Electronics: circuits and components Books

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Book SynopsisA transistor-level, design-intensive overview of high speed and high frequency monolithic integrated circuits for wireless and broadband systems from 2 GHz to 200 GHz, this comprehensive text covers high-speed, RF, mm-wave and optical fiber circuits using nanoscale CMOS, SiGe BiCMOS and III-V technologies. Step-by-step design methodologies, end-of-chapter problems and practical simulation and design projects are provided, making this an ideal resource for senior undergraduate and graduate courses in circuit design. With an emphasis on device-circuit topology interaction and optimization, it gives circuit designers and students alike an in-depth understanding of device structures and process limitations affecting circuit performance.Trade Review'… the ideal companion for circuit designers wishing to grasp the challenges of circuit design above RF … takes the reader from system specification down to the transistor and presents the circuit analysis that underlies every RF circuit designer's intuition.' James Buckwalter, University of California, San Diego'Both experienced designers and newcomers in the field will appreciate this book … many detailed design recipes and tricks - often with a link to the underlying IC technologies - that are seldom found in related textbooks.' Piet Wambacq, University of Brussels and IMEC'… a unique encyclopaedic 'dictionary' for an in-depth understanding of high-speed and high-frequency microelectronic design. Original, dense of details, clear and focused on the modern design challenges … the first book of a new class with a profound look at the road ahead.' Domenico Zito, University College Cork'Destined to become a classic reference in high frequency RFICs … comprehensive coverage of a vast array of integrated circuits and systems … exceptional tutorial value … presents the state-of-the-art in microwave and millimeter-wave systems-on-chip.' Gabriel M. Rebeiz, University of California, San Diego'… [an] easy-to-read book on the subject of high-frequency circuits … Highly recommended. Graduate students, researchers/faculty, and practicing engineers working with high-frequency applications.' L. McLauchlan, Choice'If I was a professor looking for a text to use in teaching a microwave integrated circuits course, I would pick this book. When I get asked where to go to learn about all this microwave stuff, Voinigescu's book will be on my shortlist …' IEEE Microwave MagazineTable of Contents1. Introduction; 2. High-frequency and high-data-rate communication systems; 3. High-frequency linear noisy network analysis; 4. High-frequency devices; 5. Circuit analysis techniques for high-frequency integrated circuits; 6. Tuned power amplifier design; 7. Low-noise tuned amplifier design; 8. Broadband low-noise and transimpedance amplifiers; 9. Mixers, switches, modulators, and other control circuits; 10. Design of voltage-controlled oscillators; 11. High-speed digital logic; 12. High-speed digital output drivers with waveshape control; 13. SoC examples; Appendix 1. Trigonometric identities; Appendix 2. Baseband binary data formats and analysis; Appendix 3. Linear matrix transformations; Appendix 4. Fourier series; Appendix 5. Exact noise analysis for a cascode amplifier with inductive degeneration; Appendix 6. Noise analysis of the common-emitter amplifier with transformer feedback; Appendix 7. Common-source amplifier with shunt-series transformer feedback; Appendix 8. HiCUM level 0 model for a SiGe HBT; Appendix 9. Technology parameters; Appendix 10. Analytical study of oscillator phase noise; Appendix 11. Physical constants; Appendix 12. Letter frequency bands; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis comprehensive, hands-on review of the most up-to-date techniques in RF and microwave measurement combines fundamental theory with in-depth analysis of advanced modern instrumentation, methods and systems, alongside practical advice for RF and microwave engineers and researchers.Table of ContentsPart I. General Concepts: 1. Transmission lines and scattering parameters Roger Pollard and Mohamed Sayed; 2. Microwave interconnections, probing, and fixturing Leonard Hayden; Part II. Microwave Instrumentation: 3. Microwave synthesizers Alexander Chenakin; 4. Real-time spectrum analysis and time-correlated measurements applied to non-linear system characterization Marcus Da Silva; 5. Vector network analyzers Mohamed Sayed and Jon Martens; 6. Microwave power measurements Ronald Ginley; 7. Modular systems for RF and microwave measurements Jin Bains; Part III. Linear Measurements: 8. Two-port network analyzer calibration Andrea Ferrero; 9. Multiport and differential S-parameter measurements Valeria Teppati and Andrea Ferrero; 10. Noise figure characterization Nerea Otegi, Juan-Mari Collantes and Mohamed Sayed; 11. TDR based S-parameters Peter J. Pupalaikis and Kaviyesh Doshi; Part IV. Non-Linear Measurements: 12. Vector network analysis for nonlinear systems Yves Rolain, Gerd Vandersteen and Maarten Schoukens; 13. Load and source-pull techniques Valeria Teppati, Andrea Ferrero and Gian Luigi Madonna; 14. Broadband signal measurements for linearity optimization Marco Spirito and Mauro Marchetti; 15. Pulse and RF measurement Anthony Parker.

