Fossil fuel technologies Books

Book SynopsisThis book presents a comprehensive introduction to well logging and the inverse problem. It explores challenges such as conventional data processing methods’ inability to handle local minima issues, and presents the explanations in an easy-to-follow way. The book describes statistical data interpretation by introducing the fundamentals behind the approach, as well as a range of sampling methods. In each chapter, a specific method is comprehensively introduced, together with representative examples. The book begins with basic information on well logging and logging while drilling, as well as a definition of the inverse problem. It then moves on to discuss the fundamentals of statistical inverse methods, Bayesian inference, and a new sampling method that can be used to supplement it, the hybrid Monte Carlo method. The book then addresses a specific problem in the inversion of downhole logging data, and the interpretation of earth model complexity, before concluding with a meta-technique called the tempering method, which serves as a supplement to statistical sampling methods. Given its scope, the book offers a valuable reference guide for drilling engineers, well logging tool physicists, and geoscientists, as well as students in the areas of petroleum engineering and electrical engineering. Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Foundation of Bayesian Inversion and Sampling Methods.- Beyond the Random Walk: a Hybrid Monte Carlo Sampling.- Interpret Model Complexity: Trans-Dimensional Markov Chain Monet Carlo Method.- Accelerated Bayesian Inversion Using Parallel Tempering

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Book SynopsisThis short monograph focuses on the theoretical backgrounds and practical implementations concerning the thermodynamic modeling of multiphase equilibria of complex reservoir fluids using cubic equations of state. It aims to address the increasing needs of multiphase equilibrium calculations that arise in the compositional modeling of multiphase flow in reservoirs and wellbores. It provides a state-of-the-art coverage on the recent improvements of cubic equations of state. Considering that stability test and flash calculation are two basic tasks involved in any multiphase equilibrium calculations, it elaborates on the rigorous mathematical frameworks dedicated to stability test and flash calculation. A special treatment is given to the new algorithms that are recently developed to perform robust and efficient three-phase equilibrium calculations.This monograph will be of value to graduate students who conduct research in the field of phase behavior, as well as software engineers who work on the development of multiphase equilibrium calculation algorithms. Table of ContentsChapter 1 Introduction.- Chapter 2. Cubic Equation of States.- Chapter 3. Phase Stability Test.- Chapter 4. Flash Calculations.- Chapter 5. Multiphase Equilibrium Calculations.

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Book SynopsisThe updated textbook is intended to serve as an advanced and detailed treatment of the evolution of the subject of stratigraphy from its disparate beginnings as separate studies of sedimentology, lithostratigraphy, chronostratigraphy, etc., into a modern integrated discipline in which all components are necessary. There is a historical introduction, which now includes information about the timeline of the evolution of the components of modern stratigraphy. The elements of the various components (facies analysis, sequence stratigraphy, mapping methods, chronostratigraphic methods, etc.) are outlined, and a chapter discussing the modern synthesis is included near the end of the book, which closes with a discussion of future research trends in the study of time as preserved in the stratigraphic record.Table of Contents

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Book SynopsisFossil fuels in the UE in the era before Russian aggression in Ukraine.- Energy transformation challenges for the UE in the new economic and geopolitical environment.- Energy, Oil & Gas Sectors in the era of economic and geopolitical upheaval microeconomic perspective.

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Book SynopsisIntroduction.- Adsorption on solids and the potential of CO2 adsorption on reservoir rocks.- Adsorption measurements under high pressure.- Evaluating CO2 storage potential using apparent adsorption and effective density.- Absolute adsorption and fraction of adsorbed CO2 in pore space.- Reduction of overpressure due to adsorption.- CO2 adsorption and rock wettability.- Impact of adsorption on CO2 storage capacity and efficiency.- Adsorbed CO2 in post-injection phase.- Impact of adsorption on the fate of mobile CO2.- Impact of adsorption on security and safety of CO2 storage.- Conclusions and recommendations.

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Book SynopsisIn this volume, Professor He and his coworkers summarize polyethylene glycol (PEG)-promoted CO2 chemistry on the basis of understanding about phase behavior of PEG/CO2 system and reaction mechanism at molecular level. As PEG could be utilized as a green replacement for organic solvents, phase-transfer catalyst, surfactant, support in various reaction systems, significantly promoting catalytic activity and recovering expensive metal catalysts, particularly regarded as a CO2-philic material, the authors focus on special applications of PEG in CO2 capture and utilization, including PEG-functionalized catalysts for efficient transformation of CO2 and PEG-functionalized absorbents for efficient CO2 capture. Furthermore, they describe carbon capture and utilization strategy as an alternative approach to address the energy penalty problem in carbon capture and storage. Interestingly, the authors also discuss PEG radical chemistry in dense CO2 as rather creative and unusual use of PEG, presumably serves as a reaction medium and a radical initiator for radical chemistry.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Phase Behavior of PEG/CO2 System.- PEG / scCO2 Biphasic Solvent System.- CO2 Capture with PEG.- Functionalized-PEG as Catalysts for CO2 Conversion.- CO2 Capture, Activation and Subsequent Conversion with PEG.

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Book SynopsisPART 1: Natural Gas Supply Chain.- Chapter 1: An Overview of Global Natural Gas Supply Chain and Infrastructure.- Chapter 2: Regulatory Successes and Opportunities for value chain analysis of Gas industries.- Chapter 3: Gas Industry reforming: Current Status of Emerging Markets.- Chapter 4: Global Perspective on Gas Market Liberalization.- Chapter 5: Natural Gas Pricing Mechanism for Emerging Markets.- PART 2: Technological Advances in Natural Gas Utilization.- Chapter 6: Advances in Natural gas fuel cells.- Chapter 7: Advances in Thermochemical conversion of Natural gas.- Chapter 8: Advances in Biochemical conversion of Natural gas.- Chapter 9: Advances in Photochemical conversion of Natural gas.- Chapter 10: Opportunities for integrated Natural gas conversion technologies.- PART 3: Role of Natural Gas in Transition to Low-Carbon Economy.- Chapter 11: Re-visiting the Roadmaps to low carbon economy.- Chapter 12: Overviews of Policies and Regulations for a low carbon economy.- Chapter 13: Natural gas role in transition to a low carbon economy.- Chapter 14: Social-Economics implications of low carbon energy system.- Chapter 15: Sustainability of Natural Gas in Transition to low carbon economy.

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Book SynopsisWhen Fracking Comes to Town traces the response of local communities to the shale gas revolution. Rather than cast communities as powerless to respond to oil and gas companies and their landmen, it shows that communities have adapted their local rules and regulations to meet the novel challenges accompanying unconventional gas extraction through fracking. The multidisciplinary perspectives of this volume''s essays tie together insights from planners, legal scholars, political scientists, and economists. What emerges is a more nuanced perspective of shale gas development and its impacts on municipalities and residents. Unlike many political debates that cast fracking in black-and-white terms, this book''s contributors embrace the complexity of local responses to fracking. States adapted legal institutions to meet the new challenges posed by this energy extraction process while under-resourced municipal officials and local planning offices found creative waTrade ReviewEach [chapter] is well written and clear, drawing variously upon empirical data, economic analysis, and theoretical development. Clear insight is provided by the authors and editors [...]the book would be of broad interest to scholars and graduate-level researchers in the fields of economic geography, rural sociology, energy economics and environmental justice. * Journal of Urban Affairs *This volume can serve as a blueprint for local decision-makers to aid in decisionmaking that more holistically weighs the tradeoffs of energy development. It will also serve as a useful teaching resource to introduce both undergraduate and graduate students to the realities communities face when fracking comes to town. * The Pennsylvania Geographer *Table of ContentsIntroduction: Beyond the Boom, by Sabina E. Deitrick and Ilia Murtazashvili Part I: GOVERNANCE 1. The Shale Boom in Historical Perspective, by Ilia Murtazashvili and Ennio Piano 2. Local Jurisdictions and Variations in State Law in theMarcellus Shale Region, by Heidi Gorovitz Robertson 3. How the Legal Framework of Fracking in Appalachia Disserves the Poor, by Ann M. Eisenberg 4. Framing Fracking through Local Lenses, by Pamela A. Mischen and Joseph T. Palka, Jr. Part II: PLANNING 5. Using Boom town Models to Understand the Consequences of Fracking, by Adelyn Hall and Carla Chifos 6. Hydraulic Fracturing and Boom town Planning in Western North Dakota, by Teresa Córdova 7. Local Planning in Beaver County and the Shell Cracker Plant, by Sabina E. Deitrick and Rebecca Matsco 8. The Resource Conflict and the Local Economic Trade-Offs of Fracking, by Anna C. Osland and Carolyn G. Loh Part III: ECONOMIC IMPACT 9. Local Labor Markets and Shale Gas, by Frederick Tannery and Larry McCarthy 10. Shale Energy and Regional Economic Development Impacts in Northwest Pennsylvania, by Erik R. Pages, Martin Romitti, and Mark C. White 11. The Boom, the Bust, and the Cost of the Cleanup, by Nicholas G. McClure, Ion Simonides, and Jeremy G. Weber 12. Private and Public Economic Impacts of Fracking in Wyoming, by Gavin Roberts and Sandeep Kumar Rangaraju 13. An Economic and Policy Analysis of Shale Gas Well Bond, by Max Harleman Conclusion: Lessons and Extensions, by Sabina E. Deitrick and Ilia Murtazashvili

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Book SynopsisStudents, scholars and researchers from a wide variety of fields who are interested in climate change, energy policy, and the politics and policy of the environment will find this book illuminating, as will officials and policy makers in international organizations and governments.Trade Review'. . . the volume is a timely and informative text for students and academics, as well as for practitioners within international organizations and governments.' -- Rudra Kapila, Climate LawTable of ContentsContents: 1. The Politics and Policy of Carbon Capture and Storage James Meadowcroft and Oluf Langhelle 2. Technology Leader, Policy Laggard: CCS Development for Climate Mitigation in the US Political Context Jennie C. Stephens 3. CCS in Australia: From Political Posturing to Policy Potential Darren Sinclair and Neil Gunningham 4. CCS in Canada Mark Jaccard and Jacqueline Sharp 5. Technology as Political Glue: CCS in Norway Andreas Tjernshaugen and Oluf Langhelle 6. Electricity Gap versus Climate Change: Electricity Politics and the Potential Role of CCS in Germany Barbara Praetorius and Christoph von Stechow 7. CCS in the UK: Squaring Coal Use with Climate Change? Ivan Scrase and Jim Watson 8. CCS in the Netherlands: Glass Half Empty or Half Full? Philip J. Vergragt 9. CCS and the European Union: Magic Bullet or Pure Magic? Dag Harald Claes and Paal Frisvold 10. CCS in Comparative Perspective Oluf Langhelle and James Meadowcroft 11. The Politics and Policy of CCS: The Uncertain Road Ahead James Meadowcroft and Oluf Langhelle Index

