Fossil fuel technologies Books
Springer Nature Switzerland AG Stratigraphy: A Modern Synthesis
Book SynopsisThe updated textbook is intended to serve as an advanced and detailed treatment of the evolution of the subject of stratigraphy from its disparate beginnings as separate studies of sedimentology, lithostratigraphy, chronostratigraphy, etc., into a modern integrated discipline in which all components are necessary. There is a historical introduction, which now includes information about the timeline of the evolution of the components of modern stratigraphy. The elements of the various components (facies analysis, sequence stratigraphy, mapping methods, chronostratigraphic methods, etc.) are outlined, and a chapter discussing the modern synthesis is included near the end of the book, which closes with a discussion of future research trends in the study of time as preserved in the stratigraphic record.Table of Contents
£27.99
Springer Fossil Fuels in the European Union
Book SynopsisFossil fuels in the UE in the era before Russian aggression in Ukraine.- Energy transformation challenges for the UE in the new economic and geopolitical environment.- Energy, Oil & Gas Sectors in the era of economic and geopolitical upheaval microeconomic perspective.
£132.99
Springer Carbon Dioxide Adsorption in Rock and Geological Storage of Carbon
Book SynopsisIntroduction.- Adsorption on solids and the potential of CO2 adsorption on reservoir rocks.- Adsorption measurements under high pressure.- Evaluating CO2 storage potential using apparent adsorption and effective density.- Absolute adsorption and fraction of adsorbed CO2 in pore space.- Reduction of overpressure due to adsorption.- CO2 adsorption and rock wettability.- Impact of adsorption on CO2 storage capacity and efficiency.- Adsorbed CO2 in post-injection phase.- Impact of adsorption on the fate of mobile CO2.- Impact of adsorption on security and safety of CO2 storage.- Conclusions and recommendations.
£39.99
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH High-Energy-Density Fuels for Advanced
Book SynopsisThis book comprehensively and systematically demonstrates the theory and practice of designing, synthesizing and improving the performance of fuels. The contents range from polycyoalkane fuels, strained fuels, alky-diamondoid fuels, hypergolic and nanofluid fuels derived from fossil and biomass. All the chapters together clearly describe the important aspects of high-energy-density fuels including molecular design, synthesis route, physiochemical properties, and their application in improving the aerocraft performance. Vivid schematics and illustrations throughout the book enhance the accessibility to the relevant theory and technologies. This book provides the readers with fundamentals on high-energy-density fuels and their potential in advanced aerospace propulsion, and also provides the readers with inspiration for new development of advanced aerospace fuels.Table of ContentsPreface xiii About the Authors xv Acknowledgments xvii 1 Introduction 1Ji‐Jun Zou Reference 3 2 Development History and Basics of Aerospace Fuels 5Xiangwen Zhang and Tinghao Jia 2.1 Introduction 5 2.2 General Properties and Requirements of Aerospace Fuels 6 2.2.1 Density 7 2.2.2 Low‐Temperature Fluidity 8 2.2.2.1 Viscosity 8 2.2.2.2 Freezing Point 10 2.2.3 Thermal