Electronics: circuits and components Books
No Starch Press,US Open Circuits: The Inner Beauty of Electronic
Book SynopsisOur phones, computers, and appliances are made of hundreds of internal components, each precisely engineered, but none intended to be seen. Through painstakingly executed, vividly detailed cross-section photography, Open Circuits reveals the surprising beauty hiding inside the electronic components that drive our everyday devices. From resistors to LEDs, USB cables to headphone jacks, the book's arresting imagery transforms more than 130 components into delightful works of art. As you visually dissect the components' insides, you'll learn about how they work and how they were made.Trade Review"This book made me fall in love with electronics all over again . . . Part history book, part coffee-table book, and part journey into the inner lives of the electronics, [Open Circuits] is a fascinating journey through the history of electronics." —Haje Jan Kamps, TechCrunch"Its stunning cross-section photography unlocks a hidden world full of elegance, subtle complexity, and wonder. . . . Open Circuits has something for everyone to appreciate, whether you’re a seasoned electrical engineer, an amateur tinkerer, or simply a lover of art and photography."—Lee Goldberg, Electronic Design“Each page is both a dive into technological history and an ode to the evolution and aesthetics of electronics themselves.”—Grace Ebert, Colossal“An eye-catching and educational coffee table tome.”—Gareth Halfacree, Hackster.io"Every page is a new discovery."—New Screwdriver"A celebration of the electronic aesthetic . . . blur[s] the line between engineering and art."—Andrew "bunnie" Huang, Author of The Hardware Hacker and Hacking the Xbox"Excellent pictures of the world's most interesting objects with clear, accessible explanations."—Trevor Blackwell, Founder of Anybots"Anyone interested in electronics and/or macrophotography will enjoy this book from both an aesthetic and informational standpoint. . . . It’s truly a technological and photographic masterpiece."—Jeremy Cook, Embedded Computing Design"Stunningly beautiful . . . While the component images stand alone as works of art, authors Schlaepfer and Oskay pair the pictures with clear and informative text that adds to the reader's knowledge of the circuitry they are looking at. This book is sure to be a staple in many makers, educators, and engineers libraries."—Professor AnnMarie Thomas, University of St. Thomas, School of Engineering"While it will definitely be a 'geek coffee table book' for me, I would very much have appreciated it when I was 12 years old and first getting into electronics."—Mark Eichin, Senior Software Developer at RightHand Robotics"This is the coolest book I've seen in years. Fascinating look inside hundreds of circuits, switches, and mechanical electronic devices that I've never seen before."—Jeff Geerling, @geerlingguy, Author of Ansible for DevOps"What an awesome book! A rare breed of technical content that is appreciable by experts and novices alike."—Chris Lafky, @fluxotronlabs, Electrical Engineer"Without a doubt, the most beautiful electronics book!"—Ben Krasnow, @BenKrasnow, YouTuber at Applied ScienceTable of ContentsIntroductionChapter 1: Passive ComponentsChapter 2: SemiconductorsChapter 3: ElectromechanicsChapter 4: Cables and ConnectorsChapter 5: Retro TechChapter 6: Composite DevicesAfterword: Creating Cross SectionsGlossary
£28.49
McGraw-Hill Education Design With Operational Amplifiers And Analog
Book SynopsisFranco''s Design with Operational Amplifiers and Analog Integrated Circuits, 4e combines theory with real-life applications to deliver a straightforward look at analog design principles and techniques. An emphasis on the physical picture helps the student develop the intuition and practical insight that are the keys to making sound design decisions.is The book is intended for a design-oriented course in applications with operational amplifiers and analog ICs. It also serves as a comprehensive reference for practicing engineers. This new edition includes enhanced pedagogy (additional problems, more in-depth coverage of negative feedback, more effective layout), updated technology (current-feedback and folded-cascode amplifiers, and low-voltage amplifiers), and increased topical coverage (current-feedback amplifiers, switching regulators and phase-locked loops).Table of Contents1 Operational Amplifier Fundamentals2 Circuits with Resistive Feedback3 Active Filters: Part I4 Active Filters: Part II5 Static Op Amp Limitations6 Dynamic Op Amp Limitations7 Noise8 Stability9 Nonlinear Circuits10 Signal Generators11 Voltage References and Regulators12 D-A and A-D Converters13 Nonlinear Amplifiers and Phase-Locked Loops
£53.09
John Wiley & Sons Inc Analog Integrated Circuit Design International
Book Synopsis* The second edition of Analog Integrated Circuit Design focuses on several types of circuits that have increased in importance in the past decade. * The text is enhanced with material on CMOS IC device modeling, updated processing layout and expanded coverage to reflect technical innovations.Table of ContentsCHAPTER 1 INTEGRATED-CIRCUIT DEVICES AND MODELLING 1 1.1 Semiconductors and pn Junctions 1 1.1.1 Diodes 2 1.1.2 Reverse-Biased Diodes 4 1.1.3 Graded Junctions 8 1.1.4 Large-Signal Junction Capacitance 10 1.1.5 Forward-Biased Junctions 11 1.1.6 Junction Capacitance of Forward-Biased Diode 12 1.1.7 Small-Signal Model of a Forward-Biased Diode 13 1.1.8 Schottky Diodes 14 1.2 MOS Transistors 15 1.2.1 Symbols for MOS Transistors 16 1.2.2 Basic Operation 17 1.2.3 Large-Signal Modelling 22 1.2.4 Body Effect 25 1.2.5 p-Channel Transistors 26 1.2.6 Low-Frequency Small-Signal Modelling in the Active Region 26 1.2.7 High-Frequency Small-Signal Modelling in the Active Region 32 1.2.8 Small-Signal Modelling in the Triode and Cutoff Regions 35 1.2.9 Analog Figures of Merit and Trade-offs 37 1.3 Device Model Summary 39 1.3.1 Constants 40 1.3.2 Diode Equations 40 1.3.3 MOS Transistor Equations 41 1.4 Advanced MOS Modelling 43 1.4.1 Subthreshold Operation 43 1.4.2 Mobility Degradation 46 1.4.3 Summary of Subthreshold and Mobility Degradation Equations 48 1.4.4 Parasitic Resistances 48 1.4.5 Short-Channel Effects 49 1.4.6 Leakage Currents 50 1.5 SPICE Modelling Parameters 51 1.5.1 Diode Model 51 1.5.2 MOS Transistors 52 1.5.3 Advanced SPICE Models of MOS Transistors 52 1.6 Passive Devices 55 1.6.1 Resistors 55 1.6.2 Capacitors 59 1.7 Appendix 61 1.7.1 Diode Exponential Relationship 61 1.7.2 Diode-Diffusion Capacitance 63 1.7.3 MOS Threshold Voltage and the Body Effect 65 1.7.4 MOS Triode Relationship 67 1.8 Key Points 69 1.9 References 70 1.10 Problems 70 CHAPTER 2 PROCESSING AND LAYOUT 73 2.1 CMOS Processing 73 2.1.1 The Silicon Wafer 73 2.1.2 Photolithography and Well Definition 74 2.1.3 Diffusion and Ion Implantation 76 2.1.4 Chemical Vapor Deposition and Defining the Active Regions 78 2.1.5 Transistor Isolation 78 2.1.6 Gate-Oxide and Threshold-Voltage Adjustments 81 2.1.7 Polysilicon Gate Formation 82 2.1.8 Implanting the Junctions, Depositing SiO2, and Opening Contact Holes 82 2.1.9 Annealing, Depositing and Patterning Metal, and Overglass Deposition 84 2.1.10 Additional Processing Steps 84 2.2 CMOS Layout and Design Rules 86 2.2.1 Spacing Rules 86 2.2.2 Planarity and Fill Requirements 94 2.2.3 Antenna Rules 94 2.2.4 Latch-Up 95 2.3 Variability and Mismatch 96 2.3.1 Systematic Variations Including Proximity Effects 96 2.3.2 Process Variations 98 2.3.3 Random Variations and Mismatch 99 2.4 Analog Layout Considerations 103 2.4.1 Transistor Layouts 103 2.4.2 Capacitor Matching 104 2.4.3 Resistor Layout 107 2.4.4 Noise Considerations 109 2.5 Key Points 112 2.6 References 113 2.7 Problems 114 CHAPTER 3 BASIC CURRENT MIRRORS AND SINGLE-STAGE AMPLIFIERS 117 3.1 Simple CMOS Current Mirror 118 3.2 Common-Source Amplifier 120 3.3 Source-Follower or Common-Drain Amplifier 122 3.4 Common-Gate Amplifier 124 3.5 Source-Degenerated Current Mirrors 127 3.6 Cascode Current Mirrors 129 3.7 Cascode Gain Stage 131 3.8 MOS Differential Pair and Gain Stage 135 3.9 Key Points 138 3.10 References 139 3.11 Problems 139 CHAPTER 4 FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS 144 4.1 Frequency Response of Linear Systems 144 4.1.1 Magnitude and Phase Response 145 4.1.2 First-Order Circuits 147 4.1.3 Second-Order Low-Pass Transfer Functions with Real Poles 154 4.1.4 Bode Plots 157 4.1.5 Second-Order Low-Pass Transfer Functions with Complex Poles 163 4.2 Frequency Response of Elementary Transistor Circuits 164 4.2.1 High-Frequency MOS Small-Signal Model 164 4.2.2 Common-Source Amplifier 166 4.2.3 Miller Theorem and Miller Effect 169 4.2.4 Zero-Value Time-Constant Analysis 173 4.2.5 Common-Source Design Examples 176 4.2.6 Common-Gate Amplifier 179 4.3 Cascode Gain Stage 181 4.4 Source-Follower Amplifier 187 4.5 Differential Pair 193 4.5.1 High-Frequency T Model 193 4.5.2 Symmetric Differential Amplifier 194 4.5.3 Single-Ended Differential Amplifier 195 4.5.4 Differential Pair with Active Load 196 4.6 Key Points 197 4.7 References 198 4.8 Problems 198 CHAPTER 5 FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS 204 5.1 Ideal Model of Negative Feedback 204 5.1.1 Basic Definitions 204 5.1.2 Gain Sensitivity 205 5.1.3 Bandwidth 206 5.1.4 Linearity 207 5.1.5 Summary 207 5.2 Dynamic Response of Feedback Amplifiers 208 5.2.1 Stability Criteria 209 5.2.2 Phase Margin 211 5.3 First- and Second-Order Feedback Systems 213 5.3.1 First-Order Feedback Systems 213 5.3.2 Second-Order Feedback Systems 217 5.3.3 Higher-Order Feedback Systems 220 5.4 Common Feedback Amplifiers 221 5.4.1 Obtaining the Loop Gain, L(s) 222 5.4.2 Noninverting Amplifier 226 5.4.3 Transimpedance (Inverting) Amplifiers 231 5.5 Summary of Key Points 235 5.6 References 236 5.7 Problems 236 CHAPTER 6 BASIC OPAMP DESIGN AND COMPENSATION 242 6.1 Two-Stage CMOS Opamp 242 6.1.1 Opamp Gain 243 6.1.2 Frequency Response 245 6.1.3 Slew Rate 249 6.1.4 n-Channel or p-Channel Input Stage 252 6.1.5 Systematic Offset Voltage 253 6.2 Opamp Compensation 254 6.2.1 Dominant-Pole Compensation and Lead Compensation 255 6.2.2 Compensating the Two-Stage Opamp 256 6.2.3 Making Compensation Independent of Process and Temperature 260 6.3 Advanced Current Mirrors 262 6.3.1 Wide-Swing Current Mirrors 262 6.3.2 Enhanced Output-Impedance Current Mirrors and Gain Boosting 263 6.3.3 Wide-Swing Current Mirror with Enhanced Output Impedance 266 6.3.4 Current-Mirror Symbol 267 6.4 Folded-Cascode Opamp 268 6.4.1 Small-Signal Analysis 270 6.4.2 Slew Rate 272 6.5 Current Mirror Opamp 275 6.6 Linear Settling Time Revisited 279 6.7 Fully Differential Opamps 281 6.7.1 Fully Differential Folded-Cascode Opamp 283 6.7.2 Alternative Fully Differential Opamps 284 6.7.3 Low Supply Voltage Opamps 286 6.8 Common-Mode Feedback Circuits 288 6.9 Summary of Key Points 292 6.10 References 293 6.11 Problems 294 CHAPTER 7 BIASING, REFERENCES, AND REGULATORS 302 7.1 Analog Integrated Circuit Biasing 302 7.1.1 Bias Circuits 303 7.1.2 Reference Circuits 305 7.1.3 Regulator Circuits 306 7.2 Establishing Constant Transconductance 307 7.2.1 Basic Constant-Transconductance Circuit 307 7.2.2 Improved Constant-Transconductance Circuits 309 7.3 Establishing Constant Voltages and Currents 310 7.3.1 Bandgap Voltage Reference Basics 310 7.3.2 Circuits for Bandgap References 314 7.3.3 Low-Voltage Bandgap Reference 319 7.3.4 Current Reference 320 7.4 Voltage Regulation 321 7.4.1 Regulator Specifications 321 7.4.2 Feedback Analysis 322 7.4.3 Low Dropout Regulators 324 7.5 Summary of Key Points 327 7.6 References 327 7.7 Problems 328 CHAPTER 8 BIPOLAR DEVICES AND CIRCUITS 331 8.1 Bipolar-Junction Transistors 331 8.1.1 Basic Operation 331 8.1.2 Analog Figures of Merit 341 8.2 Bipolar Device Model Summary 344 8.3 SPICE Modeling 345 8.4 Bipolar and BICMOS Processing 346 8.4.1 Bipolar Processing 346 8.4.2 Modern SiGe BiCMOS HBT Processing 347 8.4.3 Mismatch in Bipolar Devices 348 8.5 Bipolar Current Mirrors and Gain Stages 349 8.5.1 Current Mirrors 349 8.5.2 Emitter Follower 350 8.5.3 Bipolar Differential Pair 353 8.6 Appendix 356 8.6.1 Bipolar Transistor Exponential Relationship 356 8.6.2 Base Charge Storage of an Active BJT 359 8.7 Summary of Key Points 359 8.8 References 360 8.9 Problems 360 CHAPTER 9 NOISE AND LINEARITY ANALYSIS AND MODELLING 363 9.1 Time-Domain Analysis 363 9.1.1 Root Mean Square (rms) Value 364 9.1.2 SNR 365 9.1.3 Units of dBm 365 9.1.4 Noise Summation 366 9.2 Frequency-Domain Analysis 367 9.2.1 Noise Spectral Density 367 9.2.2 White Noise 369 9.2.3 1/f, or Flicker, Noise 370 9.2.4 Filtered Noise 371 9.2.5 Noise Bandwidth 373 9.2.6 Piecewise Integration of Noise 375 9.2.7 1/f Noise Tangent Principle 377 9.3 Noise Models for Circuit Elements 377 9.3.1 Resistors 378 9.3.2 Diodes 378 9.3.3 Bipolar Transistors 380 9.3.4 MOSFETS 380 9.3.5 Opamps 382 9.3.6 Capacitors and Inductors 382 9.3.7 Sampled Signal Noise 384 9.3.8 Input-Referred Noise 384 9.4 Noise Analysis Examples 387 9.4.1 Opamp Example 387 9.4.2 Bipolar Common-Emitter Example 390 9.4.3 CMOS Differential Pair Example 392 9.4.4 Fiber-Optic Transimpedance Amplifier Example 395 9.5 Dynamic Range Performance 397 9.5.1 Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) 398 9.5.2 Third-Order Intercept Point (IP3) 400 9.5.3 Spurious-Free Dynamic Range (SFDR) 402 9.5.4 Signal-to-Noise and Distortion Ratio (SNDR) 404 9.6 Key Points 405 9.7 References 406 9.8 Problems 406 CHAPTER 10 COMPARATORS 413 10.1 Comparator Specifications 413 10.1.1 Input