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Book SynopsisProvides students with a system-level perspective and the tools they need to understand, analyze and design complete digital systems using VHDL. It goes beyond the design of simple combinational and sequential modules to show how such modules are used to build complete systems, reflecting digital design in the real world.Table of ContentsPart I. Introduction: 1. The digital abstraction; 2. The practice of digital system design; Part II. Combinational Logic: 3. Boolean algebra; 4. CMOS logic circuits; 5. Delay and power of CMOS circuits; 6. Combinational logic design; 7. VHDL descriptions of combinational logic; 8. Combinational building blocks; 9. Combinational examples; Part III. Arithmetic Circuits: 10. Arithmetic circuits; 11. Fixed- and floating-point numbers; 12. Fast arithmetic circuits; 13. Arithmetic examples; Part IV. Synchronous Sequential Logic: 14. Sequential logic; 15. Timing constraints; 16. Datapath sequential logic; 17. Factoring finite-state machines; 18. Microcode; 19. Sequential examples; Part V. Practical Design: 20. Verification and test; Part VI. System Design: 21. System-level design; 22. Interface and system-level timing; 23. Pipelines; 24. Interconnect; 25. Memory systems; Part VII. Asynchronous Logic: 26. Asynchronous sequential circuits; 27. Flip-flops; 28. Metastability and synchronization failure; 29. Synchronizer design; Appendix A. VHDL coding style; Appendix B. VHDL syntax guide; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisGet up to speed with the fundamentals of complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) for wireline communication with this practical introduction, from short-reach optical links to various electrical links. It presents practical coverage of the state of the art, equipping readers with all the tools needed to understand these circuits and then design their own. A comprehensive treatment of components, including details for front-end circuits, equalizers, oscillators, phase-locked loops and clock and data recovery systems, accompanies significant coverage of inverter-based circuits, preparing the reader for modern designs in nano-scale CMOS. Numerous inline examples demonstrate concepts and solutions, allowing readers to absorb the theory and confidently apply concepts to new scenarios. Suitable for graduate students and professional engineers working in mixed-signal integrated circuit design for high-speed interconnects, and including over 100 end-of-chapter problems to extend learning (with online solutions for instructors), this versatile book will equip readers with an unrivalled understanding of exactly what goes into a modern wireline link ? and why.

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Book SynopsisOriginally published in 1916, as part of the Cambridge Technical Series, this book was written to provide a guide to the laws governing the flow of alternating currents in circuits and an account regarding different types of alternating current machines. Illustrative figures are included.Table of ContentsPreface; 1. Preliminary considerations; 2. Inductance; 3. The flow of single phase alternating currents in circuits possessing resistance, inductance and capacity; 4. Power in alternating current circuits; 5. Multiphase currents; 6. Instruments for use on alternating current circuits; 7. Alternators; 8. Static transformers; 9. Induction motors; 10. Converting plant; 11. Switchgear and protective appliances; high tension transmission; Index.

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Book SynopsisDesign techniques for nonlinear microwave circuits are much less developed than for linear microwave circuits. This work addresses the design and measurement aspects.Trade Review"…any reader of 'Nonlinear Microwave Circuit Design' will gain insight into the many issues that are blissfully disregarded when using only linear techniques." (IEEE Microwave Magazine, December 2004)Table of ContentsPreface. Chapter 1. Nonlinear Analysis Methods. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Time-Domain Solution. 1.3 Solution Through Series Expansion 1.4 The Conversion Matrix. 1.5 Bibliography. Chapter 2. Nonlinear Measurements. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Load/Source-Pull. 2.3 The Vector Nonlinear Network Analyser. 2.4 Pulsed Measurements. 2.5 Bibliography. Chapter 3. Nonlinear Models. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Physical Models. 3.3 Equivalent-Circuit Models. 3.4 Black-Box Models. 3.5 Simplified Models. 3.6 Bibliography. Chapter 4. Power Amplifiers. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Classes of Operation. 4.3 Simplified Class-A Fundamental-Frequency Design For High Efficiency. 4.4 Multi-Harmonic Design For High Power And Efficiency. 4.5 Bibliography. Chapter 5. Oscillators. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Linear Stability and Oscillation Conditions. 5.3 From Linear To Nonlinear: Quasi-Large-Signal Oscillation And Stability Conditions. 5.4 Design Methods. 5.5 Nonlinear Analysis Methods For Oscillators. 5.6 Noise. 5.7 Bibliography. Chapter 6. Frequency Multipliers and Dividers. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Passive Multipliers. 6.3 Active Multipliers. 6.4 Frequency Dividers-The Rigenerative (Passive) Approach. 6.5 Bibliography. Chapter 7. Mixers. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Mixer Configurations. 7.3 Mixer Design. 7.4 Nonlinear Analysis. 7.5 Noise. 7.6 Bibliography. Chapter 8. Stability and Injection-locked Circuits. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Local Stability Of Nonlinear Circuits In Large-Signal Regime. 8.3 Nonlinear Analysis, Stability And Bifurcations. 8.4 Injection Locking. 8.5 Bibliography. Appendix. A.1. Transformation in the Fourier Domain of the Linear Differential Equation. A.2. Time-Frequency Transformations. A.3 Generalized Fourier Transformation for the Volterra Series Expansion. A.4 Discrete Fourier Transform and Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform for Periodic Signals. A.5 The Harmonic Balance System of Equations for the Example Circuit with N=3. A.6 The Jacobian Matrix A.7 Multi-dimensional Discrete Fourier Transform and Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform for quasi-periodic signals. A.8 Oversampled Discrete Fourier Transform and Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform for Quasi-Periodic Signals. A.9 Derivation of Simplified Transport Equations. A.10 Determination of the Stability of a Linear Network. A.11 Determination of the Locking Range of an Injection-Locked Oscillator. Index.

