Electronics: circuits and components Books

Book SynopsisMake: Electronics explores the properties and applications of discrete components that are the fundamental building blocks of circuit design. Understanding resistors, capacitors, transistors, inductors, diodes, and integrated circuit chips is essential even when using microcontrollers. Make: Electronics teaches the fundamentals and also provides advice on the tools and supplies that are necessary. Component kits are available, specifically developed for the third edition.

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Book SynopsisOur phones, computers, and appliances are made of hundreds of internal components, each precisely engineered, but none intended to be seen. Through painstakingly executed, vividly detailed cross-section photography, Open Circuits reveals the surprising beauty hiding inside the electronic components that drive our everyday devices. From resistors to LEDs, USB cables to headphone jacks, the book's arresting imagery transforms more than 130 components into delightful works of art. As you visually dissect the components' insides, you'll learn about how they work and how they were made.Trade Review"This book made me fall in love with electronics all over again . . . Part history book, part coffee-table book, and part journey into the inner lives of the electronics, [Open Circuits] is a fascinating journey through the history of electronics." —Haje Jan Kamps, TechCrunch"Its stunning cross-section photography unlocks a hidden world full of elegance, subtle complexity, and wonder. . . . Open Circuits has something for everyone to appreciate, whether you’re a seasoned electrical engineer, an amateur tinkerer, or simply a lover of art and photography."—Lee Goldberg, Electronic Design“Each page is both a dive into technological history and an ode to the evolution and aesthetics of electronics themselves.”—Grace Ebert, Colossal“An eye-catching and educational coffee table tome.”—Gareth Halfacree, Hackster.io"Every page is a new discovery."—New Screwdriver"A celebration of the electronic aesthetic . . . blur[s] the line between engineering and art."—Andrew "bunnie" Huang, Author of The Hardware Hacker and Hacking the Xbox"Excellent pictures of the world's most interesting objects with clear, accessible explanations."—Trevor Blackwell, Founder of Anybots"Anyone interested in electronics and/or macrophotography will enjoy this book from both an aesthetic and informational standpoint. . . . It’s truly a technological and photographic masterpiece."—Jeremy Cook, Embedded Computing Design"Stunningly beautiful . . . While the component images stand alone as works of art, authors Schlaepfer and Oskay pair the pictures with clear and informative text that adds to the reader's knowledge of the circuitry they are looking at. This book is sure to be a staple in many makers, educators, and engineers libraries."—Professor AnnMarie Thomas, University of St. Thomas, School of Engineering"While it will definitely be a 'geek coffee table book' for me, I would very much have appreciated it when I was 12 years old and first getting into electronics."—Mark Eichin, Senior Software Developer at RightHand Robotics"This is the coolest book I've seen in years. Fascinating look inside hundreds of circuits, switches, and mechanical electronic devices that I've never seen before."—Jeff Geerling, @geerlingguy, Author of Ansible for DevOps"What an awesome book! A rare breed of technical content that is appreciable by experts and novices alike."—Chris Lafky, @fluxotronlabs, Electrical Engineer"Without a doubt, the most beautiful electronics book!"—Ben Krasnow, @BenKrasnow, YouTuber at Applied ScienceTable of ContentsIntroductionChapter 1: Passive ComponentsChapter 2: SemiconductorsChapter 3: ElectromechanicsChapter 4: Cables and ConnectorsChapter 5: Retro TechChapter 6: Composite DevicesAfterword: Creating Cross SectionsGlossary

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Book SynopsisThe Official Raspberry Pi Handbook is fully updated for Raspberry Pi in 2024. Packed with all the information beginners need to use their new Raspberry Pi computer. And the best projects from the year for long-term Raspberry Pi enthusiasts. Learn how to set up the Raspberry Pi, install an operating system, and start using Raspberry Pi OS. Follow step-by-step guides to code animations and games using both Scratch and Python languages. Create incredible computing projects with electronic components. The Official Raspberry Pi Handbook 2024 the biggest book of the year for the Raspberry Pi community and a must-buy for all Raspberry Pi owners.

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Book SynopsisOffers information on debugging and troubleshooting analog circuits. This book gives advice on using simple equipment to troubleshoot; and step-by-step procedures for analog troubleshooting methods. It provides proven methods for troubleshooting analog circuits.Trade Review"Combining his expertise as a senior scientist at National Semiconductor with a sense of humor and easy writing style, Pease has produced an excellent guide to analog circuit troubleshooting." --Library Journal 2004Table of ContentsTroubleshooting linear circuits - The beginninghoosing the right equipmentGetting down to the component levelSolving capacitor-based troublesPreventing material and assembly problemsSolving active-component problemsIdentifying transistor troublesOperational amplifiers - the supreme activatorsQuashing spurious oscillationsThe analog-digital boundaryTroubleshooting charts

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Book SynopsisThe hallmark feature of Engineering Circuit Analysis is its focus on the student. This text is written so students may teach the science of circuit analysis to themselves. Terms are clearly defined, basic material appears toward the beginning of each chapter and is explained carefully and in detail, and numerical examples are used to introduce and suggest general results. Simple practice problems appear throughout each chapter, while more difficult problems appear at the end of chapters. The new edition of Engineering Circuit Analysis is also available in McGraw Hill Connect, featuring: SmartBook 2.0, Adaptive STEM Prep Modules, Application-Based Activities, a curated question bank, Proctorio, and more!Table of ContentsChapter 1: IntroductionChapter 2: Basic Components and Electric CircuitsChapter 3: Voltage and Current LawsChapter 4: Basic Nodal and Mesh AnalysisChapter 5: Handy Circuit Analysis TechniquesChapter 6: The Operational AmplifierChapter 7: Capacitors and InductorsChapter 8: Basic RC and RL CircuitsChapter 9: The RLC CircuitChapter 10: Sinusoidal Steady-State AnalysisChapter 11: AC Circuit Power AnalysisChapter 12: Polyphase CircuitsChapter 13: Magnetically Coupled CircuitsChapter 14: Circuit Analysis in the s-DomainChapter 15: Frequency ResponseChapter 16: Two-Port NetworksChapter 17: Fourier Circuit Analysis

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Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.Up-to-date hacks that will breathe life into your Arduino and Raspberry Pi creations!This intuitive DIY guide shows how to wire, disassemble, tweak, and re-purpose household devices and integrate them with your Raspberry Pi and Arduino inventions. Packed with full-color illustrations, photos, and diagrams, Hacking Electronics: Learning Electronics with Arduino and Raspberry Pi, Second Edition, features fun, easy-to-follow projects. Youâll discover how to build an Internet-controlled hacked electric toy, ultrasonic rangefinder, remote-controlled robotic rover, audio amp, slot car brakes and headlightsâeven a smart card reader!â Get up and running on both Arduino and Raspberry P

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Book SynopsisFranco''s Design with Operational Amplifiers and Analog Integrated Circuits, 4e combines theory with real-life applications to deliver a straightforward look at analog design principles and techniques. An emphasis on the physical picture helps the student develop the intuition and practical insight that are the keys to making sound design decisions.is The book is intended for a design-oriented course in applications with operational amplifiers and analog ICs. It also serves as a comprehensive reference for practicing engineers. This new edition includes enhanced pedagogy (additional problems, more in-depth coverage of negative feedback, more effective layout), updated technology (current-feedback and folded-cascode amplifiers, and low-voltage amplifiers), and increased topical coverage (current-feedback amplifiers, switching regulators and phase-locked loops).Table of Contents1 Operational Amplifier Fundamentals2 Circuits with Resistive Feedback3 Active Filters: Part I4 Active Filters: Part II5 Static Op Amp Limitations6 Dynamic Op Amp Limitations7 Noise8 Stability9 Nonlinear Circuits10 Signal Generators11 Voltage References and Regulators12 D-A and A-D Converters13 Nonlinear Amplifiers and Phase-Locked Loops

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Book SynopsisMicroelectronic Circuit Design presents a balanced coverage of analog and digital circuits. Students will develop a comprehensive understanding of the basic techniques of modern electronic circuit design, analog and digital, discrete and integrated. A broad spectrum of topics is included, and material can easily be selected to satisfy either a two-semester or three quarter sequence in electronics.This title is available in Connect, featuring SmartBook 2.0, eBook, and homework problems. Instructor Resources available for this title include: Solutions Manual and PPTs.Table of Contents1 Introduction to Electronics2 Solid-State Electronics3 Solid-State Diodes and Diode Circuits4 Bipolar Junction Transistors5 Field-Effect Transistors6 Introduction to Amplifiers7 The Transistor as an Amplifier8 Transistor Amplifier Building Blocks9 Amplifier Frequency Response10 Ideal Operational Amplifiers11 Non-Ideal Operational Amplifiers and Feedback Amplifier Stability12 Operational Amplifier Applications13 Differential Amplifiers and Operational Amplifier Design14 Analog Integrated Circuit Design Techniques15 Transistor Feedback Amplifiers and OscillatorsS6 Introduction to Digital Electronics (eBook only)S7 Complementary MOS (CMOS) Logic Design (eBook only)S8 MOS Memory Circuits (eBook only)S9 Bipolar Logic Circuits (eBook only)

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Book SynopsisThis book offers an essential overview of screen-printing. Routinely utilised to fabricate a range of useful electrochemical architectures, screen-printing is also used in a broad range of areas in both industry and academia. It supports the design of next-generation electrochemical sensing platforms, and allows proven laboratory-based approaches to be upscaled and commercially applied. To those skilled in the art, screen-printing allows novel and useful electrochemical architectures to be mass produced, offering fabrication processes that are cost-effective yet highly reproducible and yield significant electrical benefits. However, there is no readily available textbook that actually equips readers to set about the task of screen-printing, explaining its techniques and implementation. Addressing that gap, this book will be of interest to both academics and industrialists delving into screen-printing for the first time. It offers an essential resource for those readers who want learn to successfully design, fabricate and implement (and mass-produce) electrochemical based architectures, as well as those who already have a basic understanding of the process and want to advance their technical knowledge and skills. Trade Review Table of Contents

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Book SynopsisSimon Haykin received his B.Sc. (First-class Honours), Ph.D., and D.Sc., all in Electrical Engineering from the University of Birmingham, England. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, and a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. He is the recipient of the Henry Booker Gold Medal from URSI, 2002, the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Technical Sciences from ETH Zentrum, Zurich, Switzerland, 1999, and many other medals and prizes. He is a pioneer in adaptive signal-processing with emphasis on applications in radar and communications, an area of research which has occupied much of his professional life.Table of Contents Chapter 1 Stochastic Processes and Models Chapter 2 Wiener Filters Chapter 3 Linear Prediction Chapter 4 Method of Steepest Descent Chapter 5 Method of Stochastic Gradient Descent Chapter 6 The Least-Mean-Square (LMS) Algorithm Chapter 7 Normalized Least-Mean-Square (LMS) Algorithm and Its Generalization Chapter 8 Block-Adaptive Filters Chapter 9 Method of Least Squares Chapter 10 The Recursive Least-Squares (RLS) Algorithm Chapter 11 Robustness Chapter 12 Finite-Precision Effects Chapter 13 Adaptation in Nonstationary Environments Chapter 14 Kalman Filters Chapter 15 Square-Root Adaptive Filters Chapter 16 Order-Recursive Adaptive Filters Chapter 17 Blind Deconvolution

