Using the Convolution Theorem APPENDIX C. PID TEMPERATURE CONTROL PROJECT C.1 Project Description C.2 Voltage-Controlled Bidirectional Current Driver for Thermoelectric Device C.3 PID Temperature Control Algorithm C.4 PID Temperature Control System C.5 Construction of Temperature Control System Index

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Book SynopsisFirst published in 1959, Herbert Jackson's Introduction to Electric Circuits is a core text for introductory circuit analysis courses taught in electronics and electrical engineering technology programs. Praised for its clarity and accessibility and its comprehensive problem sets, the text set the standard for introductory circuit texts in this country and now distinguishes itself as the most accessible, student-friendly circuits text available.Trade ReviewA magnificent book. . . easy to follow, clear, practical, complete." * Mihai Antonescu, John Abbott College *The general layout and structure of the text is conducive to autonomous learning. The shorter chapter design provides a 'mentally digestible' quantity of learning that is more likely to fit in a student's available schedule, thus helping them avoid the perils of procrastination." * Denard Lynch, University of Saskatchewan *The organization of the book allows the reader to gradually acquire concepts. It is visually appealing, and the concepts are easily found throughout." * Laura Curiel, Lakehead University *The major strength of Electric Circuits is the variation in difficulty level of the assigned problems at the end of each chapter section." * Terry Moschandreou, Fanshawe College *Table of ContentsCONTENTS:From the PublisherFrom the preface to the first edition (1959)From the authors of the tenth editionPART 1: THE BASIC ELECTRIC CIRCUIT1. Introduction2. Current and Voltage3. Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors4. Cells, Batteries, and Other Voltage Sources5. Resistance and Ohm’s Law6. Work and PowerPART 2: RESISTANCE NETWORKS7. Series and Parallel Circuits8. Series-Parallel Circuits9. Resistance Networks10. Equivalent-Circuit Theorems11. Electrical MeasurementsPART 3: CAPACITANCE AND INDUCTANCE12. Capacitance13. Capacitance in DC Circuits14. Magnetism15. Magnetic Circuits16. Inductance17. Inductance in DC CircuitsPART 4: ALTERNATING CURRENT18. Alternating Current19. Reactance20. Phasors21. Impedance22. Power in Alternating-Current CircuitsPART 5: IMPEDANCE NETWORKS23. Series and Parallel Impedances24. Impedance Networks25. Resonance26. Passive Filters27. Transformers28. Coupled Circuits29. Three-Phase Systems30. HarmonicsAPPENDICES

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Book SynopsisSimon Haykin received his B.Sc. (First-class Honours), Ph.D., and D.Sc., all in Electrical Engineering from the University of Birmingham, England. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, and a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. He is the recipient of the Henry Booker Gold Medal from URSI, 2002, the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Technical Sciences from ETH Zentrum, Zurich, Switzerland, 1999, and many other medals and prizes. He is a pioneer in adaptive signal-processing with emphasis on applications in radar and communications, an area of research which has occupied much of his professional life.Table of Contents Chapter 1 Stochastic Processes and Models Chapter 2 Wiener Filters Chapter 3 Linear Prediction Chapter 4 Method of Steepest Descent Chapter 5 Method of Stochastic Gradient Descent Chapter 6 The Least-Mean-Square (LMS) Algorithm Chapter 7 Normalized Least-Mean-Square (LMS) Algorithm and Its Generalization Chapter 8 Block-Adaptive Filters Chapter 9 Method of Least Squares Chapter 10 The Recursive Least-Squares (RLS) Algorithm Chapter 11 Robustness Chapter 12 Finite-Precision Effects Chapter 13 Adaptation in Nonstationary Environments Chapter 14 Kalman Filters Chapter 15 Square-Root Adaptive Filters Chapter 16 Order-Recursive Adaptive Filters Chapter 17 Blind Deconvolution