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface ix 1 Basic Concepts 1 1.1 System of Units 1 1.2 Basic Quantities 2 1.3 Circuit Elements 8 Summary 18 2 Resistive Circuits 19 2.1 Ohm’s Law 19 2.2 Kirchhoff’s Laws 24 2.3 Single-Loop Circuits 33 2.4 Single-Node-Pair Circuits 40 2.5 Series and Parallel Resistor Combinations 45 2.6 Circuits with Series-Parallel Combinations of Resistors 51 2.7 Wye Delta Transformations 57 2.8 Circuits with Dependent Sources 61 2.9 Resistor Technologies for Electronic Manufacturing 67 2.10 Application Examples 70 2.11 Design Examples 72 Summary 78 3 Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques 79 3.1 Nodal Analysis 79 3.2 Loop Analysis 100 3.3 Application Example 117 3.4 Design Example 118 Summary 119 4 Operational Amplifiers 120 4.1 Introduction 120 4.2 Op-Amp Models 121 4.3 Fundamental Op-Amp Circuits 127 4.4 Comparators 135 4.5 Application Examples 136 4.6 Design Examples 140 Summary 144 5 Additional Analysis Techniques 145 5.1 Introduction 145 5.2 Superposition 148 5.3 Thévenin’s and Norton’s Theorems 153 5.4 Maximum Power Transfer 171 5.5 Application Example 175 5.6 Design Examples 176 Summary 181 6 Capacitance and Inductance 182 6.1 Capacitors 182 6.2 Inductors 189 6.3 Capacitor and Inductor Combinations 198 6.4 RC Operational Amplifier Circuits 206 6.5 Application Examples 208 6.6 Design Examples 213 Summary 214 7 First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits 215 7.1 Introduction 215 7.2 First-Order Circuits 217 7.3 Second-Order Circuits 237 7.4 Application Examples 250 7.5 Design Examples 259 Summary 266 8 AC Steady-State Analysis 268 8.1 Sinusoids 268 8.2 Sinusoidal and Complex Forcing Functions 271 8.3 Phasors 275 8.4 Phasor Relationships for Circuit Elements 277 8.5 Impedance and Admittance 281 8.6 Phasor Diagrams 287 8.7 Basic Analysis Using Kirchhoff’s Laws 290 8.8 Analysis Techniques 293 8.9 Application Examples 305 8.10 Design Examples 307 Summary 310 9 Steady-State Power Analysis 311 9.1 Instantaneous Power 311 9.2 Average Power 312 9.3 Maximum Average Power Transfer 318 9.4 Effective or RMS Values 322 9.5 The Power Factor 325 9.6 Complex Power 327 9.7 Power Factor Correction 333 9.8 Single-Phase Three-Wire Circuits 337 9.9 Safety Considerations 340 9.10 Application Examples 348 9.11 Design Examples 352 Summary 355 10 Magnetically Coupled Networks 356 10.1 Mutual Inductance 356 10.2 Energy Analysis 367 10.3 The Ideal Transformer 370 10.4 Safety Considerations 379 10.5 Application Examples 380 10.6 Design Examples 385 Summary 388 11 Polyphase Circuits 389 11.1 Three-Phase Circuits 389 11.2 Three-Phase Connections 394 11.3 Source/Load Connections 396 11.4 Power Relationships 404 11.5 Power Factor Correction 408 11.6 Application Examples 410 11.7 Design Examples 413 Summary 417 12 Variable-Frequency Network Performance 418 12.1 Variable Frequency-Response Analysis 418 12.2 Sinusoidal Frequency Analysis 426 12.3 Resonant Circuits 438 12.4 Scaling 458 12.5 Filter Networks 460 12.6 Application Examples 484 12.7 Design Examples 488 Summary 494 13 The Laplace Transform 496 13.1 Definition 496 13.2 Two Important Singularity Functions 497 13.3 Transform Pairs 499 13.4 Properties of the Transform 501 13.5 Performing the Inverse Transform 503 13.6 Convolution Integral 509 13.7 Initial-Value and Final-Value Theorems 512 13.8 Solving Differential Equations with Laplace Transforms 514 Summary 516 14 Application of the Laplace Transform to Circuit Analysis 517 14.1 Laplace Circuit Solutions 517 14.2 Circuit Element Models 519 14.3 Analysis Techniques 521 14.4 Transfer Function 532 14.5 Pole-Zero Plot/Bode Plot Connection 552 14.6 Steady-State Response 554 Summary 558 15 Fourier Analysis Techniques 559 15.1 Fourier Series 559 15.2 Fourier Transform 583 15.3 Application Example 594 15.4 Design Examples 595 Summary 601 16 Two-Port Networks 602 16.1 Admittance Parameters 602 16.2 Impedance Parameters 605 16.3 Hybrid Parameters 607 16.4 Transmission Parameters 609 16.5 Parameter Conversions 611 16.6 Interconnection of Two-Ports 611 Summary 617 Appendix Complex Numbers 618 Problems 626 Index I-1

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Book SynopsisThis book, written by recognized experts in the field, is intended for designers of RF or microwave passive integrated circuits. It describes methods used for modeling passive circuits using the most common numerical analysis techniques (the method of moments, finite element methods, FDTD, TLM), and pays particular attention to propagation phenomena. Interconnections and packaging modeling are included, as well as an original method for multi-scale circuit modeling. Characterization and measurement methods in the time and frequency domains are the subject of two very detailed chapters. Measurement errors using Vector Network Analyzer (VNA ) and appropriate corrections are detailed and the divergences between all the various parameters S, Z, Y, h, T, ABCD are given. Time domain reflectometry and its use are also covered in detail.

