Gas technology Books

Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Fundamentals of Reservoir Fluid Behavior 2. Reservoir-Fluid Properties 3. Laboratory Analysis of Reservoir Fluids 4. Fundamentals of Rock Properties 5. Relative Permeability Concepts 6. Fundamentals of Reservoir Fluid Flow 7. Oil Well Performance 8. Gas Well Performance 9. Gas and Water Coning 10. Water Influx 11. Oil Recovery Mechanisms and the Material Balance Equation 12. Predicting Oil Reservoir Performance 13. Gas Reservoirs 14. Principles of Waterflooding 15. Vapor-Liquid Phase Equilibria 16. Analysis of Decline and Type Curves 17. Fractured Reservoirs 18. Enhanced Oil Recovery

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. General Information 2. Construction 3. Pipe Design 4. Electrical Design 5. Hydrostatic Testing 6. Pipeline Drying 7. Control Valves 8. Corrosion/Coatings 9. Gas-General 10. Gas-Compression 11. Gas-Hydraulics 12. Liquids-General 13. Liquids-Hydraulics 14. Pumps 15. Measurement 16. Instrumentation 17. Inspection, Maintenance, and Risk Evaluation 18. Tanks 19. Economics 20. Costs 21. Safety and Environment

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Book SynopsisLiquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is the only viable way to extract and transport natural gas from areas not serviceable by a pipeline, but it also poses safety risks. This book examines the safety concerns regarding LNG, and examines the debate between its advocates and its opponents.Table of ContentsPreface. 1 LNG Properties and Overview of Hazards. 1.1 LNG Properties. 1.2 Hazards of LNG with Respect to Public Risk. 1.3 Risk Analysis Requires Adequate Modeling. 1.4 Flammability. 1.5 Regulations in Siting Onshore LNG Import Terminals. 1.6 Regulation for Siting Offshore LNG Import Terminals. 1.7 Controversial Claims of LNG Opponents. 2 LNG Incidents and Marine History. 2.1 LNG Ship Design History. 2.2 Designs and Issues—First Commercial LNG Ships. 2.3 LNG Trade History. 2.4 LNG Accident History. 2.5 Summary of LNG History and Relevant Technical Developments. 3 Current LNG Carriers. 3.1 Design Requirements. 3.2 Membrane Tanks. 3.3 Moss Spheres. 4 Risk Analysis and Risk Reduction. 4.1 Background. 4.2 Risk Analysis Process. 4.3 Frequency: Data Sources and Analysis. 4.4 Frequency: Predictive Methods. 4.5 Consequence Modeling. 4.6 Ignition Probability. 4.7 Risk Results. 4.8 Special Issues—Terrorism. 4.9 Risk Reduction and Mitigation Measures for LNG. 5 LNG Discharge on Water. 5.1 Type 1—Above Water Breaches at Sea. 5.2 Type 2—At Waterline Breaches at Sea. 5.3 Type 3—Below Waterline Breaches at Sea. 5.4 Discharges from Ship's Pipework. 5.5 Cascading Failures at Sea. 5.6 Initial Discharge Rate. 5.7 Time-Dependent Discharge (Blowdown). 5.8 Vacuum Breaking and Glug-Glug Effects. 6 Risk Analysis for Onshore Terminals and Transport. 6.1 Typical Basis for LNG Receiving Terminal. 6.2 Features of LNG Receiving Terminals. 6.3 Standards for Receiving Terminal Design. 6.4 U.S. Guidelines and Regulations for Receiving Terminals. 6.5 European Regulations for LNG Receiving Terminals. 6.6 Empirical Formula for Required Land Area of Terminal. 6.7 Leak in Loading Arm or in Storage Tank. 6.8 Rollover. 6.9 LNG Land Transport Risk. 6.10 Offshore LNG Terminals. 7 LNG Pool Modeling. 7.1 Flashing and Droplet Evaporation in Jet Flow. 7.2 Pool Spread and Evaporation Modeling. 7.3 Rapid Phase Transition Explosions. 7.4 Aerosol Drop Size. 7.5 Heat Balance Terms to LNG Pool. 7.6 Nomenclature. 8 Vapor Cloud Dispersion Modeling. 8.1 Atmospheric Transport Processes. 8.2 Model Types. 8.3 LNG Dispersion Test Series. 8.4 Factors Affecting Plume Length. 8.5 Effect of Wind, Currents, and Waves on LNG Plume. 8.6 Comparison of Dispersion Model Predictions. 8.7 Descriptions of Dispersion Test Series. 8.8 Vapor Intrusion Indoors. 8.9 Theoretical Basis for Suppression of Turbulence. 9 LNG Pool Fire Modeling. 9.1 Types of Fires from LNG Facilities. 9.2 The Challenge for Pool Fire Modeling. 9.3 Pool Fire Characteristics. 9.4 Summary of LNG Fire Experiments. 9.5 Burning Rate Data and Correlations From Fire Tests. 9.6 Point Source Fire Model. 9.7 Solid Flame Models: Flame Length Correlations. 9.8 Flame Tilt Correlations. 9.9 Flame Drag Near Pools. 9.10 Sep Correlations and Smoke Shielding. 9.11 Atmospheric Transmissivity. 9.12 Trench Fires. 9.13 View Factors. 9.14 CFD Modeling. 9.15 Comparison of Model Predictions. 9.16 Fire Engulfment of LNG Carrier. 10 Other LNG Hazards. 10.1 Fire and Explosion Scenarios. 10.2 Jet Fires. 10.3 Flash Fires. 10.4 BLEVEs, Fireballs. 10.5 LNG Vapor Cloud Explosions. 10.6 Asphyxiation and Cryogenic Hazard from LNG Spills. 11 Fire Effects. 11.1 Fire Radiation Effects on Individuals. 11.2 Effects of Thermal Radiation on Property. 12 Research Needs. 12.1 Uncertainties. 12.2 Recommendations of GAO Survey. 12.3 LNG Model Evaluation Protocols (MEPs). 12.4 Special Topics. 12.5 Conclusions. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis current, comprehensive book provides an updated treatment of molecular gas dynamics topics for aerospace engineers, and is aimed at graduate students, engineers, and scientists. It features an explanation of the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method, a numerical technique based on molecular simulation, through equations, algorithms, and physical models.Table of ContentsPart I. Theory: 1. Kinetic theory; 2. Quantum mechanics; 3. Statistical mechanics; 4. Finite-rate processes; Part II. Numerical Simulation: 5. Relations between molecular and continuum gas dynamics; 6. Direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC); 7. DSMC models for nonequilibrium thermochemistry.