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsCHAPTER 1 Electric Circuit Variables 1 CHAPTER 2 Circuit Elements 20 CHAPTER 3 Resistive Circuits 53 CHAPTER 4 Methods of Analysis of Resistive Circuits 114 CHAPTER 5 Circuit Theorems 169 CHAPTER 6 The Operational Amplifier 219 CHAPTER 7 Energy Storage Elements 268 CHAPTER 8 The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits 322 CHAPTER 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements 378 CHAPTER 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 425 CHAPTER 11 AC Steady-State Power 504 CHAPTER 12 Three-Phase Circuits 568 CHAPTER 13 Frequency Response 604 CHAPTER 14 The Laplace Transform 670 CHAPTER 15 Fourier Series and Fourier Transform 741 CHAPTER 16 Filter Circuits 804 CHAPTER 17 Two-Port and Three-Port Networks 840 APPENDIX A Getting Started with PSpice 865 APPENDIX B MATLAB, Matrices, and Complex Arithmetic 873 APPENDIX C Mathematical Formulas 885 APPENDIX D Standard Resistor Color Code 889 References 891 Index 893

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Book SynopsisThe Book of Making 2025 distills the latest year of HackSpace magazine down to our favourite maker projects. Written by makers for makers, this book features a diverse range of projects to build. Grab some duct tape, fire up a microcontroller, ready a 3D printer, and hack the world around you!

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Book SynopsisThis book thoroughly reviews the present knowledge on silicon micromechanical transducers and addresses emerging and future technology challenges. Readers will acquire a solid theoretical and practical background that will allow them to analyze the key performance aspects of devices, critically judge a fabrication process, and then conceive and design new ones for future applications. Envisioning a future complex versatile microsystem, the authors take inspiration from Richard Feynman’s visionary talk “There is Plenty of Room at the Bottom” to propose that the time has come to see silicon sensors as part of a “Feynman Roadmap” instead of the “More-than-Moore” technology roadmap. The sharing of the author’s industrially proven track record of development, design, and manufacturing, along with their visionary approach to the technology, will allow readers to jump ahead in their understanding of the core of the topic in a very effective way. Students, researchers, engineers, and technologists involved in silicon-based sensor and actuator research and development will find a wealth of useful and groundbreaking information in this book.Table of Contents1. Silicon as Sensor Material2. Epitaxial Growth3. Thin Film Deposition4. Thin Films Characterization & Metrology5. Dry silicon etch 6. Lithography7. HF Release 8. Galvanic growth9. Wet Etch and Cleaning 10. Piezoelectric materials 11. Wafer to wafer Bonding12. Linear and non linear mechanichs in MEMS 13. Inertial sensors 14. Magnetometer15. MEMS microphones 16. Pressure Sensors17. Enviromental Sensors18. Mirror19. Piezo ink jet printers20. Speakers21. Autofocus22. Electronic sensors front-end23. Electronic Interfaces for actuators24. Package25. Testing26. Reliability27. The future of sensor and actuators

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Book SynopsisThis textbook introduces readers to the theoretical aspects of machine learning (ML) algorithms, starting from simple neuron basics, through complex neural networks, including generative adversarial neural networks and graph convolution networks. Most importantly, this book helps readers to understand the concepts of ML algorithms and enables them to develop the skills necessary to choose an apt ML algorithm for a problem they wish to solve. In addition, this book includes numerous case studies, ranging from simple time-series forecasting to object recognition and recommender systems using massive databases. Lastly, this book also provides practical implementation examples and assignments for the readers to practice and improve their programming capabilities for the ML applications.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Metadata Extraction and Data Preprocessing.- Data Exploration.- Practice Exercises.- Supervised Learning.- Unsupervised Learning.- Reinforcement Learning.- Model Evaluation and Optimization.- ML in Computer vision – autonomous driving and object recognition.- ML in Health-care – ECG and EEG analysis.- ML in Embedded Systems – resource management.- ML for Security (Malware).- ML in Big-data Analytics.- ML in Recommender Systems.- ML for Ontology Acquisition from Text and Image Data.- Adversarial Learning.- Graph Adversarial Neural Networks.- Graph Convolutional Networks.- Hardware for Machine Learning.- Software Frameworks.

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Book SynopsisFPGAs are reprogrammable integrated circuits used in everything from hardware hacking and hobbyist electronics to aerospace engineering, video processing, and high-frequency stock trading. They're fast, powerful, and incredibly flexible, but they have a notoriously steep bar of entry. Getting Started with FPGAs lowers that bar, providing a straightforward introduction to working with FPGAs, without unnecessary jargon or complexity. The book explores FPGAs from the bottom up, starting with a look at the basics of digital logic and the fundamental components that make up FPGAs: look-up tables and flip-flops. Understanding how these components work together is critical to thinking like an FPGA designer. As the chapters progress, readers will learn how to master higher-level FPGA concepts like state machines and crossing clock domains, while working on increasingly sophisticated hands-on projects. Loaded with thoroughly annotated, downloadable code examples in both Verilog and VHDL - theTable of ContentsAcknowledgments Introduction Chapter 1: Meet the FPGA Chapter 2: Setting Up Your Hardware and Tools Chapter 3: Boolean Algebra and the Look-Up Table Chapter 4: Storing State with the Flip-Flop Chapter 5: Testing Your Code with Simulation Chapter 6: Common FPGA ModulesChapter 7: Synthesis, Place and Route, and Crossing Clock DomainsChapter 8: The State MachineChapter 9: Useful FPGA PrimitivesChapter 10: Numbers and MathChapter 11: Getting Data In and Out with I/O and SerDes Appendix A: FPGA Development BoardsAppendix B: Tips for a Career in FPGA Engineering GlossaryIndex

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Book SynopsisThis new edition introduces operation and design techniques for Sigma-Delta converters in physical and conceptual terms, and includes chapters which explore developments in the field over the last decade Includes information on MASH architectures, digital-to-analog converter (DAC) mismatch and mismatch shaping Investigates new topics including continuous-time ?S analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) principles and designs, circuit design for both continuous-time and discrete-time ?S ADCs, decimation and interpolation filters, and incremental ADCs Provides emphasis on practical design issues for industry professionals Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 The Magic of Delta-Sigma Modulation 1 1.1 The Need for Oversampling Converters 1 1.2 Nyquist and Oversampling Conversion by Example 3 1.3 Higher-Order Single-Stage Noise-Shaping Modulators 11 1.4 Multi-Stage and Multi-Quantizer Delta-Sigma Modulators 12 1.5 Mismatch Shaping in Multi-Bit Delta-Sigma Modulators 14 1.6 Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulation 15 1.7 Bandpass Delta-Sigma Modulators 17 1.8 Incremental Delta-Sigma Converters 18 1.9 Delta-Sigma Digital-to-Analog Converters 18 1.10 Decimation and Interpolation 19 1.11 Specifications and Figures of Merit 19 1.12 Early History, Performance, and Architectural Trends 21 References 25 2 Sampling, Oversampling, and Noise-Shaping 27 2.1 A Review of Sampling 28 2.2 Quantization 30 2.3 Quantization Noise Reduction by Oversampling 39 2.4 Noise-Shaping 42 2.5 Nonlinear Aspects of the First-Order Delta-Sigma Modulator 52 2.6 MOD1 with DC Excitation 54 2.7 Alternative Architectures: The Error-Feedback Structure 60 2.8 The Road Ahead 60 References 61 3 Second-Order Delta-Sigma Modulation 63 3.1 Simulation of MOD2 67 3.2 Nonlinear Effects in MOD2 70 3.3 Stability of MOD2 73 3.4 Alternative Second-Order Modulator Structures 77 3.5 Generalized Second-Order Structures 80 3.6 Conclusions 82 References 82 4 High-Order Delta-Sigma Modulators 83 4.1 Signal-Dependent Stability of Delta-Sigma Modulators 85 4.2 Improving MSA in High-Order Delta-Sigma Converters 92 4.3 Systematic NTF Design 95 4.4 Noise Transfer Functions with Optimally Spread Zeros 97 4.5 Fundamental Aspects of Noise Transfer Functions 98 4.6 High-Order Single-Bit Delta-Sigma Data Converters 100 4.7 Loop Filter Topologies for Discrete-Time Delta-Sigma Converters 104 4.8 State-Space Description of Delta-Sigma Loops 114 4.9 Conclusions 115 References 115 5 Multi-Stage and Multi-Quantizer Delta-Sigma Modulators 117 5.1 Multi-Stage Modulators 117 5.2 Cascade (MASH) Modulators 120 5.3 Noise Leakage in Cascade Modulators 123 5.4 The Sturdy-MASH Architecture 126 5.5 Noise-Coupled Architectures 128 5.6 Cross-Coupled Architectures 131 5.7 Conclusions 131 References 133 6 Mismatch-Shaping 135 6.1 The Mismatch Problem 135 6.2 Random Selection and Rotation 136 6.3 Implementation of Rotation 141 6.4 Alternative Mismatch-Shaping Topologies 145 6.5 High-Order Mismatch-Shaping 151 6.6 Generalizations 156 6.7 Transition-Error Shaping 158 6.8 Conclusions 162 References 162 7 Circuit Design for Discrete-Time Delta-Sigma ADCs 165 7.1 SCMOD2: A Second-Order Switched-Capacitor ADC 165 7.2 High-Level Design 166 7.3 Switched-Capacitor Integrator 168 7.4 Capacitor Sizing 174 7.5 Initial Verification 176 7.6 Amplifier Design 178 7.7 Intermediate Verification 186 7.8 Switch Design 191 7.9 Comparator Design 191 7.10 Clocking 195 7.11 Full-System Verification 197 7.12 High-Order Modulators 201 7.13 Multi-Bit Quantization 203 7.14 Switch Design Revisited 207 7.15 Double Sampling 209 7.16 Gain-Boosting and Gain-Squaring 211 7.17 Split-Steering and Amplifier Stacking 212 7.18 Noise in Switched-Capacitor Circuits 217 7.19 Conclusions 221 References 221 8 Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulation 223 8.1 CT-MOD1 224 8.2 STF of CT-MOD1 230 8.3 Second-Order Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulation 234 8.4 High-Order Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulators 239 8.5 Loop-Filter Topologies 246 8.6 Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulators with Complex NTF Zeros 249 8.7 Modeling of Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulators for Simulation 250 8.8 Dynamic-Range Scaling 253 8.9 Design Example 255 8.10 Conclusions 258 References 258 9 Nonidealities in Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulators 259 9.1 Excess Loop Delay 259 9.2 Time-Constant Variations of the Loop Filter 271 9.3 Clock Jitter in Delta-Sigma Modulators 273 9.4 Addressing Clock Jitter in Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulators 285 9.5 Mitigating Clock Jitter Using FIR Feedback 287 9.6 Comparator Metastability 293 9.7 Conclusions 298 References 298 10 Circuit Design for Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulators 301 10.1 Integrators 302 10.2 The Miller-Compensated OTA-RC Integrator 305 10.3 The Feedforward-Compensated OTA-RC Integrator 306 10.4 Stability of Feedforward Amplifiers 309 10.5 Device Noise in Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulators 312 10.6 ADC Design 316 10.7 Feedback DAC Design 320 10.8 Systematic Design Centering 331 10.9 Loop-Filter Nonlinearities in Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulators 338 10.10 Case Study of a 16-Bit Audio Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulator346 10.11 Measurement Results 358 10.12 Summary 359 References 360 11 Bandpass and Quadrature Delta-Sigma Modulation 363 11.1 The Need for Bandpass Conversion 363 11.2 System Overview 366 11.3 Bandpass NTFs 367 11.4 Architectures for Bandpass Delta-Sigma Modulators 372 11.5 Bandpass Modulator Example 380 11.6 Quadrature Signals 391 11.7 Quadrature Modulation 396 11.8 Polyphase Signal Processing 402 11.9 Conclusions 404 References 405 12 Incremental Analog-to-Digital Converters 407 12.1 Motivation and Trade-Offs 407 12.2 Analysis and Design of Single-Stage IADCs 408 12.3 Digital Filter Design for Single-Stage IADCs 411 12.4 Multiple-Stage IADCs and Extended Counting ADCs 415 12.5 IADC Design Examples 416 12.6 Conclusions 422 References 423 13 Delta-Sigma DACs 425 13.1 System Architectures for Delta-Sigma DACs 425 13.2 Loop Configurations for Delta-Sigma DACs 427 13.3 Delta-Sigma DACs Using Multi-Bit Internal DACs 431 13.4 Interpolation Filtering for Delta-Sigma DACs 438 13.5 Analog Post-Filters for Delta-Sigma DACs 441 13.6 Conclusions 449 References 449 14 Interpolation and Decimation Filters 451 14.1 Interpolation Filtering 452 14.2 Example Interpolation Filter 456 14.3 Decimation Filtering 461 14.4 Example Decimation Filter 463 14.5 Halfband Filters 467 14.5.1 Saramäki Halfband Filter 469 14.6 Decimation for Bandpass Delta-Sigma ADCs 471 14.7 Fractional Rate Conversion 472 14.8 Summary 480 References 480 A Spectral Estimation 483 A.1 Windowing 484 A.2 Scaling and Noise Bandwidth 488 A.3 Averaging 491 A.4 An Example 493 A.5 Mathematical Background 495 References 498 B The Delta-Sigma Toolbox 499 C Linear Periodically Time-Varying Systems 539 C.1 Linearity and Time (In)variance 539 C.2 Linear Time-Varying Systems 541 C.3 Linear Periodically Time-Varying (LPTV) Systems 543 C.4 LPTV Systems with Sampled Outputs 547 References 559 Index 561

