Cellular physiology Books

Book SynopsisOur understanding of cancer is slowly undergoing a revolution, allowing for the development of more effective treatments. For the first time ever, the death rate from cancer is showing a steady decline but the War on Cancer' has hardly been won.InThe Cancer Code,Dr Jason Fung offers a revolutionary new understanding of this invasive, often fatal disease whatit is,howit manifests andwhyit is so challenging to treat. In this rousing narrative, Dr Fung identifies the medical community's many missteps in cancer research in particular, its focus on genetics, or what he terms the seed' of cancer, at the expense of examining the soil,' or the conditions under which cancer flourishes. Dr Fung whose ground-breaking work in the treatment of obesity and diabetes has won him international acclaim suggests that the primary disease pathway of cancer is caused by the dysregulation of insulin. In fact, obesity and type 2 diabetes significantly increase an individual's risk of cancer.In this acces

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Book Synopsis Continuando con el lema ¡Nunca fue tan sencillo aprobar un examen!, la Serie Revisión de Temas sigue preparando con éxito a estudiantes de ciencias de la salud con su característico estilo conciso y preciso. Cada tomo ofrece una revisión altamente eficiente de los conceptos esenciales en cada materia, así como cientos de preguntas de opción múltiple con sus respuestas explicadas. También se incluyen ilustraciones, diagramas de flujo, tablas que facilitan el estudio, conceptos claves resaltados en negritas y contenido en línea que ayuda a reforzar el aprendizaje. Table of Contents1 FISIOLOGÍA CELULAR 2 NEUROFISIOLOGÍA 3 FISIOLOGÍA CARDIOVASCULAR 4 FISIOLOGÍA RESPIRATORIA 5 FISIOLOGÍA RENAL Y ÁCIDO-BASE 6 FISIOLOGÍA GASTROINTESTINAL 7 FISIOLOGÍA ENDOCRINA Autoevaluación general APÉNDICE A. TEMAS CLAVE DE FISIOLOGÍA PARA EL USMLE STEP 1 APÉNDICE B. ECUACIONES CLAVE DE FISIOLOGÍA PARA EL USMLE STEP 1 APÉNDICE C. CONCENTRACIONES SANGUÍNEAS NORMALES

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Book SynopsisNeural network research often builds on the fiction that neurons are simple linear threshold units, completely neglecting the highly dynamic and complex nature of synapses, dendrites, and voltage-dependent ionic currents. Biophysics of Computation: Information processing in single neurons challenges this notion, using richly detailed experimental and theoretical findings from cellular biophysics to explain the repertoire of computational functions available to single neurons. The author shows how individual nerve cells can multiply, integrate, or delay synaptic inputs and how information can be encoded in the voltage across the membrane, in the intracellular calcium concentration, or in the timing of individual spikes.Key topics covered include the linear cable equation; cable theory as applied to passive dendritic trees and dendritic spines; chemical and electrical synapses and how to treat them from a computational point of view; nonlinear interactions of synaptic input in passive anTable of Contents1. The membrane equation ; 2. Linear cable theory ; 3. Passive dendritic trees ; 4. Synaptic input ; 5. Synaptic interactions in a passive dendritic tree ; 6. The Hodgkin-Huxley model of action-potential generation ; 7. Phase space analysis of neuronal excitability ; 8. Ionic channels ; 9. Beyond Hodgkin and Huxley: calcium, and calcium-dependent potassium currents ; 10. Linearizing voltage-dependent currents ; 11. Diffusion, buffering, and binding ; 12. Dendritic spines ; 13. Synaptic plasticity ; 14. Simplified models of individual neurons ; 15. Stochastic models of single cells ; 16. Bursting cells ; 17. Input resistance, time constants, and spike initiation ; 18. Synaptic input to a passive tree ; 19. Voltage-dependent events in the dendritic tree ; 20. Unconventional coupling ; 21. Computing with neurons - a summary

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Book SynopsisIn Defense of Self introduces some of most important medical advances of the past hundred years, from the development of vaccines and the treatment of allergies, autoimmunity and cancer, to prolonging organ transplants and combating AIDS. It not only explains how a vital part of our bodies works, but also provides background for continuing research.Table of ContentsPART I: HOW THE IMMUNE SYSTEM WORKS; PART II THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IN HEALTH AND DISEASE

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Book SynopsisHistopathology describes the processes and practices that are central to the role of the histopathologist within a functioning diagnostic laboratory, from pre-sampling to diagnosis to laboratory management.Trade ReviewIt is very simply and clearly written in language that is easy to understand for the non-specialist. It describes day-to-day histopathology lab practice with clarity and the case studies are very helpful to illustrate the applications of the techniques. * Susan Brooks, Oxford Brookes University *The strength of the book is its detail. The book contains information that is completely lacking from other histopathology books. Overall I think that it is a great textbook for biomedical students and academics. * Akis Karakesisoglou, Durham University *Any potential biomedical scientist with an interest in histopathology, and sound knowledge of the contents of this well- written and nicely-illustrated text together with appropriate practical experience would be well on their way to becoming a valuable member of the team that comprises the core of todays histopathology laboratory. The text will make a valuable addition to any library associated with laboratories performing histopathological techniques. * Judy Brincat, Histology Group of Victoria *Table of Contents1: Dr Guy Orchard, Mr David Muskett, Dr Anne Warren: What is histopathology? 2: Mr David Muskett: Fixation and specimen handling 3: Ms Vanda McTaggart, Dr Sue Pritchard, Dr Anne Warren: Data recording and histopathology dissection 4: Mr David Muskett: Routine staining, processing and embedding 5: Mr David Muskett and Dr Guy Orchard: Special stains 6: Dr Guy Orchard , Mrs Chantell Hodgson, Mr Brian Nation: Artefacts 7: Dr Guy Orchard and Mr Mohammad Shams: Mohs procedures 8: Dr Merdol Ibrahim and Dr Guy Orchard: Immunocytochemical techniques 9: Mr David Muskett, Dr Guy Orchard, Dr Anne Warren: Analytical immunocytochemistry 10: Dr Tony Warford and Dr Emanuela Volpi: In situ hybridization: concepts and applications 11: Mr Brendan O'Sullivan and Dr Phillipe Taniere: Molecular diagnostics: techniques and applications 12: Dr Phillipe Taniere: Molecular diagnostics in action 13: Dr Guy Orchard and Dr Sue Pritchard: Histopathology reporting 14: Dr Guy Orchard: Microscopy and digital pathology 15: Prof David Furness: Electron microscopy in diagnosis 16: Ms Ishbel Gall and Dr Mike Osborne: Mortuary practice 17: Ms Sue Alexandra and Ms Patricia Fernando: Essentials of laboratory management

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Book SynopsisOne of the most notable trends in biomedical science in recent years has been the increasing use of molecular techniques as part of the diagnosis of disease. As such, there is a growing need for students to understand the technological basis of molecular analysis and to have a comprehensive appreciation of their use in diagnosis. Combining coverage of molecular techniques with their application to diagnostic pathology, this book provides students with a thorough and up to date appreciation of the scope of molecular analysis, the principles of the technology used, and thematic diagnostic application. As part of the Fundamentals of Biomedical Science series, the book provides a unique blend of theory and practice, featuring a range of learning features to help students assimilate the information presented quickly and effectively. It will be relevant to undergraduate students on a wide variety of biomedical pathways, cutting across traditional discipline boundaries to provide a unified ovTable of ContentsIntroduction 1: Sample preparation 2: The molecular laboratory 3: Intact sample analysis 4: Homogenate sample analysis 5: Sequencing technologies 6: Molecular analysis and interpreting molecular data 7: Recent technical advances in molecular analysis 8: Haemopoietic diseases 1 - leukaemias 9: Haemopoietic diseases 2 - lymphoproliferative disorders 10: Breast cancer 11: Epithelial tumours and melanoma 12: Mesenchymal tumours 13: Pre-natal and neo-natal testing