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Book SynopsisOil and Gas Exploration:Methods and Applicationpresents a summary of new results related to oil and gas prospecting that are useful for theoreticians and practical professionals. The study of oil and gas complexes and intrusions occurring in sedimentary basins is crucial for identifying the location of oil and gas fields and for making accurate predictions on oil findings. Volume highlights include: Advanced geophysical techniques for achieving hydrocarbon exploration efficiency from beneath the EarthDiscussion of theoretical and practical approaches in solving problems related to exploring and mining new oil and gas depositsNew geological concepts forpredictingpotential hydrocarbon targetsNovel methods of control of the outworking of these deposits using different geophysical methods, significant for optimization of mining hydrocarbon and carbonate depositsEstimation of the degree of outworking of oil and gas deposits, to facilitate the use of space-time monitoring of different kinds of fieldsAnalysis of exploration data by an efficient processing system, based on strong methods proven mathematically Oil and Gas Explorationis a valuable resource for exploration geophysicists, petroleum engineers, geoengineers, petrologists, mining engineers, and economic geologists, who will gain insights into exploring new methods involved in finding natural resources from our Earth. Read an interview with the editors to find out more:https://eos.org/editors-vox/where-and-how-can-we-find-new-sources-of-oil-and-gasTable of ContentsContributor List v Preface vii Acknowledgments xi 1 Experience of Regional Prediction of Hydrocarbon Deposits Prospecting in the Vicinity of Ural Oil and Gas Provinces 1Vladimir S. Druzhinin, Vjacheslav Osipov, and Nikolay Nachapkin 2 Wavelet‐Based Multifractal Analysis of Landsat 8 Images: Applications to Mineral Deposits and Shale Gas Reservoirs 19Orietta Nicolis 3 Seismic Signal Denoising Using Empirical Mode Decomposition 47Said Gaci 4 A Lithological Segmentation Technique From Well Logs Using the Hilbert‐Huang Transform 61Said Gaci 5 Seismic UNIX and GNU Octave for VSP Data Processing and Interpretation 73Mohammed Farfour and Wang Jung Yoon 6 Seismic Spectral Decomposition Applications in Seismic: A Review and Application 93Mohammed Farfour, Jalal Ferahtia, Noureddine Djarfour, and Mohand Amokrane Aitouch 7 Electromagnetic Geophysical Research with Controlled Source 115Olga Hachay and Oleg Khachay 8 Reflection of Processes of Nonequilibrium Two‐Phase Filtration in Oil‐Saturated Hierarchic Medium by Data of Active Wave Geophysical Monitoring 135Olga Hachay and Andrey Khachay 9 Defining the Surface of the Fluid‐Saturated Porous Inclusion in the Hierarchic Layered‐Block Medium According to Electromagnetic Monitoring Data 143Olga Hachay and Andrey Khachay 10 Hardware and Software System for Research in Oil and Gas Boreholes 153Yury G. Astrakhantsev, Nadezhda A. Beloglazova, and Eugenia Bazhenova 11 Application of Borehole Magnetometry to Study Oil and Gas Deposits in Western Siberia 167Galina V. Igolkina 12 A Novel Model to Estimate S‐Wave Velocity Integrating HölderianRegularity, Empirical Mode Decomposition, and Multilayer Perceptron Neural Networks 181Said Gaci 13 Geophysical Method of Defining Residual and Active Rock Stresses 201Kushbakali Tazhibaev and Daniyar Tazhibaev 14 On the Possibility of Using Mobile and Direct‐Prospecting Geophysical Technologies to Assess the Prospects of Oil‐Gas Content in Deep Horizons 209Sergey Levashov, Nikolay Yakymchuk, and Ignat Korchagin 15 Anomalies of Low Density in the Crystalline Crust of Thermobaric Origin: A New Insight into Migration and Localization of Hydrocarbons 237Valery Korchin 16 The Use of Aeromagnetics and Micromagnetics to Identify Potential Areas of Hydrocarbons in the Midcontinental United States: Caveats and Pitfalls 259Steven A. Tedesco Index 277

