Polymer chemistry Books

Book SynopsisAll life is made from CO2 . It was there at earth's birth, and throughout evolution. It has kept our planet habitable for hundreds of millions of years. It has given us all the splendours of the world we know today. And yet it also holds the potential for life's destruction. In this gripping adventure through eras and places, award-winning science journalist Peter Brannen tells the story of the world's most important molecule. We travel from the beginning of time all the way up to our present reality, witnessing the staggering journey that CO2 has undertaken. As we watch its movements through the rocks, the air, the oceans and living beings over four billion years, we come to see more clearly what it means for us to be churning through ancient life in the form of fossil fuels as we power our industrial world. We are, Brannen shows, performing an unprecedented experiment on our planet. If we are to avoid its catastrophic consequences, we must all begin to deepen our understanding

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Book SynopsisUpdated throughout for the new edition, Armour: Materials, Theory, and Design covers extant and emergent protection technologies driving advances in armour systems. Covering materials, theory and design, the book has applications in vehicle, ship, personnel and building use.Introducing a wide range of armour technologies, the book is a key guide to the technology used to protect against both blasts and ballistic attacks. Chapters cover bullets, blasts, jets and fragments, as well as penetration mechanics. The new edition builds on the previous one, discussing ceramics and metallic materials as well as woven fabrics and composite laminates. Detailing modern technology advancements, the second edition has also been expanded to include improved explanations on shock mechanisms and includes significantly more figures and diagrams.An essential guide to armour technology, this book outlines key ways to implement protective strategies applicable for many Trade ReviewThe first edition of this book is always within easy reach in my office, as it is a trusted and reliable reference text for my teaching and research. As a world leading expert, Paul Hazell delivers a second edition that expands on the key concepts which adds to its readability which I am sure students will appreciate, and the new chapter on computational modelling is a welcome addition which rounds off what is a superb book. This book should be a standard reference text for anyone interested in impact dynamics, terminal ballistics, armour systems design, and protection technologies.Professor Mark Stewart, University of Technology Sydney This work is a one-stop, up-to-date resource for everything one needs to know to design, select, utilize and test an armour, and it is truly a treasure trove of details and data that greatly enrich[es]… understanding of these extremely challenging, advanced engineered systems. I am not familiar with any competing book that provides the same level of detailed and comprehensive information on the subject, and it is therefore very highly recommended.Professor Paolo Colombo, Universita di PadovaPaul Hazell’s second journey into the complex world of armour is a well-received addition to his already comprehensive first edition, a must for all engineers at any stage of their career, myself included! The welcome addition of the computational methods chapter ensures this book stays at the forefront of armour design resources. His expertise, passion, and wealth of knowledge is reflected in these pages, with an ease of reading only a teacher who understands both the topic and the students studying it could achieve. I have recommended the first edition to my own students and will enthusiastically continue to do so with the release of the second edition.Professor Tuan Ngo, University of MelbourneTable of Contents1. Introduction 2. An Introduction to Materials 3. Bullets, Blast, Jets and Fragments 4. Penetration Mechanics 5. Stress Waves 6. Computational Methods for Armour Design 7. Metallic Armour Materials and Structures 8. Ceramic Armour 9. Woven Fabrics and Composite Laminates for Armour Applications 10. Reactive Armour Systems 11. Human Vulnerability 12. Blast and Ballistic Testing Techniques

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Book SynopsisThe extraordinary growth in the production and use of man-made fibers over the past fewdecades has focused attention on the surface properties of fibers and textiles. This volumecombines surface science and technology in its presentation of the substantial progressthat has been made in the technology related to the surface characteristics of natural,synthetic, and glass fibers and textiles.Adopting an interdisciplinary approach , the coverage places emphasis upon the wetting,soiling, staining, frictional, and adhesive properties of fibers and fabrics, as well asphenomena related to these properties. The book offers critical reviews which describeexperimental facts, theories, and processes. Symbols are clearly defined in each chapter.Among the subjects covered are the surface properties of glass fibers, soil release, stainand water repellance, friction of fabrics, bonding of nonwovens, and the wetting of fibers.Surface Characteristics of Fibers and Textiles, Part II is an outstanding textbook forcourses dealing with surface chemistry, the mechanical properties of textiles, textiletechnology, and polymer chemistry . It is also a valuable reference book designed to makecurrent knowledge on these subjects accessible to industrial and academic researchers.Table of Contents1. The Wetting of Fibers 2. Soil Release by Textile Surfaces 3. Stain and Water Repellency of Textiles 4. Surface Properties of Glass Fibers 5. The Role of Friction in the Mechanical Behavior of Fabrics 6. Surface Properties in Relation to the Bonding of Nonwovens

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Book SynopsisFunctional Polymers for Metal-Ion Batteries Unique and useful book covering fundamental knowledge and practical applications of polymer materials in energy storage systems In Functional Polymers for Metal-Ion Batteries, the recent development and achievements of polymer-based materials are comprehensively analyzed in four directions, including electrode materials, binders, separators, and solid electrolytes, highlighting the working mechanisms, classification, design strategies, and practical applications of these polymer materials in mental-ion batteries. Specific sample topics covered in Functional Polymers for Metal-Ion Batteries include: Prominent advantages of various solid-state electrolytes, such as low flammability, easy processability, more tolerance to vibration, shock, and mechanical deformation Why and how functional polymers present opportunities to maximize energy density and pursue the sustainability of the battery industry How the application of functional polymers in metal-ion batteries helps enhance the high energy density of energy storage devices and reduce carbon footprint during production How development of functional separators could significantly lower the cost of battery manufacturing Providing a comprehensive understanding of the role of polymers in the whole configuration of metal-ion batteries from electrodes to electrolytes, Functional Polymers for Metal-Ion Batteries is an ideal resource for materials scientists, electrochemists, and polymer, solid state, and physical chemists who wish to understand the latest developments of this technology.Table of Contents1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 2. POLYMER ELECTRODE MATERIALS IN MODERN METAL ION BATTERIES 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Classification of the polymer electrode materials 2.3 Energy Storage Mechanisms in polymer electrode materials 2.4 Molecular Engineering of polymer electrode materials 2.5 Morphological Engineering of polymer electrode Materials 2.6 Applications (LIBs, SIBs, KIBs,ZIBs, etc) 3. POLYMERIC BINDERS IN MODERN METAL ION BATTERIES 3.1 Introduction 3.2 General Binding Mechanism 3.3 Classification of Binders 3.4 Binder Properties on Electrode Fabrication 3.5 Strategies in Functionalizing Binders 3.6 Application of Binders for Different Energy Materials 4. POLYMERIC SEPARATOR IN MODERN METAL ION BATTERIES 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Functions and Requirements of Separators in a battery 4.3 Classifications of Separators 4.4 Application of Separator 5 POLYMERIC ELECTROLYTES IN MODERN METAL ION BATTERIES 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Ion transport in polymeric electrolyte 5.3 Classifications of polymeric electrolyte 5.4 Strategies in designing solid-state electrolyte 5.5 Application of polymer electrolytes in all-solid-state batteries 6 PERSPECTIVES 6.1 General advantages and challenges of polymers in modern metal ion batteries 6.2 Polymers in Lifting performance in full batteries

