Fossil fuel technologies Books

Book SynopsisA TIMES AND SUNDAY TIMES BEST BOOK OF 2021Thrillingly and wrenchingly funny like EducatedandHillbilly Elegy'DAVID LIPSKYAfter reading The Good Hand you may reassess whether you have ever truly done a hard day's work in your life This lyrical and engrossing memoir is an extraordinary tale Undeniably powerful' SUNDAY TIMESThe must-read memoir of 2021.Michael Patrick Smith grew up in a ramshackle farmhouse where his father beat the walls and threw dinner plates. As a restless young man left unmoored by the crashing economy, Smith cut a path to North Dakota to rent a mattress on a flophouse floor. Sleeping boot to beard with the other rough-edged men looking to earn a cent drilling for oil, Smith wanted the work to burn him clean of his violent upbringing, his demons, his disjointed, doomed relationships. He did not expect, among these quick-fisted, foul-mouthed hands, to find a community.The Good Hand is a memoir of danger and exhaustion, of suffering, loneliness and grit, of masculinTrade Review‘After reading The Good Hand you may reassess whether you have ever truly done a hard day’s work in your life … This lyrical and engrossing memoir is an extraordinary tale … Smith writes movingly of his chaotic childhood … the tragedies slowly drip out … There have been predictable comparisons to other recent hardship autobiographies — JD Vance’s Hillbilly Elegy and Tara Westover’s Educated — but Smith’s story, blessedly, comes with more (crude) humour … Undeniably powerful’Sunday Times ‘Thrillingly and wrenchingly funny … like Educated and Hillbilly Elegy, The Good Hand is one of those brilliant close-ups that suddenly flips to become a wide shot of the American moment. An engrossing combination of participation, reportage, self-discovery, and witness’David Lipsky, author of Although of Course You End Up Becoming Yourself ‘Smith guides us through a long muddy year in North Dakota’s oil boom … It’s a surprisingly tender account of a man who is searching for salvation – from the sins of his family, from the drunken and drugged-up sins of a world broken by corporations – while trying desperately to find himself through work’Robert Sullivan, author of The Thoreau You Don’t Know ‘A sincere and colourful account of down-and-out men trying to make it and maybe grow up in the eternal dreary tailgate party and crushing dangerous toil of the fracking boom. As one of Smith’s mentors tells him, “now you know why gas is so expensive.”’William T. Vollmann, author of The Lucky Star ‘A thrill-read – There Will Be Blood made modern, and with added wit – The Good Hand is that rare literary treasure: all things, all at once. By mixing memoir with reportage and analysis, and telling his tale with rigor and joy, Smith gives us a hoot that also feels necessary’Darin Strauss, author of Half a Life

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisEquipment and Components in the Oil and Gas Industry Volume 1: Equipment provides an overview of the equipment used in the oil and gas industry, as well as various stages of the oil and gas industry, including geology, exploration, drilling, transportation, and refining. Using practical industry examples and an accessible approach, the book is a key reference point for those seeking to learn more about the industry.The equipment used in the oil and gas industry is wide ranging, from drilling equipment and wellhead equipment, such as casings, tubing, and wellhead Christmas trees, to equipment for the transportation of fluids and gases, such as pumps and compressors. The book presents a simplified method to choose the correct equipment for each task, as well as covering the selection of heat exchangers and storage tanks. Finally, this book covers turbines, motors, and other prime movers, alongside a flare system for disposing of unwanted or waste gases i

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book provides climate students with the basic scientific background to climate change management. Students will learn about international and national approaches to climate change management defined in voluntary initiatives as well as in national law and international agreements. The book describes mitigation and adaptation measures, monitoring and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions, and strategies for achieving a low-carbon economy, including green finance.This book combines theory and practice, introducing students to the conceptual background but also taking a professional and technical approach with case studies and low carbon toolkits. Filled with didactic elements such as concept schemes, tables, charts, figures, examples, as well as questions and answers at the end of the chapters, this book aims to engage critical thinking and the discussion of important topics of our days.The low-carbon strategy is one of the answers to limiting the greenhouse effect on our planet. This strategy is to minimize the overall carbon consumption in the life cycle of the products we consume, from the extraction of raw materials to the end of their life. The future is being built today. This book will guide its readers along the path of imagining and realizing a low-carbon economy.”Table of ContentsThe science background.- Counting carbon.- Reducing emissions.- Policy framework.- Adapting to climate change.- Monitoring, reporting and verification.- Conclusions and further reading.

Read more less

Book SynopsisCatholic Herald Book Awards 2019 Finalist, Current Affairs "Auzanneau has created a towering telling of a dark and dangerous addiction.”—Nature The story of oil is one of hubris, fortune, betrayal, and destruction. It is the story of a resource that has been undeniably central to the creation of our modern culture, and ever-present during the darkest exploits of empire the world over. For the past 150 years, oil has become the most essential ingredient for economic, military, and political power. And it has brought us to our present moment in which political leaders and the fossil-fuel industry consider extraordinary, and extraordinarily dangerous, policy on a world stage marked by shifting power bases. Upending the conventional wisdom by crafting a “people’s history,” award-winning journalist Matthieu Auzanneau deftly traces how oil became a national and then global addiction, outlines the enormous consequences of that addiction, sheds new light on major historical and contemporary figures, and raises new questions about stories we thought we knew well: What really sparked the oil crises in the 1970s, the shift away from the gold standard at Bretton Woods, or even the financial crash of 2008? How has oil shaped the events that have defined our times: two world wars, the Cold War, the Great Depression, ongoing wars in the Middle East, the advent of neoliberalism, and the Great Recession, among them? With brutal clarity, Oil, Power, and War exposes the heavy hand oil has had in all of our lives—and illustrates how much heavier that hand could get during the increasingly desperate race to control the last of the world’s easily and cheaply extractable reserves. Trade Review"In his scholarly but impassioned book, Matthieu Auzanneau provides a wide-ranging account of the effect oil has had on the minutiae of daily life and the grandest geopolitical narratives.”—Geographical “Beautifully written and marvelously translated, Oil, Power, and War provides a detailed history of oil’s impact on economic and technical advances—and, in turn, their impact on oil—over the past century. Extending its narrative through the events of early 2018, it offers a profound new understanding of oil’s role in war and peace, growth and stagnation; and it casts new light on the foundations of national power and the challenge that lies ahead. A terrific education and an engrossing read.”—Dennis Meadows, coauthor of The Limits to Growth“The definitive history of the rise and eventual fall of oil, brilliantly told. Auzanneau illuminates the history of our time driven by cheap oil and the persistent search for more at all costs. Insightful, authoritative, and essential reading. A dazzling and wise book.”—David Orr, author of Dangerous Years; Paul Sears Distinguished Professor of Environmental Studies and Politics, Oberlin College“Matthieu Auzanneau’s ambitious new history of oil is a must read for anyone intrigued by the instrumental role of energy in the ebb and flow of modern civilization. This is a richly documented and beautifully written book, which tells a story that has not been fully told—until now. Auzanneau masterfully reveals the vast extent to which the arteries of today’s politics, economics, and culture have been indelibly shaped by the rise—and decline—of the world’s most abundant fossil fuel. In years to come, historians will refer back to Auzanneau’s work as a definitive guide to the real role of oil in some of the most pivotal events in world history.”—Nafeez Ahmed, editor of INSURGE intelligence; visiting research fellow at the Global Sustainability Institute at Anglia Ruskin University“Auzanneau’s Oil, Power, and War is a fascinating and excellent book. It sets out in detail the extraordinary story of oil’s discovery, production, pricing, and control, and throws light on the fears, misapprehensions, power plays, and conflicts that our addiction to this cheap and flexible form of energy has engendered. Auzanneau is particularly good at explaining the importance of oil in the sustenance of modern society, and therefore why the coming constraint to the global oil supply—caused by the current resource-limited plateau (and soon decline) in the global production of conventional oil—is likely to be so difficult. Hopefully lessons learned from our past mistakes, laid out so well in this book, can help guide us through the oil challenges that lie ahead.”—R. W. Bentley, editor of The Oil Age; author of Introduction to Peak Oil“Matthieu Auzanneau’s book is a must for anyone who wants to understand the modern world. Our consumer society is based on cheap energy. Thus if you want to know the sources of the world’s current wealth and how our economy is likely to evolve in the future, you must study the history of world oil since 1859. This book tells that story more fully, fairly, accurately, and entertainingly than any other to date. Indeed, previous accounts of the history of oil are now effectively obsolete.”—Jean Laherrère, petroleum engineer; president of ASPO France“An absolutely great book, and a nearly unbelievable summary of the history of oil. But this is not just the story of oil, it is also the story of humankind during the past two centuries or so, and it shows how almost everything that happened during those centuries links back to oil. Auzanneau presents a treasure trove of information not available anywhere else—at least not in a well-organized and critical form, as most books written on this subject are sponsored or supported, one way or another, by the fossil-fuel industry. Did you know that Mussolini was lured into his disastrous Ethiopian campaign by hopes of finding oil there? Did you know that the British won the Battle of Britain partly because the fuel of their Spitfires had a higher octane number than that of the German Messerschmitts? Did you know that the Marshall Plan to rebuild the European economies was based on the idea of replacing Europe’s dependence on American oil with a dependence on US-controlled Middle East oil? There’s all this and much more in Oil, Power, and War, and the story of oil and humankind is not yet concluded. In the future it will be mostly about getting rid of oil before oil gets rid of us.”—Ugo Bardi, author of ExtractedTable of ContentsForeword Introduction I . . . to 1945 Germination 1 A Seed Is Planted 2 John D. Rockefeller, the Power of Petroleum, and the Spiral of Expansion 3 Sharing the World Market: The First Attempts, at the Cradle of Royal Dutch Shell 4 The Automobile: American Oil Regenerates Capitalism 5 The Tank: American Oil Feeds the Victorious Fighting Machines of the Great War 6 The Roaring 1920s: Consolidating the New Empires 7 Birth of a Petrol-Nation: Iraq 8 The Majors Band Together: A Secretly Planned Industry Weathers the Great Depression Unscathed 9 The Persistent Alliance of Big Oil with Nazi Germany 10 The Enablers of the Second World War II 1945-1970 Spring 11 After Yalta: The United States and Saudi Arabia Seal their Alliance 12 Washington Gives Absolute Power to American Petroleum 13 Big Oil's Planetary Empire and the Rockefellers' Hegemonic Ambitions 14 Big Oil Asserts Itself: A Matrix of Political Power in Washington 15 Saudi Arabia and Gabon: Nations Spoiled by Oil 16 Cartel Against Cartel: OPEC's Painful Emergence 17 The Leapfrog Effect: Algeria, Biafra, and Libya 18 The Golden Childhood of the Oil-Made Man III 1970-1998 Summer 19 OPEC: Scapegoat for a 1973 Oil Crisis Made in the USA? 20 Oil Money: After Neocolonialism, a Perilous Symbiosis 21 The Second Oil Crisis: A Deadly Vortex of Power Is Unleashed Around the Persian Gulf 22 The Long Iran-Iraq War: A Lose-Lose Game Orchestrated by the Reagan Administration? 23 The Oil Countershock: The Frenzy of the Reagan Years, the Collapse of the USSR, and the BCCI Scandal 24 Dear Saddam: The Gulf War, the Fate of the Iraqi People, and the Long-Term Interests of Uncle Sam 25 Planetary Harvest: The Time of Scandals 26 Grandeur and Decadence: The Explosion of Opulence, Misery, and the Human Footprint IV 1998-20?? Autumn 27 Oil's Future Decline Is Announced: The Persian Gulf Returns to the Center of the Chessboard 28 September 11, 2001: A Rogue Pearl Harbor 29 Shocks and Ruptures: The Occupation of Iraq and Crisis of 2008 30 Winter, Tomorrow? Afterword Appendices The Oil Corridor The Price of Crude Oil: 1861-December 2016 World Production of Petroleum and Substitutes: Historical and Projected Production by Region, 1965-2013 The Oil Majors The Persian Gulf Giants Acknowledgments Notes Index