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Book SynopsisEliminate or reduce unwanted emissions with the piping engineering techniques and strategies contained in this book Piping Engineering: Preventing Fugitive Emission in the Oil and Gas Industry is a practical and comprehensive examination of strategies for the reduction or avoidance of fugitive emissions in the oil and gas industry. The book covers key considerations and calculations for piping and fitting design and selection, maintenance, and troubleshooting to eliminate or reduce emissions, as well as the various components that can allow for or cause them, including piping flange joints. The author explores leak detection and repair (LDAR), a key technique for managing fugitive emissions. He also discusses piping stresses, like principal, displacement, sustained, occasional, and reaction loads, and how to calculate these loads and acceptable limits. Various devices to tighten the bolts for flanges are described, as are essential flange fabrications and installTable of ContentsAuthor Biography ix 1 An Introduction to Fugitive Emission, Piping Engineering, and LDAR 1 1.1 Introduction to Fugitive Emission 1 1.2 Introduction to Piping Engineering 5 1.3 Causes of Piping Failure and Leakage 8 1.4 Leak Detection and Repair (LDAR) 13 1.4.1 Composite Repair 14 1.4.2 Mechanical Clamp Repair 14 1.4.3 Welded Leak Box Repair 15 1.4.4 External Weld Overlay 16 1.4.5 Sleeve Repair 17 1.5 Questions and Answers 18 Further Readings 21 2 Piping Pressure Design to Prevent Leakage and Emission 23 2.1 Introduction to Piping Design 23 2.2 Piping and Pipeline Wall Thickness Calculation 23 2.2.1 Piping Wall Thickness Calculation as per ASME B31.3 23 2.2.2 Pipeline Wall Thickness Calculation 32 2.3 Pipe Fittings Wall Thickness/Pressure Rating 51 2.4 Flange Pressure Rating and Thickness Selection 59 2.5 Questions and Answers 70 Further Readings 84 3 Piping Stress Analysis to Prevent Operational Failure 87 3.1 Introduction to Piping Stress Analysis 87 3.2 Principal Piping Stresses 87 3.3 Sustained Loads 96 3.4 Occasional Loads 106 3.4.1 Earthquake and Blast Load 106 3.4.2 Wind Load 109 3.5 Displacement Stress 111 3.5.1 Stress Intensification Factor (SIF) 127 3.6 Piping Reaction Forces 133 3.6.1 Pressure Safety/Relief Valve Reaction Force 133 3.6.2 Slug Flow Reaction Force 138 3.6.3 Water Hammering Load Calculation 143 3.7 Conclusion 145 3.8 Questions and Answers 146 Further Readings 153 4 Piping Flange Joints 155 4.1 Introduction 155 4.2 Flanges 157 4.2.1 Flange Standards 157 4.2.2 Flange Types 162 4.2.3 Flange Faces 175 4.2.4 Flange Surface (Face) Finish 184 4.2.5 Flange Identification 185 4.2.6 Flange Installation 185 4.3 Gaskets 190 4.3.1 Nonmetallic Flat Gaskets 191 4.3.2 Semimetallic Gaskets 192 4.3.3 Metallic Gaskets 196 4.4 Bolting (Bolts and Nuts) 197 4.4.1 Bolt Tightening 204 4.5 Mechanical Joints (Hubs and Clamps) 210 4.6 Compact Flanges 212 4.7 Questions and Answers 216 Appendix A 220 Further Readings 223 5 Piping Flange Joint Calculations 227 5.1 Introduction 227 5.2 Bolt Length Determination and Calculation 228 5.2.1 Long Bolt Length Calculation for Wafer Body Valves 236 5.2.2 Long Bolt Length Calculation for Flanges with Line Blanks 239 5.3 Flange Leakage Analysis 245 5.3.1 Bolting Characteristics 247 5.3.2 Gasket Behavior 253 5.3.3 Combination of Bolt Loads and Gasket Reaction 254 5.3.4 Flange Loading 262 5.3.5 Pressure Equivalent Method 269 5.4 Questions and Answers 270 Appendix A 275 Further Readings 277 6 Piping Material Selection and Corrosion Prevention 279 6.1 Introduction 279 6.2 Onshore Pipeline 281 6.2.1 Onshore Pipeline Material Selection 281 6.2.2 External Corrosion 282 6.2.3 Pipeline External Corrosion Protection 284 6.2.4 Pipeline Internal Corrosion Types and Mitigation 287 6.3 Onshore Piping 301 6.3.1 Onshore Piping Material Selection 301 6.3.2 Onshore Piping Corrosion Types 315 6.4 Offshore Piping 317 6.4.1 Offshore Piping Material Selection 317 6.4.2 Offshore Piping Corrosion Study 320 6.5 Questions and Answers 322 Further Readings 327 7 Piping Component Selection and Identification 329 7.1 Introduction and Overview 329 7.2 Pipe 329 7.3 Pipe Fittings 331 7.3.1 Fittings for Piping Route Change 331 7.3.2 Fittings for Pipe Size Change 336 7.3.3 Fittings for Branching 341 7.3.4 Fittings for Pipe Termination or Blinding 352 7.4 Questions and Answers 356 Further Readings 361 8 Piping Fabrication, Inspection, and Testing 363 8.1 Introduction and Overview 363 8.2 Fabrication, Assembly, and Erection 363 8.2.1 Welding 367 8.3 Inspection 378 8.3.1 Introduction 378 8.3.2 Welding Inspection 379 8.4 Piping Pressure Test 385 8.4.1 Test Media 386 8.4.2 Test Preparation 387 8.4.3 Test Implementation 387 8.5 Questions and Answers 389 Further Readings 393 Index 395