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Book SynopsisThis popular, easy-to-read book offers a comprehensive yet unique treatment of electrical machines and their historical development. Electrical Machines and Their Applications, Third Edition covers an in-depth analysis of machines augmented with ample examples, which makes it suitable for both those who are new to electric machines and for those who want to deepen their knowledge of electric machines.This book provides a thorough discussion of electrical machines. It starts by reviewing the basics of concepts needed to fully understand the machines, e.g., three-phase circuits and fundamentals of energy conversion, and continues to discuss transformers, induction machines, synchronous machines, dc machines, and other special machines and their dynamics. This natural progression creates a unifying theme and helps the reader appreciate how the same physical laws of energy conversion govern the operation and dynamics of different machine types. The text is sprinkTable of Contents1 Basic Concepts. 2 Three-Phase Circuits. 3 Magnetic Circuits. 4 Transformers. 5 Electromechanical Energy Conversion Principles. 6 Induction Machines. 7 Synchronous Machines. 8 Direct-Current Machines. 9 Single-Phase and Special-Purpose Motors. 10 Transients and Dynamics of Electric Machines

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Book SynopsisThis book covers semiconductor memory technologies from device bit-cell structures to memory array design with an emphasis on recent industry scaling trends and cutting-edge technologies. The first part of the book discusses the mainstream semiconductor memory technologies. The second part of the book discusses the emerging memory candidates that may have the potential to change the memory hierarchy, and surveys new applications of memory technologies for machine/deep learning applications. This book is intended for graduate students in electrical and computer engineering programs and researchers or industry professionals in semiconductors and microelectronics. Explains the design of basic memory bit-cells including 6-transistor SRAM, 1-transistor-1-capacitor DRAM, and floating gate/charge trap FLASH transistor Examines the design of the peripheral circuits including the sense amplifier and array-level organization for the memory array Table of Contents 1. Semiconductor Memory Devices and Circuits. 2. SRAM. 3. DRAM. 4. FLASH Memory. 5. Emerging Non-volatile Memories

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Book SynopsisElectric Energy Systems, Second Edition provides an analysis of electric generation and transmission systems that addresses diverse regulatory issues. It includes fundamental background topics, such as load flow, short circuit analysis, and economic dispatch, as well as advanced topics, such as harmonic load flow, state estimation, voltage and frequency control, electromagnetic transients, etc. The new edition features updated material throughout the text and new sections throughout the chapters. It covers current issues in the industry, including renewable generation with associated control and scheduling problems, HVDC