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Polymer Crystallization Control the development of polymer crystals with this groundbreaking introduction Polymer crystallization is a crucial component of polymer development that impacts processing, applications, presentation, and more. Intervention in the polymer crystallization process, in the form of nanofilters, compatibilizers, and more, has the potential to improve optical and chemical properties, improve degrees of crystallinity, and increase the hardness of polymer composites. The myriad applications of crystalline polymers make this one of the most exciting and fast-growing fields in polymer research. Polymer Crystallization provides a comprehensive introduction to this field and its most important recent developments. It characterizes and analysis an expansive range of crystalline polymers and discusses possible mechanisms for influencing their crystallization processes to impact a variety of outcomes and applications. These applications include industries from food packaging to automotive parts to medical and aerospace materials. Polymer Crystallization readers will also find: Detailed treatment of polymer morphology, rheology, modeling, and more Thorough introduction to the fundamentals of polymer crystallization Discussion of environmental safety issues and avenues for future research Polymer Crystallization is a useful reference for materials scientists, polymer scientists, biomedical scientists, and advanced undergraduate and graduate students in these and related fields.

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Book SynopsisPresents discussions on a range of approaches for molecular imprinting. This book offers experimental protocols that exemplify specific techniques, as well as surveys on molecular imprinting research and applications. It offers instruction on methods to design and optimize molecularly imprinted polymers.Trade Review"The editors have done an excellent job in soliciting chapters on specific topics and organizing them thematically to provide a volume in which the chapters compliment each other." JACS, 2005Table of ContentsMolecular Imprinting - An Introduction. A Brief History of the "New Era" of Molecular Imprinting. The Non-Covalent Approach. The covalent and other stoichiometric approaches. The Semi-covalent Approach. The Use of Metal Coordination for Controlling the Microenvironment of Imprinted Polymers. Synthesis and Selection of Functional and Structural Monomers. Combinatorial Approaches to Molecular Imprinting. Surface Imprinting. Scaffold Imprinting. Imprinting in Inorganic Matrices. Post Modification of Imprinted Polymers. Molecular Imprinting Using Hybrid Materials as Host Matrices. Thermodynamic Considerations and the Use of Molecular Modeling as a Tool for Predicting MIP Performances. Selectivity in Molecularly Imprinted Matrices Binding Isotherms. Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Beads. Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Films and Membranes. Micromonoliths and Microfabricated Molecularly Imprinted Polymers. Chromatographic Techniques. Capillary Electrophoresis. Metal Ion selective Molecularly Imprinted Materials. Solid Phase Extraction and Byproduct Removal. Applications of Molecularly Imprinted Materials as Enzyme Mimics. Application of MIPs as Antibody Mimics in Immunoassays. Molecularly Imprinted Polymers as Recognition Elements in Sensors: Mass and Electrochemical Sensors. Molecularly Imprinted Polymers as Recognition Elements in Optical Sensors