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Book SynopsisA practical and insightful discussion of time-frequency analysis methods and technologies Timefrequency analysis of seismic signals aims to reveal the local properties of nonstationary signals. The local properties, such as time-period, frequency, and spectral content, vary with time, and the time of a seismic signal is a proxy of geologic depth. Therefore, the timefrequency spectrum is composed of the frequency spectra that are generated by using the classic Fourier transform at different time positions. Different timefrequency analysis methods are distinguished in the construction of the local kernel prior to using the Fourier transform. Based on the difference in constructing the Fourier transform kernel, this book categorises timefrequency analysis methods into two groups: Gabor transform-type methods and energy density distribution methods. This book systematically presents timefrequency analysis methods, including technologies which have not been prTable of ContentsPreface viii 1 Nonstationary signals and spectral properties 1 1.1 Stationary signals 1 1.2 Nonstationary signals 5 1.3 The Fourier transform and the average properties 7 1.4 The analytic signal and the instantaneous properties 10 1.5 Computation of the instantaneous frequency 13 1.6 Two groups of time-frequency analysis methods 17 2 The Gabor transform 19 2.1 Short-time Fourier transform 19 2.2 The Gabor transform 23 2.3 The cosine function windows 26 2.4 Spectral leakage 31 2.5 The Gabor limit of time-frequency resolution 33 2.6 Implementation of the Gabor transform 36 2.7 The inverse Gabor transform 40 2.8 Application in inverse Q Filtering 42 3 The continuous wavelet transform 47 3.1 Basics of the continuous wavelet transform 47 3.2 The complex Morlet wavelet 51 3.3 The Morse wavelet 54 3.4 The generalised seismic wavelet 58 3.5 The frequency representation 62 3.6 The inverse wavelet transform 64 3.7 Implementation of the continuous wavelet transform 66 3.8 Hydrocarbon reservoir characterisation 68 4 The S transform 73 4.1 Basics of the S transform 74 4.2 The generalised S transform 77 Time-Frequency vi Analysis of Seismic Signals 4.3 The fractional Fourier transform 79 4.4 The fractional S transform 83 4.5 Implementation of the S transform 86 4.6 The inverse S transform 88 4.7 Application to clastic and carbonate reservoirs 93 5 The W transform 95 5.1 Basics of the W transform 95 5.2 The generalised W transform 99 5.3 Implementation of nonstationary convolution 106 5.4 The inverse W transform 108 5.5 Application to detect hydrocarbon reservoirs 109 5.6 Application to detect karst voids 112 6 The Wigner-Ville distribution 117 6.1 Basics of the Wigner-Ville distribution (WVD) 117 6.2 Defining the WVD with the analytic signal 120 6.3 Properties of the WVD 123 6.4 The smoothed WVD 126 6.5 The generalised class of time-frequency representations 132 6.6 The ambiguity function and the generalised WVD 134 6.7 Implementation of the standard and smoothed WVDs 140 6.8 Implementation of the ambiguity function and the generalised WVD 147 7 Matching pursuit 151 7.1 Basics of matching pursuit 151 7.2 Three-stage matching pursuit 153 7.3 Matching pursuit with the Morlet wavelet 157 7.4 The sigma filter 159 7.5 Multichannel matching pursuit 163 7.6 Structure-adaptive matching pursuit 168 7.7 Three applications 170 8 Local power spectra with multiple windows 175 8.1 Multiple orthogonal windows 176 8.2 Multiple windows defined by the prolate spheroidal wave functions 178 8.3 Multiple windows constructed by solving a discretised eigenvalue problem 180 8.4 Multiple windows constructed by Gaussian functions 184 8.5 The Gabor transform with multiple windows 187 8.6 The WVD with multiple windows 190 Contents vii Appendices 195 A The Gaussian integrals, the Gamma function, and the Gauss error functions 195 B The Fourier transform of the tapered boxcar window, the truncated Gaussian window, and the Blackman window 198 C The generalised seismic wavelet 201 D The fractional Fourier transform 203 E Marginal conditions and the analytic signal in the WVD definition 204 F Prolate spheroidal wave functions and the associated Legendre polynomials 209 References 215 Author index 223 Subject index 225

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Book SynopsisTrade ReviewEnlightening reading for anyone interested in the politics and economics of energy.—ChoiceExciting to read. It is the product of someone who is such a gifted writer.—New Books NetworkPeter Shulman’s excellent new book mines the pre-history of the relationship between ideas about energy extraction and the building of the United States as an imperial nation.—Explorations in Federal HistoryA major contribution to foreign policy history and an essential read for any scholar interested in the development of policy and technology during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.—H-Net ReviewsIn his exhaustively researched book, Shulman convincingly argues for the centrality of coal to nineteenth-century American domestic and foreign policy. His fast paced and wide-ranging work recounts a number of fascinating episodes central to nineteenth-century American history through the lens of energy needs.—Diplomatic History[Shulman's] rich text provides a vital contribution to our understanding of how resource exploitation—and hence science and technological change—was woven into the history of economics, international affairs, and domestic politics.—Journal of American HistoryCoal and Empire offers an intellectual feast for both historians and modern energy scholars. Meticulously researched and expertly written, it attempts to show how an energy fuel, in this instance coal, became an integral part of United States national security in the nineteenth century.—Technology and CultureA forceful book—well-written, eye-opening, and analytically sharp. Coal and Empire is essential reading for anyone interested in the deep roots of the modern fossil economy.—American Historical ReviewRegardless of where you stand on the nineteenth-century US imperial question, the resources, technology, and politics behind expanding US interests have long needed the careful treatment Coal and Empire provides.—Historical GeographyThe book is an important one, and the histories of more quotidian commodities need more attention more generally. By using coal as a lens Shulman shows its integral place across US history and the development of its global role into the twentieth century.—Mariner's MirrorInnovative and important analyses of the specific role of engineers and technology in provoking changes in energy policies, and thus international relations . . . by delivering a detailed and accurate historical reconstruction of energy in nineteenth-century America, the book provides an interesting comparative case to present narratives about oil and energy security in the contemporary United States.—AMBIXFactpacked book of vital information.—M.G. ParegianCoal and Empire apporte ainsi une réflexion de long terme conduisant jusqu'aux rivages du temps présent. Ce n'est pas l'un des moindres attraits de ce livre stimulant.—Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales [English edition]While the book is an excellent stand-alone study of the American adoption of coal for naval, mercantile, and imperial gains, it also is a fascinating addition to the growing field of energy history. Readers searching for an in-depth examination of naval and government policy will find what they seek, but so too will those interested in broader American, environmental, and energy histories.—Canadian Journal of HistoryTable of ContentsAcknowledgmentsIntroduction1. Empire and the Politics of Information2. Engineering Economy3. The Economy of Time and Space4. The Slavery Solution5. The Debate over Coaling Station6. Inventing LogisticsConclusionChronological Listing of Cited Congressional Publicationsfrom the United States Serial SetNotesBibliographic EssayIndex

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Book SynopsisRussia is among the world's leading oil producers, sitting atop the planet's eighth largest reserves. Like other oil-producing nations, it has been profoundly transformed by the oil industry. In The Depths of Russia, Douglas Rogers offers a nuanced and multifaceted analysis of oil's place in Soviet and Russian life, based on ethnographic fieldwork and archival research in the Perm region of the Urals. Moving beyond models of oil calibrated to capitalist centers and postcolonial petrostates, Rogers traces the distinctive contours of the socialistand then postsocialistoil complex, showing how oil has figured in the making and remaking of space and time, state and corporation, exchange and money, and past and present. He pays special attention to the material properties and transformations of oil (from depth in subsoil deposits to toxicity in refining) and to the ways oil has echoed through a range of cultural registers. The Depths of Russia challenges the common fTrade ReviewRogers focuses on how things work within oil corporations: how the new oil giants evolved out of Soviet carcasses; how they operate in symbiosis with the state; and, in particular, how they directly shape social and cultural institutions. The intersection of oil, money, and power might be a sexier topic. But the ways in which politicians and corporate bosses redefine and blend roles on the ground—indeed, to the point that Lukoil-Perm assumed the lead in a grand campaign to make the city of Perm a capital of culture, competing with St. Petersburg—provide more insight into the real texture of everyday. * Foreign Affairs *In general, many of the books trying to explain contemporary Russia are awkwardly similar in their approaches.... Douglas Rogers' book on the role of oil as a source for both state-building and a re-invention of culture in the Perm region is an innovative and enriching... exception to this trend. * Transitions Online *[The Depths of Russia]... shows how a detailed anthropological study of a region far from Moscow and St. Petersburg can reveal new and unexpected information about developments in Russia. These results make this a book well worth reading and pondering over. It is an important contribution to anthropology/ethnography, business studies, and the understanding of postsocialist Russia. * Slavic Review *Table of ContentsIntroduction: Oil, States and Corporations, and the Politics of CulturePart 1. From Socialist to Postsocialist Oil1. The Socialist Oil Complex: Scarcity and Hierarchies of Prestige in the Second Baku2. Circulation before Privatization: Petrobarter and New Corporate Forms3. The Lukoilization of Production: Space, Capital, and Surrogate CurrenciesPart 2. The Book Years4. State/Corporation: The Social and Cultural Project Movement5. Corporation/State: Lukoil as General Partner of the Perm RegionPart 3. The Cultural Front6. Oil and Culture: The Depths of Postsocialism7. Alternative Energies: Lukoil-Perm in Corporate and Cultural Fields8. "Bilbao on the Kama"?: The Perm Cultural Project and Its CriticsAppendix: Governors of the Perm Region in the Post-Soviet PeriodGlossaryReferencesIndex