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Book SynopsisHelps to master the fundamentals of electronic devices and circuits. This book includes: key concepts, principles, and terminology of electronic devices and circuits; introduction to Pspice, the industry standard circuitry design tool; evaluation copy of Pspice, with examples and solved problems; and, useful concepts and design of circuitry.Table of ContentsCircuit Analysis: Port Point of ViewSemiconductor DiodesCharacteristics of Bipolar Junction TransistorsCharacteristics of Field-Effect Transistors and TriodesTransistor Bias ConsiderationsSmall-Signal Midfrequency BJT AmplifiersSmall-Signal Midfrequency FET AmplifiersFrequency Effects in AmplifiersOperational AmplifiersSwitched Mode Power Supplies

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Book SynopsisDeparting from the style of typical manuals, Hands-On Introduction to LabVIEW for Scientists and Engineers, Fourth Edition, uses a learn-by-doing approach to guide students through using this powerful laboratory tool. It helps students--who are not assumed to have prior experience--master the computer-based skills they need to carry out effective experiments.Table of ContentsPreface About the Author 1. LABVIEW PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT 1.1 LabVIEW Programming Environment 1.2 Blank VI 1.3 Front-Panel Editing 1.4 Block-Diagram Editing 1.5 Program Execution 1.6 Pop-Up Menu and Data-Type Representation 1.7 Program Storage 1.8 Quick Drop 2. THE WHILE LOOP AND WAVEFORM CHART 2.1 Programming Structures and Graphing Modes 2.2 While Loop Basics 2.3 Sine-Wave Plot Using a While Loop and Waveform Chart 2.4 LabVIEW Help Window 2.5 Front Panel Editing 2.6 Waveform Chart Pop-Up Menu 2.7 Finishing the Program 2.8 Program Execution 2.9 Program Improvements 2.10 Data Types and Automatic Creation Feature 3. THE FOR LOOP AND WAVEFORM GRAPH 3.1 For Loop Basics 3.2 Sine-Wave Plot Using a For Loop and Waveform Graph 3.3 Waveform Graph 3.4 Owned and Free Labels 3.5 Creation of Sine Wave Using a For Loop 3.6 Cloning Block-Diagram Icons 3.7 Auto-Indexing Feature 3.8 Running the VI 3.9 X-Axis Calibration of the Waveform Graph 3.10 Sine-Wave Plot Using a While Loop and Waveform Graph 3.11 Front-Panel Array Indicator 3.12 Debugging With the Probe Watch Window and Error List 4. THE MATHSCRIPT NODE AND XY GRAPH 4.1 MathScript Node Basics 4.2 Quick MathScript Node Example: Sine-Wave Plot 4.3 Waveform Simulator Using a MathScript Node and XY Graph 4.4 Creating an XY Cluster 4.5 Running the VI 4.6 LabVIEW MathScript Window 4.7 Adding Shape Options Using an Enumerated Type Control 4.8 Finishing the Block Diagram 4.9 Running the VI 4.10 Control and Indicator Clusters 4.11 Creating an Icon Using the Icon Editor 4.12 Icon Design 4.13 Connector Assignment 5. INTRODUCTION TO DATA ACQUISITION DEVICES USING MAX 5.1 Data Acquisition Hardware 5.2 Measurement & Automation Explorer (MAX) 5.3 Analog Input Modes 5.4 Range and Resolution 5.5 Sampling Frequency and the Aliasing Effect 5.6 Analog Input Operation Using MAX 5.7 Analog Output 5.8 Analog Output Operation Using MAX 5.9 Digital Input/Output 5.10 Digital Input/Output Operation Using Max 6. DATA ACUISITION USING DAQ ASSISTANT 6.1 Data Acquisition VIs 6.2 Simple Analog Input Operation on a DC Voltage 6.3 Digital Oscilloscope 6.4 DC Voltage Storage 6.5 Hardware-Timed Waveform Generator 6.6 Placing a Custom-Made VI on a Block Diagram 6.7 Completing and Executing Waveform Generator (Express) 7. DATA FILES AND CHARACTER STRINGS 7.1 ASCII Text and Binary Data Files 7.2 Storing Data in Spreadsheet-Formatted File 7.3 Storing a One-Dimensional Data Array 7.4 Transpose Option 7.5 Storing a Two-Dimensional Data Array 7.6 Controlling the Format of Stored Data 7.7 The Path Constant and Platform Portability 7.8 Fundamental File I/O VIs 7.9 Adding Text Labels to a Spreadsheet File 7.10 Backslash Codes 8. SHIFT REGISTERS 8.1 Shift Register Basics 8.2 Quick Shift Register Example: Integer Sum 8.3 Noise and Signal Averaging 8.4 Noisy Sine VI 8.5 Moving Average of Four Traces 8.6 Modularity and Automatic SubVI Creation 8.7 Moving Average of Arbitrary Number of Traces 9. THE CASE STRUCTURE 9.1 Case Structure Basics 9.2 Quick Case Structure Example: Runtime Options Using Property Nodes 9.3 State Machine Architecture: Guessing Game 9.4 State Machine Architecture: Express VI-Based Digital Oscilloscope 10. DATA DEPENDENCY AND THE SEQUENCE STRUCTURE 10.1 Data Dependency and Sequence Structure Basics 10.2 Event Timer Using a Sequence Structure 10.3 Event Timer Using Data Dependency 10.4 Highlight Execution 11. ANALYSIS VIs: CURVE FITTING 11.1 Thermistor Resistance-Temperature Data File 11.2 Temperature Measurement Using Thermistors 11.3 The Linear Least-Squares Method 11.4 Inputting Data to a VI Using a Front-Panel Array Control 11.5 Inputting Data to a VI by Reading from a Disk File 11.6 Slicing Up a Multi-Dimensional Array 11.7 Running the VI 11.8 Curve Fitting Using the Linear Least-Squares Method 11.9 Residual Plot 11.10 Curve Fitting Using the Nonlinear Least-Squares Method 12. ANALYSIS VIs: FAST FOURIER TRANSFORM 12.1 Quick Fast Fourier Transform Example 12.2 The Fourier Transform 12.3 Discrete Sampling and the Nyquist Frequency 12.4 The Discrete Fourier Transform 12.5 The Fast Fourier Transform 12.6 Frequency Calculator VI 12.7 FFT of Sinusoids 12.8 Applying the FFT to Various Sinusoidal Inputs 12.9 Magnitude of Complex-Amplitude 12.10 Observing Leakage 12.11 Windowing 12.12 Estimating Frequency and Amplitude 12.13 Aliasing 13. DATA ACQUISITION AND GENERATION USING DAQMX VIs 13.1 DAQmx VI Basics 13.2 Simple Analog Input Operation on a DC Voltage 13.3 Digital Oscilloscope 13.4 Express VI Automatic Code Generation 13.5 Limitations of Express VIs 13.6 Improving Digital Oscilloscope Using State Machine Architecture 13.7 Analog Output Operations 13.8 Waveform Generator 14. CONTROL OF STAND-ALONE INSTRUMENTS 14.1 Instrument Control using VISA VIs 14.2 The VISA Session 14.3 The IEEE 488.2 Standard 14.4 Common Commands 14.5 Status Reporting 14.6 Device-Specific Commands 14.7 Specific Hardware Used In This Chapter 14.8 Measurement & Automation Explorer (MAX) 14.9 Simple VISA-Based Query Operation 14.10 Message Termination 14.11 Getting and Setting Communication Properties Using a Property Node 14.12 Performing a Measurement over the Interface Bus 14.13 Synchronization Methods 14.14 Measurement VI Based on the Serial Poll Method 14.15 Measurement VI Based on the Service Request Method 14.16 Creating an Instrument Driver 14.17 Using the Instrument Driver to Write an Application Program APPENDIX A. FORMULA NODE PROGRAMMING FOR CHAPTER 4 A.1 Formula Node Basics A.2 Quick Formula Node Example: Sine-Wave Plot (Section 4.2) A.3 Formula Node-Based Waveform Simulator (Sections 4.3-4.4) A.4 Formula Node-Based Waveform Simulator (Section 4.8) A.5 Formula Node-Based Waveform Simulator (Section 4.10) APPENDIX B. MATHEMATICS OF LEAKAGE AND WINDOWING B.1 Analytic Description of Leakage B.2 Description of Leakage Using the Convolution Theorem APPENDIX C. PID TEMPERATURE CONTROL PROJECT C.1 Project Description C.2 Voltage-Controlled Bidirectional Current Driver for Thermoelectric Device C.3 PID Temperature Control Algorithm C.4 PID Temperature Control System C.5 Construction of Temperature Control System Index