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Book SynopsisThis third edition has been updated and expanded, providing industrial chemists, technologists, environmental scientists, and engineers with an accurate, compact, and practical source of information on fluoropolymers. Highlighting existing and new industrial, military, medical, and consumer goods applications, this edition adds more detailed information on equipment and processing conditions. It explores breakthroughs in understanding property-structure relationships, new polymerization techniques, and the chemistry underlying polymers, such as melt-processable fluoroplastics. It also expands on the important properties of fluoropolymers, including heat and radiation degradation, health effects, and recycling.Features: Revised, updated, and expanded to continue to provide an accurate, compact, and practical source of information on fluoropolymers Explores the property-structure relationships, polymerization techniques, and the chemistry underlying poTable of ContentsPART I OVERVIEW OF FLUOROPOLYMERS 1 Introduction 2 Societal Benefits and Evolution of Fluoropolymers 2.1 Basic Fluoropolymer Properties 2.2 Examples of Fluoropolymer Properties 2.3 Automotive Applications 2.4 Aerospace Wire and Cable 2.5 Aircraft Fuel Hose 2.6 Heart Rhythm Management-ICD 2.7 Pediatric Heart Repair 2.8 Thread Sealant 2.9 Chemical Processing Industry-Lined Pipes, Fittings, and Vessels 2.10 Semiconductor Chip Fabrication 2.11 Biomedical Applications 2.12 PTFE Micropowders 2.13 Applications of Fluoropolymers in Transportation 2.14 Properties of Thermoplastic Fluoropolymers 2.15 Delving Deeper into Properties 2.16 Forces Affecting the Fluoropolymer Industries References PART II THERMOPLASTIC FLUOROPOLYMERS 3 Synthesis and Properties of Monomers of Thermoplastic Fluoropolymers 3.1 Preparation of Tetrafluoroethylene 3.2 Properties of Tetrafluoroethylene 3.3 Preparation of Hexafluoropropylene 3.4 Properties of Hexafluoropropylene 3.5 Synthesis of Perfluoroalkylvinylethers (PAVEs) 3.6 Properties of Perfluoroalkylvinylethers 3.7 Synthesis of Chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE) 3.8 Properties of Chlorotrifluoroethylene 3.9 Synthesis of Vinylidene Fluoride (VDF) 3.10 Properties of Vinylidene Fluoride 3.11 Synthesis of Vinyl Fluoride (VF) 3.12 Properties of Vinyl Fluoride (VF) References 4 Polymerization of Commercial Thermoplastic Fluoropolymers 4.1 Polymerization of Tetrafluoroethylene 4.1.1 Granular Resins 4.1.2 Fine Powder Resins 4.1.3 Aqueous Dispersions 4.1.4 Filled Compounds 4.1.5 Modified PTFE 4.2 Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene (FEP) 4.2.1 Industrial Process for the Production of FEP 4.3 Perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) Resin 4.3.1 Industrial Process for the Production of Perfluoroalkoxy Resin 4.4 Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) 4.4.1 Industrial Process for the Production of PCTFE 4.5 Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) 4.5.1 Industrial Process for the Production of PVDF 4.6 Polyvinyl Fluoride 4.6.1 Industrial Process for the Production of Polyvinyl Fluoride 4.7 Ethylene Chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE) Copolymer 4.7.1 Industrial Process for the Production of ECTFE 4.8 Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) Copolymer 4.8.1 Industrial Process for the Production of ETFE 4.9 Terpolymers of TFE, HFP and VDF (THV Fluoroplastic) 4.10 Terpolymers and Quarterpolymers of HFP, TFE and Ethylene References 5 Properties of Commercial Fluoropolymers 5.1 Properties as Related to the Structure of Fluoropolymers 5.1.1 Fluoroplastics 5.1.1.1 Mechanical Properties 5.1.1.2 Optical Properties 5.1.2 Fluoroelastomers 5.2 Properties of Individual Commercial Fluoroplastics 5.2.1 Polytetrafluoroethylene 5.2.1.1 Molecular Weight 5.2.1.2 Molecular Conformation 5.2.1.3 Crystallinity and Melting Behavior 5.2.1.4 Mechanical Properties 5.2.1.5 Surface Properties 5.2.1.6 Absorption and Permeation 5.2.1.7 Electrical Properties 5.2.2 Modified Polytetrafluoroethylene 5.2.3 Copolymers of Tetrafluoroethylene and Hexafluoropropylene (FEP) 5.2.3.1 Mechanical Properties 5.2.3.2 Electrical Properties 5.2.3.3 Chemical Properties 5.2.3.4 Optical Properties 5.2.3.5 Other Properties 5.2.4 Copolymers of Tetrafluoroethylene and Perfluoroalkyl Ethers (PFA and MFA) 5.2.4.1 Physical and Mechanical Properties 5.2.4.2 Electrical Properties 5.2.4.3 Optical properties 5.2.4.4 Chemical Properties 5.2.5 Copolymers of Ethylene and Tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) 5.2.5.1 Structure and Related Properties 5.2.5.2 Mechanical, Chemical and Other Properties 5.2.6 Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) 5.2.6.1 Mechanical Properties 5.2.6.2 Electrical Properties 5.2.6.3 Chemical Properties 5.2.7 Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) 5.2.7.1 Thermal Properties 5.2.7.2 Mechanical, Chemical and Other Properties 5.2.8. Copolymer of Ethylene and Chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE) 5.2.8.1 Properties of ECTFE 5.2.9 Terpolymer of Tetrafluoroethylene, Hexafluoropropylene and Vinylidene Fluoride (THV Fluoroplastic) 5.2.9.1 Properties of THV Fluoroplastic 5.2.10 Terpolymer of Tetrafluoroethylene, Ethylene and Hexafluoropropylene (EFEP) 5.2.11 Polyvinyl Fluoride (PVF) 5.2.11.1 Properties of the PVF Polymer 5.2.11.2 Polyvinyl Fluoride Films and Their Properties 5.2.11.2.1 Chemical Properties 5.2.11.2.2 Optical Properties 5.2.11.2.3 Weathering Performance 5.2.11.2.4 Electrical Properties 5.2.11.2.5 Thermal Stability References 6 Processing of Polytetrafluoroethylene Resins 6.1 Processing of Granular Resins 6.1.1 Compression Molding 6.1.1.1 Preforming 6.1.1.2 Sintering 6.1.2 Other Molding Methods 6.1.3 Ram Extrusion 6.2 Processing of Fine Powders 6.2.1 Introduction 6.2.2 Fabrication Methods for Products from Fine Powders 6.2.2.1 Preparation of the Extrusion Mix 6.2.2.2 Preforming 6.2.2.3 Extrusion 6.2.3 Fabrication of Films, Tapes and Sealing Cords 6.2.3.1 Manufacture of Unsintered Tape 6.2.4 Fabrication of Tubing and Hoses 6.2.5 Fabrication of Thin Walled Pipes and Liners 6.2.5.1 Liner Extrusion 6.2.5.2 Drying and Sintering the Liner 6.2.6 Fabrication of Wire and Cable Insulation 6.2.6.1 Wire Extrusion System 6.2.6.2 Wire Extrusion Process 6.2.6.3 Drying and Sintering of Wire Insulation 6.2.7 Fabrication of Expanded PTFE 6.2.7.1 The Expansion Process 7 Processing of Melt-Processible Fluoroplastics 7.1 Melt-Processible Perfluoroplastics 7.1.1 Copolymers of Polytetrafluoroethylene and Hexafluoropropylene (FEP) 7.1.2 Copolymers of Tetrafluoroethylene and Perfluoroalkyl ethers (PFA and MFA) 7.2 Processing of Other Melt-Processible Fluoroplastics 7.2.1 Copolymers of Ethylene and Tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) 7.2.2 Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) 7.2.3 Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) 7.2.4 Copolymer of Ethylene and Chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE) 7.2.5 Terpolymers of Tetrafluoroethylene, Hexafluoropropylene and Vinylidene Fluoride (THV Fluoroplastics) 7.2.6 Terpolymer of Ethylene, Tetrafluoroethylene and Hexafluoropropylene (EFEP) 8 Applications of Commercial Thermoplastic Fluoropolymers 8.1 Applications of PTFE and Modified PTFE 8.2 Applications of FEP 8.3 Applications of PFA and MFA 8.4 Applications of ETFE 8.5 Applications of PVDF 8.6 Applications of PCTFE 8.7 Applications of ECTFE 8.8 Applications of THV Fluoroplastics 8.9 Applications of EFEP 8.10 Applications of PVF 8.10.1 Aircraft Interiors 8.10.2 Architectural Applications 8.10.3 Graphics 8.10.4 Solar Applications References PART III FLUOROELASTOMERS 9 Fluorocarbon Elastomers 9.1 Manufacturing Process for Fluorocarbon Elastomers 9.1.1 Industrial Synthesis of Monomers for Fluorocarbon Elastomers 9.1.2 Polymerization and Finishing of Fluorocarbon Elastomers 9.1.2.1 Emulsion Polymerization 9.1.2.1.1 Continuous