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisIn this valuable volume, new and original research on various topics on chemical engineering and technology is presented on modeling and simulation, material synthesis, wastewater treatment, analytical techniques, and microreactors. The research presented here can be applied to technology in food, paper and pulp, polymers, petrochemicals, surface coatings, oil technology aspects, among other uses. The book is divided into five sections: modeling and simulation environmental applications materials and applications processes and applications analytical methods Topics include: modeling and simulation of chemical processes process integration and intensification separation processes advances in unit operations and processes chemical reaction engineering fuel and energy advanced materials CFD and transport processes wastewater treatment The valuable research presented here will be of interest to researchers, scientists, industry practitioners, as well as upper-level students. Trade Review"This is exceptionally well-edited book by Dr. Bharat Bhanvase and Dr. Rajendra Ugwekar that will surely be useful for researchers, scientists, and academicians in the area of chemical engineering and technology. Each chapter has been edited to put forward the uniqueness of the studies provided in order to overcome recent problems in process industries. The varied chapters of this edited book will encourage new ideas, methods, and applications in the growing areas of chemical engineering and technology. Furthermore, the editors have broadened the scope of this book to provide new insights in the areas of environment, materials, and modeling and simulation of chemical processes. Overall, the book is very effective, focusing on recent developments and current status of the research areas."—Dr. Sachin R. Shirsath, Associate Professor, Chemical Engineering Department, Sinhgad College of Engineering, Pune, IndiaTable of ContentsModeling and Simulation. Discharge and Pressure Loss Coefficient Analysis of Non- Newtonian Fluid Flow through Orifice Meter Using CFD. Numerical Simulation of Fixed Bed Liquid Chromatography in Multiple Columns. Statistical Modeling for Adsorption of Congo Red onto Modified Bentonite. Environmental Applications. Surface Altered Alumino-Silicate Resin (Zeolite-Y) for Remediation of Oil Spillage. Removal of Cr(VI) by Using Sweetlime Peel Powder in a Fixed Bed Column. Removal of Cr(VI) from Waste Water Using Red Gram Husk as Adsorbent. Low Cost Adsorbents in the Removal of Cr(VI),Cd and Pb(II) from Aqueous Solution. Adsorption of Anionic Dye onto TBAC-Modified Halloysite Nanotubes. Kinetic Study of Adsorption of Nickel on GNS/δ-MnO2. Ultrasound Assisted Synthesis of Hydrogels and Its Effects on Water/Dye Intake. Materials and Applications. Ultrasonically Created Rectangular Shaped Zinc Phosphate Nanopigment. Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Raphanus Sativus Extract. Activated Carbon from Karanja (Pongamia pinnata) Seed Shell by Chemical Activation with Phosphoric Acid. Rice Husk Based Co-Firing Plants in India: A Green Perspective. Foamability of Foam Generated by Use of Surf Excel and Sodium Lauryl Sulfate. Production of Zinc Sulphide Nanoparticles Using Continuous Flow Microreactor. Processes and Applications. Hydrogenation with Respect to Rancidity of Foods. Experimentalstudies on a Plate Type Heat Exchanger for Various Applications. Ultrasound Assisted Extraction of Betulinic Acid from Leaves of Syzygium cumini (Jamun). Analytical Methods. Separation, Analysis and Quantitation of Hesperidin in Citrus Fruits Peels Using RP-HPLC-UV. Quantification of Aluminium Metal in Cosmetic Products by Novel Spectrophotometric Method. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisA fully updated edition of a popular textbook covering the four disciplines of chemical technology?featuring new developments in the field Clear and thorough throughout, this textbook covers the major sub-disciplines of modern chemical technology?chemistry, thermal and mechanical unit operations, chemical reaction engineering, and general chemical technology?alongside raw materials, energy sources and detailed descriptions of 24 important industrial processes and products. It brings information on energy and raw material consumption and production data of chemicals up to date and offers not just improved and extended chapters, but completely new ones as well. This new edition of Chemical Technology: From Principles to Products features a new chapter illustrating the global economic map and its development from the 15th century until today, and another on energy consumption in human history. Chemical key technologies for a future sustainable energy system such as power-to-X and hydrogen storage are now also examined. Chapters on inorganic products, material reserves, and water consumption and resources have been extended, while another presents environmental aspects of plastic pollution and handling of plastic waste. The book also adds four important processes to its pages: production of titanium dioxide, silicon, production and chemical recycling of polytetrafluoroethylene, and fermentative synthesis of amino acids. -Provides comprehensive coverage of chemical technology?from the fundamentals to 24 of the most important processes -Intertwines the four disciplines of chemical technology: chemistry, thermal and mechanical unit operations, chemical reaction engineering and general chemical technology -Fully updated with new content on: power-to-X and hydrogen storage; inorganic products, including metals, glass, and ceramics; water consumption and pollution; and additional industrial processes -Written by authors with extensive experience in teaching the topic and helping students understand the complex concepts Chemical Technology: From Principles to Products, Second Edition is an ideal textbook for advanced students of chemical technology and will appeal to anyone in chemical engineering. Table of ContentsPreface of First Edition (and Guidelines How to Use This Textbook) xvii Why a Second Edition? xviii Notation xxi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 What is Chemical Technology? 1 1.2 The Chemical Industry 2 1.3 The Changing Global Economic Map 6 2 Chemical Aspects of Industrial Chemistry 19 2.1 Stability and Reactivity of Chemical Bonds 19 2.1.1 Factors that Influence the Electronic Nature of Bonds and Atoms 19 2.1.2 Steric Effects 20 2.1.3 Classification of Reagents 21 2.2 General Classification of Reactions 21 2.2.1 Acid–Base-Catalyzed Reactions 22 2.2.2 Reactions via Free Radicals 23 2.2.3 Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions 24 2.2.4 Reactions via Carbocations 24 2.2.5 Electrophilic Substitution Reactions at Aromatic Compounds 25 2.2.6 Electrophilic Addition Reactions 27 2.2.7 Nucleophilic Addition Reactions 27 2.2.8 Asymmetric Synthesis 28 2.3 Catalysis 30 2.3.1 Introduction and General Aspects 30 2.3.2 Homogeneous, Heterogeneous, and Biocatalysis 35 2.3.3 Production and Characterization of Heterogeneous Catalysts 38 2.3.4 Deactivation of Catalysts 41 2.3.5 Future Trends in Catalysis Research 43 3 Thermal and Mechanical Unit Operations 45 3.1 Properties of Gases and Liquids 46 3.1.1 Ideal and Real Gas 46 3.1.2 Heat Capacities and the Joule–Thomson Effect 50 3.1.3 Physical Transformations of Pure Substances: Vaporization and Melting 53 3.1.4 Transport Properties (Diffusivity, Viscosity, Heat Conduction) 58 3.2 Heat and Mass Transfer in Chemical Engineering 69 3.2.1 Heat Transport 69 3.2.2 Mass Transport 86 3.3 Thermal Unit Operations 93 3.3.1 Heat Exchangers (Recuperators and Regenerators) 94 3.3.2 Distillation 99 3.3.3 Absorption (Gas Scrubbing) 110 3.3.4 Liquid–Liquid Extraction 118 3.3.5 Adsorption 122 3.3.6 Fluid–Solid Extraction 136 3.3.7 Crystallization 139 3.3.8 Separation by Membranes 141 3.4 Mechanical Unit Operations 149 3.4.1 Conveyance of Fluids 149 3.4.2 Contacting and Mixing of Fluids 159 3.4.3 Crushing and Screening of Solids 160 3.4.4 Separation of Solids from Fluids 164 4 Chemical Reaction Engineering 171 4.1 Main Aspects and Basic Definitions of Chemical Reaction Engineering 171 4.1.1 Design Aspects and Scale-up Dimensions of Chemical Reactors 172 4.1.2 Speed of Chemical and Biochemical Reactions 172 4.1.3 Influence of Reactor Type on Productivity 174 4.1.4 Terms Used to Characterize the Composition of a Reaction Mixture 174 4.1.5 Terms Used to Quantify the Result of a Chemical Conversion 175 4.1.6 Reaction Time and Residence Time 175 4.1.7 Space Velocity and Space–Time Yield 176 4.2 Chemical Thermodynamics 177 4.2.1 Introduction and Perfect Gas Equilibria 177 4.2.2 Real Gas Equilibria 184 4.2.3 Equilibrium of Liquid–Liquid Reactions 186 4.2.4 Equilibrium of Gas–Solid Reactions 188 4.2.5 Calculation of Simultaneous Equilibria 190 4.3 Kinetics of Homogeneous Reactions 192 4.3.1 Rate Equation: Influence of Temperature and Reaction Order 192 4.3.2 Parallel Reactions and Reactions in Series 197 4.3.3 Reversible Reactions 200 4.3.4 Reactions with Varying Volume (for the Example of a Batch Reactor) 203 4.4 Kinetics of Fluid–Fluid Reactions 204 4.4.1 Mass Transfer at a Gas–Liquid Interface (Two-Film Theory) 205 4.4.2 Mass Transfer with (Slow) Homogeneous Reaction in the Bulk Phase 207 4.4.3 Mass Transfer with Fast or Instantaneous Reaction near or at the Interface 208 4.5 Kinetics of Heterogeneously Catalyzed Reactions 213 4.5.1 Spectrum of Factors