Offset and Noise 413 10.1.2 Hysteresis 414 10.2 Using an Opamp for a Comparator 415 10.2.1 Input-Offset Voltage Errors 417 10.3 Charge-Injection Errors 418 10.3.1 Making Charge-Injection Signal Independent 421 10.3.2 Minimizing Errors Due to Charge-Injection 421 10.3.3 Speed of Multi-Stage Comparators 424 10.4 Latched Comparators 426 10.4.1 Latch-Mode Time Constant 428 10.4.2 Latch Offset 430 10.5 Examples of CMOS and BiCMOS Comparators 432 10.5.1 Input-Transistor Charge Trapping 435 10.6 Examples of Bipolar Comparators 437 10.7 Key Points 439 10.8 References 440 10.9 Problems 441 CHAPTER 11 SAMPLE-AND-HOLD AND TRANSLINEAR CIRCUITS 444 11.1 Performance of Sample-and-Hold Circuits 444 11.1.1 Testing Sample-and-Holds 445 11.2 MOS Sample-and-Hold Basics 446 11.3 Examples of CMOS S/H Circuits 452 11.4 Bipolar and BiCMOS Sample-and-Holds 456 11.5 Translinear Gain Cell 460 11.6 Translinear Multiplier 462 11.7 Key Points 464 11.8 References 465 11.9 Problems 466 CHAPTER 12 CONTINUOUS-TIME FILTERS 469 12.1 Introduction to Continuous-Time Filters 469 12.1.1 First-Order Filters 470 12.1.2 Second-Order Filters 470 12.2 Introduction to Gm-C Filters 471 12.2.1 Integrators and Summers 472 12.2.2 Fully Differential Integrators 473 12.2.3 First-Order Filter 475 12.2.4 Biquad Filter 477 12.3 Transconductors Using Fixed Resistors 478 12.4 CMOS Transconductors Using Triode Transistors 483 12.4.1 Transconductors Using a Fixed-Bias Triode Transistor 484 12.4.2 Transconductors Using Varying Bias-Triode Transistors 486 12.4.3 Transconductors Using Constant Drain-Source Voltages 490 12.5 CMOS Transconductors Using Active Transistors 492 12.5.1 CMOS Pair 493 12.5.2 Constant Sum of Gate-Source Voltages 494 12.5.3 Source-Connected Differential Pair 495 12.5.4 Inverter-Based 495 12.5.5 Differential-Pair with Floating Voltage Sources 496 12.5.6 Bias-Offset Cross-Coupled Differential Pairs 499 12.6 Bipolar Transconductors 499 12.6.1 Gain-Cell Transconductors 500 12.6.2 Transconductors Using Multiple Differential Pairs 502 12.7 BiCMOS Transconductors 506 12.7.1 Tunable MOS in Triode 506 12.7.2 Fixed-Resistor Transconductor with a Translinear Multiplier 507 12.7.3 Fixed Active MOS Transconductor with a Translinear Multiplier 508 12.8 Active RC and MOSFET-C Filters 509 12.8.1 Active RC Filters 510 12.8.2 MOSFET-C Two-Transistor Integrators 512 12.8.3 Four-Transistor Integrators 515 12.8.4 R-MOSFET-C Filters 516 12.9 Tuning Circuitry 517 12.9.1 Tuning Overview 517 12.9.2 Constant Transconductance 519 12.9.3 Frequency Tuning 520 12.9.4 Q-Factor Tuning 522 12.9.5 Tuning Methods Based on Adaptive Filtering 523 12.10 Introduction to Complex Filters 525 12.10.1 Complex Signal Processing 525 12.10.2 Complex Operations 526 12.10.3 Complex Filters 527 12.10.4 Frequency-Translated Analog Filters 528 12.11 Key Points 531 12.12 References 532 12.13 Problems 534 CHAPTER 13 DISCRETE-TIME SIGNALS 537 13.1 Overview of Some Signal Spectra 537 13.2 Laplace Transforms of Discrete-Time Signals 537 13.2.1 Spectra of Discrete-Time Signals 540 13.3 z-Transform 541 13.4 Downsampling and Upsampling 543 13.5 Discrete-Time Filters 545 13.5.1 Frequency Response of Discrete-Time Filters 545 13.5.2 Stability of Discrete-Time Filters 548 13.5.3 IIR and FIR Filters 550 13.5.4 Bilinear Transform 550 13.6 Sample-and-Hold Response 552 13.7 Key Points 554 13.8 References 555 13.9 Problems 555 CHAPTER 14 SWITCHED-CAPACITOR CIRCUITS 557 14.1 Basic Building Blocks 557 14.1.1 Opamps 557 14.1.2 Capacitors 558 14.1.3 Switches 558 14.1.4 Nonoverlapping Clocks 559 14.2 Basic Operation and Analysis 560 14.2.1 Resistor Equivalence of a Switched Capacitor 560 14.2.2 Parasitic-Sensitive Integrator 563 14.2.3 Parasitic-Insensitive Integrators 565 14.2.4 Signal-Flow-Graph Analysis 569 14.3 Noise in Switched-Capacitor Circuits 570 14.4 First-Order Filters 572 14.4.1 Switch Sharing 575 14.4.2 Fully Differential Filters 575 14.5 Biquad Filters 577 14.5.1 Low-Q Biquad Filter 577 14.5.2 High-Q Biquad Filter 581 14.6 Charge Injection 585 14.7 Switched-Capacitor Gain Circuits 588 14.7.1 Parallel Resistor-Capacitor Circuit 588 14.7.2 Resettable Gain Circuit 588 14.7.3 Capacitive-Reset Gain Circuit 591 14.8 Correlated Double-Sampling Techniques 593 14.9 Other Switched-Capacitor Circuits 594 14.9.1 Amplitude Modulator 594 14.9.2 Full-Wave Rectifier 595 14.9.3 Peak Detectors 596 14.9.4 Voltage-Controlled Oscillator 596 14.9.5 Sinusoidal Oscillator 598 14.10 Key Points 600 14.11 References 601 14.12 Problems 602 CHAPTER 15 DATA CONVERTER FUNDAMENTALS 606 15.1 Ideal D/A Converter 606 15.2 Ideal A/D Converter 608 15.3 Quantization Noise 609 15.3.1 Deterministic Approach 609 15.3.2 Stochastic Approach 610 15.4 Signed Codes 612 15.5 Performance Limitations 614 15.5.1 Resolution 614 15.5.2 Offset and Gain Error 615 15.5.3 Accuracy and Linearity 615 15.6 Key Points 620 15.7 References 620 15.8 Problems 620 CHAPTER 16 NYQUIST-RATE D/A CONVERTERS 623 16.1 Decoder-Based Converters 623 16.1.1 Resistor-String Converters 623 16.1.2 Folded Resistor-String Converters 625 16.1.3 Multiple Resistor-String Converters 626 16.1.4 Signed Outputs 628 16.2 Binary-Scaled Converters 629 16.2.1 Binary-Weighted Resistor Converters 629 16.2.2 Reduced-Resistance-Ratio Ladders 630 16.2.3 R-2R-Based Converters 631 16.2.4 Charge-Redistribution Switched-Capacitor Converters 632 16.2.5 Current-Mode Converters 633 16.2.6 Glitches 633 16.3 Thermometer-Code Converters 634 16.3.1 Thermometer-Code Current-Mode D/A Converters 636 16.3.2 Single-Supply Positive-Output Converters 637 16.3.3 Dynamically Matched Current Sources 638 16.4 Hybrid Converters 640 16.4.1 Resistor-Capacitor Hybrid Converters 640 16.4.2 Segmented Converters 640 16.5 Key Points 642 16.6 References 643 16.7 Problems 643 CHAPTER 17 NYQUIST-RATE A/D CONVERTERS 646 17.1 Integrating Converters 646 17.2 Successive-Approximation Converters 650 17.2.1 D/A-Based Successive Approximation 652 17.2.2 Charge-Redistribution A/D 653 17.2.3 Resistor-Capacitor Hybrid 658 17.2.4 Speed Estimate for Charge-Redistribution Converters 659 17.2.5 Error Correction in Successive-Approximation Converters 660 17.2.6 Multi-Bit Successive-Approximation 662 17.3 Algorithmic (or Cyclic) A/D Converter 662 17.3.1 Ratio-Independent Algorithmic Converter 663 17.4 Pipelined A/D Converters 667 17.4.1 One-Bit-Per-Stage Pipelined Converter 667 17.4.2 1.5 Bit Per Stage Pipelined Converter 670 17.4.3 Pipelined Converter Circuits 673 17.4.4 Generalized k-Bit-Per-Stage Pipelined Converters 673 17.5 Flash Converters 674 17.5.1 Issues in Designing Flash A/D Converters 675 17.6 Two-Step A/D Converters 678 17.6.1 Two-Step Converter with Digital Error Correction 679 17.7 Interpolating A/D Converters 681 17.8 Folding A/D Converters 684 17.9 Time-Interleaved A/D Converters 687 17.10 Key Points 690 17.11 References 691 17.12 Problems 692 CHAPTER 18 OVERSAMPLING CONVERTERS 696 18.1 Oversampling without Noise Shaping 696 18.1.1 Quantization Noise Modelling 697 18.1.2 White Noise Assumption 697 18.1.3 Oversampling Advantage 698 18.1.4 The Advantage of 1-Bit D/A Converters 700 18.2 Oversampling with Noise Shaping 701 18.2.1 Noise-Shaped Delta-Sigma Modulator 702 18.2.2 First-Order Noise Shaping 703 18.2.3 Switched-Capacitor Realization of a First-Order A/D Converter 705 18.2.4 Second-Order Noise Shaping 705 18.2.5 Noise Transfer-Function Curves 707 18.2.6 Quantization Noise Power of 1-Bit Modulators 708 18.2.7 Error-Feedback Structure 708 18.3 System Architectures 710 18.3.1 System Architecture of Delta-Sigma A/D Converters 710 18.3.2 System Architecture of Delta-Sigma D/A Converters 712 18.4 Digital Decimation Filters 713 18.4.1 Multi-Stage 714 18.4.2 Single Stage 716 18.5 Higher-Order Modulators 717 18.5.1 Interpolative Architecture 717 18.5.2 Multi-Stage Noise Shaping (MASH) Architecture 718 18.6 Bandpass Oversampling Converters 720 18.7 Practical Considerations 721 18.7.1 Stability 721 18.7.2 Linearity of Two-Level Converters 722 18.7.3 Idle Tones 724 18.7.4 Dithering 725 18.7.5 Opamp Gain 725 18.8 Multi-Bit Oversampling Converters 726 18.8.1 Dynamic Element Matching 726 18.8.2 Dynamically Matched Current Source D/A Converters 727 18.8.3 Digital Calibration A/D Converter 727 18.8.4 A/D with Both Multi-Bit and Single-Bit Feedback 728 18.9 Third-Order A/D Design Example 729 18.10 Key Points 731 18.11 References 733 18.12 Problems 734 CHAPTER 19 PHASE-LOCKED LOOPS 737 19.1 Basic Phase-Locked Loop Architecture 737 19.1.1 Voltage-Controlled Oscillator 738 19.1.2 Divider 739 19.1.3 Phase Detector 740 19.1.4 Loop Filer 745 19.1.5 The PLL in Lock 746 19.2 Linearized Small-Signal Analysis 747 19.2.1 Second-Order PLL Model 748 19.2.2 Limitations of the Second-Order Small-Signal Model 750 19.2.3 PLL Design Example 752 19.3 Jitter and Phase Noise 754 19.3.1 Period Jitter 758 19.3.2 P-Cycle Jitter 758 19.3.3 Adjacent Period Jitter 759 19.3.4 Other Spectral Representations of Jitter 760 19.3.5 Probability Density Function of Jitter 761 19.4 Electronic Oscillators 763 19.4.1 Ring Oscillators 764 19.4.2 LC Oscillators 768 19.4.3 Phase Noise of Oscillators 770 19.5 Jitter and Phase Noise in PLLS 774 19.5.1 Input Phase Noise and Divider Phase Noise 775 19.5.2 VCO Phase Noise 775 19.5.3 Loop Filter Noise 776 19.6 Key Points 779 19.7 References 779 19.8 Problems 780 INDEX 783
£47.99
Raspberry Pi PR Book of Making 2026
£18.38
Elsevier Science Troubleshooting Analog Circuits
Book SynopsisOffers information on debugging and troubleshooting analog circuits. This book gives advice on using simple equipment to troubleshoot; and step-by-step procedures for analog troubleshooting methods. It provides proven methods for troubleshooting analog circuits.Trade Review"Combining his expertise as a senior scientist at National Semiconductor with a sense of humor and easy writing style, Pease has produced an excellent guide to analog circuit troubleshooting." --Library Journal 2004Table of ContentsTroubleshooting linear circuits - The beginninghoosing the right equipmentGetting down to the component levelSolving capacitor-based troublesPreventing material and assembly problemsSolving active-component problemsIdentifying transistor troublesOperational amplifiers - the supreme activatorsQuashing spurious oscillationsThe analog-digital boundaryTroubleshooting charts
£50.34
McGraw-Hill Education Hacking Electronics Learning Electronics with
Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.Up-to-date hacks that will breathe life into your Arduino and Raspberry Pi creations!This intuitive DIY guide shows how to wire, disassemble, tweak, and re-purpose household devices and integrate them with your Raspberry Pi and Arduino inventions. Packed with full-color illustrations, photos, and diagrams, Hacking Electronics: Learning Electronics with Arduino and Raspberry Pi, Second Edition, features fun, easy-to-follow projects. Youâll discover how to build an Internet-controlled hacked electric toy, ultrasonic rangefinder, remote-controlled robotic rover, audio amp, slot car brakes and headlightsâeven a smart card reader!â Get up and running on both Arduino and Raspberry P
£22.99
No Starch Press,US Getting Started With Fpgas: Digital Circuit
Book SynopsisFPGAs are reprogrammable integrated circuits used in everything from hardware hacking and hobbyist electronics to aerospace engineering, video processing, and high-frequency stock trading. They're fast, powerful, and incredibly flexible, but they have a notoriously steep bar of entry. Getting Started with FPGAs lowers that bar, providing a straightforward introduction to working with FPGAs, without unnecessary jargon or complexity. The book explores FPGAs from the bottom up, starting with a look at the basics of digital logic and the fundamental components that make up FPGAs: look-up tables and flip-flops. Understanding how these components work together is critical to thinking like an FPGA designer. As the chapters progress, readers will learn how to master higher-level FPGA concepts like state machines and crossing clock domains, while working on increasingly sophisticated hands-on projects. Loaded with thoroughly annotated, downloadable code examples in both Verilog and VHDL - theTable of ContentsAcknowledgments Introduction Chapter 1: Meet the FPGA Chapter 2: Setting Up Your Hardware and Tools Chapter 3: Boolean Algebra and the Look-Up Table Chapter 4: Storing State with the Flip-Flop Chapter 5: Testing Your Code with Simulation Chapter 6: Common FPGA ModulesChapter 7: Synthesis, Place and Route, and Crossing Clock DomainsChapter 8: The State MachineChapter 9: Useful FPGA PrimitivesChapter 10: Numbers and MathChapter 11: Getting Data In and Out with I/O and SerDes Appendix A: FPGA Development BoardsAppendix B: Tips for a Career in FPGA Engineering GlossaryIndex
£35.99
Pearson Education Electric Circuits Global Edition
Book Synopsis
£74.09
Raspberry Pi Press Retro Gaming With Raspberry Pi: 180 pages of
Book SynopsisHot on the heels of Raspberry Pi 5, this update to our best-selling Retro Gaming with Raspberry Pi line opens up a new generation of 1990s and 2000s consoles to rediscover. Building a retro console is one of the most popular starter projects. Retro Gaming with Raspberry Pi 3rd Edition walks new Raspberry Pi owners step-by-step to build their own games console with the latest cases, screens, joysticks, and gaming components. Readers learn how to program their own games, including nineties virtual pets, text adventures, Pong, and Mole-Bop. Build arcade machines. Recreate consoles. Rediscover classic computers. It's packed with projects and inspiration!