Oxidation Stability 11 2.2.4 Prediction of Jet Fuel Performance 12 2.3 Development of Aerospace Fuels 12 2.3.1 Aviation Gas Turbine Engine Fuels (Petroleum Fuels) 12 2.3.2 Development of Russian Aerospace Fuels 15 2.3.3 High‐Thermal‐Oxidative‐Stability Fuels 15 2.3.4 Current Fuels 17 2.3.5 Future Fuels 19 2.4 High‐Energy‐Density Fuels 21 2.4.1 RJ‐4 21 2.4.2 RJ‐5 and Related Fuels 22 2.4.3 JP‐10, JP‐9, and RJ‐7 22 2.4.4 Strained and Diamondoid Fuels 25 2.4.5 Gelled Fuels 26 2.5 Non‐petroleum Fuels 27 2.5.1 F‐T Fuels 28 2.5.2 Bio‐aviation Fuels 28 2.5.3 Perspectives 31 References 33 3 Design and Synthesis of High‐Density Polycyoalkane Fuels 39Ji‐Jun Zou and Chengxiang Shi 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Cycloaddition 40 3.2.1 Reaction Pathway 40 3.2.2 Cycloaddition Catalysts 44 3.3 Hydrogenation 50 3.3.1 Hydrogenation of Dicyclopentadiene 50 3.3.1.1 Hydrogenation Mechanism 50 3.3.1.2 Hydrogenation Catalysts 51 3.3.1.3 Hydrogenation Kinetics 54 3.3.2 Hydrogenation of Tricyclopentadiene 67 3.3.2.1 Hydrogenation Mechanism 67 3.3.2.2 Hydrogenation Catalysts 69 3.3.2.3 Hydrogenation Kinetics 70 3.4 Isomerization 74 3.4.1 Isomerization of Tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene 74 3.4.2 Isomerization of Tetrahydrotricyclopentadiene 81 3.5 Other Reactions and Procedures 90 3.5.1 Alternative Isomerization–Hydrogenation Synthesis 90 3.5.2 One‐Step Synthesis of exo‐Tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene 95 References 97 4 Design and Synthesis of High‐Density Diamondoid Fuels 101Lun Pan and Jiawei Xie 4.1 Introduction 101 4.2 Synthesis of Alkyl Diamondoids via Acid‐Catalyzed Rearrangement 102 4.3 Synthesis of Alkyl Diamondoids via IL‐Catalyzed Rearrangement 112 4.3.1 Rearrangement of Tetrahydrotricyclopentadiene 114 4.3.2 Rearrangement of Tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene 120 4.3.3 Rearrangement of Other Polycycloalkanes 127 4.3.4 Rearrangement of Biomass‐Derived Hydrocarbons 134 4.4 Synthesis of Alkyl Diamondoids via Zeolite‐Catalyzed Rearrangement 135 4.5 Alkylation and Other Chemical Synthesis Methods 138 4.6 Basic Properties of Alkyl Diamondoids 142 References 144 5 Design and Synthesis of High‐Energy Strained Fuels 149Ji‐Jun Zou, Junjian Xie, Yakun Liu, and Chi Ma 5.1 Introduction 149 5.2 Quadricyclane Fuel 149 5.2.1 Properties and Synthesis of Quadricyclane 149 5.2.2 Homogeneous Photosensitizers 152 5.2.2.1 Triplet Sensitizer 152 5.2.2.2 Transition‐Metal‐Compound‐Based Sensitizer 153 5.2.3 Heterogeneous Photocatalysis 155 5.2.3.1 Zinc and Cadmium Oxides and Sulfides 155 5.2.3.2 Modified Zeolites 155 5.2.3.3 Metal‐Doped TiO2 156 5.2.3.4 Ti‐Containing MCM‐41 161 5.2.3.5 Combination of Metal Doping and Framework Ti Species 164 5.2.3.6 Mechanism of Heterogeneous Photocatalysis 167 5.2.4 Utilization of Quadricyclane 168 5.3 Cyclopropane Fuel 170 5.3.1 Organometallic Carbenoid‐Mediated Cyclopropanation 170 5.3.1.1 Zinc Carbenoid‐Mediated Cyclopropanation 171 5.3.1.2 Samarium Carbenoid‐Mediated Cyclopropanation 174 5.3.1.3 Lithium Carbenoid‐Mediated Cyclopropanation 175 5.3.1.4 Metallic Aluminum Carbenoid‐Mediated Cyclopropanation 177 5.3.2 Transition Metal Carbene‐Mediated Cyclopropanation 181 5.3.2.1 Diazomethane System 183 5.3.2.2 Copper Catalytic System 185 5.3.2.3 Other Transition Metal Catalyst Systems 187 5.3.3 Other