Polymer chemistry Books

Book SynopsisA study on the production, properties and uses, of PVC, Polyvinyl chloride which is the world''s third-most widely produced synthetic plastic polymer by the Institute of Materials, London in 1996

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Book SynopsisThis third edition has been updated and expanded, providing industrial chemists, technologists, environmental scientists, and engineers with an accurate, compact, and practical source of information on fluoropolymers. Highlighting existing and new industrial, military, medical, and consumer goods applications, this edition adds more detailed information on equipment and processing conditions. It explores breakthroughs in understanding property-structure relationships, new polymerization techniques, and the chemistry underlying polymers, such as melt-processable fluoroplastics. It also expands on the important properties of fluoropolymers, including heat and radiation degradation, health effects, and recycling.Features: Revised, updated, and expanded to continue to provide an accurate, compact, and practical source of information on fluoropolymers Explores the property-structure relationships, polymerization techniques, and the chemistry underlying poTable of ContentsPART I OVERVIEW OF FLUOROPOLYMERS 1 Introduction 2 Societal Benefits and Evolution of Fluoropolymers 2.1 Basic Fluoropolymer Properties 2.2 Examples of Fluoropolymer Properties 2.3 Automotive Applications 2.4 Aerospace Wire and Cable 2.5 Aircraft Fuel Hose 2.6 Heart Rhythm Management-ICD 2.7 Pediatric Heart Repair 2.8 Thread Sealant 2.9 Chemical Processing Industry-Lined Pipes, Fittings, and Vessels 2.10 Semiconductor Chip Fabrication 2.11 Biomedical Applications 2.12 PTFE Micropowders 2.13 Applications of Fluoropolymers in Transportation 2.14 Properties of Thermoplastic Fluoropolymers 2.15 Delving Deeper into Properties 2.16 Forces Affecting the Fluoropolymer Industries References PART II THERMOPLASTIC FLUOROPOLYMERS 3 Synthesis and Properties of Monomers of Thermoplastic Fluoropolymers 3.1 Preparation of Tetrafluoroethylene 3.2 Properties of Tetrafluoroethylene 3.3 Preparation of Hexafluoropropylene 3.4 Properties of Hexafluoropropylene 3.5 Synthesis of Perfluoroalkylvinylethers (PAVEs) 3.6 Properties of Perfluoroalkylvinylethers 3.7 Synthesis of Chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE) 3.8 Properties of Chlorotrifluoroethylene 3.9 Synthesis of Vinylidene Fluoride (VDF) 3.10 Properties of Vinylidene Fluoride 3.11 Synthesis of Vinyl Fluoride (VF) 3.12 Properties of Vinyl Fluoride (VF) References 4 Polymerization of Commercial Thermoplastic Fluoropolymers 4.1 Polymerization of Tetrafluoroethylene 4.1.1 Granular Resins 4.1.2 Fine Powder Resins 4.1.3 Aqueous Dispersions 4.1.4 Filled Compounds 4.1.5 Modified PTFE 4.2 Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene (FEP) 4.2.1 Industrial Process for the Production of FEP 4.3 Perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) Resin 4.3.1 Industrial Process for the Production of Perfluoroalkoxy Resin 4.4 Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) 4.4.1 Industrial Process for the Production of PCTFE 4.5 Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) 4.5.1 Industrial Process for the Production of PVDF 4.6 Polyvinyl Fluoride 4.6.1 Industrial Process for the Production of Polyvinyl Fluoride 4.7 Ethylene Chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE) Copolymer 4.7.1 Industrial Process for the Production of ECTFE 4.8 Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) Copolymer 4.8.1 Industrial Process for the Production of ETFE 4.9 Terpolymers of TFE, HFP and VDF (THV Fluoroplastic) 4.10 Terpolymers and Quarterpolymers of HFP, TFE and Ethylene References 5 Properties of Commercial Fluoropolymers 5.1 Properties as Related to the Structure of Fluoropolymers 5.1.1 Fluoroplastics 5.1.1.1 Mechanical Properties 5.1.1.2 Optical Properties 5.1.2 Fluoroelastomers 5.2 Properties of Individual Commercial Fluoroplastics 5.2.1 Polytetrafluoroethylene 5.2.1.1 Molecular Weight 5.2.1.2 Molecular Conformation 5.2.1.3 Crystallinity and Melting Behavior 5.2.1.4 Mechanical Properties 5.2.1.5 Surface Properties 5.2.1.6 Absorption and Permeation 5.2.1.7 Electrical Properties 5.2.2 Modified Polytetrafluoroethylene 5.2.3 Copolymers of Tetrafluoroethylene and Hexafluoropropylene (FEP) 5.2.3.1 Mechanical Properties 5.2.3.2 Electrical Properties 5.2.3.3 Chemical Properties 5.2.3.4 Optical Properties 5.2.3.5 Other Properties 5.2.4 Copolymers of Tetrafluoroethylene and Perfluoroalkyl Ethers (PFA and MFA) 5.2.4.1 Physical and Mechanical Properties 5.2.4.2 Electrical Properties 5.2.4.3 Optical properties 5.2.4.4 Chemical Properties 5.2.5 Copolymers of Ethylene and Tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) 5.2.5.1 Structure and Related Properties 5.2.5.2 Mechanical, Chemical and Other Properties 5.2.6 Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) 5.2.6.1 Mechanical Properties 5.2.6.2 Electrical Properties 5.2.6.3 Chemical Properties 5.2.7 Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) 5.2.7.1 Thermal Properties 5.2.7.2 Mechanical, Chemical and Other Properties 5.2.8. Copolymer of Ethylene and Chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE) 5.2.8.1 Properties of ECTFE 5.2.9 Terpolymer of Tetrafluoroethylene, Hexafluoropropylene and Vinylidene Fluoride (THV Fluoroplastic) 5.2.9.1 Properties of THV Fluoroplastic 5.2.10 Terpolymer of Tetrafluoroethylene, Ethylene and Hexafluoropropylene (EFEP) 5.2.11 Polyvinyl Fluoride (PVF) 5.2.11.1 Properties of the PVF Polymer 5.2.11.2 Polyvinyl Fluoride Films and Their Properties 5.2.11.2.1 Chemical Properties 5.2.11.2.2 Optical Properties 5.2.11.2.3 Weathering Performance 5.2.11.2.4 Electrical Properties 5.2.11.2.5 Thermal Stability References 6 Processing of Polytetrafluoroethylene Resins 6.1 Processing of Granular Resins 6.1.1 Compression Molding 6.1.1.1 Preforming 6.1.1.2 Sintering 6.1.2 Other Molding Methods 6.1.3 Ram Extrusion 6.2 Processing of Fine Powders 6.2.1 Introduction 6.2.2 Fabrication Methods for Products from Fine Powders 6.2.2.1 Preparation of the Extrusion Mix 6.2.2.2 Preforming 6.2.2.3 Extrusion 6.2.3 Fabrication of Films, Tapes and Sealing Cords 6.2.3.1 Manufacture of Unsintered Tape 6.2.4 Fabrication of Tubing and Hoses 6.2.5 Fabrication of Thin Walled Pipes and Liners 6.2.5.1 Liner Extrusion 6.2.5.2 Drying and Sintering the Liner 6.2.6 Fabrication of Wire and Cable Insulation 6.2.6.1 Wire Extrusion System 6.2.6.2 Wire Extrusion Process 6.2.6.3 Drying and Sintering of Wire Insulation 6.2.7 Fabrication of Expanded PTFE 6.2.7.1 The Expansion Process 7 Processing of Melt-Processible Fluoroplastics 7.1 Melt-Processible Perfluoroplastics 7.1.1 Copolymers of Polytetrafluoroethylene and Hexafluoropropylene (FEP) 7.1.2 Copolymers of Tetrafluoroethylene and Perfluoroalkyl ethers (PFA and MFA) 7.2 Processing of Other Melt-Processible Fluoroplastics 7.2.1 Copolymers of Ethylene and Tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) 7.2.2 Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) 7.2.3 Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) 7.2.4 Copolymer of Ethylene and Chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE) 7.2.5 Terpolymers of Tetrafluoroethylene, Hexafluoropropylene and Vinylidene Fluoride (THV Fluoroplastics) 7.2.6 Terpolymer of Ethylene, Tetrafluoroethylene and Hexafluoropropylene (EFEP) 8 Applications of Commercial Thermoplastic Fluoropolymers 8.1 Applications of PTFE and Modified PTFE 8.2 Applications of FEP 8.3 Applications of PFA and MFA 8.4 Applications of ETFE 8.5 Applications of PVDF 8.6 Applications of PCTFE 8.7 Applications of ECTFE 8.8 Applications of THV Fluoroplastics 8.9 Applications of EFEP 8.10 Applications of PVF 8.10.1 Aircraft Interiors 8.10.2 Architectural Applications 8.10.3 Graphics 8.10.4 Solar Applications References PART III FLUOROELASTOMERS 9 Fluorocarbon Elastomers 9.1 Manufacturing Process for Fluorocarbon Elastomers 9.1.1 Industrial Synthesis of Monomers for Fluorocarbon Elastomers 9.1.2 Polymerization and Finishing of Fluorocarbon Elastomers 9.1.2.1 Emulsion Polymerization 9.1.2.1.1 Continuous Emulsion Polymerization 9.1.2.1.2 Semi-batch Emulsion Polymerization 9.1.2.2 Suspension Polymerization 9.2 Properties of Fluorocarbon Elastomers 9.2.1 Properties Related to the Polymer Structure 9.2.2 Properties of Currently Available Commercial Fluorocarbon lastomers 9.3 Fabrication Methods for Fluorocarbon Elastomers 9.3.1 Mixing and Processing 9.3.1.1 Mixing of Fluorocarbon Elastomers 9.3.1.2 Processing of Fluorocarbon Elastomers 9.3.1.2.1 Calandering 9.3.1.2.2 Extrusion 9.3.1.2.3 Solution and Latex Coating 9.3.2 Curing of Fluorocarbon Elastomers 9.3.2.1 Cross-linking Chemistry 9.3.2.1.1 Cross-linking by Ionic Mechanism 9.3.2.1.2 Cross-linking by Radical Mechanism (Peroxid Cure) 9.3.2.1.3 Cross-linking by Ionizing Radiation 9.3.2.2 Molding Processes 9.3.2.2.1 Compression Molding 9.3.2.2.2 Transfer Molding 9.3.2.2.3 Injection Molding 9.3.3 Post-curing Process 9.4 Physical and Mechanical Properties of Cured Fluorocarbon Elastomers 9.4.1 Heat Resistance 9.4.2 Compression Set Resistance 9.4.3 Low-temperature Flexibility 9.4.4 Resistance to Automotive Fuels 9.4.5 Resistance to Solvents and Chemicals 9.4.6 Steam Resistance 9.5 Formulation of Compounds of Fluorocarbon Elastomers 9.5.1 Fillers 9.5.2 Acid Acceptor Systems 9.5.3 Curatives 9.5.4 Plasticizers and Processing Aids 9.6 Applications of Fluorocarbon Elastomers 9.6.1 Applications of FKMs 9.6.1.1 Typical Automotive Applications 9.6.1.2 Typical Aerospace and Military Applications 9.6.1.3 Typical Chemical and Petrochemical Applications 9.6.1.4 Other Industrial Applications 9.6.2 Applications of FFKM 9.6.3 Applications of FEPM 9.6.4 Applications of FKMs in Coatings and Sealants 9.6.5 Applications of FKMs as Polymer Processing Additive 9.7 Examples of Fluorocarbon Elastomer Formulations 9.8 Fluoroelastomer Safety, Disposal, and Sustainability 9.8.1 Safety in Production 9.8.2 Safety in Applications 9.8.3 Disposal 9.8.4 Sustainability References 10 Fluorinated Thermoplastic Elastomers 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Types of Fluorinated Thermoplastic Elastomers 10.3 Methods to Produce Fluorinated Thermoplastic Elastomers 10.4 Commercial Fluorinated Thermoplastic Elastomers and Their Properties 10.5 Applications of Fluorinated Thermoplastic Elastomers 10.5.1 Chemical and Semiconductor Industries 10.5.2 Electrical Applications and Wire and Cable 10.5.3 Other Applications References 11 Fluoro-Inorganic Elastomers 11.1 Fluorosilicone Elastomers 11.1.1 Introduction 11.1.2 Polymerization Process for Fluorosilicone Elastomers 11.1.3 Processing of Fluorosilicone Elastomers and Compounds 11.1.4 Properties of Fluorosilicone Elastomer Compounds 11.1.4.1 Fluid and Chemical Resistance 11.1.4.2 Heat Resistance 11.1.4.3 Low Temperature Behavior 11.1.4.4 Electrical Properties 11.1.4.5 Surface Properties 11.1.5 Applications of Fluorosilicone Compounds 11.1.6 Fluorosilicone Liquid Systems 11.1.7 Toxicity and Safety 11.2 Polyphosphazene Elastomers 11.2.1 Introduction 11.2.2 Fluorinated Polyphosphazene Elastomers 11.2.2.1 Properties 11.2.2.2 Applications References PART IV TECHNOLOGY OF FLUOROPOLYMER AQUEOUS SYSTEMS 12 Characteristics and Properties of Fluoropolymer Aqueous Systems 12.1 PTFE Dispersions 12.2 Other Perfluoropolymer Dispersions 12.2.1 FEP Dispersions 12.2.2 PFA and MFA Dispersions 12.2.3 Dispersions of Modified PTFE 12.2.4 Dispersions of PTFE Micropowders 12.3 Other Fluoroplastic Dispersions 12.3.1 Dispersions of PVDF 12.3.2 Dispersions of THV Fluoroplastic 12.4 Fluorocarbon Elastomers in Latex Form References 13 Processing and Applications of Fluoropolymer Aqueous Systems 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Processing and Applications of PTFE Dispersions 13.2.1 Impregnation 13.2.2 Fabric Coating 13.2.2.1 Equipment 13.2.2.2 Formulations 13.2.2.3 Coating Process 13.2.2.4 Lamination 13.2.2.5 Applications of PTFE Coated Fabrics 13.2.3 Cast Films 13.2.3.1 Process and Equipment 13.2.3.2 Applications of PTFE Cast Films 13.2.4 Processing and Applications of Dispersions of Modified PTFE 13.2.5 Processing and Applications of Dispersions of PTFE Micropowders 13.2.6 Other Processing and Applications of PTFE Aqueous Dispersions 13.3 Processing and Applications of Other Fluoropolymer Aqueous Systems 13.3.1 Aqueous Dispersions of FEP and PFA/MFA 13.3.2 Aqueous Dispersions of PVDF 13.3.3 Aqueous Dispersions of THV Fluoroplastic 13.3.4 Fluorocarbon Elastomers in Latex Form 13.4 Health and Safety 13.5 Disposal of Aqueous Fluoropolymer Dispersions References PART V OTHER FLUOROPOLYMERS 14 Specialty Fluorinated Polymers 14.1 Amorphous Fluoropolymers 14.2 Fluorinated Acrylates 14.3 Fluorinated Polyurethanes 14.4 Fluorinated Thermoplastic Elastomers 14.5 Copolymers of Chlorotrifluoroethylene and Vinyl Ether 14.6 Perfluorinated Ionomers References 15 Applications of Specialty Fluorinated Polymers 15.1 Applications of Amorphous Perfluoropolymers 15.2 Applications of Amorphous Perfluoropolymers 15.3 Applications of Fluorinated Polyurethanes 15.3.1 Surface Coatings 15.3.1.1 Solvent-Based Coatings 15.3.1.2 Water-Based Coatings 15.3.1.3 Powder Coatings 15.3.1.4 Treatments of Textile, Leather, and Other Substrates 15.3.1.5 Medical and Dental Applications 15.3.1.6 Cladding of Optical Fibers 15.3.1.7 Elastomers 15.3.1.8 Other Applications 15.4 Applications of Fluorinated Thermoplastic Elastomers 15.5 Applications of Copolymers of CTFE and Vinyl Ether 15.6 Applications of Perfluorinated Ionomers References PART VI EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND OTHER VARIABLES ON FLUOROPOLYMERS 16 Effect of Temperature on Fluoropolymers 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Thermal Stability of PTFE 16.3 Thermal Stability of Copolymers of Tetrafluoroethylene 16.3.1 Thermal Stability of Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene (FEP) 16.3.2 Thermal stability of PFA 16.3.3 Thermal Stability of ETFE 16.3.4Thermal Stability of ECTFE 16.3.5 Thermal Stability of PCTFE 16.3.6 Thermal Stability of PVDF 17 Effects of Environment on Fluoropolymers 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Tetrafluoroethylene 17.3 Perfluorinated Copolymers of Tetrafluoroethylene 17.3.1 PFA and MFA 17.3.2 FEP 17.4 Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene Copolymer 17.5 Polyvinylidene Fluoride 17.6 Polychlorotrifluoroethylene 17.7 Ethylene Chlorotrifluoroethylene Copolymer 17.8 Polyvinyl Fluoride References 18 Effects of Radiation on Fluoropolymers 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Fluoropolymers 18.2.1 Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Perfluoroplastics 18.2.2 Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Other Fluoroplastics 18.3 Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Fluorocarbon Elastomers 18.3.1 Effects of Ionizing Radiation on FKM Type of Fluorocarbon Elastomers 18.3.2 Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Perfluoroelastomers 18.3.3 Effects of Ionizing Radiation on TFE/P Elastomers 18.4 Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Fluorosilicone Elastomers 18.5 Effects of UV Radiation on Fluoropolymers References PART VII SAFETY AND SUSTAINABILITY 19 Safety Aspects of Fluoropolymers 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Fluoropolymers, the Essential Plastics 19.3 Polymerization Aids 19.3.1 Replacement of Polymerization Aids 19.4 Tetrafluoroethylene 19.5 Toxicology of Fluoropolymers 19.6 Emissions during Processing 19.7 Polymer Fume Fever (PFF) 19.8 Fluoropolymer Dispersions 19.9 Hygiene and Personal Protective Equipment References 20 Disposal and Recycling 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Fluorine Ore-Fluorspar 20.3 Melt Processible Fluoropolymers 20.4 Polytetrafluoroethylene 20.5 PTFE Scrap Sources for Recycling 20.6 Routes to Reuse of Polytetrafluoroethylene 20.6.1 Virgin PTFE 20.6.2 Physical Processing - Recycling 20.6.3 Physical Processing - Reprocessing 20.7 Disposal of Fluoropolymers 20.8 Chemical Recycling ("Upcycling") References

