Thermochemistry and chemical thermodynamics Books

Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.Trade Review"This book is a worthy sequel to the author's previous excellent book Distillation Operation. It is a very impressive work covering almost all aspects of process equipment design procedures for distillation columns." Chemical Engineering 19921001 "Every practicing chemical engineer working in or for the process industries, including those who specialize in fractionation and, most certainly, those who do not, should find "Distillation Design" invaluable. ...The content is so totally complete and the presentation is so refreshingly down-to-earth, this book, in many ways, is the best to come along in more than a generation. ...The discussion of new products is astonishingly comprehensive." Chemical Engineering Progress 19920501Table of ContentsPart I: Vapor Liquid Equilibrium.Basic Principles.K-Value Calculation.Experimental and Literature Sources.Part II: Key Fractionation Concepts.Theoretical Stages.x-y Diagrams - Simple Columns.x-y Diagrams--Complex Columns.Application to Multicomponent Distillation--Simple Columns.Application to Multicomponent Distillation--Complex Columns.Part III: Column Process Design.Problem Definition and Basic Decisions.Reflux and Stages: Shortcut Methods.Rigorous Stage by Stage Computation.Part IV: Energy Savings.Energy Saving Designs.Energy Saving Operations.Part V: Tray Efficiency.The Tray Efficiency Concept.Tray Efficiency Prediction.Tray Efficiency in Industrial Columns.Tray Efficiency Testing.