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Book SynopsisLithography is now a complex tool at the heart of a technological process for manufacturing micro and nanocomponents. A multidisciplinary technology, lithography continues to push the limits of optics, chemistry, mechanics, micro and nano-fluids, etc. This book deals with essential technologies and processes, primarily used in industrial manufacturing of microprocessors and other electronic components.Table of ContentsForeword xi Jörge DE SOUSA NORONHA Introduction xvii Michel BRILLOUËT Chapter 1. Photolithography 1 Philippe BANDELIER, Anne-Laure CHARLEY and Alexandre LAGRANGE 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Principles and technology of scanners 3 1.3. Lithography processes 8 1.4. Immersion photolithography 12 1.5. Image formation 25 1.6. Lithography performances enhancement techniques 27 1.7. Contrast 31 1.8. Bibliography 38 Chapter 2. Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography 41 Maxime BESACIER, Christophe CONSTANCIAS and Jean-Yves ROBIC 2.1. Introduction to extreme ultraviolet lithography 41 2.2. The electromagnetic properties of materials and the complex index 46 2.3. Reflective optical elements for EUV lithography 61 2.4. Reflective masks for EUV lithography 72 2.5. Modeling and simulation for EUV lithography 79 2.6. EUV lithography sources 90 2.7. Conclusion 95 2.8. Appendix: Kramers–Krönig relationship 96 2.9. Bibliography 97 Chapter 3. Electron Beam Lithography 101 Christophe CONSTANCIAS, Stefan LANDIS, Serdar MANAKLI, Luc MARTIN, Laurent PAIN and David RIO 3.1. Introduction 101 3.2. Different equipment, its operation and limits: current and future solutions 106 3.3. Maskless photolithography 109 3.4. Alignment 118 3.5. Electron-sensitive resists 120 3.6. Electron–matter interaction 121 3.7. Physical effect of electronic bombardment in the target 123 3.8. Physical limitations of e-beam lithography 125 3.9. Electrons energy loss mechanisms 136 3.10. Database preparation 146 3.11. E-beam lithography equipment 156 3.12. E-beam resist process 168 3.13. Bibliography 179 Chapter 4. Focused Ion Beam Direct-Writing 183 Jacques GIERAK 4.1. Introduction 183 4.2. Main fields of application of focused ion beams 185 4.3. From microfabrication to nanoetching 193 4.4. The applications 216 4.5. Conclusion 225 4.6. Acknowledgements 226 4.7. Bibliography 226 Chapter 5. Charged Particle Optics 233 Peter HAWKES 5.1. The beginnings: optics or ballistics? 233 5.2. The two approaches: Newton and Fermat 234 5.3. Linear approximation: paraxial optics of systems with a straight optic axis, cardinal elements, matrix representation 237 5.4. Types of defect: geometrical, chromatic and parasitic aberrations 245 5.5. Numerical calculation 253 5.6. Special cases 257 5.7. Appendix 269 5.8. Bibliography 269 Chapter 6. Lithography resists 275 Amandine JOUVE, Michael MAY, Isabelle SERVIN and Julia SIMON 6.1. Lithographic process 275 6.2. Photosensitive resists 286 6.3. Performance criteria 316 6.4. Conclusion 358 6.5. Bibliography 359 List of Authors 369 Index 373

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Book SynopsisLithography is an extremely complex tool – based on the concept of “imprinting” an original template version onto mass output – originally using relatively simple optical exposure, masking, and etching techniques, and now extended to include exposure to X-rays, high energy UV light, and electron beams – in processes developed to manufacture everyday products including those in the realms of consumer electronics, telecommunications, entertainment, and transportation, to name but a few. In the last few years, researchers and engineers have pushed the envelope of fields including optics, physics, chemistry, mechanics and fluidics, and are now developing the nanoworld with new tools and technologies. Beyond the scientific challenges that are endemic in this miniaturization race, next generation lithography techniques are essential for creating new devices, new functionalities and exploring new application fields. Nanolithography is the branch of nanotechnology concerned with the study and application of fabricating nanometer-scale structures − meaning the creation of patterns with at least one lateral dimension between the size of an individual atom and approximately 100 nm. It is used in the fabrication of leading-edge semiconductor integrated circuits (nanocircuitry) or nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS).This book addresses physical principles as well as the scientific and technical challenges of nanolithography, covering X-ray and NanoImprint lithography, as well as techniques using scanning probe microscopy and the optical properties of metal nanostructures, patterning with block copolymers, and metrology for lithography. It is written for engineers or researchers new to the field, and will help readers to expand their knowledge of technologies that are constantly evolving.Table of ContentsForeword xi Jörge DE SOUSA NORONHA Introduction xvii Michel BRILLOUËT Chapter 1. X-ray Lithography: Fundamentals and Applications 1 Massimo TORMEN, Gianluca GRENCI, Benedetta MARMIROLI and Filippo ROMANATO 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. The principle of X-ray lithography 5 1.3. The physics of X-ray lithography 25 1.4. Applications 55 1.5. Appendix 1 79 1.6. Bibliography 79 Chapter 2. NanoImprint Lithography 87 Stefan LANDIS 2.1. From printing to NanoImprint 87 2.2. A few words about NanoImprint 90 2.3. The fabrication of the mold 96 2.4. Separating the mold and the