Cyclopropanation Methods 190 5.3.4 Fuel Synthesis and Mechanism 190 5.3.4.1 Cyclopropanation of endo‐DCPD with Monomeric IZnCH2I in Gas Phase 193 5.3.4.2 Cyclopropanation of endo‐DCPD with Monomeric IZnCH2I in Diethyl Ether Solvent 197 5.3.4.3 Cyclopropanation of endo‐DCPD with (ICH2)2Zn in Diethyl Ether Solvent 201 5.4 Spiro and Caged Fuels 202 5.4.1 Spiro‐Fuels 203 5.4.2 PCU Monomer, Dimers, and Derivatives 209 5.4.2.1 PCU Monomer 209 5.4.2.2 PCU Dimers 210 5.4.2.3 PCU Derivatives 214 5.4.3 Cubane and Derivatives 218 5.4.4 Other Caged Fuels 222 References 224 6 Design and Synthesis of High‐Density Fuels from Biomass 241Ji‐Jun Zou and Genkuo Nie 6.1 Introduction 241 6.2 Carbon‐Increasing Reaction Strategies 244 6.2.1 Chain and Ring Increasing by Hydroxyalkylation and Alkylation 244 6.2.1.1 Synthesis of Branched Monocyclic Hydrocarbons by Hydroxylalkylation and Alkylation 250 6.2.1.2 Synthesis of Branched Monocyclic Hydrocarbons by Alkylation 252 6.2.1.3 Synthesis of Branched Multicyclic Hydrocarbons by Alkylation 254 6.2.2 Chain and Ring Increasing by Aldol Condensation 256 6.2.2.1 Synthesis of Branched Monocyclic and Multicyclic Hydrocarbons by Aldol Condensation 256 6.2.2.2 Catalyst Design in the Synthesis of Bi‐ to Tetra‐Five/Six‐Membered Ring Hydrocarbons 260 6.2.3 Ring Increasing by Diels–Alder Cycloaddition 260 6.2.3.1 Synthesis of Multicyclic Hydrocarbons Using Terpinenes 262 6.2.3.2 Synthesis of Branched Multicyclic Hydrocarbons Using 2‐MF 265 6.2.3.3 Synthesis of Branched Monocyclic Hydrocarbons Using Diacetone Alcohol 267 6.2.3.4 Synthesis of JP‐10 Using Furfuryl Alcohol 267 6.2.4 Ring Increasing by Oligomerization 267 6.2.4.1 Synthesis of Multicyclic Hydrocarbons Using Pinene 269 6.2.4.2 Synthesis of Multicyclic Hydrocarbons Using Cyclenes 271 6.2.5 Ring Increasing by Combined Reactions 272 6.2.5.1 Robinson Annulation 272 6.2.5.2 Reductive Coupling 274 6.2.5.3 Guerbet Reaction 275 6.2.6 Fused Cycle Constructing by Skeleton Rearrangement 275 6.2.7 Integrated Reaction Strategies 277 6.2.7.1 Dual‐Bed Catalyst System 278 6.2.7.2 One‐Pot Reaction 279 6.2.7.3 Multistep Coupling Reaction 280 6.2.7.4 Cellulose Co‐conversion with Polyethylene via Catalytically Combined Processes 283 References 283 7 Design and Synthesis of Nanofluid Fuels 291Lun Pan, Xiu‐Tian‐Feng E, Jinwen Cao, and Kang Xue 7.1 Introduction 291 7.2 Synthesis and Properties of Nanofluid Fuels 292 7.2.1 Single‐Step Methods 293 7.2.1.1 Physical Methods 293 7.2.1.2 Chemical Methods 299 7.2.2 Two‐Step Methods 303 7.3 Methods to Evaluate Stability of Nanofluids 305 7.3.1 Sedimentation Photograph Capturing 305 7.3.2 Sedimentation Balance Method 305 7.3.3 Centrifugation Method 305 7.3.4 ζ‐Potential Measurement 306 7.3.5 UV–Vis Spectrophotometer 308 7.3.6 Light Scattering Method 310 7.3.7 Three‐Omega Method 310 7.4 Approaches to Enhance Stability of Nanofluids 310 7.4.1 Mechanical Mixing 311 7.4.2 pH Control 312 7.4.3 Surfactants 313 7.4.4 Surface Modification 313 7.5 Typical High‐Energy Nanofluid Fuels 315 7.5.1 Boron‐Based Nanofluids 315 7.5.1.1 Preparation of Stable Boron‐in‐Jet Fuel Nanofluids 316 7.5.1.2 Dispersion of Boron‐Based Nanofluids 317 7.5.2 Aluminum‐Based Nanofluids 320 7.6 Physical Properties of Nanofluid Fuels 322 7.6.1 Density and Energy 322 7.6.2 Viscosity 323 7.6.3 Surface tension 328 7.6.4 Latent Heat of Vaporization 329 