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsChapter 1 Introduction 1 Instructional Objectives for Chapter 1 3 Important Notation Introduced in This Chapter 4 1.1 The Central Problems of Thermodynamics 4 1.2 A System of Units 5 1.3 The Equilibrium State 7 1.4 Pressure, Temperature, and Equilibrium 10 1.5 Heat, Work, and the Conservation of Energy 15 1.6 Specification of the Equilibrium State; Intensive and Extensive Variables; Equations of State 18 1.7 A Summary of Important Experimental Observations 21 1.8 A Comment on the Development of Thermodynamics 23 Problems 23 Chapter 2 Conservation of Mass 25 Instructional Objectives for Chapter 2 25 Important Notation Introduced in This Chapter 26 2.1 A General Balance Equation and Conserved Quantities 26 2.2 Conservation of Mass for a Pure Fluid 30 2.3 The Mass Balance Equations for a Multicomponent System with a Chemical Reaction 35 2.4 The Microscopic Mass Balance Equations in Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics (Optional - only on the website for this book) 43 Problems 44 Chapter 3 Conservation of Energy 45 Instructional Objectives for Chapter 3 46 Notation Introduced in This Chapter 46 3.1 Conservation of Energy 47 3.2 Several Examples of Using the Energy Balance 54 3.3 The Thermodynamic Properties of Matter 59 3.4 Applications of the Mass and Energy Balances 69 3.5 Conservation of Momentum 93 3.6 The Microscopic Energy Balance (Optional - only on website for this book) 93 Problems 93 Chapter 4 Entropy: An Additional Balance Equation 99 Instructional Objectives for Chapter 4 99 Notation Introduced in This Chapter 100 4.1 Entropy: A New Concept 100 4.2 The Entropy Balance and Reversibility 108 4.3 Heat, Work, Engines, and Entropy 114 4.4 Entropy Changes of Matter 125 4.5 Applications of the Entropy Balance 128 4.6 Availability and the Maximum Useful Shaft Work that can be obtained In a Change of State 140 4.7 The Microscopic Entropy Balance (Optional - only on website for this book) 145 Problems 145 Chapter 5 Liquefaction, Power Cycles, and Explosions 152 Instructional Objectives for Chapter 5 152 Notation Introduced in this Chapter 152 5.1 Liquefaction 153 5.2 Power Generation and Refrigeration Cycles 158 5.3 Thermodynamic Efficiencies 181 5.4 The Thermodynamics of Mechanical Explosions 185 Problems 194 Chapter 6 The Thermodynamic Properties of Real Substances 200 Instructional Objectives for Chapter 6 200 Notation Introduced in this Chapter 201 6.1 Some Mathematical Preliminaries 201 6.2 The Evaluation of Thermodynamic Partial Derivatives 205 6.3 The Ideal Gas and Absolute Temperature Scales 219 6.4 The Evaluation of Changes in the Thermodynamic Properties of Real Substances Accompanying a Change of State 220 6.5 An Example Involving the Change of State of a Real Gas 245 6.6 The Principle of Corresponding States 250 6.7 Generalized Equations of State 263 6.8 The Third Law of Thermodynamics 267 6.9 Estimation Methods for Critical and Other Properties 268 6.10 Sonic Velocity 272 6.11 More About Thermodynamic Partial Derivatives (Optional - only on website for this book) 275 Problems 275 Chapter 7 Equilibrium and Stability in One-Component Systems 285 Instructional Objectives for Chapter 7 285 Notation Introduced in This Chapter 285 7.1 The Criteria for Equilibrium 286 7.2 Stability of Thermodynamic Systems 293 7.3 Phase Equilibria: Application of the Equilibrium and Stability Criteria to the Equation of State 300 7.4 The Molar Gibbs Energy and Fugacity of a Pure Component 307 7.5 The Calculation of Pure Fluid-Phase Equilibrium: The Computation of Vapor Pressure from an Equation of State 322 7.6 Specification of the Equilibrium Thermodynamic State of a System of Several Phases: The Gibbs Phase Rule for a One-Component System 330 7.7 Thermodynamic Properties of Phase Transitions 334 7.8 Thermodynamic Properties of Small Systems, or Why Subcooling and Superheating Occur 341 Problems 344 Chapter 8 The Thermodynamics of Multicomponent Mixtures 353 Instructional Objectives for Chapter 8 353 Notation Introduced in this chapter 353 8.1 The Thermodynamic Description of Mixtures 354 8.2 The Partial Molar Gibbs Energy and the Generalized Gibbs-Duhem Equation 363 8.3 A Notation for Chemical Reactions 367 8.4 The Equations of Change for a Multicomponent System 370 8.5 The Heat of Reaction and a Convention for the Thermodynamic Properties of Reacting Mixtures 378 8.6 The Experimental Determination of the Partial Molar Volume and Enthalpy 385 8.7 Criteria for Phase Equilibrium in Multicomponent Systems 396 8.8 Criteria for Chemical Equilibrium, and Combined Chemical and Phase Equilibrium 399 8.9 Specification of the Equilibrium Thermodynamic State of a Multicomponent, Multiphase System; the Gibbs Phase Rule 404 8.10 A Concluding Remark 408 Problems 408 Chapter 9 Estimation of The Gibbs Energy and Fugacity of A Component in a Mixture 416 Instructional Objectives for Chapter 9 416 Notation Introduced in this Chapter 417 9.1 The Ideal Gas Mixture 417 9.2 The Partial Molar Gibbs Energy and Fugacity 421 9.3 Ideal Mixture and Excess Mixture Properties 425 9.4 Fugacity of Species in Gaseous, Liquid, and Solid Mixtures 436 9.5 Several Correlative Liquid Mixture Activity Coefficient Models 446 9.6 Two Predictive Activity Coefficient Models 460 9.7 Fugacity of Species in Nonsimple Mixtures 468 9.8 Some Comments on Reference and Standard States 478 9.9 Combined Equation-of-State and Excess Gibbs Energy Model 479 9.10 Electrolyte Solutions 482 9.11 Choosing the Appropriate Thermodynamic Model 490 Appendix A9.1 A Statistical Mechanical Interpretation of the Entropy of Mixing in an Ideal Mixture (Optional – only on the website for this book) 493 Appendix A9.2 Multicomponent Excess Gibbs Energy (Activity Coefficient) Models 493 Appendix A9.3 The Activity Coefficient of a Solvent in an Electrolyte Solution 495 Problems 499 Chapter 10 Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in Mixtures 507 Instructional Objectives for Chapter 10 507 Notation Introduced in this Chapter 508 10.0 Introduction to Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium 508 10.1 Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in Ideal Mixtures 510 Problems for Section 10.1 536 10.2 Low-Pressure Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in Nonideal Mixtures 538 Problems for Section 10.2 568 10.3 High-Pressure Vapor-Liquid Equilibria Using Equations of State (φ-φ Method) 578 Problems for Section 10.3 595 Chapter 11 Other Types of Phase Equilibria in Fluid Mixtures 599 Instructional Objectives for Chapter 11 599 Notation Introduced in this Chapter 600 11.1 The Solubility of a Gas in a Liquid 600 Problems for Section 11.1 615 11.2 Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium 617 Problems for Section 11.2 646 11.3 Vapor-Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium 652 Problems for Section 11.3 661 11.4 The Partitioning of a Solute Among Two Coexisting Liquid Phases; The Distribution Coefficient 665 Problems for Section 11.4 675 11.5 Osmotic Equilibrium and Osmotic Pressure 677 Problems for Section 11.5 684 Chapter 12 Mixture Phase Equilibria Involving Solids 688 Instructional Objectives for Chapter 12 688 Notation Introduced in this Chapter 688 12.1 The Solubility of a Solid in a Liquid, Gas, or Supercritical Fluid 689 Problems for Section 12.1 699 12.2 Partitioning of a Solid Solute Between Two Liquid Phases 701 Problems for Section 12.2 703 12.3 Freezing-Point Depression of a Solvent Due to the Presence of a Solute; the Freezing Point of Liquid Mixtures 704 Problems for Section 12.3 709 12.4 Phase Behavior of Solid Mixtures 710 Problems for Section 12.4 718 12.5 The Phase Behavior Modeling of Chemicals in the Environment 720 Problems for Section 12.5 726 12.6 Process Design and Product Design 726 Problems for Section 12.6 732 12.7 Concluding Remarks on Phase Equilibria 732 Chapter 13 Chemical Equilibrium 734 Instructional Objectives for Chapter 13 734 Important Notation Introduced in This Chapter 734 13.1 Chemical Equilibrium in a Single-Phase System 735 13.2 Heterogeneous Chemical Reactions 768 13.3 Chemical Equilibrium When Several Reactions Occur in a Single Phase 781 13.4 Combined Chemical and Phase Equilibrium 791 13.5 Ionization and the Acidity of Solutions 799 13.6 Ionization of Biochemicals 817 13.7 Partitioning of Amino Acids and Proteins Between Two Liquids 831 Problems 834 Chapter 14 The Balance Equations For Chemical Reactors, Availability, and Electrochemistry 848 Instructional Objectives for Chapter 14 848 Notation Introduced in this Chapter 849 14.1 The Balance Equations for a Tank-Type Chemical Reactor 849 14.2 The Balance Equations for a Tubular Reactor 857 14.3 Overall Reactor Balance Equations and the Adiabatic Reaction Temperature 860 14.4 Thermodynamics of Chemical Explosions 869 14.5 Maximum Useful Work and Availability in Chemically Reacting Systems 875 14.6 Introduction to Electrochemical Processes 882 14.7 Fuel Cells and Batteries 891 Problems 897 Chapter 15 Some Additional Biochemical Applications of Thermodynamics 900 Instructional Objectives for Chapter 15 900 Notation Introduced in this Chapter 901 15.1 Solubilities of Weak Acids, Weak Bases, and Amino Acids as a Function of pH 901 15.2 The Solubility of Amino Acids and Proteins as a function of Ionic Strength and Temperature 911 15.3 Binding of a Ligand to a Substrate 917 15.4 Some Other Examples of Biochemical Reactions 922 15.5 The Denaturation of Proteins 925 15.6 Coupled Biochemical Reactions: The ATP-ADP Energy Storage and Delivery Mechanism 932 15.7 Thermodynamic Analysis of Fermenters and Other Bioreactors 937 15.8 Gibbs-Donnan Equilibrium and Membrane Potentials 960 15.9 Protein Concentration in an Ultracentrifuge 967 Problems 970 Appendix A Thermodynamic Data 973 Appendix A.I Conversion Factors for SI Units 973 Appendix A.II The Molar Heat Capacities of Gases in the Ideal Gas (Zero Pressure) State 974 Appendix A.III The Thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam 977 Appendix A.IV Enthalpies and Free Energies of Formation 987 Appendix A.V Heats of Combustion 990 Appendix B Brief Descriptions of Computer Aids for Use with This Book 992 Appendix B (On Website Only) Descriptions of Computer Programs and Computer Aids for Use with This Book B1 Appendix B.I Windows-based Visual Basic Programs B1 Appendix B.II DOS-based Basic Programs B9 Appendix B.III MATHCAD Worksheets B12 Appendix B.IV MATLAB Programs B14 Appendix C Aspen Illustration Input Files. These are on The Website for This Book 994 Appendix D Answers To Selected Problems 995 Index 998

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Book SynopsisThe combustion properties of organic materials are used to assess their safety specifications. This knowledge is necessary to avoid potentially disastrous fires. The experimental determination of the combustion properties of a new organic compound is laborious and sometimes even impossible. This book describes methods for the determination and prediction of the combustion properties of organic compounds, along with some examples and exercises. This 2nd Edition includes an updated and improved presentation of the applicationnof different new models for reliable prediction of diverse aspects of flammability of organic compounds.