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Book SynopsisThis book offers a thorough insight into polymer-based functional nanocomposites, covering their development, properties, and applications. It describes advanced processing techniques that enhance mechanical, optical, and photonic performance. Emphasizing their transformative role, it highlights applications in electronics, water purification, and sustainability. The book also assesses economic viability and market potential, bridging research with real-world impact. Ultimately, it envisions how polymer nanocomposites will drive future innovations and revolutionize materials science. Key Featuresâ Covers polymer nanocomposite fundamentals, processing techniques, and property enhancements.â Highlights advancements in electronics, electrical industries, and sustainability applications.â Examines economic viability, industrial potential, and commercialization challenges.â Explores future innovations and the role of nanocomposites in next-generation technologies.This book provides a comprehensive insight into polymer-based nanocomposites, from fundamentals to industrial applications and future prospects. It is an essential resource for researchers, academicians, engineers, industry professionals, innovators, and entrepreneurs.

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Book SynopsisThis book describes advances in synthesis, processing, and technology of environmentally friendly polymers generated from renewable resources.Table of ContentsPreface xiii List of Contributors xv 1 High Performance Polymers: An Overview 1 V. Mittal 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Poly (ether amide) and Poly(ether amide-imide) 3 1.3 Poly(arylene ether) 7 1.4 Benzoxazine Polymers 8 1.5 Poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) 11 1.6 Polytriazole 14 1.7 Hyperbranched Conjugated Polymers 15 1.8 Alternating Copolymers 19 1.9 References 20 2 Synthesis and Properties of Polyoxadiazoles 21 Dominique de Figueiredo Gomes 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Synthesis of Polyoxadiazoles in Poly(phosphoric acid) 24 2.3 Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Polyoxadiazoles 27 2.4 Application Fields 32 2.5 References 46 3 Conjugated Polymers Based on Benzo[l,2-b:4,5-b'] dithiophene for Organic Electronics 49 Huaxing Zhou and Wei You 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 General Synthetic Methods for BDT Monomers and Polymers 50 3.3 Application of BDT-Based Polymers in OFET and PSC 56 3.4 Outlook 76 3.5 References 76 Polysulfone-Based Ionomers 81 Cristina Iojoiu and Rakhi Sood 4.1 Introduction 81 4.2 Polysulfone Backbone and Selection of the Ionic Function 83 4.3 lonomer Synthesis and Characterization 85 4.4 Conclusion 107 4.5 References 107 5 High-Performance Processable Aromatic Polyamides 111 S Banerjee and S Maji 5.1 Introduction 111 5.2 Monomers 113 5.3 Polymerization 116 5.4 Major Problem with Aromatic Polyamides 121 5.5 Approaches to Processable Polyamides 121 5.6 Processable Linear Aromatic Polyamides 122 5.7 Processable Hyperbranched Aromatic Polyamides 134 5.8 Properties 143 5.9 Applications 149 5.10 Conclusion 162 5.11 References 162 6 Phosphorus-Containing Polysulfones 167 Oana Petreus and Tudor Petreus 6.1 Introduction 167 6.2 Synthesis of Phosphorus Containing Polysulfones 171 6.3 Properties of Phosphorus-Containing Polysulfones (P-PSF) 178 6.4 High Performance Applications of Phosphorus-Containing Polysulfones 188 6.5 References 198 7 Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Polyimides 205 Atsushi Morikawa 7.1 Introduction 205 7.2 Synthesis of Polyimides 207 7.3 Properties of Aromatic Polyimides 211 7.4 Conclusions 238 7.5 References 240 8 The Effects of Structures on Properties of New Polytriazole Resins 243 Farong Huang, Liqiang Wan, Lei Du, YanhongHu, Yanpeng E and Yujing Li 8.1 Introduction 244 8.2 The Preparation of Polytriazole Resins 245 8.3 Reactivity of Crosslinkable Polytriazole Resins 251 8.4 Glass Transition Temperatures of Polytriazole Resins 253 8.5 Mechanical Properties of Polytriazole Resins 259 8.6 Dielectric Properties of Polytriazole Resins 260 8.7 Thermal Stabilities of Polytriazole Resins 261 8.8 Conclusions 263 8.9 Acknowledgement 265 8.10 References 265 9 High Performance Fibers 269 Mehdi Afshari, Richard Kotek, Peng Chen Introduction 269 9.1 PIPD or "M5" Rigid Rod 270 9.2 "Zylon" PBO Rigid Rod Polymer Fibers 279 9.3 Aromatic Polyamide-Rigid Rod "Kevlar" Poly(p-Phenylene Terephthalamide) Fibers 296 9.4 Spectra, Dyneema UHMWPE Flexible Polymer Chain 307 9.5 Carbon Fibers 318 9.6 Advances in Improving Performance of Conventional Fibers 323 9.7 Conclusions 331 9.8 Acknowledgments 331 9.9 References 332 10 Synthesis and Characterization of Poly (aryl ether ketone) Copolymers 341 G Wang 10.1 Introduction 341 10.2 General Synthetic Methods of PAEK Copolymers 342 10.3 Synthesis and Characterization of Structural Poly (aryl ether ketone) Copolymers 342 10.4 Synthesis and Characterization of Liquid Crystalline Poly (aryl ether ketone) Copolymers 351 10.5 Synthesis and Characterization of Poly (aryl ether ketone) Copolymers with Pendent Group 367 10.6 Synthesis and Characterization of poly (aryl ether ketone) copolymers with Containing 2,7 -Naphthalene Moieties 377 10.7 References 383 11 Liquid Crystalline Thermoset Epoxy Resins 387 P. Kannan and P. Sudhakara 11.1 Liquid Crystals 387 11.2 Liquid Crystalline Thermosets Based on Epoxy Resins 392 11.3 Synthesis and Physical Properties of LCERs 396 11.4 References 420 Index 423

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Book Synopsis* A 4 volume series on Handbook of Engineering and Specialty *