7.6.5 Combustion Characteristics 331 7.6.6 Evaporation Characteristics 337 7.7 Formulation and Synthesis of Gelled Fuels 341 7.7.1 Gel Formulation 341 7.7.2 Gel Preparation and Gelation Mechanism 346 7.8 Rheological Behavior 348 7.9 Atomization Behavior 352 7.10 Combustion Behavior 356 References 361 8 Design and Synthesis of Green Hypergolic Ionic Liquid Fuels 377Xiangwen Zhang and Yong‐Chao Zhang 8.1 Introduction 377 8.2 Development History of Hypergolic Ionic Liquids 378 8.3 Physicochemical Properties of Hypergolic Ionic Liquids 379 8.3.1 Thermal Properties 379 8.3.2 Density 380 8.3.3 Viscosity 380 8.3.4 Heat of Formation 380 8.3.5 Ignition Delay Time 381 8.3.6 Specific Impulse 382 8.4 Hypergolic Ionic Liquids 382 8.4.1 Hypergolic Ionic Liquids Based on Dicyanamide Anions 382 8.4.2 Hypergolic Ionic Liquids Based on Nitrocyanamide Anions 397 8.4.3 Hypergolic Ionic Liquids Based on Boronium‐Based and B─H Bond‐Rich Anions 402 8.4.4 Hypergolic Ionic Liquids Based on Other Anions 421 References 431 9 Combustion Properties of Fuels and Methods to Improve Them 437Lun Pan and Xiu‐Tian‐Feng E 9.1 Introduction 437 9.2 Typical Equipment Used in Combustion Experiment 439 9.2.1 Rapid Compressor 439 9.2.2 Shock Tube 441 9.2.2.1 Heated Shock Tube 441 9.2.2.2 Aerosol Shock Tube 441 9.2.3 Hot Plate 446 9.2.4 Laser Ignition 447 9.2.5 Constant‐Volume Strand Burner 447 9.3 Combustion and Ignition Characters 450 9.3.1 Ignition Probability 450 9.3.2 Ignition Temperature 450 9.3.3 Ignition Delay Time 453 9.3.4 Combustion Rate 455 9.4 Methods to Enhance Ignition and Combustion 458 9.4.1 Effect of NP Concentration on Ignition and Combustion 458 9.4.2 Effect of Surfactants or Dispersants on Ignition and Combustion 461 9.4.3 Effect of Nanoparticle Characteristics on Ignition and Combustion 462 9.5 Combustion Mechanism of Nanofluid Fuels 464 References 470 Index 475
£999.99
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG Capture and Utilization of Carbon Dioxide with Polyethylene Glycol
Book SynopsisIn this volume, Professor He and his coworkers summarize polyethylene glycol (PEG)-promoted CO2 chemistry on the basis of understanding about phase behavior of PEG/CO2 system and reaction mechanism at molecular level. As PEG could be utilized as a green replacement for organic solvents, phase-transfer catalyst, surfactant, support in various reaction systems, significantly promoting catalytic activity and recovering expensive metal catalysts, particularly regarded as a CO2-philic material, the authors focus on special applications of PEG in CO2 capture and utilization, including PEG-functionalized catalysts for efficient transformation of CO2 and PEG-functionalized absorbents for efficient CO2 capture. Furthermore, they describe carbon capture and utilization strategy as an alternative approach to address the energy penalty problem in carbon capture and storage. Interestingly, the authors also discuss PEG radical chemistry in dense CO2 as rather creative and unusual use of PEG, presumably serves as a reaction medium and a radical initiator for radical chemistry.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Phase Behavior of PEG/CO2 System.- PEG / scCO2 Biphasic Solvent System.- CO2 Capture with PEG.- Functionalized-PEG as Catalysts for CO2 Conversion.- CO2 Capture, Activation and Subsequent Conversion with PEG.