resist after imprint: de-embossing 100 2.5. The residual layer problem in NanoImprint 118 2.6. Residual layer thickness measurement 132 2.7. A few remarks on the mechanical behavior of molds and flow properties of the nanoimprint process 148 2.8. Conclusion 157 2.9. Bibliography 157 Chapter 3. Lithography Techniques Using Scanning Probe Microscopy 169 Vincent BOUCHIAT 3.1. Introduction 169 3.2. Presentation of local-probe microscopes 170 3.3. General principles of local-probe lithography techniques 171 3.4. Classification of surface structuring techniques using local-probe microscopes 173 3.5. Lithographic techniques with polymer resist mask 179 3.6. Lithography techniques using oxidation-reduction interactions 185 3.7. “Passive” lithography techniques 198 3.8. Conclusions and perspectives 200 3.9. Bibliography 201 Chapter 4. Lithography and Manipulation Based on the Optical Properties of Metal Nanostructures 207 Renaud BACHELOT and Marianne CONSONNI 4.1. Introduction 207 4.2. Surface plasmons 208 4.3 Localized plasmon optical lithography 216 4.4. Delocalized surface plasmon optical lithography 222 4.5. Conclusions, discussions and perspectives 225 4.6. Bibliography 226 Chapter 5. Patterning with Self-Assembling Block Copolymers 231 Karim AISSOU, Martin KOGELSCHATZ, Claire AGRAFFEIL, Alina PASCALE and Thierry BARON 5.1. Block copolymers: a nano-lithography technique for tomorrow? 231 5.2. Controlling self-assembled block copolymer films 233 5.3. Technological applications of block copolymer films 237 5.4. Bibliography 244 Chapter 6. Metrology for Lithography 249 Johann FOUCHER and Jérôme HAZART 6.1. Introduction 249 6.2. The concept of CD in metrology 250 6.3. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 254 6.4. 3D atomic force microscopy (AFM3D) 266 6.5. Grating optical diffractometry (or scatterometry) 286 6.6. What is the most suitable technique for lithography? 310 6.7. Bibliography 316 List of Authors 321 Index 323

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Book SynopsisThis book focuses on the methods of storage commonly used in hybrid systems. After an introductory chapter reviewing the basics of electrochemistry, Chapter 2 is given over to the storage of electricity in the form of hydrogen. Once hydrogen has been made, we have to be able to convert it back into electricity on demand. This can be done with another energy converter: a fuel cell, the subject of Chapter 3. Such a system is unable to deliver significant dynamics in terms of storage and release of electricity and needs to be supplemented with another solution: a detailed study of supercapacitors is provided in Chapter 4.While the storage systems touched upon in the previous three chapters (hydrogen batteries and supercapacitors) both exhibit advantageous characteristics, at present they are still relatively costly. Thus, the days of the electrochemical accumulator by no means appear to be numbered just yet. This will therefore be the topic of Chapter 5. Finally, on the basis of the elements laid down in the previous chapters, Chapter 6 will focus on electrical hybridization of these storage systems, with a view to enhancing the performance (in terms of energy, lifetime, cost, etc.) of the newly formed system. Aimed at an audience of researchers, industrialists, academics, teachers and students, many exercises, along with corrected solutions, are provided throughout the book. Contents 1. Basic Concepts of Electrochemistry used in Electrical Engineering. 2. Water Electrolyzers. 3. Fuel Cells. 4. Electrical Energy Storage by Supercapacitors. 5. Electrochemical Accumulators. 6. Hybrid Electrical System. About the Authors Marie-Cécile Péra is a Full Professor at the University of Franche-Comte in France and Deputy Director of the FEMTO-ST Institute (CNRS). Her research activities include modeling, control and diagnosis of electric power generation systems (fuel cells – PEMFC and SOFC, supercapacities, batteries) for transportation and stationary applications. She has contributed to more than 180 articles in international journals and conferences. Daniel Hissel is Full Professor at the University of Franche-Comte in France and Director of the Fuel Cell Lab Research Federation (CNRS). He also leads a research team devoted to hybrid electrical systems in the FEMTO-ST Institute (CNRS). He has published more than 250 research papers on modeling, control, diagnostics and prognostics of hybrid electrical systems. Hamid Gualous is Full Professor at the University of Caen Lower Normandy in France and director of the LUSAC laboratory. His current research interests include power electronics, electric energy storage, power and energy systems and energy management. Christophe Turpin is Full Researcher at the CNRS (French National Center for Scientific Research). He is responsible for hydrogen activities within the Laboratory LAPLACE, Toulouse, France. His research activities include the characterization and modeling of fuel cells and electrolyzers, the state of health of these components, and their hybridization with other electrochemical components (ultracapacitors, batteries) within optimized energy systems for stationary and aeronautical applications.Table of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1. Basic Concepts of Electrochemistry used in Electrical Engineering 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Brief description and principles of operation of electrochemical components 1 1.2.1. Principle of operation 1 1.2.2. Brief description of groups of components 4 1.3. Redox reaction 7 1.4. Chemical energy 