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Book SynopsisThis popular, easy-to-read book offers a comprehensive yet unique treatment of electrical machines and their historical development. Electrical Machines and Their Applications, Third Edition covers an in-depth analysis of machines augmented with ample examples, which makes it suitable for both those who are new to electric machines and for those who want to deepen their knowledge of electric machines.This book provides a thorough discussion of electrical machines. It starts by reviewing the basics of concepts needed to fully understand the machines, e.g., three-phase circuits and fundamentals of energy conversion, and continues to discuss transformers, induction machines, synchronous machines, dc machines, and other special machines and their dynamics. This natural progression creates a unifying theme and helps the reader appreciate how the same physical laws of energy conversion govern the operation and dynamics of different machine types. The text is sprinkTable of Contents1 Basic Concepts. 2 Three-Phase Circuits. 3 Magnetic Circuits. 4 Transformers. 5 Electromechanical Energy Conversion Principles. 6 Induction Machines. 7 Synchronous Machines. 8 Direct-Current Machines. 9 Single-Phase and Special-Purpose Motors. 10 Transients and Dynamics of Electric Machines

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Book SynopsisElectric Energy Systems, Second Edition provides an analysis of electric generation and transmission systems that addresses diverse regulatory issues. It includes fundamental background topics, such as load flow, short circuit analysis, and economic dispatch, as well as advanced topics, such as harmonic load flow, state estimation, voltage and frequency control, electromagnetic transients, etc. The new edition features updated material throughout the text and new sections throughout the chapters. It covers current issues in the industry, including renewable generation with associated control and scheduling problems, HVDC transmission, and use of synchrophasors (PMUs). The text explores more sophisticated protections and the new roles of demand, side management, etc. Written by internationally recognized specialists, the text contains a wide range of worked out examples along with numerous exercises and solutions to enhance understanding of the material.Table of ContentsChapter 1 Electric Energy Systems: An Overview Chapter 2 Steady-State Single-Phase Models of Power System Components Chapter 3 Load Flow Chapter 4 State Estimation Chapter 5 Economics of Electricity Generation Chapter 6 Optimal and Secure Operation of Transmission Systems Chapter 7 Three-Phase Linear and Nonlinear Models of Power System Components Chapter 8 Fault Analysis and Protection Systems Chapter 9 Frequency and Voltage Control Chapter 10 Angle, Voltage, and Frequency Stability Chapter 11 Three-Phase Power Flow and Harmonic Analysis Chapter 12 Electromagnetic Transients Analysis Appendix A Solution of Linear Equation Systems Appendix B Mathematical Programing Appendix C Dynamic Models of Electric Machines

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Book SynopsisThis Newnes manual provides a practical introduction to the standard methods and techniques of assembly and wiring of electrical and electromechanical control panels and equipment. Electricians and technicians will find this a useful reference during training and a helpful memory aid at work. This is a highly illustrated guide, designed for ready use. The contents are presented in pictures and checklists. Each page has a series of 'how-to' instructions and illustrations. In this way the subject is covered in a manner which is easy to follow. Each step adds up to a comprehensive course in control panel wiring.This new edition includes extra underlying theory to help the technician plus application notes and limitations of use. Simple programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are covered, as well as new information about EMC/EMI regulations and their impact.Trade ReviewThis is a highly illustrated guide, designed for ready use. The contents are presented in pictures and checklists. Each page has a series of 'how-to' instructions and illustrations. In this way the subject is covered in a manner which is easy to follow.Each step adds up to a comprehensive course in control panel wiring. - Electrical Review, April 1995 - Control & Instrumentation, April 1995Table of ContentsChapter 1 Safety; Chapter 2 Drawings; Chapter 3 Wire Types and Preparation; Chapter 4 Soldering and Termination; Chapter 5 Cable Forming; Chapter 6 Connections and Routing; Chapter 7 Hardware; Chapter 8 Components (Active); Chapter 9 Components (Passive); Chapter 10 Switches and Lamps; Chapter 11 Earthing and Screening; Chapter 12 PLC Wiring;

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Book SynopsisHighlights basic design concepts that can be adapted to technology as well as design material specific to what is happening in the field of analog circuits. This book includes design practices for op amps, feedback loops, and various types of filters.Trade Review"The book provides good background material on topics like feedback control and stability, and it presents the basics of op-amp topologies and data conversion." --Rick Nelson, Test & Measurement World.Table of ContentsChapter 1: Review of Feedback SystemsChapter 2: My Approach to Feedback Loop DesignChapter 3: Basic Operational Amplifier Topologies and a Case StudyChapter 4: Finding the Perfect Op Amp for your Perfect CircuitChapter 5: Review of Passive Components and a Case Study in PC Board LayoutChapter 6: Analog Lowpass FilterChapter 7: Highpass FiltersChapter 8: NoiseChapter 9: How to Design Circuits Without a Computer or Lots of PpaerChapter 10: Bandpass FiltersChapter 11: Bandstop FiltersChapter 12: Current Feedback AmplifiersChapter 13: The Basics Behind Analog-to-Digital ConvertersChapter 14: The Right ADC for the Right ApplicationChapter 15: Working the Analog Problem from the Digital DomainChapter 16: What's All This Error Budget Stuff, Anyhow?Chapter 17: What's All This Vbe Stuff, Anyhow?Chapter 18: The Zoo Circuit

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Book SynopsisCrossbar switch fabrics offer many benefits when designing switch/routers. This book discusses switch/router architectures using design examples and case studies of well-known systems that employ crossbar switch fabric as their internal interconnects. This book looks to explain the design of switch/routers from a practicing engineer's perspective. It uses a broad range of design examples to illustrate switch/router designs and provides case studies to enhance readers comprehension of switch/router architectures. The book goes on to discuss industry best practices in switch/router design and explains the key features and differences between unicast and multicast packet forwarding architectures. This book will be of benefit to telecoms/networking industry professionals and engineers as well as researchers and academics looking for more practical and efficient approaches for designing non-blocking crossbar switch fabrics.Table of ContentsPart 1: Characteristics of Switch/Routers with Crossbar Switch Fabrics 1. The Switch/Router: Integrated OSI Layers 2 and 3 Forwarding on a Single Platform 2. Understanding Crossbar Switch Fabrics 3. Introduction to Switch/Routers with Crossbar Switch Fabrics Part 2: Design Examples and Case Studies 4. Cisco Catalyst 6500 Series Switches with Supervisor Engines 1A and 2 5. Avaya P580 and P882 Routing Switch Architecture with 80-Series Media Module 6. Foundry Networks Multilayer Switches with IronCoreTM Network Interface Module 7. Foundry Networks Multilayer Switches with JetCoreTM Network Interface Module 8. Cisco Catalyst 6500 Series Switches with Supervisor Engine 720 9. Multicast Routing and Multicast Forwarding Information Base (MFIB) Architecture 10. Unicast versus Multicast Packet Forwarding: A Case Study

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Book SynopsisBioresorbable electronics offer a revolutionary solution to replace the built-to-last electronics used in implanted devices and electronic gadgets. This Element analyzes the unique dissolution behaviors and biological effects of bioresorbable materials such as metals, polymers, inorganic compounds and semiconductors used to construct devices.