Influencing the Rate of Heterogeneously Catalyzed Reactions 213 4.5.2 Chemical Reaction Rate: Surface Kinetics 217 4.5.3 Reaction on a Solid Catalyst and Interfacial Transport of Mass and Heat 222 4.5.4 Chemical Reaction and Internal Transport of Mass and Heat 232 4.5.5 Simultaneous Occurrence of Interfacial and InternalMass Transport Effects 240 4.5.6 Influence of External and Internal Mass Transfer on Selectivity 245 4.6 Kinetics of Gas–Solid Reactions 253 4.6.1 Spectrum of Factors Influencing the Rate of Gas–Solid Reactions 254 4.6.2 Reaction of a Gas with a Nonporous Solid 255 4.6.3 Reaction of a Gas with a Porous Solid 260 4.7 Criteria Used to Exclude Interphase and Intraparticle Mass and Heat Transport Limitations in Gas–Solid Reactions and Heterogeneously Catalyzed Reactions 265 4.7.1 External Mass Transfer Through Boundary Layer 265 4.7.2 External Heat Transfer 266 4.7.3 Internal Mass Transfer 266 4.7.4 Internal Heat Transfer 266 4.8 Kinetics of Homogeneously or Enzyme-catalyzed Reactions 269 4.8.1 Homogeneous and Enzyme Catalysis in a Single-Phase System 269 4.8.2 Homogeneous Two-Phase Catalysis 271 4.9 Kinetics of Gas–Liquid Reactions on Solid Catalysts 273 4.9.1 Introduction 273 4.9.2 High Concentration of Liquid Reactant B (or Pure B) and Slightly Soluble Gas 275 4.9.3 Low Concentration of Liquid Reactant B and Highly Soluble Gas and/or High Pressure 275 4.10 Chemical Reactors 276 4.10.1 Overview of Reactor Types and Their Characteristics 277 4.10.2 Ideal Isothermal Reactors 284 4.10.3 Non-isothermal Ideal Reactors and Criteria for Prevention of Thermal Runaway 294 4.10.4 Non-ideal Flow and Residence Time Distribution 310 4.10.5 Tanks-in-Series Model 313 4.10.6 Dispersion Model 315 4.10.7 Modeling of Fixed Bed Reactors 325 4.10.8 Novel Developments in Reactor Technology 336 4.11 Measurement and Evaluation of Kinetic Data 344 4.11.1 Principal Methods for Determining Kinetic Data 345 4.11.2 Evaluation of Kinetic Data (Reaction Orders, Rate Constants) 347 4.11.3 Laboratory-Scale Reactors for Kinetic Measurements 350 4.11.4 Transport Limitations in Experimental Catalytic Reactors 351 4.11.5 Case Studies for the Evaluation of Kinetic Data 356 5 Raw Materials, Products, Environmental Aspects, and Costs of Chemical Technology 371 5.1 Raw Materials of Industrial Organic Chemistry and Energy Sources 372 5.1.1 Energy Consumption, Reserves, and Resources of Fossil Fuels and Renewables 373 5.1.2 Composition of Fossil Fuels and Routes for the Production of Synthetic Fuels 403 5.1.3 Natural Gas and Other Technical Gases 403 5.1.4 Crude Oil and Refinery Products 410 5.1.5 Coal and Coal Products 418 5.1.6 Renewable Raw Materials 422 5.1.7 Energy Consumption in Human History 429 5.1.8 Power-to-X and Hydrogen Storage Technologies 434 5.2 Inorganic Products and Raw Materials 448 5.2.1 Nonmetallic Inorganic Materials 448 5.2.2 Metals 453 5.3 Organic Intermediates and Final Products 469 5.3.1 Alkanes and Syngas 469 5.3.2 Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Hydrocarbons 472 5.3.3 Organic Intermediates Functionalized with Oxygen, Nitrogen, or Halogens 479 5.3.4 Polymers 495 5.3.5 Detergents and Surfactants 503 5.3.6 Fine Chemicals 507 5.4 Environmental Aspects of Chemical Technology 512 5.4.1 Air Pollution 512 5.4.2 Water Consumption and Water Footprint 515 5.4.3 Plastic Production, Pollution, and Recycling of Plastic Waste 523 5.4.4 “Green Chemistry” and Quantifying the Environmental Impact of Chemical Processes 527 5.5 Production Costs of Fuels and Chemicals Manufacturing 530 5.5.1 Price of Chemical Products 530 5.5.2 Investment Costs 530 5.5.3 Variable Costs 532 5.5.4 Operating Costs (Fixed and Variable Costs) 533 6 Examples of Industrial Processes 537 6.1 Ammonia Synthesis 537 6.1.1 Historical Development of Haber–Bosch Process 537 6.1.2 Thermodynamics of Ammonia Synthesis 539 6.1.3 Kinetics and Mechanism of Ammonia Synthesis 540 6.1.4 Technical Ammonia Process and Synthesis Reactors 542 6.2 Syngas and Hydrogen 547 6.2.1 Options to Produce Syngas and Hydrogen (Overview) 547 6.2.2 Syngas from Solid Fuels (Coal, Biomass) 551 6.2.3 Syngas by Partial Oxidation of Heavy Oils 560 6.2.4 Syngas by Steam Reforming of Natural Gas 562 6.3 Sulfuric Acid 565 6.3.1 Reactions and Thermodynamics of Sulfuric Acid Production 565 6.3.2 Production of SO2 566 6.3.3 SO2 Conversion into SO3 567 6.3.4 Sulfuric Acid Process 572 6.4 Nitric Acid 573 6.4.1 Reactions and Thermodynamics of Nitric Acid Production 574 6.4.2 Kinetics of Catalytic Oxidation of Ammonia 576 6.4.3 NO Oxidation 587 6.4.4 Nitric Acid Processes 588 6.5 Coke and Steel 591 6.5.1 Steel Production (Overview) 591 6.5.2 Production of Blast Furnace Coke 593 6.5.3 Production of Pig Iron in a Blast Furnace 599 6.6 Basic Chemicals by Steam Cracking 609 6.6.1 General and Mechanistic Aspects 609 6.6.2 Factors that Influence the Product Distribution 612 6.6.3 Industrial Steam Cracker Process 613 6.6.4 Economic Aspects of the Steam Cracker Process 617 6.7 Liquid Fuels by Cracking of Heavy Oils 618 6.7.1 Thermal Cracking (Delayed Coking) 619 6.7.2 Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC Process) 622 6.8 Clean Liquid Fuels by Hydrotreating 625 6.8.1 History, Current Status, and Perspective of Hydrotreating 625 6.8.2 Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) 626 6.8.3 Hydrodesulfurization Process and Reaction Engineering Aspects 629 6.9 High-Octane Gasoline by Catalytic Reforming 633 6.9.1 Reactions and Thermodynamics of Catalytic Reforming 633 6.9.2 Reforming Catalyst 635 6.9.3 Process of Catalytic Reforming 635 6.9.4 Deactivation and Regeneration of a Reforming Catalyst 638 6.10 Refinery Alkylation 649 6.10.1 Reaction and Reaction Mechanism of Refinery Alkylation 649 6.10.2 Alkylation Feedstock and Products 651 6.10.3 Process Variables 651 6.10.4 Commercial Alkylation Processes 652 6.11 Fuels and Chemicals from Syngas: Methanol and Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis 657 6.11.1 Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis 658 6.11.2 Methanol Synthesis 676 6.12 Ethylene and Propylene Oxide 685 6.12.1 Commercial Production of Ethylene Oxide 685 6.12.2 Commercial Production of Propylene Oxide 689 6.13 Catalytic Oxidation of o-Xylene to Phthalic Acid Anhydride 694 6.13.1 Production and Use of Phthalic Anhydride (Overview) 694 6.13.2 Design and Simulation of a Multi-tubular Reactor for Oxidation of o-Xylene to PA 695 6.14 Hydroformylation (Oxosynthesis) 701 6.14.1 Industrial Relevance of Hydroformylation 701 6.14.2 Hydroformylation Catalysis 703 6.14.3 Current Hydroformylation Catalyst and Process Technologies 706 6.14.4 Advanced Catalyst Immobilization Technologies for Hydroformylation Catalysis 714 6.15 Acetic Acid 721 6.15.1 Acetic Acid Synthesis via Acetaldehyde Oxidation 722 6.15.2 Acetic Acid Synthesis via Butane or Naphtha Oxidation 723 6.15.3 Acetic Acid Synthesis via Methanol Carbonylation 724 6.15.4 Other Technologies for the Commercial Production of Acetic Acid 728 6.16 Ethylene Oligomerization Processes for Linear 1-Alkene Production 729 6.16.1 Industrial Relevance of 1-Olefins 729 6.16.2 Aluminum-Alkyl-Based “Aufbaureaktion” (Growth Reaction) 730 6.16.3 Nickel-Catalyzed Oligomerization: Shell Higher Olefin Process (SHOP) 733 6.16.4 Metallacycle Mechanism for Selective Ethylene Oligomerization 735 6.17 Production of Fine Chemicals (ExampleMenthol) 740 6.17.1 Menthol and Menthol Production (Overview) 740 6.17.2 Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Epimerization of Menthol Isomers 741 6.17.3 Influence of Mass Transfer on the Epimerization of Menthol Isomers 744 6.17.4 Epimerization of Menthol Isomers in Technical Reactors 748 6.18 Treatment of Exhaust Gases from Mobile and Stationary Sources 750 6.18.1 Automotive Emission Control 750 6.18.2 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) of NOx from Flue Gas from Power Plants 756 6.19 Industrial Electrolysis 763 6.19.1 Electrochemical Kinetics and Thermodynamics 763 6.19.2 Chlorine and Sodium Hydroxide 768 6.19.3 Electrolysis of Water 773 6.19.4 Electrometallurgy (Purification of Metals by Electrorefining) 778 6.20 Polyethene Production 782 6.20.1 Polyethene Classification and Industrial Use 782 6.20.2 General Characteristics of PE Production Processes 783 6.20.3 Reaction Mechanism and Process Equipment for the Production of LDPE 784 6.20.4 Catalysts for the Production of HDPE and LLDPE 787 6.20.5 Production Processes for HDPE and LLDPE 789 6.20.6 PE Production Economics and Modern Developments in PE Production 792 6.21 Titanium Dioxide 793 6.21.1 Production and Use of Titanium Dioxide (Overview) 793 6.21.2 Sulfate Process for Production of Titanium Dioxide 793 6.21.3 Chloride Process for Production of Titanium Dioxide 795 6.22 Silicon 796 6.22.1 Production and Use of Silicon (Overview) 796 6.22.2 Carbothermic Reduction of Silica 797 6.22.3 Refining, Casting, and Crushing of Metallurgical Grade Silicon 798 6.22.4 Economics of the Metallurgical Grade Silicon Production 798 6.22.5 Production of Photovoltaic Grade Silicon by Purification of Metallurgical Grade Silicon 798 6.23 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 801 6.23.1 Production and Use of PTFE (Overview) 801 6.23.2 Process for Production of PTFE 802 6.23.3 Treatment of PTFE Waste 802 6.24 Production of Amino Acids by Fermentation 807 6.24.1 General Aspects 807 6.24.2 Overview of the Methods Applied for Industrial Amino Acid Production 807 6.24.3 Amino Acid Fermentation 810 References 815 Index 841