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Book SynopsisBecause it is critically important to manufacture quality products, a reasonable balance must be drawn between control requirements and parameters for improved processing method with respect to plastics additives.Table of ContentsPreface xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Polymer Blends 2 1.2 Polymer Composites 2 1.3 Blends and Composites – Advantages 3 1.4 Summary 4 References 4 2 Polymers 7 2.1 Macromolecules 7 2.2 Types of Polymers 8 2.2.1 Thermoplastic Polymers 9 2.2.2 Thermoset Polymers 10 2.3 Polymerization 10 2.4 Polymerization Techniques 10 2.5 Synthetic Polymers 14 2.5.1 Thermoplastics 15 2.5.2 Polyolefins 16 2.5.3 Polyethylene (PE) 16 2.5.3.1 Physical Properties 17 2.5.3.2 Chemical Properties 18 2.5.3.3 Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) 19 2.5.3.4 Linear Low-Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) 20 2.5.3.5 High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) 21 2.5.3.6 Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) 22 2.5.4 Polypropylene (PP) 22 2.5.5 Polyvinylchloride (PVC) 23 2.5.5.1 Rigid PVC 24 2.5.6 Polystyrene (PS) 24 2.5.7 Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) 25 2.6 Engineering Polymers 26 2.6.1 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) 27 2.6.2 Polyamide (PA) 28 2.6.3 Polycarbonate (PC) 29 2.6.4 Poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) 30 2.6.5 Poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) 32 2.6.6 Poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) 33 2.7 Natural Polymers 33 2.7.1 Cellulose 34 2.7.2 Wood 34 2.7.3 Starch 35 2.7.4 Lignin 35 2.7.5 Chitosan 36 2.7.6 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) 36 2.7.7 Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) 37 2.8 Biodegradable Polymers 37 2.8.1 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) 38 2.8.2 Polycaprolactone (PCL) 39 2.8.3 Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) 39 2.8.4 Thermosets 39 2.8.5 Phenolic Resins 40 2.8.6 Epoxy Resins 41 2.8.7 Polyurethanes 42 2.8.8 Silicone Resins 43 2.8.9 Amino Resins 43 2.8.10 Melamine Resins 43 2.8.11 Unsaturated Polyester Resins 43 2.8.12 Bismaleimide (BMI) 44 2.9 Trends 44 2.10 Summary 45 References 45 3 Polymer Properties 57 3.1 Chemistry 58 3.2 Polymer Properties 58 3.2.1 Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) 60 3.2.2 Crystallinity 61 3.2.3 Tacticity 63 3.2.4 Intermolecular Forces 63 3.2.4.1 Dipole Moment 64 3.2.4.2 Phase Behavior 64 3.3 Surface Properties 65 3.3.1 Viscoelastic Properties 65 3.3.2 Mechanical Properties 67 3.3.3 Tensile Properties 67 3.3.4 Electrical Properties 68 3.3.5 Thermal Properties 68 3.3.6 Magnetic Properties 68 3.3.7 Barrier Properties 69 3.3.8 Rheological Properties 69 3.3.9 Elastic Properties 69 3.3.10 Thermodynamic Properties 70 3.4 Catalysis 70 3.5 Factors Affecting Polymer Properties 71 3.6 Summary 72 References 72 4 Additives 77 4.1 Polymer Additives 77 4.2 Additives Influencing Blends and Composites 78 4.2.1 Antioxidants 78 4.2.2 Light Stabilizers 80 4.2.3 Heat Stabilizers 80 4.2.4 Plasticizers 81 4.2.5 Lubricants 83 4.2.6 Silp Additives 84 4.2.7 Antiblocking Additives 85 4.3 Processing Aids 85 4.3.1 Viscosity Modifiers 86 4.3.2 Accelerators 86 4.3.3 Mold Release Agents 87 4.3.4 Coupling Agents 87 4.3.5 Fillers 88 4.3.6 Flame Retardants 90 4.3.7 Antistatic Agents 91 4.3.8 Colorants 92 4.3.9 Antimicrobial Agents (Biocides) 92 4.3.10 Crosslinking Agents 93 4.3.11 Peroxides 94 4.3.12 Foaming Agents 95 4.3.13 Coupling/Dispersing Agents 96 4.3.14 Comonomers 97 4.3.15 Impact Modifiers 97 4.3.16 Natural Fibers 98 4.3.17 Copolymers as Additives 99 4.3.17.1 Compatibilizers 99 4.3.18 Interfacial Agents 100 4.3.18.1 Block Copolymers 101 4.3.18.2 Random Copolymer 103 4.3.18.3 Graft Polymers 103 4.4 Summary 104 References 104 5 Polymer Blends and Composites 113 5.1 Properties of Polymer Blends 114 5.1.1 Physicochemical Properties 115 5.1.2 Morphological Properties 116 5.1.2.1 Blend Structure 116 5.1.2.2 Phase Morphology 117 5.1.2.3 Crystallization and Morphology 119 5.1.2.4 Molecular Weight 120 5.1.2.5 Particle Size and Particle Size Distribution 121 5.1.3 Surface Properties 121 5.1.3.1 Surface Tension 121 5.1.3.2 Interfacial Modification 122 5.1.4 Rheological Properties 124 5.1.4.1 Copolymerization and Blending 125 5.1.5 Polymer Composite Properties 131 5.1.5.1 Structure 131 5.1.5.2 Crosslinking 133 5.1.5.3 Reinforcement 133 5.1.5.4 Crystalline Behavior 133 5.1.5.5 Mechanical Properties 134 5.1.5.6 Tribological Properties 134 5.1.5.7 Conductive Properties 135 5.2 Summary 135 References 136 6 Properties of Polymer Blends and Composites 145 6.1 Properties of Blends and Composites 146 6.1.1 Mechanical Properties 146 6.1.1.1 Tacticity 146 6.1.1.2 Interfacial Adhesion 147 6.1.1.3 Surface Composition and Concentration 147 6.1.2 Tensile Properties 149 6.1.3 Electrical Properties 149 6.1.4 Thermal Properties 149 6.1.5 Magnetic Properties 150 6.1.6 Viscoelastic Properties 150 6.1.7 Thermodynamic Properties 151 6.1.8 Barrier Properties 151 6.2 Summary 152 References 152 7 Polymer Blends 155 7.2.1 Interaction Parameters 157 7.2.2 Colloidal Properties 158 7.2.3 Morphology 158 7.2.4 Phase Separation 159 7.2.5 Crystallinity 159 7.2.6 Dispersion 160 7.2.7 Physicochemical Properties 160 7.3 Compatibilization 161 7.3.1 Reactive Compatibilizers 161 7.4 Classification 161 7.4.1 Miscible Blends 161 7.4.2 Immiscible Blends 162 7.4.3 Immiscible and Miscible Blends 163 7.4.4 Binary Blends 163 7.4.5 Ternary Blends 164 7.4.6 Homopolymer and Copolymer Blends 166 7.4.7 Thermoset-Thermoplastic Blends 166 7.4.8 Reactive Copolymer Blends 166 7.4.9 Commercial Blends 167 7.4.9.1 Polyolefin Blends 167 7.4.9.2 Polyethylene Blends 169 7.4.9.3 Polypropylene Blends 171 7.4.9.4 Poly(ethylene oxide) Blends 172 7.4.9.5 Polystyrene Blends 172 7.4.9.6 Polyvinylchloride Blends 173 7.4.9.7 Polyesters 175 7.4.9.8 Polyamide Blends 176 7.4.9.9 Acrylics Blends 178 7.4.10 Acrolonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Blends 180 7.4.11 Polycarbonate Blends 181 7.4.12 Chlorinated Polyethylene Blends 182 7.4.13 Biopolymer Blends 183 7.4.13.1 Poly(lactic acid) Blends 183 7.4.14 Poly(ε-caprolactone) Blends 184 7.4.15 Cyclic Polymer Blends 184 7.4.16 Polyethylene Oxide Blends 184 7.4.17 Other Polymer Blends 185 7.5 Advantage of Polymer Blends 186 7.6 Summary 186 References 187 8 Polymer Composites 199 8.1 Polymeric Phase 200 8.2 Reinforcing Phase 200 8.3 Classification 200 8.4 Characteristics 201 8.4.1 Physical Properties 202 8.5 Reinforcing Agents 203 8.5.1 Advantages 203 8.5.2 Shortcomings 203 8.6 Fillers 203 8.6.1 Surface Modification 205 8.6.2 Boron Trinitride 205 8.6.3 Carbon Black 205 8.6.4 Mineral Fillers 206 8.6.4.1 Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) 206 8.6.4.2 Mica 207 8.7 Fibers 207 8.7.1 Fiber Length 208 8.7.2 Synthetic Fibers 208 8.7.2.1 Carbon Fiber 208 8.7.2.2 Fiberglass 209 8.7.2.3 Aromatic Polyamide Fibers 210 8.8 Composites Classification 210 8.8.1 Mechanical Properties 211 8.8.2 Thermoplastic Composites 212 8.8.3 Filler Reinforced Polymeric Composites 212 8.8.4 Conducting Polymer Composites 212 8.8.5 Fiber Reinforced Composites 213 8.8.6 Continuous Fiber Composites 213 8.8.7 Discontinuous Fiber Reinforced Polymers 214 8.8.8 Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composites 214 8.9 Thermoset Composites 215 8.9.1 Advantages 216 8.10 Thermoplastic vs Thermoset Composites 216 8.11 Summary 217 References 218 9 Biocomposites 223 9.1 Natural Fillers 223 9.1.1 Wood Flour 224 9.2 Natural Fibers 224 9.2.1 Treatments of Natural Fibers 225 9.2.1.1 Silanes 225 9.2.1.2 Benzoylation and Acrylation 226 9.2.1.3 Coupling Agents 226 9.2.1.4 Dispersing Agents 226 9.2.2 Wood Fibers 226 9.2.3 Cellulosic Fibers 227 9.2.4 Other Natural Fibers 228 9.2.5 Shortcomings 228 9.3 Thermoplastic Materials 228 9.4 Natural Polymer Composites 228 9.5 Wood-Polymer Composites 229 9.5.1 Properties 230 9.5.2 Advantages 230 9.5.3 Disadvantages 231 9.5.4 Applications 231 9.6 Biocomposites 231 9.6.1 Glucose-Based Biocomposites 231 9.6.2 Polylactide Composites 232 9.7 Future Trends 232 9.8 Summary 233 References 233 10 Processing Technology 237 10.1 Processing Technology 237 10.2 Processing Requirements 238 10.3 Processing Polymer Blends 239 10.3.1 Devolatilization 239 10.3.2 Mixing 239 10.4 Selection of Polymers 240 10.4.1 Immiscible Polymer Blends 241 10.5 Machine Selection 241 10.6 Processing Polymer Composites 242 10.6.1 Melt Mixing 242 10.7 Thermoset Polymers 243 10.8 Processing Technology for Polymer Blends and Composites 243 10.8.1 Injection Molding 243 10.8.2 Extrusion Technology 246 10.8.2.1 Single Screw Extrusion 246 10.8.2.2 Twin Screw Extrusion 248 10.8.3 Thermoforming 250 10.8.4 Reactive Blending 252 10.8.4.1 Reaction Extrusion 253 10.8.4.1 Prepolymer 254 10.8.5 Curing 254 10.8.5.1 Autoclave Curing 254 10.8.6 Lay-Up and Spray-Up Techniques 255 10.8.7 Pultrusion 255 10.8.8 Sheet Molding Compound 256 10.8.9 Compression Molding 258 10.8.9.1 Shortcomings 260 10.8.10 Resin Transfer Molding 260 10.9 Wood-Polymer Composites 261 10.9.1 Injection Molding 262 10.9.2 Extrusion 262 10.9.3 Microcellular Foam Process 264 10.10 Recycling 266 10.11 Summary 267 References 268 11 Blends, Composites and the Environment 275 11.1 Recycling of Polymer Wastes 276 11.2 Polymer Blends and Composites Recycling 277 11.2.1 Pyrolysis 277 11.2.2 Energy Conversion 278 11.2.3 Recycling of Polymer Composites 278 11.2.4 Grinding 278 11.2.5 Reinforcing Agent Separation 280 11.3 Shortcomings 280 11.4 Present Needs 281 11.5 Future Commitment 282 References 282 12 Future Trends 285 12.1 Blends and Composites 286 12.2 Blend and Composite Requirements 286 12.3 Future Benefits 287 12.3.1 Automobile Applications 287 12.3.2 Aerospace Applications 287 12.3.3 High Strength Particle 287 12.3.4 Tribological Performance 287 12.4 Greener Processing 288 12.4.1 Use of Recycled Polymer 288 12.4.2 Present Trends 289 12.5 Future Trends 290 12.6 Summary 290 References 291