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Book SynopsisPETROLEUM REFINING The third volume of a multi-volume set of the most comprehensive and up-to-date coverage of the advances of petroleum refining designs and applications, written by one of the world's most well-known process engineers, this is a must-have for any chemical, process, or petroleum engineer. This volume continues the most up-to-date and comprehensive coverage of the most significant and recent changes to petroleum refining, presenting the state-of-the-art to the engineer, scientist, or student. This book provides the design of process equipment, such as vessels for the separation of two-phase and three-phase fluids, using Excel spreadsheets, and extensive process safety investigations of refinery incidents, distillation, distillation sequencing, and dividing wall columns. It also covers multicomponent distillation, packed towers, liquid-liquid extraction using UniSim design software, and process safety incidents involving these equipment items and pertinent industrial case studies. Useful as a textbook, this is also an excellent, handy go-to reference for the veteran engineer, a volume no chemical or process engineering library should be without. Written by one of the world's foremost authorities, this book sets the standard for the industry and is an integral part of the petroleum refining renaissance. It is truly a must-have for any practicing engineer or student in this area. This groundbreaking new volume: Assists engineers in rapidly analyzing problems and finding effective design methods and select mechanical specifications Provides improved design manuals to methods and proven fundamentals of process design with related data and charts Covers a complete range of basic daytoday petroleum refining operations topics with new materials on significant industry changes Includes extensive Excel spreadsheets for the design of process vessels for mechanical separation of two-phase and three-phase fluids Provides UniSim -based case studies for enabling simulation of key processes outlined in the book Helps achieve optimum operations and process conditions and shows how to translate design fundamentals into mechanical equipment specifications Has a related website that includes computer applications along with spreadsheets and concise applied process design flow charts and process data sheets Provides various case studies of process safety incidents in refineries and means of mitigating these from investigations by the US Chemical Safety Board Includes a vast Glossary of Petroleum and Technical TerminologyTable of ContentsPreface xxii Acknowledgments xxiv 18 Mechanical Separations 1 18.1 Particle Size 1 18.2 Preliminary Separator Selection 6 18.3 Gravity Settlers 16 18.4 Terminal Velocity 19 18.5 Alternate Terminal Velocity Calculation 24 18.6 American Petroleum Institute’s Oil Field Separators 28 18.7 Liquid/Liquid, Liquid/Solid Gravity Separations, Decanters, and Sedimentation Equipment 28 18.8 Horizontal Gravity Settlers or Decanters, Liquid/Liquid 29 18.9 Modified Method of Happel and Jordan 33 18.10 Decanter 36 18.11 Impingement Separators 42 18.12 Centrifugal Separators 68 References 246 19 Distillation 249 19.1 Distillation Process Performance 249 19.2 Equilibrium Basic Considerations 252 19.3 Vapor–Liquid Equilibria 253 19.4 Activity Coefficients 262 19.5 Excess Gibbs Energy—GE 263 19.6 K-Value 264 19.7 Ideal Systems 266 19.8 Henry’s Law 268 19.9 K-Factor Hydrocarbon Equilibrium Charts 269 19.10 Non-Ideal Systems 277 19.11 Thermodynamic Simulation Software Programs 280 19.12 Vapor Pressure 283 19.13 Azeotropic Mixtures 296 19.14 Bubble Point of Liquid Mixture 311 19.15 Equilibrium Flash Computations 316 19.16 Degrees of Freedom 325 19.17 UniSim (Honeywell) Software 326 19.18 Binary System Material Balance: Constant Molal Overflow Tray to Tray 333 19.19 Determination of Distillation Operating Pressures 343 19.20 Condenser Types From a Distillation Column 344 19.21 Effect of Thermal Condition of Feed 348 19.22 Effect of Total Reflux, Minimum Number of Plates in a Distillation Column 352 19.23 Relative Volatility α Separating Factor in a Vapor–Liquid System 355 19.24 Rapid Estimation of Relative Volatility 366 19.25 Estimation of Relative Volatilities Under 1.25 (α < 125) by Ryan 367 19.26 Estimation of Minimum Reflux Ratio: Infinite Plates 368 19.27 Calculation of Number of Theoretical Trays at Actual Reflux 370 19.28 Identification of “Pinch Conditions” on an x-y Diagram at High Pressure 373 19.29 Distillation Column Design 376 19.30 Simulation of a Fractionating Column 378 19.31 Determination of Number of Theoretical Plates in Fractionating Columns by the Smoker Equations at Constant Relative Volatility (α = constant) 396 19.32 The Jafarey, Douglas, and McAvoy Equation: Design and Control 401 19.33 Number of Theoretical Trays at Actual Reflux 411 19.34 Estimating Tray Efficiency in a Distillation Column 413 19.35 Steam Distillation 422 19.36 Distillation with Heat Balance of Component Mixture 432 19.37 Multicomponent Distillation 453 19.38 Scheibel–Montross Empirical: Adjacent Key Systems: Constant or Variable Volatility 494 19.39 Minimum Number of Trays: Total Reflux−Constant Volatility 497 19.40 Smith–Brinkley (SB) Method 512 19.41 Retrofit Design of Distillation Columns 514 19.42 Tray-by-Tray for Multicomponent Mixtures 517 19.43 Tray-by-Tray Calculation of a Multicomponent Mixture Using a Digital Computer 531 19.44 Thermal Condition of Feed 532 19.45 Minimum Reflux-Underwood Method, Determination of αAvg for Multicomponent Mixture 533 19.46 Heat Balance-Adjacent Key Systems with Sharp Separations, Constant Molal Overflow 539 19.47 Stripping Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOC) from Water with Air 542 19.48 Rigorous Plate-to-Plate Calculation (Sorel Method) 547 19.49 Multiple Feeds and Side Streams for a Binary Mixture 551 19.50 Chou and Yaws Method 558 19.51 Optimum Reflux Ratio and Optimum Number of Trays Calculations 561 19.52 Tower Sizing for Valve Trays 574 19.53 Troubleshooting, Predictive Maintenance, and Controls for Distillation Columns 589 19.54 Distillation Sequencing with Columns Having More than Two Products 622 19.55 Heat Integration of Distillation Columns 630 19.56 Capital Cost Considerations for Distillation Columns 634 19.57 The Pinch Design Approach to Inventing a Network 644 19.58 Appropriate Placement and Integration of Distillation Columns 644 19.59 Heat Integration of Distillation Columns: Summary 645 19.60 Common Installation Errors in Distillation Columns 645 References 693 Bibliography 699 20 Packed Towers and Liquid–Liquid Extraction 703 20.1 Shell 707 20.2 Random Packing 708 20.3 Packing Supports 709 20.4 Liquid Distribution 734 20.5 Packing Installation 739 20.6 Contacting Efficiency, Expressed as Kga, HTU, HETP 755 20.7 Packing Size 756 20.8 Pressure Drop 757 20.9 Materials of Construction 759 20.10 Particle versus Compact Preformed Structured Packings 759 20.11 Minimum Liquid Wetting Rates 760 20.12 Loading Point Loading Region 761 20.13 Flooding Point 772 20.14 Foaming Liquid Systems 773 20.15 Surface Tension Effects 773 20.16 Packing Factors 773 20.17 Recommended Design Capacity and Pressure Drop 776 20.18 Pressure Drop Design Criteria and Guide: Random Packings Only 778 20.19 Effects of Physical Properties 781 20.20 Performance Comparisons 784 20.21 Capacity Basis for Design 784 20.22 Proprietary Random Packing Design Guides 796 20.23 Liquid Hold-Up 822 20.24 Packing Wetted Area 824 20.25 Effective Interfacial Area 826 20.26 Entrainment from Packing Surface 827 20.27 Structured Packing 830 20.28 Structured Packing: Technical Performance Features 849 20.29 New Generalized Pressure Drop Correlation Charts 855 20.30 Mass and Heat Transfer in Packed Tower 855 20.31 Number of Transfer Units, NOG, NOL 856 20.32 Gas and Liquid-Phase Coefficients, kG and kL 868 20.33 Height of a Transfer Unit, HOG, HOL, HTU 869 20.34 Distillation in Packed Towers 874 20.35 Liquid–Liquid Extraction 893 20.36 Process Parameters 908 20.37 Solvents Selection for the Extraction Unit 911 20.38 Phenol Extraction Process of Lubes 913 20.39 Furfural Extraction Process 914 20.40 Dispersed-Phase Droplet Size 916 20.41 Theory 920 20.42 Nernst’s Distribution Law 921 20.43 Tie Lines 921 20.44 Phase Diagrams 929 20.45 Countercurrent Extractors 931 20.46 Extraction Equipment 935 References 956 Glossary 961 Appendix D 1087 Appendix F 1163 About the Author 1179 Index 1181

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Book SynopsisDirect alcohol fuel cells (DAFCs), such as methanol and ethanol ones, are very promising advanced power systems that may considerably reduce dependence on fossil fuels and are, therefore, attracting increased attention worldwide. Nanostructured materials can improve the performance of the cathodes, anodes, and electrolytes of DAFCs. This book focuses on the most recent advances in the science and technology of nanostructured materials for direct alcohol fuel cells, including novel non-noble or low noble metal catalysts deposited on the graphene layer and metal-free doped carbon black for oxygen electroreduction reaction, Sn-based bimetallic and trimetallic nanoparticles for alcohol electro-oxidation reaction, and novel nanomaterials for promoting proton transfer in electrolytes. In addition, the book includes chapters from not only experimentalists but also computational chemists who have worked in the development of advanced power systems for decades.Illustrated throughout with excellent figures, this multidisciplinary work is not just a reference for researchers in chemistry and materials science, but a handy textbook for advanced undergraduate- and graduate-level students in nanoscience- and nanotechnology-related courses, especially those with an interest in developing novel materials for advanced power systems.Table of ContentsAdvanced Anode Catalysts for Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells Multimetallic Nanocatalysts for Anodic Reaction in Direct Alcohol Fuel Cell. Understanding Electrocatalytic Activity Enhancement of Bimetallic Nanoparticles to Ethanol Electro-oxidation Reaction. Theoretical Aspects of Gold Nanoparticles for Ethanol and Glucose Oxidation. Proton Transport and Design of Proton Electrolyte Membranes for Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells. Nanomaterials for Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR). Advances in Understanding the Effects on the Ethanol Electro-oxidation Reaction.

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Book SynopsisEurope and Russia are pushing against each other in a contest of economic doctrines and political ambitions, seemingly erasing the vision of cooperation that emerged from the end of the Cold War. Thane Gustafson argues that natural gas serves as a bridge over troubled geopolitical waters, uniting the region through common economic interests.Trade ReviewTells a story that sheds new light on postwar Europe, as well as touching on many of the most important themes of that era…A richly detailed analysis written with a relaxed, lucid style…One of Gustafson’s central themes is the way that economics have often trumped politics in the European gas trade. -- Ed Crooks * Financial Times *Tells how ingenuity, determination and the logic of commerce overcame geopolitics in a way that illuminates not only the story of a molecule, but the recent history of a whole continent. -- Rupert Darwall * Wall Street Journal *What an excellent book. Imagine somebody—in this case Thane Gustafson—taking all those snippets of gas history you used to read about and turning them into a coherent, well-written narrative…Every topic should have a book like this about it. -- Tyler Cowen * Marginal Revolution *A readable, intelligent, even-handed historical interpretation of this modern economic relationship [between Europe and Russia]. * Nature *A must-read for anyone interested in energy and European or Russian political and economic history. -- John V. Bowlus * Energy Reporters *Sets out the genesis of Russia’s gas contract with Germany—and the West—and how it yet may be blown-up by increasing geopolitical tensions. -- Jason Corcoran * bne IntelliNews *Well worth a read for those wanting more insight into the mindsets of the main actors and what might influence the flow of Russian gas to Europe in the future. -- William Powell * Natural Gas World *Gustafson recounts the fascinating history of the rise of the Russian and European gas industries and the emergence of the Russian–European gas trade from its beginnings in the early cold war to the troubled present day…With his seminal works on the history of Soviet and Russian oil and gas, Gustafson has long established himself as the doyen in his field. The Bridge is yet another essential addition for all those interested in the modern history of fossil fuels, Russian–European economic relations, and the intriguing mechanisms underlying the Soviet/Russian decision-making process in the area of energy. -- Jeronim Perović * Journal of Modern History *A useful exploration of Europe’s energy future…Gustafson shows how the European Union has used its legal powers…to limit the ability of the Russian energy giant Gazprom to monopolize supply for the continent. He also outlines how the changing nature of the gas industry itself has shifted the balance of power. -- Neil Bhatiya * Foreign Affairs *[A] seminal work on Russia’s oil and gas industry. -- Liam Denning * Bloomberg *Comprehensive analysis… By tracking the role of natural gas through several countries—Russia and Ukraine, the United Kingdom, Germany, the Netherlands and Norway—The Bridge details both its history and its likely future. -- Dominic Lenton * Engineering and Technology *Makes a provocative argument that gas is less of a geostrategic/geopolitical threat and in fact contributes to long-term stability in Europe. * BRINK *Highly informative…By providing a detailed and comparative examination of Russian–European gas relations since the 1960s, it enables the reader to develop a broader understanding of the cooperative and conflictual nature of Russian–European relations. Moreover, it provides a comprehensive picture of the past, present and even future of Russian–European gas relations. -- Taylan Özgür Kaya * Europe-Asia Studies *Elegantly written by one of the world’s experts on the subject, The Bridge deftly combines narrative and analysis with Gustafson’s own distinctive perspective. It tells an important story—the development of the gas relationship between Russia and Europe, the politics around it, and the circumstances and interaction of personalities that have shaped it. -- Daniel Yergin, author of the Pulitzer Prize–winning The Prize and The QuestExtraordinarily well-researched and well-argued, this book provides an account of the economics and geopolitics of gas in Europe over recent decades. Anyone looking for pointers on how gas will feature in Europe’s increasingly low-carbon energy mix would be well advised to read this keen analysis of the future prospects for this less-polluting fossil fuel. -- Sir Philip Lowe, former Director-General of Energy, European CommissionThis compelling narrative illuminates one of the most important dimensions of Europe’s relations with Russia. The Bridge explains that Russia’s gas bridge is two-way, focusing on why, despite tense political relations and U.S. opposition, it continues to bind Russia and Europe together. -- Angela Stent, author of Putin’s World: Russia against the West and with the RestThis excellent book reveals the controversial and sophisticated forces driving Russian and European gas industries and trade. While we do not know whether this bridge will prevail, the outcome will be of crucial importance for the global economic and political landscape. -- Tatiana Mitrova, Director, Energy Center, Moscow School of Management SKOLKOVOThe Bridge is an extremely fact-rich and thoroughly researched story about people, technology, and ideas within and around the European gas industry. Anyone wishing to understand and navigate the politics and business of European energy cannot ignore Gustafson’s insights. -- Gert Maichel, The Mobility House, former CEO of Wingas, and former senior manager of WintershallWell-researched and well-written. A very fine book. -- Jonathan Stern, Oxford Institute for Energy Studies