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Book SynopsisFeaturing contributions from many of the leading laboratories of mitochondrial biology worldwide, Novartis Foundation Symposium 287, Mitochondrial Biology: New Perspectives provides a timely summary of the current state-of-the-art in mitochondrial research.Table of ContentsSymposium on New perspectives on mitochondrial biolog y, held at the Novartis Foundation, London, 28–30 November 2006. Editors: Derek J. Chadwick (Organizer) and Jamie Goode. This symposium is based on a proposal by Michael Duchen. David G. Nicholls Chair's introduction. Albert Neutzner, Richard J. Youle and Mariusz Karbowski, Outer mitochondrial membrane protein degradation by the proteasome. Discussion. Sarah E. Haigh, Gilad Twig, Anthony A. J. Molina, Jakob D. Wikstrom, Motti Deutsch and Orian S. Shirihai PA-GFP: a window into the subcellular adventures of the individual mitochondrion. Discussion. Luca Scorrano, Multiple functions of mitochondria-shaping proteins. Discussion. Bruce M. Spiegelman, Transcriptional control of mitochondrial energy metabolism through the PGC1 coactivators. Discussion. Charles Affourtit, Paul G. Crichton, Nadeene Parker and Martin D. Brand, Novel uncoupling proteins. Discussion. Cecilia Giulivi, Mitochondria as generators and targets of nitric oxide. Discussion. György Hajnóczky, Masao Saotome, György Csordás, David Weaver and Muqing Yi, Calcium signalling and mitochondrial motility. Discussion. Anna Romagnoli, Paola Aguiari, Diego De Stefani, Sara Leo, Saverio Marchi, Alessandro Rimessi, Erika Zecchini, Paolo Pinton and Rosario Rizzuto, Endoplasmic reticulum/mitochondria calcium cross-talk. Discussion. Brian O’Rourke, Sonia Cortassa, Fadi Akar and Miguel Aon, Mitochondrial ion channels in cardiac function and dysfunction. Discussion. Paolo Bernardi and Michael Forte, The mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Discussion. Dominic James, Philippe A. Parone, Olivier Terradillos, Safa Lucken-Ardjomande, Sylvie Montessuit and Jean-Claude Martinou, Mechanisms of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization. Discussion. M. Flint Beal, Mitochondria and neurodegeneration. Discussion. Mügen Terzioglu and Nils-Göran Larsson, Mitochondrial dysfunction in mammalian ageing. Discussion. Eric A. Schon and Salvatore DiMauro. Mitochondrial mutations: genotype to phenotype. Discussion. Contributor Index. Subject index.

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Book SynopsisChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by progressive chronic airflow obstruction, is the most common respiratory disorder of adults in the developed world and is the fourth main cause of death in the US. COPD has received little attention compared with other respiratory diseases such as asthma and lung cancer.Trade Review"The panel of speakers included some of the most distinguished scientists and physicians working in the field of COPD." (Biochemie, No. 83, 2001)Table of ContentsOverview of the pathology/pathogenesis Overview of current therapies Genetics Mucus hypersecretion in COPD Mechanisms of exacerbation Epithelial and mesenchymal cells Macrophage control of inflammation: negative pathways of regulation of inflammatory cytokines Neutrophils Lymphocytes Oxidants/antioxidants Proteases and anti-proteases - I Proteases and anti-proteases - II Alveolus formation: critical period, plasticity and retinoid regulation Systemic effects of COPD Potential novel therapies for COPD

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Book SynopsisA new therapeutic strategy could break the stalemate in the war on cancer by targeting not all cancerous cells but the small fraction that lie at the root of cancers. Lucie Laplane offers a comprehensive analysis of cancer stem cell theory, based on an original interdisciplinary approach that combines biology, biomedical history, and philosophy.Trade ReviewLaplane places us right in the center of an urgently important discussion of cancer stem cells and the therapies that should accompany different theories. Her fresh philosophical perspective introduces us to a science in process, where the outcome is unknown and even the terms of debate remain contested. -- Jane Maienschein, author of Embryos under the MicroscopeIf you had doubts about the utility of philosophy for science, read this book. Its lucid exploration of stem cells will convince you that even cancer therapy can benefit from the lights of philosophy. -- Michel Morange, author of A History of Molecular BiologyBuilds a much broader framework for understanding the biology of stem cells of all types…Laplane’s rigorous analyses unveil deep semantic and conceptual problems in the field…Laplane’s stemness framework should be of great value…A philosopher may indeed have straightened out the stem-cell field. -- Hans Clever * Nature *

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Book SynopsisExploring the role of Immunoglobulin-E (IgE) in human disease, this reference summarizes current research on the mechanisms and utilization of anti-IgE therapeutics in the treatment of IgE-mediated allergic disease, inflammation, and asthma-discussing the structural composition of high- and low-affinity IgE receptors, the airway cells that express these receptors, and the functional activity of IgE-FceRI and IgE-FceRII interactions for improved control and management of allergic disorders.Compiles previously unpublished data from the first extensive scientific investigations of Xolair!IgE and Anti-IgE Therapy in Asthma and Allergic Diseasereviews studies on the distribution of serum IgE levels of normal and asthmatic populations in developed regions of the world such as the United States, Canada, Scandinavia, New Zealand, and Europe offers novel methods for the design and formulation of monoclonal antibodies discusses the use of allergeTable of ContentsIntroduction James D. Reimann, Sharon Safrin, and Robert B. Fick, Jr.Understanding the Binding of IgE to Its High-Affinity Receptor and to an Anti-IgE AntibodyLeonard G. Presta and Robert L. ShieldsMediator Release from Basophils and Mast Cells and Its Relationship to FceRI Expression and IgE-Suppressing TherapiesDonald W. MacGlashan, Jr., John T. Schroeder, Lawrence M. Lichtenstein, Sarbjit S. Saini, and Bruce S. BochnerExpression of IgE Receptors on Eosinophils David Dombrowicz, André Capron, and Monique CapronEosinophil IgE Receptors: Controversy and Consensus Hirohito Kita and Cheryl R. AdolphsonMurine Models of Asthma: Caveats and Conclusions on the Contribution of IgE and Mast Cells to Allergic Inflammation, Airway Hyperresponsiveness, and Airflow ObstructionJeffrey S. Tepper and Daniel B. TumasRole of IgE in Asthma: Pathogenesis and Novel Therapeutic StrategiesJames Laurence Lordan, Stephen T. Holgate, and Ian SayersIgE-Mediated Response to Allergen in the Bronchoprovocation LaboratoryLouis-Philippe Boulet and Donald W. CockcroftPathophysiology of the Airway Response to Inhaled Allergen in Asthmatic Subjects: Role of IgEJohn V. FahyEfficacy and Safety of Xolair Anti-IgE Monoclonal Antibody in Adult AsthmaticsRobert B. Fick, Jr., and W. James MetzgerThe Role of IgE in Pediatric Asthma Henry Milgrom and Charles JohnsonAnti-inflammatory Activities of Omalizumab (Xolair), a Recombinant Humanized Monoclonal Antibody Binding IgERobert B. Fick, Jr.Pulmonary Delivery of Anti-IgE: Rationale for Topical Delivery to the AirwayTheresa D. Sweeney, Melinda Marian, Jane Ruppel, and Jeanine L. BussiereTreatment of Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis Thomas B. Casale and Patricia W. RohaneAnti-IgE and Allergic Skin Diseases Michaël F. Hofer and Donald Y. M. LeungRole of IgE and Food Allergens Ricki M. Helm and A. Wesley BurksRole of IgE in Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis Priscilla S. A. Sarinas and Rajinder K. ChitkaraIgE and Its Role in Parasitic Helminth Infection: Implications for Anti-IgE-Based TherapiesPhilip J. Cooper and Thomas B. NutmanThe Rise of Antibodies as Therapeutics Maureen P. Quan and Paul CarterAuthor Index