Emulsion Polymerization 9.1.2.1.2 Semi-batch Emulsion Polymerization 9.1.2.2 Suspension Polymerization 9.2 Properties of Fluorocarbon Elastomers 9.2.1 Properties Related to the Polymer Structure 9.2.2 Properties of Currently Available Commercial Fluorocarbon lastomers 9.3 Fabrication Methods for Fluorocarbon Elastomers 9.3.1 Mixing and Processing 9.3.1.1 Mixing of Fluorocarbon Elastomers 9.3.1.2 Processing of Fluorocarbon Elastomers 9.3.1.2.1 Calandering 9.3.1.2.2 Extrusion 9.3.1.2.3 Solution and Latex Coating 9.3.2 Curing of Fluorocarbon Elastomers 9.3.2.1 Cross-linking Chemistry 9.3.2.1.1 Cross-linking by Ionic Mechanism 9.3.2.1.2 Cross-linking by Radical Mechanism (Peroxid Cure) 9.3.2.1.3 Cross-linking by Ionizing Radiation 9.3.2.2 Molding Processes 9.3.2.2.1 Compression Molding 9.3.2.2.2 Transfer Molding 9.3.2.2.3 Injection Molding 9.3.3 Post-curing Process 9.4 Physical and Mechanical Properties of Cured Fluorocarbon Elastomers 9.4.1 Heat Resistance 9.4.2 Compression Set Resistance 9.4.3 Low-temperature Flexibility 9.4.4 Resistance to Automotive Fuels 9.4.5 Resistance to Solvents and Chemicals 9.4.6 Steam Resistance 9.5 Formulation of Compounds of Fluorocarbon Elastomers 9.5.1 Fillers 9.5.2 Acid Acceptor Systems 9.5.3 Curatives 9.5.4 Plasticizers and Processing Aids 9.6 Applications of Fluorocarbon Elastomers 9.6.1 Applications of FKMs 9.6.1.1 Typical Automotive Applications 9.6.1.2 Typical Aerospace and Military Applications 9.6.1.3 Typical Chemical and Petrochemical Applications 9.6.1.4 Other Industrial Applications 9.6.2 Applications of FFKM 9.6.3 Applications of FEPM 9.6.4 Applications of FKMs in Coatings and Sealants 9.6.5 Applications of FKMs as Polymer Processing Additive 9.7 Examples of Fluorocarbon Elastomer Formulations 9.8 Fluoroelastomer Safety, Disposal, and Sustainability 9.8.1 Safety in Production 9.8.2 Safety in Applications 9.8.3 Disposal 9.8.4 Sustainability References 10 Fluorinated Thermoplastic Elastomers 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Types of Fluorinated Thermoplastic Elastomers 10.3 Methods to Produce Fluorinated Thermoplastic Elastomers 10.4 Commercial Fluorinated Thermoplastic Elastomers and Their Properties 10.5 Applications of Fluorinated Thermoplastic Elastomers 10.5.1 Chemical and Semiconductor Industries 10.5.2 Electrical Applications and Wire and Cable 10.5.3 Other Applications References 11 Fluoro-Inorganic Elastomers 11.1 Fluorosilicone Elastomers 11.1.1 Introduction 11.1.2 Polymerization Process for Fluorosilicone Elastomers 11.1.3 Processing of Fluorosilicone Elastomers and Compounds 11.1.4 Properties of Fluorosilicone Elastomer Compounds 11.1.4.1 Fluid and Chemical Resistance 11.1.4.2 Heat Resistance 11.1.4.3 Low Temperature Behavior 11.1.4.4 Electrical Properties 11.1.4.5 Surface Properties 11.1.5 Applications of Fluorosilicone Compounds 11.1.6 Fluorosilicone Liquid Systems 11.1.7 Toxicity and Safety 11.2 Polyphosphazene Elastomers 11.2.1 Introduction 11.2.2 Fluorinated Polyphosphazene Elastomers 11.2.2.1 Properties 11.2.2.2 Applications References PART IV TECHNOLOGY OF FLUOROPOLYMER AQUEOUS SYSTEMS 12 Characteristics and Properties of Fluoropolymer Aqueous Systems 12.1 PTFE Dispersions 12.2 Other Perfluoropolymer Dispersions 12.2.1 FEP Dispersions 12.2.2 PFA and MFA Dispersions 12.2.3 Dispersions of Modified PTFE 12.2.4 Dispersions of PTFE Micropowders 12.3 Other Fluoroplastic Dispersions 12.3.1 Dispersions of PVDF 12.3.2 Dispersions of THV Fluoroplastic 12.4 Fluorocarbon Elastomers in Latex Form References 13 Processing and Applications of Fluoropolymer Aqueous Systems 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Processing and Applications of PTFE Dispersions 13.2.1 Impregnation 13.2.2 Fabric Coating 13.2.2.1 Equipment 13.2.2.2 Formulations 13.2.2.3 Coating Process 13.2.2.4 Lamination 13.2.2.5 Applications of PTFE Coated Fabrics 13.2.3 Cast Films 13.2.3.1 Process and Equipment 13.2.3.2 Applications of PTFE Cast Films 13.2.4 Processing and Applications of Dispersions of Modified PTFE 13.2.5 Processing and Applications of Dispersions of PTFE Micropowders 13.2.6 Other Processing and Applications of PTFE Aqueous Dispersions 13.3 Processing and Applications of Other Fluoropolymer Aqueous Systems 13.3.1 Aqueous Dispersions of FEP and PFA/MFA 13.3.2 Aqueous Dispersions of PVDF 13.3.3 Aqueous Dispersions of THV Fluoroplastic 13.3.4 Fluorocarbon Elastomers in Latex Form 13.4 Health and Safety 13.5 Disposal of Aqueous Fluoropolymer Dispersions References PART V OTHER FLUOROPOLYMERS 14 Specialty Fluorinated Polymers 14.1 Amorphous Fluoropolymers 14.2 Fluorinated Acrylates 14.3 Fluorinated Polyurethanes 14.4 Fluorinated Thermoplastic Elastomers 14.5 Copolymers of Chlorotrifluoroethylene and Vinyl Ether 14.6 Perfluorinated Ionomers References 15 Applications of Specialty Fluorinated Polymers 15.1 Applications of Amorphous Perfluoropolymers 15.2 Applications of Amorphous Perfluoropolymers 15.3 Applications of Fluorinated Polyurethanes 15.3.1 Surface Coatings 15.3.1.1 Solvent-Based Coatings 15.3.1.2 Water-Based Coatings 15.3.1.3 Powder Coatings 15.3.1.4 Treatments of Textile, Leather, and Other Substrates 15.3.1.5 Medical and Dental Applications 15.3.1.6 Cladding of Optical Fibers 15.3.1.7 Elastomers 15.3.1.8 Other Applications 15.4 Applications of Fluorinated Thermoplastic Elastomers 15.5 Applications of Copolymers of CTFE and Vinyl Ether 15.6 Applications of Perfluorinated Ionomers References PART VI EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND OTHER VARIABLES ON FLUOROPOLYMERS 16 Effect of Temperature on Fluoropolymers 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Thermal Stability of PTFE 16.3 Thermal Stability of Copolymers of Tetrafluoroethylene 16.3.1 Thermal Stability of Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene (FEP) 16.3.2 Thermal stability of PFA 16.3.3 Thermal Stability of ETFE 16.3.4Thermal Stability of ECTFE 16.3.5 Thermal Stability of PCTFE 16.3.6 Thermal Stability of PVDF 17 Effects of Environment on Fluoropolymers 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Tetrafluoroethylene 17.3 Perfluorinated Copolymers of Tetrafluoroethylene 17.3.1 PFA and MFA 17.3.2 FEP 17.4 Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene Copolymer 17.5 Polyvinylidene Fluoride 17.6 Polychlorotrifluoroethylene 17.7 Ethylene Chlorotrifluoroethylene Copolymer 17.8 Polyvinyl Fluoride References 18 Effects of Radiation on Fluoropolymers 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Fluoropolymers 18.2.1 Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Perfluoroplastics 18.2.2 Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Other Fluoroplastics 18.3 Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Fluorocarbon Elastomers 18.3.1 Effects of Ionizing Radiation on FKM Type of Fluorocarbon Elastomers 18.3.2 Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Perfluoroelastomers 18.3.3 Effects of Ionizing Radiation on TFE/P Elastomers 18.4 Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Fluorosilicone Elastomers 18.5 Effects of UV Radiation on Fluoropolymers References PART VII SAFETY AND SUSTAINABILITY 19 Safety Aspects of Fluoropolymers 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Fluoropolymers, the Essential Plastics 19.3 Polymerization Aids 19.3.1 Replacement of Polymerization Aids 19.4 Tetrafluoroethylene 19.5 Toxicology of Fluoropolymers 19.6 Emissions during Processing 19.7 Polymer Fume Fever (PFF) 19.8 Fluoropolymer Dispersions 19.9 Hygiene and Personal Protective Equipment References 20 Disposal and Recycling 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Fluorine Ore-Fluorspar 20.3 Melt Processible Fluoropolymers 20.4 Polytetrafluoroethylene 20.5 PTFE Scrap Sources for Recycling 20.6 Routes to Reuse of Polytetrafluoroethylene 20.6.1 Virgin PTFE 20.6.2 Physical Processing - Recycling 20.6.3 Physical Processing - Reprocessing 20.7 Disposal of Fluoropolymers 20.8 Chemical Recycling ("Upcycling") References