£44.99
Agri Horti Press Fuel Injection
£58.16
Springer Sustainable Utilization of Natural Gas for LowCarbon Energy Production
Book SynopsisPART 1: Natural Gas Supply Chain.- Chapter 1: An Overview of Global Natural Gas Supply Chain and Infrastructure.- Chapter 2: Regulatory Successes and Opportunities for value chain analysis of Gas industries.- Chapter 3: Gas Industry reforming: Current Status of Emerging Markets.- Chapter 4: Global Perspective on Gas Market Liberalization.- Chapter 5: Natural Gas Pricing Mechanism for Emerging Markets.- PART 2: Technological Advances in Natural Gas Utilization.- Chapter 6: Advances in Natural gas fuel cells.- Chapter 7: Advances in Thermochemical conversion of Natural gas.- Chapter 8: Advances in Biochemical conversion of Natural gas.- Chapter 9: Advances in Photochemical conversion of Natural gas.- Chapter 10: Opportunities for integrated Natural gas conversion technologies.- PART 3: Role of Natural Gas in Transition to Low-Carbon Economy.- Chapter 11: Re-visiting the Roadmaps to low carbon economy.- Chapter 12: Overviews of Policies and Regulations for a low carbon economy.- Chapter 13: Natural gas role in transition to a low carbon economy.- Chapter 14: Social-Economics implications of low carbon energy system.- Chapter 15: Sustainability of Natural Gas in Transition to low carbon economy.
£197.99
Dan Romito The Radical Middle
£10.44
Amazon Digital Services LLC - Kdp The Burn
£16.47
Amazon Digital Services LLC - Kdp Gases in Industrial Facilities and Applications
£28.35
Amazon Digital Services LLC - Kdp Oil Drilling
£22.88
Amazon Digital Services LLC - Kdp Noções sobre a Indústria de Gás Natural
£8.83
Amazon Digital Services LLC - Kdp Noções Essenciais de Gás
£29.48
Amazon Digital Services LLC - Kdp Lei do Gás para Concursandos
£8.56
University of Calgary Press Petropolitics: Petroleum Development, Markets and
Book SynopsisWinner of the 2014 Book of the Year Award from the Petroleum History Society!The importance of energy to the functioning of any economy has meant that energy industries are amongst the most regulated of industries. What might appear to be purely private decisions are made within a complex and evolving web of government regulations. Petropolitics provides an economic history of the petroleum industry in Alberta as well as a detailed analysis of the operation of the markets for Alberta oil and natural gas, and the main governmental regulations (apart from environmental regulations) faced by the industry. The tools used within this study are applicable to oil and gas industries throughout the world.Trade Review"There is no other book which reviews the complete history of the Alberta petroleum industry and related economic and energy policy and institutional development." -- Dr Gerry Angevine, Centre for Energy Studies, The Fraser Institute
£42.70
Whittles Publishing Hydrocarbon Process Safety
Book SynopsisA new edition of this established text has been expanded and updated, treating this important field in a holistic manner. The structure of the previous book has been retained, but enhanced with new text and illustrations, and more numerical problems with a wider scope. Readers will find much on the background to the industry and details of such centrally important operations as refining, heat exchange, cracking, polymerisation and hydrogenation. There is a chapter on offshore matters, which includes some incidents that occurred since the first edition. National and international standards are considered as these relate to such things as site layout. The coverage of the fire and explosion behaviour of hydrocarbons has been extended, in particular in relation to flash points. The topic of leaked gas detection has been introduced, and there is considerable extension of the coverage of static electricity hazards. There is more on liquefied natural gas (LNG), including details of processes for its regasification. Natural gas condensate features, having grown considerably in importance since the first edition.Re-refining of crude oil products that have previously been used as lubricants or as hydraulic fluids has also experienced growth, and this too has its place in the book from the perspective of safety. Tight gas and coal bed methane feature, as does the controversial matter of hydraulic fracture to obtain them. The chemical processing chapter has been extended to include hydrocracking, hydrodesulphurisation and hydrodenitrogenation. The COMAH (Control of Major Accident Hazards) regulations are covered and sign conventions for hazards are explained with illustrations.Trade ReviewReviews of the first edition: 'A particularly useful feature for the practitioner and student is the inclusion within the text of worked examples... ...is particularly useful through its provision of a well grounded numerical approach to many of the detailed problems arising within process safety. ...provides much useful information on operational practice, which is not often found in such texts, as well as a valuable range of supporting case studies. ...should be relevant to both undergraduates and postgraduates, as well as those in industry