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Book Synopsis* The second edition of Analog Integrated Circuit Design focuses on several types of circuits that have increased in importance in the past decade. * The text is enhanced with material on CMOS IC device modeling, updated processing layout and expanded coverage to reflect technical innovations.Table of ContentsCHAPTER 1 INTEGRATED-CIRCUIT DEVICES AND MODELLING 1 1.1 Semiconductors and pn Junctions 1 1.1.1 Diodes 2 1.1.2 Reverse-Biased Diodes 4 1.1.3 Graded Junctions 8 1.1.4 Large-Signal Junction Capacitance 10 1.1.5 Forward-Biased Junctions 11 1.1.6 Junction Capacitance of Forward-Biased Diode 12 1.1.7 Small-Signal Model of a Forward-Biased Diode 13 1.1.8 Schottky Diodes 14 1.2 MOS Transistors 15 1.2.1 Symbols for MOS Transistors 16 1.2.2 Basic Operation 17 1.2.3 Large-Signal Modelling 22 1.2.4 Body Effect 25 1.2.5 p-Channel Transistors 26 1.2.6 Low-Frequency Small-Signal Modelling in the Active Region 26 1.2.7 High-Frequency Small-Signal Modelling in the Active Region 32 1.2.8 Small-Signal Modelling in the Triode and Cutoff Regions 35 1.2.9 Analog Figures of Merit and Trade-offs 37 1.3 Device Model Summary 39 1.3.1 Constants 40 1.3.2 Diode Equations 40 1.3.3 MOS Transistor Equations 41 1.4 Advanced MOS Modelling 43 1.4.1 Subthreshold Operation 43 1.4.2 Mobility Degradation 46 1.4.3 Summary of Subthreshold and Mobility Degradation Equations 48 1.4.4 Parasitic Resistances 48 1.4.5 Short-Channel Effects 49 1.4.6 Leakage Currents 50 1.5 SPICE Modelling Parameters 51 1.5.1 Diode Model 51 1.5.2 MOS Transistors 52 1.5.3 Advanced SPICE Models of MOS Transistors 52 1.6 Passive Devices 55 1.6.1 Resistors 55 1.6.2 Capacitors 59 1.7 Appendix 61 1.7.1 Diode Exponential Relationship 61 1.7.2 Diode-Diffusion Capacitance 63 1.7.3 MOS Threshold Voltage and the Body Effect 65 1.7.4 MOS Triode Relationship 67 1.8 Key Points 69 1.9 References 70 1.10 Problems 70 CHAPTER 2 PROCESSING AND LAYOUT 73 2.1 CMOS Processing 73 2.1.1 The Silicon Wafer 73 2.1.2 Photolithography and Well Definition 74 2.1.3 Diffusion and Ion Implantation 76 2.1.4 Chemical Vapor Deposition and Defining the Active Regions 78 2.1.5 Transistor Isolation 78 2.1.6 Gate-Oxide and Threshold-Voltage Adjustments 81 2.1.7 Polysilicon Gate Formation 82 2.1.8 Implanting the Junctions, Depositing SiO2, and Opening Contact Holes 82 2.1.9 Annealing, Depositing and Patterning Metal, and Overglass Deposition 84 2.1.10 Additional Processing Steps 84 2.2 CMOS Layout and Design Rules 86 2.2.1 Spacing Rules 86 2.2.2 Planarity and Fill Requirements 94 2.2.3 Antenna Rules 94 2.2.4 Latch-Up 95 2.3 Variability and Mismatch 96 2.3.1 Systematic Variations Including Proximity Effects 96 2.3.2 Process Variations 98 2.3.3 Random Variations and Mismatch 99 2.4 Analog Layout Considerations 103 2.4.1 Transistor Layouts 103 2.4.2 Capacitor Matching 104 2.4.3 Resistor Layout 107 2.4.4 Noise Considerations 109 2.5 Key Points 112 2.6 References 113 2.7 Problems 114 CHAPTER 3 BASIC CURRENT MIRRORS AND SINGLE-STAGE AMPLIFIERS 117 3.1 Simple CMOS Current Mirror 118 3.2 Common-Source Amplifier 120 3.3 Source-Follower or Common-Drain Amplifier 122 3.4 Common-Gate Amplifier 124 3.5 Source-Degenerated Current Mirrors 127 3.6 Cascode Current Mirrors 129 3.7 Cascode Gain Stage 131 3.8 MOS Differential Pair and Gain Stage 135 3.9 Key Points 138 3.10 References 139 3.11 Problems 139 CHAPTER 4 FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS 144 4.1 Frequency Response of Linear Systems 144 4.1.1 Magnitude and Phase Response 145 4.1.2 First-Order Circuits 147 4.1.3 Second-Order Low-Pass Transfer Functions with Real Poles 154 4.1.4 Bode Plots 157 4.1.5 Second-Order Low-Pass Transfer Functions with Complex Poles 163 4.2 Frequency Response of Elementary Transistor Circuits 164 4.2.1 High-Frequency MOS Small-Signal Model 164 4.2.2 Common-Source Amplifier 166 4.2.3 Miller Theorem and Miller Effect 169 4.2.4 Zero-Value Time-Constant Analysis 173 4.2.5 Common-Source Design Examples 176 4.2.6 Common-Gate Amplifier 179 4.3 Cascode Gain Stage 181 4.4 Source-Follower Amplifier 187 4.5 Differential Pair 193 4.5.1 High-Frequency T Model 193 4.5.2 Symmetric Differential Amplifier 194 4.5.3 Single-Ended Differential Amplifier 195 4.5.4 Differential Pair with Active Load 196 4.6 Key Points 197 4.7 References 198 4.8 Problems 198 CHAPTER 5 FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS 204 5.1 Ideal Model of Negative Feedback 204 5.1.1 Basic Definitions 204 5.1.2 Gain Sensitivity 205 5.1.3 Bandwidth 206 5.1.4 Linearity 207 5.1.5 Summary 207 5.2 Dynamic Response of Feedback Amplifiers 208 5.2.1 Stability Criteria 209 5.2.2 Phase Margin 211 5.3 First- and Second-Order Feedback Systems 213 5.3.1 First-Order Feedback Systems 213 5.3.2 Second-Order Feedback Systems 217 5.3.3 Higher-Order Feedback Systems 220 5.4 Common Feedback Amplifiers 221 5.4.1 Obtaining the Loop Gain, L(s) 222 5.4.2 Noninverting Amplifier 226 5.4.3 Transimpedance (Inverting) Amplifiers 231 5.5 Summary of Key Points 235 5.6 References 236 5.7 Problems 236 CHAPTER 6 BASIC OPAMP DESIGN AND COMPENSATION 242 6.1 Two-Stage CMOS Opamp 242 6.1.1 Opamp Gain 243 6.1.2 Frequency Response 245 6.1.3 Slew Rate 249 6.1.4 n-Channel or p-Channel Input Stage 252 6.1.5 Systematic Offset Voltage 253 6.2 Opamp Compensation 254 6.2.1 Dominant-Pole Compensation and Lead Compensation 255 6.2.2 Compensating the Two-Stage Opamp 256 6.2.3 Making Compensation Independent of Process and Temperature 260 6.3 Advanced Current Mirrors 262 6.3.1 Wide-Swing Current Mirrors 262 6.3.2 Enhanced Output-Impedance Current Mirrors and Gain Boosting 263 6.3.3 Wide-Swing Current Mirror with Enhanced Output Impedance 266 6.3.4 Current-Mirror Symbol 267 6.4 Folded-Cascode Opamp 268 6.4.1 Small-Signal Analysis 270 6.4.2 Slew Rate 272 6.5 Current Mirror Opamp 275 6.6 Linear Settling Time Revisited 279 6.7 Fully Differential Opamps 281 6.7.1 Fully Differential Folded-Cascode Opamp 283 6.7.2 Alternative Fully Differential Opamps 284 6.7.3 Low Supply Voltage Opamps 286 6.8 Common-Mode Feedback Circuits 288 6.9 Summary of Key Points 292 6.10 References 293 6.11 Problems 294 CHAPTER 7 BIASING, REFERENCES, AND REGULATORS 302 7.1 Analog Integrated Circuit Biasing 302 7.1.1 Bias Circuits 303 7.1.2 Reference Circuits 305 7.1.3 Regulator Circuits 306 7.2 Establishing Constant Transconductance 307 7.2.1 Basic Constant-Transconductance Circuit 307 7.2.2 Improved Constant-Transconductance Circuits 309 7.3 Establishing Constant Voltages and Currents 310 7.3.1 Bandgap Voltage Reference Basics 310 7.3.2 Circuits for Bandgap References 314 7.3.3 Low-Voltage Bandgap Reference 319 7.3.4 Current Reference 320 7.4 Voltage Regulation 321 7.4.1 Regulator Specifications 321 7.4.2 Feedback Analysis 322 7.4.3 Low Dropout Regulators 324 7.5 Summary of Key Points 327 7.6 References 327 7.7 Problems 328 CHAPTER 8 BIPOLAR DEVICES AND CIRCUITS 331 8.1 Bipolar-Junction Transistors 331 8.1.1 Basic Operation 331 8.1.2 Analog Figures of Merit 341 8.2 Bipolar Device Model Summary 344 8.3 SPICE Modeling 345 8.4 Bipolar and BICMOS Processing 346 8.4.1 Bipolar Processing 346 8.4.2 Modern SiGe BiCMOS HBT Processing 347 8.4.3 Mismatch in Bipolar Devices 348 8.5 Bipolar Current Mirrors and Gain Stages 349 8.5.1 Current Mirrors 349 8.5.2 Emitter Follower 350 8.5.3 Bipolar Differential Pair 353 8.6 Appendix 356 8.6.1 Bipolar Transistor Exponential Relationship 356 8.6.2 Base Charge Storage of an Active BJT 359 8.7 Summary of Key Points 359 8.8 References 360 8.9 Problems 360 CHAPTER 9 NOISE AND LINEARITY ANALYSIS AND MODELLING 363 9.1 Time-Domain Analysis 363 9.1.1 Root Mean Square (rms) Value 364 9.1.2 SNR 365 9.1.3 Units of dBm 365 9.1.4 Noise Summation 366 9.2 Frequency-Domain Analysis 367 9.2.1 Noise Spectral Density 367 9.2.2 White Noise 369 9.2.3 1/f, or Flicker, Noise 370 9.2.4 Filtered Noise 371 9.2.5 Noise Bandwidth 373 9.2.6 Piecewise Integration of Noise 375 9.2.7 1/f Noise Tangent Principle 377 9.3 Noise Models for Circuit Elements 377 9.3.1 Resistors 378 9.3.2 Diodes 378 9.3.3 Bipolar Transistors 380 9.3.4 MOSFETS 380 9.3.5 Opamps 382 9.3.6 Capacitors and Inductors 382 9.3.7 Sampled Signal Noise 384 9.3.8 Input-Referred Noise 384 9.4 Noise Analysis Examples 387 9.4.1 Opamp Example 387 9.4.2 Bipolar Common-Emitter Example 390 9.4.3 CMOS Differential Pair Example 392 9.4.4 Fiber-Optic Transimpedance Amplifier Example 395 9.5 Dynamic Range Performance 397 9.5.1 Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) 398 9.5.2 Third-Order Intercept Point (IP3) 400 9.5.3 Spurious-Free Dynamic Range (SFDR) 402 9.5.4 Signal-to-Noise and Distortion Ratio (SNDR) 404 9.6 Key Points 405 9.7 References 406 9.8 Problems 406 CHAPTER 10 COMPARATORS 413 10.1 Comparator Specifications 413 10.1.1 Input Offset and Noise 413 10.1.2 Hysteresis 414 10.2 Using an Opamp for a Comparator 415 10.2.1 Input-Offset Voltage Errors 417 10.3 Charge-Injection Errors 418 10.3.1 Making Charge-Injection Signal Independent 421 10.3.2 Minimizing Errors Due to Charge-Injection 421 10.3.3 Speed of Multi-Stage Comparators 424 10.4 Latched Comparators 426 10.4.1 Latch-Mode Time Constant 428 10.4.2 Latch Offset 430 10.5 Examples of CMOS and BiCMOS Comparators 432 10.5.1 Input-Transistor Charge Trapping 435 10.6 Examples of Bipolar Comparators 437 10.7 Key Points 439 10.8 References 440 10.9 Problems 441 CHAPTER 11 SAMPLE-AND-HOLD AND TRANSLINEAR CIRCUITS 444 11.1 Performance of Sample-and-Hold Circuits 444 11.1.1 Testing Sample-and-Holds 445 11.2 MOS Sample-and-Hold Basics 446 11.3 Examples of CMOS S/H Circuits 452 11.4 Bipolar and BiCMOS Sample-and-Holds 456 11.5 Translinear Gain Cell 460 11.6 Translinear Multiplier 462 11.7 Key Points 464 11.8 References 465 11.9 Problems 466 CHAPTER 12 CONTINUOUS-TIME FILTERS 469 12.1 Introduction to Continuous-Time Filters 469 12.1.1 First-Order Filters 470 12.1.2 Second-Order Filters 470 12.2 Introduction to Gm-C Filters 471 12.2.1 Integrators and Summers 472 12.2.2 Fully Differential Integrators 473 12.2.3 First-Order Filter 475 12.2.4 Biquad Filter 477 12.3 Transconductors Using Fixed Resistors 478 12.4 CMOS Transconductors Using Triode Transistors 483 12.4.1 Transconductors Using a Fixed-Bias Triode Transistor 484 12.4.2 Transconductors Using Varying Bias-Triode Transistors 486 12.4.3 Transconductors Using Constant Drain-Source Voltages 490 12.5 CMOS Transconductors Using Active Transistors 492 12.5.1 CMOS Pair 493 12.5.2 Constant Sum of Gate-Source Voltages 494 12.5.3 Source-Connected Differential Pair 495 12.5.4 Inverter-Based 495 12.5.5 Differential-Pair with Floating Voltage Sources 496 12.5.6 Bias-Offset Cross-Coupled Differential Pairs 499 12.6 Bipolar Transconductors 499 12.6.1 Gain-Cell Transconductors 500 12.6.2 Transconductors Using Multiple Differential Pairs 502 12.7 BiCMOS Transconductors 506 12.7.1 Tunable MOS in Triode 506 12.7.2 Fixed-Resistor Transconductor with a Translinear Multiplier 507 12.7.3 Fixed Active MOS Transconductor with a Translinear Multiplier 508 12.8 Active RC and MOSFET-C Filters 509 12.8.1 Active RC Filters 510 12.8.2 MOSFET-C Two-Transistor Integrators 512 12.8.3 Four-Transistor Integrators 515 12.8.4 R-MOSFET-C Filters 516 12.9 Tuning Circuitry 517 12.9.1 Tuning Overview 517 12.9.2 Constant Transconductance 519 12.9.3 Frequency Tuning 520 12.9.4 Q-Factor Tuning 522 12.9.5 Tuning Methods Based on Adaptive Filtering 523 12.10 Introduction to Complex Filters 525 12.10.1 Complex Signal Processing 525 12.10.2 Complex Operations 526 12.10.3 Complex Filters 527 12.10.4 Frequency-Translated Analog Filters 528 12.11 Key Points 531 12.12 References 532 12.13 Problems 534 CHAPTER 13 DISCRETE-TIME SIGNALS 537 13.1 Overview of Some Signal Spectra 537 13.2 Laplace Transforms of Discrete-Time Signals 537 13.2.1 Spectra of Discrete-Time Signals 540 13.3 z-Transform 541 13.4 Downsampling and Upsampling 543 13.5 Discrete-Time Filters 545 13.5.1 Frequency Response of Discrete-Time Filters 545 13.5.2 Stability of Discrete-Time Filters 548 13.5.3 IIR and FIR Filters 550 13.5.4 Bilinear Transform 550 13.6 Sample-and-Hold Response 552 13.7 Key Points 554 13.8 References 555 13.9 Problems 555 CHAPTER 14 SWITCHED-CAPACITOR CIRCUITS 557 14.1 Basic Building Blocks 557 14.1.1 Opamps 557 14.1.2 Capacitors 558 14.1.3 Switches 558 14.1.4 Nonoverlapping Clocks 559 14.2 Basic Operation and Analysis 560 14.2.1 Resistor Equivalence of a Switched Capacitor 560 14.2.2 Parasitic-Sensitive Integrator 563 14.2.3 Parasitic-Insensitive Integrators 565 14.2.4 Signal-Flow-Graph Analysis 569 14.3 Noise in Switched-Capacitor Circuits 570 14.4 First-Order Filters 572 14.4.1 Switch Sharing 575 14.4.2 Fully Differential Filters 575 14.5 Biquad Filters 577 14.5.1 Low-Q Biquad Filter 577 14.5.2 High-Q Biquad Filter 581 14.6 Charge Injection 585 14.7 Switched-Capacitor Gain Circuits 588 14.7.1 Parallel Resistor-Capacitor Circuit 588 14.7.2 Resettable Gain Circuit 588 14.7.3 Capacitive-Reset Gain Circuit 591 14.8 Correlated Double-Sampling Techniques 593 14.9 Other Switched-Capacitor Circuits 594 14.9.1 Amplitude Modulator 594 14.9.2 Full-Wave Rectifier 595 14.9.3 Peak Detectors 596 14.9.4 Voltage-Controlled Oscillator 596 14.9.5 Sinusoidal Oscillator 598 14.10 Key Points 600 14.11 References 601 14.12 Problems 602 CHAPTER 15 DATA CONVERTER FUNDAMENTALS 606 15.1 Ideal D/A Converter 606 15.2 Ideal A/D Converter 608 15.3 Quantization Noise 609 15.3.1 Deterministic Approach 609 15.3.2 Stochastic Approach 610 15.4 Signed Codes 612 15.5 Performance Limitations 614 15.5.1 Resolution 614 15.5.2 Offset and Gain Error 615 15.5.3 Accuracy and Linearity 615 15.6 Key Points 620 15.7 References 620 15.8 Problems 620 CHAPTER 16 NYQUIST-RATE D/A CONVERTERS 623 16.1 Decoder-Based Converters 623 16.1.1 Resistor-String Converters 623 16.1.2 Folded Resistor-String Converters 625 16.1.3 Multiple Resistor-String Converters 626 16.1.4 Signed Outputs 628 16.2 Binary-Scaled Converters 629 16.2.1 Binary-Weighted Resistor Converters 629 16.2.2 Reduced-Resistance-Ratio Ladders 630 16.2.3 R-2R-Based Converters 631 16.2.4 Charge-Redistribution Switched-Capacitor Converters 632 16.2.5 Current-Mode Converters 633 16.2.6 Glitches 633 16.3 Thermometer-Code Converters 634 16.3.1 Thermometer-Code Current-Mode D/A Converters 636 16.3.2 Single-Supply Positive-Output Converters 637 16.3.3 Dynamically Matched Current Sources 638 16.4 Hybrid Converters 640 16.4.1 Resistor-Capacitor Hybrid Converters 640 16.4.2 Segmented Converters 640 16.5 Key Points 642 16.6 References 643 16.7 Problems 643 CHAPTER 17 NYQUIST-RATE A/D CONVERTERS 646 17.1 Integrating Converters 646 17.2 Successive-Approximation Converters 650 17.2.1 D/A-Based Successive Approximation 652 17.2.2 Charge-Redistribution A/D 653 17.2.3 Resistor-Capacitor Hybrid 658 17.2.4 Speed Estimate for Charge-Redistribution Converters 659 17.2.5 Error Correction in Successive-Approximation Converters 660 17.2.6 Multi-Bit Successive-Approximation 662 17.3 Algorithmic (or Cyclic) A/D Converter 662 17.3.1 Ratio-Independent Algorithmic Converter 663 17.4 Pipelined A/D Converters 667 17.4.1 One-Bit-Per-Stage Pipelined Converter 667 17.4.2 1.5 Bit Per Stage Pipelined Converter 670 17.4.3 Pipelined Converter Circuits 673 17.4.4 Generalized k-Bit-Per-Stage Pipelined Converters 673 17.5 Flash Converters 674 17.5.1 Issues in Designing Flash A/D Converters 675 17.6 Two-Step A/D Converters 678 17.6.1 Two-Step Converter with Digital Error Correction 679 17.7 Interpolating A/D Converters 681 17.8 Folding A/D Converters 684 17.9 Time-Interleaved A/D Converters 687 17.10 Key Points 690 17.11 References 691 17.12 Problems 692 CHAPTER 18 OVERSAMPLING CONVERTERS 696 18.1 Oversampling without Noise Shaping 696 18.1.1 Quantization Noise Modelling 697 18.1.2 White Noise Assumption 697 18.1.3 Oversampling Advantage 698 18.1.4 The Advantage of 1-Bit D/A Converters 700 18.2 Oversampling with Noise Shaping 701 18.2.1 Noise-Shaped Delta-Sigma Modulator 702 18.2.2 First-Order Noise Shaping 703 18.2.3 Switched-Capacitor Realization of a First-Order A/D Converter 705 18.2.4 Second-Order Noise Shaping 705 18.2.5 Noise Transfer-Function Curves 707 18.2.6 Quantization Noise Power of 1-Bit Modulators 708 18.2.7 Error-Feedback Structure 708 18.3 System Architectures 710 18.3.1 System Architecture of Delta-Sigma A/D Converters 710 18.3.2 System Architecture of Delta-Sigma D/A Converters 712 18.4 Digital Decimation Filters 713 18.4.1 Multi-Stage 714 18.4.2 Single Stage 716 18.5 Higher-Order Modulators 717 18.5.1 Interpolative Architecture 717 18.5.2 Multi-Stage Noise Shaping (MASH) Architecture 718 18.6 Bandpass Oversampling Converters 720 18.7 Practical Considerations 721 18.7.1 Stability 721 18.7.2 Linearity of Two-Level Converters 722 18.7.3 Idle Tones 724 18.7.4 Dithering 725 18.7.5 Opamp Gain 725 18.8 Multi-Bit Oversampling Converters 726 18.8.1 Dynamic Element Matching 726 18.8.2 Dynamically Matched Current Source D/A Converters 727 18.8.3 Digital Calibration A/D Converter 727 18.8.4 A/D with Both Multi-Bit and Single-Bit Feedback 728 18.9 Third-Order A/D Design Example 729 18.10 Key Points 731 18.11 References 733 18.12 Problems 734 CHAPTER 19 PHASE-LOCKED LOOPS 737 19.1 Basic Phase-Locked Loop Architecture 737 19.1.1 Voltage-Controlled Oscillator 738 19.1.2 Divider 739 19.1.3 Phase Detector 740 19.1.4 Loop Filer 745 19.1.5 The PLL in Lock 746 19.2 Linearized Small-Signal Analysis 747 19.2.1 Second-Order PLL Model 748 19.2.2 Limitations of the Second-Order Small-Signal Model 750 19.2.3 PLL Design Example 752 19.3 Jitter and Phase Noise 754 19.3.1 Period Jitter 758 19.3.2 P-Cycle Jitter 758 19.3.3 Adjacent Period Jitter 759 19.3.4 Other Spectral Representations of Jitter 760 19.3.5 Probability Density Function of Jitter 761 19.4 Electronic Oscillators 763 19.4.1 Ring Oscillators 764 19.4.2 LC Oscillators 768 19.4.3 Phase Noise of Oscillators 770 19.5 Jitter and Phase Noise in PLLS 774 19.5.1 Input Phase Noise and Divider Phase Noise 775 19.5.2 VCO Phase Noise 775 19.5.3 Loop Filter Noise 776 19.6 Key Points 779 19.7 References 779 19.8 Problems 780 INDEX 783