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Book SynopsisA well-rounded and articulate examination of polymer properties at the molecular level, this book focuses on fundamental principles based on underlying chemical structures, polymer synthesis, characterization, and properties.Table of ContentsIntroduction to Chain Molecules. Step-Growth Polymerization. Chain-Growth Polymerization. Controlled Polymerization. Copolymers, Microstructure, and Stereoregularity. Polymer Conformations. Thermodynamics of Polymer Mixtures. Light Scattering by Polymer Solutions. Dynamics of Dilute Polymer Solutions. Networks, Gels, and Rubber Elasticity. Linear Viscoelasticity. Glass Transition. Crystalline Polymers. Apendix.

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Book SynopsisMETAL-ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS WITH HETEROGENEOUS STRUCTURES A unique book that sheds light on Metal-Organic Frameworks complex systems that often display behaviors that surprise and cannot be easily described. In this book, MOF-based heterostructures technology with key characteristics is completely analyzed and the current state-of-the-art is discussed. The authors focus on the complex heterostructures promoted by MOFs with advantage of their recent new advances for various applications with particular emphasis on their design. As an extension of the design and synthesis, the shaping technology of heterostructure MOFs is also of great significance to the future practical applications in industry (adsorption/desorption, gas storage, catalysis, conductivity, optical activity) of this class of complex porous materials. As this unique book covers all of the aspects of complexity in MOFs with heterogeneous structures, it serves as an essential reference to the concepts of iTable of ContentsList of Illustrations vii List of Tables xv List of Schemes xvii Preface xix Abbreviations xxi 1 Introduction: A Brief Introduction About Metal-Organic Frameworks 1 1.1 Metal-Organic Frameworks 1 1.2 Conclusion 8 References 8 2 Metal-Organic Frameworks Complexity 13 2.1 Perspectives on Complexity in MOFs 13 2.2 Conclusion 21 References 22 3 Complexity Based on Ligand—Part 1 27 3.1 Mixed Ligand 27 3.2 Conclusion 50 References 514 Complexity Based on Ligand—Part 2 57 4.1 Polytopic Linkers 57 4.2 Multi-Heterotopic Ligands 63 4.3 Conclusion 66 References 66 5 Complexity Based on Metal Node 71 5.1 Mixed Metal 71 5.2 Multiple SBUs 81 5.3 Conclusion 92 References 92 6 Complexity Based on Chiral Framework—Part 1 105 6.1 Inherent Chirality 105 6.2 Direct Chirality 109 6.3 Conclusion 120 References 121 7 Complexity Based on Chiral Framework—Part 2 127 7.1 Chiral-Template Synthesis 127 7.2 Post-Synthesis 131 7.3 Conclusion 144 References 144 8 Complexity Based on Structural Defects 149 8.1 Inherent Defect 149 8.2 Designed Defect 154 8.3 Conclusion 161 References 162 9 Complexity Based on Heterogeneous Pores 171 9.1 Heterogeneous Pores 171 9.2 Conclusion 178 References 179 10 Complexity Based on Mixed MOFs 185 10.1 Complex Mixed MOFs 185 10.2 Conclusion 192 References 193 Index 199

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Book SynopsisPolymers are substances containing a large number of structural units joined by the same type of linkage. These substances often form into a chain-like structure. Starch, cellulose, and rubber all possess polymeric properties. Today, the polymer industry has grown to be larger than the aluminium, copper and steel industries combined. Polymers already have a range of applications that far exceeds that of any other class of material available to man. Current applications extend from adhesives, coatings, foams, and packaging materials to textile and industrial fibres, elastomers, and structural plastics. Polymers are also used for most composites, electronic devices, biomedical devices, optical devices, and precursors for many newly developed high-tech ceramics. This new book presents leading-edge research in this rapidly-changing and evolving field.