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book primarily focuses on the principles and applications of electric logging, sonic logging, nuclear logging, production logging and NMR logging, especially LWD tools, Sondex production logging tools and other advanced image logging techniques, such as ECLIPS 5700, EXCELL 2000 etc. that have been developed and used in the last two decades. Moreover, it examines the fundamentals of rock mechanics, which contribute to applications concerning the stability of borehole sidewall, safety density window of drilling fluid, fracturing etc. As such, the book offers a valuable resource for a wide range of readers, including students majoring in petrophysics, geophysics, geology and seismology, and engineers working in well logging and exploitation.Table of ContentsElectrical Logging.- Sonic Logs.- Nuclear Logs.- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.- Production Logging(PL).- Logging While Drilling(LWD).- The Advanced Well Logging Technology.- Rock Mechanics.- Integrated Interpretation of Well Logging Data.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book presents the proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Integrated Petroleum Engineering and Geosciences 2016 (ICIPEG 2016), held under the banner of World Engineering, Science & Technology Congress (ESTCON 2016) at Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre from August 15 to 17, 2016. It presents peer-reviewed research articles on exploration, while also exploring a new area: shale research. In this time of low oil prices, it highlights findings to maintain the exchange of knowledge between researchers, serving as a vital bridge-builder between engineers, geoscientists, academics, and industry.Table of ContentsHistory Matching Using Proxy Modeling and Multi-Objective Optimizations.- New Insight in Sand and Petrophysical Properties Prediction Using Attenuation Attributes.- Optimizing Injection Perforated Layers of Lateral Continuous Shale during Secondary Recovery; A Simulation Approach.- Sensitivity Analysis of Sandstone Rock Elastic Properties to Effective Pressure Using a New Rock Physics Workflow and Its Application for Time-Lapse Seismic Data Analysis.- Comparison of Liquid CO2 Injection with a Common Tertiary Recovery Method Using Non-Isothermal Simulations.- A Simulation Study of Foam Generation across Vertical Heterogeneity.- Pressure Transient Behavior of Injection/Falloff Tests Simulation Study Of The Effect Of Smart Water On Relative Permeability During WAG-CO2 Injection For Light Oil Reservoir.- Investigation on Performance of Cationic Polymeric Inhibitors for Mitigating Silicate Scales during ASP Flooding.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis new volume, the third in Wiley-Scrivener''s series on formation testing, reviews pressure transient interpretation and contamination analysis methods, providing numerous practical discussions and examples with rigorous formulations solved through exact, closed form, analytical solutions. This new volume in the Formation Testing series further develops new methods and processes that are being developed in the oil and gas industry. In the 1990s through 2000s, the author co-developed Halliburton''s commercially successful GeoTapTM real-time LWD/MWD method for formation testing, and also a parallel method used by China Oilfield Services, which enabled the use of data taken at early times, in low mobility and large flowline volume environments, to support the important estimation of mobility, compressibility and pore pressure, which are necessary for flow economics and fluid contact boundaries analyses (This work was later extended through two Department of Energy Smal