transmission, and use of synchrophasors (PMUs). The text explores more sophisticated protections and the new roles of demand, side management, etc. Written by internationally recognized specialists, the text contains a wide range of worked out examples along with numerous exercises and solutions to enhance understanding of the material.Table of ContentsChapter 1 Electric Energy Systems: An Overview Chapter 2 Steady-State Single-Phase Models of Power System Components Chapter 3 Load Flow Chapter 4 State Estimation Chapter 5 Economics of Electricity Generation Chapter 6 Optimal and Secure Operation of Transmission Systems Chapter 7 Three-Phase Linear and Nonlinear Models of Power System Components Chapter 8 Fault Analysis and Protection Systems Chapter 9 Frequency and Voltage Control Chapter 10 Angle, Voltage, and Frequency Stability Chapter 11 Three-Phase Power Flow and Harmonic Analysis Chapter 12 Electromagnetic Transients Analysis Appendix A Solution of Linear Equation Systems Appendix B Mathematical Programing Appendix C Dynamic Models of Electric Machines

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Book SynopsisThis new Routledge Pocket Book provides a user-friendly guide to the latest amendments to the 18th Edition of IET Wiring Regulations (BS 7671:2018). This Pocket Book contains topic-based chapters that link areas of working practice with the specifics of the Regulations themselves. The requirements of the Regulations are presented in an informal, easy-to-read style that strips away confusion. Packed with useful hints and tips that highlight the most important or mandatory requirements, the book is a concise reference on all aspects of the 18th edition of the IET Wiring Regulations.This handy guide provides an on-the-job reference source for Electricians, Designers, Service Engineers, Inspectors, Builders and Students.Table of Contents1. Introduction 2. Building Regulations 3. Earthing 4. External influences 5. Safety protection 6. Electrical equipment, components, accessories and supplies 7. Cables, conductors and conduits 8. Special installations and locations 9. Installation, maintenance and repair 10. Inspection and testing

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Book SynopsisFundamentals of System Design.- Radio Architectures and Design Considerations.- Receiver System Analysis and Design.- Transmitter System Analysis and Design.- Applications of System Design.Table of Contents1. Introduction. 1.1. Wireless Systems. 1.2. System Design Convergence. 1.3. Organization of This Book. -2. Fundamentals of System Design. 2.1. Linear Systems and Transformations. 2.2. Nonlinear System Representation and Analysis Approaches. 2.3. Noise and Random Process. 2.4. Elements of Digital Base-Band System. -3. Radio Architectures and Design Considerations. 3.1. Superheterodyne Architecture. 3.2. Direct Conversion (Zero IF) Architecture. 3.3. Low IF Architecture. 3.4. Band-Pass Sampling Radio Architecture. Appendix 3A. Intermodulation Distortion Formulas. Appendix 3B. Effective Interference Evaluation of Second Order Distortion Products. Appendix 3C. I and Q Imbalance and Image Rejection Formula. Appendix 3D. Estimation of ADC Equivalent Noise Figure.-4. Receiver System Analysis and Design. 4.1. Introduction. 4.2. Sensitivity and Noise Figure of Receiver. 4.3. Intermodulation Characteristics. 4.4. Single Tone Desensitization. 4.5. Adjacent/Alternate Channel Selectivity and Blocking Characteristics. 4.6. Receiver Dynamic Range and AGC System. 