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisUnlike books currently on the market, this book attempts to satisfy two goals: combine circuits and electronics into a single, unified treatment, and establish a strong connection with the contemporary world of digital systems. It will introduce a new way of looking not only at the treatment of circuits, but also at the treatment of introductory coursework in engineering in general. Using the concept of ''abstraction,'' the book attempts to form a bridge between the world of physics and the world of large computer systems. In particular, it attempts to unify electrical engineering and computer science as the art of creating and exploiting successive abstractions to manage the complexity of building useful electrical systems. Computer systems are simply one type of electrical systems.Trade Review"The book issued by two professors at MIT is intended to initiate a new approach in presenting and developing analog and digital electronics. Traditionally, analog and digital elements and circuits are given in separate courses. Here, the authors want to show that in presenting both topics (analog and digital), a deeper insight of the real problems of the actual electronics is obtained." --Dumitru Stanomir (Bucuresti) "Elsevier, the academic publishing giant, announced [1] on Tuesday that it will offer a free version of one of its textbooks this fall to students who register for Circuits & Electronics, a massive open online course (MOOC) being offered by edX…The MIT Press text that benefited from a Coursera plug was co-written by Daphne Koller, the co-founder of Coursera. Similarly, the Elsevier textbook that will be featured this fall in Circuits & Electronics was co-written by Anant Agarwal, the president of edX." --Inside HigherEd "Elsevier announced its plan to provide free content through edX, the online learning initiative founded by Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) launched in May. Students who enroll in edX’s course 6.002X: Circuits and Electronics will have free access to an online version of the course textbook, Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Circuits, written by Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang and published under Elsevier’s Morgan Kaufmann imprint." --Information Today, Inc. "STM publisher Elsevier, Netherlands, has announced plans to provide free content through edX, the online learning initiative founded by Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Students who enroll in edX's course 6.002X: Circuits and Electronics will have free access to an online version of the course textbook, Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Circuits, written by Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang and published under Elsevier's Morgan Kaufmann imprint." --KnowledgeSpeak "Elsevier, a world-leading provider of scientific, technical and medical information products and services, today announced its plan to provide free content through edX, the online learning initiative founded by Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) launched in May… Students who enroll in edX’s course 6.002X: Circuits and Electronics will have free access to an online version of the course textbook, Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Circuits, written by Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang and published under Elsevier’s Morgan Kaufmann imprint." --edXTable of Contents1 The Circuit Abstraction 2 Resistive Networks 3 Network Theorems 4 Analysis of Nonlinear Circuits 5 The Digital Abstraction 6 The MOSFET Switch 7 The MOSFET Amplifier 8 The Small Signal Model 9 Energy Storage Elements 10 First-order Transients 11 Energy and Power in Digital Circuits 12 Transients in Second Order Circuits 13 Sinusoidal Steady State 14 Sinusoidal Steady State: Resonance 15 The Operational Amplifier Abstraction 16 Diodes