Read more less

Book SynopsisPetroleum and natural gas still remain the single biggest resource for energy on earth. Even as alternative and renewable sources are developed, petroleum and natural gas continue to be, by far, the most used and, if engineered properly, the most cost-effective and efficient, source of energy on the planet. Contrary to some beliefs, the industry can, in fact, be sustainable, from an environmental, economic, and resource perspective. Petroleum and natural gas are, after all, natural sources of energy and do not have to be treated as pariahs. This groundbreaking new text describes hydrocarbons in basement formations, how they can be characterized and engineered, and how they can be engineered properly, to best achieve sustainability. Covering the basic theories and the underlying scientific concepts, the authors then go on to explain the best practices and new technologies and processes for utilizing basement formations for the petroleum and natural gas industries. Covering all of theTable of ContentsForeword xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Summary 1 1.2 Is Sustainable Petroleum Technology Possible? 2 1.3 Why is it Important to Know the Origin of Petroleum? 4 1.4 What is the Likelihood of an Organic Source? 5 1.5 What is the Implication of the Abiogenic Theory of Hydrocarbon? 6 1.6 How Important are the Fractures for Basement Reservoirs? 8 1.7 What are we Missing Out? 8 1.8 Predicting the Future? 10 1.9 What is the Actual Potential of Basement Hydrocarbons? 10 2 Organic Origin of Basement Hydrocarbons 11 2.0 Introduction 11 2.1 Sources of Hydrocarbon 13 2.2 Non-Conventional Sources of Petroleum Fluids 29 2.3 What is a Natural Energy Source? 34 2.4 The Science of Water and Petroleum 39 2.5 Comparison between Water and Petroleum 42 2.6 Combustion and Oxidation 57 2.6.1 Petroleum 59 2.6.2 Natural Gas 60 2.6.3 Natural Gas Hydrates 62 2.6.4 Tar Sand Bitumen 63 2.6.5 Coal 65 2.6.6 Oil Shale 65 2.6.7 Wax 66 2.6.8 Biomass 67 3 Non-organic Origin of Basement Hydrocarbons 69 3.0 Introduction 69 3.1 Theories of Non-organic Origin of Basement Petroleum 70 3.2 Formation of Magma 72 3.2.1 Magma Escape Routes 73 3.2.2 Magma Chamber 74 3.2.3 Types of Magma 78 3.2.3.1 Mafic Magma 80 3.2.3.2 Intermediate Magma 80 3.2.3.3 Felsic Magma 81 3.3 The Composition of Magma 82 3.4 The Dynamics of Magma 85 3.5 Water in the Mantle 103 3.6 The Carbon Cycle and Hydrocarbon 108 3.7 Role of Magma During the Formation of Hydrocarbon from Organic Sources 118 3.8 Abiogenic Petroleum Origin Theory 119 3.8.1 Diamond as Source of Hydrocarbons 128 3.8.2 Oil and Gas Deposits in the Precambrian Crystalline Basement 132 3.8.3 Supergiant Oil and Gas Accumulations 138 3.8.4 Gas Hydrates – the Greatest Source of Abiogenic Petroleum 142 4 Characterization of Basement Reservoirs 147 4.0 Summary 147 4.1 Introduction 147 4.2 Natural and Artificial Fractures 151 4.2.1 Overall in Situ Stress Orientations 161 4.3 Developing Reservoir Characterization Tools for Basement Reservoirs 162 4.4 Origin of Fractures 171 4.5 Seismic Fracture Characterization 178 4.5.1 Effects of Fractures on Normal Moveout (NMO) Velocities and P-wave Azimuthal AVO Response 181 4.5.2 Effects of Fracture Parameters on Properties of Anisotropic Parameters and P-wave NMO Velocities 182 4.6 Reservoir Characterization During Drilling 185 4.6.1 Overbalanced Drilling 191 4.6.2 Underbalanced Drilling (UBD) 193 4.7 Reservoir Characterization with Image Log and Core Analysis 202 4.7.1 Geophysical Logs 205 4.7.1.1 Circumferential Borehole Imaging Log (CBIL) 213 4.7.1.2 Petrophysical Data Analysis using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) 220 4.7.2 Core Analysis 228 4.8 Major Forces of Oil and Gas Reservoirs 237 4.9 Reservoir Heterogeneity 255 4.9.1 Filtering Permeability Data 263 4.9.2 Total Volume Estimate 267 4.9.3 Estimates of Fracture Properties 268 4.10 Special Considerations for Shale 268 5 Case Studies of Fractured Basement Reservoirs 273 5.0 Summary 273 5.1 Introduction 274 5.2 Geophysical Tools 282 5.2.1 Scale Considerations in Logging Fracture Rocks 283 5.2.2 Fracture Applications of Conventional Geophysical Logs 284 5.2.3 Borehole Techniques 290 5.2.3.1 Borehole Wall Imaging 291 5.2.4 Micro Log Analysis 294 5.2.4.1 High-definition Formation Microimager 295 5.2.4.2 Micro-Conductivity Imager Tool (MCI) 299 5.2.4.3 Multistage Geometric Analysis Method 300 5.2.5 Fracture Identifications using Neural Networks 303 5.3 Petro-physics in Fracture Modeling, Special Logs and their Importance 303 5.3.1 Measurement While Drilling (MWD) 303 5.3.1.1 Formation Properties 305 5.3.2 Mud Logging 306 5.3.2.1 Objectives of Mud Logging 306 5.3.2.2 Mud Losses into Natural Fractures 307 5.3.3 Conventional Logging 308 5.3.3.1 Resistivity Logging 308 5.3.3.2 Porosity Logging 308 5.3.3.3 Combination Tools 308 5.3.3.4 Cased-Hole Logging 309 5.3.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Ultra Sonography 309 5.3.4.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 309 5.3.4.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 310 5.3.4.3 Ultra-Sonography 311 5.4 Case Study of Vietnam 312 5.5 Case Studies from USA 323 5.5.1 Tuning/Vertical Resolution Analysis 327 5.5.2 Conclusion on Case Study 329 5.5.3 Geological Techniques 329 5.5.3.1 Data and Methods 330 5.5.3.2 Distinguishing Natural Fractures from Induced Fractures and their Well-Logging Response Features 333 5.5.3.3 Analysis of well-Logging Responses to Fractures and Establishment of Interpretation Model 334 5.5.3.4 Distribution of Natural Fracture 335 6 Scientific Characterization of Basement Reservoirs 337 6.1 Summary 337 6.2 Introduction 338 6.3 Characteristic Time 342 6.4 Organic and Mechanical Frequencies 349 6.5 Redefining Force and Energy 351 6.5.1 Energy 351 6.6 Natural Energy vs. Artificial Energy 362 6.7 From Natural Energy to Natural Mass 368 6.8 Organic Origin of Petroleum 397 6.9 Scientific Ranking of Petroleum 403 6.10 Placement of Basement Reservoirs in the Energy Picture 414 6.10.1 Reserve Growth Potential of Basement Oil/Gas 424 6.10.2 Reservoir Categories in the United States 425 6.10.2.1 Eolian Reservoirs 427 6.10.2.2 Interconnected Fluvial, Deltaic, and Shallow Marine Reservoirs 434 6.10.2.3 Deeper Marine Shales 440 6.10.2.4 Marine Carbonate Reservoirs 443 6.10.2.5 Submarine Fan Reservoir 446 6.10.2.6 Fluvial Reservoir 446 6.10.3 Quantitative Measures of Well Production Variability 451 7 Overview of Reservoir Simulation of Basement Reservoirs 459 7.1 Summary 459 7.2 Introduction 460 7.2.1 Vugs and Fractures Together (Triple Porosity): 465 7.3 Meaningful Modeling 466 7.4 Essence of Reservoir Simulation 468 7.4.1 Assumptions behind Various Modeling Approaches 469 7.4.1.1 Material Balance Equation 471 7.4.1.2 Decline Curve 473 7.4.1.3 Statistical Method 482 7.4.1.4 Finite Difference Methods 487 7.5 Modeling Fractured Networks 493 7.5.1 Introduction 493 7.5.2 Double Porosity Models 493 7.5.2.1 The Baker Model 495 7.5.2.2 The Warren-Root Model 1963 496 7.5.2.3 The Kazemi Model 496 7.5.3 The De Swaan Model 497 7.5.4 Modeling of Double Porosity Reservoirs 497 7.5.5 Dimensionless Variables 498 7.5.6 Influence of Double-Porosity Parameters 501 7.5.6.1 Influence of ω: 502 7.5.6.2 Influence of λ: 502 7.6 Double Permeability Models 504 7.6.1 Basic Assumptions for Double Permeability Model 505 7.6.2 Dimensionless Variables 507 7.6.3 Double Permeability Behavior when the two Layers are Producing 508 7.6.4 Influence of Double Permeability Parameters 508 7.6.4.1 Influence of κ and ω: 508 7.6.4.2 Influence of λ: 511 7.6.5 Double Permeability Behavior when only One Layer is Producing 511 7.7 Reservoir Simulation Data Input 514 7.8 Geological and Geophysical Modeling 516 7.9 Reservoir Characterization 518 7.9.1 Representative Elementary Volume, REV 520 7.9.2 Fluid and Rock Properties 523 7.9.2.1 Fluid Properties 523 7.10 Risk Analysis and Reserve Estimations 524 7.10.1 Special Conditions of Unconventional Reservoirs 524 7.10.1.1 Fluid Saturation 525 7.10.1.2 Transition Zones 525 7.10.1.3 Permeability-Porosity Relationships 525 7.10.1.4 Compressibility of the Fractured Reservoirs 526 7.10.1.5 Capillary Pressure 526 7.10.2 Recovery Mechanisms in Fractured Reservoirs 528 7.10.2.1 Expansion 528 7.10.2.2 Sudation 530 7.10.2.3 Convection and Diffusion 532 7.10.2.4 Multiphase Flow in the Fracture Network 532 7.10.2.5 Interplay of the Recovery Processes 533 7.10.2.6 Cyclic Water Injection 533 7.10.2.7 Localized Deformation of Fluid Contacts 534 7.10.3 Specific Aspects of a Fractured Reservoir 535 7.10.3.1 Material Balance Relationships 535 7.10.4 Migration of Hydrocarbons in a Fractured Reservoir and Associated Risks 538 7.10.4.1 The Case of Fracturing Followed by Hydrocarbon Migration 538 7.11 Recent Advances in Reservoir Simulation 542 7.11.1 Speed and Accuracy 542 7.11.2 New Fluid Flow Equations 543 7.11.3 Coupled Fluid Flow and Geo-Mechanical Stress Model 545 7.11.4 Fluid Flow Modeling under Thermal Stress 547 7.11.5 Challenges of Modeling Unconventional Gas Reservoirs 547 7.12 Comprehensive Modeling 556 7.12.1 Governing Equations 556 7.12.2 Darcy’s Model 557 7.12.3 Forchheimer’s Model 558 7.12.4 Modified Brinkman’s Model 561 7.12.5 The Comprehensive Model 564 7.13 Towards Solving Non-Linear Equations 568 7.13.1 Adomian Domain Decomposition Method 569 7.13.2 Governing Equations 571 7.14 Adomian Decomposition of Buckley-Leverett Equation 573 7.14.1 Discussion 576 8 Conclusions and Recommendations 581 8.1 Concluding Remarks 581 8.2 Answers to the Research Questions 582 8.2.1 Is Sustainable Petroleum Technology Possible? 582 8.2.2 Why is it Important to Know the Origin of Petroleum? 582 8.2.3 What is the Likelihood of an Organic Source for Basement Fluids? 583 8.2.4 What is the Implication of the Abiogenic Theory of Hydrocarbon? 583 8.2.5 How Important are the Fractures for Basement Reservoirs? 583 8.2.6 What are we Missing Out? 584 8.2.7 Predicting the Future? 584 8.2.8 What is the Actual Potential of Basement Hydrocarbons? 584 9 References and Bibliography 587 Index 619