4.7. System Design and Performance Evaluation. Appendix 4A. Conversion Between Power dBm and Electric Field Strength dBuV/m. Appendix 4B. Proof of Relationship (4.4.6) Appendix 4C. A Comparison of Wireless Mobile Station Minimum Performance Requirements. Appendix 4D. An Example of Receiver Performance Evaluation by Means of Matlab.-5. Transmitter System Analysis and Design. 5.1. Introduction. 5.2. Transmission Power and Spectrum. 5.3. Modulation Accuracy. 5.4. Adjacent and Alternate Channel Power. 5.5. Noise Emission Calculation. 5.6. Some Important Considerations in System Design. Appendix 5A. Approximate Relationship between p and EVM. Appendix 5B. Image Suppression of Transmission Signal. Appendix 5C. Amplifier Nonlinear Simulation: ACPR Calculation. -6. Applications of System Design. 6.1. Multimode and Multiband Superheterodyne Transceiver. 6.2. Direct Conversion Transceiver.

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Book SynopsisCombining the theory and practice of RF and microwave engineering, RF and Microwave Transistor Oscillator Design provides comprehensive results of established and new theoretical analysis, and the practical design of oscillators on modern active devices.Table of ContentsAbout the Author ix Preface xi Acknowledgements xv 1 Nonlinear circuit design methods 1 1.1 Spectral-domain analysis 1 1.1.1 Trigonometric identities 2 1.1.2 Piecewise-linear approximation 4 1.1.3 Bessel functions 8 1.2 Time-domain analysis 9 1.3 Newton–Raphson algorithm 12 1.4 Quasilinear method 15 1.5 Van der Pol method 20 1.6 Computer-aided analysis and design 24 References 28 2 Oscillator operation and design principles 29 2.1 Steady-state operation mode 29 2.2 Start-up conditions 31 2.3 Oscillator configurations and historical aspects 36 2.4 Self-bias condition 43 2.5 Oscillator analysis using matrix techniques 50 2.5.1 Parallel feedback oscillator 50 2.5.2 Series feedback oscillator 53 2.6 Dual transistor oscillators 55 2.7 Transmission-line oscillator 60 2.8 Push–push oscillator 65 2.9 Triple-push oscillator 72 2.10 Oscillator with delay line 75 References 79 3 Stability of self-oscillations 83 3.1 Negative-resistance oscillator circuits 83 3.2 General single-frequency stability condition 86 3.3 Single-resonant circuit oscillators 87 3.3.1 Series resonant circuit oscillator with constant load 87 3.3.2 Parallel resonant circuit oscillator with nonlinear load 88 3.4 Double-resonant circuit oscillator 89 3.5 Stability of multi-resonant circuits 91 3.5.1 General multi-frequency stability criterion 91 3.5.2 Two-frequency oscillation mode and its stability 93 3.5.3 Single-frequency stability of oscillator with two coupled resonant circuits 94 3.5.4 Transistor oscillators with two coupled resonant circuits 96 3.6 Phase plane method 105 3.6.1 Free-running oscillations in lossless resonant LC circuits 106 3.6.2 Oscillations in lossy resonant LC circuits 108 3.6.3 Aperiodic process in lossy resonant LC circuits 110 3.6.4 Transformer-coupled MOSFET oscillator 112 3.7 Nyquist stability criterion 113 3.8 Start-up and stability 118 References 125 4 Optimum design and circuit technique 127 4.1 Empirical optimum design approach 128 4.2 Analytic optimum design approach 136 4.3 Parallel feedback oscillators 138 4.3.1 Optimum oscillation condition 138 4.3.2 Optimum MOSFET oscillator 139 4.4 Series feedback bipolar oscillators 142 4.4.1 Optimum oscillation condition 142 4.4.2 Optimum common base oscillator 143 4.4.3 Quasilinear approach 146 4.4.4 Computer-aided design 150 4.5 Series feedback MESFET oscillators 152 4.5.1 Optimum common gate oscillator 152 4.5.2 Quasilinear approach 154 4.5.3 Computer-aided design 157 4.6 High-efficiency design