£14.00
O'Reilly Media Make: Electronics, 3e: Learning by Discovery: A
Book SynopsisMake: Electronics explores the properties and applications of discrete components that are the fundamental building blocks of circuit design. Understanding resistors, capacitors, transistors, inductors, diodes, and integrated circuit chips is essential even when using microcontrollers. Make: Electronics teaches the fundamentals and also provides advice on the tools and supplies that are necessary. Component kits are available, specifically developed for the third edition.
£23.79
McGraw-Hill Education Engineering Circuit Analysis ISE
Book SynopsisThe hallmark feature of Engineering Circuit Analysis is its focus on the student. This text is written so students may teach the science of circuit analysis to themselves. Terms are clearly defined, basic material appears toward the beginning of each chapter and is explained carefully and in detail, and numerical examples are used to introduce and suggest general results. Simple practice problems appear throughout each chapter, while more difficult problems appear at the end of chapters. The new edition of Engineering Circuit Analysis is also available in McGraw Hill Connect, featuring: SmartBook 2.0, Adaptive STEM Prep Modules, Application-Based Activities, a curated question bank, Proctorio, and more!Table of ContentsChapter 1: IntroductionChapter 2: Basic Components and Electric CircuitsChapter 3: Voltage and Current LawsChapter 4: Basic Nodal and Mesh AnalysisChapter 5: Handy Circuit Analysis TechniquesChapter 6: The Operational AmplifierChapter 7: Capacitors and InductorsChapter 8: Basic RC and RL CircuitsChapter 9: The RLC CircuitChapter 10: Sinusoidal Steady-State AnalysisChapter 11: AC Circuit Power AnalysisChapter 12: Polyphase CircuitsChapter 13: Magnetically Coupled CircuitsChapter 14: Circuit Analysis in the s-DomainChapter 15: Frequency ResponseChapter 16: Two-Port NetworksChapter 17: Fourier Circuit Analysis
£56.04
Princeton University Press The Mathematical Radio
Book Synopsis
£19.80
Oxford University Press Inc HandsOn Introduction to LabVIEW for Scientists
Book SynopsisDeparting from the style of typical manuals, Hands-On Introduction to LabVIEW for Scientists and Engineers, Fourth Edition, uses a learn-by-doing approach to guide students through using this powerful laboratory tool. It helps students--who are not assumed to have prior experience--master the computer-based skills they need to carry out effective experiments.Table of ContentsPreface About the Author 1. LABVIEW PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT 1.1 LabVIEW Programming Environment 1.2 Blank VI 1.3 Front-Panel Editing 1.4 Block-Diagram Editing 1.5 Program Execution 1.6 Pop-Up Menu and Data-Type Representation 1.7 Program Storage 1.8 Quick Drop 2. THE WHILE LOOP AND WAVEFORM CHART 2.1 Programming Structures and Graphing Modes 2.2 While Loop Basics 2.3 Sine-Wave Plot Using a While Loop and Waveform Chart 2.4 LabVIEW Help Window 2.5 Front Panel Editing 2.6 Waveform Chart Pop-Up Menu 2.7 Finishing the Program 2.8 Program Execution 2.9 Program Improvements 2.10 Data Types and Automatic Creation Feature 3. THE FOR LOOP AND WAVEFORM GRAPH 3.1 For Loop Basics 3.2 Sine-Wave Plot Using a For Loop and Waveform Graph 3.3 Waveform Graph 3.4 Owned and Free Labels 3.5 Creation of Sine Wave Using a For Loop 3.6 Cloning Block-Diagram Icons 3.7 Auto-Indexing Feature 3.8 Running the VI 3.9 X-Axis Calibration of the Waveform Graph 3.10 Sine-Wave Plot Using a While Loop and Waveform Graph 3.11 Front-Panel Array Indicator 3.12 Debugging With the Probe Watch Window and Error List 4. THE MATHSCRIPT NODE AND XY GRAPH 4.1 MathScript Node Basics 4.2 Quick MathScript Node Example: Sine-Wave Plot 4.3 Waveform Simulator Using a MathScript Node and XY Graph 4.4 Creating an XY Cluster 4.5 Running the VI 4.6 LabVIEW MathScript Window 4.7 Adding Shape Options Using an Enumerated Type Control 4.8 Finishing the Block Diagram 4.9 Running the VI 4.10 Control and Indicator Clusters 4.11 Creating an Icon Using the Icon Editor 4.12 Icon Design 4.13 Connector Assignment 5. INTRODUCTION TO DATA ACQUISITION DEVICES USING MAX 5.1 Data Acquisition Hardware 5.2 Measurement & Automation Explorer (MAX) 5.3 Analog Input Modes 5.4 Range and Resolution 5.5 Sampling Frequency and the Aliasing Effect 5.6 Analog Input Operation Using MAX 5.7 Analog Output 5.8 Analog Output Operation Using MAX 5.9 Digital Input/Output 5.10 Digital Input/Output Operation Using Max 6. DATA ACUISITION USING DAQ ASSISTANT 6.1 Data Acquisition VIs 6.2 Simple Analog Input Operation on a DC Voltage 6.3 Digital Oscilloscope 6.4 DC Voltage Storage 6.5 Hardware-Timed Waveform Generator 6.6 Placing a Custom-Made VI on a Block Diagram 6.7 Completing and Executing Waveform Generator (Express) 7. DATA FILES AND CHARACTER STRINGS 7.1 ASCII Text and Binary Data Files 7.2 Storing Data in Spreadsheet-Formatted File 7.3 Storing a One-Dimensional Data Array 7.4 Transpose Option 7.5 Storing a Two-Dimensional Data Array 7.6 Controlling the Format of Stored Data 7.7 The Path Constant and Platform Portability 7.8 Fundamental File I/O VIs 7.9 Adding Text Labels to a Spreadsheet File 7.10 Backslash Codes 8. SHIFT REGISTERS 8.1 Shift Register Basics 8.2 Quick Shift Register Example: Integer Sum 8.3 Noise and Signal Averaging 8.4 Noisy Sine VI 8.5 Moving Average of Four Traces 8.6 Modularity and Automatic SubVI Creation 8.7 Moving Average of Arbitrary Number of Traces 9. THE CASE STRUCTURE 9.1 Case Structure Basics 9.2 Quick Case Structure Example: Runtime Options Using Property Nodes 9.3 State Machine Architecture: Guessing Game 9.4 State Machine Architecture: Express VI-Based Digital Oscilloscope 10. DATA DEPENDENCY AND THE SEQUENCE STRUCTURE 10.1 Data Dependency and Sequence Structure Basics 10.2 Event Timer Using a Sequence Structure 10.3 Event Timer Using Data Dependency 10.4 Highlight Execution 11. ANALYSIS VIs: CURVE FITTING 11.1 Thermistor Resistance-Temperature Data File 11.2 Temperature Measurement Using Thermistors 11.3 The Linear Least-Squares Method 11.4 Inputting Data to a VI Using a Front-Panel Array Control 11.5 Inputting Data to a VI by Reading from a Disk File 11.6 Slicing Up a Multi-Dimensional Array 11.7 Running the VI 11.8 Curve Fitting Using the Linear Least-Squares Method 11.9 Residual Plot 11.10 Curve Fitting Using the Nonlinear Least-Squares Method 12. ANALYSIS VIs: FAST FOURIER TRANSFORM 12.1 Quick Fast Fourier Transform Example 12.2 The Fourier Transform 12.3 Discrete Sampling and the Nyquist Frequency 12.4 The Discrete Fourier Transform 12.5 The Fast Fourier Transform 12.6 Frequency Calculator VI 12.7 FFT of Sinusoids 12.8 Applying the FFT to Various Sinusoidal Inputs 12.9 Magnitude of Complex-Amplitude 12.10 Observing Leakage 12.11 Windowing 12.12 Estimating Frequency and Amplitude 12.13 Aliasing 13. DATA ACQUISITION AND GENERATION USING DAQMX VIs 13.1 DAQmx VI Basics 13.2 Simple Analog Input Operation on a DC Voltage 13.3 Digital Oscilloscope 13.4 Express VI Automatic Code Generation 13.5 Limitations of Express VIs 13.6 Improving Digital Oscilloscope Using State Machine Architecture 13.7 Analog Output Operations 13.8 Waveform Generator 14. CONTROL OF STAND-ALONE INSTRUMENTS 14.1 Instrument Control using VISA VIs 14.2 The VISA Session 14.3 The IEEE 488.2 Standard 14.4 Common Commands 14.5 Status Reporting 14.6 Device-Specific Commands 14.7 Specific Hardware Used In This Chapter 14.8 Measurement & Automation Explorer (MAX) 14.9 Simple VISA-Based Query Operation 14.10 Message Termination 14.11 Getting and Setting Communication Properties Using a Property Node 14.12 Performing a Measurement over the Interface Bus 14.13 Synchronization Methods 14.14 Measurement VI Based on the Serial Poll Method 14.15 Measurement VI Based on the Service Request Method 14.16 Creating an Instrument Driver 14.17 Using the Instrument Driver to Write an Application Program APPENDIX A. FORMULA NODE PROGRAMMING FOR CHAPTER 4 A.1 Formula Node Basics A.2 Quick Formula Node Example: Sine-Wave Plot (Section 4.2) A.3 Formula Node-Based Waveform Simulator (Sections 4.3-4.4) A.4 Formula Node-Based Waveform Simulator (Section 4.8) A.5 Formula Node-Based Waveform Simulator (Section 4.10) APPENDIX B. MATHEMATICS OF LEAKAGE AND WINDOWING B.1 Analytic Description of Leakage B.2 Description of Leakage Using the Convolution Theorem APPENDIX C. PID TEMPERATURE CONTROL PROJECT C.1 Project Description C.2 Voltage-Controlled Bidirectional Current Driver for Thermoelectric Device C.3 PID Temperature Control Algorithm C.4 PID Temperature Control System C.5 Construction of Temperature Control System Index
£65.54
Taylor & Francis Ltd Practical Guide to Inspection Testing and
Book SynopsisCovers all your testing and inspection needs to help you pass your exams on City & Guilds 2391 and EAL 600/4338/6 and 600/4340/4 and Part P courses. Entirely up to date with the 18th Edition IET Wiring Regulations Step-by-step descriptions and photographs of the tests show exactly how to carry them out Completion of inspection and test certification and periodic reporting Fault finding techniques Testing 3 phase and single phase motors Supporting video footage of the tests contained in this book are available on the companion website This book covers everything you need to learn about inspection and testing, with clear reference to the latest updates to the legal requirements and wiring regulations. It answers all of your questions on the basics of inspection and testing, using clear and easy to remember language, along with sample questions and scenarios as they will be encountered in the exams. ChTable of ContentsIntroduction. The legal requirements. Types of certification required for the inspecting and testing of electrical installations. Initial verification inspection. Periodic testing. Earth electrode testing. Completion of test certificates. Correct selection of protective devices. Test equipment. Electric Shock. Testing photovoltaic systems. Fault finding. Exercises and questions. Answers. Glossary.