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Book SynopsisCurrent techniques for studying biological macromolecules and their interactions are based on the application of physical methods, ranging from classical thermodynamics to more recently developed techniques for the detection and manipulation of single molecules. Reflecting the advances made in biophysics research over the past decade, and now including a new section on medical imaging, this new edition describes the physical methods used in modern biology. All key techniques are covered, including mass spectrometry, hydrodynamics, microscopy and imaging, diffraction and spectroscopy, electron microscopy, molecular dynamics simulations and nuclear magnetic resonance. Each method is explained in detail using examples of real-world applications. Short asides are provided throughout to ensure that explanations are accessible to life scientists, physicists and those with medical backgrounds. The book remains an unparalleled and comprehensive resource for graduate students of biophysics and Trade ReviewReview of first edition: '… a valuable contribution to the field. … There is nothing quite like it at the moment.' Sir Tom Blundell FRS, University of CambridgeReview of first edition: … one of the most comprehensive and highly relevant texts on biophysics that I have encountered in the last 10 years, clearly written and up-to-date … a must-have for biophysicists working in all lines of research …' Nikolaus Grigorieff, Brandeis University, MassachusettsReview of first edition: '… a wonderful up-to-date treatise on the many and diverse methods used … in the fields of molecular biophysics, physical biochemistry, molecular biology, biological physics and the new and emerging field of quantum nanobiology.' Karl J. Jalkanen, Quantum Protein Centre, Technological University of DenmarkReview of first edition: '… a valuable resource for novice and seasoned biophysicists alike.' Dan Minor, California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research, University of CaliforniaReview of first edition: '… the book I consult first when faced with an unfamiliar experimental technique. Both classic analytical techniques and the latest single-molecule methods appear in this single comprehensive reference.' Philip Nelson, University of Pennsylvania and author of Biological PhysicsReview of first edition: '… valuable both for students and research scientists.' Michael G. Rossmann, Hanley Professor of Biological Sciences, Purdue UniversityReview of first edition: 'A great achievement … awaits the student who reads this book … an excellent reference for the seasoned practitioner of biophysical chemistry.' Milton H. Werner, The Rockefeller UniversityReview of first edition: 'This well written, thorough, and elegantly illustrated book provides the connections between molecular biophysics and biology that every aspiring young biologist needs.' Stephen H. White, University of California at IrvineReview of first edition: '… I enthusiastically recommend Methods in Molecular Biophysics to anyone who wishes to know more about the techniques by which the properties of biological macromolecules are determined.' David Worcester, University of MissouriReview of first edition: 'A book that teaches the methods well, creates the intellectual framework of our understanding, and can guide the field. Earlier efforts by Cohn and Edsall, Tanford, Edsall and Wyman, and Cantor and Schimmel have served this important purpose in the past, but the advance of time and technology has diluted the force of these classic works in contemporary Biophysics, both in the teaching and the practices of the field. How welcome, then, a clearly written, thoughtful and modern text that will serve well, both in formal courses and as a reference. The authors have built each method from its fundamental premises and principles, have successfully covered an impressive span of topics, and will be rewarded by attention from an audience that hungers for the next defining text in Molecular Biophysics.' D. M. Engelman, Yale University, New HavenTable of ContentsPreface to the first edition; Preface to the second edition; Introduction; Part I. Biological Macromolecules and Physical Tools: 1. Macromolecules in their environment; 2. Macromolecules as physical particles; 3. Understanding macromolecular structures; Part II. Mass Spectrometry: 4. Mass and charge; 5. Structure function studies; Part III. Thermodynamics: 6. Thermodynamic stability and interactions; 7. Differential scanning calorimetry; 8. Isothermal titration calorimetry; 9. Surface plasmon resonance and interferometry-based biosensors; Part IV. Hydrodynamics: 10. Biological macromolecules as hydrodynamic particles; 11. Analytical ultracentrifugation; 12. Fluorescence depolarization; 13. Dynamic light scattering and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy; Part V. Optical Spectroscopy: 14. Visible and IR absorption spectroscopy; 15. Two-dimensional IR spectroscopy; 16. Raman scattering spectroscopy; 17. Optical activity and circular dichroïsm; Part VI. Optical Microscopy: 18. Light microscopy; 19. Single molecule manipulation and atomic force microscopy; 20. Fluorescence microscopy; 21. Single-molecule detection; 22. Single-molecule manipulation; Part VII. X-Ray and Neutron Diffraction: 23. The macromolecule as a radiation scattering particle; 24. Small-angle scattering and reflectometry; 25. X-ray and neutron macromolecular crystallography; Part VIII. Electron Diffraction: 26. Electron microscopy; 27. Three-dimensional reconstruction from two-dimensional images; Part IX. Molecular Dynamics: 28. Energy and time calculations; 29. Neutron spectroscopy; Part X. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance: 30. Distances and angles from frequencies; 31. Experimental techniques; 32. Structure and dynamics studies; Part XI. Medical Imaging: 33. Radiology and positron emission tomography; 34. Ultrasound imaging; 35. Magnetic resonance imaging; References; Index of eminent scientists; Subject index.