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Book SynopsisWith a focus on structure-property relationships, this book describes how polymer morphology affects properties and how scientists can modify them. The book covers structure development, theory, simulation, and processing; and discusses a broad range of techniques and methods.Table of ContentsPREFACE xiii LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xv PART I PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF CHARACTERIZATION 1 1 Overview and Prospects of Polymer Morphology 3 Jerold M. Schultz 1.1 Introductory Remarks 3 1.2 Experimental Avenues of Morphological Research 4 1.2.1 Morphological Characterization: The Enabling of in situ Measurements 4 1.2.2 Morphology–Property Investigation 5 1.2.3 Morphology Development 7 1.3 Modeling and Simulation 8 1.3.1 Self-Generated Fields 9 1.4 Wishful Thinking 11 1.5 Summary 11 References 12 2 X-ray Diffraction from Polymers 14 N. Sanjeeva Murthy 2.1 Introduction 14 2.2 Basic Principles 14 2.3 Instrumentation 16 2.4 Structure Determination 17 2.4.1 Lattice Dimensions 17 2.4.2 Molecular Modeling 18 2.4.3 Rietveld Method 18 2.4.4 Pair Distribution Functions 18 2.5 Phase Analysis 19 2.5.1 Crystallinity Determination 20 2.5.2 Composition Analysis 21 2.6 Crystallite Size and Disorder 21 2.7 Orientation Analysis 22 2.7.1 Crystalline Orientation 22 2.7.2 Uniaxial Orientation 22 2.7.3 Biaxial Orientation 24 2.7.4 Amorphous Orientation 25 2.8 Small-Angle Scattering 25 2.8.1 Central Diffuse Scattering 26 2.8.2 Discrete Reflections from Lamellar Structures 27 2.8.3 Small-Angle Neutron Scattering and Solvent Diffusion 29 2.9 Specialized Measurements 30 2.9.1 In situ Experiments 30 2.9.2 Microbeam Diffraction 31 2.9.3 Grazing Incidence Diffraction 32 2.10 Summary 33 References 33 3 Electron Microscopy of Polymers 37 Goerg H. Michler and Werner Lebek 3.1 Introduction 37 3.2 Microscopic Techniques 37 3.2.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 37 3.2.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 42 3.2.3 Comparison of Different Microscopic Techniques 45 3.2.4 Image Processing and Image Analysis 46 3.3 Sample Preparation 47 3.4 In situ Microscopy 50 References 52 4 Characterization of Polymer Morphology by Scattering Techniques 54 Jean-Michel Guenet 4.1 Introduction 54 4.2 A Short Theoretical Presentation 55 4.2.1 General Expressions 55 4.2.2 The Form Factor 56 4.3 Experimental Aspects 60 4.3.1 The Contrast Factor 60 4.3.2 Experimental Setup 61 4.4 Typical Results 62 4.4.1 Neutrons Experiments: A Contrast Variation Story 62 4.4.2 X-Ray Experiments: A Time-Resolved Story 67 4.5 Concluding Remarks 69 References 69 5 Differential Scanning Calorimetry of Polymers 72 Alejandro J. Müller and Rose Mary Michell 5.1 Introduction to Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Basic Principles and Types of DSC Equipment 72 5.2 Detection of First-Order and Second-Order Transitions by DSC. Applications of Standard DSC Experiments to the Determination of the Glass Transition Temperature and the Melting Temperature of Polymeric Materials 74 5.3 Self-Nucleation 75 5.3.1 Quantification of the Nucleation Efficiency 77 5.4 Thermal Fractionation 78 5.5 Multiphasic Materials: Polymer Blends and Block Copolymers. Fractionated Crystallization and Confinement Effects 81 5.5.1 Blends and Fractionated Crystallization 81 5.5.2 Copolymers 85 5.5.3 Copolymers Versus Blends 87 5.5.4 The Crystallization of Polymers and Copolymers within Nanoporous Templates 88 5.6 Self-Nucleation and the Efficiency Scale to Evaluate Nucleation Power 91 5.6.1 Supernucleation 93 5.7 Determination of Overall Isothermal Crystallization by DSC 95 5.8 Conclusions 95 Acknowledgment 95 References 95 6 Imaging Polymer Morphology using Atomic Force Microscopy 100 Holger Schönherr 6.1 Introduction 100 6.2 Fundamental AFM Techniques 101 6.2.1 Contact Mode AFM 101 6.2.2 Intermittent Contact (Tapping) Mode AFM 104 6.2.3 Further Dynamic AFM Modes 105 6.3 Imaging of Polymer Morphology 107 6.3.1 Single Polymer Chains 107 6.3.2 Crystal Structures 107 6.3.3 Lamellar Crystals 109 6.3.4 Spherulites 109 6.3.5 Multiphase Systems 109 6.3.6 Polymeric Nanostructures 111 6.4 Property Mapping 113 6.4.1 Nanomechanical Properties 113 6.4.2 Scanning Thermal Microscopy 115 References 115 7 FTIR Imaging of Polymeric Materials 118 S. G. Kazarian and K. L. A. Chan 7.1 Introduction 118 7.2 Principles of FTIR Imaging 118 7.3 Sampling Methods 120 7.3.1 Transmission Mode 120 7.3.2 Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) Mode 121 7.4 Spatial Resolution 122 7.4.1 Transmission FTIR Imaging 123 7.4.2 ATR–FTIR Spectroscopic Imaging 123 7.5 Recent Applications 124 7.5.1 Polymer Blends 124 7.5.2 Polymer Processes 125 7.5.3 Polarized FTIR Imaging for Orientation Studies 126 7.6 Conclusions 127 References 128 8 NMR Analysis of Morphology and Structure of Polymers 131 Takeshi Yamanobe and Hiroki Uehara 8.1 Introduction 131 8.2 Basic Concepts in NMR 131 8.2.1 Principles of NMR 131 8.2.2 Analysis of the Free Induction Decay (FID) 132 8.3 Morphology and Relaxation Behavior of Polyethylene 134 8.3.1 Morphology and Molecular Mobility 134 8.3.2 Lamellar Thickening by Annealing 134 8.3.3 Entanglement in the Amorphous Phase 136 8.4 Morphology and Structure of the Nascent Powders 137 8.4.1 Etching by Fuming Nitric Acid 137 8.4.2 Structural Change by Annealing 138 8.4.3 Nascent Isotactic Polypropylene Powder 139 8.5 Kinetics of Dynamic Process of Polymers 141 8.5.1 Melt Drawing of Polyethylene 141 8.5.2 Crystallization Mechanism of Nylon 46 143 8.5.3 Degree of Curing of Novolac Resins 145 8.6 Conclusions 146 References 146 PART II MORPHOLOGY PROPERTIES AND PROCESSING 151 9 Small-Angle X-ray Scattering for Morphological Analysis of Semicrystalline Polymers 153 Anne Seidlitz and Thomas Thurn-Albrecht 9.1 Introduction 153 9.2 Small-angle X-ray Scattering 153 9.2.1 Typical Experimental Setup 153 9.2.2 Basic Formalism Describing the Relation between Real-Space Structure and Scattering Intensity in a SAXS Experiment 154 9.2.3 Methods of Analysis Used for SAXS on Semicrystalline Polymers 155 9.3 Concluding Remarks 162 Appendix: Calculation of the Model Function KÞ ′′ sim(s) 163 References 163 10 Crystalline Morphology of Homopolymers and Block Copolymers 165 Shuichi Nojima and Hironori Marubayashi 10.1 Introduction 165 10.2 Crystalline Morphology of Homopolymers 165 10.2.1 Crystal Structure 165 10.2.2 Lamellar Morphology 167 10.2.3 Spherulite Structure 168 10.2.4 Crystalline Morphology of Homopolymers Confined in Isolated Nanodomains 168 10.2.5 Crystalline Morphology of Polymer Blends 169 10.3 Crystalline Morphology of Block Copolymers 171 10.3.1 Crystalline Morphology of Weakly Segregated Block Copolymers 172 10.3.2 Crystalline Morphology of Block Copolymers with Glassy Amorphous Blocks 173 10.3.3 Crystalline Morphology of Strongly Segregated Block Copolymers 174 10.3.4 Crystalline Morphology of Double Crystalline Block Copolymers 175 10.4 Concluding Remarks 176 References 176 11 Isothermal Crystallization Kinetics of Polymers 181 Alejandro J. Müller Rose Mary Michell and Arnaldo T. Lorenzo 11.1 Introduction 181 11.2 Crystallization Process 182 11.3 Crystallization Kinetics 182 11.3.1 The Avrami Equation [31] 183 11.3.2 Nucleation and Crystal Growth: Lauritzen–Hofmann Theory 188 11.4 Isothermal Crystallization Kinetics–Morphology Relationship 191 11.4.1 Linear PS-b-PCL versus Miktoarm (PS2)-b-(PCL2) Block Copolymers 191 11.4.2 Crystallization Kinetics and Morphology of PLLA-b-PCL Diblock Copolymers 194 11.4.3 Nucleation and Crystallization Kinetics of Double Crystalline Polyethylene/Polyamide (PE/PA) Blends 196 11.4.4 Crystallization Kinetics of Poly(𝜀-Caprolactone)/Carbon Nanotubes (PCL/CNTs) Blends 200 11.5 Conclusions 201 Acknowledgments 201 References 201 12 Surface-induced Polymer Crystallization 204 Xiaoli Sun and Shouke Yan 12.1 Introduction 204 12.2 Influence of Foreign Surface on the Crystallization Kinetics of Polymers 205 12.3 Influence of Foreign Surface on the Crystal Structure and Morphology of Polymers 205 12.3.1 Crystallization of Thin Polymer Films on Amorphous Foreign Surface 205 12.3.2 Crystallization of Polymer Thin Films on Crystalline Foreign Surface with Special Crystallographic Interaction 209 12.4 Bulk Crystallization of Polymers in Contact with a Foreign Surface 226 12.5 Summary 234 References 235 13 Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Polymer Crystallization 242 Wenbing Hu and Liyun Zha 13.1 Introduction 242 13.2 Thermodynamics of Polymer Crystallization 242 13.3 Crystal Nucleation 247 13.4 Crystal Growth 251 13.5 Crystal Annealing 254 13.6 Summary 255 References 256 14 Self-Assembly and Morphology in Block Copolymer Systems with Specific Interactions 259 Anbazhagan Palanisamy and Qipeng Guo 14.1 Introduction 259 14.2 Block Copolymer Systems with Hydrogen Bonding Interaction in Solid State 260 14.2.1 Diblock Copolymer/Homopolymer Systems 260 14.2.2 Diblock/Triblock Copolymer Systems 264 14.3 Block Copolymer Systems with Hydrogen-Bonding Interaction in Solution 268 14.3.1 Single-Component Block Copolymer Systems 268 14.3.2 Diblock Copolymer/Homopolymer Systems 269 14.3.3 Diblock/Diblock Copolymer Systems 271 14.3.4 Triblock Copolymer Systems 275 14.4 Block Copolymer Systems with Ionic Interaction 275 14.4.1 Diblock Copolymer/Homopolymer Systems 275 14.4.2 Diblock/Triblock Copolymer Systems 276 14.5 Block Copolymer Blends via Metal–Ligand Coordination Bonds 278 14.6 Concluding Remarks 278 References 279 15 Dynamics Simulations of Microphase Separation in Block Copolymers 283 Xuehao He Xuejin Li Peng Chen and Haojun Liang 15.1 Introduction 283 15.2 Polymer Model and Simulation Algorithm 284 15.2.1 Monte Carlo Method 284 15.2.2 Dissipative Particle Dynamics Method 285 15.2.3 Polymeric Self-Consistent Field Theory 286 15.3 Dynamics of Self-Assembly of Block Copolymers 287 15.3.1 Phase Separation of Linear Block Copolymers 287 15.3.2 Self-Assembly of Star Block Copolymers in Melt 287 15.3.3 Self-Assembly of Block Copolymers in Constrained Systems 289 15.3.4 Micellization of Amphiphilic Block Copolymer in Solution 292 15.4 Outlook 294 References 295 16 Morphology Control of Polymer thin Films 299 Jiangang Liu Xinhong Yu Longjian Xue and Yanchun Han 16.1 Wetting 299 16.1.1 Dewetting Mechanisms 300 16.1.2 Dewetting Dynamics 301 16.1.3 Rim Instability 303 16.1.4 Factors Affecting the Stability of Polymer Thin Films 303 16.2 Thin Film of Polymer Blend 304 16.2.1 Fundamentals of Polymer Blends 305 16.2.2 Phase Separation in Thin Polymer Films 306 16.3 The Introduction of Polymer Blend Film in Solar Cells 307 16.3.1 Establish Interpenetrating Network Structure by Controlling Phase Separation 308 16.3.2 Control the Domain Size and Purify of the Domains 310 16.3.3 Adjust the Diffused Structure at the Interface Between Donor and Acceptor 312 16.3.4 Construct the Relationship Between Film Morphology and Device Performance 312 16.4 Summary and Outlook 313 References 313 17 Polymer Surface Topography and Nanomechanical Mapping 317 Hao Liu So Fujinami Dong Wang Ken Nakajima and Toshio Nishi 17.1 Introduction 317 17.2 Contact Mechanics 317 17.2.1 Hertzian Theory (Repulsion between Elastic Bodies) 318 17.2.2 Bradley Model (Interaction between Rigid Bodies) 318 17.2.3 Johnson–Kendall–Roberts (JKR) Model 318 17.2.4 Derjaguin–Muller–Toporov (DMT) Model 319 17.2.5 The JKR–DMT transition and Maugis–Dugdale (MD) Model 319 17.2.6 Adhesion Map 320 17.3 Application of Contact Mechanics to Experimental Data 321 17.3.1 Consideration of Contact Models 321 17.3.2 Force–Distance Curve Conversion 321 17.3.3 Analysis of Load–Indentation Curves 322 17.3.4 Nanomechanical Mapping 322 17.4 Application Examples 323 17.4.1 Effect of Processing Conditions on Morphology and Mechanical Properties of Block Copolymers 323 17.4.2 Measuring the Deformation of Both Ductile and Fragile Polymers 325 17.4.3 Nanorheological AFM on Rubbers 328 17.5 Conclusion 331 References 331 18 Polymer Morphology and Deformation Behavior 335 Masanori Hara 18.1 Introduction 335 18.2 Deformation Behavior of Amorphous Polymers 336 18.2.1 Deformation Behavior of Thin Films 336 18.2.2 Deformation Behavior of Bulk Polymers 338 18.3 Deformation Behavior of Semicrystalline Polymers 339 18.3.1 Deformation of Unoriented Semicrystalline Polymers 341 18.3.2 Strain Hardening and Network Density 341 18.4 Deformation Behavior of Block Copolymers 342 18.4.1 Block Copolymers Based on S and B 343 18.4.2 Block Copolymers Based on E and C (CHE) 345 18.5 Conclusions and Outlook 345 References 346 19 Morphology Development in Immiscible Polymer Blends 348 Ruth Cardinaels and Paula Moldenaers 19.1 Introduction 348 19.2 Morphology Development in Bulk Flow 350 19.2.1 Droplet–Matrix Structures 350 19.2.2 Fibrillar Structures 359 19.2.3 Cocontinuous Structures 361 19.3 Recent Advances in Polymer Blends 363 19.3.1 Immiscible Blends in Confined Flow 363 19.3.2 Blend Compatibilization by Nanoparticles 364 19.4 Conclusions 367 Acknowledgments 368 References 368 20 Processing Structure and Morphology in Polymer Nanocomposites 374 Duraccio Donatella Clara Silvestre Sossio Cimmino Antonella Marra and Marilena Pezzuto 20.1 Overview 374 20.2 Nanoparticles with One Dimension Less Than 100 nm (Layered Silicates) 375 20.3 Nanoparticles with Two Dimensions Less Than 100 nm (Carbon Nanotubes) 377 20.4 Nanoparticles with Three Dimensions Less Than 100 nm (Metal Metal Oxide) 380 20.5 Preparative Methods 382 20.5.1 Solution Processing 382 20.5.2 In situ Polymerization 383 20.5.3 Melt Processing 384 20.5.4 In situ Sol–Gel Technology 384 20.6 Structure and Morphology of Polymer Nanocomposites 385 20.7 Concluding Remarks 388 References 388 21 Morphology and Gas Barrier Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites 397 Abbas Ghanbari Marie-Claude Heuzey Pierre J. Carreau and Minh-Tan Ton-That 21.1 Introduction 397 21.2 Structure of Layered Silicates 397 21.3 Morphologies of Polymer-Layered Silicate Composites 398 21.4 Nanocomposite Preparation Methods 398 21.5 Challenges of Thermal Degradation in Melt Intercalation 400 21.6 Methods for Improving Gas Barrier Properties of Polymers 403 21.7 Polyamide Nanocomposites 405 21.8 Polyolefin Nanocomposites 405 21.9 Pet Nanocomposites 406 21.10 Polylactide Nanocomposites 413 21.11 Conclusions and Perspectives 414 References 415 22 Features on the Development and Stability of Phase Morphology in Complex Multicomponent Polymeric Systems: Main Focus on Processing Aspects 418 Charef Harrats Maria-Beatrice Coltelli and Gabriel Groeninckx 22.1 Introduction 418 22.2 Phase Morphology Development in Polymer Blends 419 22.2.1 Droplet-in-Matrix (Dispersed) Phase Morphology 419 22.2.2 Co-continuous Phase Morphology 419 22.2.3 Phase Morphology in Ternary Blends 420 22.3 Melt Processing of Polymer Blends 423 22.3.1 Morphology Buildup during Processing 423 22.3.2 Effects of Processing Parameters on Phase Morphology 424 22.4 Chemistry Involved in Polymer Blends 426 22.4.1 Effect of the Compatibilizer on Phase Morphology 426 22.4.2 Formation in situ of the Compatibilizer 427 22.4.3 Case of Reactive Ternary Blends 429 22.4.4 Stability of Phase Morphology in Reactively Compatibilized Blends 431 22.4.5 Organoclay-Promoted Phase Morphology 433 22.4.6 Conclusions 435 References 436 INDEX 439