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Book SynopsisSemiconducting polymers are of great interest for applications in electroluminescent devices, solar cells, batteries and diodes. In recent years vast advances have been made in the area of controlled synthesis of semiconducting polymers, specifically polythiophenes. The book is separated into two main sections, the first will introduce the advances made in polymer synthesis, and the second will focus on the microstructure and property analysis that has been enabled because of the recent advances in synthetic strategies. Edited by one of the leaders in the area of polythiophene synthesis, this new book will bring the field up to date with more recent models for understanding semiconducting polymers. The book will be applicable to materials and polymers chemists in industry and academia from postgraduate level upwards.Table of ContentsControlled Synthesis of Conjugated Polymers in Catalyst-Transfer Condensation Polymerization: Monomers and Catalysts; Controlled Chain-Growth Synthesis of Conjugated Polymers: Moving Beyond Thiophene; Application of Catalyst Transfer Polymerizations: From Conjugated Copolymers to Polymer Brushes; Controlled Synthesis of Chain End Functional, Block and Branched Polymers Containing Polythiophene Segments; Characterization of Polymer Semiconductors by Neutron Scattering Techniques; Structural Control in Polymeric Semiconductors: Application to the Manipulation of Light-Emitting Properties; Structure and Order in Organic Semiconductors

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Book SynopsisWe rely upon plastics for a great many functions in everyday life, from the cases of consumer electronics to disposable cutlery, plastics are versatile and convenient. However, with the supply of fossil fuels from which fossil-based plastics are derived becoming smaller and more expensive the need for alternatives is becoming increasingly apparent. Policy makers, environmentalists and consumers are increasing pressure on plastics manufacturers to look for greener alternatives to fossil-based plastics. Bioplastics are materials that are derived wholly or partially from biomass feedstocks, making them renewable, whilst maintaining the desirable properties of fossil-based plastics. Many, although not all, bioplastics are also more readily degradable than conventional plastics, a property increasingly desired by consumers. A variety of different bioplastics have already been developed and the field continues to grow. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the diverse subjects relating to bioplastics, including materials science, manufacture and processing and social and environmental impacts. It provides a valuable introduction both for those studying plastics at a graduate level and those starting to work in the field.Table of ContentsPlastics and Bioplastics Overview;Polymerization and Synthesis from Biobased Feedstocks;Overview of Bioplastics;Polymer Processing Principles;Biocomposites;Fermentation of Polyesters (PHA and PLA);Bio-based Polyesters;Protein-based Plastics;Starch-based Biopolymer Films;Bio-based Polymers and Resins in Paints and Coatings;End-of-life of Plastics/Bioplastics

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Book SynopsisCovers enzyme kinetics from its most elementary aspects to such modern subjects as steady-state, multi-reactant kinetics and isotope exchange. Offers an understanding of the behavior of enzyme systems and the diagnostic tools used to characterize them and determine kinetic mechanisms. Illustrates and explains current subjects such as cumulative, concerted and cooperative feedback inhibition and metal ion activation.Table of ContentsKinetics of Unireactant Enzymes. Simple Inhibition Systems. Rapid Equilibrium Partial and Mixed-Type Inhibition. Enzyme Activation. Rapid Equilibrium Bireactant and Terreactant Systems. Multisite and Allosteric Enzymes. Multiple Inhibition Analysis. Steady-State Kinetics of Multireactant Enzymes. Isotope Exchange. Effects of pH and Temperature. Appendix. Index.

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Book SynopsisBiopolymers such as cellulose, lignin, starch, pectin, chitin, xylan, etc. are copiously available in nature in the form of plant biomass. They have been used for various applications such as biofuels, nanobiocomposites, biomedicine, etc. Biopolymers have unique antimicrobial properties, and are thus used for food packaging. The field of biomaterials is interdisciplinary and includes chemistry, biology and medicine. There are different ways to apply biopolymers for the benefit of our society. Although natural polymers are cheap and available in large quantities, it is still difficult to utilise their potentials. Still, there are challenges to develop new methodologies for the efficient and economic utilisation of these biopolymers. Consequently, the modification of these materials is the focus of recent scientific research. These modifications improve the various properties of biopolymers required for specific applications. Modifications improve heat, moisture resistance, solubility in water, sustainability, flexibility, compatibility, biodegradability, etc. Biopolymers modified by blending shows considerable improvement in the impact resistance of brittle polymers. Biopolymer systems containing particles with one or more dimensions in the nanometer scale are called bionanocomposites, a special class of materials possessing unique thermal stability, fire resistance, mechanical and optical properties. Bionanocomposites have been effectively used in controlled drug delivery, food packaging, etc.

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Book SynopsisThis books opens with an evaluation of the effects of the acid environment on sulfur-polymer matrix composite, with Portland cement-based composite chosen as a comparative material. Unlike conventional Portland cement-based composites, sulfur-polymer matrix composites are produced without water and achieve final strength in few days. Following this, the effects of electron beam irradiation on copper oxide added polymer matrix composite was investigated. Copper oxide added polymer matrix composite has been known for engineering applications that involving plastics moving parts to reduce friction. In a separate study, inorganic Montmorillonite nanofibers and organic cellulose nanofibers obtained through acid hydrolysis were simultaneously added to plasticized starch with defined CNF-to-MMT ratio and processed into nanocomposites by melt extrusion. The continuously isothermal aerobic ageing on samples was carried out by oven-heating at 60C so as to investigate the organic nanofillers as an alternative to inorganic nanofillers. The authors also investigate the physico-mechanical characteristic of low density polyethylene (LDPE) and starch blends when undergone acid and alkaline attacks. In the following chapter, simulation of the temperature distribution in textile composite structures is achieved by utilizing an analytical-symbolic approach. Analytical heating solutions along each yarn provide accurate solutions with far fewer nodes than numerical solutions, and require the minimum number of symbolic network nodes. The final investigation was conducted to investigate the effects of copper (II) oxide (CuO) composition on the degradability of high density polyethylene/ethylene vinyl acetate (HDPE/EVA) blends. It was observed that both degree of crystallinity and crystallites sizes of the composited increased after the ageing operation.

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Book SynopsisPolymer surfaces having micro-nanostructures can be produced using injection molding and hot embossing, high efficiency techniques able to meet the needs of industry for the mass production of polymer parts. Micro-nanosurfaces are in great demand for multiple applications that include antipollution and self-cleaning surfaces, microlenses, dry adhesion surfaces, antireflection coatings, cell culturing and differentiation as well as superhydrophobic surfaces. Polymer Surfaces: Fabrication, Modification and Applications discusses the injection molding of micro-nanostructured polymer surfaces consists of three main technical steps: mold inserts, processing parameters and demolding. The authors also discuss the capabilities of various demolding methods, such as antistiction coatings, to protect and enhance the surface properties of micro-nanostructures. The subsequent contribution focuses on biocompatible and biodegradable hollow nanoparticles prepared via the layer-by-layer deposition of polymer thin films on sacrificial templates. The review encompasses all aspects of nanocapsules from preparation through characterization and the applications as drug carriers. A promising strategy is proposed for facilely and successively replicating randomly arranged pyramids on an etched silicon wafer to polystyrene surface. The authors propose that this fast and efficient replication strategy could be an excellent candidate for developing antireflective protective layers without complicated procedures and expensive materials. A promising strategy was proposed for facilely and successively replicating the natural functional nanostructure of the cicada wing onto polystyrene surfaces in the concluding study. This work may direct the design of gradient wetting surfaces by mimicking the nanopillar structure of cicada wing. This strategy could aid in mimicking bio-inspired functional micro/nanostructures without complicated procedures and expensive materials.