technique 162 4.6.1 Class C operation mode 162 4.6.2 Class E power oscillators 165 4.6.3 Class DE power oscillators 170 4.6.4 Class F mode and harmonic tuning 172 4.7 Practical oscillator schematics 177 References 182 5 Noise in oscillators 187 5.1 Noise figure 187 5.2 Flicker noise 196 5.3 Active device noise modelling 198 5.3.1 MOSFET devices 198 5.3.2 MESFET devices 200 5.3.3 Bipolar transistors 203 5.4 Oscillator noise spectrum: linear model 205 5.4.1 Parallel feedback oscillator 205 5.4.2 Negative resistance oscillator 214 5.4.3 Colpitts oscillator 216 5.5 Oscillator noise spectrum: nonlinear model 219 5.5.1 Kurokawa approach 219 5.5.2 Impulse response model 224 5.6 Loaded quality factor 235 5.7 Amplitude-to-phase conversion 239 5.8 Oscillator pulling figure 241 References 245 6 Varactor and oscillator frequency tuning 251 6.1 Varactor modelling 251 6.2 Varactor nonlinearity 255 6.3 Frequency modulation 258 6.4 Anti-series varactor pair 262 6.5 Tuning linearity 267 6.5.1 VCOs with lumped elements 267 6.5.2 VCOs with transmission lines 273 6.6 Reactance compensation technique 276 6.7 Practical VCO schematics 280 6.7.1 VCO implementation techniques 280 6.7.2 Differential VCOs 286 6.7.3 Push–push VCOs 292 References 296 7 CMOS voltage-controlled oscillators 299 7.1 MOS varactor 299 7.2 Phase noise 305 7.3 Flicker noise 310 7.4 Tank inductor 313 7.5 Circuit design concepts and technique 317 7.5.1 Device operation modes 317 7.5.2 Start-up and steady-state conditions 321 7.5.3 Differential cross-coupled oscillators 325 7.5.4 Wideband tuning techniques 326 7.5.5 Quadrature VCOs 331 7.6 Implementation technology issues 333 7.7 Practical schematics of CMOS VCOs 335 References 342 8 Wideband voltage-controlled oscillators 347 8.1 Main requirements 347 8.2 Single-resonant circuits with lumped elements 351 8.2.1 Series resonant circuit 351 8.2.2 Parallel resonant circuit 353 8.3 Double-resonant circuit with lumped elements 356 8.4 Transmission line circuit realization 360 8.4.1 Oscillation system with uniform transmission line 360 8.4.2 Oscillation system with multi-section transmission line 365 8.5 VCO circuit design aspects 369 8.5.1 Common gate MOSFET and MESFET VCOs 369 8.5.2 Common collector bipolar VCO 373 8.5.3 Common base bipolar VCO 376 8.6 Wideband nonlinear design 378 8.7 Dual mode varactor tuning 381 8.8 Practical RF and microwave wideband VCOs 387 8.8.1 Wireless and satellite TV applications 387 8.8.2 Microwave monolithic VCO design 391 8.8.3 Push–push oscillators and oscipliers 394 References 396 9 Noise reduction techniques 399 9.1 Resonant circuit design technique 399 9.1.1 Oscillation systems with lumped elements 400 9.1.2 Oscillation systems with transmission lines 402 9.2 Low-frequency loading and feedback optimization 410 9.3 Filtering technique 416 9.4 Noise-shifting technique 423 9.5 Impedance noise matching 426 9.6 Nonlinear feedback loop noise suppression 430 References 433 Index 437

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Book SynopsisPatterning or lithography is at the core of modern science and technology and cuts across all disciplines. With the emergence of nanotechnology, conventional methods based on electron beam lithography and extreme ultraviolet photolithography have become prohibitively expensive.Table of ContentsPREFACE xv I NANOPATTERNING TECHNIQUES 1 1 INTRODUCTION 3 2 MATERIALS 7 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Mold Materials and Mold Preparation 8 2.2.1 Soft Molds 8 2.2.2 Hard Molds 19 2.2.3 Rigiflex Molds 19 2.3 Surface Treatment and Modification 21 References 23 3 PATTERNING BASED