approaching the subject for the first time'. Energy '...covers virtually all aspects of hydrocarbon safety...' ScienceDirect.com '...it is certainly a very useful and confidence-building text for inexperienced chemical engineers as they find their way in the hydrocarbon and other process industries. ...should form a compulsory part of the graduate process engineer's library and also is of great value to the third and forth year chemical engineering undergraduate student. ...would be a valuable addition to the library and as a paperback should be well within the financial reach of the student and young practising engineer'. Chemistry in Australia '...presents a great deal of information in a compact form. ...the book makes a valuable contribution... ...would certainly recommend it to chemical engineering and fire engineering undergraduates or those professionals that need to develop an understanding hydrocarbon process safety.' Fire Safety Journal '...can be used as a text for an introductory course on process safety. It also contains topics relevant to process hazards in the chemical process industries, and as such, will be useful to engineers working in these industries'. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries '...the book will form a useful source of material for teachers and students tackling safety in this broader area. ...is judged to provide a good introductory text for students... Teachers and students alike will find many of the demonstration numerical problems and solutions particularly helpful to establish ideas and approaches.' Process Safety and Environmental Protection '...is one of the few recent texts of this kind, dealing entirely with hydrocarbons. ...this book could be very useful...to teachers and students of engineering and chemistry...' SSC, Fuel Experimental Station '...safety is a difficult subject to teach as it requires both very quantitative information and more wide ranging information... This book provides us with both. Apart from expounding the calculation methods it introduces subjects such as HAZOP, COMAH and COSSH. One excellent feature is that there are questions of increasing complexity provided in all Chapters with comprehensive solutions at the end of the book. ...this is a useful book from which one can learn. It will be a great aid to instructors and students'. FuelTable of ContentsBackground to the oil and gas industry; Hydrocarbon leakage and dispersion; The combustion behaviour of hydrocarbons; Physical operations on hydrocarbons and associated hazards; Chemical operations on hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon derivative; Some relevant design principles; Some relevant measurement principles; Offshore oil and gas production; Hazards associated with particular hydrocarbon products; Toxicity hazards; Safe disposal of unwanted hydrocarbon; Means of obtaining hydrocarbons other than from crude oil and related safety issues; Solutions to example; True or false questions; Index
£57.00
Corporate Watch To the Ends of the Earth: A Guide to
Book Synopsis
£7.77
Pan Stanford Publishing Pte Ltd Nanomaterials for Direct Alcohol Fuel Cell
Book SynopsisDirect alcohol fuel cells (DAFCs), such as methanol and ethanol ones, are very promising advanced power systems that may considerably reduce dependence on fossil fuels and are, therefore, attracting increased attention worldwide. Nanostructured materials can improve the performance of the cathodes, anodes, and electrolytes of DAFCs. This book focuses on the most recent advances in the science and technology of nanostructured materials for direct alcohol fuel cells, including novel non-noble or low noble metal catalysts deposited on the graphene layer and metal-free doped carbon black for oxygen electroreduction reaction, Sn-based bimetallic and trimetallic nanoparticles for alcohol electro-oxidation reaction, and novel nanomaterials for promoting proton transfer in electrolytes. In addition, the book includes chapters from not only experimentalists but also computational chemists who have worked in the development of advanced power systems for decades.Illustrated throughout with excellent figures, this multidisciplinary work is not just a reference for researchers in chemistry and materials science, but a handy textbook for advanced undergraduate- and graduate-level students in nanoscience- and nanotechnology-related courses, especially those with an interest in developing novel materials for advanced power systems.Table of ContentsAdvanced Anode Catalysts for Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells Multimetallic Nanocatalysts for Anodic Reaction in Direct Alcohol Fuel Cell. Understanding Electrocatalytic Activity Enhancement of Bimetallic Nanoparticles to Ethanol Electro-oxidation Reaction. Theoretical Aspects of Gold Nanoparticles for Ethanol and Glucose Oxidation. Proton Transport and Design of Proton Electrolyte Membranes for Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells. Nanomaterials for Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR). Advances in Understanding the Effects on the Ethanol Electro-oxidation Reaction.