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Book SynopsisThis widely acclaimed text, now in its sixth edition and translated into many languages, continues to present a clear, simple and concise introduction to chemical thermodynamics. An examination of equilibrium in the everyday world of mechanical objects provides a starting point for an accessible account of the factors that determine equilibrium in chemical systems. This straightforward approach leads students to a thorough understanding of the basic principles of thermodynamics, which are then applied to a wide range of physical chemical systems. The book also discusses the problems of non-ideal solutions and the concept of activity, and provides an introduction to the molecular basis of thermodynamics. Over six editions, the views of teachers of the subject and their students have been incorporated. Reference to the phase rule has been included in this edition and the notation has been revised to conform to current IUPAC recommendations. Students taking courses in thermodynamics will continue to find this popular book an excellent introductory text.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook introduces thermodynamics with a modern approach, starting from four fundamental physical facts (the atomic nature of matter, the indistinguishability of atoms and molecules of the same species, the uncertainty principle, and the existence of equilibrium states) and analyzing the behavior of complex systems with the tools of information theory, in particular with Shannon's measure of information (or SMI), which can be defined on any probability distribution. SMI is defined and its properties and time evolution are illustrated, and it is shown that the entropy is a particular type of SMI, i.e. the SMI related to the phase-space distribution for a macroscopic system at equilibrium. The connection to SMI allows the reader to understand what entropy is and why isolated systems follow the Second Law of Thermodynamics. The Second Llaw is also formulated for other systems, not thermally isolated and even open with respect to the transfer of particles. All the fundamental aspects of thermodynamics are derived and illustrated with several examples in the first part of the book. The second part addresses important applications of thermodynamics, covering phase transitions, mixtures and solutions (including the Kirkwood-Buff approach and solvation thermodynamics), chemical equilibrium, and the outstanding properties of water.This textbook is unique in two aspects. First, thermodynamics is introduced with a novel approach, based on information theory applied to macroscopic systems at equilibrium. It is shown that entropy is a particular case of Shannon's measure of information (SMI), and the properties and time evolution of the SMI are used to explain the Second Law of Thermodynamics. This represents a real breakthrough, as classical thermodynamics cannot explain entropy, nor clarify why systems should obey the Second Law. Second, this textbook offers the reader the possibility to get in touch with important and advanced applications of thermodynamics, to address the topics discussed in the second part of the book. Although they may go beyond the content of a typical introductory course on thermodynamics, some of them can be important in the curriculum chosen by the student. At the same time, they are of appealing interest to more advanced scholars.Table of ContentsFundamentals: Introduction and Overview; The Historical Development of Thermodynamics; Elements of Probability Theory; Shannon's Measure of Information; Three Theorems on Shannon's Measure of Information; The Entropy Function of a Classical Ideal Gas; Thermodynamics of Ideal Gas; The Fundamental Principles of Thermodynamics; Applications: The Phase Rule and Phase Diagrams; Mixtures and Solutions; Chemical Equilibrium; Water and Aqueous Solutions; Appendices: Solutions to Exercises; Mathematics;

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Book SynopsisThermodynamics deals with energy levels and energy transfers between states of matter, and is therefore fundamental to all branches of science. This new edition provides an accessible introduction to the subject, specifically tailored to the interests of Earth and environmental science students. Beginning at an elementary level, the first four chapters explain all necessary concepts via a simple graphical approach. Throughout the rest of the book, the author emphasizes the importance of field observations and demonstrates that, despite being derived from idealized circumstances, thermodynamics is crucial to understanding ore formation, acid mine drainage, and other real-world geochemical and geophysical problems. Exercises now follow each chapter, with answers provided at the end of the book. An associated website includes extra chapters and password-protected answers to additional problems. This textbook is ideal for undergraduate and graduate students studying geochemistry and enviroTrade Review'The beauty and power of this book is how Greg Anderson shows us, in rigorous yet practical and pictorial terms, how we can learn about the fundamental behaviour of our complex planet from classical thermodynamics alone. Anderson conveys this … with fervor, with humor and with many calculated examples - which all emphasize that asking the right question is the key to meaningful simplification, and to answers that capture the essence of complex natural systems.' Christoph A. Heinrich, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Switzerland'Thermodynamics is one of the most universal scientific disciplines … But being so universal also requires it to be introduced and taught very differently to students in such diverse fields of science. This 3rd edition is a really welcome and timely book in this context. The book introduces and discusses the most important concepts of equilibrium thermodynamics in their specific applications to geological and environmental sciences. The author has made particular efforts to only use minimum necessary formal mathematical apparatus to present the thermodynamic laws and relationships. However, this is carefully done without any oversimplification or loss of physical accuracy … The textbook can be recommended as a very good introductory course in thermodynamics for undergraduate geoscience and environmental science students.' Andrey G. Kalinichev, École des Mines de Nantes, FranceTable of ContentsPreface; 1. What is thermodynamics?; 2. Defining our terms; 3. The First Law of Thermodynamics; 4. The Second Law of Thermodynamics; 5. Getting data; 6. Some simple applications; 7. Solutions; 8. Fugacity and activity; 9. The equilibrium constant; 10. Rock-water systems; 11. Redox reactions; 12. Phase diagrams; 13. Affinity and extent of reaction; Appendix A. Constants and numerical values; Appendix B. Standard state properties; Appendix C. Answers to exercises; References; Index; Online material: real solutions; The phase rule; Equations of state; Solid solutions; Electrolyte solutions; The Van't Hoff equilibrium box; Topics in mathematics.

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Book SynopsisAt the heart of many fields - physics, chemistry, engineering - lies thermodynamics. While this science plays a critical role in determining the boundary between what is and is not possible in the natural world, it occurs to many as an indecipherable black box, thus making the subject a challenge to learn. Two obstacles contribute to this situation, the first being the disconnect between the fundamental theories and the underlying physics and the second being the confusing concepts and terminologies involved with the theories. While one needn''t confront either of these two obstacles to successfully use thermodynamics to solve real problems, overcoming both provides access to a greater intuitive sense of the problems and more confidence, more strength, and more creativity in solving them. This book offers an original perspective on thermodynamic science and history based on the three approaches of a practicing engineer, academician, and historian. The book synthesises and gathers into one accessible volume a strategic range of foundational topics involving the atomic theory, energy, entropy, and the laws of thermodynamics.Trade ReviewThis book takes the approach of providing inspiration, confidence and creativity to students for ultimately solving a whole range of thermodynamic problems faced by chemical, mechanical, aerospace and environmental engineers in academia and industry. It is easy to read, providing meaningful information to someone with little background in thermodynamics. * Ashwani Gupta, J. Energy Resour. Technol., June 2022 *an excellent (and very accessible) textbook... it should be on every refrigeration engineer's bookshelf * Andy Pearson, Star Refrigeration in Glasgow, Ashrae Journal *Hanlon has written a masterpiece, 18 years in the making, a lifetime of learning, has resulted in perhaps the most thoroughly readable book on thermodynamics out there... we not only learn about the history of thermodynamics in Block by Block, we learn about the fundamentals of thermodynamics without getting overwhelmed with equations and mathematics. This should probably be a required textbook in school - learning about the foundations of thermodynamics before trying to work out the math would be the smartest way to master the subject. * Mike Pauken, Senior Engineer, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory and author of Thermodynamics for Dummies *This book is for those who frequently ask "why is this happening?" instead of "what is happening?" That's why this book is different than any textbook on this subject. It is such a rich material, organized in the way that gives to the reader (being an experienced professional or an under-graduate student) the ability to question and understand the concepts behind the Laws of Thermodynamics. The most important, reading this book is like reading a novel about a very exciting subject. * Dr Roger Riehl, National Institute for Space Research (INPE). *This is the book I wish I had 25 years ago! Bob Hanlon describes in beautiful detail the meaning behind thermodynamics concepts that our teachers and books missed. He provides new perspectives on entropy, heat and work, and statistical mechanics. Along the way we get to meet our heroes, people like Carnot, Clausius, of course Gibbs. A gem of a book! * Darrell Velegol, Distinguished Professor, Penn State University *Table of ContentsIntroduction Part 1 The Big Bang 1: The Big Bang: the science 2: The Big Bang: the discovery Part 2 The Atom 3: The Atom: the science 4: The Atom: the discovery Part 3 Energy and Conservation Laws 5: The science 6: Motion prior to Galileo 7: Galileo and the Law of Fall 8: Newton and the Laws of Motion 9: The lever 10: The rise of ½ mv2 11: Bernoulli and Euler unite Newton and Leibniz 12: The conservation of mechanical energy 13: Heat 14: Joseph Black and the rise of heat capacity 15: Lavoisier and the birth of modern chemistry 16: The rise of the steam engine 17: Caloric 18: The ideal gas 19: The final steps to energy and its conservation 20: Julius Robert Mayer 21: James Joule 22: The 1st Law of Thermodynamics 23: Epilogue: The mystery of beta decay Part 4 Entropy and the Laws of Thermodynamics 24: The science 25: The piston 26: England and the steam engine 27: The Newcomen engine 28: James Watt 29: Trevithick, Woolf and high-pressure steam 30: Sadi Carnot 31: Rudolph Clausius 32: William Thomson 33: The creation of thermodynamics 34: Clausius and the road to entropy 35: J. Willard Gibbs 36: Gibbs' 3rd paper 37: Practical applications of Gibbs' theories 38: Dissemination of Gibbs' work 39: The 2nd Law, entropy and the chemists 40: Clausius - the kinetic theory of gases 41: Maxwell - the rise of statistical mechanics 42: Boltzmann - the probabilistic interpretation of entropy 43: Shannon - entropy and information theory Part 5 Conclusion Acknowledgements and Bibliography