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Book SynopsisThis book focuses on the chemistry of inkjet printing inks, as well to special applications of these materials. As is well-documented, this issue has literallyexploded in the literature in particular in the patent literature. After an introductory section to the general aspects of the field, the types and uses of inkjet printing inks are summarized followed by an overview on the testing methods. Special compounds used as additives dyes, and pigments in inkjet printing inks are documented. The applications to the medical field drug delivery systems, tissue engineering, bioprinting in particular are detailed. The applications in the electronics industry are also documented such as flexible electronics, integrated circuits, liquid crystal displays, along a description of their special inks. The book incorporates many structures of the organic compounds used for inkjet printing inks as they may not be familiar to the polymer and organic chemists.Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Inkjet Inks 1 1.1 History of Inkjet Printing 1 1.2 Image Forming Methods 3 1.3 Commercial Printing 3 1.4 Nozzle Design 4 1.5 Classification of Inks 4 1.6 Thermal Inkjet 4 1.7 Photographic Printing 5 1.8 Desirable Ink Properties 7 References 9 2 Characterization of Printer Inks 11 2.1 Quantization of Droplets 11 2.2 Solubility Parameters 13 2.3 HLB Value 15 2.4 Evaluation of Water Resistance 15 2.5 Evaluation of Rubbing Resistance 16 2.6 Evaluation of Lightfastness 16 2.7 Evaluation of Waterfastness 17 2.8 Detection of the Thermal History 18 2.9 Security Aspects 19 2.10 Characterization of Pigment 19 References 20 3 Additives for Inks 23 3.1 Print Density 23 3.2 Solvent Systems 23 3.3 Wetting Agents 25 3.4 Adhesion Improvers 26 3.5 Surfactants 26 3.6 Penetration Control 28 3.7 Controlled Encapsulation of Liquids 35 3.8 Fixing Additives 35 3.9 Humectants 36 3.10 Colorants 36 3.11 Primers 43 3.12 Antioxidants and UV Absorbers 43 3.13 Hindered Amine Light Stabilizers 45 3.14 Ozone Resistance 47 3.15 Chelating Agents 48 3.16 Corrosion Inhibitors 49 3.17 pH Control 49 3.18 Waterfastness 54 3.19 Monomers and Polymers 58 3.20 Initiators 64 3.21 Gloss Unevenness 77 3.22 Lightfastness 82 3.23 Prevention of Curling 82 3.24 Smearing 85 3.25 Smudge Resistance 89 3.26 Slipping Agents for Cured Inks 90 3.27 Scratch Resistance 91 3.28 Bronzing 91 3.29 Biocides 94 3.30 Dispersants 95 3.31 Aggregation and Color Bleeding 102 3.32 Other Additives 107 References 115 4 Dyes and Pigments 121 4.1 Dyes 121 4.2 Pigment Particles 125 4.3 Metallic Pigments 135 References 140 5 Ink Types 143 5.1 Oil-Based White Ink 143 5.2 Nonaqueous Ink Composition 144 5.3 Lightfast Inkjet Inks 147 5.4 Flame-Retardant Inkjet Inks 149 5.5 Fragrant Inkjet Ink 149 5.6 Radiation Curable Ink 158 5.7 Printing of Functional and Structural Materials 161 5.8 Coating Compositions for Paper 161 5.9 Photograph-like Gloss 162 5.10 Printing on Plastic Films 163 5.11 Printing on Glass and Metal 169 5.12 Printing on Ceramic Surfaces 170 5.13 Phase Change Inks 177 5.14 Compositions for Textile Use 188 5.15 Color Filter 189 5.16 Ingestible or Nutritional Liquid Ink Compositions 190 5.17 Etched Metal Plates 191 5.18 High Electrical Resistivity Inkjet Ink Composition 194 5.19 Curable Ink with Wax 195 5.20 Outdoor Applications 196 References 204 6 Electronic Applications 209 6.1 Radio-Frequency Identifi cation 209 6.2 Inkjet Printing of Conductive Materials 210 6.3 Selective Surface Modifi cation 210 6.4 Printing on Integrated Circuits 211 6.5 Special Inks 211 6.6 Special Applications 219 References 229 7 Medical Applications 233 7.1 Bioprinting 233 7.2 Tissue Engineering 234 7.3 Drug Delivery Systems 237 7.4 Polymeric Materials for Surface Modifi cation 261 7.5 Nanomaterials 264 7.6 Other Fabrication Methods 271 References 285 8 3D Printing 293 8.1 Basic Principles 293 8.2 Uses and Applications 294 8.3 Rapid Prototyping 297 8.4 Medical Applications 308 References 313 9 Special Aspects 317 9.1 Photographic Printing 317 9.2 Interaction between Ink and Printed Surface 319 9.3 Jetting-Out Performance 320 9.4 Microlens Arrays 322 9.5 Micro-Optical Devices 322 9.6 Nanostructured Surfaces 323 9.7 Electrohydrodynamic Jet Printing 324 9.8 Planographic Printing Plate 326 9.9 Environmental Aspects and Recycling 326 References 327 Index 331 Tradenames 331 Acronyms 343 Chemicals 344 General Index 358

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Book SynopsisPolymers are one of the most fascinating materials of the present era finding their applications in almost every aspects of life. Polymers are either directly available in nature or are chemically synthesized and used depending upon the targeted applications.Advances in polymer science and the introduction of new polymers have resulted in the significant development of polymers with unique properties. Different kinds of polymers have been and will be one of the key in several applications in many of the advanced pharmaceutical research being carried out over the globe. This 4-partset of books contains precisely referenced chapters, emphasizing different kinds of polymers with basic fundamentals and practicality for application in diverse pharmaceutical technologies. The volumes aim at explaining basics of polymers based materials from different resources and their chemistry along with practical applications which present a future direction in the pharmaceutical industry. EachTable of ContentsPreface xv 1 Smart Hydrogels: Therapeutic Advancements in Hydrogel Technology for Smart Drug Delivery Applications 1 Gabriel Goetten de Lima, Diwakar Kanwar, Derek Macken, Luke Geever, Declan M. Devine and Michael J.D. Nugent 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Types and Properties of Smart Polymer Hydrogels 4 1.2.1 Temperature-Responsive Hydrogels 4 1.2.2 pH-Sensitive Hydrogels 5 1.2.3 Glucose-Responsive Hydrogels 7 1.2.4 Electro-Signal Sensitive Hydrogels 8 1.2.5 Light-Sensitive Hydrogels 8 1.2.6 Multi-Responsive Smart Hydrogels 10 1.3 Applications of Smart Polymer Hydrogels 11 1.4 Conclusion 11 References 13 2 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Pharmaceutical Applications 17 Ambareesh Kumar Singh, Neha Gupta, Juhi Srivastava, Archana Kushwaha and Meenakshi Singh 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics 19 2.3 Sulfonamides 36 2.4 Miscellaneous 41 2.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects 48 2.6 Acronyms and Abbreviations 48 References 50 3 Polymeric Stabilizers for Drug Nanocrystals 67 Leena Peltonen, Annika Tuomela and Jouni Hirvonen 3.1 Introduction 67 3.2 Methods for Nanocrystallization 68 3.2.1 Bottom-Up Technologies 69 3.2.2 Top-Down Technologies 69 3.2.3 Combination Technologies 71 3.4 Polymers for Nanocrystal Stabilization 73 3.4.1 Polymers of Natural Origin 75 3.4.2 Synthetic Polymers 77 3.5 Effect of Stabilizing Polymers on Drug Biocompatibility, Bioactivity, Membrane Permeability and Drug Absorption 79 3.6 Conclusions and Future Perspective 82 References 82 4 Polymeric Matrices for the Controlled Release of Phosphonate Active Agents for Medicinal Applications 89 Konstantinos E. Papathanasiou and Konstantinos D. Demadis 4.1 Introduction 89 4.2 Polymers in Drug Delivery 91 4.2.1 Polyesters 92 4.2.1.1 Poly(lactic acid), Poly(glycolic acid), and Their Copolymers 92 4.2.1.2 Poly(ethylene glycol) Block Copolymers 93 4.2.1.3 Poly(ortho esters) 94 4.2.1.4 Poly(anhydrides) 96 4.2.1.5 Poly(anhydride−imides) 97 4.2.1.6 Poly(anhydrite esters) 98 4.2.2 Poly(amides) 99 4.2.3 Poly(iminocarbonates) 100 4.3 Release of Phosphonate-Based Drugs 100 4.4 Conclusions/Perspectives 114 References 115 5 Hydrogels for Pharmaceutical Applications 125 Veena Koul, Sirsendu Bhowmick and Th anusha A.V. 5.1 Introduction 125 5.2 What are Hydrogels? 126 5.3 Classification of Hydrogels 126 5.4 Preparation of Hydrogels 127 5.5 Characterization of Hydrogels 128 5.6 Application of Hydrogels 131 5.6.1 Wound Dressing 131 5.6.2 Implantable Drug Delivery Systems 133 5.6.3 Tissue Engineering Substitute 134 5.6.4 Injectable Hydrogels 136 5.7 Conclusion 137 Acknowledgement 138 References 138 6 Responsive Plasmid DNA Hydrogels: A New Approach for Biomedical Applications 145 Diana Costa, Artur J.M. Valente and Joao Queiroz 6.2 DNA-Based Hydrogels 147 6.3 Controlled and Sustained Release 150 6.3.1 Photodisruption of Plasmid DNA Networks 150 6.3.2 Release of Plasmid DNA 152 6.3.3 Release of Chemotherapeutic Drugs 154 6.3.4 In Vitro Studies 155 6.4 Combination of Chemo and Gene Therapies 156 6.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 158 References 159 7 Bioactive and Compatible Polysaccharides Hydrogels Structure and Properties for Pharmaceutical Applications 163 Teresa Cristina F. Silva, Andressa Antunes Prado de Franca and Lucian A. Lucia 7.1 Introduction 163 7.2 Materials and Methods 164 7.2.1 Isolation of Xylans 166 7.2.1.1 Preparing Hydrogel without A Priori Grafting of Vinyl Group 166 7.2.1.2 Preparing Hydrogels for Grafting Polymerization 166 7.2.2 Hydrogel Synthesis and Characterization 166 7.2.2.1 Preparing Hydrogel without A Priori Grafting of Vinyl Group 166 7.2.2.2 Preparing Hydrogels for Grafting Polymerization 166 7.2.3 Doxorubicin Release from Xylan-Based Hydrogels 167 7.3 Results and Discussion 167 7.3.1 Hydrogel without A Priori Grafting of Vinyl Group 167 7.3.1.1 Reaction of PAA with Wood 167 7.3.1.2 Hydrogel Preparation and Characterization 168 7.3.2 Hydrogels for Grafting Polymerization 170 7.3.2.1 Morphology and Rheological Properties 172 7.3.2.2 Swelling Behavior 173 7.3.2.3 Drug Release 174 References 175 8 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Pharmaceutical Analysis 179 Piotr Luliński 8.1 Introduction 179 8.2 Overview of the Imprinting Process 180 8.3 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Separation Purposes 182 8.3.1 Bulk Imprinted Materials 182 8.3.2 Imprinted Monoliths 185 8.3.3 Imprinted Stir-Bar Sorptive Extraction 187 8.3.4 Molecularly Imprinted Microparticles and Nanostructures 188 8.3.5 Magnetic Imprinted Materials 192 8.3.6 Miscellaneous Imprinted Formats 194 8.4 Molecularly Imprinted Sensors for Drugs 195 8.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective 197 References 1979 Prolamine-Based Matrices for Biomedical Applications 203 Pradeep Kumar, Yahya E. Choonara and Viness Pillay 9.1 Introduction 203 9.2 Gliadin – Prolamine Isolated from Wheat Gluten 204 9.2.1 Gliadin Nanoparticles 205 9.2.1.1 Hydrophobicity of Gliadin 206 9.2.1.2 Solubility Parameter 207 9.2.2 Controlled Drug Release from Gliadin-Based Matrices 207 9.2.2.1 Salting-Out 207 9.2.2.2 Gliadin Films 208 9.2.2.3 Gliadin Foams 209 9.3 Zein - Prolamine Isolated from Corn Gluten Meal 209 9.3.1 Drug-Loaded Zein Particulates 210 9.3.1.1 Microsphere-Based Films and Tablets 210 9.3.1.2 Zein-Based Blends and Complexes 213 9.3.1.3 Zein-Based Nanoparticulate Systems 213 9.3.2 Biomedical Applications of Zein-Based Matrices 215 9.4 Soy Protein – Prolamine Isolated from Soybean 217 9.4.1 Soy Protein Derivatives 218 9.4.2 Soy-Based Polymer Blends 218 9.4.3 Soy-Based Crosslinked Matrices 219 9.4.4 Cold-Set Gelation of Soy Protein 221 9.5 Kafi rin – Prolamine Isolated from Sorghum 222 9.5.1 Microparticles 223 9.5.2 Compressed Matrices 224 9.6 Conclusion and Future Perspective 224 References 225 10 Hydrogels Based on Poly(2-oxazoline) S for Pharmaceutical Applications 230 Anna Zahoranova and Juraj Kronek 10.1 Hydrogels for Medical Applications 231 10.1.1 Controlled Drug Delivery and Release 232 10.1.1.1 Prolonged Effect of Drugs 232 10.1.1.2 Stimuli-Sensitive Drug Delivery 234 10.1.2 3D Cell Cultivation 236 10.1.2.1 Chemical Composition 237 10.1.2.2 Porosity and Pore Size 238 10.1.3 Tissue Engineering 238 10.1.4 Nonenzymatic Detachment of Cells 239 10.2 Poly(2-oxazoline)s in Pharmaceutical Applications 240 10.2.1 Biocompatibility of Poly(2-oxazoline)s 241 10.2.2 Biomedical Applications of Poly(2-oxazoline)s 244 10.3 Poly(2-oxazoline)-Based Hydrogels – Synthetic Strategies 245 10.3.1 Hydrogels Containing Segments of Poly(2-oxazoline)s 245 10.3.2 Crosslinked Poly(2-oxazoline)s 248 10.4 Applications of Poly(2-oxazoline)-Based Hydrogels 250 10.4.1 Controlled Delivery of Drugs 250 10.4.1.1 Hydrogels for DNA Binding 251 10.4.1.2 Hydrogels Modifi ed by Peptidic Sequences 252 10.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 252 Acknowledgement 253 References 254 11 Mixed Biocompatible Block Copolymer/Lipid Nanostructures as Drug Nanocarriers: Advantages and Pharmaceutical Perspectives 259 Natassa Pippa, Stergios Pispas and Costas Demetzos 11.1 Introduction 259 11.2 Drug Delivery Systems 261 11.2.1 Conventional Drug Delivery Systems 261 11.2.2 Mixed Drug Delivery Systems Employing Biocompatible Polymers 263 11.3 Mixed Biocompatible Block Copolymer/Lipid Drug Nanocarriers: The Concept through Examples 266 11.3.1 Preparation of Mixed Drug Nanocarriers 266 11.3.2 Physicochemical Characterization of Mixed Drug Nanocarriers 267 11.3.3 Th ermotropic Behavior of Mixed Drug Nanocarriers 270 11.3.4 Imaging of Mixed Drug Nanocarriers 274 11.3.5 In Vitro Drug Release from the Mixed Nanocarriers 274 11.4 Conclusion and Future Perspective 277 References 279 12 Nanoparticle Polymer-Based Engineered Nanoconstructs for Targeted Cancer Th erapeutics 287 Anand Thirunavukarasou, Sudhakar Baluchamy and Anil K. Suresh 12.1 An Overview of Metal Polymer-Based Nanoconstructs 287 12.1.1 Tumor-Specific Targeting Using Nanoparticle-Polymer Nanoconstructs 290 12.1.2 Cytotoxicity Assessments of Nanoparticle-Polymer Constructs 291 12.1.2.1 MTT and/or MTS Assay 291 12.1.2.2 Live/Dead Staining Assay 291 12.1.3 Physical Characterization Techniques to Assess the Cellular Uptake of the Nanoparticle-Polymer Constructs 292 12.1.3.1 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS) for Quantitative Uptake 292 12.1.3.2 Dark Field Microscopy 292 12.1.3.3 Ultramicrotome-Based Trans-Sectional Transmission Electron Microscopy Imaging 293 12.2 Conclusions 293 Acknowledgements 294 References 294 13 Th e Importance of Dendrimers in Pharmaceutical Applications 297 Veronica Brunetti, Marisa Martinelli and Miriam C. Strumia 13.1 Introduction 297 13.1.1 What are Dendrimers? 298 13.1.2 Synthetic Methods for Dendritic Molecules 300 13.1.2.1 Divergent Synthesis 300 13.1.2.2 Convergent Synthesis 301 13.2 Properties of Dendritic Polymers Useful for Biomedical Applications 301 13.3 Current Pharmaceutical Products Prepared from Dendritic Polymer: Promising Prospects for Future Applications 303 13.3.1 Diagnostic Technologies 303 13.3.2 Dendritic Polymers in Prevention 304 13.3.3 Therapeutic Applications 307 13.4 Conclusions 310 References 310 14 Pharmaceutical Polymers: Bioactive and Synthetic Hybrid Polymers 315 Roxana Cristina Popescu and Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu 14.1 Introduction 315 14.2 General Obtainment Methods for Polymeric Microspheres and Hybrid Materials 320 14.3 Stimuli-Responsive (pH/temperature/photo) polymers 321 14.3.1 PEG 321 14.3.2 PLA and PLGA 325 14.3.3 PVP 328 14.3.4 PVA 333 14.4 Conclusions 333 Acknowledgements 334 References 334 15 Eco-friendly Polymer-Based Nanocomposites for Pharmaceutical Applications 341 Ida Idayu Muhamad, Suguna Selvakumaran, Mohd Harfi z Salehudin and Saiful Izwan Abd Razak 15.1 Introduction 342 15.1.1 Eco-friendly Polymers, the Briefs 342 15.1.2 Composite 342 15.1.3 Nanocomposites 343 15.1.4 Eco-friendly Nanocomposite 343 15.1.5 Market Trend in Eco-friendly Polymer Nanocomposites in Biomedical Application 344 15.2 Structure and Properties of Some Eco-friendly Pharmaceutical Polymers 345 15.2.1 Starch 346 15.2.2 Chitosan 347 15.2.2.1 Application of Chitosan 348 15.2.3 Alginate (E400-E404) 349 15.2.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) 349 15.2.5 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) 350 15.2.6 Gelatin 351 15.2.7 Casein Protein 351 15.2.8 Carrageenan 352 15.3 Review of Development and Application of Selected Eco-friendly Polymer-Based Nanocomposites 355 15.3.1 Eco-friendly Polymer Matrix Nanocomposites for Tissue Engineering 355 15.3.2 Polymer Nanocomposites in Drug Delivery 356 15.3.3 Nanocomposite-Based Biosensor on Eco-friendly Polymer 358 15.3.4 Polymer Nanocomposite-Based Microfluidics 359 15.4 Case Study on Carrageenan-Based Nanocomposite 360 15.4.1 Carrageenan-Based Metalic Nanocomposite 360 15.4.2 Advantageous of Metalic Nanocomposite in Pharmaceutical Applications 366 15.5 Summary 366 References 367 16 Biodegradable and Biocompatible Polymers-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Th erapy 373 Ibrahim M. El-Sherbiny, Nancy M. El-Baz and Amr H. Mohamed 16.1 Introduction 373 16.1.1 Cancer-Targeted Therapy 376 16.2 Selection Considerations of Polymers for Drug Delivery 377 16.2.1 Biodegradability 377 16.2.2 Biocompatibility 379 16.2.3 Surface Modification 379 16.3 Types of Biodegradable Polymers 381 16.3.1 Natural Biodegradable Polymers 381 16.3.1.1 Protein-Based Biodegradable Polymers 381 16.3.1.2 Polysaccharides-Based Biodegradable Polymers 382 16.3.2 Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers 384 16.3.2.1 Polyesters 384 16.4 Preparation Methods of Biodegradable Polymeric Carriers 387 16.4.1 Polymer Dispersion 388 16.4.1.1 Emulsion-Solvent Evaporation Method 388 16.4.1.2 Double Emulsion Method 389 16.4.1.3 Nanoprecipitation 389 16.4.1.4 Salting Out 389 16.4.2 Polymerization 389 16.4.2.1 Emulsion Polymerization 390 16.4.2.2 Microemulsion Polymerization 390 16.4.3 Ionic Gelation 390 16.4.4 Spray Drying 391 16.5 Recent Applications of Biodegradable Polymers-Based Targeted Drug Delivery for Cancer Therapy 391 16.5.1 Passive Cancer-Targeted Delivery 392 16.5.1.1 Stealth Liposomes and Nanoparticles 393 16.5.2 Active Cancer-Targeted Drug Delivery Systems 395 16.5.3 Stimuli-Responsive Polymeric Drug Delivery 396 16.6 Conclusion 400 References 400 Index 407