Read more less

Book SynopsisPhysics of Fluid Flow and Transport in Unconventional Reservoir Rocks Understanding and predicting fluid flow in hydrocarbon shale and other non-conventional reservoir rocks Oil and natural gas reservoirs found in shale and other tight and ultra-tight porous rocks have become increasingly important sources of energy in both North America and East Asia. As a result, extensive research in recent decades has focused on the mechanisms of fluid transfer within these reservoirs, which have complex pore networks at multiple scales. Continued research into these important energy sources requires detailed knowledge of the emerging theoretical and computational developments in this field. Following a multidisciplinary approach that combines engineering, geosciences and rock physics, Physics of Fluid Flow and Transport in Unconventional Reservoir Rocks provides both academic and industrial readers with a thorough grounding in this cutting-edge area of rock geology, combining an explanation of theTable of ContentsList of Contributors xvii Preface xxi Introduction 1 1 Unconventional Reservoirs: Advances and Challenges 3 Behzad Ghanbarian, Feng Liang, and Hui-Hai Liu 1.1 Background 3 1.2 Advances 4 1.2.1 Wettability 4 1.2.2 Permeability 5 1.3 Challenges 7 1.3.1 Multiscale Systems 7 1.3.2 Hydrocarbon Production 9 1.3.3 Recovery Factor 9 1.3.4 Unproductive Wells 9 1.4 Concluding Remarks 11 References 11 Part I Pore-Scale Characterizations 15 2 Pore-Scale Simulations and Digital Rock Physics 17 Junjian Wang, Feifei Qin, Jianlin Zhao, Li Chen, Hari Viswanathan, and Qinjun Kang 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Physics of Pore-Scale Fluid Flow in Unconventional Rocks 18 2.2.1 Physics of Gas Flow 18 2.2.1.1 Gas Slippage and Knudsen Layer Effect 18 2.2.1.2 Gas Adsorption/Desorption and Surface Diffusion 20 2.2.2 Physics of Water Flow 22 2.2.3 Physics of Condensation 23 2.3 Theory of Pore-Scale Simulation Methods 23 2.3.1 The Isothermal Single-Phase Lattice Boltzmann Method 23 2.3.1.1 Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook (BGK) Collision Operator 24 2.3.1.2 The Multi-Relaxation Time (MRT)-LB Scheme 24 2.3.1.3 The Regularization Procedure 26 2.3.2 Multi-phase Lattice Boltzmann Simulation Method 27 2.3.2.1 Color-Gradient Model 27 2.3.2.2 Shan-Chen Model 28 2.3.3 Capture Fluid Slippage at the Solid Boundary 29 2.3.4 Capture the Knudsen Layer/Effective Viscosity 30 2.3.5 Capture the Adsorption/Desorption and Surface Diffusion Effects 30 2.3.5.1 Modeling of Adsorption in LBM 30 2.3.5.2 Modeling of Surface Diffusion Via LBM 31 2.4 Applications 32 2.4.1 Simulation of Gas Flow in Unconventional Reservoir Rocks 32 2.4.1.1 Gas Slippage 32 2.4.1.2 Gas Adsorption 33 2.4.1.3 Surface Diffusion of Adsorbed Gas 35 2.4.2 Simulation of Water Flow in Unconventional Reservoir Rocks 35 2.4.3 Simulation of Immiscible Two-Phase Flow 39 2.4.4 Simulation of Vapor Condensation 43 2.4.4.1 Model Validations 44 2.4.4.2 Vapor Condensation in Two Adjacent Nano-Pores 44 2.5 Conclusion 48 References 49 3 Digital Rock Modeling: A Review 53 Yuqi Wu and Pejman Tahmasebi 3.1 Introduction 53 3.2 Single-Scale Modeling of Digital Rocks 54 3.2.1 Experimental Techniques 54 3.2.1.1 Imaging Technique of Serial Sectioning 54 3.2.1.2 Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy 54 3.2.1.3 X-Ray Computed Tomography Scanning 55 3.2.2 Computational Methods 55 3.2.2.1 Simulated Annealing 56 3.2.2.2 Markov Chain Monte Carlo 56 3.2.2.3 Sequential Indicator Simulation 56 3.2.2.4 Multiple-Point Statistics 57 3.2.2.5 Machine Learning 58 3.2.2.6 Process-Based Modeling 58 3.3 Multiscale Modeling of Digital Rocks 59 3.3.1 Multiscale Imaging Techniques 60 3.3.2 Computational Methods 60 3.3.2.1 Image Superposition 60 3.3.2.2 Pore-Network Integration 61 3.3.2.3 Image Resolution Enhancement 63 3.3.2.4 Object-Based Reconstruction 63 3.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 65 Acknowledgments 66 References 66 4 Scale Dependence of Permeability and Formation Factor: A Simple Scaling Law 77 Behzad Ghanbarian and Misagh Esmaeilpour 4.1 Introduction 77 4.2 Theory 78 4.2.1 Funnel Defect Approach 78 4.2.2 Application to Porous Media 79 4.3 Pore-network Simulations 80 4.4 Results and Discussion 81 4.5 Limitations 86 4.6 Conclusion 86 Acknowledgment 86 References 87 Part II Core-Scale Heterogeneity 89 5 Modeling Gas Permeability in Unconventional Reservoir Rocks 91 Behzad Ghanbarian, Feng Liang, and Hui-Hai Liu 5.1 Introduction 91 5.1.1 Theoretical Models 91 5.1.2 Pore-Network Models 92 5.1.3 Gas Transport Mechanisms 93 5.1.4 Objectives 93 5.2 Effective-Medium Theory 93 5.3 Single-Phase Gas Permeability 95 5.3.1 Gas Permeability in a Cylindrical Tube 95 5.3.2 Pore Pressure-Dependent Gas Permeability in Tight Rocks 96 5.3.3 Comparison with Experiments 96 5.3.4 Comparison with Pore-Network Simulations 98 5.3.5 Comparaison with Lattice-Boltzmann Simulations 99 5.4 Gas Relative Permeability 100 5.4.1 Hydraulic Flow in a Cylindrical Pore 100 5.4.2 Molecular Flow in a Cylindrical Pore 101 5.4.3 Total Gas Flow in a Cylindrical Pore 101 5.4.4 Gas Relative Permeability in Tight Rocks 101 5.4.5 Comparison with Experiments 102 5.4.6 Comparison with Pore-Network Simulations 107 5.5 Conclusions 108 Acknowledgment 109 References 109 6 NMR and Its Applications in Tight Unconventional Reservoir Rocks 113 Jin-Hong Chen, Mohammed Boudjatit, and Stacey M. Althaus 6.1 Introduction 113 6.2 Basic NMR Physics 113 6.2.1 Nuclear Spin 114 6.2.2 Nuclear Zeeman Splitting and NMR 114 6.2.3 Nuclear Magnetization 115 6.2.4 Bloch Equations and NMR Relaxation 116 6.2.5 Simple NMR Experiments: Free Induction Decay and CPMG Echoes 117 6.2.6 NMR Relaxation of a Pure Fluid in a Rock Pore 118 6.2.7 Measured NMR CPMG Echoes in a Formation Rock 119 6.2.8 Inversion 119 6.2.8.1 Regularized Linear Least Squares 120 6.2.8.2 Constrains of the Resulted NMR Spectrum in Inversion 120 6.2.9 Data from NMR Measurement 121 6.3 NMR Logging for Unconventional Source Rock Reservoirs 121 6.3.1 Brief Introduction of Unconventional Source Rocks 121 6.3.2 NMR Measurement of Source Rocks 122 6.3.2.1 NMR Log of a Source Rock Reservoir 122 6.3.3 Pore Size Distribution in a Shale Gas Reservoir 124 6.4 NMR Measurement of Long Whole Core 125 6.4.1 Issues of NMR Instrument for Long Sample 125 6.4.2 HSR-NMR of Long Core 126 6.4.3 Application Example 128 6.5 NMR Measurement on Drill Cuttings 130 6.5.1 Measurement Method 131 6.5.1.1 Preparation of Drill Cuttings 131 6.5.1.2 Measurements 131 6.5.2 Results 132 6.6 Conclusions 133 References 135 7 Tight Rock Permeability Measurement in Laboratory: Some Recent Progress 139 Hui-Hai Liu, Jilin Zhang, and Mohammed Boudjatit 7.1 Introduction 139 7.2 Commonly Used Laboratory Methods 140 7.2.1 Steady-State Flow Method 140 7.2.2 Pressure Pulse-Decay Method 141 7.2.3 Gas Research Institute Method 143 7.3 Simultaneous Measurement of Fracture and Matrix Permeabilities from Fractured Core Samples 144 7.3.1 Estimation of Fracture and Matrix Permeability from PPD Data for Two Flow Regimes 144 7.3.2 Mathematical Model 146 7.3.3 Method Validation and Discussion 148 7.4 Direct Measurement of Permeability-Pore Pressure Function 150 7.4.1 Knudsen Diffusion, Slippage Flow, and Effective Gas Permeability 150 7.4.2 Methodology for Directly Measuring Permeability-Pore Pressure Function 152 7.4.3 Experiments 155 7.5 Summary and Conclusions 159 References 159 8 Stress-Dependent Matrix Permeability in Unconventional Reservoir Rocks 163 Athma R. Bhandari, Peter B. Flemings, and Sebastian Ramiro-Ramirez 8.1 Introduction 163 8.2 Sample Descriptions 164 8.3 Permeability Test Program 165 8.4 Permeability Behavior with Confining Stress Cycling 166 8.5 Matrix Permeability Behavior 170 8.6 Concluding Remarks 172 Acknowledgments 174 References 174 9 Assessment of Shale Wettability from Spontaneous Imbibition Experiments 177 Zhiye Gao and Qinhong Hu 9.1 Introduction 177 9.2 Spontaneous Imbibition Theory 178 9.3 Samples and Analytical Methods 179 9.3.1 SI Experiments 179 9.3.2 Barnett Shale from United States 180 9.3.3 Silurian Longmaxi Formation and Triassic Yanchang Formation Shales from China 180 9.3.4 Jurassic Ziliujing Formation Shale from China 182 9.4 Results and Discussion 183 9.4.1 Complicated Wettability of Barnett Shale Inferred Qualitatively from SI Experiments 183 9.4.1.1 Wettability of Barnett Shale 184 9.4.1.2 Properties of Barnett Samples and Their Correlation to Wettability 186 9.4.1.3 Low Pore Connectivity to Water of Barnett Samples 187 9.4.2 More Oil-Wet Longmaxi Formation Shale and More Water-Wet Yanchang Formation Shale 188 9.4.2.1 TOC and Mineralogy 188 9.4.2.2 Pore Structure Difference Between Longmaxi and Yanchang Samples 188 9.4.2.3 Water and Oil Imbibition Experiments 191 9.4.2.4 Wettability of Longmaxi and Yanchang Shale Samples Deduced from SI Experiments 197 9.4.3 Complicated Wettability of Ziliujing Formation Shale 197 9.4.3.1 TOC and Mineralogy 197 9.4.3.2 Pore Structure 197 9.4.3.3 Water and Oil Imbibition Experiments 200 9.4.3.4 Wettability of Ziliujing Formation Shale Indicated from SI Experiments and its Correlation to Shale Pore Structure and Composition 201 9.4.4 Shale Wettability Evolution Model 201 9.5 Conclusions 204 Acknowledgments 204 References 204 10 Permeability Enhancement in Shale Induced by Desorption 209 Brandon Schwartz and Derek Elsworth 10.1 Introduction 209 10.1.1 Shale Mineralogical Characteristics 209 10.1.2 Flow Network 210 10.1.2.1 Bedding-Parallel Flow Network 211 10.1.2.2 Bedding-Perpendicular Flow Paths 212 10.2 Adsorption in Shales 214 10.2.1 Langmuir Theory 214 10.2.2 Competing Strains in Permeability Evolution 215 10.2.2.1 Poro-Sorptive Strain 215 10.2.2.2 Thermal-Sorptive Strain 218 10.3 Permeability Models for Sorptive Media 218 10.3.1 Strain Based Models 219 10.4 Competing Processes during Permeability Evolution 220 10.4.1 Resolving Competing Strains 220 10.4.2 Solving for Sorption-Induced Permeability Evolution 221 10.5 Desorption Processes Yielding Permeability Enhancement 223 10.5.1 Pressure Depletion 223 10.5.2 Lowering Partial Pressure 224 10.5.3 Sorptive Gas Injection 225 10.5.4 Desorption with Increased Temperature 225 10.6 Permeability Enhancement Due to Nitrogen Flooding 225 10.7 Discussion 226 10.8 Conclusion 228 References 229 11 Multiscale Experimental Study on Interactions Between Imbibed Stimulation Fluids and Tight Carbonate Source Rocks 235 Feng Liang, Hui-Hai Liu, and Jilin Zhang 11.1 Introduction 235 11.2 Fluid Uptake Pathways 236 11.2.1 Experimental Methods 236 11.2.1.1 Materials 236 11.2.1.2 Experimental Procedure 237 11.2.2 Results and Discussion 237 11.2.2.1 Surface Characterization 237 11.2.2.2 Spontaneous Imbibition Tests 239 11.3 Mechanical Property Change After Fluid Exposure 240 11.3.1 Experimental Methods 242 11.3.1.1 Materials 242 11.3.1.2 Experimental Procedure 242 11.3.2 Results and Discussion 243 11.3.2.1 UCS and Brazilian Test on Cylindrical Core Plugs 243 11.3.2.2 Microindentation Test 243 11.4 Morphology and Minerology Changes After Fluid Exposure 245 11.4.1 Experimental Methods 247 11.4.1.1 Materials 247 11.4.1.2 Experimental Procedure 248 11.4.2 Results and Discussion 248 11.4.2.1 SEM and EDS Mapping of Thin-Section Surface before Fluid Treatment 248 11.4.2.2 SEM and EDS Mapping of Thin-Section Surface after Fluid Treatment 251 11.4.2.3 Quantification of Dissolved Ions in the Treatment Fluids 256 11.5 Flow Property Change After Fluid Exposure 257 11.5.1 Experimental Methods 258 11.5.1.1 Materials 258 11.5.1.2 Experimental Procedure 258 11.5.2 Results and Discussion 258 11.5.2.1 Changes in Flow Characteristics 258 11.6 Conclusions 259 References 261 Part III Large-Scale Petrophysics 265 12 Effective Permeability in Fractured Reservoirs: Percolation-Based Effective-Medium Theory 267 Behzad Ghanbarian 12.1 Introduction 267 12.1.1 Percolation Theory 267 12.1.2 Effective-Medium Theory 268 12.2 Objectives 269 12.3 Percolation-Based Effective-Medium Theory 269 12.4 Comparison with Simulations 270 12.4.1 Chen et al. (2019) 270 12.4.1.1 Two-Dimensional Simulations 271 12.4.1.2 Three-Dimensional Simulations 273 12.4.2 New Three-Dimensional Simulations 274 12.5 Conclusion 275 Acknowledgment 277 References 277 13 Modeling of Fluid Flow in Complex Fracture Networks for Shale Reservoirs 281 Hongbing Xie, Xiaona Cui, Wei Yu, Chuxi Liu, Jijun Miao, and Kamy Sepehrnoori 13.1 Shale Reservoirs with Complex Fracture Networks 281 13.2 Complex Fracture Reservoir Simulation 281 13.3 Embedded Discrete Fracture Model 283 13.4 EDFM Verification 286 13.5 Well Performance Study – Base Case 290 13.6 Effect of Natural Fracture Connectivity on Well Performance 294 13.6.1 Effect of Natural Fracture Azimuth 294 13.6.2 Effect of Number of Natural Fractures 295 13.6.3 Effect of Natural Fracture Length 298 13.6.4 Effect of Number of Sets of Natural Fractures 301 13.6.5 Effect of Natural Fracture Dip Angle 305 13.7 Effect of Natural Fracture Conductivity on Well Performance 306 13.8 Conclusions 311 References 312 14 A Closed-Form Relationship for Production Rate in Stress-Sensitive Unconventional Reservoirs 315 Hui-Hai Liu, Huangye Chen, and Yanhui Han 14.1 Introduction 315 14.2 Production Rate as a Function of Time in the Linear Flow Regime Under the Constant Pressure Drawdown Condition 317 14.3 An Approximate Relationship Between Parameter A and Stress-Dependent Permeability 318 14.4 Evaluation of the Relationship Between Parameter A and Stress-Dependent Permeability 321 14.5 Equivalent State Approximation for the Variable Pressure Drawdown Conditions 327 14.6 Discussions 328 14.7 Concluding Remarks 329 Nomenclature 329 Subscript 330 Appendix 14.A Derivation of Eq. (14.22) with Integration by Parts 330 References 331 15 Sweet Spot Identification in Unconventional Shale Reservoirs 333 Rabah Mesdour, Mustafa Basri, Cenk Temizel, and Nayif Jama 15.1 Introduction 333 15.2 Reservoir Characterization 334 15.3 Sweet Spot Identification 334 15.3.1 The Method Based on Organic, Rock and Mechanical Qualities 335 15.3.2 Methods Based on Geological and Engineering Sweet Spots 337 15.3.3 Methods Based on Other Quality Indicators 340 15.3.4 Methods Based on Data Mining and Machine Learning 343 15.4 Discussion 345 15.5 Conclusion 346 References 347 Index 351