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Book SynopsisThe fascinating history of how coal-based energy became entangled with American security.Since the early twentieth century, Americans have associated oil with national security. From World War I to American involvement in the Middle East, this connection has seemed a self-evident truth. But, as Peter A. Shulman argues, Americans had to learn to think about the geopolitics of energy in terms of security, and they did so beginning in the nineteenth century: the age of coal. Coal and Empire insightfully weaves together pivotal moments in the history of science and technology by linking coal and steam to the realms of foreign relations, navy logistics, and American politics. Long before oil, coal allowed Americans to rethink the place of the United States in the world.Shulman explores how the development of coal-fired oceangoing steam power in the 1840s created new questions, opportunities, and problems for U.S. foreign relations and naval strategy. The searcTrade ReviewExciting to read. It is the product of someone who is such a gifted writer. New Books in Science, Technology, and Society Peter Shulman's excellent new book mines the pre-history of the relationship between ideas about energy extraction and the building of the United States as an imperial nation. Explorations in Federal History ... Coal and Empire is a major contribution to foreign policy history and an essential read for any scholar interested in the development of policy and technology during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. H-Net Reviews Enlightening reading for anyone interested in the politics and economics of energy. Choice In his exhaustively researched book, Shulman convincingly argues for the centrality of coal to nineteenth-century American domestic and foreign policy, pointing out that 'when seen from the perspective of coal, the great process of industrialization and the emergence of the United States as a global power unfolded at the same time as intertwined processes'... His fast paced and wide-ranging work recounts a number of fascinating episodes central to nineteenth-century American history through the lens of energy needs. Diplomatic History ...[Shulman's] rich text provides a vital contribution to our understanding of how resource exploitation--and hence science and technological change--was woven into the history of economics, international affairs, and domestic politics. Journal of American History Peter A. Shulman's Coal and Empire: The Birth of Energy Security in Industrial America offers an intellectual feast for both historians and modern energy scholars. Meticulously researched and expertly written, it attempts to show how an energy fuel, in this instance coal, became an integral part of United States national security in the nineteenth century. Technology and Culture A forceful book--well-written, eye-opening, and analytically sharp...Coal and Empire is essential reading for anyone interested in the deep roots of the modern fossil economy. American Historical Review Regardless of where you stand on the nineteenth-century US imperial question, the resources, technology, and politics behind expanding US interests have long needed the careful treatment Coal and Empire provides. Historical Geography ... the book is an important one, and the histories of more quotidian commodities need more attention more generally. By using coal as a lens Shulman shows its integral place across US history and the development of its global role into the twentieth century. Mariner's MirrorTable of ContentsAcknowledgmentsIntroduction1. Empire and the Politics of Information2. Engineering Economy3. The Economy of Time and Space4. The Slavery Solution5. The Debate over Coaling Station6. Inventing LogisticsConclusionChronological Listing of Cited Congressional Publicationsfrom the United States Serial SetNotesBibliographic EssayIndex

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Book SynopsisThe updated textbook is intended to serve as an advanced and detailed treatment of the evolution of the subject of stratigraphy from its disparate beginnings as separate studies of sedimentology, lithostratigraphy, chronostratigraphy, etc., into a modern integrated discipline in which all components are necessary. There is a historical introduction, which now includes information about the timeline of the evolution of the components of modern stratigraphy. The elements of the various components (facies analysis, sequence stratigraphy, mapping methods, chronostratigraphic methods, etc.) are outlined, and a chapter discussing the modern synthesis is included near the end of the book, which closes with a discussion of future research trends in the study of time as preserved in the stratigraphic record.Table of Contents

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Book SynopsisThis book gathers selected papers from the 8th International Field Exploration and Development Conference (IFEDC 2018) and addresses a broad range of topics, including: Reservoir Surveillance and Management, Reservoir Evaluation and Dynamic Description, Reservoir Production Stimulation and EOR, Ultra-Tight Reservoirs, Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources Technology, Oil and Gas Well Production Testing, and Geomechanics. In brief, the papers introduce readers to upstream technologies used in oil & gas development, the main principles of the process, and various related design technologies. The conference not only provided a platform to exchange experiences, but also promoted the advancement of scientific research in oil & gas exploration and production. The book is chiefly intended for industry experts, professors, researchers, senior engineers, and enterprise managers.Table of ContentsReservoir Surveillance and Management.- Reservoir Evaluation and Dynamic Description.- Reservoir Production Stimulation and EOR.- Ultra-Tight Reservoir.- Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources Technology.- Oil and Gas Well Production Testing.- Geomechanics.

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Book SynopsisThis innovative, interdisciplinary volume provides a new perspective on the material, symbolic, cultural, and social meanings of the multidimensional world of the global oil and gas industry.Trade ReviewJuxtaposed between the 'intellectual vertigo' induced by this massive industry and 'oil's cynosural politics,' the authors seek to clear away some of the 'epistemic murk' that pervades the worlds of oil and gas (p. 9).... Readers will note a meticulous focus on revealing, demystifying or engaging anew those features of the substance and the industry that have remained mostly out of the purview of examination.... The renewed engagement with oil materialities reveals important aspects of the everyday life of a resource and an industry that is as convoluted as it is complicated, powerful, destructive, ubiquitous, and ambiguous. -- Amber Murrey * Antipode *Table of ContentsIntroduction: Oil TalkHannah Appel, Arthur Mason, and Michael WattsPart I. Oil as a Way of Life1. Oil for Life: The Bureau of Mines and the Biopolitics of the Petroleum MarketMatt Huber2. Velocity and ViscosityPeter Hitchcock3. Deep Oil and Deep Culture in the Russian UralsDouglas Rogers4. Oil, Masculinity, and Violence: Egbesu Worship in the Niger Delta of NigeriaRebecca Golden TimsarPart II. The Oil Archive, Expertise, and Strategic Knowledges5. The Oil ArchivesAndrew Barry6. Securing the Natural Gas Boom: Oil Field Service Companies and Hydraulic Fracturing's Regulatory ExemptionsSara Wylie7. Crude Contamination: Law, Science, and Indeterminacy in Ecuador and BeyondSuzana Sawyer8. The Image World of Middle Eastern OilMona DamlujiSpecters of Oil: An Introduction to the Photographs of Ed KashiMichael J. WattsPhoto EssayEd KashiPart III. Oil Markets: Turbulence, Risk, and Security9. Near Futures and Perfect Hedges in the Gulf of MexicoLeigh Johnson10. Securing Oil: Frontiers, Risk, and Spaces of Accumulated InsecurityMichael J. Watts11. Oil Assemblages and the Production of Confusion: Price Fluctuations in Two West African Oil-Producing EconomiesJane I. GuyerPart IV. Hard and Soft Infrastructures12. Offshore Work: Infrastructure and Hydrocarbon Capitalism in Equatorial GuineaHannah Appel13. Black Oil Business: Rogue Pipelines, Hydrocarbon Dealers, and the "Economics" of Oil TheftElizabeth Gelber14. The Political Economy of Oil Privatization in Post-Soviet KazakhstanSaulesh YessenovaPart V. Oil Futures and Oil Transitions15. Carbon, Convertibility, and the Technopolitics of OilHannah Knox16. Events Collectives: The Social Life of a Promise-Disappointment CycleArthur Mason17. Reserves, Secrecy, and the Science of Oil Prognostication in Southern ArabiaMandana E. Limbert18. Vicious Transparency: Contesting Canada’s Hydrocarbon FutureAnna ZalikReferencesIndex

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Book SynopsisNUTRITIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Food science is a rapidly changing and complicated subject. This new series addresses the current state-of-the-art concepts and technologies associated with the industry and will cover new ideas and emerging novel technologies and processes. The book Nutritional Science and Technology: Concept to Application in the series, Bioprocessing in Food Science, is an excellent resource for any scientist, engineer, student, or other industry professional interested in this topic. It covers a wide range of topics, including human nutrition, technological processes, the health benefits of fermented foods, and food safety concerns. The content contributors and editors are experts in the field, and their primary goal is to provide extensive knowledge about recent technologies in nutritional science and technology to students, researchers, and industry professionals. Manufacturers are looking for new possibilities to occupy a growing Table of ContentsPreface xv 1 Human Nutrition and Supplements 1Mahak Sharma, Divya Sanghi and Ankita Sharma 1.1 Dietary Supplements -- Introduction 1 1.2 Global History of Dietary Supplements 2 1.3 Usage of Dietary Supplements 3 1.4 Types of Dietary Supplements 3 1.4.1 Natural Dietary Supplements 3 1.4.2 Semi-Synthetic Supplements 3 1.4.3 Synthetic Supplements 4 1.5 Nutritional Adequacy and Dietary Diversity 4 1.6 Calcium and Vitamin D Supplements 5 1.7 Omega-3 Fatty Acid and Health Benefits 6 1.8 Zinc Supplementation and Health Benefits 7 1.9 Iron Supplementation and Health Benefits 9 1.10 Dietary Supplements and Sports 12 1.11 Dietary Supplements and FDA 14 1.12 Dietary Supplements and Toxicity 14 2 Prebiotics, Probiotics and Synbiotics 21Vikram Kumar, Ananya Rana, Prajakta Jagtap, Tejpal Dhewa and Neetu Kumra Taneja 2.1 Introduction 22 2.2 Prebiotics and Its Types 24 2.3 Probiotics 28 2.4 Synbiotics 35 2.5 Encapsulation of Probiotics 36 2.6 Probiotic Foods Developed 45 3 Mechanistic Insights of Dietary Modulation on Gut Microflora and Associated Physiological Changes 63Aarti Yadav, S. Hamsa, Ruby Tiwari, Asha Bharti, Tejpal Dhewa, Rekha Mehrotra and Preeti Verma 3.1 Introduction to Flora in the GIT Tract of Humans-Genus Metabolites 64 3.2 Association of Gut Flora and its Impact on Human Health and Associated Diseases 69 3.3 Dietary Modulation of Gut Flora for Therapeutic Usage 74 3.4 Data from Human and Animal Studies 75 3.5 Future Prospects and Conclusion 78 4 Nutritional Profile, Functional Characteristics, Health Benefits, and Potential Application of Edible Gum (Gond) 83Anju Kundalia, Angel Mishra, Chanchal Rani, Deepti Gupta, Kalpana Gautam, K.M. Sushma and Murlidhar Meghwal 4.1 Introduction 84 4.2 Nutritional Facts of Gond 84 4.3 Properties of Gond 85 4.4 Biological Sources of Gond 86 4.5 Geographical Sources of Gond 86 4.6 Benefits of Gond 86 4.7 Other Uses of Gond 97 5 Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Nutritional Aspects and Their Role in Health and Diseases 103Shriya Bhatt, Rashim Kumari, Deepika, Rajni Chopra, Tejpal Dhewa and Anita Kumari 5.1 Introduction 104 5.2 Nomenclature and Types of Omega-3 Fatty Acids 105 5.3 Food Sources and Supplements 106 5.4 Intake and Safety of Fatty Acids 111 5.5 Health Benefits 112 5.6 Conclusion 114 6 Role of Fermented Dairy Products in Enhancing Immunity 117Vaishali Dasriya, Soniya Ranveer, Rudrakshi Bajaj, Aakash Sharma, Yugal Dasriya and Harmeet Singh Dhillon 6.1 Introduction 118 6.2 Immune Enhancing Potential of Fermented Foods: Mechanism 119 6.3 Fermented Dairy Products Modulators of Intestinal Microbiota 121 6.4 Fermented Dairy Products Modulate Immune System 121 6.5 Future Trends 127 6.6 Conclusion 127 7 Potential Applications of Nanotechnology in Food Systems: An Overview 135Sunny Dhiman, Prachi Singh, Anu Kumar and Gunjan Mukherjee 7.1 Introduction 136 7.2 Natural Self-Assembled Food Nanostructures 136 7.3 Classification of Nanoparticles Applied in Food Industry 137 7.4 Potential Applications: Nanotechnology in Food Industry 140 7.5 Nanotoxicity and Health Hazards 152 7.6 Nanotechnology in Food Industry: Regulatory Issues and Challenges 153 7.7 Food Nanotech: Future Prospects and Conclusion 154 8 Nutritional Biomarkers in Metabolic Disorders 165Komal Dagar, Mrinal Samtiya, Veda Krishnan, Sunil K. Srivastava, Ananya Rana, Anita Kumari, Sanjeev Kumar and Tejpal Dhewa 8.1 Introduction 166 8.2 Metabolic Syndrome 168 8.3 Nutritional Biomarkers (NB) 169 8.4 Factors Affecting the Specificity and Utility of Nutritional Biomarkers 173 8.5 Role of Different Nutritional Biomarkers (Serum Biomarkers) in Different Metabolic Syndromes 175 8.6 Novel Biomarkers 184 8.7 Various Analytical Techniques Related to Different Nutritional Biomarkers 185 8.8 Level of Biomarkers in Extreme Coronavirus Infection 188 8.9 Health Biomarkers 189 8.10 Concept of Omics in Development of New and Integrative Nutritional Biomarkers 189 8.11 Limitations and Challenges in the Field of Nutritional Biomarkers 190 8.12 Future Directions and Perspectives 191 8.13 Conclusions 191 9 Food Safety and Quality Assurance in the Food Chain: Focus on Foodborne Outbreaks 199Pierina Visciano and Maria Schirone 9.1 Introduction 199 9.2 Classification of Foodborne Diseases by Symptomatology 201 9.3 The EFSA-ECDC Reports on Zoonoses and Foodborne Outbreaks 204 9.4 The Notifications from the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed Portal 207 9.5 Conclusions 221 10 Emerging Techniques in Food Preservation 223Sunita Aggarwal and Shalini Sehgal 10.1 Introduction 223 10.2 High-Pressure Processing (HPP) 225 10.3 Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) Processing 232 10.4 Pulsed Light Technology (PLT) 234 10.5 Ultrasound Food Processing 235 10.6 Ohmic Heating of Food 236 10.7 Cold Plasma 236 10.8 Oscillating Magnetic Field (OMF) 237 10.9 Higher Pressure Thermal (HPT) Processing 237 10.10 Bacteriocins 239 10.11 Dielectric Heating Using Radio Waves 239 10.12 Microwave 240 10.13 Irradiation 240 10.13.1 Ionizing Radiations 241 10.13.2 Non-Ionizing Radiations 242 10.14 Conclusion 243 11 Food Omics and Its Implications in Nutritional Sciences 245Somnath Mandal, Nandita Sahana, Ramesh S.V. and Veda Krishnan 11.1 Food Omics: An Overview 245 11.2 Techniques in Food Omics 246 11.3 Food Omics Studies & Their Challenges 255 11.4 Food Omics: A Platform to Investigate Health Benefits 261 12 Consumer Viewpoints Regarding Food and Risk Assessment 273Ananya Rana, Shivangi Mishra, Komal Soni, Mrinal Samtiya, Neetu Kumra Taneja and Tejpal Dhewa 12.1 Introduction 274 12.2 Food Safety 277 12.3 Food Standards and Regulations in India 280 12.4 The Key Terms Involved in Risk Management 282 12.5 The Fundamental Principles of Food Safety Risk Management 284 12.6 Types of Food Risks 285 12.7 Factors that Modulate Consumers’ Perception of Risk 287 12.8 Conclusion 288 13 Application of Nanomaterials in Detection of Food Contaminants: A Food Safety Perspective 295Sunny Dhiman, Prachi Singh, Anu Kumar and Gunjan Mukherjee 13.1 Introduction 295 13.2 Global Scenario from Food Safety Perspective 296 13.3 Current Food Safety Strategies and Food Safety 297 13.4 Application of Nanotechnology in Detection of Food Contaminants 298 13.5 Advancements in Nano-Biosensing of Food Contaminants 304 13.6 Potential Risks and Future Prospects of Nanomaterials in Food Safety 308 13.7 Conclusions 308 14 Food Allergy and Food Intolerance 317Sunita Aggarwal 14.1 Introduction 318 14.2 Food Allergy and Food Intolerance 318 14.3 Food Allergens 320 14.4 Types of Food Allergy 323 14.5 Mechanism of Food Allergy 324 14.6 Risk Factors Involved in Food Allergy 326 14.7 Symptoms of Food Allergy 326 14.8 Diagnosis of Food Allergy 328 14.9 Treatment of Food Allergy 330 14.10 Food Intolerance 332 14.11 Conclusion 332 15 Molecular Nutrition and Nutrient--Gene Interactions 335S. Hamsa, Aarti Yadav, Ruby Tiwari and Tejpal Dhewa 15.1 Introduction 336 15.2 Molecular Nutrition: Understanding Basic Mechanisms 337 15.3 Nutrigenetics 340 15.4 Nutrigenomics 343 15.5 Nutriepigenomics 344 15.6 Nutrimetabolomics 345 15.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 346 16 Food Metabolism and Chronic Diseases 355Ruby Tiwari, Aarti Yadav, S. Hamsa and Tejpal Dhewa 16.1 Introduction 356 16.2 Food Metabolism and Associated Diseases 357 16.3 Nutrient Intake Goals for Preventing Diet-Related Chronic Disease 366 16.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects 369 17 Nanomaterials in Food System 383Anu Kumar, Bhanu Krishan, Sunny Dhiman and Tejpal Dhewa 17.1 Introduction 383 17.2 Nanomaterials as an Emerging Tool 385 17.3 Nanomaterials in Food Industry 386 17.3.1 Nanosensors 387 17.3.2 Nanoparticles 388 17.3.3 Nanofilms and Nanocomposites 389 17.3.4 Liposomes 389 17.3.5 Nanotubes and Nanofibers 389 17.4 Conclusion 390 References 391 About the Editors 395 Index 397