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Book SynopsisPolymers are substances containing a large number of structural units joined by the same type of linkage. These substances often form into a chain-like structure. Starch, cellulose, and rubber all possess polymeric properties. Today, the polymer industry has grown to be larger than the aluminium, copper and steel industries combined. Polymers already have a range of applications that far exceeds that of any other class of material available to man. Current applications extend from adhesives, coatings, foams, and packaging materials to textile and industrial fibres, elastomers, and structural plastics. Polymers are also used for most composites, electronic devices, biomedical devices, optical devices, and precursors for many newly developed high-tech ceramics. This new book presents leading-edge research in this rapidly-changing and evolving field.

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Book SynopsisThis collection of texts written by well-recognised specialists was constituted having in view these important directions of actual research. Sustainable economical growth requires safe resources of raw materials for the industrial production. Today''s most frequently used industrial raw material, petroleum, is neither sustainable, because limited, nor environmentally friendly. While the economy of energy can be based on various alter-native raw materials, such as wind, sun, water, biomass, as well as nuclear fission and fusion, the economy of substances is fundamentally depending on biomass, in particular biomass of plants. In the last decades because of the crude oil and other natural resources crisis, a new alternative has been proposed consisting in utilisation of renewable natural resources as feedstock and fuel, among which the biomass is the most promising.

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Book SynopsisPolymers are substances containing a large number of structural units joined by the same type of linkage. These substances often form into a chain-like structure. Starch, cellulose, and rubber all possess polymeric properties. Today, the polymer industry has grown to be larger than the aluminium, copper and steel industries combined. Polymers already have a range of applications that far exceeds that of any other class of material available to man. Current applications extend from adhesives, coatings, foams, and packaging materials to textile and industrial fibres, elastomers, and structural plastics. Polymers are also used for most composites, electronic devices, biomedical devices, optical devices, and precursors for many newly developed high-tech ceramics. This book presents leading-edge research in this rapidly-changing and evolving field.

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Book SynopsisPolymers are substances containing a large number of structural units joined by the same type of linkage. These substances often form into a chain-like structure. Starch, cellulose, and rubber all possess polymeric properties. Today, the polymer industry has grown to be larger than the aluminium, copper and steel industries combined. Polymers already have a range of applications that far exceeds that of any other class of material available to man. Current applications extend from adhesives, coatings, foams, and packaging materials to textile and industrial fibres, elastomers, and structural plastics. Polymers are also used for most composites, electronic devices, biomedical devices, optical devices, and precursors for many newly developed high-tech ceramics. This new book presents leading-edge research in this rapidly-changing and evolving field.

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Book SynopsisThis book is devoted to examining the order and disorder in polymers. Understanding these factors is important because they define diffusion properties (molecule motion speed in the polymeric matrix) and the solubility of low molecular substances in polymers.

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Book SynopsisThis book is mainly dedicated to the processes of ozonolysis, destruction and stabilisation of polymers, reactions and structure formation of polymers in fractal spaces, hydrosilylation reactions, anti-adhesive coatings, synergism and antagonism in processes of polymers phototransformation and light stabilisation, selective oxidation, carbocations reactions and polymer analogous reactions.

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Book SynopsisBook & CD. This book aims to present the progress in the science of polymers and monomer, synthesis, study of properties and application of polymers, polymer mixtures, composites and filled polymers. The book collects original articles and reviews important for both pure and applied chemistry. The application of polymers in medicine, composites and nanocomposites, reduction of polymer material combustibility, kinetics and the mechanism of various reactions are of special attention. Both synthetic and natural polymers are discussed. Some part of the collection, related to chemistry and physics of polymers, is devoted to oligomers and low-molecular compounds. This book brings together new and exciting research in this field.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents new and significant research progress on composite materials which are engineered materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties and which remain separate and distinct on a macroscopic level within the finished structure. Fibre Reinforced Polymers or FRPs include Wood comprising (cellulose fibres in a lignin and hemicellulose matrix), Carbon-fibre reinforced plastic or CFRP, Glass-fibre reinforced plastic or GFRP (also GRP). If classified by matrix then there are Thermoplastic Composites, short fibre thermoplastics, long fibre thermoplastics or long fibre reinforced thermoplastics There are numerous thermoset composites, but advanced systems usually incorporate aramid fibre and carbon fibre in an epoxy resin matrix. Composites can also utilise metal fibres reinforcing other metals, as in Metal matrix composites or MMC. Ceramic matrix composites include Bone (hydroxyapatite reinforced with collagen fibres), Cermet (ceramic and metal) and Concrete. Organic matrix/ceramic aggregate composites include Asphalt concrete, Mastic asphalt, Mastic roller hybrid, Dental composite, Syntactic foam and Mother of Pearl. Chobham armour is a special composite used in military applications. Engineered wood includes a wide variety of different products such as Plywood, Oriented strand board, Wood plastic composite (recycled wood fibre in polyethylene matrix), Pykrete (sawdust in ice matrix), Plastic-impregnated or laminated paper or textiles, Arborite, Formica (plastic) and Micarta. Composite materials have gained popularity (despite their generally high cost) in high-performance products such as aerospace components (tails, wings , fuselages, propellors), boat and scull hulls, and racing car bodies. More mundane uses include fishing rods and storage tanks.

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Book SynopsisThe agricultural sector is the main source of raw materials for biopolymers such as soy protein isolates (SPI), natural fibers, polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxybutyrates (PHBs), and many more. Over the years, the biopolymer sector has witnessed significant developments due to substantial investments that have been made in green technologies/processes. Apart from this, focus has also been given to improving the performance of the existing thermoplastic as well as thermoset polymers and synthetic fiber based composites. With the onset of green technology/process, agriculture has witnessed rapid transformation, which in turn has opened new avenues for the development of commonly available synthetic polymers, such as polyethylene from sugarcane. In fact, facilitating the commercialization of innovative processes/technologies developed in the laboratories is the first step. The second step is to take the products fabricated in the first step to the next level, i.e. the market. Lastly, demonstrating these products in real-life conditions is necessary for terming it as marketable products. The truth is that the development of biopolymer or nanomaterial based polymer-matrix composites are progressing slowly. This book is written to address some of the types of polymer-matrix composites as well as the performance of these composites through 11 original and very interesting Chapters. The use of biopolymer based composites has been greatly emphasized in Chapters 1 through 5 so as to reduce the carbon footprint. Chapters 6 through 9 are devoted to the performance of widely used thermoplastics, thermosets and conducting polymers. Lastly, the applications of natural fiber reinforced composites in automotive sectors as well as erosive wear performance are discussed in Chapters 9 through 11.