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Book SynopsisThe relationship between infection and immunity and autophagy, a pathway of cellular homeostasis and stress response, has been a rapidly growing field of study over the last decade.Table of ContentsContributors xiii Preface xvii Acknowledgments xix 1 Autophagy and Immunity 1 Xu Liu and Daniel J. Klionsky 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Autophagy 2 1.2.1 Types of autophagy 2 1.2.2 Morphology 3 1.2.3 Molecular machinery 3 1.2.4 Physiological roles 5 1.3 Autophagy and immunity 6 1.3.1 Xenophagy: autophagic clearance of intracellular microorganisms 6 1.3.2 Autophagy and cryptides 9 1.3.3 Autophagy and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) 9 1.3.4 Autophagy and MHC antigen presentation 10 1.3.5 Autophagy regulation by immune signaling molecules 11 1.3.6 Autophagy, inflammation, and autoimmunity 11 1.4 Conclusion 12 References 12 2 Techniques for Studying Autophagy 19 Isei Tanida and Masato Koike 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Reagents and tools for studying autophagy 21 2.2.1 Reagents to monitor the lysosomal flux of LC3-II 21 2.2.2 Reagents that induce autophagy 21 2.2.3 Reagents and recombinant tools that inhibit autophagy 22 2.3 Detection of LC3-I and LC3-II by immunoblotting 22 2.4 Immunofluorescent analyses of endogenous LC3 23 2.5 Monitoring autophagy using fluorescent protein-tagged LC3 23 2.6 Morphological analyses of autophagosomes and autolysosomes by TEM 24 2.6.1 Reagents or stock solutions 26 2.6.2 Resin embedding of cell pellets or microbes 26 2.6.3 Resin flat embedding of cells grown on glass or plastic coverslips 27 2.7 Techniques for immunoelectron microscopy 28 References 29 3 Role of Autophagy In DNA Virus Infections in Vivo 33 Xiaonan Dong and Beth Levine 3.1 Introduction 33 3.2 In vivo interplay between autophagy and DNA viruses in plants and invertebrates 34 3.3 In vivo interplay between autophagy and DNA viruses in vertebrates 35 3.3.1 Autophagy is an essential antiviral mechanism that protects against HSV-1 in vivo 35 3.3.2 The autophagy-HBV interplay in vivo: a balance between viral exploitation and tumor suppression 40 3.3.3 Autophagy may suppress γ-herpesvirus persistent infection 42 3.4 Conclusion 43 Acknowledgments 44 References 44 4 Studying RNA Viruses and Autophagy in Vivo 49 Mehrdad Alirezaei and J. Lindsay Whitton 4.1 Introduction 49 4.2 In vivo interactions between autophagy and RNA viruses in plants and invertebrates 50 4.2.1 Plants 50 4.2.2 Invertebrates 50 4.3 In vivo Interactions between autophagy and RNA viruses in vertebrates 51 4.3.1 Togaviridae 51 4.3.2 Caliciviridae 51 4.3.3 Orthomyxoviridae 53 4.3.4 Flaviviridae 53 4.3.5 Picornaviridae 54 4.4 Conclusion 62 Acknowledgments 63 References 63 5 Autophagy and Picornavirus Infection 67 Tom Wileman, Zhigang Zhou, Matthew Whelband, Eleanor Cottam, Stephen Berryman, Terry Jackson and Rebecca Roberts 5.1 Introduction 67 5.2 Selective autophagy involves autophagy receptors with LC3-interacting domains 69 5.3 Autophagy is activated during virus infection 69 5.4 Picornaviruses and autophagy 69 5.4.1 Poliovirus 70 5.4.2 Coxsackievirus 72 5.4.3 Human enterovirus 71 73 5.4.4 Encephalomyocarditis virus 73 5.4.5 Foot-and-mouth disease virus 74 5.4.6 Human rhinoviruses 75 5.5 Caution in interpretation of induction of LC3 puncta and double-membraned vesicles in the context of autophagy 75 5.5.1 LC3 puncta 75 5.6 Conclusions and future research 77 References 78 6 Flaviviruses and Autophagy 81 Tristan X. Jordan and Glenn Randall 6.1 Introduction 81 6.1.1 Autophagy 81 6.2 Flaviviruses 83 6.3 Dengue virus 83 6.3.1 Autophagosomes as a platform for replication? 85 6.3.2 Modulation of lipid metabolism 86 6.3.3 Potential role for the autophagy-related proteins USP10 and USP13 in DENV virion maturation 87 6.3.4 Cytoprotective autophagy 88 6.3.5 The role of autophagy in an ADE model of monocyte infection 89 6.3.6 Autophagy in DENV infections in mice 89 6.4 Other Flaviviruses 90 6.4.1 Japanese encephalitis virus 90 6.4.2 Modoc virus 90 6.4.3 West Nile virus 90 6.5 Concluding remarks 92 Acknowlegments 92 References 93 7 Autophagy: A Home Remodeler for Hepatitis C Virus 101 Marine L.B. Hillaire, Elodie Décembre, and Marlène Dreux 7.1 Introduction 101 7.1.1 Autophagy 101 7.1.2 Hepatitis C virus (HCV) disease, genome and replication 103 7.2 HCV induces a proviral autophagy 111 7.3 How does HCV trigger autophagy vesicle accumulation? 111 7.4 Dynamic membrane remodeling by autophagy 113 7.5 Interlinkage of autophagy with the innate immune response 114 7.6 Autophagy and cell death 115 7.7 Removal of aberrant deposits and organelles by autophagy: implications for liver injury associated with chronic hepatitis C 116 7.7.1 Autophagy and lipid metabolism 116 7.7.2 Mitophagy and HCV persistence 117 7.8 Conclusions and future directions 118 Acknowledgments 119 References 119 8 Modulating Autophagy to Cure Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 127 Stephen A. Spector and Grant R. Campbell 8.1 Introduction 127 8.2 HIV subverts autophagy to promote its own replication 129 8.3 HIV infection inhibits autophagy during permissive infection while induction of autophagy leads to inhibition of HIV 130 8.4 HIV-induced autophagy in bystander CD4+ T cells results in cell death 130 8.5 Modulation of autophagy as a mechanism for HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment 132 8.6 How can autophagy be exploited to control and eradicate HIV? 134 Acknowledgments 137 References 138 9 Autophagy in the Infected Cell: Insights from Pathogenic Bacteria 143 Andrea Sirianni and Serge Mostowy 9.1 Introduction 143 9.2 Autophagy–bacteria interactions 143 9.2.1 Salmonella typhimurium 144 9.2.2 Mycobacterium tuberculosis 145 9.2.3 Legionella pneumophila 146 9.2.4 Listeria monocytogenes 147 9.2.5 Shigella flexneri 149 9.2.6 Mycobacterium marinum 150 9.3 Conclusions 151 Acknowledgments 151 References 152 10 Rab Proteins in Autophagy: Streptococcus Model 159 Takashi Nozawa and Ichiro Nakagawa 10.1 Introduction 159 10.2 Rab GTPase 160 10.3 Rab GTPases in starvation-induced autophagy 160 10.4 Rab localization in autophagy during Streptococcus infection 161 10.5 Involvement of Rab7 in the initial formation of GcAV 163 10.6 Requirement of Rab23 for GcAV formation 163 10.7 Facilitation by Rab9A of GcAV enlargement and lysosomal fusion 164 10.8 Conclusion and perspective 165 References 167 11 Helicobacter Pylori Infection Control by Autophagy 171 Laura K. Greenfield, Frances Dang, and Nicola L. Jones 11.1 Helicobacter pylori 171 11.2 H. pylori and evasion of host immune responses 176 11.3 Autophagy 178 11.4 Acute H. pylori infection: induction of autophagy in gastric epithelial cells 180 11.5 Chronic H. pylori infection: suppression of autophagy in gastric epithelial cells 184 11.6 H. pylori induction of autophagy in immune cells 185 11.7 Host genetics affecting autophagic clearance of H. pylori 185 11.8 H. pylori disrupted autophagy and gastric cancer 186 11.9 H. pylori therapy: is autophagy a contender? 187 11.10 Concluding remarks 188 Acknowledgments 189 References 189 12 Interactions Between Salmonella and The Autophagy System 201 Teresa L.M. Thurston and David W. Holden 12.1 Introduction 201 12.2 Salmonella’s life within the host 201 12.3 Salmonella’s survival in a harsh intracellular habitat 202 12.4 Models for studying Salmonella infection 203 12.5 Mechanisms of Salmonella autophagy 204 12.5.1 Salmonella is targeted for antibacterial autophagy 204 12.5.2 Antibacterial autophagy induction 205 12.5.3 Eat-me signals for antibacterial autophagy 206 12.5.4 Autophagy receptors provide cargo specificity 208 12.6 Autophagy of Salmonella in vivo 209 12.7 Bacterial countermeasures 210 12.7.1 Could Salmonella counteract autophagy? 210 12.7.2 Potential autophagy avoidance mechanisms 210 12.7.3 SseL deubiquitinates autophagy-targeted protein aggregates 210 12.7.4 Does Salmonella inhibit selective antibacterial autophagy? 211 12.8 Perspectives 211 References 213 13 Host Factors That Recruit Autophagy as Defense Against Toxoplasma Gondii 219 Carlos S. Subauste 13.1 Introduction 219 13.2 CD40, autophagy and lysosomal degradation of T. gondii 220 13.3 Events downstream of CD40 involved in the stimulation of autophagy 222 13.4 Relevance of autophagy during in vivo infection with T. gondii 224 13.5 IFN-γ and ATG5 in T. gondii infection 224 13.6 T. gondii manipulates host cell signaling to inhibit targeting by LC3+ structures and to maintain the nonfusogenic nature of the parasitophorous vacuole 227 13.7 Autophagy machinery within T. gondii 228 13.8 Conclusion 229 Acknowledgments 229 References 229 14 Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and The Autophagic Pathway 233 Gabriela María Recalde and María Isabel Colombo 14.1 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a pathogen that resides in a self-tailored compartment to avoid killing by the host cell 233 14.2 The ESX-1 secretion system 235 14.3 Mycobacterium marinum, a close relative that escapes and forms actin tails in the cytoplasm 235 14.4 Mycobacterium actively modulates autophagy 236 14.5 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a pathogen also able to escape toward the cytoplasm 239 14.6 Concluding remarks 240 References 241 15 Autophagy Enhances yhe Efficacy of BCG Vaccine 245Arshad Khan, Christopher R. Singh, Emily Soudani, Pearl Bakhru, Sankaralingam Saikolappan, Jeffrey D. Cirillo, N. Tony Eissa, Subramanian Dhandayuthapani and Chinnaswamy Jagannath 15.1 Introduction 246 15.2 Induction of autophagy through mTOR enhances antigen presentation via the MHC-II pathway in macrophages and dendritic cells 247 15.2.1 Rapamycin-induced autophagy enhances antigen presentation in APCs 248 15.2.2 Rapamycin and Torin1-induced autophagy enhances both antigen presentation and IL-1β secretion from BCG infected APCs 248 15.3 Intracellular mechanisms of autophagic routing of particulate BCG vaccine and secreted Ag85B into autophagosomes and enhanced MHC-II mediated antigen presentation 251 15.3.1 Overexpression of secreted Ag85B in BCG vaccine leads to aggresome formation in the cytosol of APCs 251 15.3.2 Overexpressed Ag85B from BCG vaccine forms aggresomes, which enhance antigen presentation through autophagy 251 15.3.3 Discussion: in vitro studies on autophagy and antigen presentation 253 15.4 Rapamycin activation of dendritic cells enhances efficacy of DC-BCG vaccine 255 15.4.1 Discussion 256 15.5 Rapamycin coadministration with BCG vaccine in mice enhances CD4 and CD8 T cell mediated protection against tuberculosis 256 15.5.1 Discussion 262 15.6 Conclusions 262 Acknowledgments 263 References 263 16 Autophagy’s Contribution to Innate and Adaptive Immunity: An Overview 267 Christina Bell, Michel Desjardins, Pierre Thibault and Kerstin Radtke 16.1 Autophagy: different routes to the same goal? 267 16.2 Xenophagy: it is a dog-eat-dog world 269 16.3 Autophagy and Toll-like receptors: a mutual turn-on 269 16.4 Autophagy and antigen presentation: a cry for help to clear pathogenic invaders 270 16.5 Autophagy and inflammasomes: Mutual regulation for an effective immune response 273 16.6 Cross-talk between autophagy and cytokines 273 Acknowledgments 275 References 275 17 Autophagy in Immune Responses to Viruses 279 Christophe Viret and Mathias Faure 17.1 Innate immunity against viruses 279 17.2 Autophagy in antiviral innate immunity 281 17.2.1 Virus sensing for autophagy induction 281 17.2.2 Role of autophagy in xenophagy of viruses 282 17.2.3 Role of autophagy in antiviral innate immunity signaling 283 17.3 Autophagy manipulation by viruses to resist innate immunity 285 17.3.1 Autophagy manipulation by viruses to prevent IFN-I synthesis 285 17.3.2 Viruses subvert autophagy to interfere with inflammatory responses 286 17.3.3 Autophagy and cell death during virus infection 287 17.4 Autophagy in antiviral adaptive immunity 287 17.4.1 Promotion of adaptive immune responses to viral infection by autophagy 287 17.4.2 MHC class II-restricted presentation of viral epitopes 288 17.4.3 MHC class I-restricted presentation of viral epitopes 290 17.4.4 Autophagy and cross-presentation 292 17.5 Autophagy manipulation by viruses to escape adaptive immunity 294 17.5.1 MHC class II antigen presentation pathway 294 17.5.2 MHC class I antigen presentation pathway 295 17.5.3 Autophagy and antigen-presenting cell function 295 17.6 Concluding remarks 296 Acknowledgments 296 References 297 18 Processing and MHC Presentation Of Antigens After Autophagy-Assisted Endocytosis, Exocytosis, and Cytoplasm Degradation 303 Christian Münz 18.1 Introduction 303 18.2 Substrate recognition by macroautophagy 305 18.3 Antigen processing for MHC class II presentation by macroautophagy 307 18.4 A role of macroautophagy in MHC class I antigen presentation 308 18.5 Antigen release by autophagy-assisted exocytosis 309 18.6 Autophagy-assisted phagocytosis 310 18.7 Conclusions and outlook 312 Acknowledgments 312 References 312 Index 317