9 1.4.1. Enthalpy, entropy and free energy 9 1.4.2. Enthalpy, entropy and free energy of formation 10 1.5. Potential or voltage of an electrode 10 1.6. Reversible potential of a cell 11 1.7. Faradaic current density and the Butler–Volmer equation 13 1.8. Butler–Volmer equation for a whole cell 15 1.9. From the Butler–Volmer equation to the Tafel equation 17 1.10. Faraday’s law 19 1.11. Matter transfer model: Nernst model 20 1.12. Concept of limit current 22 1.13. Expression of the polarization curve 24 1.14. Double-layer capacity 27 1.15. Electrochemical impedance 27 1.16. Reagents and products in the gaseous phase: total pressure, partial pressure, molar fraction and mixture 30 1.17. Corrected exercises 31 1.17.1. Calculation of the variation in enthalpy during the formation of a mole of water 31 1.17.2. Calculation of the variation in entropy for the formation of a mole of water 34 1.17.3. Calculation of the variation in free energy during the formation of a mole of water 36 1.17.4. Calculation of the Nernst potential for a cell in a PEM fuel cell (PEMFC) 38 1.17.5. Faraday equations for a Pb accumulator 39 1.17.6. Calculation of the mass of water consumed by an electrolysis cell 40 Chapter 2. Water Electrolyzers 41 2.1. Introduction 41 2.2. Principles of operation of the main water electrolyzers 44 2.3. History of water electrolysis 46 2.4. Technological elements 51 2.4.1. Alkaline technology 51 2.4.2. PEM technology 56 2.4.3. SO technology 61 2.4.4. Comparison of the three water electrolyzer technologies 64 2.4.5. Specifications of a commercial electrolyzer 65 2.5. Theoretical approach to an electrolyzer 67 2.5.1. Energy-related elements 67 2.5.2. Electrical behavior in the quasi-static state 80 2.5.3. Electrical behavior in the dynamic state with a large signal 95 2.5.4. Electrical behavior in a dynamic state with a small signal (impedance) 100 2.6. Experimental characterization of the electrical behavior of an electrolyzer 104 2.6.1. Polarization curve (quasi-static characterization) 106 2.6.2. Impedance spectroscopy (dynamic small-signal characterization) 108 2.6.3. Current steps 110 2.6.4. Current sweeping (large-signal dynamic characterization) 111 2.6.5. Combining the approaches to characterization (advanced approach) 111 2.7. Procedures for parameterizing the models 112 2.7.1. Minimal combinatorial approach to experimental characterizations 113 2.7.2. Multiple impedance spectra approach 114 2.7.3. Low-frequency multi-sweeping approach 114 2.7.4. Toward an optimal and systematic combinatorial exploitation of the experimental characterizations 115 2.8. Combination with a fuel cell. Concept of the “hydrogen battery” 116 2.8.1. General considerations 117 2.8.2. Static characteristics of an H2/O2 battery 119 2.8.3. Deadband of an H2/O2 battery 120 2.8.4. Brief overview of situation with industrial developments 122 2.9. A few examples of applications for electrolyzers 123 2.9.1. Points about industrial hydrogen production by electrolysis 124 2.9.2. State of the art on applications coupling solar photovoltaic and hydrogen; close examination of the French projects MYRTE, PEPITE and JANUS 126 2.10. Some points about the storage of hydrogen 135 2.11. Conclusions and perspectives 137 2.12. Exercises 137 Chapter 3. Fuel Cells 151 3.1. Introduction 151 3.2. Classification of fuel cell technologies 152 3.2.1. Classification on the basic of the acid/basic medium 153 3.2.2. Classification on the basis of the operating temperature 154 3.2.3. Classification on the basis of the type of electrolyte 154 3.3. Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) 157 3.3.1. Constitution 157 3.3.2. Characteristics 160 3.4. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) 168 3.5. Fuel-cell systems 171 3.5.1. General points 171 3.5.2. PEMFC systems 173 3.5.3. SOFC systems 179 3.6. Applications for fuel cells 180 3.6.1. Mobile applications 181 3.6.2. Stationary applications 183 3.6.3. Applications in transport 184 3.7. Corrected exercises 190 3.7.1. Calculation of the cost of platinum for an electrode 190 3.7.2. Dimensions of a “standard” fuel cell module 191 3.7.3. Calculation of the flowrate of reactant gases entering the cell 191 3.7.4. Calculation of the water content of the air upon input and output of the cell. Calculation of the dew point at the cell output 193 3.7.5. Calculation of the yield of a PEMFC 197 3.7.6. Autonomy of an exploration submarine 198 3.7.7. Power supply to an isolated farm site 199 3.7.8. Fuel-cell generator for a private vehicle 204 Chapter 4. Electrical Energy Storage by Supercapacitors 209 4.1. Introduction 209 4.2. Operation and energy characteristics of EDLCs 211 4.2.1. Structure and operation of supercapacitors 211 4.2.2. Electrical and energetic characterization of supercapacitors 214 4.3. Supercapacitor module sizing 219 4.3.1. Power-based design 220 4.3.2. Dimension design based on the energy stored by the supercapacitor 222 4.3.3. Balancing the supercapacitors 224 4.4. Supercapacitor modeling 226 4.5. DC/DC converter associated with a supercapacitor module 233 4.6. Thermal behavior of supercapacitors 234 4.6.1. Thermal modeling of supercapacitors 235 4.6.2. Modeling by thermal/electrical analogy 237 4.7. Hybrid electricity storage device: the LIC (Lithium Ion Capacitor) 238 4.8. Exercises – statements 240 Chapter 5. Electrochemical Accumulators 253 5.1. Introduction 253 5.2. Lead accumulators 253 5.2.1. Operational principle 253 5.2.2. Advantages and disadvantages to this technology 254 5.3. Nickel accumulators 255 5.3.1. Nickel-Cadmium (Ni-Cd) accumulator 255 5.3.2. Nickel Metal Hydride (Ni-MH) accumulator 256 5.3.3. Nickel-Zinc accumulator 258 5.4. Lithium accumulators 259 5.4.1. Why lithium? 