£35.99
Raspberry Pi Press The Official Raspberry Pi Handbook: Astounding
Book SynopsisThe Official Raspberry Pi Handbook is fully updated for Raspberry Pi in 2024. Packed with all the information beginners need to use their new Raspberry Pi computer. And the best projects from the year for long-term Raspberry Pi enthusiasts. Learn how to set up the Raspberry Pi, install an operating system, and start using Raspberry Pi OS. Follow step-by-step guides to code animations and games using both Scratch and Python languages. Create incredible computing projects with electronic components. The Official Raspberry Pi Handbook 2024 the biggest book of the year for the Raspberry Pi community and a must-buy for all Raspberry Pi owners.
£14.00
Springer Nature Switzerland AG Machine Learning for Computer Scientists and Data
Book SynopsisThis textbook introduces readers to the theoretical aspects of machine learning (ML) algorithms, starting from simple neuron basics, through complex neural networks, including generative adversarial neural networks and graph convolution networks. Most importantly, this book helps readers to understand the concepts of ML algorithms and enables them to develop the skills necessary to choose an apt ML algorithm for a problem they wish to solve. In addition, this book includes numerous case studies, ranging from simple time-series forecasting to object recognition and recommender systems using massive databases. Lastly, this book also provides practical implementation examples and assignments for the readers to practice and improve their programming capabilities for the ML applications.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Metadata Extraction and Data Preprocessing.- Data Exploration.- Practice Exercises.- Supervised Learning.- Unsupervised Learning.- Reinforcement Learning.- Model Evaluation and Optimization.- ML in Computer vision – autonomous driving and object recognition.- ML in Health-care – ECG and EEG analysis.- ML in Embedded Systems – resource management.- ML for Security (Malware).- ML in Big-data Analytics.- ML in Recommender Systems.- ML for Ontology Acquisition from Text and Image Data.- Adversarial Learning.- Graph Adversarial Neural Networks.- Graph Convolutional Networks.- Hardware for Machine Learning.- Software Frameworks.
£56.99
Springer International Publishing AG Screen-Printing Electrochemical Architectures
Book SynopsisThis book offers an essential overview of screen-printing. Routinely utilised to fabricate a range of useful electrochemical architectures, screen-printing is also used in a broad range of areas in both industry and academia. It supports the design of next-generation electrochemical sensing platforms, and allows proven laboratory-based approaches to be upscaled and commercially applied. To those skilled in the art, screen-printing allows novel and useful electrochemical architectures to be mass produced, offering fabrication processes that are cost-effective yet highly reproducible and yield significant electrical benefits. However, there is no readily available textbook that actually equips readers to set about the task of screen-printing, explaining its techniques and implementation. Addressing that gap, this book will be of interest to both academics and industrialists delving into screen-printing for the first time. It offers an essential resource for those readers who want learn to successfully design, fabricate and implement (and mass-produce) electrochemical based architectures, as well as those who already have a basic understanding of the process and want to advance their technical knowledge and skills. Trade Review Table of Contents
£40.49
McGraw-Hill Education Microelectronic Circuit Design ISE
Book SynopsisMicroelectronic Circuit Design presents a balanced coverage of analog and digital circuits. Students will develop a comprehensive understanding of the basic techniques of modern electronic circuit design, analog and digital, discrete and integrated. A broad spectrum of topics is included, and material can easily be selected to satisfy either a two-semester or three quarter sequence in electronics.This title is available in Connect, featuring SmartBook 2.0, eBook, and homework problems. Instructor Resources available for this title include: Solutions Manual and PPTs.Table of Contents1 Introduction to Electronics2 Solid-State Electronics3 Solid-State Diodes and Diode Circuits4 Bipolar Junction Transistors5 Field-Effect Transistors6 Introduction to Amplifiers7 The Transistor as an Amplifier8 Transistor Amplifier Building Blocks9 Amplifier Frequency Response10 Ideal Operational Amplifiers11 Non-Ideal Operational Amplifiers and Feedback Amplifier Stability12 Operational Amplifier Applications13 Differential Amplifiers and Operational Amplifier Design14 Analog Integrated Circuit Design Techniques15 Transistor Feedback Amplifiers and OscillatorsS6 Introduction to Digital Electronics (eBook only)S7 Complementary MOS (CMOS) Logic Design (eBook only)S8 MOS Memory Circuits (eBook only)S9 Bipolar Logic Circuits (eBook only)
£58.89
McGraw-Hill Education - Europe Schaums Outline of Electronic Devices and
Book SynopsisHelps to master the fundamentals of electronic devices and circuits. This book includes: key concepts, principles, and terminology of electronic devices and circuits; introduction to Pspice, the industry standard circuitry design tool; evaluation copy of Pspice, with examples and solved problems; and, useful concepts and design of circuitry.Table of ContentsCircuit Analysis: Port Point of ViewSemiconductor DiodesCharacteristics of Bipolar Junction TransistorsCharacteristics of Field-Effect Transistors and TriodesTransistor Bias ConsiderationsSmall-Signal Midfrequency BJT AmplifiersSmall-Signal Midfrequency FET AmplifiersFrequency Effects in AmplifiersOperational AmplifiersSwitched Mode Power Supplies
£23.39
CRC Press Electrical Machines and Their Applications
Book SynopsisThis popular, easy-to-read book offers a comprehensive yet unique treatment of electrical machines and their historical development. Electrical Machines and Their Applications, Third Edition covers an in-depth analysis of machines augmented with ample examples, which makes it suitable for both those who are new to electric machines and for those who want to deepen their knowledge of electric machines.This book provides a thorough discussion of electrical machines. It starts by reviewing the basics of concepts needed to fully understand the machines, e.g., three-phase circuits and fundamentals of energy conversion, and continues to discuss transformers, induction machines, synchronous machines, dc machines, and other special machines and their dynamics. This natural progression creates a unifying theme and helps the reader appreciate how the same physical laws of energy conversion govern the operation and dynamics of different machine types. The text is sprinkTable of Contents1 Basic Concepts. 2 Three-Phase Circuits. 3 Magnetic Circuits. 4 Transformers. 5 Electromechanical Energy Conversion Principles. 6 Induction Machines. 7 Synchronous Machines. 8 Direct-Current Machines. 9 Single-Phase and Special-Purpose Motors. 10 Transients and Dynamics of Electric Machines
£86.99
John Wiley & Sons Inc Electromagnetic Compatibility Engineering
Book SynopsisThis expanded third edition of the most popular book on electromagnetic compatibility reflects all of the latest advances and developments in the field. It demonstrates how and why noise in electronic digital systems can be avoided or minimized.Trade Review"This is an outstanding book. At 872 pages thick, it is a valuable follow-up to Ott's earlier books, Noise Reduction Techniques in Electronic Systems (first edition, 1975; second edition, 1987) . . . EMC will remain with us in the foreseeable future, and we need books like this one." (The Radio Science Bulletin, 1 June 2011) Table of ContentsPreface xxiii Part 1 EMC Theory 1 1 Electromagnetic Compatibility 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Noise and Interference 3 1.3 Designing for Electromagnetic Compatibility 4 1.4 Engineering Documentation and EMC 6 1.5 United States’ EMC Regulations 6 1.6 Canadian EMC Requirements 19 1.7 European Union’s EMC Requirements 20 1.8 International Harmonization 26 1.9 Military Standards 27 1.10 Avionics 28 1.11 The Regulatory Process 30 1.12 Typical Noise Path 30 1.14 Miscellaneous Noise Sources 33 1.15 Use of Network Theory 36 Summary 38 Problems 39 References 41 Further Reading 42 2 Cabling 44 2.1 Capacitive Coupling 45 2.2 Effect of Shield on Capacitive Coupling 48 2.3 Inductive Coupling 52 2.4 Mutual Inductance Calculations 54 2.5 Effect of Shield on Magnetic Coupling 56 2.6 Shielding to Prevent Magnetic Radiation 64 2.7 Shielding a Receptor Against Magnetic Fields 67 2.8 Common Impedance Shield Coupling 69 2.9 Experimental Data 70 2.10 Example of Selective Shielding 74 2.11 Shield Transfer Impedance 75 2.12 Coaxial Cable Versus Twisted Pair 75 2.13 Braided Shields 79 2.14 Spiral Shields 81 2.15 Shield Terminations 84 2.16 Ribbon Cables 94 2.17 Electrically Long Cables 96 Summary 96 Problems 98 References 103 Further Reading 104 3 Grounding 106 3.1 AC Power Distribution and Safety Grounds 107 3.2 Signal Grounds 120 3.3 Equipment/System Grounding 132 3.4 Ground Loops 142 3.5 Low-Frequency Analysis of Common-Mode Choke 147 3.6 High-Frequency Analysis of Common-Mode Choke 152 3.7 Single Ground Reference for a Circuit 154 Summary 155 Problems 156 References 157 Further Reading 157 4 Balancing and Filtering 158 4.1 Balancing 158 4.2 Filtering 174 4.3 Power Supply Decoupling 178 4.4 Driving Capacitive Loads 186 4.5 System Bandwidth 188 4.6 Modulation and Coding 190 Summary 190 Problems 191 References 192 Further Reading 193 5 Passive Components 194 5.1 Capacitors 194 5.2 Inductors 203 5.3 Transformers 204 5.4 Resistors 206 5.5 Conductors 208 5.6 Transmission Lines 215 5.7 Ferrites 225 Summary 233 Problems 234 References 237 Further Reading 237 6 Shielding 238 6.1 Near Fields and Far Fields 238 6.2 Characteristic and Wave Impedances 241 6.3 Shielding Effectiveness 243 6.4 Absorption Loss 245 6.5 Reflection Loss 249 6.6 Composite Absorption and Reflection Loss 257 6.7 Summary of Shielding Equations 260 6.8 Shielding with Magnetic Materials 260 6.9 Experimental Data 265 6.10 Apertures 267 6.11 Waveguide Below Cutoff 280 6.12 Conductive Gaskets 282 6.13 The ‘‘IDEAL’’ Shield 287 6.14 Conductive Windows 288 6.16 Internal Shields 293 6.17 Cavity Resonance 295 6.18 Grounding of Shields 296 Summary 296 Problems 297 References 299 Further Reading 300 7 Contact Protection 302 7.1 Glow Discharges 302 7.2 Metal-Vapor or Arc Discharges 303 7.3 AC Versus DC Circuits 305 7.4 Contact Material 306 7.5 Contact Rating 306 7.6 Loads with High Inrush Currents 307 7.7 Inductive Loads 308 7.8 Contact Protection Fundamentals 310 7.9 Transient Suppression for Inductive Loads 314 7.10 Contact Protection Networks for Inductive Loads 318 7.11 Inductive Loads Controlled by a Transistor Switch 322 7.12 Resistive Load Contact Protection 323 7.13 Contact Protection Selection Guide 323 7.14 Examples 324 Summary 325 Problems 326 References 327 Further Reading 327 8 Intrinsic Noise Sources 328 8.1 Thermal Noise 328 8.2 Characteristics of Thermal Noise 332 8.3 Equivalent Noise Bandwidth 334 8.4 Shot Noise 337 8.5 Contact Noise 338 8.6 Popcorn Noise 339 8.7 Addition of Noise Voltages 340 8.8 Measuring Random Noise 341 Summary 342 Problems 343 References 345 Further Reading 345 9 Active Device Noise 346 9.1 Noise Factor 346 9.2 Measurement of Noise Factor 349 9.3 Calculating S/N Ratio and Input Noise Voltage from Noise Factor 351 9.4 Noise Voltage and Current Model 353 9.5 Measurment of Vn and In 355 9.6 Calculating Noise Factor and S/N Ratio from Vn–In 356 9.7 Optimum Source Resistance 357 9.8 Noise Factor of Cascaded Stages 360 9.9 Noise Temperature 362 9.10 Bipolar Transistor Noise 364 9.11 Field-Effect Transistor Noise 368 9.12 Noise in Operational Amplifiers 370 Summary 375 Problems 376 References 377 Further Reading 378 10 Digital Circuit Grounding 379 10.1 Frequency Versus Time Domain 380 10.2 Analog Versus Digital Circuits 380 10.3 Digital Logic Noise 380 10.4 Internal Noise Sources 381 10.5 Digital Circuit Ground Noise 384 10.6 Ground Plane Current Distribution and Impedance 391 10.7 Digital Logic Current Flow 412 Summary 419 Problems 420 References 421 Further Reading 422 Part 2 EMC Applications 423 11 Digital Circuit Power Distribution 425 11.1 Power Supply Decoupling 425 11.2 Transient Power Supply Currents 426 11.3 Decoupling Capacitors 431 11.4 Effective Decoupling Strategies 436 11.5 The Effect of Decoupling on Radiated Emissions 454 11.6 Decoupling Capacitor Type and Value 456 11.7 Decoupling Capacitor Placement and Mounting 457 11.8 Bulk Decoupling Capacitors 459 11.9 Power Entry Filters 460 Summary 461 Problems 461 References 463 Further Reading 463 12 Digital Circuit Radiation 464 12.1 Differential-Mode Radiation 465 12.2 Controlling Differential-Mode Radiation 471 12.3 Common-Mode Radiation 477 12.4 Controlling Common-Mode Radiation 480 Summary 488 Problems 489 References 490 Further Reading 491 13 Conducted Emissions 492 13.1 Power Line Impedance 492 13.2 Switched-Mode Power Supplies 495 13.3 Power-Line Filters 511 13.4 Primary-to-Secondary Common-Mode Coupling 523 13.5 Frequency Dithering 524 13.6 Power Supply Instability 524 13.7 Magnetic Field Emissions 525 13.8 Variable Speed Motor Drives 528 13.9 Harmonic Suppression 536 Summary 541 Problems 542 References 544 Further Reading 544 14 RF and Transient Immunity 545 14.1 Performance Criteria 545 14.2 RF Immunity 546 14.3 Transient Immunity 557 14.4 Power Line Disturbances 572 Summary 575 Problems 576 References 578 Further Reading 579 15 Electrostatic Discharge 580 15.1 Static Generation 580 15.2 Human Body Model 587 15.3 Static Discharge 589 15.4 ESD Protection in Equipment Design 592 15.5 Preventing ESD Entry 594 15.6 Hardening Sensitive Circuits 608 15.7 ESD Grounding 608 15.8 Nongrounded Products 609 15.9 Field-Induced Upset 610 15.10 Transient Hardened Software Design 612 15.11 Time Windows 617 Summary 617 Problems 619 References 620 Further Reading 621 16 PCB Layout and Stackup 622 16.1 General PCB Layout Considerations 622 16.2 PCB-to-Chassis Ground Connection 625 16.3 Return Path Discontinuities 626 16.4 PCB Layer Stackup 635 Summary 655 Problems 657 References 658 Further Reading 658 17 Mixed-Signal PCB Layout 660 17.1 Split Ground Planes 660 17.2 Microstrip Ground Plane Current Distribution 662 17.3 Analog and Digital Ground Pins 665 17.4 When Should Split Ground Planes Be Used? 668 17.5 Mixed Signal ICs 669 17.6 High-Resolution A/D and D/A Converters 671 17.7 A/D and D/A Converter Support Circuitry 676 17.8 Vertical Isolation 679 17.9 Mixed-Signal Power Distribution 681 17.10 The IPC Problem 684 Summary 685 Problems 686 References 687 Further Reading 687 18 Precompliance EMC Measurements 688 18.1 Test Environment 689 18.2 Antennas Versus Probes 689 18.3 Common-Mode Currents on Cables 690 18.4 Near Field Measurements 694 18.5 Noise Voltage Measurements 697 18.6 Conducted Emission Testing 700 18.7 Spectrum Analyzers 707 18.8 EMC Crash Cart 711 18.9 One-Meter Radiated Emission Measurements 713 18.10 Precompliance Immunity Testing 717 18.11 Precompliance Power Quality Tests 723 18.12 Margin 726 Summary 728 Problems 729 References 730 Further Reading 731 Appendix 733 A. The Decibel 733 B. The Ten Best Ways to Maximize the Emission from Your Product 740 C. Multiple Reflections of Magnetic Fields in Thin Shields 743 D. Dipoles for Dummies 746 E. Partial Inductance 765 F. Answers to Problems 790 Index 825