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Book SynopsisThe Biology and Therapeutic Application of Mesenchymal Cells comprehensively describes the cellular and molecular biology of mesenchymal stem cells and mesenchymal stromal cells, describing their therapeutic potential in a wide variety of preclinical models of human diseases and their mechanism of action in these preclinical models. Chapters also discuss the current status of the use of mesenchymal stem and stromal cells in clinical trials in a wide range of human diseases and disorders, for many of which there are limited, or no other, therapeutic avenues. Provides coverage on both the biology of mesenchymal stem cells and stromal cells, and their therapeutic applications Describes the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem and stromal cells in a wide variety of preclinical models of human diseases and their mechanism of action in these preclinical models Discusses the current status of mesenchymal stem and stromal cells in clinical trials iTable of ContentsContributors, xxvii Editor’s Preface, xxxv Section I: An overview of mesenchymal stem cells and mesenchymal stromal cells 1 The mesenchymal stem cell, the mesenchymal stromal cell, and the mesenchymal stromal cell exosome, 3Kerry Atkinson 2 The nomenclature of mesenchymal stem cells and mesenchymal stromal cells, 8Armand Keating Section II: The isolation and ex vivo expansion of mesenchymal stromal cells 3 The isolation and expansion of mesenchymal stromal cells from bone marrow, 13Celena F. Heazlewood 4 The biology and clinical applications of mesenchymal stromal cells derived from human gestational tissues, 24Celena F. Heazlewood 5 Human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells: fetal and maternal origins and critical parameters forex vivo expansion, 32Rebecca A. Pelekanos and Varda S. Sardesai Section III: The cellular and molecular biology of mesenchymal stromal cells 6 Epigenetic regulation of mesenchymal stem/stromal cell growth and multipotentiality, 41Sarah Elizabeth Hemming, Dimitrios Cakouros, and Stan Gronthos 7 Biological changes in human mesenchymal stromal cells during monolayer culture, 58Marietta Herrmann and Jennifer J. Bara 8 The effect of three-dimensional aggregates on the biology of mesenchymal stromal cells, 75Yijun Liu, Ang-Chen Tsai, Xuegang Yuan, and Teng Ma 9 Cell–cell signaling pathways that regulate mesenchymal stromal cell differentiation, 91Leah Etheridge, Rebecca A. Mason, Fatima Saleh, and Paul Genever 10 Regulation of mitochondrial transport in mesenchymal stromal cells, 104Shravani Mukherjee, Naveen K. Bhatraju, Tanveer Ahmad, and Anurag Agrawal 11 The regulation of adipogenesis from adipose-derived stem/stromal cells, 114Lin Chen and Lei Liu 12 Modulation of osteogenic differentiation in mesenchymal stromal cells, 131Sean Gaynard, Jessica Hayes, and Mary Murphy 13 The role of glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitors on bone remodeling, 148K. Jane Escott and Patrick J. O’Shea 14 Early molecular events during in vitro chondrogenesis, 167Tommy A. Karlsen, Rune B. Jakobsen, and Jan E. Brinchmann 15 The role of the extracellular matrix in the differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells, 191Peishun Shou, Qing Chen, and Yufang Shi 16 Effects of hypoxic culture on bone marrow multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells: from bench to bedside, 196Shih-Chieh Hung 17 The role of cyclic tensile strain on osteogenesis and angiogenesis in human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells, 208Adisri Charoenpanich, Josephine Bodle, and Elizabeth Loboa 18 The evolving concept of mesenchymal stromal cells in regenerative medicine: from cell differentiation tosecretome, 222F.G. Teixeira, A. Pires, S.C. Serra, N. Sousa, and A.J. Salgado 19 The secretome of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells undergoing chondrogenic differentiation and those undergoing osteogenic or adipogenic differentiation, 236Beatriz Rocha, Francisco J. Blanco, and Cristina Ruiz-Romero 20 Mesenchymal stromal cell extracellular vesicles/exosomes, 250Ronne Wee Yeh Yeo, Ruenn Chai Lai, and Sai Kiang Lim 21 Role of tunneling nanotube crosstalk with distressed cardiomyocytes in controlling the heart repair potential of mesenchymal stromal cells, 264Anne-Marie Rodriguez and Meriem Mahrouf-Yorgov 22 The preferential homing of mesenchymal stromal cells to sites of inflammation, 286Catherine Sullivan 23 The role of chemokines in mesenchymal stromal cell homing to sites of inflammation, including infarctedmyocardium, 314Shan Wang and Yaojiong Wu 24 Live cell imaging and single cell tracking of’mesenchymal stromal cells in vitro, 323James A. Cornwell, Maria Z. Gutierrez, Richard P. Harvey and Robert E. Nordon 25 The role of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells in angiogenesis, 347Annelies Bronckaers and Ivo Lambrichts 26 The relationship between mesenchymal stromal cells and endothelial cells, 366Seyed Mahdi Nassiri and Reza Rahbarghazi 27 The radioresistance of mesenchymal stromal cells and their potential role in the management of radiation injury, 391Tara Sugrue, Irene Calvo-Asensio, and Rhodri Ceredig 28 The implications of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells in tumor biology and therapy, 415Pratika Y. Hernanda, Maikel P. Peppelenbosch, and Qiuwei Pan 29 Mesenchymal stem/stromal cell therapy: mechanism of action and host response, 426Aideen Ryan, Mary Murphy, and Frank Barry 30 The differences between mesenchymal stromal cells and fibroblasts, 441Luigi Balducci, Sharon Natasha Cox, and Giulio Alessandri 31 Derivation of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells from induced pluripotent stem cells, 456Rebecca A. Pelekanos 32 The role of mesenchymal stem cells in hematopoiesis, 467Jean-Pierre Levesque, Rebecca N. Jacobsen, and Ingrid G. Winkler 33 The modulatory effects of mesenchymal stromal cells onthe innate immune system, 481Ko-Jiunn Liu, Men-Luh Yen, Li-Tzu Wang, and B. Linju Yen 34 The modulatory effects of mesenchymal stromal cells on the adaptive immune system, 490B. Linju Yen, Ko-Jiunn Liu, Men-Luh Yen, and Huey-Kang Sytwu 35 The role of mesenchymal stromal cells in the repair of acute organ injury, 496A.A. Temnov, A.V. Vagabov, A.N. Sklifas, V.I. Novoselov, and Y.A. Belyi 36 The use of mesenchymal stromal cells in the treatment of diseases of the cornea, 524Damien G. Harkin, Allison J. Sutherland, Laura J. Bray, Leanne Foyn, Fiona J. Li, and Brendan G. Cronin 37 The role of paracrine factors secreted by mesenchymal stromal cells in acute tissue injury, 544Ying Wang, Tania Velletri, Chunxing Zheng, and Yufang Shi 38 Treatment of lung disease by mesenchymal stromal cell extracellular vesicles, 553Antoine Monsel, Ying-gang Zhu, Varun Gudapati, and Jae-Woo Lee 39 Evaluating mesenchymal stem/stromal cells for treatment of asthma and allergic rhinitis, 573Tatyana Gavrilova, Saritha Kartan, Lauren S. Sherman, Oleta A. Sandiford, and Pranela Rameshwar 40 Stem cell therapies for Huntington’s disease, 581A.T. Crane, J. Rossignol, and G. L. Dunbar Section IV: The role of bioengineering in the therapeutic applications of mesenchymal stromal cells 41 Endometrial mesenchymal stromal cell and tissue engineering for pelvic organ prolapse repair, 601Shanti Gurung, Jerome A. Werkmeister, and Caroline E. Gargett 42 Closed automated large-scale bioreactors for manufacturing mesenchymal stromal cells for clinical use, 616Kerry Atkinson, Nicholas Timmins, G. Kiel, Celena Heazlewood, Michael Doran, and Gary Brooke Section V: GMP manufacturing of mesenchymal stromal cells for clinical use 43 Current good manufacturing practice for the isolation and ex vivo expansion of mesenchymal stromal cells derived from term human placenta for use in clinical trials, 621Kerry Atkinson, Dahlia Khalil, Celena Heazlewood, and Nina Ilic 44 A comparison of high-tier regulatory documents pertaining to biologic drugs including mesenchymal stromal cells in Australia, Europe, and the USA using a manual documentary analysis, 628Nina Ilic Section VI: The therapeutic application of mesenchymal stromal cells 45 The use of mesenchymal stromal cells in acute and chronic heart disease, 647Ariel Wolf, Wayne Balkan, and Joshua Hare 46 The role of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells in the management of critical limb ischemia, 661P.K. Gupta, Chullikana Anoop, Balasubramanian Sudha, R Mathiazhagan, Raj Swathi Sundar, and Majumdar Anish Sen 47 The role of mesenchymal stromal cells in the management of musculoskeletal disorders, 677Stefan Zwingenberger, Ishaq Ojodu, Maik Stiehler, and Stuart B. Goodman 48 The potential role of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells in the treatment of ischemic stroke, 690Yujun Pan and Ruohan Sun 49 The role of mesenchymal stromal cells in spinal cord injury, 714P. Jendelova, L. Machova-Urdzikova, and E. Sykova 50 The role of mesenchymal stromal cells in the treatment of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, 730Céline Gregoire, Chantal Lechanteur, Alexandra Briquet, Etienne Baudoux, Olivier Giet, Olivier Delloye, Frédéric Baron, Edouard Louis, and Yves Beguin 51 Mesenchymal stromal cells targeting kidney disease: benefits of a combined therapeutic approach, 754Brooke M. Huuskes and Sharon D. Ricardo 52 The biology and potential clinical applications of mesenchymal stromal cells in diseases of the lung, 770Yuben P. Moodley, Jesse D. Armitage, and Dino B.A. Tan 53 The role of mesenchymal stromal cells in diseases of the lung, 787Kerry Atkinson 54 Mesenchymal stromal cells for the treatment of’autoimmune diseases, 794Christopher N. Lewis and Jacques Galipeau 55 The role of mesenchymal stromal cells in bacterial infection, 814Sailaja Ghanta, Konstantin Tsoyi, and Mark A. Perrella 56 The use of mesenchymal stromal cells in solid organ transplantation, 825Céline Gregoire, Alexandra Briquet, François Jouret, Chantal Lechanteur, Etienne Baudoux, Olivier Giet, Olivier Delloye, Frédéric Baron, Olivier Detry, and Yves Beguin 57 The role of mesenchymal stromal cells in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, 836Kerry Atkinson 58 The role of mesenchymal stromal cells in the management of skin wounds, 841Sung-Whan Kim 59 The role of mesenchymal stromal cells in skin wound healing, 845Miao Teng and Hengshu Zhang Section VII: Mesenchymal stromal cells as delivery vehicles for therapeutic agents 60 The role of mesenchymal stromal cells in human brain tumors, 859Brittany C. Parker Kerrigan, Tal Shahar, Shinji Yamashita, and Frederick F. Lang 61 Mesenchymal stromal cells as gene delivery vehicles to treat nonmalignant diseases, 873Julie R. Beegle, Jan A. Nolta, and Fernando A. Fierro 62 Gene therapy for cancer using mesenchymal stromal cells, 892Ryosuke Uchibori and Keiya Ozawa Section VIII: The present and the future 63 Breaking news, 901Kerry Atkinson 64 Reconciling the stem cell and paracrine paradigms of mesenchymal stem cell function, 912Siddaraju V. Boregowda and Donald G. Phinney Glossary, 927 Index, 949