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Book SynopsisThe book highlights applications of hybrid materials in solar energy systems, lithium ion batteries, electromagnetic shielding, sensing of pollutants and water purification. A hybrid material is defined as a material composed of an intimate mixture of inorganic components, organic components, or both types of components. In the last few years, a tremendous amount of attention has been given towards the development of materials for efficient energy harvesting; nanostructured hybrid materials have also been gaining significant advances to provide pollutant free drinking water, sensing of environmental pollutants, energy storage and conservation. Separately, intensive work on high performing polymer nanocomposites for applications in the automotive, aerospace and construction industries has been carried out, but the aggregation of many fillers, such as clay, LDH, CNT, graphene, represented a major barrier in their development. Only very recently has this problem been overTable of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Hybrid Nanostructured Materials for Advanced Lithium Batteries 1Soumyadip Choudhury and Manfred Stamm 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Battery Requirements 4 1.3 Survey of Rechargeable Batteries 7 1.4 Advanced Materials for Electrodes 9 1.5 Future Battery Strategies 38 1.6 Limitations of Existing Strategies 59 1.7 Conclusions 62 Acknowledgments 63 References 63 2 High Performing Hybrid Nanomaterials for Supercapacitor Applications 79Sanjit Saha, Milan Jana and Tapas Kuila 2.1 Introduction 80 2.2 Scope of the Chapter 82 2.3 Characterization of Hybrid Nanomaterials 82 2.4 Hybrid Nanomaterials as Electrodes for Supercapacitor 91 2.5 Applications of Supercapacitor 130 2.6 Conclusions 134 References 135 3 Nanohybrid Materials in the Development of Solar Energy Applications 147Poulomi Roy 3.1 Introduction 147 3.2 Significance of Nanohybrid Materials 148 3.3 Synthetic Strategies 162 3.4 Application in Solar Energy Conversion 167 3.5 Summary 175 References 176 4 Hybrid Nanoadsorbents for Drinking Water Treatment: A Critical Review 199Ashok K. Gupta, Partha S. Ghosal and Brajesh K. Dubey 4.1 Introduction 199 4.2 Status and Health Effects of Different Pollutants 201 4.3 Removal Technologies 203 4.4 Hybrid Nanoadsorbent 208 4.5 Issues and Challenges 217 4.6 Conclusions 224 References 225 5 Advanced Nanostructured Materials in Electromagnetic Interference Shielding 241Suneel Kumar Srivastava and Vikas Mittal 5.1 Introduction 241 5.2 Theoretical Aspect of EMI Shielding 243 5.3 Experimental Methods in Measuring Shielding Effectiveness 247 5.4 Carbon Allotrope-Based Polymer Nanocomposites 248 Fillers-Based Polymer Nanocomposites 265 5.5 Intrinsically Conducting Polymer (ICP) Derived Nanocomposites 276 5.6 Summary 300 6 Preparation, Properties and the Application of Hybrid Nanomaterials in Sensing Environmental Pollutants 321R. Ajay Rakkesh, D. Durgalakshmi and S. Balakumar 6.1 Introduction 321 6.2 Hybrid Nanomaterials: Smart Material for Sensing Environmental Pollutants 323 6.3 Synthesis Methods of Hybrid Nanomaterials 326 6.4 Basic Mechanism of Gas Sensors Using Hybrid Nanomaterials 330 6.5 Hybrid Nanomaterials-Based Conductometric Gas Sensors for Environmental Monitoring 331 6.6 Conclusion 342 References 342 7 Development of Hybrid Fillers/Polymer Nanocomposites for Electronic Applications 349Mariatti Jaafar 7.1 Introduction 350 7.2 Factors Influencing the Properties of Filler/Polymer Composite 353 7.3 Hybridization of Fillers in Polymer Composites 355 7.4 Hybrid Fillers in Polymer Nanocomposites 358 7.5 Fabrication Methods of Hybrid Fillers/Polymer Composites 362 7.6 Applications of Hybrid Fillers/Polymer Composites 365 References 366 8 High Performance Hybrid Filler Reinforced Epoxy Nanocomposites 371Suman Chhetri, Tapas Kuila and Suneel Kumar Srivastava 8.1 Introduction 372 8.2 Reinforcing Fillers 373 8.3 Necessity of Hybrid Filler Systems 376 8.4 Epoxy Resin 379 8.5 Preparation of Hybrid Filler/Epoxy Nanocomposites 380 8.6 Characterization of Hybrid Filler/Epoxy Polymer Composites 381 8.7 Properties of the Hybrid Filler/Epoxy Nanocomposites 383 8.8 Summary and Future Prospect 408 References 413 9 Recent Developments in Elastomer/Hybrid Filler Nanocomposites 423Suneel Kumar Srivastava and Vikas Mittal 9.1 Introduction 423 9.2 Preparation Methods of Elastomer Nanocomposites 426 9.3 Hybrid Fillers in Elastomer Nanocomposites 427 9.4 Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Filler Incorporated Elastomer Nanocomposites 440 9.5 Dynamical Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMA) of Elastomer Nanocomposites 452 9.6 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) of Hybrid Filler Incorporated Elastomer Nanocomposites 464 9.7 Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC) Analysis of Hybrid Filler Incorporated Elastomer Nanocomposites 468 9.8 Electrical Conductivity of Hybrid Filler Incorporated Elastomer Nanocomposites 476 9.9 Thermal Conductivity of Hybrid Filler Incorporated Elastomer Nanocomposites 477 9.10 Dielectric Properties of Hybrid Filler Incorporated Elastomer Nanocomposits 477 9.11 Shape Memory Property of Hybrid Filler Incorporated Elastomer Nanocomposites 478 9.12 Summary 478 Acknowledgment 479 References 479

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Book SynopsisThis book focuses on the chemistry of metallized and magnetic polymers, as well as the special applications of these materials. After an introductory section on the general aspects of the field, the types and uses of these polymers are detailed, followed by an overview of the testing methods. The book is divided equally into two parts metallized polymers and magnetic polymers and both parts follow the same structure: All methods of fabrication Properties and methods of measurement including standard test methods and interface properties Fields of applications Environmental issues including recycling and biodegradable polymers Table of ContentsPreface xi Part I Metallized Polymers 1 1 General Aspects 3 1.1 History 4 2 Methods of Fabrication 7 2.1 Methods for Metallizing 7 2.2 Welding 16 2.3 Molding 17 2.4 Special Aspects 22 2.5 Special Uses 37 3 Properties and Methods of Measurement 49 3.1 Standard Test Methods 49 3.2 Interface Properties 53 3.3 Combustion of Metallized Polymers 56 4 Fields of Application 61 4.1 Shielding Electromagnetic Interference 61 4.2 Microwave Components 63 4.3 Conductive Fibers 64 4.4 Intermetallic Layers 65 4.5 Metallized Polymer Mirror 66 4.6 In-Mold Metallized Polymer Articles 67 4.7 Camera Housing 68 4.8 Metallized Polymer Film Capacitors 70 4.9 Micro-fuel Cell 70 4.10 Printed Circuit Boards 71 4.11 Electrostatic Miniature Valve 87 4.12 Antennas 87 4.13 Gas Transmission 92 4.14 Micromechanical Sensor and Actuator Devices 93 4.15 Medical Uses 94 5 Environmental Issues 99 5.1 Recycling 99 5.2 Metallized Plastic Packages 100 5.3 Biodegradable Metallized Polymers 102 Part II Magnetic Polymers 103 6 General Aspects 105 6.1 General Aspects 106 6.2 Basic Issues of Magnetism 108 6.3 Types of Magnetic Organic Polymers 109 7 Methods of Fabrication 115 7.1 Preparation of Magnetic Polymer Particles 115 7.2 Special Types 124 8 Properties and Methods of Measurement 145 8.1 Standard Test Methods 145 8.2 Phase Diagram of Magnetic Polymers 146 8.3 Adsorption Mechanism of Amino-Functionalized Magnetic Polymers 147 8.4 Cyano-Bridged Coordination Polymers 147 8.5 Spin-Glass Behavior in Some Schilf-Base Co-containing Magnetic Polymers 148 8.6 Neutron Scattering from Magnetic Polymers 148 8.7 Shape-Memory Elfect 149 9 Fields of Application 151 9.1 Improvement of Drilling Performance 151 9.2 Electronic Uses 155 9.3 Biotechnology 174 9.4 Medical Uses 177 10 Environmental Issues 207 10.1 Analysis Methods 207 10.2 Magnetic Polymers in Water Treatment 213 Index 219 Acronyms 219 Chemicals 221 General Index 228