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Book SynopsisThe expansion of unconventional petroleum resources in the recent decade and the rapid development of computational technology have provided the opportunity to develop and apply 3D numerical modeling technology to simulate the hydraulic fracturing of shale and tight sand formations. This book presents 3D numerical modeling technologies for hydraulic fracturing developed in recent years, and introduces solutions to various 3D geomechanical problems related to hydraulic fracturing. In the solution processes of the case studies included in the book, fully coupled multi-physics modeling has been adopted, along with innovative computational techniques, such as submodeling. In practice, hydraulic fracturing is an essential project component in shale gas/oil development and tight sand oil, and provides an essential measure in the process of drilling cuttings reinjection (CRI). It is also an essential measure for widened mud weight window (MWW) when drilling through naturally fractured Table of Contents1. Introduction to Continuum Damage Mechanics: theory and numerical scheme.2. 3-D optimized design of multistage fracturing of horizontal wells based on Continuum Damage Mechanics.3. Numerical simulation on Interaction between parallel wells in Zipper-Frac.4. Integrated 3-dimensional numerical simulation on Cutting Reinjection: hydraulic fracturing, fault reactivation, seismicity.5. Wellbore trajectory optimization for drilling in naturally fractured shale formation: criteria and numerical scheme.6. Numerical solution of widened mud weight window for drilling through naturally fractured reservoirs.7. Natural fracture: measurements and mathematical representation.8. Numerical simulation of hydraulic fracturing on formation with natural fractural.9. Stress orientation analysis related to pressure depletion and production enhancement measures.10. Utility software for data processing platform: FE to FEM, and FEM to wellbore trajectory