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Book SynopsisCellular Physiology of Nerve and Muscle, Fourth Edition offers a state of the art introduction to the basic physical, electrical and chemical principles central to the function of nerve and muscle cells. The text begins with an overview of the origin of electrical membrane potential, then clearly illustrates the cellular physiology of nerve cells and muscle cells. Throughout, this new edition simplifies difficult concepts with accessible models and straightforward descriptions of experimental results. An all-new introduction to electrical signaling in the nervous system. Expanded coverage of synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity. A quantitative overview of the electrical properties of cells. New detailed illustrations. Table of ContentsPart I: Origin of Electrical Membrane Potential. 1. Introduction to Electrical Signaling in the Nervous System. The Patellar Reflex as a Model for Neural Function. The Cellular Organization of Neurons. Electrical Signals in Neurons. Transmission between Neurons. 2. Composition of Intracellular and Extracellular Fluids. Intracellular and Extracellular Fluids. The Structure of the Plasma Membrane. Summary. 3. Maintenance of Cell Volume. Molarity, Molality, and Diffusion of Water. Osmotic Balance and Cell Volume. Answers to the Problem of Osmotic Balance. Tonicity. Time-Course of Volume Changes. Summary. 4. Membrane Potential: Ionic Equilibrium. Diffusion Potential. Equilibrium Potential. The Nernst Equation. The Principle of Electrical Neutrality. The Cell Membrane as an Electrical Capacitor. Incorporating Osmotic Balance. Donnan Equilibrium. A Model Cell That Looks Like a Real Animal Cell. The Sodium Pump. Summary. 5. Membrane Potential: Ionic Steady State. Equilibrium Potentials for Sodium, Potassium, and Chloride. Ion Channels in the Plasma Membrane. Membrane Potential and Ionic Permeability. The Goldman Equation. Ionic Steady State. The Chloride Pump. Electrical Current and the Movement of Ions Across Membranes. Factors Affecting Ion Current Across a Cell Membrane. Membrane Permeability vs. Membrane Conductance. Behavior of Single Ion Channels. Summary. Part II: Cellular Physiology of Nerve Cells. 6. Generation of Nerve Action Potential. The Action Potential. Ionic Permeability and Membrane Potential. Measuring the Long-Distance Signal in Neurons. Characteristics of the Action Potential. Initiation and Propagation of Action Potentials. Changes in Relative Sodium Permeability During an Action Potential. Voltage-Dependent Sodium Channels of the Neuron Membrane. Repolarization. The Refractory Period. Propagation of an Action Potential Along a Nerve Fiber. Factors Affecting the Speed of Action Potential Propagation. Molecular Properties of the Voltage-Sensitive Sodium Channel. Molecular Properties of Voltage-Dependent Potassium Channels. Calcium-Dependent Action Potentials. Summary. 7. The Action Potential: Voltage Clamp Experiments. The Voltage Clamp. Measuring Changes in Membrane Ionic Conductance Using the Voltage Clamp. The Squid Giant Axon. Ionic Currents Across an Axon Membrane Under Voltage Clamp. The Gated Ion Channel Model. Membrane Potential and Peak Ionic Conductance. Kinetics of the Change in Ionic Conductance Following a Step Depolarization. Sodium Inactivation. The Temporal Behavior of Sodium and Potassium Conductance. Gating Currents. Summary. 8. Synaptic Transmission at the Neuromuscular Junction. Chemical and Electrical Synapses. The Neuromuscular Junction as a Model Chemical Synapse. Transmission at a Chemical Synapse. Presynaptic Action Potential and Acetylcholine Release. Effect of ACh on the Muscle Cell. Neurotransmitter Release. The Vesicle Hypothesis of Quantal Transmitter Release. Mechanism of Vesicle Fusion. Recycling of Vesicle Membrane. Inactivation of Released Acetylcholine. Recording the Electrical Current Flowing Through a Single Acetylcholine-Activated Ion Channel. Molecular Properties of the Acetylcholine-Activated Channel. Summary. 9. Synaptic Transmission in the Central Nervous System. Excitatory and Inhibitory Synapses. Excitatory Synaptic Transmission Between Neurons. Temporal and Spatial Summation of Synaptic Potentials. Some Possible Excitatory Neurotransmitters. Conductance-Decrease E.P.S.P.'s. Inhibitory Synaptic Transmission. The Synapse Between Sensory Neurons and Antagonist Neurons in the Patellar Reflex. Characteristics of Inhibitory Synaptic Transmission. Mechanism of Inhibition in the Postsynaptic Membrane. Some Possible Inhibitory Neurotransmitters. The Family of Neurotransmitter-Gated Ion Channels. Neuronal Integration. Indirect Actions of Neurotransmitters. Presynaptic Inhibition and Factilitation. Synaptic Plasticity. Short-Term Changes in Synaptic Strength. Long-Term Changes in Synaptic Strength. Summary. Part III: Cellular Physiology of Muscle Cells. 10. Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Skeletal Muscle. The Three Types of Muscle. Structure of Skeletal Muscle. Changes in Striation Pattern on Contraction. Molecular Composition of Filaments. Interaction Between Myosin and Actin. Regulation of Contraction. The Sarcoplasmic Reticulum. The Transverse Tubule System. Summary. 11. Neural Control of Muscle Contraction. The Motor Unit. The Mechanics of Contraction. The Relationship Between Isometric Tension and Muscle Length. Control of Muscle Tension by the Nervous System. Recruitment of Motor Neurons. Fast and Slow Muscle Fibers. Temporal Summation of Contractions Within a Single Motor Unit. Asynchronous Activation of Motor Units During Maintained Contraction. Summary. 12. Cardiac Muscle: The Autonomic Nervous System. Autonomic Control of the Heart. The Pattern of Cardiac Contraction. Coordination of Contraction Across Cardiac Muscle Fibers. Generation of Rhythmic Contractions. The Cardiac Action Potential. The Pacemaker Potential. Actions of Acetylcholine and Norepinephrine on Cardiac Muscle Cells. Summary. Appendix A: Derivation of the Nernst Equation. Appendix B: Derivation of the Goldman Equation. Appendix C: Electrical Properties of Cells. Suggested Readings