ON NATURAL FORCE 27 3.1 Introduction 27 3.2 Capillary Force 28 3.2.1 Open-Ended Capillary 29 3.2.2 Closed Permeable Capillary 31 3.2.3 Completely Closed Capillary 40 3.2.4 Fast Patterning 43 3.2.5 Capillary Kinetics 45 3.3 London Force and Liquid Filament Stability 48 3.3.1 Patterning by Selective Dewetting 49 3.3.2 Liquid Filament Stability: Filling and Patterning 51 3.4 Mechanical Stress: Patterning of A Metal Surface 56 References 63 4 PATTERNING BASED ON WORK OF ADHESION 67 4.1 Introduction 67 4.2 Work of Adhesion 68 4.3 Kinetic Effects 71 4.4 Transfer Patterning 74 4.5 Subtractive Transfer Patterning 79 4.6 Transfer Printing 82 References 91 5 PATTERNING BASED ON LIGHT: OPTICAL SOFT LITHOGRAPHY 95 5.1 Introduction 95 5.2 System Elements 96 5.2.1 Overview 96 5.2.2 Elastomeric Photomasks 96 5.2.3 Photosensitive Materials 99 5.3 Two-Dimensional Optical Soft Lithography (OSL) 100 5.3.1 Two-Dimensional OSL with Phase Masks 100 5.3.2 Two-Dimensional OSL with Embossed Masks 104 5.3.3 Two-Dimensional OSL with Amplitude Masks 105 5.3.4 Two-Dimensional OSL with AmplitudePhase Masks 109 5.4 Three-Dimensional Optical Soft Lithography 110 5.4.1 Optics 111 5.4.2 Patterning Results 112 5.5 Applications 117 5.5.1 Low-Voltage Organic Electronics 117 5.5.2 Filters and Mixers for Microfluidics 118 5.5.3 High Energy Fusion Targets and Media for Chemical Release 118 5.5.4 Photonic Bandgap Materials 120 References 122 6 PATTERNING BASED ON EXTERNAL FORCE: NANOIMPRINT LITHOGRAPHY 129L. Jay Guo 6.1 Introduction 129 6.2 NIL MOLD 133 6.2.1 Mold Fabrication 133 6.2.2 Mold Surface Preparation 137 6.2.3 Flexible Fluoropolymer Mold 137 6.3 NIL Resist 138 6.3.1 Thermoplastic Resist 139 6.3.2 Copolymer Thermoplastic Resists 141 6.3.3 Thermal-Curable Resists 142 6.3.4 UV-Curable Resist 146 6.3.5 Other Imprintable Materials 148 6.4 The Nanoimprint Process 149 6.4.1 Cavity Fill Process 149 6.5 Variations of NIL Processes 152 6.5.1 Reverse Nanoimprint 152 6.5.2 Combined Nanoimprint and Photolithography 155 6.5.3 Roll-to-Roll Nanoimprint Lithography (R2RNIL) 156 6.6 Conclusion 159 References 160 7 PATTERNING BASED ON EDGE EFFECTS: EDGE LITHOGRAPHY 167Matthias Geissler, Joseph M. McLellan, Eric P. Lee and Younan Xia 7.1 Introduction 167 7.2 Topography-Directed Pattern Transfer 169 7.2.1 Photolithography with Phase-Shifting Masks 170 7.2.2 Use of Edge-Defined Defects in SAMs 172 7.2.3 Controlled Undercutting 175 7.2.4 Edge-Spreading Lithography 176 7.2.5 Edge Transfer Lithography 178 7.2.6 Step-Edge Decoration 180 7.3 Exposure of Nanoscale Edges 181 7.3.1 Fracturing of Thin Films 182 7.3.2 Sectioning of Encapsulated Thin Films 182 7.3.3 Thin Metallic Films along Sidewalls of Patterned Stamps 184 7.3.4 Topographic Reorientation 186 7.4 Conclusion and Outlook 187 References 188 8 PATTERNING WITH ELECTROLYTE: SOLID-STATE SUPERIONIC STAMPING 195Keng H. Hsu, Peter L. Schultz, Nicholas X. Fang, and Placid M. Ferreira 8.1 Introduction 195 8.2 Solid-State Superionic Stamping 197 8.3 Process Technology 199 8.4 Process Capabilities 203 8.5 Examples of Electrochemically Imprinted Nanostructures Using the S4 Process 208 Acknowledgments 211 References 211 9 PATTERNING WITH GELS: LATTICE-GAS MODELS 215Paul J. Wesson and Bartosz A. Grzybowski 9.1 Introduction 215 9.2 The RDF Method 218 9.3 Microlenses: Fabrication 218 9.4 Microlenses: Modeling Aspects 220 9.4.1 Modeling Using PDEs 220 9.4.2 Modeling Using Lattice-Gas Method 221 9.5 RDF at the Nanoscale 222 9.5.1 Nanoscopic Features from Counter-Propagating RD Fronts 222 9.5.2 Failure of Continuum Description 225 9.5.3 Lattice-Gas Models at the Nanoscale 