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Book SynopsisLearn how to create functional gadgets using simple but clever circuits based on the venerable "555." These projects will give you hands-on experience with useful, basic circuits that will aid you across other projects. These inspiring designs might even lead you to develop the next big thing. The 555 Timer Oscillator Integrated Circuit chip is one of the most popular chips in the world. Through clever projects, you will gain permanent knowledge of how to use the 555 timer will carry with you for life. With this book you'll build a series of unique and useful projects. Each one gets more and more complicated, and you'll learn more as you go along. Start off with a basic 555 timer IC design concept to build a simple project. Learn how to create a simple form of digital memory that can store data, the basis of every computer system ever created. Build a collection of lighting effect circuits that will flash and animate LEDs in different ways. Use a simple configuration of the 555 timer IC to create a complex traffic light system. You'll even create sound with an audio synthesizer! No programming is needed to make startlingly functional electronic devices. Get started today building the next big thing. Or even the next small thing. But build some thing! What You Need: The only physical things people need are the parts to build the projects, which are labeled out with part numbers in the beginning of each project. Otherwise, only an hour here or there is needed to build these projects. Only some familiarity with electrical components is necessary in regards to purchasing for each project.

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Book SynopsisThe book provides easy interpretable explanations for the key technologies involved in Electric Vehicles and Hybrid Electric Vehicles. The authors discuss the various electrical machines, drives, and controls used in EV and HEV. The book provides a detailed coverage of Regenerative Braking Systems used in EV and HEV. The book also illustrates the battery technology and battery management systems in EV and HEV. This book is intended for academicians, researchers and industrialists. In addition, this book has the following features Discusses the various Economic and Environmental Impact of Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles Discusses the role of Artificial Intelligence in Electric / Hybrid Electric Vehicles Illustrates the concept of Vehicle to Grid Technology and the smart charging station infrastructure and issues involved in the same Elucidates the concept of Internet of Vehicles Presents the latest research and applications in alternate energy vehicles Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Introduction to Electric Vehicles.- Introduction to Hybrid Electric Vehicles.- Economic and Environmental Impact of Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles.- Basic Architecture of Electric Drive Trains.- Battery Technology for EVs and HEVs.- Battery Management System.- Brake System of EVs and HEVs.- Fuel Cell Vehicles.- Electric Motors and Motor Controllers for EVs and HEVs.- Electric Drive Systems for EVs and HEVs.- Control System for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicle.- Role of Artificial Intelligence in EVs and HEVs.- Power Optimization in EVs.- Charging Infrastructure for EVs and HEVs.- Vehicle to Grid Architecture.- Conclusion.

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Book SynopsisThis book discusses the significant aspects of thermal transient testing, the most important method of thermal characterization of electronics available today. The book presents the theoretical background of creating structure functions from the measured results with mathematical details. It then shows how the method can be used for thermal qualification, structure integrity testing, determining material parameters, and calibrating simulation models. General practical questions about measurements are discussed to help beginners carry out thermal transient testing. The particular problems and tricks of measuring with various electronic components, such as Si diodes, bipolar transistors, MOS transistors, IGBT devices, resistors, capacitors, wide bandgap materials, and LEDs, are covered in detail with the help of various use cases. This hands-on book will enable readers to accomplish thermal transient testing on any new type of electronics and provides the theoretical details needed to understand the opportunities and limitations offered by the methodology. The book will be an invaluable reference for practicing engineers, students, and researchers.Table of ContentsIntroduction: the Importance and Motivation.- Theoretical Background: History, the Network Identification by Deconvolution (NID) Method, Structure Functions, the Thermal Signature.- The Use of Thermal Transient Testing.- General Practical Questions and the Flow of Thermal Transient Measurements.- On the Accuracy and Repeatability of Thermal Measurements.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides readers with a valuable guide to understanding security and the interplay of computer science, microfluidics, and biochemistry in a biochip cyberphysical system (CPS). The authors uncover new, potential threat and trust-issues to address, as this emerging technology is poised to be adapted at a large scale. Readers will learn how to secure biochip CPS by leveraging the available resources in different application contexts, as well as how to ensure intellectual property (IP) is protected against theft and counterfeits. This book enables secure biochip CPS design by helping bridge the knowledge gap at the intersection of the multi-disciplinary technology that drives biochip CPS.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Threat landscape.- Architecture for Security.- Tools for Security.- Watermarking of Bio-IP.- Obfuscation of Bio-IP.- Conclusion.

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Book SynopsisThis book serves as a single-source reference to the latest advances in Approximate Computing (AxC), a promising technique for increasing performance or reducing the cost and power consumption of a computing system. The authors discuss the different AxC design and validation techniques, and their integration. They also describe real AxC applications, spanning from mobile to high performance computing and also safety-critical applications. Table of ContentsGeneral introduction Motivations.- Number representations.- Data level approximation.- Dynamic precision scaling.- Hardware level approximation.- Inexact operators.- Computation level approximation - algorithmic level.- Analysis of approximation effect on application quality.- Techniques for finite precision arithmetic.- Compilers and Programming Languages for Approximate Computing.- Design space exploration.- Word-length optimization for fixed-point and floating-point.- HLS of approximate accelerators.- Approximate Computing for IoT Applications.- Approximating Safety-Critical Applications.- Approximate Computing for HPC Applications.

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Book SynopsisThe complexity of modern chip design requires extensive use of specialized software throughout the process. To achieve the best results, a user of this software needs a high-level understanding of the underlying mathematical models and algorithms. In addition, a developer of such software must have a keen understanding of relevant computer science aspects, including algorithmic performance bottlenecks and how various algorithms operate and interact. This book introduces and compares the fundamental algorithms that are used during the IC physical design phase, wherein a geometric chip layout is produced starting from an abstract circuit design. This updated second edition includes recent advancements in the state-of-the-art of physical design, and builds upon foundational coverage of essential and fundamental techniques. Numerous examples and tasks with solutions increase the clarity of presentation and facilitate deeper understanding. A comprehensive set of slides is available on the Internet for each chapter, simplifying use of the book in instructional settings.“This improved, second edition of the book will continue to serve the EDA and design community well. It is a foundational text and reference for the next generation of professionals who will be called on to continue the advancement of our chip design tools and design the most advanced micro-electronics.” Dr. Leon Stok, Vice President, Electronic Design Automation, IBM Systems Group“This is the book I wish I had when I taught EDA in the past, and the one I’m using from now on.” Dr. Louis K. Scheffer, Howard Hughes Medical Institute“I would happily use this book when teaching Physical Design. I know of no other work that’s as comprehensive and up-to-date, with algorithmic focus and clear pseudocode for the key algorithms. The book is beautifully designed!”Prof. John P. Hayes, University of Michigan“The entire field of electronic design automation owes the authors a great debt for providing a single coherent source on physical design that is clear and tutorial in nature, while providing details on key state-of-the-art topics such as timing closure.”Prof. Kurt Keutzer, University of California, Berkeley“An excellent balance of the basics and more advanced concepts, presented by top experts in the field.” Prof. Sachin Sapatnekar, University of MinnesotaTable of Contents1 Introduction. 1.1 Electronic Design Automation (EDA). 1.2 VLSI Design Flow. 1.3 VLSI Design Styles. 1.4 Layout Layers and Design Rules. 1.5 Physical Design Optimizations. 1.6 Algorithms and Complexity. 1.7 Graph Theory Terminology. 1.8 Common EDA Terminology. 2 Netlist and System Partitioning. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Terminology. 2.3 Optimization Goals. 2.4 Partitioning Algorithms. 2.5 A Framework for Multilevel Partitioning. 2.6 System Partitioning onto Multiple FPGAs. Chapter 2 Exercises.3 Chip Planning. 3.1 Introduction to Floorplanning. 3.2 Optimization Goals in Floorplanning. 3.3 Terminology. 3.4 Floorplan Representations. 3.5 Floorplanning Algorithms. 3.6 Pin Assignment. 3.7 Power and Ground Routing. Chapter 3 Exercises.4 Global and Detailed Placement. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Optimization Objectives. 4.3 Global Placement. 4.4 Legalization and Detailed Placement. Chapter 4 Exercises.5 Global Routing. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Terminology and Definitions. 5.3 Optimization Goals. 5.4 Representations of Routing Regions. 5.5 The Global Routing Flow. 5.6 Single-Net Routing. 5.7 Full-Netlist Routing. 5.8 Modern Global Routing. Chapter 5 Exercises.6 Detailed Routing. 6.1 Terminology. 6.2 Horizontal and Vertical Constraint Graphs. 6.3 Channel Routing Algorithms. 6.4 Switchbox Routing. 6.5 Over-the-Cell Routing Algorithms. 6.6 Modern Challenges in Detailed Routing. Chapter 6 Exercises.7 Specialized Routing. 7.1 Introduction to Area Routing. 7.2 Net Ordering in Area Routing. 7.3 Non-Manhattan Routing. 7.4 Basic Concepts in Clock Networks. 7.5 Modern Clock Tree Synthesis. Chapter 7 Exercises.8 Timing Closure. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Timing Analysis and Performance Constraints. 8.3 Timing-Driven Placement. 8.4 Timing-Driven Routing. 8.5 Physical Synthesis. 8.6 Performance-Driven Design Flow. 8.7 Conclusions. Chapter 8 Exercises. A Solutions to Chapter Exercises. B Example CMOS Cell Layouts.