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a fundamental description of multiphase flow through porous rock, with an emphasis on the understanding of displacement processes at the pore, or micron, scale. The treatment is pedagogical, making it an excellent reference for hydrology and environmental engineering students, as well as for industry professionals.Trade Review'This brilliant and original textbook integrates the most up-to-date understanding of the physics of fluid transport through porous media with recent advances in digital rock physics. The result provides fresh insight into multiphase fluid flow and transport to benefit students and researchers alike.' Anthony Kovscek, Stanford University, California'This beautifully written and elegantly illustrated book uses the latest theoretical and experimental insights to provide the most comprehensive review of the fundamental physical and chemical processes that occur at the pore-scale during multi-phase flow in permeable media … a much needed contribution that will impact geoscientists and engineers from both academia and industry, for years to come.' Sebastian Geiger, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh'This book quickly has become one of my all-time favorite textbooks .… the mix of original papers, classic works, review papers, and textbooks, together with an expansive and up-to-date collection of current literature, is one of the strongest points of the book. The reference list alone is worth the cost of this volume … This is one of those rare books that hits the fine balance between superficial and too much detail … I highly recommend Multiphase Flow in Permeable Media (Blunt 2017) to anyone interested in the flow of immiscible fluids in the subsurface.' Benjamin J. Rostron, Groundwater'This first-edition book is available in electronic and hardcover formats and is well illustrated with figures. It is a well-organized volume.' Amit Padhi, The Leading EdgeTable of ContentsList of symbols; Preface; 1. Interfacial curvature and contact angle; 2. Porous media and fluid displacement; 3. Primary drainage; 4. Imbibition and trapping; 5. Wettability and displacement paths; 6. Navier–Stokes equations, Darcy's law and multiphase flow; 7. Relative permeability; 8. Three-phase flow; 9. Solutions to equations for multiphase flow; Appendix A. Exercises; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisFrom agricultural soils to the clouds and fogs which influence our weather; from cosmetics to pharmaceuticals; from the food we eat to the structure of biological cells - most of the materials around us are made up of colloids. Colloidal systems are also important in the paper, paint and ink industries, either in the final products or at crucial stages in their manufacture. This book provides an introduction to the area of science which seeks to understand those processes which govern the behaviour of these systems.The emphasis is on providing a sound basic understanding on which later, more advanced study can be built. The book offers a gentle introduction to the author''s two-volume reference book Foundations of Colloid Science, which can be used to take the specialist reader into the latest research literature.Trade Review'the material included represents a selection of core topics that is covered to varying depths ... As an introduction to the subject area it will be a useful book for the serious reader who is seeking quantitative approach to the principles of colloid science.' Times Higher Education Supplement'Intended for a senior undergraduate course or for the many workers in science and industry for whom colloid science is important, but not central, to their concerns. Serves as an introduction to the author's comprehensive, two-volume work, Foundations of Colloid Science.' SciTech Book News, June 1994'will be useful to practising chemists for whom a more detailed knowledge of colloid chemistry would be advantageous' Aslib Book Guide, vol. 59, no. 4, April 1994Robert Hunter's new book will provide a useful and relatively painless initiation for those entering the field of colloid science, and is a handy reference work for the more experienced. It is remarkable value for money and should find its way into the personal libraries of novices and experts alike. * J. Gregory, Polymer International, Vol. 35, No. 1, Sept '94 *This new 'little Hunter' is a teaching text in the classical sense. The text is easy to read, sensibly illustrated and introduces many practical examples. * J Klingler, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem 99 no 3 591-2. *A succesful book, both in terms of its content and its didactics, which can be recommended to everyone who wants to start in the field of colloids. * J Klingler, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem 99 no 3 591-2. *Table of Contents1. Characterization of colloidal dispersions ; 2. Microscopic colloidal behaviour ; 3. Determination of particle size ; 4. Flow behaviour ; 5. Thermodynamics of surfaces ; 6. Adsorption at interfaces ; 7. Electrically charged interfaces ; 8. Measuring surface charge and potential ; 9. Particle interaction and coagulation ; 10. Applications of colloid and surface science ; Index