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Book SynopsisMany on-site power plants either fail outright or perform far below expectations— all because of poor planning and evaluation of the power plants from the beginning.This book is intended to help those interested in cogeneration power plants by laying out a thorough and proven planning methodology for new facilities, as well as an evaluation methodology for existing facilities.There are many good reasons to want your own power plant including: improved power quality, increased reliability, and savings on energy expenses— buying power wholesale, rather than at retail prices. Although the economics are certainly important, there are a wide range of other advantages to consider, the relative value of which will vary depending on your unique circumstances.

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Book SynopsisOver the past decade, carbon capture and storage (CCS) has come to the fore as a way to manage carbon dioxide emissions contributing to climate change. This book examines its introduction into the political scene, different interpretations of its significance as an emerging technology and the policy challenges facing government and international institutions with respect to its development, deployment and regulation. The focus of the book is on the construction of arguments about CCS in the public sphere, the coalitions of actors who have articulated distinctive perspectives on CCS and the varied strategies governments have adopted to integrate it into climate and energy policies. The authors analyse the issues decision-makers now confront in encouraging the uptake of the technology, managing uncertainties and regulating attendant risks. The book includes case studies of the reception of CCS in seven OECD countries: Australia, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, the United Kingdom and the United States. Developments in the EU form the subject of an eighth case study. The authors point to the political significance of CCS as a mitigation option offering a way forward for fossil fuels in a carbon constrained world, while also emphasizing the uncertainties that surround its future development and deployment. Students, scholars and researchers from a wide variety of fields who are interested in climate change, energy policy, and the politics and policy of the environment will find this book illuminating, as will officials and policy makers in international organizations and governments.Trade Review'. . . the volume is a timely and informative text for students and academics, as well as for practitioners within international organizations and governments.' -- Rudra Kapila, Climate LawTable of ContentsContents: 1. The Politics and Policy of Carbon Capture and Storage James Meadowcroft and Oluf Langhelle 2. Technology Leader, Policy Laggard: CCS Development for Climate Mitigation in the US Political Context Jennie C. Stephens 3. CCS in Australia: From Political Posturing to Policy Potential Darren Sinclair and Neil Gunningham 4. CCS in Canada Mark Jaccard and Jacqueline Sharp 5. Technology as Political Glue: CCS in Norway Andreas Tjernshaugen and Oluf Langhelle 6. Electricity Gap versus Climate Change: Electricity Politics and the Potential Role of CCS in Germany Barbara Praetorius and Christoph von Stechow 7. CCS in the UK: Squaring Coal Use with Climate Change? Ivan Scrase and Jim Watson 8. CCS in the Netherlands: Glass Half Empty or Half Full? Philip J. Vergragt 9. CCS and the European Union: Magic Bullet or Pure Magic? Dag Harald Claes and Paal Frisvold 10. CCS in Comparative Perspective Oluf Langhelle and James Meadowcroft 11. The Politics and Policy of CCS: The Uncertain Road Ahead James Meadowcroft and Oluf Langhelle Index

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Book SynopsisTrade ReviewJohnson has crafted a unique and exciting interdisciplinary treatise on the concept of energy in American life that profoundly informs our understanding of the basic cultural patterns of twentieth-century living. His writing style is spry and intelligent, while his insights are provocative and terribly important and should inspire scholars in a number of fields."" - Brian Black, author of Crude Reality: Petroleum in World History and Petrolia: The Landscape of America's First Oil Boom"Bob Johnson examines the shift away from renewable energy to fossil fuels during the century before the energy crisis of the 1970s, and he explores the ambivalent cultural consequences of that transformation, as Americans sought to ignore its environmental costs as they embraced a narrative of technological empowerment" - David E. Nye, author of Technology Matters"Armed with a dazzling array of facts and the insights of cultural criticism, Bob Johnson probes the subsoil ecology of the modern self, those psychic and material traumas that comprise the deepest collateral damage of our now international carbon economy." - Stephanie LeMenager, author of Living Oil: Petroleum Culture in the American CenturyTable of Contents Acknowledgments Introduction: Modernity's Basement Part I: Divergence 1. A People of Prehistoric Carbon 2. Rocks and Bodies Part II: Submergence 3. An Upthrust into Barbarism 4. The Dynamo-Mother 5. A Faint Whiff of Gasoline Conclusion: A Return of the Repressed Appendix: Energy and Power Notes Selected Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisThis innovative, interdisciplinary volume provides a new perspective on the material, symbolic, cultural, and social meanings of the multidimensional world of the global oil and gas industry.Trade ReviewJuxtaposed between the 'intellectual vertigo' induced by this massive industry and 'oil's cynosural politics,' the authors seek to clear away some of the 'epistemic murk' that pervades the worlds of oil and gas (p. 9).... Readers will note a meticulous focus on revealing, demystifying or engaging anew those features of the substance and the industry that have remained mostly out of the purview of examination.... The renewed engagement with oil materialities reveals important aspects of the everyday life of a resource and an industry that is as convoluted as it is complicated, powerful, destructive, ubiquitous, and ambiguous. -- Amber Murrey * Antipode *Table of ContentsIntroduction: Oil TalkHannah Appel, Arthur Mason, and Michael WattsPart I. Oil as a Way of Life1. Oil for Life: The Bureau of Mines and the Biopolitics of the Petroleum MarketMatt Huber2. Velocity and ViscosityPeter Hitchcock3. Deep Oil and Deep Culture in the Russian UralsDouglas Rogers4. Oil, Masculinity, and Violence: Egbesu Worship in the Niger Delta of NigeriaRebecca Golden TimsarPart II. The Oil Archive, Expertise, and Strategic Knowledges5. The Oil ArchivesAndrew Barry6. Securing the Natural Gas Boom: Oil Field Service Companies and Hydraulic Fracturing's Regulatory ExemptionsSara Wylie7. Crude Contamination: Law, Science, and Indeterminacy in Ecuador and BeyondSuzana Sawyer8. The Image World of Middle Eastern OilMona DamlujiSpecters of Oil: An Introduction to the Photographs of Ed KashiMichael J. WattsPhoto EssayEd KashiPart III. Oil Markets: Turbulence, Risk, and Security9. Near Futures and Perfect Hedges in the Gulf of MexicoLeigh Johnson10. Securing Oil: Frontiers, Risk, and Spaces of Accumulated InsecurityMichael J. Watts11. Oil Assemblages and the Production of Confusion: Price Fluctuations in Two West African Oil-Producing EconomiesJane I. GuyerPart IV. Hard and Soft Infrastructures12. Offshore Work: Infrastructure and Hydrocarbon Capitalism in Equatorial GuineaHannah Appel13. Black Oil Business: Rogue Pipelines, Hydrocarbon Dealers, and the "Economics" of Oil TheftElizabeth Gelber14. The Political Economy of Oil Privatization in Post-Soviet KazakhstanSaulesh YessenovaPart V. Oil Futures and Oil Transitions15. Carbon, Convertibility, and the Technopolitics of OilHannah Knox16. Events Collectives: The Social Life of a Promise-Disappointment CycleArthur Mason17. Reserves, Secrecy, and the Science of Oil Prognostication in Southern ArabiaMandana E. Limbert18. Vicious Transparency: Contesting Canada’s Hydrocarbon FutureAnna ZalikReferencesIndex

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Book SynopsisReviews the state of the art of biomass combustion and gasification systems, their advantages and disadvantages. It also encourages investment in use of these technologies to enable developing countries to better exploit their biomass resources and help close the gap between their energy needs and their energy supply.