227 9.6 Summary and Outlook 229 References 230 10 PATTERNING WITH BLOCK COPOLYMERS 233Jia-Yu Wang, Wei Chen, and Thomas P. Russell 10.1 Introduction 233 10.2 Orientation 235 10.2.1 Self-Assembling 235 10.2.2 Self-Directing 247 10.3 Long-Range 254 10.3.1 Solvent Annealing 254 10.3.2 Graphoepitaxy 256 10.3.3 Sequential, Orthogonal Fields 260 10.4 Nanoporous BCP Films 262 10.4.1 Ozonolysis 264 10.4.2 Thermal Degradation 264 10.4.3 UV Degradation 267 10.4.4 Selective Extraction 271 10.4.5 “Soft” Chemical Etch 272 10.4.6 Cleavable Junction 272 10.4.7 Solvent-Induced Film Reconstruction 274 References 276 11 PERSPECTIVE ON APPLICATIONS 291 II APPLICATIONS 293 12 SOFT LITHOGRAPHY FOR MICROFLUIDIC MICROELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS (MEMS)AND OPTICAL DEVICES 295Svetlana M. Mitrovski, Shraddha Avasthy, Evan M. Erickson, Matthew E. Stewart, John A. Rogers, and Ralph G. Nuzzo 12.1 Introduction 295 12.2 Microfluidic Devices for Concentration Gradients 297 12.3 Electrochemistry and Microfluidics 300 12.4 PDMS and Electrochemistry 302 12.5 Optics and Microfluidics 306 12.6 Unconventional Soft Lithographic Fabrication of Optical Sensors 314 Acknowledgments 317 References 318 13 UNCONVENTIONAL PATTERNING METHODS FOR BIONEMS 325Pilnam Kim, Yanan Du, Ali Khademhosseini, Robert Langer, and Kahp Y. Suh 13.1 Introduction 325 13.2 Fabrication of Nanofluidic System for Biological Applications 326 13.2.1 Unconventional Methods for Fabrication of Nanochannel 326 13.2.2 Application of Nanofluidic System 332 13.3 Fabrication of Biomolecular Nanoarrays for Biological Applications 338 13.3.1 DNA Nanoarray 338 13.3.2 Protein Arrays 340 13.3.3 Lipid Array 345 13.4 Fabrication of Nanoscale Topographies for Tissue Engineering Applications 347 13.4.1 Nanotopography-Induced Changes in Cell Adhesion 347 13.4.2 Nanotopography-Induced Changes in Cell Morphology 348 References 349 14 MICRO TOTAL ANALYSIS SYSTEM 359Yuki Tanaka and Takehiko Kitamori 14.1 Introduction 359 14.1.1 Historical Backgrounds 359 14.2 Fundamentals on Microchip Chemistry 361 14.2.1 Characteristics of Liquid Microspace 361 14.2.2 Liquid Handling 362 14.2.3 Concepts of Micro Unit Operation and Continuous-Flow Chemical Processing 362 14.3 Key Technologies 365 14.3.1 Fabrication of Microchips 365 14.3.2 Patterning for Fluid Control 366 14.3.3 Detection 366 14.4 Applications 368 14.4.1 Synthesis 368 14.4.2 Cell Adhesion Control 369 14.4.3 Liquid Handling: Valve Using Wettability 370 References 372 15 COMBINATIONS OF TOP-DOWN AND BOTTOM-UP NANOFABRICATION TECHNIQUES AND THEIR APPLICATION TO CREATE FUNCTIONAL DEVICES 379Pascale Maury, David N. Reinhoudt, and Jurriaan Huskens 15.1 Introduction 379 15.2 Top-Down and Bottom-Up Techniques 380 15.2.1 Top-Down Techniques 380 15.2.2 Bottom-Up Techniques 383 15.2.3 Mixed Techniques 384 15.3 Combining Top-Down and Bottom-Up Techniques for High Resolution Patterning 385 15.3.1 Top-Down Nanofabrication and Polymerization 386 15.3.2 Top-Down Nanofabrication and Micelles 387 15.3.3 Top-Down Nanofabrication and Block Copolymer Assembly 387 15.3.4 Top-Down Nanofabrication and NP Assembly 389 15.3.5 Top-Down Nanofabrication and Layer-by-Layer Assembly 392 15.4 Applicaion of Combined Top-Down and Bottom-Up Nanofabrication for Creating Functional Devices 397 15.4.1 Photonic Crystal Devices 397 15.4.2 Protein Assays 400 References 406 16 ORGANIC ELECTRONIC DEVICES 419 16.1 Introduction 419 16.2 Organic Light-Emitting Diodes 420 16.3 Organic Thin Film Transistors 429 References 439 17 INORGANIC ELECTRONIC DEVICES 445 17.1 Introduction 445 17.2 Inorganic Semiconductor