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Book SynopsisFollowing elucidation of the basics of thermodynamics and detailed explanation of chemical kinetics of reactive mixtures, readers are introduced to unique and effective mathematical tools for the modeling, simulation and analysis of chemical non-equilibrium phenomena in combustion and flows. The reactor approach is presented considering thermochemical reactors as the focal points. Novel equations of chemical kinetics compiling chemical thermodynamic and transport processes make reactor models universal and easily applicable to the simulation of combustion and flow in a variety of propulsion and energy generation units. Readers will find balanced coverage of both fundamental material on chemical kinetics and thermodynamics, and detailed description of mathematical models and algorithms, along with examples of their application. Researchers, practitioners, lecturers, and graduate students will all find this work valuable.Trade Review'As a researcher and practitioner in the field of thermal sciences, I am delighted to endorse such an insightful, logical and timely presentation of complex matters in chemical thermodynamics, chemical kinetics and combustion. The book is distinguished by a well balanced presentation of a foundational theoretical material, in-depth analyses of modern combustion modeling tools and authors' unique developments in engineering combustion. Examples of applications of models and tools to a variety of combustion systems are a definite bonus. This makes the book valuable for graduate education and scholars as well as practitioners who are developing efficient and effective combustion systems.' Aleksandr Kozlov, Gas Technology Institute, Illinois'I believe that this book is needed and it will be definitely welcomed by a broad audience of readers ranging from students to seasoned professionals. The book covers wide area of human knowledge that is important for practical applications. My particular interest was in the parts of the book that describe evaporation of the droplets and particulates of the fuel. It is of high value for me to have a book that provided up to date summary of the current state of the art in combustion, in general, and in evaporation sub-models as applied to combustion, in particular. The book is well organized and the presentation is excellent. The material logically follows from the fundamental concepts and proceeds to the deeper and deeper peculiarities of the theoretical and mathematical modeling and numerical simulation. With great pleasure, I am endorsing the publication of this book.' Vladimir Semak, Signature Science, LLCTable of ContentsPart I. Basic Components of Chemical Non-Equilibrium Models: 1. Approaches to combustion simulation: patterns, models and main equations; 2. Governing equations of chemical kinetics and specific features of their solution; 3. Software tools for the support of calculation of combustion and reacting flows; Part II. Mathematical Modeling of Selected Typical Modes of Combustion: 4. Laminar premixed flames: simulation of combustion in the flame front; 5. Droplets and particles: evaporation in high-temperature flow and combustion in boundary layers; 6. Models of droplet evaporation in reacting flow; Part III. Simulation of Combustion and Non-Equilibrium Flows in Propulsion and Power Generation Systems: 7. Simulation of high-temperature heterogeneous reacting flows; 8. Simulation of two-phase flows in gas generators of liquid propellant rocket engines; 9. Pressurization of liquid-propellant rocket engine tanks; 10. Combustion and ionization in spark ignition engines; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisThe book discusses the sciences of operations, converting raw materials into desired products on an industrial scale by applying chemical transformations and other industrial technologies. Basics of chemical technology combining chemistry, physical transport, unit operations and chemical reactors are thoroughly prepared for an easy understanding.

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Book SynopsisPinch Technology explains the principles of process integration, the use of pinch technology as well as energy recycling in oil, gas, petrochemical and industrial processes. It gives an complete overview of all relevant and similar references in the fi eld of energy recovery in oil, gas and petrochemicals.

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Book SynopsisFollow step-by-step explanations to understand mathematical models – algebraic and differential equations – of chemical reactors and how numerical models workin computer implementation. Learn the basics behind current user-friendly tools in numerical simulation and optimization of reactor systems (Python, Matlab, Julia and gPROMS). Discover how to select the right algorithm for specific reactor models from homogenous to multiphase systems and structured reactors in detailed discussions at the end of each chapter. In this second edition, 20 solved example simulations performed in MATLAB and Python are included for demonstration purposes. Download solutions to exercises in the book: http://web.abo.fi/fak/tkf/tek/cre/. .

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Book SynopsisA treatment of the transport and transfer processes of heat, mass and momentum in terms of their analogy. The processes are described with the help of macro and micro balances which in many cases lead to differential equations. This way, the textbook also prepares for Computational Fluid Dynamics techniques. The topics of the five chapters of the textbook are: Balances: shape and recipe, mass balance, residence time distribution, energy and heat balances, Bernoulli equation, momentum balances Molecular transport, dimensional analysis, forces on immersed objects Heat transport: steady-state and unsteady conduction, the general heat transport equation, forced and free convective heat transport, radiant heat transport Mass transport: steady-state and unsteady diffusion, the general mass transport equation, mass transfer across a phase interface, convective mass transport, wet bulb temperature Fluid mechanics: flow meters, pressure drop, packed beds, laminar flow of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, Navier-Stokes equations The leading idea behind this textbook is to train students in solving problems where transport phenomena are key. To this end, the textbook comprises almost 80 problems with solutions.

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Book SynopsisEnergy in Plastics Technology provides, unlike any other book, the necessary fundamentals for dealing with thermotechnical issues in the processing of plastics, leading to efficient, robust, reliable, economical, and environmentally friendly processes for high-quality products. The following four areas are addressed: - Methodical application of the essential fundamentals to practical problems. The focus is on the formulation of energy balances.- Special emphasis is placed on the understanding of the first and second laws of thermodynamics, with their manifold implications.- Access to key advanced technical literature, which can be highly theoretical, and forms the basis for advanced simulation methods, is provided.- Analytical approaches for modeling processes (as opposed to numerical simulation methods) are covered, so that the influence of the essential process parameters can be better recognized, and correct results in terms of order of magnitude are obtained with reasonable effort. These simplified considerations provide a valuable support for the preparation of experiments and numerical simulations and their critical evaluation. The fundamentals provided are applied - in exemplary calculation examples - to problems relevant to practice in the most important processing and forming methods. The book is aimed at engineers and students working in plastics technology as well as technicians and plastics technologists.

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Book Synopsis“I wish I had learned thermodynamics this way!” That’s what the authors hear all the time from instructors using Introduction to Molecular Thermodynamics. Starting with just a few basic principles of probability and the distribution of energy, the book takes students (and faculty!) on an adventure into the inner workings of the molecular world like no other. Made to fit into a standard second-semester of a traditional first-year chemistry course, or as a supplement for more advanced learners, the book takes the reader from probability to Gibbs energy and beyond, following a logical step-by-step progression of ideas, each just a slight expansion of the previous. Filled with examples ranging from casinos to lasers, from the “high energy bonds” of ATP to endangered coral reefs, Introduction to Molecular Thermodynamics hits the mark for students and faculty alike who have an interest in understanding the world around them in molecular terms. Key Features Develops students' intuition and quantitative confidence. Designed to fit within the second semester of a traditional first-year chemistry course. Includes chapter-ending summaries, problems and brain teasers. Answers to selected problems appear at the back of the book. Provides an assortment of helpful appendices, including Mathematical Tricks. Features a robust Author Website that includes a PowerPoint Introduction, an online Interactive Guide to the Book, and much more. Table of Contents1 Probability, Distributions, and Equilibrium 2 The Distribution of Energy 3 Energy Levels in Real Chemical Systems 4 Internal Energy (U) and the First Law 5 Bonding and Internal Energy 6 The Effect of Temperature on Equilibrium 7 Entropy (S) and the Second Law 8 The Effect of Pressure and Concentration on Entropy 9 Enthalpy (H) and the Surroundings 10 Gibbs Energy (G) 11 The Equilibrium Constant (K) 12 Applications of Gibbs Energy: Phase Changes 13 Applications of Gibbs Energy: Electrochemistry APPENDIX A Symbols and Constants APPENDIX B Mathematical Tricks APPENDIX C Table of Standard Reduction Potentials APPENDIX D Table of Standard Thermodynamic Data (25°C and 1 bar) APPENDIX E Thermodynamic Data for the Evaporation of Liquid Water Answers to Selected Exercises