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Book SynopsisWhether as a textbook for the petroleum engineering student or a reference for the veteran engineer working in the field, this new volume is a valuable asset in the engineer's library for new, tested methods of more efficient oil and gas exploration and production and better estimating methods. In this book, the authors combine a rigorous, yet easy to understand, approach to petrophysics and how it is applied to petroleum and environmental engineering to solve multiple problems that the engineer or geologist faces every day. Useful in the prediction of everything from crude oil composition, pore size distribution in reservoir rocks, groundwater contamination, and other types of forecasting, this approach provides engineers and students alike with a convenient guide to many real-world applications. Fluid dynamics is an extremely important part of the extraction process, and petroleum geologists and engineers must have a working knowledge of fluid dynamics of oil and gas reservoirs inTable of ContentsFluid Dynamics in Petroliferous Areas of Mobile Belts ix1. Geology and Oil and Gas Occurrences in the Alpine Mobile Belt Basins 11.1 Intermontane Troughs 11.2 Foredeeps 162. Hydrogeochemical Field of the Alpine Mobile Belt Basins 312.1 Intermontane Depressions 322.2 Foredeeps 1293. Geobaric Field in Alpine Mobile Belt Basins 1813.1 Abnormally High Pore and Formation Pressures: Their Nature, Types, Identification and Diagnostics 1823.2 Patterns in Spatial Distribution of Abnormally High Pore and Formation Pressures 1954. Geotemperature Field in Alpine Mobil Belt Basins 2514.1 Geotemperature Regime of the Sediment Cover 2524.2 Geothermal Regime in the South Caspian Depression 2594.3 Geothermal Field of Local Structures 2675. Present-Day Geo-Fluid-Dynamics of Alpine Mobile Belt Basins 2735.1 Abnormally-High Fluid Pore Pressure as a Factor in the Formation of Faults, Structure Plans, Regional and Local Folded Structures 2735.2 Regional Dynamics of Ground Waters 2875.3 Geobaric Parameters of Natural Fluid Migration 3215.4 Geotemperature Parameters of Fluid Migration 3586. Hydrocarbon Generation, Migration and Accumulation in the South-Caspian Basin 3657. Geo-Fluid-Dynamic Mechanisms and Factors in the Formation, Location and Forecast of Oil and Gas Occurrences in Alpine Mobile Belt Basins 3977.1 Role of Abnormally High Pressure in the Formation, Placement and Forecast of Regional and Local Oil and Gas Occurrences 3987.2 Role of Ground Water Discharge Zones and Foci in the Formation and Placement of Regional and Local Oil and Gas Occurrences 4088. Qualitative Criteria and Quantitative Attributes of Commercial Oil and Gas Occurrences in Alpine Mobile Belt Basins 4318.1 Hydrochemical Associations Between Ground Water and Hydrocarbon Accumulations 4318.2 Quantitative Parameters in Correlation Between Tectonic Features of Local Structures, Ground Water Dynamics and Oil and Gas Occurrences 4468.3 Quantitative Correlation Between Hydrocarbon Saturation and Thermobaric Regime of Local Structures 4659. Geologo-Mathematical Models of Oil and Gas Accumulation in Alpine Mobile Belt Basins 4839.1 Techniques of Local Structures Hydrocarbon Reserves Forecast and Estimation 4839.2 Zonal and Regional Geologic Models of Oil and Gas Occurrence in Alpine Mobile Belt Basins 48410. Geo-Fluid-Dynamical Parameters of Oil and Gas Occurrence on Local Structures and in Zones of Dominant Oil and Gas Accumulation 49110.1 The South Caspian Depression 49110.2 The Other Alpine Regions 51111. Attempt on Regional Situation Analysis, Conceptual Resource Estimation and Procedure of Strategic Decision-Making in Planning and Conduct of Exploration and Appraisal Operations (Example of the South Caspian Basin) 515Conclusions 579References 585Index 609

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Book SynopsisMost of the world's energy still comes from fossil fuels, and there are still many strides being made in the efficiency and cost effectiveness of extracting these important and increasingly more elusive natural resources. This is only possible if the nature of the emergence, evolution, and parameter estimation of high grade reservoir rocks at great depths is known and a theory of their forecast is developed. Over 60 percent of world oil production is currently associated with carbonate reservoir rocks. The exploration, appraisal and development of these fields are significantly complicated by a number of factors. These factors include the structural complexity of the carbonate complexes, variability of the reservoir rock types and properties within a particular deposit, many unknowns in the evaluation of fracturing and its spatial variability, and the preservation of the reservoir rock qualities with depth. The main objective of most studies is discovering patterns in the reservoir Table of ContentsIntroduction xiAcknowledgements xv1 Carbonate Reservoir Rock Properties and Previous Studies 11.1 Brief Review of the Previous Studies 11.2 Major Terminology 42 Major Sedimentational Environments of Carbonate Rocks in Sedimentary Basins 132.1 Types of Carbonate Buildups 132.2 Open Shelf Edges 152.3 Genetic Types of Limestones and Dolomites 202.4 Effect of Post-Depositional Processes on the Void Space Formation 253 Conditions of Void Space Formation in Carbonate Rocks of Various Compositions and Genesis 293.1 Carbonate Rock Solubility and the Effect of Certain Factors on the Calcite and Dolomite Solubility Relationships 293.2 Pore Space Formation in Carbonate Rocks of Various Genesis 333.3 Formation of Fracture Capacity Space and Fluid Filtering in Fractured Rocks 374 Reservoir Rock Study Techniques 434.1 Major Evaluation Parameters and Laboratory Techniques of Their Determination 434.2 Method By Bagrintseva: The New Technique of Fracturing and Vugularity Evaluating through the Capillary Saturation of the Carbonate Rocks with Luminophore 474.3 Determination of Fracture Openness 524.4 Method By Bagrintseva-Preobrazhenskaya: The Evaluation Technique of Rock Hydrophobization By Wetting Contact Angle 544.5 Method By Shershukov: New Methodological Approach to the Theoretical Permeability Calculation from Mercury Injection Porometry 605 Natural Oil and Gas Reservoirs in Carbonate Formations of the Pre-Caspian Province 715.1 Brief Review of Geology and Major Oil and Gas Accumulation Zones in the Pre-Caspian Province 715.2 Karachaganak Oil-Gas-Condensate Field 775.3 Zhanazhol Oil-Gas-Condensate Field 995.4 Tengiz Oil Field 1295.5 Korolevskoye Oil Field 1535.6 Astrakhan’ Gas-Condensate Field 1676 Natural Oil and Gas Reservoirs in the Timan-Pechora Province 1816.1 North Khosedayu Oilfield 1817 Types and Properties of the Riphaean Carbonate Reservoir Rocks 2097.1 Yurubchenskoe Gas and Oil Field 2098 Theoretical Fundamentals of the Reservoir Rock Evaluation and Forecast 2318.1 Void Space Structure of Various Genesis Carbonate Deposits 2318.2 Residual Fluid Saturation in the Carbonate Reservoir Rocks 2378.3 Evaluation-Genetic Classification of the Carbonate Reservoir Rocks By Bagrintseva 2498.4 Distribution Models of Different-Type Reservoir Rocks 2539 Major Factors Determining the Formation and Preservation of High-Capacity Carbonate Reservoir Rocks 2599.1 Conditions for the Formation of High-Capacity Reservoir Rocks 2599.2 Evaluation of the Fracturing Role in the Development of the Complex-Type Reservoir Rocks 2639.3 Correlations between Major Reservoir Rock Evaluation Parameters 2689.4 Criteria of the Reservoir Rock Forecast and Evaluation 276Conclusions 285Attachments 287References and Bibliography 319Index 329