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Book SynopsisMETAL-ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS WITH HETEROGENEOUS STRUCTURES A unique book that sheds light on Metal-Organic Frameworks complex systems that often display behaviors that surprise and cannot be easily described. In this book, MOF-based heterostructures technology with key characteristics is completely analyzed and the current state-of-the-art is discussed. The authors focus on the complex heterostructures promoted by MOFs with advantage of their recent new advances for various applications with particular emphasis on their design. As an extension of the design and synthesis, the shaping technology of heterostructure MOFs is also of great significance to the future practical applications in industry (adsorption/desorption, gas storage, catalysis, conductivity, optical activity) of this class of complex porous materials. As this unique book covers all of the aspects of complexity in MOFs with heterogeneous structures, it serves as an essential reference to the concepts of iTable of ContentsList of Illustrations vii List of Tables xv List of Schemes xvii Preface xix Abbreviations xxi 1 Introduction: A Brief Introduction About Metal-Organic Frameworks 1 1.1 Metal-Organic Frameworks 1 1.2 Conclusion 8 References 8 2 Metal-Organic Frameworks Complexity 13 2.1 Perspectives on Complexity in MOFs 13 2.2 Conclusion 21 References 22 3 Complexity Based on Ligand—Part 1 27 3.1 Mixed Ligand 27 3.2 Conclusion 50 References 514 Complexity Based on Ligand—Part 2 57 4.1 Polytopic Linkers 57 4.2 Multi-Heterotopic Ligands 63 4.3 Conclusion 66 References 66 5 Complexity Based on Metal Node 71 5.1 Mixed Metal 71 5.2 Multiple SBUs 81 5.3 Conclusion 92 References 92 6 Complexity Based on Chiral Framework—Part 1 105 6.1 Inherent Chirality 105 6.2 Direct Chirality 109 6.3 Conclusion 120 References 121 7 Complexity Based on Chiral Framework—Part 2 127 7.1 Chiral-Template Synthesis 127 7.2 Post-Synthesis 131 7.3 Conclusion 144 References 144 8 Complexity Based on Structural Defects 149 8.1 Inherent Defect 149 8.2 Designed Defect 154 8.3 Conclusion 161 References 162 9 Complexity Based on Heterogeneous Pores 171 9.1 Heterogeneous Pores 171 9.2 Conclusion 178 References 179 10 Complexity Based on Mixed MOFs 185 10.1 Complex Mixed MOFs 185 10.2 Conclusion 192 References 193 Index 199

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Book SynopsisChemistry and Technology of Emulsion Polymerisation 2e provides a practical and intuitive explanation of emulsion polymerization, in combination with both conventional and controlled radical polymerization. For those working in industry, coupling theory with everyday practice can be difficult.Table of ContentsList of Contributors xi Abbreviations xiii List of Frequently Used Symbols xvii Introduction to the Second Edition xix Introduction to the First Edition xxi 1 Historic Overview 1 Finn Knut Hansen 1.1 The Early Stages 1 1.2 The Second Half of the Twentieth Century 9 1.2.1 Product Development 9 1.2.2 Kinetic Theory 11 1.2.3 Emulsion Polymerisation in Monomer Droplets 19 1.2.4 Industrial Process Control and Simulation 21 2 Introduction to Radical (Co)Polymerisation 23 A.M. van Herk 2.1 Mechanism of Free Radical Polymerisation 23 2.2 Rate of Polymerisation and Development of Molecular Mass Distribution 25 2.2.1 Rate of Polymerisation 25 2.2.2 Kinetic Chain Length 26 2.2.3 Chain Length Distribution 27 2.2.4 Temperature and Conversion Effects 30 2.3 Radical Transfer Reactions 31 2.3.1 Radical Transfer Reactions to Low Molecular Mass Species 31 2.3.2 Radical Transfer Reactions to Polymer 32 2.4 Radical Copolymerisation 34 2.4.1 Derivation of the Copolymerisation Equation 34 2.4.2 Types of Copolymers 37 2.4.3 Polymerisation Rates in Copolymerisations 39 2.5 Controlled Radical Polymerisation 41 3 Emulsion Polymerisation 43 A.M. van Herk and R.G. Gilbert 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 General Aspects of Emulsion Polymerisation 44 3.3 Basic Principles of Emulsion Polymerisation 46 3.4 Particle Nucleation 47 3.5 Particle Growth 51 3.5.1 The Zero-One and Pseudo-Bulk Dichotomy 52 3.5.2 Zero-One Kinetics 53 3.5.3 Pseudo-Bulk Kinetics 55 3.5.4 Systems between Zero-One and Pseudo-Bulk 57 3.6 Ingredients in Recipes 57 3.6.1 Monomers 58 3.6.2 Initiators 58 3.6.3 Surfactants 58 3.6.4 Other Ingredients 59 3.7 Emulsion Copolymerisation 59 3.7.1 Monomer Partitioning in Emulsion Polymerisation 59 3.7.2 Composition Drift in Emulsion Co- and Terpolymerisation 63 3.7.3 Process Strategies in Emulsion Copolymerisation 64 3.8 Particle Morphologies 66 3.8.1 Core–Shell Morphologies 68 4 Emulsion Copolymerisation, Process Strategies 75 Jose Ramon Leiza and Jan Meuldijk 4.1 Introduction 75 4.2 Monomer Partitioning 79 4.2.1 Slightly and Partially Water Miscible Monomers 79 4.2.2 Consequences of Monomer Partitioning for the Copolymer Composition 84 4.3 Process Strategies 86 4.3.1 Batch Operation 86 4.3.2 Semi-Batch Operation 89 4.3.3 Control Opportunities 92 5 Living Radical Polymerisation in Emulsion and Miniemulsion 105 Bernadette Charleux, Michael J. Monteiro, and Hans Heuts 5.1 Introduction 105 5.2 Living Radical Polymerisation 106 5.2.1 General/Features of a Controlled/Living Radical Polymerisation 106 5.2.2 Reversible Termination 108 5.2.3 Reversible Chain Transfer 116 5.3 Nitroxide-Mediated Polymerisation in Emulsion and Miniemulsion 119 5.3.1 Introduction 119 5.3.2 Control of Molar Mass and Molar Mass Distribution 120 5.3.3 Synthesis of Block and Random or Gradient Copolymers via (Mini)Emulsion Polymerisation 125 5.3.4 Surfactant-Free Emulsion Polymerisation Using the Polymerisation-Induced Self-Assembly Technique 126 5.4 ATRP in Emulsion and Miniemulsion 126 5.4.1 Introduction 126 5.4.2 Direct ATRP 127 5.4.3 Reverse ATRP 130 5.4.4 Next Generation ATRP Techniques: SRNI and AGET 132 5.4.5 Some Concluding Remarks on ATRP in Emulsion 135 5.5 Reversible Chain Transfer in Emulsion and Miniemulsion 136 5.5.1 Low Cex Reversible Chain Transfer Agents 136 5.5.2 High Cex Reversible Chain Transfer Agents 137 5.6 Conclusion 143 6 Particle Morphology 145 Yuri Reyes Mercado, Elena Akhmastkaya, Jose Ramon Leiza, and Jose M. Asua 6.1 Introduction 145 6.2 Synthesis of Structured Polymer Particles 146 6.2.1 Emulsion Polymerisation 146 6.2.2 Miniemulsion Polymerisation 147 6.2.3 Physical Methods 148 6.3 Two-Phase Polymer–Polymer Structured Particles 148 6.3.1 Effect of Grafting 152 6.4 Two-Phase Polymer–Inorganic Particles 153 6.5 Multiphase Systems 156 6.6 Effect of Particle Morphology on Film Morphology 162 6.6.1 Modelling Film Morphology 165 Acknowledgements 165 7 Colloidal Aspects of Emulsion Polymerisation 167 Brian Vincent 7.1 Introduction 167 7.2 The Stabilisation of Colloidal Particles against Aggregation 168 7.3 Pair-Potentials in Colloidal Dispersions 170 7.3.1 Core–Core Interactions 170 7.3.2 Structural Interactions: (i) Those Associated with the Solvent 171 7.3.3 Structural Interactions: (ii) Electrical Double Layer Overlap 173 7.3.4 Structural Interactions: (iii) Adsorbed Polymer Layer Overlap 175 7.4 Weak Flocculation and Phase Separation in Particulate Dispersions 179 7.5 Aggregate Structure and Strength 184 8 Analysis of Polymer Molecules including Reaction Monitoring and Control 187 Peter Schoenmakers 8.1 Sampling and Sample Handling 188 8.1.1 Sampling 188 8.1.2 Sample Preparation 188 8.2 Monomer Conversion 189 8.3 Molar Mass 190 8.3.1 Molar-Mass Distributions 191 8.4 Chemical Composition 197 8.4.1 Average Chemical Composition 197 8.4.2 Molar-Mass Dependent Chemical Composition 199 8.4.3 Chemical-Composition Distributions 202 8.4.4 Two-Dimensional Distributions 207 8.5 Detailed Molecular Characterization 210 8.5.1 Chain Regularity 210 8.5.2 Branching 212 9 Particle Analysis 213 Ola Karlsson and Brigitte E.H. Schade 9.1 Introduction 213 9.2 Particle Size and Particle Size Distribution 214 9.2.1 Introduction 214 9.2.2 Average Particle Diameter 216 9.2.3 Particle Size Distribution 216 9.3 Sampling 216 9.4 Particle Size Measurement Methods 217 9.4.1 Ensemble Techniques 218 9.4.2 Particle Separation Methods 224 9.5 Comparison of Methods 233 9.5.1 Choice of a Method 235 9.6 Particle Shape, Structure and Surface Characterisation 236 9.6.1 Introduction to Particle Shape, Structure and Surface Characterisation 236 9.6.2 Classification of the Samples 238 9.6.3 General Considerations – Sample Preparation If the Latex is Film Forming 238 9.7 Discussion of the Available Techniques 239 9.7.1 Optical Microscopy (OM) 239 9.7.2 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 240 9.7.3 Electron Microscopy 243 9.7.4 Indirect Analysis of Particle Morphology 248 9.7.5 Surface Characterisation 249 9.7.6 Cleaning of Latexes 250 9.7.7 Analyses of Particle Charge 250 9.7.8 Additional Techniques Used for Latex Particle Surface Characterisation 250 9.7.9 Zeta Potential 251 10 Large Volume Applications of Latex Polymers 253 Dieter Urban, Bernhard Schuler, and J¨urgen Schmidt-Th¨ummes 10.1 Market and Manufacturing Process 253 10.1.1 History and Market Today 253 10.1.2 Manufacturing Process 254 10.2 Paper and Paperboard 254 10.2.1 The Paper Manufacturing Process 254 10.2.2 Surface Sizing 255 10.2.3 Paper Coating 256 10.3 Paints and Coatings 262 10.3.1 Technology Trends 263 10.3.2 Raw Materials for Water-Borne Coating Formulations 264 10.3.3 Decorative Coatings 269 10.3.4 Protective and Industrial Coatings 271 10.4 Adhesives 271 10.4.1 Design of Emulsion Polymer Adhesives 272 10.4.2 Formulation Additives 276 10.4.3 Adhesive Applications 277 10.4.4 Adhesive Test Methods 279 10.5 Carpet Backing 280 10.5.1 Carpet Backing Binders 281 10.5.2 Carpet Backing Compounds 281 10.5.3 Application Requirements 282 Acknowledgements 282 11 Specialty Applications of Latex Polymers 283 Christian Pichot, Thierry Delair, and Haruma Kawaguchi 11.1 Introduction 283 11.2 Specific Requirements for the Design of Specialty Latex Particles 284 11.2.1 Nature of the Polymer 284 11.2.2 Particle Size and Size Distribution 285 11.2.3 Particle Morphology 285 11.2.4 Nature of the Interface 286 11.2.5 Surface Potential 287 11.2.6 Colloidal Stability 287 11.2.7 Functionality 287 11.3 Preparation Methods of Latex Particles for Specialty Applications 288 11.3.1 Radical-Initiated Polymerisation in Heterogeneous Media 288 11.3.2 Modification of Particles and Related Methods 290 11.3.3 Formulation of Colloidal Dispersions from Pre-Formed Polymers 293 11.4 Applications 294 11.4.1 Non-Biomedical Applications 294 11.4.2 Biological, Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Applications 299 11.5 Conclusions 304 References 307 Index 337

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Book SynopsisA large amount of experimental data has been published since the debut of the original CRC Handbook of Thermodynamic Data of Aqueous Polymer Solutions. Incorporating new and updated material, the CRC Handbook of Phase Equilibria and Thermodynamic Data of Aqueous Polymer Solutions provides a comprehensive collection of thermodynamic data of polymer solutions. It helps readers quickly retrieve necessary information from the literature, and assists researchers in planning new measurements where data are missing. A valuable resource for the modern chemistry field, the Handbook clearly details how measurements were conducted and methodically explains the nomenclature. It presents data essential for the production and use of polymers as well as for understanding the physical behavior and intermolecular interactions in polymer solutions. Trade Review"[The book] is a must for any alternative medicine holding, and offers an alternative approach to treating hypertension. It analyzes these treatments based clinical research from authoritative medical journals, explaining how blood pressure works, describing common causes of hypertension, and reviewing medications and their side effects…a solid reference for any health care provider."—James A. Cox, Editor-in-Chief, Midwest Book Review"The material is well organized and its presentation meets highest standards. Even in the days of easy internet access to information the present compilation is of invaluable help for students and faculty likewise. For scientists working in the fields of chemistry, chemical engineering, material science, physics, and biotechnology the Handbook of Phase Equilibria and Thermodynamic Data of Aqueous Polymer Solutions undoubtedly constitutes an indispensable source of information. It can therefore be recommended without reservations of any kind."—Dr. Bernhard Wolf, Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Mainz, GermanyTable of ContentsIntroduction. Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium (VLE) Data of Aqueous Polymer Solutions. Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium (LLE) Data of Aqueous Polymer Solutions. High-Pressure Phase Equilibrium (HPPE) Data of Aqueous Polymer Solutions. Enthalpy Changes for Aqueous Polymer Solutions. PVT Data of Polymers and Aqueous Polymer Solutions. Second Virial Coefficients (A2) of Aqueous Polymer Solutions. Appendices.