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Book SynopsisWith the present emphasis on nano and bio technologies, molecular level descriptions and understandings offered by statistical mechanics are of increasing interest and importance. This text emphasizes how statistical thermodynamics is and can be used by chemical engineers and physical chemists. The text shows readers the path from molecular level approximations to the applied, macroscopic thermodynamic models engineers use, and introduces them to molecular-level computer simulation. Readers of this book will develop an appreciation for the beauty and utility of statistical mechanics.Table of Contents1. Introduction to Statistical Thermodynamics. 1.1 Probabistic Description. 1.2 Macrostates and Microstates. 1.3 Quantum Mechanics Description of Microstates. 1.4 The Postulates of Statistical Mechanics. 1.5 The Boltzmann Energy Distribution. 2. The Canonical Partition Function. 2.1 Some Properties of the Canonical Partition Function. 2.2 Relationship of the Canonical Partition Function to Thermodynamic Properties. 2.3 Canonical Partition Function for a Molecule with Several Independent Energy Modes. 2.4 Canonical Partition Function for a Collection of Noninteracting Identical Atoms. Problems. 3. The Ideal Monatomic Gas. 3.1 Canonical Partition Function for the Ideal Monatomic Gas. 3.2 Identification of b as 1/kT. 3.3 General Relationships of the Canonical Partition Function to Other Thermodynamic Quantities. 3.4 The Thermodynamic Properties of the Ideal Monatomic Gas. 3.5 Energy Fluctuations in the Canonical Ensemble. 3.6 The Gibbs Entropy Equation. 3.7 Translational State Degeneracy. 3.8 Distinguishability, Indistinguishability and the Gibbs' Paradox. 3.9 A Classical Mechanics – Quantum Mechanics Comparison: The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution of Velocities. Problems. 4. Ideal Polyatomic Gas. 4.1 The Partition Function for an Ideal Diatomic Gas. 4.2 The Thermodynamic Properties of the Ideal Diatomic Gas. 4.3 The Partition Function for an Ideal Polyatomic Gas. 4.4 The Thermodynamic Properties of an Ideal Polyatomic Gas. 4.5 The Heat Capacities of Ideal Gases. 4.6 Normal Mode Analysis: the Vibrations of a Linear Triatomic Molecule. Problems. 5. Chemical Reactions in Ideal Gases. 5.1 The Non-Reacting Ideal Gas Mixture. 5.2 Partition Function of a Reacting Ideal Chemical Mixture. 5.3 Three Different Derivations of the Chemical Equilibrium Constant in an Ideal Gas Mixture. 5.4 Fluctuations in a Chemically Reacting System. 5.5 The Chemically Reacting Gas Mixture. The General Case. 5.6 An Example. The Ionization of Argon. Problems. 6. Other Partition Functions. 6.1 The Microcanonical Ensemble. 6.2 The Grand Canonical Ensemble. 6.3 The Isobaric-Isothermal Ensemble. 6.4 The Restricted Grand or Semi Grand Canonical Ensemble. 6.5 Comments on the Use of Different Ensembles. Problems. 7. Interacting Molecules in a Gas. 7.1 The Configuration Integral. 7.2 Thermodynamic Properties from the Configuration Integral. 7.3 The Pairwise Additivity Assumption. 7.4 Mayer Cluster Function and Irreducible Integrals. 7.5 The Virial Equation of State. 7.6 The Virial Equation of State for Polyatomic Molecules. 7.7 Thermodynamic Properties from the Virial Equation of State. 7.8 Derivation of Virial Coefficient Formulae from the Grand Canonical Ensemble. 7.9 Range of Applicability of the Virial Equation. Problems. 8. Intermolecular Potentials and the Evaluation of the Second Virial Coefficient. 8.1 Interaction Potentials for Spherical Molecules. 8.2 Interaction Potentials Between Unlike Atoms. 8.3 Interaction Potentials for Nonspherical Molecules. 8.4 Engineering Applications/Implications of the Virial Equation of State. Problems. 9. Monatomic Crystals. 9.1 The Einstein Model of a Crystal. 9.2 The Debye Model of a Crystal. 9.3 Test of the Einstein and Debye Models for a Crystal. 9.4 Sublimation Pressures of Crystals. 9.5 A Comment of the Third Law of Thermodynamics. Problems. 10. Simple Lattice Models of Fluids. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Development of Equations of State from Lattice Theory. 10.3 Activity Coefficient Models for Similar Size Molecules from Lattice Theory. 10.4 Flory-Huggins and Other Models for Polymer Systems. 10.5 The Ising Model. Problems. 11. Interacting Molecules in a Dense Fluid. Configurational Distribution Functions. 11.1 Reduced Spatial Probability Density Functions. 11.2 Thermodynamic Properties from the Pair Correlation Function. 11.3 The Pair Correlation Function (Radial Distribution Function) at Low Density. 11.4 Methods of Determination of the Pair Correlation Function at High Density 11.5 Fluctuations in the Number of Particles and the Compressibility Equation 11.6 Determination of the Radial Distribution Function of Fluids using Coherent X-ray or Neutron Scattering. 11.7 Determination of the Radial Distribution Functions of Molecular Liquids. 11.8 Determination of the Coordination Number from the Radial Distribution Function. 11.9 Determination of the Radial Distribution Function of Colloids and Proteins. Problems. 12. Integral Equation Theories for the Radial Distribution Function. 12.1 The Potential of Mean Force. 12.2 The Kirkwood Superposition Approximation. 12.3 The Ornstein-Zernike Equation. 12.4 Closures for the Ornstein-Zernike Equation. 12.5 The Percus-Yevick Equation of State. 12.6 The Radial Distribution Function and Thermodynamic Properties of Mixtures. 12.7 The Potential of Mean Force. 12.8 Osmotic Pressure and the Potential of Mean Force for Protein and Colloidal Solutions. Problems. 13. Computer Simulation. 13.1 Introduction to Molecular Level Simulation. 13.2 Thermodynamic Properties from Molecular Simulation. 13.3 Monte Carlo Simulation. 13.4 Molecular Dynamics Simulation. Problems. 14. Perturbation Theory. 14.1 Perturbation Theory for the Square-Well Potential. 14.2 First Order Barker-Henderson Perturbation Theory. 14.3 Second Order Perturbation Theory. 14.4 Perturbation Theory Using Other Potentials. 14.5 Engineering Applications of Perturbation Theory. Problems. 15. Debye-Hückel Theory of Electrolyte Solutions. 15.1 Solutions Containing Ions (and electrons). 15.2 Debye-Hückel Theory. 15.3 The Mean Ionic Activity Coefficient. Problems. 16. The Derivation of Thermodynamic Models from the Generalized van der Waals Partition Function. 16.1 The Statistical Mechanical Background. 16.2 Application of the Generalized van der Waals Partition Function to Pure Fluids. 16.3 Equation of State for Mixtures from the Generalized van der Waals Partition Function. 16.4 Activity Coefficient Models from the Generalized van der Waals Partition Function. 16.5 Chain Molecules and Polymers. 16.6 Hydrogen-bonding and Associating Fluids. Problems.

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Book SynopsisIn-depth reference for solid material thermodynamics Thermodynamics of Materials provides a comprehensive reference for chemical engineers and others whose work involves material science. Volume 1 covers the statistical and classical thermodynamics of solids, including enthalpy, entropy, energy exchange, and more. In-depth examination of property relationships includes chemical potentials, heat capacity, compressibility, magnetism, and others, while further exploration of equilibrium states and electrochemistry provide the essential information necessary to work with solid materials in theoretical and practical applications. Extensive appendices provide essential formulas and reference lists for current, volume, pressure, energy, and more.Table of ContentsFirst Law. Second Law. Property Relationships. Equilibrium. Chemical Equilibrium. Electrochemistry. Solutions. Phase Rule. Phase Diagrams. Statistical Thermodynamics. Appendix. Index.