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Book SynopsisThis book develops the basic concepts in understanding Analog Communications. Beginning with coverage of amplitude modulation, including the time and frequency domain representations of double sideband, single sideband, and vestigial sideband modulation, and introduces the student to the fundamental ideas of quadrature amplitude modulation, frequency division multiplexing, and digital communications using on-off keying. The author continues with additional discussion and coverage of the time and frequency domain representations of frequency and phase modulation, including bandwidth calculations, and the use of frequency shift keying, phase shift keying, and differential phase shift keying for the transmission of digital information. Contents include applications and further analyses of the effects of channel noise on amplitude, phase, and frequency modulation performance based on input versus output signal to noise ratios and some system comparisons are discussed.Table of ContentsPreface.- Amplitude Modulation.- Phase and Frequency Modulation.- Noise in Analog Modulation.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook for courses in Embedded Systems introduces students to necessary concepts, through a hands-on approach. LEARN BY EXAMPLE – This book is designed to teach the material the way it is learned, through example. Every concept is supported by numerous programming examples that provide the reader with a step-by-step explanation for how and why the computer is doing what it is doing. LEARN BY DOING – This book targets the Texas Instruments MSP430 microcontroller. This platform is a widely popular, low-cost embedded system that is used to illustrate each concept in the book. The book is designed for a reader that is at their computer with an MSP430FR2355 LaunchPadTM Development Kit plugged in so that each example can be coded and run as they learn. LEARN BOTH ASSEMBLY AND C – The book teaches the basic operation of an embedded computer using assembly language so that the computer operation can be explored at a low-level. Once more complicated systems are introduced (i.e., timers, analog-to-digital converters, and serial interfaces), the book moves into the C programming language. Moving to C allows the learner to abstract the operation of the lower-level hardware and focus on understanding how to “make things work”. BASED ON SOUND PEDAGOGY - This book is designed with learning outcomes and assessment at its core. Each section addresses a specific learning outcome that the student should be able to “do” after its completion. The concept checks and exercise problems provide a rich set of assessment tools to measure student performance on each outcome.Table of ContentsCHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS.- CHAPTER 2. DIGITAL LOGIC BASICS CHAPTER 3. COMPUTER SYSTEMSCHAPTER 4. THE MSP430CHAPTER 5. GETTING STARTED PROGRAMMING THE MSP430 IN ASSEMBLY.- CHAPTER 6. DATA MOVEMENT INSTRUCTIONS.- CHAPTER 7. DATA MANIPULATION INSTRUCTIONS.- CHAPTER 8. PROGRAM FLOW INSTRUCTIONS.- CHAPTER 9. DIGITAL I/O.- CHAPTER 10. THE STACK AND SUBROUTINES.- CHAPTER 11. INTRODUCTION TO INTERRUPTS.- CHAPTER 12. INTRODUCTION TO TIMERS.- CHAPTER 13. SWITCHING TO THE C LANGUAGE.- CHAPTER 14. SERIAL COMMUNICATION IN C.- CHAPTER 15. ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTERS.- CHAPTER 16. THE CLOCK SYSTEM.- CHAPTER 17. LOW-POWER MODES.- APPENDIX A. CONCEPT CHECK SOLUTIONS.

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Book SynopsisThis book helps readers to implement their designs on Xilinx® FPGAs. The authors demonstrate how to get the greatest impact from using the Vivado® Design Suite, which delivers a SoC-strength, IP-centric and system-centric, next generation development environment that has been built from the ground up to address the productivity bottlenecks in system-level integration and implementation. This book is a hands-on guide for both users who are new to FPGA designs, as well as those currently using the legacy Xilinx tool set (ISE) but are now moving to Vivado. Throughout the presentation, the authors focus on key concepts, major mechanisms for design entry, and methods to realize the most efficient implementation of the target design, with the least number of iterations.Table of ContentsChapter 1: State of the Art Programmable Logic 1Chapter 2: Vivado Design Tools 17Chapter 3: IP Flows 23Chapter 4: Gigabit Transceivers 35Chapter 5: Memory Controllers 49Chapter 6: Processor Options 65Chapter 7: Vivado IP Integrator 75Chapter 8: SysGen for DSP 85Chapter 9: Synthesis 97Chapter 10: C Based Design 111Chapter 11: Simulation 127Chapter 12: Clocking 141Chapter 13: Stacked Silicon Interconnect (SSI) 155Chapter 14: Timing Closure 167Chapter 15: Power Analysis and Optimization 179Chapter 16: System Monitor 191Chapter 17: Hardware Debug 205Chapter 18: Emulation Using FPGAs 221Chapter 19: Partial Reconfiguration & Hierarchical Design 239

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Book SynopsisDesign higher-quality embedded software from concept through production.  This book assumes basic C and microcontroller programming knowledge and is organized into three critical areas: Software Architecture and Design; Agile, DevOps, and Processes; and Development and Coding Skills.You''ll start with a basic introduction to embedded software architecture and the considerations for a successful design. The book then breaks down how to architect an RTOS-based application and explore common design patterns and building blocks. Next, you''ll review embedded software design processes such as TDD, CI/CD, modeling, and simulation that can be used to accelerate development. Finally, the book will examine how to select a microcontroller, write configurable code, coding strategies, techniques, and tools developers can''t live without. Embedded systems are typically designed using microcontrollers to build electronic systems wTable of ContentsPart 1 - Software Architecture DesignEmbedded System Design Philosophy⁃ Challenges Facing Embedded Developers⁃ Traditional Embedded Software Development⁃ The Age of Modeling, Simulation and Off-chip Development⁃ SOLID Design Principles⁃ Test Driven Development (TDD)⁃ Why Best Practices?Embedded Software Architecture Design⁃ Architect First, Code Second⁃ Architectural Layers⁃ Single vs Multicore Architectures⁃ Application Domain Decomposition⁃ Interface Design Principles⁃ Architectural LanguagesRTOS Application Design⁃ Tasks, Threads and Processes⁃ Task Decomposition Techniques⁃ Task Scheduling Algorithms⁃ Setting Task Priorities⁃ Schedule-ability using Rate Monotonic Analysis⁃ Designing Application Data Flow⁃ Producer, Consumer, Processor and Transfer MechanismsSecure Application Design⁃ Platform Security Architecture (PSA)⁃ Security through Isolation⁃ TrustZone⁃ Memory map design⁃ Memory Protection Units (MPUs)⁃ Secure boot⁃ Secure bootloaders and OTAsDesign Patterns⁃ pub / sub⁃ Rtos patterns⁃ Handling interrupts⁃ State machines⁃ Active objectsPart 2 - Development ProcessesSoftware Quality⁃ Coding Standards⁃ Code Reviews⁃ Code Metrics⁃ Code Analysis (static vs dynamic)Software Testing and Verification⁃ Integration Testing⁃ Performance Testing⁃ Regression Testing Software Verification Results⁃ Testing of executable object code⁃ Code coverage analysis⁃ Test ReportsApplication Modeling and Simulation⁃ Modeling Methodologies⁃ Simulations Role⁃ wxWidgets⁃ ExampleTest Driven Development⁃ Overview⁃ Test Harnesses⁃ Code Coverage⁃ Test DesignContinuous Integration / Continuous Deployment⁃ Process Overview⁃ Docker⁃ Jenkins⁃ Git Integrations⁃ Merge Process⁃ DeploymentPart 3 - Where the Bits hit the SiliconSelecting a Microcontroller⁃ Traditional Techniques⁃ Modern Selection Process⁃ Selection Considerations⁃ KT Matrix Design and UseCode Implementation Techniques⁃ Interfaces⁃ Command Processing⁃ Task initialization⁃ Assertions⁃ TelemetryDiagnostic and Fault Handling⁃ Design failure mode and effect analysis (DFMEA)⁃ Fault Handling Strategies⁃ Diagnostic Tasks⁃ Error Checking Code (ECC)⁃ WatchdogsApplication Optimization⁃ Models and Simulation versus Reality⁃ Scalability⁃ Maintenance⁃ Code size versus speed⁃ Compilation Settings⁃ Memory managementThe Right Tool for the Job⁃ Tracing⁃ Code Analyzers⁃ Protocol analysis⁃ Metric tools⁃ Open source versus commercial

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Book SynopsisFundamentals of Power Electronics, Third Edition, is an up-to-date and authoritative text and reference book on power electronics. This new edition retains the original objective and philosophy of focusing on the fundamental principles, models, and technical requirements needed for designing practical power electronic systems while adding a wealth of new material. Improved features of this new edition include: new material on switching loss mechanisms and their modeling; wide bandgap semiconductor devices; a more rigorous treatment of averaging; explanation of the Nyquist stability criterion; incorporation of the Tan and Middlebrook model for current programmed control; a new chapter on digital control of switching converters; major new chapters on advanced techniques of design-oriented analysis including feedback and extra-element theorems; average current control; new material on input filter design; new treatment of averaged switch modeling, simulation, and indirect power; and sampling effects in DCM, CPM, and digital control. Fundamentals of Power Electronics, Third Edition, is intended for use in introductory power electronics courses and related fields for both senior undergraduates and first-year graduate students interested in converter circuits and electronics, control systems, and magnetic and power systems. It will also be an invaluable reference for professionals working in power electronics, power conversion, and analog and digital electronics.Trade Review“This book … is rigorous and comprehensive, and well worth keeping close at hand for anyone involved in the engineering of power electronics.” (Dennis Feucht, how2power.com, March, 2021)Table of Contents1 Introduction Part I Converters in Equilibrium 2 Principles of Steady State Converter Analysis 3 Steady-State Equivalent Circuit Modeling, Losses, and E ciency 4 Switch Realization 5 The Discontinuous Conduction Mode 6 Converter Circuits Part II Converter Dynamics and Control 7 AC Equivalent Circuit Modeling 8 Converter Transfer Functions 9 Controller Design Part III Magnetics 10 Basic Magnetics Theory 11 Inductor Design 12 Transformer Design Part IV Advanced Modeling, Analysis, and Control Techniques 13 Techniques of Design Oriented Analysis: The Feedback Theorem 14 Circuit Averaging, Averaged Switch Modeling and Simulation 15 Equivalent Circuit Modeling of the Discontinuous Conduction Mode 16 Techniques of Design Oriented Analysis: Extra Element Theorems 17 Input Filter Design 18 Current Programmed Control 19 Digital Control of Switched-Mode Power Converters Part V Modern Rectifiers and Power System Harmonics 20 Power and Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems 21 Pulse-Width Modulated Rectifiers Part VI Resonant Converters 22 Resonant Conversion 23 Soft Switching Appendices

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPart 1: Legislation and Standards 1. Introduction 2. The EMC and Radio Directives 3. International EMC compliance requirements 4. Commercial standards 5. Other standards and legislation 6. EMC and Functional Safety Part 2: Testing 7. RF emissions measurements 8. Immunity tests 9. Low frequency tests 10. Test planning Part 3: Design 11. Interference coupling mechanisms 12. Layout and grounding 13. Digital and analogue circuit design 14. Interfaces and filtering 15. Shielding 16. Systems EMC 17. EMC management

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