£109.76
CRC Press Newnes Industrial Control Wiring Guide
Book SynopsisThis Newnes manual provides a practical introduction to the standard methods and techniques of assembly and wiring of electrical and electromechanical control panels and equipment. Electricians and technicians will find this a useful reference during training and a helpful memory aid at work. This is a highly illustrated guide, designed for ready use. The contents are presented in pictures and checklists. Each page has a series of 'how-to' instructions and illustrations. In this way the subject is covered in a manner which is easy to follow. Each step adds up to a comprehensive course in control panel wiring.This new edition includes extra underlying theory to help the technician plus application notes and limitations of use. Simple programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are covered, as well as new information about EMC/EMI regulations and their impact.Trade ReviewThis is a highly illustrated guide, designed for ready use. The contents are presented in pictures and checklists. Each page has a series of 'how-to' instructions and illustrations. In this way the subject is covered in a manner which is easy to follow.Each step adds up to a comprehensive course in control panel wiring. - Electrical Review, April 1995 - Control & Instrumentation, April 1995Table of ContentsChapter 1 Safety; Chapter 2 Drawings; Chapter 3 Wire Types and Preparation; Chapter 4 Soldering and Termination; Chapter 5 Cable Forming; Chapter 6 Connections and Routing; Chapter 7 Hardware; Chapter 8 Components (Active); Chapter 9 Components (Passive); Chapter 10 Switches and Lamps; Chapter 11 Earthing and Screening; Chapter 12 PLC Wiring;
£47.99
Elsevier Science Analog Circuits
Book SynopsisHighlights basic design concepts that can be adapted to technology as well as design material specific to what is happening in the field of analog circuits. This book includes design practices for op amps, feedback loops, and various types of filters.Trade Review"The book provides good background material on topics like feedback control and stability, and it presents the basics of op-amp topologies and data conversion." --Rick Nelson, Test & Measurement World.Table of ContentsChapter 1: Review of Feedback SystemsChapter 2: My Approach to Feedback Loop DesignChapter 3: Basic Operational Amplifier Topologies and a Case StudyChapter 4: Finding the Perfect Op Amp for your Perfect CircuitChapter 5: Review of Passive Components and a Case Study in PC Board LayoutChapter 6: Analog Lowpass FilterChapter 7: Highpass FiltersChapter 8: NoiseChapter 9: How to Design Circuits Without a Computer or Lots of PpaerChapter 10: Bandpass FiltersChapter 11: Bandstop FiltersChapter 12: Current Feedback AmplifiersChapter 13: The Basics Behind Analog-to-Digital ConvertersChapter 14: The Right ADC for the Right ApplicationChapter 15: Working the Analog Problem from the Digital DomainChapter 16: What's All This Error Budget Stuff, Anyhow?Chapter 17: What's All This Vbe Stuff, Anyhow?Chapter 18: The Zoo Circuit
£36.09
Taylor & Francis Ltd SwitchRouter Architectures
Book SynopsisCrossbar switch fabrics offer many benefits when designing switch/routers. This book discusses switch/router architectures using design examples and case studies of well-known systems that employ crossbar switch fabric as their internal interconnects. This book looks to explain the design of switch/routers from a practicing engineer's perspective. It uses a broad range of design examples to illustrate switch/router designs and provides case studies to enhance readers comprehension of switch/router architectures. The book goes on to discuss industry best practices in switch/router design and explains the key features and differences between unicast and multicast packet forwarding architectures. This book will be of benefit to telecoms/networking industry professionals and engineers as well as researchers and academics looking for more practical and efficient approaches for designing non-blocking crossbar switch fabrics.Table of ContentsPart 1: Characteristics of Switch/Routers with Crossbar Switch Fabrics 1. The Switch/Router: Integrated OSI Layers 2 and 3 Forwarding on a Single Platform 2. Understanding Crossbar Switch Fabrics 3. Introduction to Switch/Routers with Crossbar Switch Fabrics Part 2: Design Examples and Case Studies 4. Cisco Catalyst 6500 Series Switches with Supervisor Engines 1A and 2 5. Avaya P580 and P882 Routing Switch Architecture with 80-Series Media Module 6. Foundry Networks Multilayer Switches with IronCoreTM Network Interface Module 7. Foundry Networks Multilayer Switches with JetCoreTM Network Interface Module 8. Cisco Catalyst 6500 Series Switches with Supervisor Engine 720 9. Multicast Routing and Multicast Forwarding Information Base (MFIB) Architecture 10. Unicast versus Multicast Packet Forwarding: A Case Study
£45.99
Cambridge University Press Bioresorbable Materials and Their Application in
Book SynopsisBioresorbable electronics offer a revolutionary solution to replace the built-to-last electronics used in implanted devices and electronic gadgets. This Element analyzes the unique dissolution behaviors and biological effects of bioresorbable materials such as metals, polymers, inorganic compounds and semiconductors used to construct devices.
£20.99
John Wiley & Sons Inc Design of Power Management Integrated Circuits
Book Synopsis
£80.27
John Wiley & Sons Inc Understanding DeltaSigma Data Converters
Book SynopsisThis new edition introduces operation and design techniques for Sigma-Delta converters in physical and conceptual terms, and includes chapters which explore developments in the field over the last decade Includes information on MASH architectures, digital-to-analog converter (DAC) mismatch and mismatch shaping Investigates new topics including continuous-time ?S analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) principles and designs, circuit design for both continuous-time and discrete-time ?S ADCs, decimation and interpolation filters, and incremental ADCs Provides emphasis on practical design issues for industry professionals Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 The Magic of Delta-Sigma Modulation 1 1.1 The Need for Oversampling Converters 1 1.2 Nyquist and Oversampling Conversion by Example 3 1.3 Higher-Order Single-Stage Noise-Shaping Modulators 11 1.4 Multi-Stage and Multi-Quantizer Delta-Sigma Modulators 12 1.5 Mismatch Shaping in Multi-Bit Delta-Sigma Modulators 14 1.6 Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulation 15 1.7 Bandpass Delta-Sigma Modulators 17 1.8 Incremental Delta-Sigma Converters 18 1.9 Delta-Sigma Digital-to-Analog Converters 18 1.10 Decimation and Interpolation 19 1.11 Specifications and Figures of Merit 19 1.12 Early History, Performance, and Architectural Trends 21 References 25 2 Sampling, Oversampling, and Noise-Shaping 27 2.1 A Review of Sampling 28 2.2 Quantization 30 2.3 Quantization Noise Reduction by Oversampling 39 2.4 Noise-Shaping 42 2.5 Nonlinear Aspects of the First-Order Delta-Sigma Modulator 52 2.6 MOD1 with DC Excitation 54 2.7 Alternative Architectures: The Error-Feedback Structure 60 2.8 The Road Ahead 60 References 61 3 Second-Order Delta-Sigma Modulation 63 3.1 Simulation of MOD2 67 3.2 Nonlinear Effects in MOD2 70 3.3 Stability of MOD2 73 3.4 Alternative Second-Order Modulator Structures 77 3.5 Generalized Second-Order Structures 80 3.6 Conclusions 82 References 82 4 High-Order Delta-Sigma Modulators 83 4.1 Signal-Dependent Stability of Delta-Sigma Modulators 85 4.2 Improving MSA in High-Order Delta-Sigma Converters 92 4.3 Systematic NTF Design 95 4.4 Noise Transfer Functions with Optimally Spread Zeros 97 4.5 Fundamental Aspects of Noise Transfer Functions 98 4.6 High-Order Single-Bit Delta-Sigma Data Converters 100 4.7 Loop Filter Topologies for Discrete-Time Delta-Sigma Converters 104 4.8 State-Space Description of Delta-Sigma Loops 114 4.9 Conclusions 115 References 115 5 Multi-Stage and Multi-Quantizer Delta-Sigma Modulators 117 5.1 Multi-Stage Modulators 117 5.2 Cascade (MASH) Modulators 120 5.3 Noise Leakage in Cascade Modulators 123 5.4 The Sturdy-MASH Architecture 126 5.5 Noise-Coupled Architectures 128 5.6 Cross-Coupled Architectures 131 5.7 Conclusions 131 References 133 6 Mismatch-Shaping 135 6.1 The Mismatch Problem 135 6.2 Random Selection and Rotation 136 6.3 Implementation of Rotation 141 6.4 Alternative Mismatch-Shaping Topologies 145 6.5 High-Order Mismatch-Shaping 151 6.6 Generalizations 156 6.7 Transition-Error Shaping 158 6.8 Conclusions 162 References 162 7 Circuit Design for Discrete-Time Delta-Sigma ADCs 165 7.1 SCMOD2: A Second-Order Switched-Capacitor ADC 165 7.2 High-Level Design 166 7.3 Switched-Capacitor Integrator 168 7.4 Capacitor Sizing 174 7.5 Initial Verification 176 7.6 Amplifier Design 178 7.7 Intermediate Verification 186 7.8 Switch Design 191 7.9 Comparator Design 191 7.10 Clocking 195 7.11 Full-System Verification 197 7.12 High-Order Modulators 201 7.13 Multi-Bit Quantization 203 7.14 Switch Design Revisited 207 7.15 Double Sampling 209 7.16 Gain-Boosting and Gain-Squaring 211 7.17 Split-Steering and Amplifier Stacking 212 7.18 Noise in Switched-Capacitor Circuits 217 7.19 Conclusions 221 References 221 8 Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulation 223 8.1 CT-MOD1 224 8.2 STF of CT-MOD1 230 8.3 Second-Order Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulation 234 8.4 High-Order Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulators 239 8.5 Loop-Filter Topologies 246 8.6 Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulators with Complex NTF Zeros 249 8.7 Modeling of Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulators for Simulation 250 8.8 Dynamic-Range Scaling 253 8.9 Design Example 255 8.10 Conclusions 258 References 258 9 Nonidealities in Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulators 259 9.1 Excess Loop Delay 259 9.2 Time-Constant Variations of the Loop Filter 271 9.3 Clock Jitter in Delta-Sigma Modulators 273 9.4 Addressing Clock Jitter in Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulators 285 9.5 Mitigating Clock Jitter Using FIR Feedback 287 9.6 Comparator Metastability 293 9.7 Conclusions 298 References 298 10 Circuit Design for Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulators 301 10.1 Integrators 302 10.2 The Miller-Compensated OTA-RC Integrator 305 10.3 The Feedforward-Compensated OTA-RC Integrator 306 10.4 Stability of Feedforward Amplifiers 309 10.5 Device Noise in Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulators 312 10.6 ADC Design 316 10.7 Feedback DAC Design 320 10.8 Systematic Design Centering 331 10.9 Loop-Filter Nonlinearities in Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulators 338 10.10 Case Study of a 16-Bit Audio Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulator346 10.11 Measurement Results 358 10.12 Summary 359 References 360 11 Bandpass and Quadrature Delta-Sigma Modulation 363 11.1 The Need for Bandpass Conversion 363 11.2 System Overview 366 11.3 Bandpass NTFs 367 11.4 Architectures for Bandpass Delta-Sigma Modulators 372 11.5 Bandpass Modulator Example 380 11.6 Quadrature Signals 391 11.7 Quadrature Modulation 396 11.8 Polyphase Signal Processing 402 11.9 Conclusions 404 References 405 12 Incremental Analog-to-Digital Converters 407 12.1 Motivation and Trade-Offs 407 12.2 Analysis and Design of Single-Stage IADCs 408 12.3 Digital Filter Design for Single-Stage IADCs 411 12.4 Multiple-Stage IADCs and Extended Counting ADCs 415 12.5 IADC Design Examples 416 12.6 Conclusions 422 References 423 13 Delta-Sigma DACs 425 13.1 System Architectures for Delta-Sigma DACs 425 13.2 Loop Configurations for Delta-Sigma DACs 427 13.3 Delta-Sigma DACs Using Multi-Bit Internal DACs 431 13.4 Interpolation Filtering for Delta-Sigma DACs 438 13.5 Analog Post-Filters for Delta-Sigma DACs 441 13.6 Conclusions 449 References 449 14 Interpolation and Decimation Filters 451 14.1 Interpolation Filtering 452 14.2 Example Interpolation Filter 456 14.3 Decimation Filtering 461 14.4 Example Decimation Filter 463 14.5 Halfband Filters 467 14.5.1 Saramäki Halfband Filter 469 14.6 Decimation for Bandpass Delta-Sigma ADCs 471 14.7 Fractional Rate Conversion 472 14.8 Summary 480 References 480 A Spectral Estimation 483 A.1 Windowing 484 A.2 Scaling and Noise Bandwidth 488 A.3 Averaging 491 A.4 An Example 493 A.5 Mathematical Background 495 References 498 B The Delta-Sigma Toolbox 499 C Linear Periodically Time-Varying Systems 539 C.1 Linearity and Time (In)variance 539 C.2 Linear Time-Varying Systems 541 C.3 Linear Periodically Time-Varying (LPTV) Systems 543 C.4 LPTV Systems with Sampled Outputs 547 References 559 Index 561
£102.56
John Wiley & Sons Inc Dorfs Introduction to Electric Circuits
Book SynopsisTable of ContentsCHAPTER 1 Electric Circuit Variables 1 CHAPTER 2 Circuit Elements 20 CHAPTER 3 Resistive Circuits 53 CHAPTER 4 Methods of Analysis of Resistive Circuits 114 CHAPTER 5 Circuit Theorems 169 CHAPTER 6 The Operational Amplifier 219 CHAPTER 7 Energy Storage Elements 268 CHAPTER 8 The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits 322 CHAPTER 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements 378 CHAPTER 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 425 CHAPTER 11 AC Steady-State Power 504 CHAPTER 12 Three-Phase Circuits 568 CHAPTER 13 Frequency Response 604 CHAPTER 14 The Laplace Transform 670 CHAPTER 15 Fourier Series and Fourier Transform 741 CHAPTER 16 Filter Circuits 804 CHAPTER 17 Two-Port and Three-Port Networks 840 APPENDIX A Getting Started with PSpice 865 APPENDIX B MATLAB, Matrices, and Complex Arithmetic 873 APPENDIX C Mathematical Formulas 885 APPENDIX D Standard Resistor Color Code 889 References 891 Index 893
£47.99
Pearson Education Principles of Electric Circuits Conventional
Book Synopsis
£76.99
Elsevier Science & Technology Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic