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Book SynopsisUncertainties in the social, economic, and natural environment are changing workplace behaviors and are setting new demands, especially laws that govern business and society in general. Chapter One discusses this trend in relation to the oil and gas industry. Chapter Two provides a review on the mechanisms and interactions leading to loss of cement integrity, and presents approaches that have tested successfully under the reservoir condition to enhance the resistance of cements when it is exposed to supercritical CO2. Chapter Three deals with the pollution of surface and groundwater by oil products, (ie: prevention of their spreading, integrated approach to modeling of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) in an oil refinery), impact assessment of effluent discharge on receiving water and removal of selected oil substances by ozonation and O3/UV processes. Chapter Four gives an overview of the emerging technologies for biomass conversion, hydrocarbon chemistry and sugar and sugar-derivative chemistry. Herein, bio-crude production and characterization; model catalytic cracking, the hydrocracking of ketal-compounds and new results concerning the fluidized catalytic cracking of model ketal-compounds are also described.

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive overview of NGLs from production in the oil patch to consumption in the fuel and petrochemical industries. Leffler covers everything from gas plants, logistics, storage and refinery operations to the chemistry necessary to have a full understanding of the whole value chain.

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Book SynopsisNatural gas is the second largest primary source of energy consumed in the United States, exceeded only by petroleum. A primary energy source is an energy source that can be consumed directly or converted into something else, like electricity. Roughly a third of the natural gas consumed in the United States goes into power plants for the production of electricity. Electricity, a secondary energy source, results from the conversion of primary fuels such as fossil fuels, uranium or wind, into a flow of electrons used to power modern life. This book explores the workings of the wholesale markets for these two forms of energy, as well as energy-related financial markets.

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Book SynopsisThis title includes a number of Open Access chapters. The number of tight oil and shale gas wells continues to rise primarily in the US, but also worldwide. The US has vast reserves of oil and natural gas, which now are commercially reachable as a result of advances in horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing technologies. But as hydraulic fracturing is increasingly used, concerns have been raised about potential stress on surface water and groundwater supplies from the withdrawal of water used in the process. Equally important is the growing volume of wastewater generated from hydraulically fractured oil and gas wells, requiring recycling, treatment, and disposal. Wastewater and Shale Formation Development: Risks, Mitigation, and Regulation examines four major issues, taking a scientific look from different perspectives at water use in shale gas development, potential environmental effects of wastewater from fracking, how to mitigate potential risks associated with wastewater from shale development, and regulatory approaches to the wastewater management problemWith chapters from researchers in the field, this compendium volume sheds light on the important issues and challenges surrounding natural gas extraction using hydraulic fracturing and may be of interest to researchers and public policymakers alike.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Part I: Water Use and Wastewater Production in Shale Gas Development. Part 2: Potential Environmental Effects of Fracking Wastewater. Part 3: The Quest for Mitigation. Part 4: Fracking Wastewater Regulations. Index.