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Book SynopsisClear explanation of reaction kinetics for liquids, gases, and solids Thermodynamics of Materials provides a comprehensive reference for chemical engineers and others whose work involves materials science. Volume 2 reviews macroscopic thermodynamics before moving on to the more complex behavior of defects and interfaces. The kinetics of liquids and gases are explored through discussion of evaporation, diffusion, and molecular movement, while solids are explored through in-depth explanations of nucleation, spinodal decomposition, and reaction kinetics. Concise, with clearly-defined equations and constants, this guide is an invaluable reference for both theoretical and practical applications.Table of ContentsThermodynamics: Review. Statistical Thermodynamics. Defects in Solids. Surfaces and Interfaces. Diffusion. Transformations. Reaction Kinetics. Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics. Index.

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Book SynopsisA much-needed reference focusing on the theory, design, and applications of a broad range of surface types. Written by three of the best-known experts in the field. Covers compact heat exchangers, periodic heat flow, boiling off finned surfaces, and other essential topics.Table of ContentsPreface. Convection with Simplified Constraints. Convection with Real Constraints. Convective Optimizations. Convection Coefficients. Linear Transformations. Elements of Linear Transformations. Algorithms for Finned Array Assembly. Advanced Array Methods and Array Optimization. Finned Passages. Compact Heat Exchangers. Longitudinal Fin Double-Pipe Exchangers. Transverse High-Fin Exchangers. Fins with Radiation. Optimum Design of Radiating and Convecting-Radiating Fins. Multidimensional Heat Transfer in Fins and Fin Assemblies. Transient Heat Transfer in Extended Surfaces. Periodic Heat Flow in Fins. Boiling From Finned Surfaces. Condensation on Finned Surfaces. Augmentation and Additional Studies. Appendix A: Gamma and Bessel Functions. Appendix B: Matrices and Determinants. References. Author Index. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisA complete handbook for analytical chemists which has been designed to stimulate fundamental research. The contributors cover aspects of both classical and modern analytical chemistry, as well as the scientific and instrumental fundamentals of analytical methods.Table of ContentsApplication of Thermal Analysis to Kinetic Evaluation of ThermalDecomposition (D. Dollimore & M. Reading). Thermometric Titrations and Enthalpimetric Analysis (J. Jordan& J. Stahl). Thermogravimetry (J. Dunn & J. Sharp). The Application of Thermodilatometry to the Study of Ceramics (M.Ish-Shalom). Pyrolysis Techniques (W. Irwin). Application of Thermal Analysis to Problems in Cement Chemistry (J.Bhatty). Subject Index for Volume 13.

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Book SynopsisThis volume introduces students and researchers to the fundamental concepts of fire science. Using easy-to-understand language, it provides a solid background, and help readers develop a meaningful understanding and appreciation of this important and evolving topic.

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Book SynopsisThis book is part of a set of books which offers advanced students successive characterization tool phases, the study of all types of phase (liquid, gas and solid, pure or multi-component), process engineering, chemical and electrochemical equilibria, and the properties of surfaces and phases of small sizes. Macroscopic and microscopic models are in turn covered with a constant correlation between the two scales. Particular attention has been given to the rigor of mathematical developments. This volume, the final of the Chemical Thermodynamics Set, offers an in-depth examination of chemical thermodynamics. The author uses systems of liquids, vapors, solids and mixtures of these in thermodynamic approaches to determine the influence of the temperature and pressure on the surface tension and its consequences on specific heat capacities and latent heats. Electro-capillary phenomena, the thermodynamics of cylindrical capillary and small volume-phases are also discussed, along with a thermodynamic study of the phenomenon of nucleation of a condensed phase and the properties of thin liquid films. The final chapters discuss the phenomena of physical adsorption and chemical adsorption of gases by solid surfaces. In an Appendix, applications of physical adsorption for the determination of the specific areas of solids and their porosity are given.Table of Contents1. Liquid Surfaces2. Interfaces Between Liquids and Fluid Solutions3. Surfaces of Solids and Interfaces4. Small-volume Phases5. Capillary Tubes and Thin Films6. Physical Adsorption of Gases by Solids7. Chemical Adsorption of Gases by Solids