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Book SynopsisThe market of synthetic polymers has grown almost exponentially during the last few decades due to their unique properties and versatile applications. This book reviews research on key parameters that affect polymer particle morphology formation during polymerisation, specific crystallisation during polymerisation in constrained condition, the role of the entanglements tie molecules in re-arrangement of the nascent morphology into high performance article and fibres, as well as the structural reminiscence in the products derived from polyethylene reactor powders and the search for a novel routes to high performance fibres.

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Book SynopsisThis book describes the synthesis, photophysical and photochemical properties of inorganic polymers containing-Re(CO)3L+ pendants. Marked differences were found between the photochemical and photophysical properties of the polymers and those of the related monomeric complexes, pyRe(CO)3L+ (py = pyridine). The main cause of these differences is the photogeneration of the metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excited sates in concentrations that are much larger when -Re(CO)3 L+ chromophores are bound to (vpy)n~600.

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Book SynopsisIn this book the authors present recent advances in polymer research. Topics discussed include polymer composite materials with photosensitive bis-crown-ether dye; organometallic polyamines as physical materials and biomaterials; a quick test for the assessment of weatherability of polyethylene and grafting of poly(lauryl methacrylate) from the surface of layered silicates using oligomeric azo-initiators.

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Book SynopsisIn this book, the authors discuss the production, properties and applications of degradable polymers. Topics discussed in this compilation include the increasing production and utilization of synthetic polymer materials and the global environmental problem caused by their accumulation in natural systems; biodegradable plastics as an alternative to chemical polymers; polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) polymers of hydroxyalkanoic acids synthesised by bacteria; the biochemical pathways of synthesis of various PHAs; substrates for PHA synthesis; PHA production and the physicochemical properties of PHA; biodegradation of polyhydroxyalkanoates in natural environments; potential areas for PHA application; PHA as a platform for drug delivery; PHA matrices for cell and tissue engineering; and the biomedical potential of PHA.

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Book SynopsisPolypropylene (PP) is one of the most largely used man-made polymeric materials. This synthetic stereo-regular polymer has a high tensile strength combined with a low cost, which could explain it''s wide usage and application. This book covers some important advances in PP research, including its synthesis, characterizations, modifications, and applications. A thorough understanding of propylene polymerization, mainly concerning its physical and chemical features, as crystalline morphology, for instance, is useful to understand how it could influence PP mechanical properties and heat resistance. These characteristics are directly related to PP rheology and consequently the tendencies to form composites or blends. PP hybrid materials amplify the possibilities of obtaining new useful supplies, and also allow recycling or reusing wastes or low cost resources, as ashes, besides increasing its value.

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Book SynopsisPolyaniline (PAni), an interesting conducting polymer (CP), has attracted great attention over the last decades due to its tuneable properties and potential applications in multidisciplinary areas. It is the most promising conducting polymer because of its ease of synthesis, low-cost monomer, and also its higher thermal stability compared to other CPs. This book provides a comprehensive review of the recent trends on PAni research. It is an excellent reference book which covers the latest research on PAni synthesis, properties and applications, from researchers across various disciplines including physics, chemistry, materials science, nanoscience and engineering, based on their expertise in these fields. This book is a true attempt to make available the recent developments in PAni synthesis, properties, and its application, in a single volume and can be recommended as a special reference book for physicists, chemists, material scientists, nanotechnologists, engineers and graduate students.

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Book SynopsisPolylactic acid (PLA) is a synthetic and biodegradable polymer. PLA can have important applications in tissue engineering as three-dimensional porous structures. Biodegradable polymers are used in medicine to replace and increase the volume of tissues, as tissue supports and also for controlled drug release. One of the most widely used biodegradable polymers is polylactic acid (PLA), as it is easily biodegraded. This material is used as microspheres or microcapsules to host a broad diversity of drugs, such as antiinflamatory, anticonceptives, narcotics antagonists, local anesthetics and vaccines. This book discusses new developments in the research of polylactic acid.

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Book SynopsisPolyaniline (PANI) and its composites, the most popular conducting materials whose unique properties and applications are drawing a worldwide interest, are the focus of this book. Their main synthetic methods will be herein presented, ranging from the traditional protocols to the innovative eco-friendly routes which employ "green" oxidants and proper catalysts. A brand new preparation protocol able to facilitate the polymer processing into pure PANI electrospun nanofibers will also be described. The possibility to combine the fascinating conducting properties of polyaniline with those of other materials has opened the way to the preparation of amazing composite materials. The PANIinorganic nanocomposites find a particular place inside this book, together with the principal analytical techniques for characterizing such materials and an updated description of their huge spectrum of applications. Polyaniline and its composites, in fact, are already successfully employed in many electrical and optical devices, as well as advanced gas sensors, but novel emerging usages in EMI shielding, anticorrosive and biomedical materials are now showing their great potentiality. Academics, researchers, scientists, engineers and students in the field of material science, chemistry, physics, electronics and nanotechnology will benefit from this book which reports the updated accomplishments in polyaniline research and it is application-oriented.

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Book SynopsisLiquid crystals are fluids with a directionality defined. Polymers are long molecules with a shape that can be changed. As a network, polymers form rubber - a soft solid that is locally liquid-like and capable of huge extension. Liquid crystal elastomers are a combination of all these curious aspects, but with additional, revolutionary new phenomena - for example, spontaneous shape changes of several hundred percent induced by temperature change, with equally large opto-mechanical responses, shape change without energy cost (soft elasticity), colour change with strain, lasing and photonics, sensitivity to molecular handedness and soft solid ferroelectricity. This book is a primer for liquid crystals, polymers, rubber, and elasticity. It then describes the theory and experiment of these remarkable materials for the first time as a monograph. Worked examples are solved so that the reader can become proficient in the field himself. The book is directed at physicists, chemists, material scTrade ReviewIn short, this book is likely to become a classic: read it, learn from it, and let it inspire you. * Euro Pysics News *Table of Contents1. A bird's eye view of liquid crystal elastomers ; 2. Liquid crystals ; 3. Polymers, elastomers and rubber elasticity ; 4. Classical elasticity ; 5. Nematic elastomers ; 6. Nematic rubber elasticity ; 7. Soft elasticity ; 8. Distortions of nematic elastomers ; 9. Cholesteric elastomers ; 10. Continuum theory of nematic elastomers ; 11. Dynamics of liquid crystal elastomers ; 12. Smectic elastomers ; A. Nematic order in elastomers under strain ; B. Biaxial soft elasticity ; C. Stripe microstructure ; D. Couple-stress and Cosserat elasticity ; E. Expansion at small deformations and rotations

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