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Book SynopsisThis new edition of the bestselling Handbook of Thermoplastics incorporates recent developments and advances in thermoplastics with regard to materials development, processing, properties, and applications. With contributions from 65 internationally recognized authorities in the field, the second edition features new and updated discussions of several topics, including: Polymer nanocomposites Laser processing of thermoplastic composites Bioplastics Natural fiber thermoplastic composites Materials selection Design and application Additives for thermoplastics Recycling of thermoplastics Regulatory and legislative issues related to health, safety, and the environment The book also discusses state-of-the-art techniques in science and technology as well as environmental assessment with regard to the impact of thermoplastics. Each chapter is written in a review format that covers:HistTrade Review"The second edition of the Handbook of Thermoplastics offers an important update since the first edition. New subjects have been added for areas emerging of interest since the first edition. Having utilized the first edition in my career before I retired, I can recommend the second edition for professionals in both academic and business areas."—Lloyd M. Robeson, Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. (Ret.) "Overall, this new text is very readable and well planned. …a very good introduction to the majority of the important commonly used classes of industrial thermoplastics."—Garth L. Wilkes, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Table of ContentsPolyolefins. Vinyl Alcohol Polymers. Polyvinyl Butyral. Polyacrylonitrile. Polyacrylates. Polyacetals. Polyethers. Aromatic Polyamides. Thermoplastic Polyesters. Polycarbonates. Liquid Crystalline Polymers. Thermoplastic Polyurethanes. Fluoroplastics. Polyarylethersulfones. Ketone-Based Thermoplastics. Polyimides. Polyphenylquinoxalines. Aromatic Polyhydrazides and Their Corresponding Polyoxadiazoles. Polybenzimidazoles. Conductive Thermoplastics. Advanced Thermoplastic Composites. Natural Fiber Thermoplastic Composites. Materials Selection, Design, and Application. Laser Processing of Thermoplastic Composites. Bioplastics. Thermoplastic Additives: Flame Retardants. Recycling of Thermoplastics. Environment Health and Safety: Regulatory and Legislative Issues.

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Book SynopsisThermodynamic data of polymer solutions are paramount for industrial and laboratory processes. These data also serve to understand the physical behavior of polymer solutions, study intermolecular interactions, and gain insights into the molecular nature of mixtures. Nearly a decade has passed since the release of a similar CRC Handbook and since then a large amount of new experimental data have been published, which is now compiled in this book.The CRC Handbook of Phase Equilibria and Thermodynamic Data of Polymer Solutions at Elevated Pressures features nearly 500 newly published references containing approximately 175 new vapor-liquid equilibrium data sets, 25 new liquid-liquid equilibrium data sets, 540 new high-pressure fluid phase equilibrium data sets, 60 new data sets describing PVT properties of polymers, and 20 new data sets with densities or excess volumes. The book is a valuable resource for researchers, speciTable of ContentsIntroduction. Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium (VLE) Data and Gas Solubilities at Elevated Pressures. Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium (LLE) Data of Polymer Solutions at Elevated Pressures. High-Pressure Fluid Phase Equilibrium (HPPE) Data of Polymer Solutions. PVT Data of Polymers and Solutions. Appendices.

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Book SynopsisUndoubtedly the applications of polymers are rapidly evolving. Technology is continually changing and quickly advancing as polymers are needed to solve a variety of day-to-day challenges leading to improvements in quality of life. The Encyclopedia of Polymer Applications presents state-of-the-art research and development on the applications of polymers. This groundbreaking work provides important overviews to help stimulate further advancements in all areas of polymers.This comprehensive multi-volume reference includes articles contributed from a diverse and global team of renowned researchers. It offers a broad-based perspective on a multitude of topics in a variety of applications, as well as detailed research information, figures, tables, illustrations, and references. The encyclopedia provides introductions, classifications, properties, selection, types, technologies, shelf-life, recycling, testing and applications for each of the entries where applicable.

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Book SynopsisAqueous-based film coating has become routine in the pharmaceutical industry. This process eliminates the use of organic solvents and thus avoids economic, environmental, and toxicological issues related to residual solvents and solvent recovery. Aqueous-based coating, however, is complex and many variables may impact the final product and its performance. This fourth edition of Aqueous Polymeric Coatings for Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms aims to provide insight into the factors and parameters that should be considered and controlled for the successful development and commercialization of a coated product. The fourth edition has been revised and expanded to reflect the most recent scientific advancements from the literature. The contributing authors explain in detail, using illustrated examples, appropriate steps to solve and ideally avoid formulation, processing, and stability problems and to achieve an optimized dosage form. Trade names and chemical names of comTable of ContentsAqueous-based polymeric coating. Pseudolatex dispersions for controlled drug delivery. Processing and equipment considerations for aqueous-based coatings. Mechanical properties of polymeric films prepared from aqueous dispersions. Defects in aqueous film coated solid oral dosage form. Adhesion of polymeric films. Influence of insoluble additives on the properties of polymeric coating systems. Process and formulation factors affecting drug release from pellets coated with ethylcellulose pseudolatex Aquacoat. Chemistry and application properties of polymethacrylate systems. Application of HPMC and HPMCAS to aqueous film coating of pharmaceutical dosage forms. The applications of formulated systems for aqueous film coating of pharmaceutical solid oral dosage forms. *Substrate considerations when developing an aqueous film coated solid oral dosage form. Polymer interactions with drugs and excipients. Physical aging of polymers and it effect on the stability of solid oral dosage forms.

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Book SynopsisThe book Natural Polymers: Derivatives, Blends and Composites Volume II is an edited volume comprised of fifteen chapters from different experts working in the area of natural polymers. Natural polymers are finding applications in fields of packaging, medicine, pharmaceutics, biomedicine, textiles and many others. This book gives detailed insight into all aspects of natural polymers to the latest trends in the development of new products. This book will hopefully be supportive to scientists, researchers, academicians and students in different disciplines. Key features: 1. Describes various derivatives of natural polymers (ie: composites, nanoparticles, hydrogels, etc.); 2. Self-contained chapters on starch, chitosan, alginate, bovine serum albumin, among others; 3. Covers a broad range of natural polymer applications, from packaging to biomedicine.

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Book SynopsisHyperbranched polymers (HBPs) have attracted great interest due to their characteristics such as low viscosity, high solubility, numerous terminal groups, globular architecture and good capacity of encapsulating guest molecules. Nowadays HBPs have shown many applications in polymer science and engineering, owing to the merits of convenient synthesis and low cost. The authors of this book further review the properties, synthesis and uses of hyperbranched polymers.

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Book SynopsisBiopolymers are endowed with excellent attributes such as biodegradability, biocompatibility and functional versatility, which render them an edge over other polymers. Today, they find broad applications in the biomedical field and pharmaceutical world. Nanotechnology has offered tremendous opportunities to design and tailor-make biopolymers augmenting their applications further. This book presents topical articles on the synthesis and applications of biopolymers, biopolymer nanoparticles and nanocomposites. The book includes chapters on conducting polymers, vegetable oils, chitosan and cellulose based polyurethanes, polymeric hydrogels, biopolymeric nanoparticles and nanocomposites, and their applications as drug carriers and sensors in cancer therapy and others. This book would be useful for students, scholars, and scientists interested in the synthesis, biomedical and pharmaceutical applications of biopolymers and their nanocomposites.

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Book SynopsisBiopolymers such as cellulose, lignin, starch, pectin, chitin, xylan, etc. are copiously available in nature in the form of plant biomass. They have been used for various applications such as biofuels, nanobiocomposites, biomedicine, etc. Biopolymers have unique antimicrobial properties, and are thus used for food packaging. The field of biomaterials is interdisciplinary and includes chemistry, biology and medicine. There are different ways to apply biopolymers for the benefit of our society. Although natural polymers are cheap and available in large quantities, it is still difficult to utilise their potentials. Still, there are challenges to develop new methodologies for the efficient and economic utilisation of these biopolymers. Consequently, the modification of these materials is the focus of recent scientific research. These modifications improve the various properties of biopolymers required for specific applications. Modifications improve heat, moisture resistance, solubility in water, sustainability, flexibility, compatibility, biodegradability, etc. Biopolymers modified by blending shows considerable improvement in the impact resistance of brittle polymers. Biopolymer systems containing particles with one or more dimensions in the nanometer scale are called bionanocomposites, a special class of materials possessing unique thermal stability, fire resistance, mechanical and optical properties. Bionanocomposites have been effectively used in controlled drug delivery, food packaging, etc.

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Book SynopsisThis books opens with an evaluation of the effects of the acid environment on sulfur-polymer matrix composite, with Portland cement-based composite chosen as a comparative material. Unlike conventional Portland cement-based composites, sulfur-polymer matrix composites are produced without water and achieve final strength in few days. Following this, the effects of electron beam irradiation on copper oxide added polymer matrix composite was investigated. Copper oxide added polymer matrix composite has been known for engineering applications that involving plastics moving parts to reduce friction. In a separate study, inorganic Montmorillonite nanofibers and organic cellulose nanofibers obtained through acid hydrolysis were simultaneously added to plasticized starch with defined CNF-to-MMT ratio and processed into nanocomposites by melt extrusion. The continuously isothermal aerobic ageing on samples was carried out by oven-heating at 60C so as to investigate the organic nanofillers as an alternative to inorganic nanofillers. The authors also investigate the physico-mechanical characteristic of low density polyethylene (LDPE) and starch blends when undergone acid and alkaline attacks. In the following chapter, simulation of the temperature distribution in textile composite structures is achieved by utilizing an analytical-symbolic approach. Analytical heating solutions along each yarn provide accurate solutions with far fewer nodes than numerical solutions, and require the minimum number of symbolic network nodes. The final investigation was conducted to investigate the effects of copper (II) oxide (CuO) composition on the degradability of high density polyethylene/ethylene vinyl acetate (HDPE/EVA) blends. It was observed that both degree of crystallinity and crystallites sizes of the composited increased after the ageing operation.

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Book SynopsisPolymer surfaces having micro-nanostructures can be produced using injection molding and hot embossing, high efficiency techniques able to meet the needs of industry for the mass production of polymer parts. Micro-nanosurfaces are in great demand for multiple applications that include antipollution and self-cleaning surfaces, microlenses, dry adhesion surfaces, antireflection coatings, cell culturing and differentiation as well as superhydrophobic surfaces. Polymer Surfaces: Fabrication, Modification and Applications discusses the injection molding of micro-nanostructured polymer surfaces consists of three main technical steps: mold inserts, processing parameters and demolding. The authors also discuss the capabilities of various demolding methods, such as antistiction coatings, to protect and enhance the surface properties of micro-nanostructures. The subsequent contribution focuses on biocompatible and biodegradable hollow nanoparticles prepared via the layer-by-layer deposition of polymer thin films on sacrificial templates. The review encompasses all aspects of nanocapsules from preparation through characterization and the applications as drug carriers. A promising strategy is proposed for facilely and successively replicating randomly arranged pyramids on an etched silicon wafer to polystyrene surface. The authors propose that this fast and efficient replication strategy could be an excellent candidate for developing antireflective protective layers without complicated procedures and expensive materials. A promising strategy was proposed for facilely and successively replicating the natural functional nanostructure of the cicada wing onto polystyrene surfaces in the concluding study. This work may direct the design of gradient wetting surfaces by mimicking the nanopillar structure of cicada wing. This strategy could aid in mimicking bio-inspired functional micro/nanostructures without complicated procedures and expensive materials.

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Book SynopsisCellulose Acetate: Properties, Uses and Preparation presents data on thermodynamic characteristics (heat capacity, enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs function) from 4 to 580 K cellulose acetates and cellulose nitrates, as well as the major plasticizers for these polymers, the temperatures of their relaxation and phase transitions, the effect of plasticizers on these characteristics of cellulose acetate and cellulose nitrate and the solubility of plasticizers in polymers. Cellulose diacetate has been used in the design of sorption matrices for the fluorescent analysis of polyaromatic and heterocyclic compounds. Thus, the physicochemical properties of cellulose diacetate solutions in a binary acetone-water solvent were analyzed along with the morphological, surface-energy, physicochemical and physicomechanical characteristics of film matrices in comparison with fiber ones. Additionally, the authors examine how the growth of CO2 emissions efforts led to the necessity for green material solutions that fit into a sustainable development policy and low environmental impact. The major barriers to produce cellulose-based products from agricultural residues are the heterogeneity of the raw material, the experimental conditions reproducibility, the heterogeneous phase of the synthesis reaction, the difficulty of purification, the effluent disposal, and the control of the product quality. In the closing study, the authors provide a comprehensive review of electrospun nanofibres from different types of polymers with synthesized montmorillonite clays. Loading activated natural bentonite clay into any type of polymer can improve the adsorption property of electrospun nanofibres, but the bentonite clay must be well dispersed, suspended and loaded to achieve any benefit. This study may pave the way for further use of electrospun nanofibres loaded with clay in a wide variety of environmental and medical applications.

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Book SynopsisIn this compilation, examples of film polymeric composites based on azobenzene polymers and metallic complexes for use in electro-optical modulators and recording media for polarization holography are considered. It is shown that the information characteristics of the investigated media are mainly influenced by the structure of the azobenzene groups (electron-donor and electron-acceptor substitutes) and by the supramolecular structure of the polymers. Following this, precise analyses of the molecular arrangement of three-dimensional crystals, two-dimensional molecular films, and interfacial particle layers of polyguanamine derivatives with a high refractive index are been performed. It is determined that the high refractive index of the polyguanamine derivatives is not caused by the chemical structure of the molecule, but is based on the packing of molecular chains or the refraction of transmitted light due to the difference in electron density between the crystalline and amorphous regions. In the closing chapter, organic-inorganic hybrid polymers are applied in different fields, including adsorption of metals from aqueous media. In this context, two organic-inorganic hybrid polymers were prepared by sol-gel method, using proportions of 1:1 and 1:3 of the monomer 1-vinylimidazole and the silane agent 3-mercaptopropyl-trimethoxysilane, respectively, in order to evaluate the proportion effect of VI and MPTMS on Hg2+ ions adsorption from an aqueous solution.

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Book SynopsisQuantitative Aspects of Polymer Stabilizers

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Book SynopsisLow Flammability Polymeric Materials

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Book SynopsisInitially published ""to bridge the gap between theory and practice in extrusion"", this fifth edition of Polymer Extrusion continues to serve the practicing polymer engineer and chemist, providing the theoretical and the practical tools for successful extrusion operations. In its revised and expanded form, it also incorporates the many new developments in extrusion theory and machinery over the last years.Table of Contents Different Types of Extruders Extruder Hardware Instrumentation and Control Fundamental Principles Important Polymer Properties Functional Process Analysis Extruder Screw Design Die Design Twin Screw Extruders Troubleshooting Extruders Modeling and Simulation of the Extrusion Process.

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Book SynopsisThe widespread use of large scale units for manufacturing blown film, blow-molded articles, flat film, and extruded pipes necessitates troubleshooting on site. This book provides practical computational tools which can be applied easily on the shop floor to obtain quick solutions in these and many other areas of polymer extrusion.

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