Book SynopsisUnlike books currently on the market, this book attempts to satisfy two goals: combine circuits and electronics into a single, unified treatment, and establish a strong connection with the contemporary world of digital systems. It will introduce a new way of looking not only at the treatment of circuits, but also at the treatment of introductory coursework in engineering in general. Using the concept of ''abstraction,'' the book attempts to form a bridge between the world of physics and the world of large computer systems. In particular, it attempts to unify electrical engineering and computer science as the art of creating and exploiting successive abstractions to manage the complexity of building useful electrical systems. Computer systems are simply one type of electrical systems.Trade Review"The book issued by two professors at MIT is intended to initiate a new approach in presenting and developing analog and digital electronics. Traditionally, analog and digital elements and circuits are given in separate courses. Here, the authors want to show that in presenting both topics (analog and digital), a deeper insight of the real problems of the actual electronics is obtained." --Dumitru Stanomir (Bucuresti) "Elsevier, the academic publishing giant, announced [1] on Tuesday that it will offer a free version of one of its textbooks this fall to students who register for Circuits & Electronics, a massive open online course (MOOC) being offered by edX…The MIT Press text that benefited from a Coursera plug was co-written by Daphne Koller, the co-founder of Coursera. Similarly, the Elsevier textbook that will be featured this fall in Circuits & Electronics was co-written by Anant Agarwal, the president of edX." --Inside HigherEd "Elsevier announced its plan to provide free content through edX, the online learning initiative founded by Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) launched in May. Students who enroll in edX’s course 6.002X: Circuits and Electronics will have free access to an online version of the course textbook, Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Circuits, written by Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang and published under Elsevier’s Morgan Kaufmann imprint." --Information Today, Inc. "STM publisher Elsevier, Netherlands, has announced plans to provide free content through edX, the online learning initiative founded by Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Students who enroll in edX's course 6.002X: Circuits and Electronics will have free access to an online version of the course textbook, Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Circuits, written by Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang and published under Elsevier's Morgan Kaufmann imprint." --KnowledgeSpeak "Elsevier, a world-leading provider of scientific, technical and medical information products and services, today announced its plan to provide free content through edX, the online learning initiative founded by Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) launched in May… Students who enroll in edX’s course 6.002X: Circuits and Electronics will have free access to an online version of the course textbook, Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Circuits, written by Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang and published under Elsevier’s Morgan Kaufmann imprint." --edXTable of Contents1 The Circuit Abstraction 2 Resistive Networks 3 Network Theorems 4 Analysis of Nonlinear Circuits 5 The Digital Abstraction 6 The MOSFET Switch 7 The MOSFET Amplifier 8 The Small Signal Model 9 Energy Storage Elements 10 First-order Transients 11 Energy and Power in Digital Circuits 12 Transients in Second Order Circuits 13 Sinusoidal Steady State 14 Sinusoidal Steady State: Resonance 15 The Operational Amplifier Abstraction 16 Diodes
£71.09
O'Reilly Media Learn Electronics with Arduino: An Illustrated
Book SynopsisThis book is your introduction to to physical computing with the Arduino microcontroller platform. No prior experience is required, not even an understanding of basic electronics. With color illustrations, easy-to-follow explanations, and step-by-step instructions, the book takes the beginner from building simple circuits on a breadboard to setting up the Arduino IDE and downloading and writing sketches to run on the Arduino. Readers will be introduced to basic electronics theory and programming concepts, as well as to digital and analog inputs and outputs. Throughout the book, debugging practices are highlighted, so novices will know what to do if their circuits or their code doesn't work for the current project and those that they embark on later for themselves. After completing the projects in this book, readers will have a firm basis for building their own projects with the Arduino. Written for absolute beginners with no prior knowledge of electronics or programming Filled with detailed full-color illustrations that make concepts and procedures easy to follow An accessible introduction to microcontrollers and physical computing Step-by-step instructions for projects that teach fundamental skills Includes a variety of Arduino-based projects using digital and analog input and output
£16.99
The Pragmatic Programmers Essential 555 IC: Design, Configure, and Create
Book SynopsisLearn how to create functional gadgets using simple but clever circuits based on the venerable "555." These projects will give you hands-on experience with useful, basic circuits that will aid you across other projects. These inspiring designs might even lead you to develop the next big thing. The 555 Timer Oscillator Integrated Circuit chip is one of the most popular chips in the world. Through clever projects, you will gain permanent knowledge of how to use the 555 timer will carry with you for life. With this book you'll build a series of unique and useful projects. Each one gets more and more complicated, and you'll learn more as you go along. Start off with a basic 555 timer IC design concept to build a simple project. Learn how to create a simple form of digital memory that can store data, the basis of every computer system ever created. Build a collection of lighting effect circuits that will flash and animate LEDs in different ways. Use a simple configuration of the 555 timer IC to create a complex traffic light system. You'll even create sound with an audio synthesizer! No programming is needed to make startlingly functional electronic devices. Get started today building the next big thing. Or even the next small thing. But build some thing! What You Need: The only physical things people need are the parts to build the projects, which are labeled out with part numbers in the beginning of each project. Otherwise, only an hour here or there is needed to build these projects. Only some familiarity with electrical components is necessary in regards to purchasing for each project.
£15.99
Raspberry Pi Press Book of Making 2025
Book SynopsisThe Book of Making 2025 distills the latest year of HackSpace magazine down to our favourite maker projects. Written by makers for makers, this book features a diverse range of projects to build. Grab some duct tape, fire up a microcontroller, ready a 3D printer, and hack the world around you!
£16.99
Raspberry Pi Press Simple electronics with GPIO Zero
Book SynopsisOne of the main reasons for the Raspberry Pi's continued popularity is its 40-pin GPIO header, which enables users to connect electronic components and control them with a program. While other languages may be used, the code for physical computing projects is usually written in Python, something that's become a whole lot easier with the recent introduction of the GPIO Zero library. Before its arrival, connecting electronics required numerous lines of code just to get everything set up. GPIO Zero does all this boilerplate code for you, so you can focus on controlling the physical devices. As well as resulting in far fewer lines of code, it makes it a lot easier for newcomers to understand. Learn from simple electronics projects:Program LED lightsAdd a push button to your projectBuild a motion sensing alarmCreate your own distance rangefinderMake a laser-powered tripwireBuild a Raspberry Pi robotand much moreUsing the GPIO pins on your Raspberry Pi opens up a whole new world of possibilities. While it might seem daunting at first glance, with our help you'll be creating electronic circuits and controlling them with the Python programming language within minutes. Grab your breadboard and start taking control of the real world with your Raspberry Pi today!Updated for the latest Raspberry Pi devices and hardware, this book has everything you need to get started.
£12.34
Springer Nature Switzerland AG Linear and Nonlinear Circuits: Basic and Advanced
Book SynopsisThis book provides readers with the necessary background information and advanced concepts in the field of circuits, at the crossroads between physics, mathematics and system theory. It covers various engineering subfields, such as electrical devices and circuits, and their electronic counterparts. Based on the idea that a modern university course should provide students with conceptual tools to understand the behavior of both linear and nonlinear circuits, to approach current problems posed by new, cutting-edge devices and to address future developments and challenges, the book places equal emphasis on linear and nonlinear, two‐terminal and multi‐terminal, as well as active and passive circuit components. This second volume focuses on dynamical circuits, which are characterized by time evolution and by the concept of state. The content is divided into a set of introductory and a set of advanced‐level topics, mirroring the approach used in the previously published volume. Whenever possible, circuits are compared to physical systems of different natures (e.g. mechanical or biological) that exhibit the same dynamical behavior. The book also features a wealth of examples and numerous solved problems. Further topics, such as a more general framing of linear and nonlinear components, will be discussed in volume 3. Trade Review“This is volume 2 of a basic book on linear and nonlinear circuits for undergraduate electrical engineering students.” (Wai-Kai Chen, zbMATH 1492.94002, 2022)Table of ContentsBasic concepts: two-terminal linear elements with memory and first-order linear circuits.- Advanced concepts: first-order nonlinear circuits.- Basic concepts: linear two-ports with memory and higher-order linear circuits.- Advanced concepts: Higher-order nonlinear circuits – State equations and equilibrium points.- Basic concepts: Analysis of LTI circuits in sinusoidal steady state.- Advanced concepts: Analysis of nonlinear oscillators.
£94.99
Springer Nature Switzerland AG VLSI Physical Design: From Graph Partitioning to
Book SynopsisThe complexity of modern chip design requires extensive use of specialized software throughout the process. To achieve the best results, a user of this software needs a high-level understanding of the underlying mathematical models and algorithms. In addition, a developer of such software must have a keen understanding of relevant computer science aspects, including algorithmic performance bottlenecks and how various algorithms operate and interact. This book introduces and compares the fundamental algorithms that are used during the IC physical design phase, wherein a geometric chip layout is produced starting from an abstract circuit design. This updated second edition includes recent advancements in the state-of-the-art of physical design, and builds upon foundational coverage of essential and fundamental techniques. Numerous examples and tasks with solutions increase the clarity of presentation and facilitate deeper understanding. A comprehensive set of slides is available on the Internet for each chapter, simplifying use of the book in instructional settings.“This improved, second edition of the book will continue to serve the EDA and design community well. It is a foundational text and reference for the next generation of professionals who will be called on to continue the advancement of our chip design tools and design the most advanced micro-electronics.” Dr. Leon Stok, Vice President, Electronic Design Automation, IBM Systems Group“This is the book I wish I had when I taught EDA in the past, and the one I’m using from now on.” Dr. Louis K. Scheffer, Howard Hughes Medical Institute“I would happily use this book when teaching Physical Design. I know of no other work that’s as comprehensive and up-to-date, with algorithmic focus and clear pseudocode for the key algorithms. The book is beautifully designed!”Prof. John P. Hayes, University of Michigan“The entire field of electronic design automation owes the authors a great debt for providing a single coherent source on physical design that is clear and tutorial in nature, while providing details on key state-of-the-art topics such as timing closure.”Prof. Kurt Keutzer, University of California, Berkeley“An excellent balance of the basics and more advanced concepts, presented by top experts in the field.” Prof. Sachin Sapatnekar, University of MinnesotaTable of Contents1 Introduction. 1.1 Electronic Design Automation (EDA). 1.2 VLSI Design Flow. 1.3 VLSI Design Styles. 1.4 Layout Layers and Design Rules. 1.5 Physical Design Optimizations. 1.6 Algorithms and Complexity. 1.7 Graph Theory Terminology. 1.8 Common EDA Terminology. 2 Netlist and System Partitioning. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Terminology. 2.3 Optimization Goals. 2.4 Partitioning Algorithms. 2.5 A Framework for Multilevel Partitioning. 2.6 System Partitioning onto Multiple FPGAs. Chapter 2 Exercises.3 Chip Planning. 3.1 Introduction to Floorplanning. 3.2 Optimization Goals in Floorplanning. 3.3 Terminology. 3.4 Floorplan Representations. 3.5 Floorplanning Algorithms. 3.6 Pin Assignment. 3.7 Power and Ground Routing. Chapter 3 Exercises.4 Global and Detailed Placement. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Optimization Objectives. 4.3 Global Placement. 4.4 Legalization and Detailed Placement. Chapter 4 Exercises.5 Global Routing. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Terminology and Definitions. 5.3 Optimization Goals. 5.4 Representations of Routing Regions. 5.5 The Global Routing Flow. 5.6 Single-Net Routing. 5.7 Full-Netlist Routing. 5.8 Modern Global Routing. Chapter 5 Exercises.6 Detailed Routing. 6.1 Terminology. 6.2 Horizontal and Vertical Constraint Graphs. 6.3 Channel Routing Algorithms. 6.4 Switchbox Routing. 6.5 Over-the-Cell Routing Algorithms. 6.6 Modern Challenges in Detailed Routing. Chapter 6 Exercises.7 Specialized Routing. 7.1 Introduction to Area Routing. 7.2 Net Ordering in Area Routing. 7.3 Non-Manhattan Routing. 7.4 Basic Concepts in Clock Networks. 7.5 Modern Clock Tree Synthesis. Chapter 7 Exercises.8 Timing Closure. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Timing Analysis and Performance Constraints. 8.3 Timing-Driven Placement. 8.4 Timing-Driven Routing. 8.5 Physical Synthesis. 8.6 Performance-Driven Design Flow. 8.7 Conclusions. Chapter 8 Exercises. A Solutions to Chapter Exercises. B Example CMOS Cell Layouts.