259 5.4.2. Principle of their function 259 5.4.3. Advantages and disadvantages to these technologies 260 5.4.4. Lithium-ion technology 261 5.4.5. Lithium-metal-polymer technology 262 5.4.6. Other technologies 263 5.5. Characteristics of an accumulator or battery 264 5.5.1. Capacity 264 5.5.2. Internal resistance 266 5.5.3. Voltages 267 5.5.4. Energy 268 5.5.5. State of charge of a battery 268 5.6. Modeling of a battery 269 5.6.1. Thévenin model 269 5.6.2. Improved Thévenin model 270 5.6.3. FreedomCar model 271 5.7. Aging of batteries 272 5.8. Exercises 273 Chapter 6. Hybrid Electrical System 277 6.1. Introduction 277 6.2. Definitions 277 6.2.1. General points 277 6.2.2. Particular case of a hybrid electric vehicle 278 6.2.3. Hybrid electric system 279 6.3. Advantages to hybridization 279 6.3.1. Ragone plot 280 6.3.2. Different types of energy? 284 6.3.3. Taking account of non-energy-related criteria in the choice of a hybrid electricity storage solution 287 6.4. Management of the energy flows in a hybrid system 289 6.4.1. Optimization-based strategies 290 6.4.2. Rule-based strategies 291 6.4.3. Criteria for the supervision of the energy flows 292 6.5. Example of application in the domain of transport: the ECCE platform (Evaluation des Composants d’une Chaine de traction Electrique – Evaluation of the Components in an Electric Powertrain) 293 6.6. Corrected exercises 296 6.6.1. Ragone plot of an ideal battery 296 6.6.2. Ragone plot of an ideal capacitor 299 6.6.3. Design of an electric vehicle 302 6.6.4. Energy management in an electric vehicle 306 Bibliography 309 Index 321

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Book SynopsisThis book presents methods for the design of the main microwave active devices. The first chapter focuses on amplifiers working in the linear mode. The authors present the problems surrounding narrowband and wideband impedance matching, stability, polarization and the noise factor, as well as specific topologies such as the distributed amplifier and the differential amplifier. Chapter 2 concerns the power amplifier operation. Specific aspects on efficiency, impedance matching and class of operation are presented, as well as the main methods of linearization and efficiency improvement. Frequency transposition is the subject of Chapter 3. The author presents the operating principle as well as the different topologies using transistors and diodes. Chapter 4 is dedicated to the operation of fixed frequency and tunable oscillators such as the voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) and the yttrium iron garnet (YIG). The final chapter presents the main control functions, i.e. attenuators, phase shifters and switches.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Amplification in Linear Mode 1 Jean-Luc GAUTIER and Sébastien QUINTANEL 1.1. Principles of microwave amplification 1 1.1.1. Characteristics of an amplifier in linear mode 2 1.1.2. Review on active two-port networks in linear mode 5 1.1.3. Basic structure of an amplifier 10 1.1.4. Reciprocal and lossless impedance matching networks 11 1.1.5. Design methodology 12 1.2. Narrowband amplifiers with maximum gain 13 1.2.1. Transistor test 13 1.2.2. Stabilization circuits 15 1.2.3. Polarization circuits 18 1.2.4. Polarization circuits and stability 21 1.2.5. Impedance matching circuits 23 1.2.6. The multistage amplifier: inter-stage matching 27 1.2.7. Design example 28 1.3. Low-noise narrowband amplifier 29 1.3.1. Review of the noise characteristics of a transistor 29 1.3.2. Minimum noise factor amplifier 31 1.3.3. Noise factor–gain matching compromise 33 1.3.4. Multistage amplifier and noise factor 35 1.3.5. Balanced low-noise amplifier 36 1.4. Specific configurations for transistors 39 1.4.1. Common-grid and common-drain configurations 40 1.4.2. Cascade and cascode configurations 43 1.5. Wideband amplification 48 1.5.1. Reactive wideband matching 49 1.5.2. Selective mismatching 58 1.5.3. Resistive matching 60 1.5.4. Feedback amplifier 67 1.5.5. Active matching amplifier 74 1.5.6. Distributed amplifier 76 1.6. Differential amplifier 82 1.6.1. Four-port network with a plane of symmetry 83 1.6.2. Differential amplifier 84 1.7. Bibliography 89 Chapter 2. Power Amplification 93 Jean-Luc GAUTIER, Myriam ARIAUDO and Cédric DUPERRIER 2.1. Characteristics of power amplifiers 93 2.1.1. Gain, output power and efficiency 94 2.1.2. Gain compression 95 2.1.3. AM/AM and AM/PM conversion 98 2.1.4. Third-order intermodulation 98 2.1.5. Adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR) and noise power ratio (NPR) 103 2.2. Analysis of the operation of a power amplifier 107 2.2.1. Principle of operation 107 2.2.2. Dynamic load line 109 2.2.3. Conditions for optimum power 111 2.2.4. Small-signal and large-signal matching 114 2.2.5. Determination of optimal load conditions 116 2.3. Classes of operation 123 2.3.1. Sinusoidal classes 123 2.3.2. High-efficiency classes F and F inverse 134 2.3.3. D and E commutation classes 137 2.4. Architectures of power amplifiers 140 2.4.1. Cascade structure 140 2.4.2. Combination of power 141 2.4.3. Tree structure 142 2.5. Design example of an amplifier in class B 144 2.6. Linearization and efficiency improvement 148 2.6.1. Power amplification and non-constant envelope signals 148 2.6.2. Linearization and efficiency improvement techniques 150 2.7. Bibliography 156 Chapter 3. Frequency Transposition 159 Jean-Luc GAUTIER 3.1. Operating principles 159 