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Book SynopsisFrom basic tenets to the latest advances, this is the most comprehensive and up-to-date coverage of the process of biodesulfurization in the petroleum refining industry. Petroleum refining and process engineering is constantly changing. No new refineries are being built, but companies all over the world are still expanding or re-purposing huge percentages of their refineries every year, year after year. Rather than building entirely new plants, companies are spending billions of dollars in the research and development of new processes that can save time and money by being more efficient and environmentally safer. Biodesulfurization is one of those processes, and nowhere else it is covered more thoroughly or with more up-to-date research of the new advances than in this new volume from Wiley-Scrivener. Besides the obvious benefits to biodesulfurization, there are new regulations in place within the industry with which companies will, over the next decade or longeTable of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Background 1 List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature 1 1.1 Petroleum 2 1.2 Petroleum Composition 7 1.2.1 Petroleum Hydrocarbons 8 1.2.2 Petroleum Non-Hydrocarbons 12 1.2.2.1 Problems Generated by Asphaltenes 14 1.3 Sulfur Compounds 15 1.4 Sulfur in Petroleum Major Refinery Products 20 1.4.1 Gasoline 20 1.4.2 Kerosene 23 1.4.3 Jet Fuel 23 1.4.4 Diesel Fuel 23 1.4.5 Heating/Fuel Oils 24 1.4.6 Bunker Oil 24 1.5 Sulfur Problem 25 1.6 Legislative Regulations of Sulfur Levels in Fuels 29 References 32 2 Desulfurization Technologies 39 List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature 39 2.1 Introduction 43 2.2 Hydrodesulfurization 47 2.3 Oxidative Desulfurization 71 2.4 Selective Adsorption 108 2.5 Biocatalytic Desulfurization 127 2.5.1 Anaerobic Process 127 2.5.2 Aerobic Process 128 References 130 3 Biodesulfurization of Natural Gas 159 List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature 159 3.1 Introduction 161 3.2 Natural Gas Processing 169 3.3 Desulfurization Processes 183 3.3.1 Scavengers 183 3.3.2 Adsorption 187 3.3.3 Liquid Redox Processes 193 3.3.4 Claus Plants 195 3.3.4.1 Classic Claus Plant 196 3.3.4.2 Split-Flow Claus Plant 198 3.3.4.3 Oxygen Enrichment Claus Plant 199 3.3.4.4 Claus Plant Tail Gas 199 3.3.5 Absorption/Desorption Process 201 3.3.6 Biodesulfurization 203 3.3.6.1 Photoautotrophic Bacteria 206 3.3.6.2 Heterotrophic Bacteria 211 3.3.6.3 Chemotrophic Bacteria 212 3.3.7 Other Approaches Concerning the Biodesulfurization of Natural Gas 231 References 242 4 Microbial Denitrogenation of Petroleum and its Fractions 263 List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature 263 4.1 Introduction 265 4.2 Denitrogenation of Petroleum and its Fractions 269 4.2.1 Hydrodenitrogenation 269 4.2.2 Adsorptive Denitrogenation 272 4.2.3 Extractive and Catalytic Oxidative Denitrogenation 278 4.3 Microbial Attack of Nitrogen Polyaromatic Heterocyclic Compounds (NPAHs) 279 4.4 Enhancing Biodegradation of NPAHs by Magnetic Nanoparticles 295 4.5 Challenges and Opportunities for BDN in Petroleum Industries 300 References 307 5 Bioadsorptive Desulfurization of Liquid Fuels 327 List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature 327 5.1 Introduction 329 5.2 ADS by Agroindustrial-Wastes Activated Carbon 332 5.3 ADS on Modified Activated Carbon 342 5.4 ADS on Carbon Aerogels 352 5.5 ADS on Activated Carbon Fibers 353 5.6 ADS on Natural Clay and Zeolites 355 5.7 ADS on New Adsorbents Prepared from Different Biowastes 360 References 365 6 Microbial Attack of Organosulfur Compounds 375 List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature 375 6.1 Introduction 377 6.2 Biodegradation of Sulfur Compounds in the Environment 380 6.3 Microbial Attack on Non–Heterocyclic Sulfur–Containing Hydrocarbons 383 6.3.1 Alkyl and Aryl Sulfides 383 6.3.2 Non – Aromatic Cyclic Sulfur – Containing Hydrocarbons 386 6.4 Microbial Attack of Heterocyclic Sulfur – Hydrocarbons 388 6.4.1 Thiophenes 389 6.4.2 Benzothiophenes and Alkyl-Substituted Benzothiophenes 390 6.4.3 Naphthothiophenes 402 6.4.4 Dibenzothiophene and Alkyl-Substituted Dibenzothiophenes 406 6.4.4.1 Aerobic Biodesulfurization of DBT 406 6.4.4.2 Aerobic Biodesulfurization of Alkylated DBT 419 6.4.4.3 Anaerobic Biodesulfurization of DBT 421 6.5 Recent Elucidated DBT-BDS Pathways 422 References 439 7 Enzymology and Genetics of Biodesulfurization Process 459 List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature 459 7.1 Introduction 461 7.2 Genetics of PASHs BDS Pathway 462 7.2.1 Anaerobic BDS Pathway 462 7.2.2 Aerobic BDS Pathway 463 7.2.2.1 Kodama Pathway 463 7.2.2.2 Complete Degradation Pathway 464 7.2.2.3 4S-Pathway 466 7.3 The Desulfurization dsz Genes 468 7.4 Enzymes Involved in Specific Desulfurization of Thiophenic Compounds 472 7.4.1 The Dsz Enzymes 472 7.4.1.1 DszC Enzyme (DBT-Monooxygenase) 474 7.4.1.2 DszA Enzyme (DBTO2-Monooxygenase) 476 7.4.1.3 DszB Enzyme (HBPS- Desulfinase) 477 7.4.1.4 DszD Enzyme (Flavin-Oxidoreductase Enzyme) 478 7.5 Repression of dsz Genes 480 7.6 Recombinant Biocatalysts for BDS 484 References 506 8 Factors Affecting the Biodesulfurization Process 521 List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature 521 8.1 Introduction 524 8.2 Effect of Incubation Period 525 8.3 Effect of Temperature and pH 527 8.4 Effect of Dissolved Oxygen Concentration 530 8.5 Effect of Agitation Speed 532 8.6 Effect of Initial Biomass Concentration 536 8.7 Effect of Biocatalyst Age 538 8.8 Effect of Mass Transfer 541 8.9 Effect of Surfactant 541 8.10 Effect of Initial Sulfur Concentration 544 8.11 Effect of Type of S-Compounds 546 8.12 Effect of Organic Solvent and Oil to Water Phase Ratio 553 8.13 Effect of Medium Composition 560 8.14 Effect of Growing and Resting Cells 579 8.15 Inhibitory Effect of Byproducts 580 8.16 Statistical Optimization 590 References 616 9 Kinetics of Batch Biodesulfurization Process 639 List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature 639 9.1 Introduction 642 9.2 General Background 643 9.2.1 Phases of Microbial Growth 643 9.2.1.1 The Lag Phase 644 9.2.1.2 The Log Phase 644 9.2.1.3 The Stationary Phase 645 9.2.1.4 The Decline Phase 645 9.2.2 Modeling of Population Growth as a Function of Incubation Time 645 9.3 Microbial Growth Kinetics 645 9.3.1 Exponential Growth Model 645 9.3.2 Logistic Growth Model 648 9.4 Some of the Classical Kinetic Models Applied in BDS-Studies 650 9.5 Factors Affecting the Rate of Microbial Growth 651 9.5.1 Effect of Temperature 651 9.5.2 Effect of pH 654 9.5.3 Effect of Oxygen 654 9.6 Enzyme Kinetics 654 9.6.1 Basic Enzyme Reactions 656 9.6.2 Factors Affecting the Enzyme Activity 657 9.6.2.1 Enzyme Concentration 657 9.6.2.2 Substrate Concentration 658 9.6.2.3 Effect of Inhibitors on Enzyme Activity 659 9.6.2.4 Effect of Temperature 660 9.6.2.5 Effect of pH 661 9.7 Michaelis-Menten Equation 662 9.7.1 Direct Integration Procedure 664 9.7.2 Lineweaver-Burk Plot Method 666 9.7.3 Eadie-Hofstee 666 9.8 Kinetics of a Multi-Substrates System 667 9.9 Traditional 4S-Pathway 668 9.9.1 Formulation of a Kinetic Model for DBT Desulfurization According to 4S-Pathway 669 9.10 Different Kinetic Studies on the Parameters Affecting the BDS Process 673 9.11 Evaluation of the Tested Biocatalysts 734 9.11.1 Kinetics of the Overall Biodesulfurization Reaction 735 9.11.2 Maximum Percentage of Desulfurization (XMAXBDS %) 735 9.11.3 Time for Maximum Biodesulfurization tBDSmax (min) 735 9.11.4 Initial DBT Removal Rate RODBT (μmol/L/min) 736 9.11.5 Maximum Productivity PMAXBDS (%/min) 736 9.11.6 Specific Conversion Rate (SE %L/g/min) 736 References 737 10 Enhancement of BDS Efficiency 753 List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature 753 10.1 Introduction 756 10.2 Isolation of Selective Biodesulfurizing Microorganisms with Broad Versatility on Different S-Compounds 757 10.2.1 Anaerobic Biodesulfurizing Microorganisms 758 10.2.2 Bacteria Capable of Aerobic Selective DBT-BDS 759 10.2.3 Microorganisms with Selective BDS of Benzothiophene and Dibenzothiophene 769 10.2.4 Microorganisms with Methoxylation Pathway 770 10.2.5 Microorganisms with High Tolerance for Oil/Water Phase Ratio 771 10.2.6 Thermotolerant Microorganisms with Selective BDS Capability 772 10.2.7 BDS Using Yeast and Fungi 776 10.3 Genetics and its Role in Improvement of BDS Process 778 10.4 Overcoming the Repression Effects of Byproducts 789 10.5 Enzymatic Oxidation of Organosulfur Compounds 793 10.6 Enhancement of Biodesulfurization via Immobilization 795 10.6.1 Types of Immobilization 800 10.6.1.1 Adsorption 800 10.6.1.2 Covalent Binding 809 10.6.1.3 Encapsulation 809 10.6.1.4 Entrapment 810 10.7 Application of Nano-Technology in BDS Process 826 10.8 Role of Analytical Techniques in BDS 849 10.8.1 Gas Chromatography 850 10.8.1.1 Determination of Sulfur Compounds by GC 850 10.8.1.2 Assessment of Biodegradation 851 10.8.2 Presumptive Screening for Desulfurization and Identification of BDS Pathway 852 10.8.2.1 Gibb’s Assay 853 10.8.2.2 Phenol Assay 853 10.8.3 More Advanced Screening for Desulfurization and Identification of BDS Pathway 854 10.8.3.1 High Performance Liquid Chromatography 854 10.8.3.2 X-ray Sulfur Meter and other Techniques for Determining Total Sulfur Content 855 References 857 11 Biodesulfurization of Real Oil Feed 895 List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature 895 11.1 Introduction 897 11.2 Biodesulfurization of Crude Oil 903 11.3 Biodesulfurization of Different Oil Distillates 909 11.4 BDS of Crude Oil and its Distillates by Thermophilic Microorganisms 921 11.5 Application of Yeast and Fungi in BDS of Real Oil Feed 923 11.6 Biocatalytic Oxidation 924 11.7 Anaerobic BDS of Real Oil Feed 926 11.8 Deep Desulfurization of Fuel Streams by Integrating Microbial with Non-Microbial Methods 928 11.8.1 BDS as a Complement to HDS 928 11.8.2 BDS as a Complementary to ADS 939 11.8.3 Coupling Non-Hydrodesulfurization with BDS 945 11.8.4 Three Step BDS-ODS-RADS 945 11.9 BDS of other Petroleum Products 946 References 952 12 Challenges and Opportunities 973 List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature 973 12.1 Introduction 975 12.2 New Strains with Broad Versatility 983 12.3 New Strains with Higher Hydrocarbon Tolerance 990 12.4 Overcoming the Feedback Inhibition of the End-Products 994 12.5 Biodesulfurization under Thermophilic Conditions 995 12.6 Anaerobic Biodesulfurization 997 12.7 Biocatalytic Oxidation 1000 12.8 Perspectives for Enhancing the Rate of BDS 1001 12.8.1 Application of Genetics in BDS 1002 12.8.2 Implementation of Resting Cells 1009 12.8.3 Microbial Consortium and BDS 1011 12.8.4 Surfactants and BDS 1014 12.8.5 Application of Nanotechnology in the BDS Process 1017 12.9 Production of Valuable Products 1028 12.10 Storage of Fuel and Sulfur 1031 12.11 Process Engineering Research 1033 12.12 BDS Process of Real Oil Feed 1053 12.13 BDS as a Complementary Technology 1061 12.14 Future Perspectives 1063 12.15 Techno-Economic Studies 1066 12.16 Economic Feasibility 1068 12.17 Fields of Developments 1077 12.18 BDS Now and Then 1080 12.19 Conclusion 1083 References 1084 Glossary 1119 Index 1155

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Book SynopsisTrade ReviewEach [chapter] is well written and clear, drawing variously upon empirical data, economic analysis, and theoretical development. Clear insight is provided by the authors and editors [...]the book would be of broad interest to scholars and graduate-level researchers in the fields of economic geography, rural sociology, energy economics and environmental justice. * Journal of Urban Affairs *This volume can serve as a blueprint for local decision-makers to aid in decisionmaking that more holistically weighs the tradeoffs of energy development. It will also serve as a useful teaching resource to introduce both undergraduate and graduate students to the realities communities face when fracking comes to town. * The Pennsylvania Geographer *Table of ContentsIntroduction: Beyond the Boom, by Sabina E. Deitrick and Ilia Murtazashvili Part I: GOVERNANCE 1. The Shale Boom in Historical Perspective, by Ilia Murtazashvili and Ennio Piano 2. Local Jurisdictions and Variations in State Law in theMarcellus Shale Region, by Heidi Gorovitz Robertson 3. How the Legal Framework of Fracking in Appalachia Disserves the Poor, by Ann M. Eisenberg 4. Framing Fracking through Local Lenses, by Pamela A. Mischen and Joseph T. Palka, Jr. Part II: PLANNING 5. Using Boom town Models to Understand the Consequences of Fracking, by Adelyn Hall and Carla Chifos 6. Hydraulic Fracturing and Boom town Planning in Western North Dakota, by Teresa Córdova 7. Local Planning in Beaver County and the Shell Cracker Plant, by Sabina E. Deitrick and Rebecca Matsco 8. The Resource Conflict and the Local Economic Trade-Offs of Fracking, by Anna C. Osland and Carolyn G. Loh Part III: ECONOMIC IMPACT 9. Local Labor Markets and Shale Gas, by Frederick Tannery and Larry McCarthy 10. Shale Energy and Regional Economic Development Impacts in Northwest Pennsylvania, by Erik R. Pages, Martin Romitti, and Mark C. White 11. The Boom, the Bust, and the Cost of the Cleanup, by Nicholas G. McClure, Ion Simonides, and Jeremy G. Weber 12. Private and Public Economic Impacts of Fracking in Wyoming, by Gavin Roberts and Sandeep Kumar Rangaraju 13. An Economic and Policy Analysis of Shale Gas Well Bond, by Max Harleman Conclusion: Lessons and Extensions, by Sabina E. Deitrick and Ilia Murtazashvili

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Book SynopsisThe government documents included in this book are comprised of reports and testimonies from June 2018 to September 2018 on research and development in the United States. The first report examines research and development projects started from 2010 through 2017 on advanced fossil energy. For over 100 years, three fossil fuel sources -- coal, oil and natural gas -- have made up at least 80% of total US energy consumption. While fossil fuels are associated with some negative environmental impacts - such as carbon dioxide emissions, the predominance of coal, oil and natural gas is likely to continue into the future. The second report focuses on considerations for maintaining US competitiveness in Quantum Computing, Synthetic Biology and other potentially transformational research advances. Federal support in such areas can accelerate innovation and drive technological advances and promote US competitiveness in the global economy. The third and final report focuses on additional actions needed to improve licensing of patented laboratory inventions. The GAO was asked to review agency practices for managing inventions developed at federal labs, with a particular focus on patent licensing. This report examines the challenges in licensing patents and steps take to address and report them.Table of ContentsFor more information, please visit our website at:https://novapublishers.com/shop/advanced-fossil-energy-licensing-of-patented-laboratory-inventions-and-considerations-for-maintaining-us-competitiveness-in-potentially-transformational-research-areas/