£49.49
BPB Publications Arduino Solutions Handbook: Design interesting
Book Synopsis
£22.79
Pearson Education Adaptive Filter Theory
Book SynopsisSimon Haykin received his B.Sc. (First-class Honours), Ph.D., and D.Sc., all in Electrical Engineering from the University of Birmingham, England. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, and a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. He is the recipient of the Henry Booker Gold Medal from URSI, 2002, the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Technical Sciences from ETH Zentrum, Zurich, Switzerland, 1999, and many other medals and prizes. He is a pioneer in adaptive signal-processing with emphasis on applications in radar and communications, an area of research which has occupied much of his professional life.Table of Contents Chapter 1 Stochastic Processes and Models Chapter 2 Wiener Filters Chapter 3 Linear Prediction Chapter 4 Method of Steepest Descent Chapter 5 Method of Stochastic Gradient Descent Chapter 6 The Least-Mean-Square (LMS) Algorithm Chapter 7 Normalized Least-Mean-Square (LMS) Algorithm and Its Generalization Chapter 8 Block-Adaptive Filters Chapter 9 Method of Least Squares Chapter 10 The Recursive Least-Squares (RLS) Algorithm Chapter 11 Robustness Chapter 12 Finite-Precision Effects Chapter 13 Adaptation in Nonstationary Environments Chapter 14 Kalman Filters Chapter 15 Square-Root Adaptive Filters Chapter 16 Order-Recursive Adaptive Filters Chapter 17 Blind Deconvolution
£77.89
Taylor & Francis Ltd Semiconductor Memory Devices and Circuits
Book SynopsisThis book covers semiconductor memory technologies from device bit-cell structures to memory array design with an emphasis on recent industry scaling trends and cutting-edge technologies. The first part of the book discusses the mainstream semiconductor memory technologies. The second part of the book discusses the emerging memory candidates that may have the potential to change the memory hierarchy, and surveys new applications of memory technologies for machine/deep learning applications. This book is intended for graduate students in electrical and computer engineering programs and researchers or industry professionals in semiconductors and microelectronics. Explains the design of basic memory bit-cells including 6-transistor SRAM, 1-transistor-1-capacitor DRAM, and floating gate/charge trap FLASH transistor Examines the design of the peripheral circuits including the sense amplifier and array-level organization for the memory array Table of Contents 1. Semiconductor Memory Devices and Circuits. 2. SRAM. 3. DRAM. 4. FLASH Memory. 5. Emerging Non-volatile Memories
£99.75
Taylor & Francis Ltd Electric Energy Systems
Book SynopsisElectric Energy Systems, Second Edition provides an analysis of electric generation and transmission systems that addresses diverse regulatory issues. It includes fundamental background topics, such as load flow, short circuit analysis, and economic dispatch, as well as advanced topics, such as harmonic load flow, state estimation, voltage and frequency control, electromagnetic transients, etc. The new edition features updated material throughout the text and new sections throughout the chapters. It covers current issues in the industry, including renewable generation with associated control and scheduling problems, HVDC transmission, and use of synchrophasors (PMUs). The text explores more sophisticated protections and the new roles of demand, side management, etc. Written by internationally recognized specialists, the text contains a wide range of worked out examples along with numerous exercises and solutions to enhance understanding of the material.Table of ContentsChapter 1 Electric Energy Systems: An Overview Chapter 2 Steady-State Single-Phase Models of Power System Components Chapter 3 Load Flow Chapter 4 State Estimation Chapter 5 Economics of Electricity Generation Chapter 6 Optimal and Secure Operation of Transmission Systems Chapter 7 Three-Phase Linear and Nonlinear Models of Power System Components Chapter 8 Fault Analysis and Protection Systems Chapter 9 Frequency and Voltage Control Chapter 10 Angle, Voltage, and Frequency Stability Chapter 11 Three-Phase Power Flow and Harmonic Analysis Chapter 12 Electromagnetic Transients Analysis Appendix A Solution of Linear Equation Systems Appendix B Mathematical Programing Appendix C Dynamic Models of Electric Machines
£54.99
CRC Press Wiring Regulations Pocket Book
Book SynopsisThis new Routledge Pocket Book provides a user-friendly guide to the latest amendments to the 18th Edition of IET Wiring Regulations (BS 7671:2018). This Pocket Book contains topic-based chapters that link areas of working practice with the specifics of the Regulations themselves. The requirements of the Regulations are presented in an informal, easy-to-read style that strips away confusion. Packed with useful hints and tips that highlight the most important or mandatory requirements, the book is a concise reference on all aspects of the 18th edition of the IET Wiring Regulations.This handy guide provides an on-the-job reference source for Electricians, Designers, Service Engineers, Inspectors, Builders and Students.Table of Contents1. Introduction 2. Building Regulations 3. Earthing 4. External influences 5. Safety protection 6. Electrical equipment, components, accessories and supplies 7. Cables, conductors and conduits 8. Special installations and locations 9. Installation, maintenance and repair 10. Inspection and testing
£30.48
CRC Press Inc Microelectronic Design of Fuzzy LogicBased Systems
Book SynopsisFuzzy logic has virtually exploded over the landscape of emerging technologies, becoming an integral part of myriad applications and a standard tool for engineers. Until recently, most of the attention and applications have centered on fuzzy systems implemented in software. But these systems are limited. Problems that require real-time operation, low area, or low power consumption demand hardware designed to the fuzzy paradigm - and engineers with the background and skills to design it.Microelectronic Design of Fuzzy Logic-Based Systems offers low-cost answers to issues that software cannot resolve. From the theoretical, architectural, and technological foundation to design tools and applications, it serves as your guide to effective hardware realizations of fuzzy logic.Review fuzzy logic theory and the basic issues of fuzzy sets, operators, and inference mechanisms Explore the trade-offs between efficient theoretical behavior and practical hardware realizations Discover the properties of the possible microelectronic realizations of fuzzy systems - conventional processors, fuzzy coprocessors, and fuzzy chips Investigate the design of fuzzy chips that implement the whole fuzzy inference method into silicon Analyze analog, digital, and mixed-signal techniques Reduce your design effort for fuzzy systems with CAD tools - learn the requirements they should meet and survey current environments. Put it all together - see examples and case studies illustrating how all of this is used to solve particular problems related to control and neuro-fuzzy applicationsTable of Contents1. Introduction. 2. Fuzzy Set Theory, 3. Fuzzy Inference Systems, 4. Fuzzy System Development, 5. Fuzzy System Verification, 6. Hardware Realization of Fuzzy Systems, 7. Continuous-Time Analog Techniques for Designing Fuzzy Integrated Circuits, 8. Discrete-Time Analog Techniques for Designing Fuzzy Integrated Circuits, 9. Digital Techniques for Designing Fuzzy Integrated Circuits, 10. Fuzzy System Synthesis, 11. Fuzzy Systems as Controllers, 12. Fuzzy Systems as Approximators, Index
£94.72
CRC Press Inc Advanced MultiQuadrant Operation DCDC Converters
Book SynopsisThere are several families of DC/DC converters comprising hundreds of different topologies. Sorting through the various properties and characteristics is obviously a daunting task. Culled from the pages of the groundbreaking Advanced DC/DC Converters, this book provides a focused, concise overview of more than 50 topologies of multi-quadrant converters. All aspects of these topologies are illustrated through designs developed by the authors through the years. The book begins with multiple-quadrant converters followed by switched component (SC and SI) converters, multiple-lift push-pull switched-capacitor converters, and finally, multiple-quadrant soft-switching converters.Table of ContentsMultiple Quadrant Operating Luo-Converters. Switched Component Converters. Positive Output Multiple-Lift Push-Pull Switched-Capacitor Luo-Converters. Negative Output Multiple-Lift Push-Pull Switched-Capacitor Luo-Converters. Multiple Quadrant Soft-Switch Converters.
£155.00
Taylor & Francis Ltd (Sales) Electronic Systems Maintenance Handbook
Book SynopsisThe days of troubleshooting a piece of gear armed only with a scope, voltmeter, and a general idea of how the hardware works are gone forever. As technology continues to drive equipment design forward, maintenance difficulties will continue to increase, and those responsible for maintaining this equipment will continue to struggle to keep up.The Electronic Systems Maintenance Handbook, Second Edition establishes a foundation for servicing, operating, and optimizing audio, video, computer, and RF systems. Beginning with an overview of reliability principles and properties, a team of top experts describes the steps essential to ensuring high reliability and minimum downtime. They examine heat management issues, grounding systems, and all aspects of system test and measurement. They even explore disaster planning and provide guidelines for keeping a facility running under extreme circumstances.Today more than ever, the reliability of a system can have a direct and immediate impact on the profitability of an operation. Advocating a carefully planned, systematic maintenance program, the richly illustrated Electronic Systems Maintenance Handbook helps engineers and technicians meet the challenges inherent in modern electronic equipment and ensure top quality performance from each piece of hardware.Trade Review"…should take its place as a fundamental work in general engineering reference…The handbook shares the very fine organization and multiple access points of other recent CRC Press handbooks…"-Science & Technology Librariesd take its place as a fundamental work in general engineering reference…The handbook shares the very fine organization and multiple access points of other recent CRC Press handbooks…"-Science & Technology LibrariesTable of ContentsProbability and Statistics. Electronic Hardware Reliability. Software Reliability. Thermal Properties. Heat Management. Shielding and EMI Considerations. Resistors and Resistive Materials. Capacitance and Capacitors. Inductors and Magnetic Properties. Printed Wiring Boards. Hybrid Microelectronics Technology. Surface Mount Technology. Semiconductor Failure Modes. Power System Protection Alternatives. Facility Grounding. Network Switching Concepts. Network Communication. Data Acquisition. Computer-Based Circuit Simulation. Audio Frequency Distortion Mechanisms and Analysis. Video Display Distortion Mechanisms and Analysis. Radio Frequency Distortion Mechanisms and Analysis. Digital Test Equipment and Measurement Systems. Fourier Waveform Analysis. Computer Based Signal Analysis. Systems Engineering Concepts. Disaster Planning and Recovery. Safety and Protection Systems. Conversion Tables. Index
£215.00
Taylor & Francis Ltd Designing Audio Circuits and Systems
Book SynopsisDesigning Audio Circuits and Systems is a comprehensive guide to audio circuits and systems design. Beginning with analog audio circuit design basics that a novice can understand, this book offers insight all the way through to in-depth design techniques for many different audiophile and professional audio circuits and functions. Develop and hone your audio design skills with in-depth coverage of these and other topics: Lowânoise amplifier design Understanding and applying negative feedback Filter and equalizer design Preamplifiers for moving magnet and moving coil phono cartridges Preamplifiers for dynamic, condenser, electret and ribbon microphones Fader and panning circuit design Balanced line driver and line receiver circuits DC servo design and application Design of headphone amplifiers and crossfeed circuits Self-powered loudspeaker design and active crossovers Digital-to-analog converters (DACs) Bridging the analog and digital worlds, Designing Audio Circuits and Systems is essential reading for those in the professional audio engineering community, as well as students and enthusiasts who wish to design audio circuits and functions for pro audio or audiophile applications, and live sound or studio mixing consoles.
£74.09
CRC Press Classical to Quantum Transport in MultiDimensional Field Effect Transistors
a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.
£120.00
Cambridge University Press MixedSignal CMOS for Wireline Communication
Book SynopsisGet up to speed with the fundamentals of complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) for wireline communication with this practical introduction, from short-reach optical links to various electrical links. It presents practical coverage of the state of the art, equipping readers with all the tools needed to understand these circuits and then design their own. A comprehensive treatment of components, including details for front-end circuits, equalizers, oscillators, phase-locked loops and clock and data recovery systems, accompanies significant coverage of inverter-based circuits, preparing the reader for modern designs in nano-scale CMOS. Numerous inline examples demonstrate concepts and solutions, allowing readers to absorb the theory and confidently apply concepts to new scenarios. Suitable for graduate students and professional engineers working in mixed-signal integrated circuit design for high-speed interconnects, and including over 100 end-of-chapter problems to extend learning (with online solutions for instructors), this versatile book will equip readers with an unrivalled understanding of exactly what goes into a modern wireline link ? and why.