Read more less

Book SynopsisBret Gustafson examines the centrality of natural gas and oil to the making of modern Bolivia and the contradictory convergence of fossil-fueled capitalism, Indigenous politics, and revolutionary nationalism.Trade Review“Fossil capitalism, and the calamitous consequences of our dependence on coal and petroleum, is central to any understanding of life in the Anthropocene. Bret Gustafson offers up an original and compelling take on the oft-told tale of oil wealth, petroviolence, and the so-called curse of oil dependency by reinterpreting the colonial and postcolonial history of Bolivia through the country's relation to natural gas, what he calls the gaseous state. Gustafson draws together the temporalities, spaces, and excesses of a world built through the exploitation of gas and in so doing takes the reader on an exhilarating ride through US imperialism, the Bolivian state, Indigenous territoriality, the hard-edged world of pipelines, wellheads, violent corporate capital, and of course the rise and fall of Evo Morales. A book for our time.” -- Michael Watts, Class of 63 Professor, University of California, Berkeley“Bolivia in the Age of Gas is without a doubt the definitive account of the Bolivian petrostate and its subjects. It makes important contributions to anthropology, to Latin American studies, and to the emergent interdisciplinary literature in energy humanities. It is also a true pleasure to read, the rare scholarly page-turner that conveys critical analytical insights in terms and ethnographic moments that will captivate readers of all backgrounds.” -- Dominic Boyer, author of * Energopolitics: Wind and Power in the Anthropocene *“Bret Gustafson’s Bolivia in the Age of Gas is an ambitious and exquisitely detailed historical ethnography of Bolivia and its complicated relation with gas (and oil).... Gustafson exudes an enviable clarity even as he insists on nuance, complexity and contradiction.” -- Maria Elena Garcia * ReVista *“Gustafson’s Bolivia in the Age of Gas examines the historical and contemporary cultural politics of Bolivia’s complex and often troubled relationship with natural gas.... Fundamental questions surface at the end of [Gustafson’s book] that chart new directions for political analyses of Latin American social movements....” -- Nicole Fabricant * NACLA Report on the Americas *"[Bolivia in the Age of Gas] provide[s] important insight into Bolivia and Ecuador, and into fossil-fuel capitalism writ large." -- Kim Fortun & James Adams * Public Books *"While [Bret Gustafson] assumes a degree of familiarity with Bolivian geography and political history, his writing is gripping, and the book will be fruitful for advanced undergraduate and graduate courses." -- C. Lurtz * Choice *"Gustafson’s book is historically expansive, beginning with the Chaco War of 1932–1935 and concluding with the 2020 ouster of Evo Morales, but it remains anchored and oriented by the ethnographer’s attention to the quotidian. The result is a compelling analysis of petropower in Bolivia shaped as much by the commanding heights of the global fossil empire and the military-industrial complex as by the gendered and colonial violence of everyday life on the gas frontier." -- Donald V. Kingsbury * Latin American Research Review *"Gustafson’s book is historically expansive, beginning with the Chaco War of 1932–1935 and concluding with the 2020 ouster of Evo Morales, but it remains anchored and oriented by the ethnographer’s attention to the quotidian. The result is a compelling analysis of petropower in Bolivia shaped as much by the commanding heights of the global fossil empire and the military-industrial complex as by the gendered and colonial violence of everyday life on the gas frontier." -- Donald V. Kingsbury * Latin American Research Review *“[Bolivia in the Age of Gas] is an important book, worthy of sustained and considered attention. From here forward, it will be required reading for all competent scholars wrestling with the various components of extractive capitalism in contemporary Bolivia from a variety of social science disciplines.” -- Jeffery R.Webber * American Anthropologist *Table of ContentsList of Abbreviations ix Note on Labels and Language xiii Preface and Acknowledgments xv Introduction. Gaseous State 1 Part One. Time 1. Heroes of Chaco 27 2. Imperial Maneuvers 50 3. Las nalgas of YPFB 69 Part Two. Space 4. Gas Lock-In 97 5. Bulls and Beauty Queens 125 6. Just a Few Lashes 152 Part Three. Excess 7. Requiem for the Dead 179 8. Gas Work 202 9. Quarrel over the Excess 223 Postscript. Bolivia 2020 247 Notes 255 References 271 Index 293