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Book SynopsisMore than 7 billion people inhabit the earth and all of them are subject to aging. This book is aimed at persons interested in a molecular explanation of how our cells age. Human Longevity: Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Bioenergetics, Molecular Biology, and Evolution is built on the proposition that we age as our mitochondria age. It suggests a revised version of Harman's famous hypothesis featuring mitochondrial oxidative and energy stresses as the root causes of aging. Human cells are protected from the ravages of aging by a battery of defensive systems including some novel mechanisms against membrane oxidation introduced in this book. This concept is consistent with recent discoveries showing that mitochondria-targeted antioxidants prevent Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, and traumatic brain disease in animal models of neurodegeneration.This book explores a unified theory of aging based on bioenergetics. It covers a variety of topics including Table of ContentsIntroduction to the Science of Human Aging. Darwinian Selection of Membranes Enabling Longevity. Revised Mitochondrial Membrane Hypothesis of Aging. Many Mechanisms Have Evolved to Protect Human Mitochondrial Membranes, Enabling Longevity.

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Book SynopsisSignal transduction is any process by which a cell converts one kind of signal or stimulus into another. Processes referred to as signal transduction often involve a sequence of biochemical reactions inside the cell, which are carried out by enzymes and linked through second messengers. In many transduction processes, an increasing number of enzymes and other molecules become engaged in the events that proceed from the initial stimulus. Responses of cells to environmental signals, toxins and stressors have profound implications for diverse aspects of human health and disease including development, cystic fibrosis, diabetes, asthma, heart, autoimmune diseases and cancer. The delineation of the signal transduction pathways affected in these and other complex human diseases are likely to present new avenues for therapeutic intervention and understanding of human disease mechanisms.

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Book SynopsisApoptosis is the regulated form of cell death. It is a complex process defined by a set of characteristic morphological and biochemical features that involves the active participation of affected cells in a self-destruction cascade. This programmed cell death plays a critical role in physiological functions such as cell deletion during embryonic development, balancing cell number in continuously renewing tissues and immune system development. Additionally, a dysregulation of apoptosis is underlying in numerous pathological situations such as Parkinson, Alzheimer''s disease and cancer. A number of studies have pointed out an association between consumption of fruits and vegetables, and certain beverages such as tea and wine, which are rich in polyphenols, with reduced risk of chronic diseases, including cancer. Apoptosis is also the regulatory mechanism involved in the removal of unnecessary cells during development and in tissue homeostasis in a wide range of organisms from insects to mammals. This book presents exciting research in this related field.

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Book SynopsisApoptosis is the regulated form of cell death. It is a complex process defined by a set of characteristic morphological and biochemical features that involves the active participation of affected cells in a self-destruction cascade. This programmed cell death plays a critical role in physiological functions such as cell deletion during embryonic development, balancing cell number in continuously renewing tissues and immune system development. Additionally, a dysregulation of apoptosis is underlying in numerous pathological situations such as Parkinson, Alzheimer''s disease and cancer. A number of studies have pointed out an association between consumption of fruits and vegetables, and certain beverages such as tea and wine, which are rich in polyphenols, with reduced risk of chronic diseases, including cancer. Apoptosis is also the regulatory mechanism involved in the removal of unnecessary cells during development and in tissue homeostasis in a wide range of organisms from insects to mammals. The aim of this book is to provide new studies in the field of apoptosis research.

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Book SynopsisApoptosis is the regulated form of cell death. It is a complex process defined by a set of characteristic morphological and biochemical features that involves the active participation of affected cells in a self-destruction cascade. This programmed cell death plays a critical role in physiological functions such as cell deletion during embryonic development, balancing cell number in continuously renewing tissues and immune system development. Additionally, a dysregulation of apoptosis is underlying in numerous pathological situations such as Parkinson, Alzheimer''s disease and cancer. A number of studies have pointed out an association between consumption of fruits and vegetables, and certain beverages such as tea and wine, which are rich in polyphenols, with reduced risk of chronic diseases, including cancer. Apoptosis is also the regulatory mechanism involved in the removal of unnecessary cells during development and in tissue homeostasis in a wide range of organisms from insects to mammals. The aim of this book is to provide untouched studies in this new and exciting field.

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Book SynopsisApoptosis is the regulated form of cell death. It is a complex process defined by a set of characteristic morphological and biochemical features that involves the active participation of affected cells in a self-destruction cascade. This programmed cell death plays a critical role in physiological functions such as cell deletion during embryonic development, balancing cell number in continuously renewing tissues and immune system development. Additionally, a dysregulation of apoptosis is underlying in numerous pathological situations such as Parkinson, Alzheimer''s disease and cancer. A number of studies have pointed out an association between consumption of fruits and vegetables, and certain beverages such as tea and wine, which are rich in polyphenols, with reduced risk of chronic diseases, including cancer. Apoptosis is also the regulatory mechanism involved in the removal of unnecessary cells during development and in tissue homeostasis in a wide range of organisms from insects to mammals. The aim of this book is to provide new studies in the field of apoptosis research.

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Book SynopsisApoptosis is the regulated form of cell death. It is a complex process defined by a set of characteristic morphological and biochemical features that involves the active participation of affected cells in a self-destruction cascade. This programmed cell death plays a critical role in physiological functions such as cell deletion during embryonic development, balancing cell number in continuously renewing tissues and immune system development. Additionally, a dysregulation of apoptosis is underlying in numerous pathological situations such as Parkinson, Alzheimer''s disease and cancer. A number of studies have pointed out an association between consumption of fruits and vegetables, and certain beverages such as tea and wine, which are rich in polyphenols, with reduced risk of chronic diseases, including cancer. Apoptosis is also the regulatory mechanism involved in the removal of unnecessary cells during development and in tissue homeostasis in a wide range of organisms from insects to mammals. This book focuses on cell apoptotic signalling pathways.

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Book SynopsisApoptosis is the regulated form of cell death. It is a complex process defined by a set of characteristic morphological and biochemical features that involves the active participation of affected cells in a self-destruction cascade. This programmed cell death plays a critical role in physiological functions such as cell deletion during embryonic development, balancing cell number in continuously renewing tissues and immune system development. Additionally, a dysregulation of apoptosis is underlying in numerous pathological situations such as Parkinson, Alzheimer''s disease and cancer. A number of studies have pointed out an association between consumption of fruits and vegetables, and certain beverages such as tea and wine, which are rich in polyphenols, with reduced risk of chronic diseases, including cancer. Apoptosis is also the regulatory mechanism involved in the removal of unnecessary cells during development and in tissue homeostasis in a wide range of organisms from insects to mammals. This book deals with cell apoptosis regulation and environmental factors.