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Book SynopsisGas hydrates in their natural environment and for potential industrial applications (Volume 2).Table of ContentsPreface xiLivio RUFFINE, Daniel BROSETA and Arnaud DESMEDT Part 1 Field study and laboratory experiments of hydrate-bearing sediments 1 Introduction to Part 1 3Livio RUFFINE Chapter 1 Water Column Acoustics:Remote Detection of Gas Seeps 11Carla SCALABRIN and Stéphanie DUPRÉ 1.1 Introduction 11 1.2 Principle of the measurement 14 1.2.1 Instrumentations 14 1.2.2 Qualitative and quantitative measurements 14 1.3 Bibliography 18 Chapter 2 Geophysical Approach 21Bruno MARSSET 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Overview 21 2.3 Seismic processing 23 2.3.1 Positioning phase 23 2.3.2 Preprocessing phase 24 2.3.3 Processing phase 25 2.4 Example of gas hydrate exploration: the SYSIF instrument 28 2.5 Bibliography 29 Chapter 3 Hydrate Seismic Detection 31Stephan KER 3.1 Wave velocities of hydrate-bearing sediments 32 3.1.1 Empirical equations 32 3.1.2 Effective medium theories 33 3.2 Bibliography 34 Chapter 4 Geomorphology of Gas Hydrate-Bearing Pockmark 37Vincent RIBOULOT 4.1 Introduction 37 4.2 Generalities about pockmarks 38 4.3 Impact of gas hydrate on seafloor deformation 39 4.4 Morphological evolution of gas hydrate pockmarks 42 4.5 Distinction between gas hydrate-bearing and gas hydrate-free pockmarks 44 4.6 Bibliography 45 Chapter 5 Geotechnics 49Sébastien GARZIGLIA 5.1 Introduction 49 5.2 The Penfeld system 50 5.2.1 Piezocone and acoustic soundings in gas hydrate-bearing sediments 52 5.3 Bibliography 54 Chapter 6 Geochemistry 57Livio RUFFINE, Sandrine CHÉRON, Emmanuel PONZEVERA, Christophe BRANDILY,Patrice WOERTHER, Vivien GUYADER, Audrey BOISSIER, Jean-Pierre DONVAL and Germain BAYON 6.1 Introduction 57 6.2 Sampling geological materials from hydrate-bearing sediment 58 6.2.1 The Calypso corer 58 6.2.2 Sampling of sediments, carbonates and pore fluids from the Calypso corer 62 6.3 Analyses 65 6.3.1 Sediment and carbonate 65 6.3.2 Gases 75 6.3.3 Pore water 78 6.4 Bibliography 82 Chapter 7 Benthic Ecosystem Study 85Karine OLU, Laurent TOFFIN and Christophe BRANDILY 7.1 Microbial ecology in hydrate-bearing sediments 85 7.1.1 Study sites containing hydrate-bearing sediments 85 7.1.2 Sampling strategy for microbiology study of hydrate-bearing sediments 86 7.1.3 Laboratory analyses 87 7.2 Macrobial ecology studies at cold seeps 91 7.2.1 Mapping biogenic habitats 93 7.2.2 Chemical characterization of biogenic habitats 97 7.2.3 Sampling in biogenic habitats 103 7.2.4 Fauna 106 7.2.5 Symbiosis studies 110 7.3 Bibliography 111 Chapter 8 Physicochemical Properties of Gas Hydrate-bearing Sediments 121Ludovic LEGOIX, Elke KOSSEL, Christian DEUSNER, Livio RUFFINE and Matthias HAECKEL 8.1 Introduction 121 8.2 Gas hydrate formation and dissociation 124 8.3 Fluid transport in gas hydrate-bearing sediments 128 8.4 Thermal and electrical properties of gas hydrate-bearing sediments 133 8.5 Distribution and occurrence of gas hydrates in sediments 137 8.6 Experimental investigation of dynamic processes in gas hydrate-bearing sediments 139 8.7 Bibliography 149 Chapter 9 Small-scale Laboratory Studies of Key Geotechnical Properties which are Not Possible to Measure from In Situ Deployed Technologies 165Sébastien GARZIGLIA 9.1 Introduction 165 9.2 Influence of gas hydrates on the stiffness and strength properties of sediments 166 9.2.1 Elastic or small-strain stiffness properties 166 9.2.2 Large-strain stiffness and strength properties 168 9.2.3 Geotechnical consequences of gas hydrate destabilization 170 9.3 Bibliography 172 Part 2 Modeling of Gas Hydrate-bearing Sediments and Case Studies 177 Chapter 10 Geomechanical Aspects 179Assaf KLAR and Shun UCHIDA 10.1 Introduction 179 10.2 Geomechanical characteristics 179 10.3 Constitutive models for continuum mechanics frameworks 181 10.3.1 Stress–strain formulation for hydrate-bearing sediments 183 10.3.2 DEM representation 191 10.4 Coupled formulation 195 10.5 Numerical simulations of the Nankai 2013 gas production test 202 10.5.1 The Nankai gas production test overview 202 10.5.2 Modeling procedure 203 10.5.3 History matching of the 2013 Nankai production test 210 10.5.4 Thermo–hydro–mechanical studies during the 2013 Nankai gas production test 211 10.6 Concluding remarks 213 10.7 Bibliography 214 Chapter 11 Geochemical Aspects 219Wei-Li HONG and Malgorzata PESZYNSKA 11.1 Introduction 219 11.2 Basic principles 220 11.2.1 Transport in the aqueous phase by advection and diffusion 220 11.2.2 Numerical scheme for the advection–diffusion problem 222 11.2.3 Transport of methane in aqueous phase in the presence of gas hydrate phase 223 11.2.4 Transport of methane and salt species, with hydrate presence 225 11.3 Model framework 226 11.4 Model validation and sensitivity tests 230 11.5 Model application 230 11.6 Concluding remarks 239 11.7 Acknowledgments 239 11.8 Bibliography 239 Part 3 Geoscience and Industrial Applications 243 Chapter 12 Biogeochemical Dynamics of the Giant Pockmark Regab 245Alexis DE PRUNELÉ, Karine OLU, Livio RUFFINE, Hélène ONDRÉAS,Jean-Claude CAPRAIS, Germain BAYON, Anne-Sophie ALIX, Julie Le BRUCHEC and Louis GÉLI 12.1 Introduction 245 12.2 Location of the pockmark 246 12.2.1 The pockmark Regab: hydrocarbon emission and morphology 247 12.3 Megafauna distribution on Regab pockmark in relation to fluid chemistry 250 12.3.1 Megafauna distribution on the Regab pockmark 250 12.3.2 Mytilid habitats 252 12.3.3 Bacterial mat habitat 255 12.3.4 Vesicomyid habitats 258 12.4 General conclusion on the megafauna distribution on the Regab pockmark in relation to fluid chemistry 263 12.5 Bibliography 264 Chapter 13 Roles of Gas Hydrates for CO2 Geological Storage Purposes 267André BURNOL 13.1 Introduction 267 13.2 Hydrate trapping of CO2 in subsurfaces (onshore, offshore and deep offshore cases) 269 13.2.1 Case of migration of CO2 within the overburden 269 13.2.2 Case of natural gas hydrates exploitation using CO2 injection 270 13.2.3 Role of mixed gas hydrates in the “deep offshore” CO2 storage option 272 13.3 CO2 deep offshore storage capacity in the French and Spanish EEZs 276 13.4 Summary and prospects 281 13.5 Bibliography 281 Chapter 14 Hydrate-Based Removal of CO2 from CH4 + CO2 Gas Streams 285Daniel BROSETA, Christophe DICHARRY and Jean-Philippe TORRÉ 14.1 Introduction 285 14.2 Laboratory experiments of gas capture and separation by means of gas hydrates 290 14.2.1 Batch experiments 292 14.2.2 Semibatch experiments 295 14.2.3 Continuous separation experiments 295 14.3 Metrics of CO2 separation 295 14.4 Results from experiments of CO2 removal from CO2/CH4 gas mixtures 300 14.4.1 Pure water and water with surfactant additives 300 14.4.2 THF and other sII hydrate-forming additives 301 14.4.3 TBAB, TBPB and other semiclathrate-forming additives 303 14.5 Routes to enhance the removal of CO2 from CO2/CH4 gas mixtures 307 14.6 Concluding remarks 309 14.7 Bibliography 309 Chapter 15 Use of Hydrates for Cold Storage and Distribution in Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Applications 315Anthony DELAHAYE, Laurence FOURNAISON and Didier DALMAZZONE 15.1 Introduction 315 15.2 Hydrate systems for cool storage and distribution 317 15.2.1 Refrigerant gas hydrate applied to cool storage 317 15.2.2 CO2 hydrates applied to cool storage and distribution 318 15.2.3 Quaternary salt hydrates for cool storage and distribution 319 15.2.4 Other hydrates applied to cool storage and distribution 320 15.3 Criteria for use of hydrates in refrigeration 321 15.3.1 Thermodynamic criterion 322 15.3.2 Flow criterion 325 15.3.3 Thermal criterion 331 15.3.4 Kinetic criterion 332 15.3.5 Energy criterion 334 15.4 Hydrate applications in refrigeration and air conditioning 335 15.4.1 Slurry generation methods 335 15.4.2 Examples of hydrate-based refrigeration systems 336 15.5 Conclusion 341 15.6 Bibliography 342 List of Authors 359 Index 363