Read more less

Book SynopsisEvo Morales, Bolivia''s first Indigenous president, won reelection three times on a leftist platform championing Indigenous rights, anti-imperialism, and Bolivian control over the country''s natural gas reserves. In Bolivia in the Age of Gas, Bret Gustafson explores how the struggle over natural gas has reshaped Bolivia, along with the rise, and ultimate fall, of the country''s first Indigenous-led government. Rethinking current events against the backdrop of a longer history of oil and gas politics and military intervention, Gustafson shows how natural gas wealth brought a measure of economic independence and redistribution, yet also reproduced political and economic relationships that contradicted popular and Indigenous aspirations for radical change. Though grounded in the unique complexities of Bolivia, the volume argues that fossil-fuel political economies worldwide are central to the reproduction of militarism and racial capitalism and suggests that progressive change demaTrade Review“Fossil capitalism, and the calamitous consequences of our dependence on coal and petroleum, is central to any understanding of life in the Anthropocene. Bret Gustafson offers up an original and compelling take on the oft-told tale of oil wealth, petroviolence, and the so-called curse of oil dependency by reinterpreting the colonial and postcolonial history of Bolivia through the country's relation to natural gas, what he calls the gaseous state. Gustafson draws together the temporalities, spaces, and excesses of a world built through the exploitation of gas and in so doing takes the reader on an exhilarating ride through US imperialism, the Bolivian state, Indigenous territoriality, the hard-edged world of pipelines, wellheads, violent corporate capital, and of course the rise and fall of Evo Morales. A book for our time.” -- Michael Watts, Class of 63 Professor, University of California, Berkeley“Bolivia in the Age of Gas is without a doubt the definitive account of the Bolivian petrostate and its subjects. It makes important contributions to anthropology, to Latin American studies, and to the emergent interdisciplinary literature in energy humanities. It is also a true pleasure to read, the rare scholarly page-turner that conveys critical analytical insights in terms and ethnographic moments that will captivate readers of all backgrounds.” -- Dominic Boyer, author of * Energopolitics: Wind and Power in the Anthropocene *“Bret Gustafson’s Bolivia in the Age of Gas is an ambitious and exquisitely detailed historical ethnography of Bolivia and its complicated relation with gas (and oil).... Gustafson exudes an enviable clarity even as he insists on nuance, complexity and contradiction.” -- Maria Elena Garcia * ReVista *“Gustafson’s Bolivia in the Age of Gas examines the historical and contemporary cultural politics of Bolivia’s complex and often troubled relationship with natural gas.... Fundamental questions surface at the end of [Gustafson’s book] that chart new directions for political analyses of Latin American social movements....” -- Nicole Fabricant * NACLA Report on the Americas *"[Bolivia in the Age of Gas] provide[s] important insight into Bolivia and Ecuador, and into fossil-fuel capitalism writ large." -- Kim Fortun & James Adams * Public Books *"While [Bret Gustafson] assumes a degree of familiarity with Bolivian geography and political history, his writing is gripping, and the book will be fruitful for advanced undergraduate and graduate courses." -- C. Lurtz * Choice *"Gustafson’s book is historically expansive, beginning with the Chaco War of 1932–1935 and concluding with the 2020 ouster of Evo Morales, but it remains anchored and oriented by the ethnographer’s attention to the quotidian. The result is a compelling analysis of petropower in Bolivia shaped as much by the commanding heights of the global fossil empire and the military-industrial complex as by the gendered and colonial violence of everyday life on the gas frontier." -- Donald V. Kingsbury * Latin American Research Review *"Gustafson’s book is historically expansive, beginning with the Chaco War of 1932–1935 and concluding with the 2020 ouster of Evo Morales, but it remains anchored and oriented by the ethnographer’s attention to the quotidian. The result is a compelling analysis of petropower in Bolivia shaped as much by the commanding heights of the global fossil empire and the military-industrial complex as by the gendered and colonial violence of everyday life on the gas frontier." -- Donald V. Kingsbury * Latin American Research Review *“[Bolivia in the Age of Gas] is an important book, worthy of sustained and considered attention. From here forward, it will be required reading for all competent scholars wrestling with the various components of extractive capitalism in contemporary Bolivia from a variety of social science disciplines.” -- Jeffery R.Webber * American Anthropologist *Table of ContentsList of Abbreviations ix Note on Labels and Language xiii Preface and Acknowledgments xv Introduction. Gaseous State 1 Part One. Time 1. Heroes of Chaco 27 2. Imperial Maneuvers 50 3. Las nalgas of YPFB 69 Part Two. Space 4. Gas Lock-In 97 5. Bulls and Beauty Queens 125 6. Just a Few Lashes 152 Part Three. Excess 7. Requiem for the Dead 179 8. Gas Work 202 9. Quarrel over the Excess 223 Postscript. Bolivia 2020 247 Notes 255 References 271 Index 293

Read more less

Book SynopsisA new edition of this established text has been expanded and updated, treating this important field in a holistic manner. The structure of the previous book has been retained, but enhanced with new text and illustrations, and more numerical problems with a wider scope. Readers will find much on the background to the industry and details of such centrally important operations as refining, heat exchange, cracking, polymerisation and hydrogenation. There is a chapter on offshore matters, which includes some incidents that occurred since the first edition. National and international standards are considered as these relate to such things as site layout. The coverage of the fire and explosion behaviour of hydrocarbons has been extended, in particular in relation to flash points. The topic of leaked gas detection has been introduced, and there is considerable extension of the coverage of static electricity hazards. There is more on liquefied natural gas (LNG), including details of processes for its regasification. Natural gas condensate features, having grown considerably in importance since the first edition.Re-refining of crude oil products that have previously been used as lubricants or as hydraulic fluids has also experienced growth, and this too has its place in the book from the perspective of safety. Tight gas and coal bed methane feature, as does the controversial matter of hydraulic fracture to obtain them. The chemical processing chapter has been extended to include hydrocracking, hydrodesulphurisation and hydrodenitrogenation. The COMAH (Control of Major Accident Hazards) regulations are covered and sign conventions for hazards are explained with illustrations.Trade ReviewReviews of the first edition: 'A particularly useful feature for the practitioner and student is the inclusion within the text of worked examples... ...is particularly useful through its provision of a well grounded numerical approach to many of the detailed problems arising within process safety. ...provides much useful information on operational practice, which is not often found in such texts, as well as a valuable range of supporting case studies. ...should be relevant to both undergraduates and postgraduates, as well as those in industry approaching the subject for the first time'. Energy '...covers virtually all aspects of hydrocarbon safety...' ScienceDirect.com '...it is certainly a very useful and confidence-building text for inexperienced chemical engineers as they find their way in the hydrocarbon and other process industries. ...should form a compulsory part of the graduate process engineer's library and also is of great value to the third and forth year chemical engineering undergraduate student. ...would be a valuable addition to the library and as a paperback should be well within the financial reach of the student and young practising engineer'. Chemistry in Australia '...presents a great deal of information in a compact form. ...the book makes a valuable contribution... ...would certainly recommend it to chemical engineering and fire engineering undergraduates or those professionals that need to develop an understanding hydrocarbon process safety.' Fire Safety Journal '...can be used as a text for an introductory course on process safety. It also contains topics relevant to process hazards in the chemical process industries, and as such, will be useful to engineers working in these industries'. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries '...the book will form a useful source of material for teachers and students tackling safety in this broader area. ...is judged to provide a good introductory text for students... Teachers and students alike will find many of the demonstration numerical problems and solutions particularly helpful to establish ideas and approaches.' Process Safety and Environmental Protection '...is one of the few recent texts of this kind, dealing entirely with hydrocarbons. ...this book could be very useful...to teachers and students of engineering and chemistry...' SSC, Fuel Experimental Station '...safety is a difficult subject to teach as it requires both very quantitative information and more wide ranging information... This book provides us with both. Apart from expounding the calculation methods it introduces subjects such as HAZOP, COMAH and COSSH. One excellent feature is that there are questions of increasing complexity provided in all Chapters with comprehensive solutions at the end of the book. ...this is a useful book from which one can learn. It will be a great aid to instructors and students'. FuelTable of ContentsBackground to the oil and gas industry; Hydrocarbon leakage and dispersion; The combustion behaviour of hydrocarbons; Physical operations on hydrocarbons and associated hazards; Chemical operations on hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon derivative; Some relevant design principles; Some relevant measurement principles; Offshore oil and gas production; Hazards associated with particular hydrocarbon products; Toxicity hazards; Safe disposal of unwanted hydrocarbon; Means of obtaining hydrocarbons other than from crude oil and related safety issues; Solutions to example; True or false questions; Index

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Table of Contents1. Background, Structure and Objectives2. Facilities Integrity Excellence Model3. Facility4. Asset Integrity and Reliability5. Maintenance Management6. Operations7. Supporting Processes8. Risk Focused Culture9. The Organization10. Continuous Improvement11. Implementation12. Policy and Strategy

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

Book SynopsisProfessor Charlotte Wright updates her indispensable accounting book for the oil and gas industry in this upcoming sixth edition. The past several years have seen significant changes in the accounting and disclosure rules for the industry. While the book has thorough updates throughout, there are new industry issues specifically addressed from the accounting perspective. Some of the significant updates and new material include: Discussion of the significance of shale and unconventional production as it relates to accounting principles. New definitions of reserves from the Securities and Exchange Commission, and the impact on accounting processes. All citations and references align with the updated authoritative literature from the Financial Accounting Standards Board. A new chapter discussing specific issues previously unaddressed regarding property valuation in the industry. New, and updated, end-of-chapter problems. Table of Contents Upstream Oil and Gas Operations Introduction to Oil and Gas Accounting Oil and Gas Reserves Nondrilling Exploration Costs—Successful Efforts Acquisition Cost of Unproved Property—Successful Efforts Drilling and Development Costs—Successful Efforts Proved Property Cost Disposition—Successful Efforts Full Cost Accounting Production Activities and Project Analysis Asset Retirement and Environmental Obligations Impairment and Disposal of Long-Lived Assets Accounting for Revenue from Oil and Gas Sales Basic Oil and Gas Tax Accounting Joint Interest Accounting Conveyances Oil and Gas Disclosures Analysis of Oil and Gas Companies’ Financial Statements Accounting for International Petroleum Operations

Read more less

Book SynopsisHandbook of Offshore Oil and Gas Operations is an authoritative source providing extensive up-to-date coverage of the technology used in the exploration, drilling, production, and operations in an offshore setting. Offshore oil and gas activity is growing at an expansive rate and this must-have training guide covers the full spectrum including geology, types of platforms, exploration methods, production and enhanced recovery methods, pipelines, and envinronmental managment and impact, specifically worldwide advances in study, control, and prevention of the industry's impact on the marine environment and its living resources. In addition, this book provides a go-to glossary for quick reference. Handbook of Offshore Oil and Gas Operations empowers oil and gas engineers and managers to understand and capture on one of the fastest growing markets in the energy sector today.Table of Contents1. Occurrence and Formation of Crude Oil and Natural Gas2. Offshore Geology and Operations3. Offshore Platforms4. Exploration5. Drilling and Well Completion6. Production7. Transportation8. Corrosion9. Environmental Impact10. Legislation and The FutureGlossaryIndex

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis textbook presents students with a systematic approach for the quantification and management of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) and provides best practices for optimal carbon management and quantification. The book begins with an overview of climate change basics and goes on to discuss carbon footprint measurements, carbon management concepts, and concludes by presenting carbon reduction solutions with applications for green buildings, smart transportation, waste management, and carbon trading and offsetting. The author provides practical examples and carbon management models that support innovative reduction solutions and presents a roadmap for the implementation and development of carbon management strategies, making it a useful resource for both upper undergraduate and graduate students as well as practitioners seeking a comprehensive framework to conduct carbon management. Table of ContentsClimate Change Basics.- Carbon footprint measurement.- Carbon trading and offsetting.- Carbon management concepts.- Total carbon management.- Carbon management maturity model.- Innovation solutions.

Read more less