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Book SynopsisApoptosis is the regulated form of cell death. It is a complex process defined by a set of characteristic morphological and biochemical features that involves the active participation of affected cells in a self-destruction cascade. This programmed cell death plays a critical role in physiological functions such as cell deletion during embryonic development, balancing cell number in continuously renewing tissues and immune system development. Additionally, a dysregulation of apoptosis is underlying in numerous pathological situations such as Parkinson, Alzheimer''s disease and cancer. A number of studies have pointed out an association between consumption of fruits and vegetables, and certain beverages such as tea and wine, which are rich in polyphenols, with reduced risk of chronic diseases, including cancer. Apoptosis is also the regulatory mechanism involved in the removal of unnecessary cells during development and in tissue homeostasis in a wide range of organisms from insects to mammals. This book presents important research from around the world.

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Book SynopsisApoptosis is the regulated form of cell death. It is a complex process defined by a set of characteristic morphological and biochemical features that involves the active participation of affected cells in a self-destruction cascade. This programmed cell death plays a critical role in physiological functions such as cell deletion during embryonic development, balancing cell number in continuously renewing tissues and immune system development. Additionally, a dysregulation of apoptosis is underlying in numerous pathological situations such as Parkinson, Alzheimer''s disease and cancer. A number of studies have pointed out an association between consumption of fruits and vegetables, and certain beverages such as tea and wine, which are rich in polyphenols, with reduced risk of chronic diseases, including cancer. Apoptosis is also the regulatory mechanism involved in the removal of unnecessary cells during development and in tissue homeostasis in a wide range of organisms from insects to mammals. This book focuses on cell apoptotic signalling.

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Book SynopsisCell movement is a complex phenomenon primarily driven by the actin network beneath the cell membrane, and can be divided into three general components: protrusion of the leading edge of the cell, adhesion of the leading edge and deadhesion at the cell body and rear, and cytoskeletal contraction to pull the cell forward. Each of these steps is driven by physical forces generated by unique segments of the cytoskeleton. This review examines the specific physics underlying these phases of cell movement and the origins of the forces that drive locomotion. Cell movement or motility is a highly dynamic phenomenon that is essential to a variety of biological processes such as the development of an organism (morphogenesis), wound healing, cancer metastasis and immune response. For example, during morphogenesis there is a targeted movement of dividing cells to specific sites to form tissues and organs. For wound healing to occur, cells such as neutrophils (white blood cells) and macrophages (cells that ingest bacteria) move to the wound site to kill the microorganisms that cause infection, and fibroblasts (connective tissue cells) move there to remodel damaged structures. This book presents important research in the field from around the globe.

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Book SynopsisRibosome is an important cellular organelle that is necessary for the basic cellular process, protein synthesis. Furthermore, ribosomal protein is a group of proteins that is important in biomedical research. The authors of this book present and review important data on ribosomal proteins, important in tropical diseases such as malaria and tuberculosis. In addition, some functions of ribosomal proteins, other than translation, are called extraribosomal function or extraribosomal activity. In this book, the extraribosomal functions of ribosomal protein S19 (RPS19) is discussed in detail. Other chapters in this book examine the structures of the free and bound forms of proteins that have experimentally been found to be essential for the first steps of ribosome assembly. A summary of ribosomal protein mutations generated in eukaryotes is also provided and their proposed roles in the control of cell growth and proliferation, as well as their impact in human diseases. Important challenges we face in explaining life from the genome and proteome viewpoint is also discussed, including how to measure a living protein/RNA/DNA, how to restore the missing relation cross generations and how to correlate structure with function. Finally, the authors suggest possible solutions for such challenges.

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Book SynopsisThe leading physiology review on the market, BRS Physiology, 8th Edition, delivers a concise, highly efficient review of all essential physiology concepts students encounter in the first and second year of medical school, as well as more than 350 clinical vignette-style, multiple-choice questions to help them prepare for course exams and practice for the USMLE Step 1. This bestselling title in the Board Review Series is preferred by students for its comprehensive yet efficient approach to exam prep and trusted by instructors for author Linda S. Costanzo’s masterful approach, communicating complex physiology concepts in an accessible manner. Extensively updated and incorporating abundant illustrations, flow charts, tables, and a comprehensive practice exam, this 8th Edition equips today’s students with the unparalleled preparation and confidence to excel on exams and beyond. Study efficiently with a concise outline format that makes essential information easy to review at a glance. Prepare for course and board exams with topical chapter questions and a 100-question Comprehensive Exam, accompanied by complete answers, rationales, and cross-references for efficient remediation. More than 260 multiple-choice questions in chapter exams test students’ understanding of chapter content; detailed explanations provide an additional learning tool. Build long-term retention with more than 120 full-color illustrations and charts that clarify complex information, as well as 50 detailed tables. Reference essential information conveniently with appendices on Key Physiology Topics for the USMLE Step 1, Key Physiology Equations for the USMLE Step I, and Normal Blood Values. Create connections between physiology knowledge and clinical medicine with new Clinical Correlation boxes.

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Book SynopsisThe leading physiology review on the market, BRS Physiology, 8th Edition, delivers a concise, highly efficient review of all essential physiology concepts students encounter in the first and second year of medical school, as well as more than 350 clinical vignette-style, multiple-choice questions to help them prepare for course exams and practice for the USMLE Step 1. This bestselling title in the Board Review Series is preferred by students for its comprehensive yet efficient approach to exam prep and trusted by instructors for author Linda S. Costanzo’s masterful approach, communicating complex physiology concepts in an accessible manner. Extensively updated and incorporating abundant illustrations, flow charts, tables, and a comprehensive practice exam, this 8th Edition equips today’s students with the unparalleled preparation and confidence to excel on exams and beyond. Study efficiently with a concise outline format that makes essential information easy to review at a glance. Prepare for course and board exams with topical chapter questions and a 100-question Comprehensive Exam, accompanied by complete answers, rationales, and cross-references for efficient remediation. More than 260 multiple-choice questions in chapter exams test students’ understanding of chapter content; detailed explanations provide an additional learning tool. Build long-term retention with more than 120 full-color illustrations and charts that clarify complex information, as well as 50 detailed tables. Reference essential information conveniently with appendices on Key Physiology Topics for the USMLE Step 1, Key Physiology Equations for the USMLE Step I, and Normal Blood Values. Create connections between physiology knowledge and clinical medicine with new Clinical Correlation boxes.

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Book SynopsisThe completion of the human genome and technological advances developed by the Human Genome Project have dramatically changed our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the development and differentiation of male germ cells, and our ability to investigate such mechanisms. This book is a timely document of advances made in the field of male gonad and germ cell research in the postgenomic era.The coverage includes the role of Y chromosome genes in male reproduction, gene expression in spermatogonial stem cells and male germ cells, and the regulation of germ cell genes in reproduction and in germ cell tumors.Table of ContentsIntroduction (O M Rennert); The Roles of Mouse Y Chromosome Genes in Spermatogenesis (P S Burgoyne & M J Mitchell); Male Meiotic Sex Chromosome Inactivation and Meiotic Silencing (J M A Turner & P S Burgoyne); Insights into SRY Action from Sex Reversal Mutations (M I Stahle et al.); The TSPY Gene Family (Y-F C Lau et al.); Structure and Function of AZFa Locus in Human Spermatogenesis (P H Vogt et al.); RBMY and DAZ in Spermatogenesis (P Yen); Neurotrophic Factors in the Development of the Postnatal Male Germ Line (M-C Hofmann & L Braydich-Stolle); Dickkopf-Like 1 -- A Protein Unique to Mammals That is Associated Both with Formation of Trophoblast Stem Cells and with Spermatogenesis (M J Kohn et al.); Antisense Transcription in Developing Male Germ Cells (W-Y Chan et al.); The Spermatogonial Stem Cell Model (M Dym & Z He); Transplantation of Germ Cells and Testis Tissue (I Dobrinski); Orthodox and Unorthodox Ways to Initiate Fertilization and Development in Mammals (R Yanagimachi); Pathogenesis of Testicular Germ Cell Tumors (L H J Looijenga); Origin of Testicular Germ Cell Neoplasia: The Role of Sex Chromosomes (E Rajpert-De Meyts et al.).

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