£94.04
Harvard University Press The Bridge Natural Gas in a Redivided Europe
Book SynopsisEurope and Russia are pushing against each other in a contest of economic doctrines and political ambitions, seemingly erasing the vision of cooperation that emerged from the end of the Cold War. Thane Gustafson argues that natural gas serves as a bridge over troubled geopolitical waters, uniting the region through common economic interests.Trade ReviewTells a story that sheds new light on postwar Europe, as well as touching on many of the most important themes of that era…A richly detailed analysis written with a relaxed, lucid style…One of Gustafson’s central themes is the way that economics have often trumped politics in the European gas trade. -- Ed Crooks * Financial Times *Tells how ingenuity, determination and the logic of commerce overcame geopolitics in a way that illuminates not only the story of a molecule, but the recent history of a whole continent. -- Rupert Darwall * Wall Street Journal *What an excellent book. Imagine somebody—in this case Thane Gustafson—taking all those snippets of gas history you used to read about and turning them into a coherent, well-written narrative…Every topic should have a book like this about it. -- Tyler Cowen * Marginal Revolution *A readable, intelligent, even-handed historical interpretation of this modern economic relationship [between Europe and Russia]. * Nature *A must-read for anyone interested in energy and European or Russian political and economic history. -- John V. Bowlus * Energy Reporters *Sets out the genesis of Russia’s gas contract with Germany—and the West—and how it yet may be blown-up by increasing geopolitical tensions. -- Jason Corcoran * bne IntelliNews *Well worth a read for those wanting more insight into the mindsets of the main actors and what might influence the flow of Russian gas to Europe in the future. -- William Powell * Natural Gas World *Gustafson recounts the fascinating history of the rise of the Russian and European gas industries and the emergence of the Russian–European gas trade from its beginnings in the early cold war to the troubled present day…With his seminal works on the history of Soviet and Russian oil and gas, Gustafson has long established himself as the doyen in his field. The Bridge is yet another essential addition for all those interested in the modern history of fossil fuels, Russian–European economic relations, and the intriguing mechanisms underlying the Soviet/Russian decision-making process in the area of energy. -- Jeronim Perović * Journal of Modern History *A useful exploration of Europe’s energy future…Gustafson shows how the European Union has used its legal powers…to limit the ability of the Russian energy giant Gazprom to monopolize supply for the continent. He also outlines how the changing nature of the gas industry itself has shifted the balance of power. -- Neil Bhatiya * Foreign Affairs *[A] seminal work on Russia’s oil and gas industry. -- Liam Denning * Bloomberg *Comprehensive analysis… By tracking the role of natural gas through several countries—Russia and Ukraine, the United Kingdom, Germany, the Netherlands and Norway—The Bridge details both its history and its likely future. -- Dominic Lenton * Engineering and Technology *Makes a provocative argument that gas is less of a geostrategic/geopolitical threat and in fact contributes to long-term stability in Europe. * BRINK *Highly informative…By providing a detailed and comparative examination of Russian–European gas relations since the 1960s, it enables the reader to develop a broader understanding of the cooperative and conflictual nature of Russian–European relations. Moreover, it provides a comprehensive picture of the past, present and even future of Russian–European gas relations. -- Taylan Özgür Kaya * Europe-Asia Studies *Elegantly written by one of the world’s experts on the subject, The Bridge deftly combines narrative and analysis with Gustafson’s own distinctive perspective. It tells an important story—the development of the gas relationship between Russia and Europe, the politics around it, and the circumstances and interaction of personalities that have shaped it. -- Daniel Yergin, author of the Pulitzer Prize–winning The Prize and The QuestExtraordinarily well-researched and well-argued, this book provides an account of the economics and geopolitics of gas in Europe over recent decades. Anyone looking for pointers on how gas will feature in Europe’s increasingly low-carbon energy mix would be well advised to read this keen analysis of the future prospects for this less-polluting fossil fuel. -- Sir Philip Lowe, former Director-General of Energy, European CommissionThis compelling narrative illuminates one of the most important dimensions of Europe’s relations with Russia. The Bridge explains that Russia’s gas bridge is two-way, focusing on why, despite tense political relations and U.S. opposition, it continues to bind Russia and Europe together. -- Angela