Materials for Flexible Electronics 446 17.2.1 “Bottom-Up” Approaches 447 17.2.2 “Top-Down” Approaches 449 17.3 Soft Lithography Techniques for Generating Inorganic Electronic Systems 452 17.3.1 Micromolding in Capillaries 453 17.3.2 Imprint Lithography 454 17.3.3 Dry Transfer Printing 454 17.4 Fabrication of Electronic Devices 459 17.4.1 Transistors on Rigid Substrates via MIMIC Processing 459 17.4.2 Flexible Inorganic Transistors 459 17.4.3 Flexible Integrated Circuits 463 17.4.4 Heterogeneous Electronics 466 17.4.5 Stretchable Electronics 469 References 475 18 MECHANICS OF STRETCHABLE SILICON FILMS ON ELASTOMERIC SUBSTRATES 483Hanqing Jiang, Jizhou Song, Yonggang Huang, and John A. Rogers 18.1 Introduction 483 18.2 Buckling Analysis of Stiff Thin Ribbons on Compliant Substrates 484 18.3 Finite-Deformation Buckling Analysis of Stiff Thin Ribbons on Compliant Substrates 488 18.4 Edge Effects 495 18.5 Effect of Ribbon Width and Spacing 498 18.6 Buckling Analysis of Stiff Thin Membranes on Compliant Substrates 502 18.6.1 One-Dimensional Buckling Mode 504 18.6.2 Checkerboard Buckling Mode 506 18.6.3 Herrington Buckling Mode 506 18.7 Precisely Controlled Buckling of Stiff Thin Ribbons on Compliant Substrates 507 18.8 Concluding Remarks 512 Acknowledgments 512 References 512 19 MULTISCALE FABRICATION OF PLASMONIC STRUCTURES 515Joel Henzie, Min H. Lee, and Teri W. Odom 19.1 Introduction 515 19.1.1 Brief Primer on Surface Plasmons 517 19.1.2 Conventional Methods to Plasmonic Structures 518 19.2 Soft Lithography and Metal Nanostructures 518 19.3 A Platform for Multiscale Patterning 520 19.3.1 Soft Interference Lithography: Patterns on a Nanoscale Pitch 520 19.3.2 Phase-Shifting Photolithography: Patterns on a Microscale Pitch 520 19.3.3 PEEL: Transferring Photoresist Patterns to Plasmonic Materials 521 19.4 Subwavelength Arrays of Nanoholes: Plasmonic Materials 522 19.4.1 Infinite Arrays of Nanoholes 523 19.4.2 Finite Arrays (Patches) of Nanoholes 525 19.5 Microscale Arrays of Nanoscale Holes 526 19.6 Plasmonic Particle Arrays 528 19.6.1 Metal and Dielectric Nanoparticles 528 19.6.2 Anisotropic Nanoparticles 531 19.6.3 Pyramidal Nanostructures 531 Acknowledgments 533 References 533 20 A RIGIFLEX MOLD AND ITS APPLICATIONS 539Se-Jin Choi, Tae-Wan Kim, and Seung-Jun Baek 20.1 Introduction 539 20.2 Modulus-Tunable Rigiflex Mold 540 20.3 Applications of Rigiflex Mold 544 20.3.1 From Nanoimprint to Microcontact Printing 544 20.3.2 Rapid Flash Patterning for Residue-Free Patterning 547 20.3.3 Continuous Rigiflex Imprinting 549 20.3.4 Soft Molding Application 553 20.3.5 Capillary Force Lithography Applications 556 20.3.6 Transfer Fabrication Technique 558 References 561 21 NANOIMPRINT TECHNOLOGY FOR FUTURE LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY 565Jong M. Kim, Hwan Y. Choi, Moon-G. Lee, Seungho Nam, Jin H. Kim, Seongmo Whang, Soo M. Lee, Byoung H. Cheong, Hyuk Kim, Ji M. Lee, and In T. Han 21.1 Introduction 565 21.2 Holographic LGP 569 21.2.1 Design and Properties of Holographic LGP 570 21.2.2 NI Technology for the Holographic LGP 572 21.3 Polarized LGP 573 21.3.1 Design and Properties of Polarized LGP 574 21.3.2 Fabrication of the Polarized LGP 575 21.3.3 Optical Performance of the Polarized LGP 576 21.4 Reflective Polarizer: Wire Grid Polarizer 579 21.4.1 Design and Properies of WGP 580 21.4.2 Fabrication and Applications 581 21.5 Transflective Display 585 21.5.1 Design and Optical Properties of Reflecting Pattern 587 21.5.2 Fabrication of the Reflecting Pattern 588 References 592 INDEX 595

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