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Book Synopsis

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisThe book gives an introduction to energetic materials and lasers, properties of such materials and the current methods for initiating energetic materials. The following chapters and sections highlight the properties of lasers, and safety aspects of their application. It covers the properties of in-service energetic materials, and also materials with prospects of being used as insensitive ammunitions in future weapon or missiles systems or as detonators in civilian (mining) applications. Because of the diversity of the topics some sections will naturally separate into different levels of expertise and knowledge.Table of ContentsAbout the Authors xiii Preface xv Acknowledgements xvii 1 Historical Background 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The Gunpowder Era 2 1.3 Cannons, Muskets and Rockets 2 1.3.1 Musketry 7 1.3.2 Rocketry 9 1.4 Explosive Warheads 9 1.5 Explosives Science 11 Bibliography 14 2 Review of Laser Initiation 17 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Initiation Processes 19 2.3 Initiation by Direct Laser Irradiation 21 2.3.1 Laser Power 21 2.3.2 Laser Pulse Duration 22 2.3.3 Absorbing Centres 22 2.3.4 Pressed Density 23 2.3.5 Strength of Confining Container 24 2.3.6 Material Ageing 25 2.3.7 Laser-Induced Electrical Response 25 2.4 Laser-Driven Flyer Plate Initiations 25 2.5 Summary and Research Rationale 27 2.5.1 Rationale for Research 28 Bibliography 29 References 29 3 Lasers and Their Characteristics 35 3.1 Definition of Laser 35 3.2 Concept of Light 36 3.3 Parameters Characterizing Light Sources 39 3.4 Basic Principle of Lasers 45 3.5 Basic Technology of Lasers 47 3.6 Comparison between Laser and Thermal Sources 48 3.7 Suitable Laser Sources for Ignition Applications 49 3.7.1 Nd:YAG Laser 50 3.7.2 Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 50 3.7.3 Diode Lasers 52 3.8 Beam Delivery Methods for Laser Ignition 53 3.8.1 Free Space Delivery 53 3.8.2 Fibre Optics Beam Delivery 54 3.9 Laser Safety 57 3.9.1 Laser Interaction with Biological Tissues 57 3.9.2 Precaution against Ocular Hazards 57 Bibliography 59 4 General Characteristics of Energetic Materials 61 4.1 Introduction 61 4.2 The Nature of Explosions 61 4.3 Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Explosives 63 4.4 Fuel and Oxidizer Concept 64 4.4.1 Explosive Mixtures 66 4.4.2 Pyrotechnics 69 4.4.3 Rocket Propellants 73 4.5 Explosive Compounds 74 4.5.1 Chemical Classification 74 4.6 Thermodynamics of Explosions 80 4.6.1 Oxygen Balance 82 Appendix 4.A 83 A.1 Data for Some Explosives 83 A.1.1 TNT (Trinitrotoluene) 83 A.1.2 HNS(Hexanitrostilbene) 83 A.1.3 DATB (1,3,Diamino,2,4,6,trinitrobenzene) 84 A.1.4 TATB (1,3,5,-Triamino-2,4,6-Trinitrobenzene) 84 A.1.5 Picric Acid (2,4,6,trinito- hydroxy benzene) 84 A.1.6 Styphnic Acid (2,4,6,trinito-1,3, dihydroxy benzene) 84 A.1.7 Tetryl or CE (Composition Exploding) 85 A.1.8 PICRITE (Niroguanidine) 85 A.1.9 RDX (Research Department eXplosive) 85 A.1.10 HMX (High Molecular-weight eXplosive) 85 A.1.11 EGDN (Nitroglycol) 86 A.1.12 NG (Nitroglycerine) 86 A.1.13 NC (Nitro-Cellulose) 86 A.1.14 PETN (Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate) 87 A.1.15 Metal Salts 87 A.2 Unusual Explosives 88 A.2.1 Tetrazene 88 Bibliography 89 5 Recent Developments in Explosives 91 5.1 Introduction 91 5.2 Improvements in Explosive Performance 91 5.2.1 Heat of Explosion ΔHc (Q) 91 5.2.2 Density of Explosives 92 5.3 Areas under Development 92 5.3.1 New Requirements for Explosive Compositions 93 5.4 Plastic-Bonded High Explosives 95 5.4.1 Plastic-Bonded Compositions 95 5.4.2 Thermoplastics 96 5.4.3 Thermosetting Materials 96 5.5 Choice of High Explosive for Plastic Bonded Compositions 97 5.6 High-Energy Plastic Matrices 97 5.7 Reduced Sensitivity Explosives 99 5.8 High Positive Enthalpies of Formation Explosives 101 5.8.1 High Nitrogen-Containing Molecules 102 5.8.2 Pure Nitrogen Compounds 102 5.8.3 Other High-Nitrogen Compounds 104 5.8.4 Nitrogen Heterocycles 105 Glossary of Chemical Names for High-Melting-Point Explosives 113 Bibliography 113 References 113 6 Explosion Processes 117 6.1 Introduction 117 6.2 Burning 117 6.3 Detonation 123 6.4 Mechanism of Deflagration to Detonation Transition 124 6.5 Shock-to-Detonation 127 6.6 The Propagation of Detonation 128 6.7 Velocity of Detonation 129 6.7.1 Effect of Density of Loading 131 6.7.2 Effect of Diameter of Charge 131 6.7.3 Degree of Confinement 131 6.7.4 Effect of Strength of Detonator 132 6.8 The Measurement of Detonation Velocity 133 6.9 Classifications of Explosives and Pyrotechnics by Functions and Sensitivity 133 6.10 The Effects of High Explosives 135 6.10.1 Energy Distribution in Explosions 135 6.11 Explosive Power 137 6.12 Calculation of Q and V from Thermochemistry of Explosives 138 6.12.1 General Considerations 138 6.12.2 Energy of Decomposition 138 6.12.3 Products of the Explosion Process 139 6.13 Kistiakowsky - Wilson Rules 140 6.14 Additional Equilibria 141 6.15 Energy Released on Detonation 142 6.16 Volume of Gases Produced during Explosion 144 6.17 Explosive Power 145 6.17.1 Improving Explosives Power 146 6.18 Shockwave Effects 147 6.19 Appendices: Measurement of Velocity of Detonation 149 Appendix 6.A: Dautriche Method 149 Appendix 6.B: The Rotating Mirror Streak Camera Method 151 Appendix 6.C: The Continuous Wire Method 152 Appendix 6.D: The Event Circuit 152 Bibliography 153 References 153 7 Decomposition Processes and Initiation of Energetic Materials 155 7.1 Effect of Heat on Explosives 155 7.2 Decomposition Mechanisms 162 7.2.1 Thermal Decomposition Mechanism of TNT 163 7.2.2 Non-Aromatic Nitro Compounds 164 7.2.3 Nitro Ester Thermal Decomposition 167 7.2.4 Nitramine Thermal Decomposition 168 7.2.5 Photon-Induced Decomposition Mechanisms 169 7.3 Practical Initiation Techniques 172 7.3.1 Methods of Initiation 173 7.3.2 Direct Heating 174 7.3.3 Mechanical Methods 175 7.3.4 Electrical Systems 177 7.3.5 Chemical Reaction 177 7.3.6 Initiation by Shockwave 178 7.4 Classification of Explosives by Ease of Initiation 178 7.5 Initiatory Explosives 179 7.5.1 Primary Explosive Compounds 179 7.5.2 Primer Usage 181 7.6 Igniters and Detonators 182 7.7 Explosive Trains 183 7.7.1 Explosive Trains in Commercial Blasting 187 Bibliography 190 References 190 8 Developments in Alternative Primary Explosives 193 8.1 Safe Handling of Novel Primers 193 8.2 Introduction 193 8.3 Totally Organic 194 8.4 Simple Salts of Organics 199 8.5 Transition Metal Complexes and Salts 202 8.6 Enhancement of Laser Sensitivity 206 References 207 Appendix 8.A: Properties of Novel Primer Explosives 211 Appendix 8.B: Molecular Structures of Some New Primer Compounds 213 Purely Organic Primers 213 9 Optical and Thermal Properties of Energetic Materials 221 9.1 Optical Properties 221 9.1.1 Introduction 221 9.1.2 Theoretical Considerations 222 9.1.3 Practical Considerations 225 9.1.4 Examples of Absorption Spectra 226 9.2 Thermal Properties 231 9.2.1 Introduction 231 9.2.2 Heat Capacity 232 9.2.3 Thermal Conductivity 232 9.2.4 Thermal Diffusivity 233 References 234 10 Theoretical Aspects of Laser Interaction with Energetic Materials 235 10.1 Introduction 235 10.2 Parameters Relevant to Laser Interaction 236 10.2.1 Laser Parameters 236 10.2.2 Material Parameters 236 10.3 Mathematical Formalism 237 10.3.1 Basic Concept 237 10.3.2 Optical Absorption 238 10.3.3 Optical Reflection 240 10.4 Heat Transfer Theory 240 References 245 11 Laser Ignition – Practical Considerations 247 11.1 Introduction 247 11.1.1 Laser Source 248 11.1.2 Beam Delivery System 249 11.2 Laser Driven Flyer Plate 249 11.3 Direct Laser Ignition 250 11.3.1 Explosives 251 11.3.2 Propellants 259 11.3.3 LI of Pyrotechnic Materials 263 References 267 12 Conclusions and Future Prospect 269 12.1 Introduction 269 12.2 Theoretical Considerations 269 12.3 Lasers 270 12.4 Optical and Thermal Properties of Energetic Materials 271 12.5 State of the Art: Laser Ignition 271 12.6 Future Prospect 272 References 274 Index 275

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