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Book SynopsisBased upon the author's wide experience in a broad range of projects, this invaluable book sets the scene and places rock installation in the context of the offshore industry today. This is an industry where health, safety and environmental considerations are factored in to a project with the same level of professionalism as regulatory compliance and good design. Full information is provided about planning, preparation, execution and reporting of a rock installation project. Brief but key information is provided about rock types, the nature of the seabed and the relationship between the quarry and the receiving vessel, which together form a system of turning a terrestrial geological formation into a rock berm offshore. Rock installation vessels, their characteristics, equipment and capabilities are examined in outline. This book is based upon personal experience offshore in a series of rock installation projects over the last 16 years. It covers the oil and gas sector, coastal engineering, power and telecom cable projects and draws on practice in the UK, Norwegian and Danish Exclusive Economic Zones where much rock installation takes place. The range in scale is significant, from large oil field development projects to those of a much more specialised nature such as the preparation of sites from which a jackup rig can safely operate. The marine environment is examined in some detail. The author believes that all personnel working in the offshore industry, whether at sea or in onshore positions, need to understand the harsh but majestic, hostile and often unforgiving marine environment. With a number of new operators developing both end of life and new fields, knowledge concerning SRI has been diluted or even lost. This book is a useful enabler for project staff and new client representatives offshore to have a productive rock installation experience from the initial discussions with a contractor to the final results and verification.Table of ContentsPreface; Foreword; Abbreviations; Glossary; Introduction; Health, safety and environmental issues; Quality control and quality assurance; Brief summary of law at sea; A short history of subsea rock installation (SRI); Purpose and uses for SRI; Industry requirements of SRI; The contract; Rock types and uses; Quarries and quarry operations; Rock installation vessels; Operational considerations; The final product; Appendices; Index