3.1.1. Up-converter and down-converter mixers 160 3.1.2. Using a nonlinear element 163 3.1.3. Parametric operation and pump signal 164 3.1.4. Conversion matrix 166 3.2. Mixer characteristics 168 3.2.1. Conversion gain 168 3.2.2. Gain compression and intermodulation 169 3.2.3. Port isolation 174 3.2.4. Noise factors 175 3.3. Simple mixer operation 180 3.3.1. Parasitic frequencies 180 3.3.2. Filtering issues 182 3.4. Balanced mixer topologies 183 3.4.1. Single-balanced mixers 183 3.4.2. Double-balanced mixer 187 3.4.3. Image frequency rejection mixers 189 3.4.4. SSB mixer 192 3.5. Topology of passive and active mixers 193 3.5.1. Passive mixers 194 3.5.2. Active mixers 206 3.6. Frequency multipliers 212 3.7. Bibliography 213 Chapter 4. Oscillators 217 Jean-Luc GAUTIER 4.1. Operating principles 217 4.1.1. Two-port network feedback-type oscillators 218 4.1.2. Negative-resistance one-port network-type oscillators 222 4.2. Analysis of one-port circuit-type oscillators 225 4.2.1. Van Der Pol oscillator 225 4.2.2. Quasi-static analysis of a one-port circuit-type oscillator 233 4.2.3. Oscillation stability 239 4.2.4. Oscillator synchronization 243 4.2.5. Noise oscillator analysis 248 4.3. Oscillator characteristics 254 4.3.1. Output power and efficiency 255 4.3.2. Oscillation frequency and tuning 256 4.3.3. External quality factor 256 4.3.4. Spectral purity and harmonic distortion 256 4.3.5. Pulling and pushing factors 257 4.3.6. Frequency stability 257 4.3.7. Amplitude and phase-modulation noise 258 4.4. Impedance with a negative resistive component 260 4.4.1. Analytical determination 261 4.4.2. Graphical determination: mapping 263 4.4.3. Worked example of negative real part impedance determination 266 4.5. Fixed-frequency oscillators 270 4.5.1. Oscillator with localized or distributed-parameter circuit 271 4.5.2. Dielectric-resonator oscillator 272 4.6. Electronically tunable oscillators 279 4.6.1. Limitations of the negative real part component 279 4.6.2. Varactor-diode-tuned oscillators (VCO) 281 4.6.3. YIG-resonator tuned oscillators 286 4.7. Bibliography 290 Chapter 5. Control Functions 293 Jean-Luc GAUTIER 5.1. Semiconductor components for control functions 293 5.1.1. Varactor diode 293 5.1.2. PIN diode 294 5.1.3. Cold transistor 295 5.2. Variable attenuators 296 5.2.1. Basic cell 297 5.2.2. Matched attenuation cells 298 5.3. Variable phase shifters 301 5.3.1. Reflection phase shifters 301 5.3.2. Transmission phase shifters 302 5.3.3. Combination vector phase shifters 305 5.4. Switches 306 5.4.1. Single-pole single-throw (SPST) switch 306 5.4.2. Single-pole multiple-throw (SPnT) switch 312 5.5. Bibliography 313 Appendix 1. Lossless Two-Port Network: Mismatching 315 Appendix 2. Noise in a Balanced Amplifier 317 Appendix 3. Specific Topologies with Transistors 323 Appendix 4. Wideband Impedance Matching: Reactive Two-Port Networks 331 Appendix 5. Wideband Impedance Matching: Dissipative Two-Port Networks 341 Appendix 6. Wideband Amplification: Parallel Resistive Feedback 349 Appendix 7. Graphical Method 353 Appendix 8. Distributed Amplifier 359 Appendix 9. Differential Amplifier 369 Appendix 10. Third-order Intermodulation 373 List of Authors 377 Index 379

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Book SynopsisThis textbook for courses in Digital Systems Design introduces students to the fundamental hardware used in modern computers. Coverage includes both the classical approach to digital system design (i.e., pen and paper) in addition to the modern hardware description language (HDL) design approach (computer-based). Using this textbook enables readers to design digital systems using the modern HDL approach, but they have a broad foundation of knowledge of the underlying hardware and theory of their designs. This book is designed to match the way the material is actually taught in the classroom. Topics are presented in a manner which builds foundational knowledge before moving onto advanced topics. The author has designed the presentation with learning Goals and assessment at its core. Each section addresses a specific learning outcome that the student should be able to do after its completion. The concept checks and exercise problems provide a rich set of assessment tools to measure student performance on each outcome.

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Book SynopsisThis book showcases the state of the art in the field of sensors and microsystems, revealing the impressive potential of novel methodologies and technologies. It covers a broad range of aspects, including: bio-, physical and chemical sensors; actuators; micro- and nano-structured materials; mechanisms of interaction and signal transduction; polymers and biomaterials; sensor electronics and instrumentation; analytical microsystems, recognition systems and signal analysis; and sensor networks, as well as manufacturing technologies, environmental, food and biomedical applications. The book gathers a selection of papers presented at the 20th AISEM National Conference on Sensors and Microsystems, held in Naples, Italy in February 2019, the event brought together researchers, end users, technology teams and policy makers.

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Book SynopsisFrom computer engineering to quantum computing.- Essential quantum mechanics and how to code it.- Quantum computing in the lab.- Building a qubit.- Taking care of your qubits.- Talking to qubits.- Control hardware.- Control software.- Hardware architectures.- Cloud quantum computing.

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