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Book SynopsisWinner of the 2014 Book of the Year Award from the Petroleum History Society!The importance of energy to the functioning of any economy has meant that energy industries are amongst the most regulated of industries. What might appear to be purely private decisions are made within a complex and evolving web of government regulations. Petropolitics provides an economic history of the petroleum industry in Alberta as well as a detailed analysis of the operation of the markets for Alberta oil and natural gas, and the main governmental regulations (apart from environmental regulations) faced by the industry. The tools used within this study are applicable to oil and gas industries throughout the world.Trade Review"There is no other book which reviews the complete history of the Alberta petroleum industry and related economic and energy policy and institutional development." -- Dr Gerry Angevine, Centre for Energy Studies, The Fraser Institute

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Book SynopsisThis nontechnical treatment of oil and gas production is an excellent introduction for anyone from petroleum engineers and geologists new to their careers to financial, marketing, legal, and other professionals and their staffs interested in the industry. E&P service company personnel will find it particularly beneficial in understanding the roles played by their clients. Not only does it cover production fundamentals, but it backs up to give the necessary upstream background—geology, origins of oil and gas, and ownership and land rights—as well as surface operations and even production company strategy development.Key Features: A comprehensive view of the entire E&P function Geology and the origins of petroleum Reservoir characteristics and behavior Expanded coverage of drilling and hydraulic fracturing Conventional and not-so-conventional (oil sands plus shale oil and gas) producing operations Production problems and solutions The different types of companies and jobs in the oil patch and how they interact Trade ReviewI have always thought vital the need in organizations for mutual understanding among groups with different functions. The better the participants understand the professional contributions of their associates, the more likely the success of every endeavor. To that end, this book covers an overlook of the expertise needed in all phases of the upstream with a heavy emphasis on what makes producing operations tick". —Joe B. Foster, chairman, president, chief executive officer (retired) of Newfield Exploration Company, former chairman of Tenneco Oil CompanyTable of Contents How did we get here? The history of production The container: The reservoir What's in the container? The prize Yours, mine, or theirs? Ownership Getting there: Drilling What have we found? Logging and testing Getting it ready—Completions Behavior: Hydrocarbon activity in the reservoir Here it comes: Production Making it marketable: Field processing Fixing things: Remedial operations and workovers Who's involved: The players What should we do: Strategy

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses several aspects of the changing context of natural gas in the U.S. electric power sector. Increasingly plentiful and affordable natural gas has catalysed major changes in U.S. power generation and has helped to boost U.S. economic recovery. Increased substitution of natural gas for coal in power generation has also cut U.S. GHG emissions. However, processes to produce natural gas, shale gas in particular, have also elevated environmental and safety concerns in certain regions of the country. The rapid rise of natural gas is also beginning to drive more thought on longer-term energy policy issues such as the appropriate level of generation diversity (given the history of volatile prices for natural gas), and trajectories of natural gas use that will still allow GHG mitigation sufficient to address the climate challenge. This book is intended to help inform these energy policy and investment discussions, and outlines the current dynamics of natural gas in the power sector and the selected challenges and opportunities in the use of natural gas to generate electricity.

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Book SynopsisAs the case for Climate Change mitigation becomes ever more pressing, hydrogen has the potential to play a major role in a low-carbon energy future. Hydrogen can drive the vehicles of tomorrow and also heat homes and supply energy to businesses. Much recent discussion in energy policy circles has considered ways in which greatly expanded electrification can meet the demand for low-carbon mobility and heating. Such narratives centre on the widespread use of renewable energy sources with occasionally surplus renewable electricity being used to produce hydrogen, for example by electrolysis. While such developments have a beneficial role to play, this book focuses on an alternative paradigm. This book considers a more evolutionary path involving the continued extraction and use of fossil fuels, most notably natural gas, but in ways that greatly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In this way much established industrial capacity and know how might be transitioned to help deliver the low carbon future that the world so desperately requires. Presenting up-to-date energy policy recommendations with a focus on hydrogen from fossil fuels, the book will be of considerable interest to policymakers and energy researchers in academia, industry and government labs, while also offering a valuable reference guide for business developers in low-carbon energy, and for oil and gas industry analysts.Table of ContentsIntroduction: The Hydrogen Economy Today.- Hydrogen and The Future: Energy and Mobility.- Stem Methane Reforming: A Technology with a Bright Future.- Partial Oxidation Technologies.- Carbon Monoxide: Molecular Building Block.- Three Case Studies I: USA Gulf of Mexico – A Centre of Hydrogen Infrastructure.- Three Case Studies II: UK: Proposed Natural Gas to Hydrogen Transition.- Three Case Studies III: Poland and the Future for Coal in Europe.- Conclusions.

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Book SynopsisThis book ​discusses the art and science of economic decision making. It combines logical thinking with analytics, economics, and finance to draw decision insights for the upstream petroleum projects. The book offers useful analysis skills for practitioners in industry, including analysts, engineers, and managers. In addition, advanced undergraduate and graduate students in petroleum engineering, applied petroleum geoscience, industrial engineering, and energy business would benefit from the discussions in this book.Table of ContentsChapter 1: Exploration Decisions 1.1: The Big Bets of the Industry 1.2: Valuation for Decision Making 1.3: Exploration Decision Model 1.4: Valuations are Subjective and Transitory 10 1.5: The Journey is Important 1.6: Conclusions Chapter 2: Sources of Uncertainty 2.1: Introduction 2.2: Geological Uncertainty 2.3: Uncertainty in Exploration Value Chain 2.4: All Models are Wrong, some are Useful 2.5: Conclusions Chapter 3: Uncertainty to Value 3.1: Introduction 3.2: Comparisons Across Time 3.3: Comparisons Across Different Levels of Uncertainty 3.4: Company’s WACC and the Project Discount Rate 3.5: Making Valuation Models 3.6: Markets and Risk-Neutral Valuation Chapter 4: Applications 4.1: Non-Linearities and Real Options 4.2: Uncertain Future Prices 4.3: Value of a Group of Prospects 4.4: Environmental Considerations 4.5: Useful Analyses and Common Pitfalls

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Book SynopsisThis book highlights the importance of Facilitated Transport Membranes (FTMs) for the application of carbon capture, covering its introduction, gas transport phenomena and models, reaction mechanisms, industrial applications such as bio-gas upgradation, flue gas separation, hydrogen gas and natural gas purification, fabrication methods of both FTMs and their carrier mediums, testing/characterization techniques, techno-analysis with up-to-date trends and the future outlooks. Climate change and environmental impacts are resulted due to greenhouse gases, particularly CO2. The industrial revolution is currently causing the augmented emission of greenhouse gases. Therefore, various technologies are being looked at to overcome these problems. In which, membrane technology is key among them and is envisaged for many industrial applications, especially for gas separations and carbon capture. Considering this, FTMs are being actively investigated due to their remarkable gas separation performance.This book describes the working principle of FTMs and includes case studies to explore their impact on different industrial applications. Also, the book highlights how FTMs are reshaping science to capture CO2 for reducing climate and environmental impacts.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Facilitated Transport Membranes (FTMs) Gas Transport Models and Reaction Mechanisms.- Fabrication and Characterization of FTMs and Design of Membrane Systems.- Parametric Study of CO2 Capture through FTMs.- FTMs for Natural Gas Purification (CO2/CH4).- FTMs for Bio-gas Purification (CO2/CH4).- FTMs for Syn-gas Purification (CO2/H2).- FTMs for Carbon capture from Flue gas (CO2/N2).- Robeson Curve of FTMs for Carbon Capture.- CO2 gas storage and utilization.- Techno-economics analysis.- Current Challenges and Future Trends.

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Book SynopsisThis exclusive compilation written by eminent experts from more than ten countries, outlines the processes and methods for geologic sequestration in different sinks. It discusses and highlights the details of individual storage types, including recent advances in the science and technology of carbon storage. The topic is of immense interest to geoscientists, reservoir engineers, environmentalists and researchers from the scientific and industrial communities working on the methodologies for carbon dioxide storage.Increasing concentrations of anthropogenic carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are often held responsible for the rising temperature of the globe. Geologic sequestration prevents atmospheric release of the waste greenhouse gases by storing them underground for geologically significant periods of time. The book addresses the need for an understanding of carbon reservoir characteristics and behavior. Other book volumes on carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) attempt to cover the entire process of CCUS, but the topic of geologic sequestration is not discussed in detail. This book focuses on the recent trends and up-to-date information on different storage rock types, ranging from deep saline aquifers to coal to basaltic formations.Table of ContentsPart I. Introduction1. Carbon capture, transport and geologic storage: A brief introduction Part II. Geological Characterisation of storage sites 2. Algorithms for CO2 storage capacity estimation: Review and Case study Part III. CO2 Storage in Deep Saline Aquifers 3. Trapping mechanism of CO2 storage in deep saline aquifers: brief review 4. Monitoring of CO2 plume migration in deep saline formations with kinetic interface sensitive tracers (A numerical modelling study for the laboratory) 5. Monitoring of soil gases in the characterization stage of CO2 storage in saline aquifers and possible effects of CO2 leakages in the groundwater system 6. CO2 storage capacity estimates for a Norwegian and a Swedish aquifer using different approaches - from theoretical volumes, basin modelling to reservoir models 7. Determination of CO2-brine-rock interactions for carbon dioxide sequestration using SEM-EDS methods Part IV. CO2 Storage in Coal 8. Geological Considerations for CO2 Storage in Coal 9. A review summary on multiple aspects of coal seam sequestration Part V. CO2 Storage in Depleted/Producing Oil reservoirs 10. CO2 Storage in Depleted/Producing Oil reservoirs Part VI. CO2 storage in Other Sites 11. Mineral Carbonation in Ultramafic and Basaltic Rocks 12. Ocean Applications for Carbon Dioxide Sequestration Part VII. Risk Assessment of CO2 Storage 13. Risk Assessment of the Geological Storage of CO2: A Review 14. Numerical modelling of CO2 gas injection with hydrate formation: A Case Study in the Laboratory-Scale Sand Sediment 15. Security Assessment on Geological Storage of CO2: Application to Hontomin Site

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Book SynopsisThis book delves into the economic development of the six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Since the 1960s, the GCC states have harnessed their potential to exploit the wealth accrued from the oil boom to build their infrastructure and grow their economies. However, the high level of dependency on oil as the primary source feeding their output made their economies volatile and vulnerable to fluctuations in the global oil prices. Moreover, the plunge in oil prices and the threat of depletion of this natural resource pose serious challenges to the GCC countries. Consequently, the GCC governments have realized the importance of diversifying their economies following the need to move away from reliance on hydrocarbon.This book contributes to the theoretical literature by enriching the debate on the transition of the GCC countries from rentier states to diversified economies. It helps students and scholars understand this transformation with an expansive comprehension of the contemporary challenges facing the region, as well as outlining prospects for the future. Table of ContentsChapter 1 Introduction.- Chapter 2 The Rentier States towards Diversification: Case Study Gulf States.- Chapter 3 Food Security in the GCC Countries, towards a more Diversified and Sustained Economic Strategies.- Chapter 4 The Evolution of the Economic Relations between Turkey and the GCC Countries from 2002 to 2018: Difficult Politics, Multidimensional Economic Interests.- Chapter 5 Economic Dimensions of Gulf Cooperation Council States– India Relations: Prospects and Challenges.- Chapter 6 The Gulf Crisis: The Economic Perspective and the Potential Role of Gulf Regional Hubs.- Chapter 7 Qatar from Rentier to Knowledge Based Economy: Current Achievements.- Chapter 8 Newly Implemented Labor Strategies by Qatar and Their Impacts on Economic Development.- Chapter 9 The Blessing behind Hosting Qatar's World Cup 2022.- Chapter 10 Qatar-Turkey Relations: What is in it for Qatar?.- Chapter 11 Food Security, Economic Diversification and Saudi’s Overture to East Africa The Case of Sudan (2008-2016).

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