£94.99
John Wiley & Sons Inc CMOS
Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface xxxiii Chapter 1 Introduction to CMOS Design 1 1.1 The CMOS IC Design Process 1 1.1.1 Fabrication 2 1.2 CMOS Background 5 1.3 An Introduction to SPICE 8 Chapter 2 The Well 31 2.1 Patterning 32 2.1.1 Patterning the N-well 35 2.2 Laying Out the N-well 35 2.2.1 Design Rules for the N-well 36 2.3 Resistance Calculation 36 2.3.1 The N-well Resistor 38 2.4 The N-well/Substrate Diode 39 2.4.1 A Brief Introduction to PN Junction Physics 39 2.4.2 Depletion Layer Capacitance 42 2.4.3 Storage or Diffusion Capacitance 45 2.4.4 SPICE Modeling 46 2.5 The RC Delay through the N-well 48 2.6 Twin Well Processes 51 Chapter 3 The Metal Layers 59 3.1 The Bonding Pad 59 3.1.1 Laying Out the Pad I 60 3.2 Design and Layout Using the Metal Layers 63 3.2.1 Metal1 and Via1 63 3.2.2 Parasitics Associated with the Metal Layers 63 3.2.3 Current-Carrying Limitations 67 3.2.4 Design Rules for the Metal Layers 68 3.2.5 Contact Resistance 69 3.3 Crosstalk and Ground Bounce 70 3.3.1 Crosstalk 71 3.3.2 Ground Bounce 72 3.4 Layout Examples 74 3.4.1 Laying Out the Pad II 74 3.4.2 Laying Out Metal Test Structures 76 Chapter 4 The Active and Poly Layers 83 4.1 Layout Using the Active and Poly Layers 83 4.1.1 Process Flow 90 4.2 Connecting Wires to Poly and Active 93 4.3 Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Protection 99 Chapter 5 Resistors, Capacitors, MOSFETs 107 5.1 Resistors 107 5.2 Capacitors 115 5.3 MOSFETs 118 5.4 Layout Examples 125 Chapter 6 MOSFET Operation 135 6.1 MOSFET Capacitance Overview/Review 136 6.2 The Threshold Voltage 139 6.3 IV Characteristics of MOSFETs 144 6.3.1 MOSFET Operation in the Triode Region 144 6.3.2 The Saturation Region 146 6.4 SPICE Modeling of the MOSFET 149 6.4.1 Some SPICE Simulation Examples 151 6.4.2 The Subthreshold Current 152 6.5 Short-Channel MOSFETs 154 6.5.1 MOSFET Scaling 155 6.5.2 Short-Channel Effects 156 6.5.3 SPICE Models for Our Short-Channel CMOS Process 157 Chapter 7 CMOS Fabrication by Jeff Jessing 165 7.1 CMOS Unit Processes 165 7.1.1 Wafer Manufacture 165 7.1.2 Thermal Oxidation 167 7.1.3 Doping Processes 168 7.1.4 Photolithography 170 7.1.5 Thin Film Removal 173 7.1.6 Thin Film Deposition 177 7.2 CMOS Process Integration 180 7.2.1 Frontend-of-the-Line Integration 182 7.2.2 Backend-of-the-Line Integration 196 7.3 Backend Processes 210 7.4 Advanced CMOS Process Integration 212 7.4.1 FinFETs 213 7.4.2 Dual Damascene Low-k/Cu Interconnects 216 7.5 Summary 219 Chapter 8 Electrical Noise: An Overview 221 8.1 Signals 221 8.1.1 Power and Energy 221 8.1.2 Power Spectral Density 223 8.2 Circuit Noise 226 8.2.1 Calculating and Modeling Circuit Noise 227 8.2.2 Thermal Noise 231 8.2.3 Signal-to-Noise Ratio 237 8.2.4 Shot Noise 247 8.2.5 Flicker Noise 251 8.2.6 Other Noise Sources 258 8.3 Discussion 260 8.3.1 Correlation 260 8.3.2 Noise and Feedback 264 8.3.3 Some Final Notes Concerning Notation 267 Chapter 9 Models for Analog Design 277 9.1 Long-Channel MOSFETs 277 9.1.1 The Square-Law Equations 279 9.1.2 Small Signal Models 286 9.1.3 Temperature Effects 300 9.2 Short-Channel MOSFETs 302 9.2.1 General Design (A Starting Point) 303 9.2.2 Specific Design (A Discussion) 306 9.3 MOSFET Noise Modeling 308 Chapter 10 Models for Digital Design 327 10.1 The Digital MOSFET Model 328 10.1.2 Process Characteristic Time Constant 331 10.1.3 Delay and Transition Times 333 10.1.4 General Digital Design 326 10.2 The MOSFET Pass Gate 326 10.2.1 Delay through a Pass Gate 338 10.2.2 Delay through Series-Connected PGs 340 10.3 A Final Comment Concerning Measurements 341 Chapter 11 The Inverter 347 11.1 DC Characteristics 347 11.2 Switching Characteristics 352 11.3 Layout of the Inverter 356 11.4 Sizing for Large Capacitive Loads 358 11.5 Other Inverter Configurations 364 Chapter 12 Static Logic Gates 369 12.1 DC Characteristics of the NAND and NOR Gates 369 12.1.1 DC Characteristics of the NAND Gate 369 12.1.2 DC Characteristics of the NOR Gate 372 12.2 Layout of the NAND and NOR Gates 373 12.3 Switching Characteristics 374 12.3.1 NAND Gate 375 12.3.2 Number of Inputs 378 12.4 Complex CMOS Logic Gates 379 Chapter 13 Clocked Circuits 389 13.1 The CMOS TG 389 13.2 Applications of the Transmission Gate 391 13.3 Latches and Flip-Flops 395 13.4 Examples 402 Chapter 14 Dynamic Logic Gates 411 14.1 Fundamentals of Dynamic Logic 411 14.1.1 Charge Leakage 411 14.1.2 Simulating Dynamic Circuits 414 14.1.3 Nonoverlapping Clock Generation 415 14.1.4 CMOS TG in Dynamic Circuits 416 14.2 Clocked CMOS Logic 417 Chapter 15 CMOS Layout Examples 425 15.1 Chip Layout 426 15.2 Layout Steps by Dean Moriarty 434 Chapter 16 Memory Circuits 445 16.1 Array Architectures 446 16.1.1 Sensing Basics 446 16.1.2 The Folded Array 452 16.1.3 Chip Organization 458 16.2 Peripheral Circuits 458 16.2.1 Sense Amplifier Design 458 16.2.2 Row/Column Decoders 467 16.2.3 Row Drivers 470 16.3 Memory Cells 471 16.3.1 The SRAM Cell 473 16.3.2 Read-Only Memory (ROM) 473 16.3.3 Floating Gate Memory 473 Chapter 17 Sensing Using Modulation 493 17.1 Qualitative Discussion 494 17.1.1 Examples of DSM 494 17.1.2 Using DSM for Sensing in Flash Memory 496 17.2 Sensing Resistive Memory 506 17.3 Sensing in CMOS Imagers 513 Chapter 18 Special Purpose CMOS Circuits 533 18.1 The Schmitt Trigger 533 18.1.1 Design of the Schmitt Trigger 534 18.1.2 Applications of the Schmitt Trigger 536 18.2 Multivibrator Circuits 538 18.2.1 The Monostable Multivibrator 539 18.2.2 The Astable Multivibrator 540 18.3 Input Buffers 541 18.3.1 Basic Circuits 541 18.3.2 Differential Circuits 543 18.3.3 DC Reference 547 18.3.4 Reducing Buffer Input Resistance 550 18.4 Charge Pumps (Voltage Generators) 551 18.4.1 Increasing the Output Voltage 553 18.4.2 Generating Higher Voltages: The Dickson Charge Pump 553 18.4.3 Example 556 Chapter 19 Digital Phase-Locked Loops 561 19.1 The Phase Detector 563 19.1.1 The XOR Phase Detector 563 19.1.2 The Phase Frequency Detector 567 19.2 The Voltage-Controlled Oscillator 570 19.2.1 The Current-Starved VCO 570 19.2.2 Source-Coupled VCOs 574 19.3 The Loop Filter 576 19.3.1 XOR DPLL 577 19.3.2 PFD DPLL 583 19.4 System Concerns 590 19.4.1 Clock Recovery from NRZ Data 593 19.5 Delay-Locked Loops 600 19.6 Some Examples 603 19.6.1 A 2 GHz DLL 603 19.6.2 A 1 Gbit/s Clock-Recovery Circuit 609 Chapter 20 Current Mirrors 621 20.1 The Basic Current Mirror 621 20.1.1 Long-Channel Design 622 20.1.2 Matching Currents in the Mirror 624 20.1.3 Biasing the Current Mirror 628 20.1.4 Short-Channel Design 634 20.1.5 Temperature Behavior 638 20.1.6 Biasing in the Subthreshold Region 642 20.2 Cascoding the Current Mirror 643 20.2.1 The Simple Cascode 643 20.2.2 Low-Voltage (Wide-Swing) Cascode 645 20.2.3 Wide-Swing, Short-Channel Design 648 20.2.4 Regulated Drain Current Mirror 651 20.3 Biasing Circuits 653 20.3.1 Long-Channel Biasing Circuits 653 20.3.2 Short-Channel Biasing Circuits 656 20.3.3 A Final Comment 657 Chapter 21 Amplifiers 671 21.1 Gate-Drain Connected Loads 671 21.1.1 Common-Source (CS) Amplifiers 671 21.1.2 The Source Follower (Common-Drain Amplifier) 683 21.1.3 Common Gate Amplifier 684 21.2 Current Source Loads 685 21.2.1 Common-Source Amplifier 685 21.2.2 The Cascode Amplifier 698 21.2.3 The Common-Gate Amplifier 702 21.2.4 The Source Follower (Common-Drain Amplifier) 702 21.3 The Push-Pull Amplifier 710 21.3.1 DC Operation and Biasing 711 21.3.2 Small-Signal Analysis 714 21.3.3 Distortion 716 Chapter 22 Differential Amplifiers 735 22.1 The Source-Coupled Pair 735 22.1.1 DC Operation 735 22.1.2 AC Operation 741 22.1.3 Common-Mode Rejection Ratio 745 22.1.4 Matching Considerations 746 22.1.5 Noise Performance 749 22.1.6 Slew-Rate Limitations 750 22.2 The Source Cross-Coupled Pair 750 22.2.1 Current Source Load 754 22.3 Cascode Loads (The Telescopic Diff-Amp) 756 22.4 Wide-Swing Differential Amplifiers 758 22.4.1 Current Differential Amplifier 760 22.4.2 Constant Transconductance Diff-Amp 760 Chapter 23 Voltage References 773 23.1 MOSFET-Resistor Voltage References 774 23.1.1 The Resistor-MOSFET Divider 774 23.1.2 The MOSFET-Only Voltage Divider 777 23.1.3 Self-Biased Voltage References 778 23.2 Parasitic Diode-Based References 784 23.2.1 Long-Channel BGR Design 787 23.2.2 Short-Channel BGR Design 795 Chapter 24 Operational Amplifiers I 803 24.1 The Two-Stage Op-Amp 804 24.2 An Op-Amp with Output Buffer 822 24.3 The Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA) 824 24.4 Gain-Enhancement 835 24.5 Some Examples and Discussions 839 Chapter 25 Dynamic Analog Circuits 857 25.1 The MOSFET Switch 857 25.1.1 Sample-and-Hold Circuits 861 25.2 Fully-Differential Circuits 864 25.2.1 A Fully-Differential Sample-and-Hold 866 25.3 Switched-Capacitor Circuits 869 25.3.1 Switched-Capacitor Integrator 871 25.4 Circuits 879 Chapter 26 Operational Amplifiers II 889 26.1 Biasing for Power and Speed 889 26.1.1 Device Characteristics 890 26.1.2 Biasing Circuit 891 26.2 Basic Concepts 892 26.3 Basic Op-Amp Design 900 26.4 Op-Amp Design Using Switched-Capacitor CMFB 920 Chapter 27 Nonlinear Analog Circuits 933 27.1 Basic CMOS Comparator Design 933 27.1.1 Characterizing the Comparator 939 27.1.2 Clocked Comparators 942 27.1.3 Input Buffers Revisited 943 27.2 Adaptive Biasing 943 27.3 Analog Multipliers 946 27.3.1 The Multiplying Quad 947 Chapter 28 Data Converter Fundamentals by Harry Li 955 28.1 Analog Versus Discrete Time Signals 955 28.2 Converting Analog Signals to Digital Signals 956 28.3 Sample-and-Hold (S/H) Characteristics 959 28.4 Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC) Specifications 961 28.5 Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) Specifications 970 28.6 Mixed-Signal Layout Issues 979 Chapter 29 Data Converter Architectures by Harry Li 987 29.1 DAC Architectures 987 29.1.1 Digital Input Code 987 29.1.2 Resistor String 987 29.1.3 R-2R Ladder Networks 992 29.1.4 Current Steering 995 29.1.5 Charge-Scaling DACs 999 29.1.6 Cyclic DAC 1003 29.1.7 Pipeline DAC 1005 29.2 ADC Architectures 1006 29.2.1 Flash 1006 29.2.2 The Two-Step Flash ADC 1010 29.2.3 The Pipeline ADC 1014 29.2.4 Integrating ADCs 1018 29.2.5 The Successive Approximation ADC 1022 29.2.6 The Oversampling ADC 1027 Chapter 30 Implementing Data Converters 1043 30.1 R-2R Topologies for DACs 1043 30.1.1 The Current-Mode R-2R DAC 1044 30.1.2 The Voltage-Mode R-2R DAC 1045 30.1.3 A Wide-Swing Current-Mode R-2R DAC 1047 30.1.4 Topologies Without an Op-Amp 1057 30.2 Op-Amps in Data Converters 1063 30.2.1 Op-Amp Gain 1066 30.2.2 Op-Amp Unity Gain Frequency 1067 30.2.3 Op-Amp Offset 1067 30.3 Implementing ADCs 1070 30.3.1 Implementing the S/H 1071 30.3.2 The Cyclic ADC 1077 30.3.3 The Pipeline ADC 1084 Chapter 31 Feedback Amplifiers with Harry Li 1115 31.1 The Feedback Equation 1115 31.2 Properties of Negative Feedback on Amplifier Design 1117 31.2.1 Gain Desensitivity 1117 31.3 Recognizing Feedback Topologies 1120 31.3.1 Input Mixing 1121 31.3.2 Output Sampling 1121 31.3.3 The Feedback Network 1122 31.3.4 Calculating Open-Loop Parameters 1125 31.3.5 Calculating Closed-Loop Parameters 1127 31.4 The Voltage Amp (Series-Shunt Feedback) 1128 31.5 The Transimpedance Amp (Shunt-Shunt Feedback) 1134 31.5.1 Simple Feedback Using a Gate-Drain Resistor 1140 31.6 The Transconductance Amp (Series-Series Feedback) 1142 31.7 The Current Amplifier (Shunt-Series Feedback) 1146 31.8 Stability 1148 31.8.1 The Return Ratio 1151 31.9 Design Examples 1154 31.9.1 Voltage Amplifiers 1154 31.9.2 A Transimpedance Amplifier 1158 Chapter 32 Hysteretic Power Converters 1175 32.1 A Review of Power and Energy Basics 1176 32.1.1 Energy Storage in Inductors and Capacitors 1177 32.1.2 Energy Use in Transmitting Data 1180 32.1.3 Selection and use of Switches 1181 32.2 Switching Power Supplies: Some Examples 1189 32.2.1 The Buck SPS 1189 32.2.2 The Boost SPS 1196 32.2.3 The Flyback SPS 1200 32.2.4 Pulse Width Modulation: A Control Loop Example 1204 32.3 Hysteretic Control 1210 32.3.1 Topologies 1211 32.3.2 Examples 1212 Index 1219 About the Author 1235
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