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Book SynopsisWith the increasing development of brownfield and landfill sites, ground gas is a common problem encountered by engineers and scientists and this book not only raises awareness of the phenomenon but also provides practical solutions to the difficulties experienced. This vital new handbook provides practical guidance to engineers, regulators and designers about assessing ground gas risk and the design of appropriate protection measures. It includes a great deal of information that has never before been available in one volume and draws on the collective experience of the authors. The book discusses the assessment of ground gas for Part II A sites and also includes information on the assessment of vapours. Detailed information on gas generation and the analysis of gas flows in the ground are included, including the design of gas protection systems. There are many worked examples throughout the book that help to explain the concepts and calculations that are described. It explains how to use the most recent assessment methods published by CIRCA, NHBC and BSI and highlights the differences between the various methods.The final sections cover the design and installation of gas protection systems to buildings and in ground barriers. Most importantly, it includes advice and recommendations about the validation and testing of protection systems as they are installed. Readership: This handbook will be of immense value to professionals and advanced students within geotechnical engineering, geo-environmental engineering, ground engineering and environmental health, including engineers and applied scientists in these disciplines. Researchers, regulators and design offices will also find this book to be of great use.Trade Review'The Ground Gas Handbook is an excellent resource for a professional working in the field of contaminated land and who is often confronted with situations where the risks of ground gas have to be considered. - give an excellent overview - the introductory chapters - are highly recommended for someone just starting in the field or as a brush up of old knowledge.' Ingeokring NewsletterTable of ContentsContents: Introduction; Policy guidance; Sources and properties of ground gas and vapours; Gas and vapour generation and migration; Site investigation and monitoring; Assessment of results; Methods of gas protection; Design of protection

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Book SynopsisThis 3rd volume of 'Gas Engineering' introduces the concept of liquefied natural gas and the concept gas-to-liquids and also presents a review of the uses of gas streams and the effects of the various gases on the environment. This volume also describes the properties gas streams as they are related to corrosion effects are also presented. The relationship of the properties of gas streams as they affect corrosion such as carburization and metal dusting as well as corrosion in steel and other materials used in refinery technology are also presented and the book summarizes key findings into corrosion processes in gas-processing equipment as well as corrosion in offshore structures. Each book contains references at the end of chapter which include information from the open literature and meeting proceedings to give a picture of where the gas processing technology stands as well as indicate some relatively new technologies that could become important in the future. Also, each book also contains a comprehensive glossary. The books are written in an easy-to-read style and offer a ready-at-hand (one-stop-shopping) guide to the many issues that are related to the engineering aspects of the properties and processing of natural gas as well as the effects of natural gas on various ecosystems as well as to pollutant mitigation and clean-up. The books present an overview, with a considerable degree of detail of the various aspects of natural gas technology. Any chemistry presented in the books is used as a means of explanation of a particular point but is maintained at an elementary level.

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