Stent, author of Putin’s World: Russia against the West and with the RestThis excellent book reveals the controversial and sophisticated forces driving Russian and European gas industries and trade. While we do not know whether this bridge will prevail, the outcome will be of crucial importance for the global economic and political landscape. -- Tatiana Mitrova, Director, Energy Center, Moscow School of Management SKOLKOVOThe Bridge is an extremely fact-rich and thoroughly researched story about people, technology, and ideas within and around the European gas industry. Anyone wishing to understand and navigate the politics and business of European energy cannot ignore Gustafson’s insights. -- Gert Maichel, The Mobility House, former CEO of Wingas, and former senior manager of WintershallWell-researched and well-written. A very fine book. -- Jonathan Stern, Oxford Institute for Energy Studies
£26.06
Cornell University Press The Depths of Russia
Book SynopsisRussia is among the world's leading oil producers, sitting atop the planet's eighth largest reserves. Like other oil-producing nations, it has been profoundly transformed by the oil industry. In The Depths of Russia, Douglas Rogers offers a nuanced and multifaceted analysis of oil's place in Soviet and Russian life, based on ethnographic fieldwork and archival research in the Perm region of the Urals. Moving beyond models of oil calibrated to capitalist centers and postcolonial petrostates, Rogers traces the distinctive contours of the socialistand then postsocialistoil complex, showing how oil has figured in the making and remaking of space and time, state and corporation, exchange and money, and past and present. He pays special attention to the material properties and transformations of oil (from depth in subsoil deposits to toxicity in refining) and to the ways oil has echoed through a range of cultural registers. The Depths of Russia challenges the common fTrade ReviewRogers focuses on how things work within oil corporations: how the new oil giants evolved out of Soviet carcasses; how they operate in symbiosis with the state; and, in particular, how they directly shape social and cultural institutions. The intersection of oil, money, and power might be a sexier topic. But the ways in which politicians and corporate bosses redefine and blend roles on the ground—indeed, to the point that Lukoil-Perm assumed the lead in a grand campaign to make the city of Perm a capital of culture, competing with St. Petersburg—provide more insight into the real texture of everyday. * Foreign Affairs *In general, many of the books trying to explain contemporary Russia are awkwardly similar in their approaches.... Douglas Rogers' book on the role of oil as a source for both state-building and a re-invention of culture in the Perm region is an innovative and enriching... exception to this trend. * Transitions Online *[The Depths of Russia]... shows how a detailed anthropological study of a region far from Moscow and St. Petersburg can reveal new and unexpected information about developments in Russia. These results make this a book well worth reading and pondering over. It is an important contribution to anthropology/ethnography, business studies, and the understanding of postsocialist Russia. * Slavic Review *Table of ContentsIntroduction: Oil, States and Corporations, and the Politics of CulturePart 1. From Socialist to Postsocialist Oil1. The Socialist Oil Complex: Scarcity and Hierarchies of Prestige in the Second Baku2. Circulation before Privatization: Petrobarter and New Corporate Forms3. The Lukoilization of Production: Space, Capital, and Surrogate CurrenciesPart 2. The Book Years4. State/Corporation: The Social and Cultural Project Movement5. Corporation/State: Lukoil as General Partner of the Perm RegionPart 3. The Cultural Front6. Oil and Culture: The Depths of Postsocialism7. Alternative Energies: Lukoil-Perm in Corporate and Cultural Fields8. "Bilbao on the Kama"?: The Perm Cultural Project and Its CriticsAppendix: Governors of the Perm Region in the Post-Soviet PeriodGlossaryReferencesIndex
£26.59
MB - Cornell University Press Subterranean Estates
Book SynopsisThis innovative, interdisciplinary volume provides a new perspective on the material, symbolic, cultural, and social meanings of the multidimensional world of the global oil and gas industry.Trade ReviewJuxtaposed between the 'intellectual vertigo' induced by this massive industry and 'oil's cynosural politics,' the authors seek to clear away some of the 'epistemic murk' that pervades the worlds of oil and gas (p. 9).... Readers will note a meticulous focus on revealing, demystifying or engaging anew those features of the substance and the industry that have remained mostly out of the purview of examination.... The renewed engagement with oil materialities reveals important aspects of the everyday life of a resource and an industry that is as convoluted as it is complicated, powerful, destructive, ubiquitous, and ambiguous. -- Amber Murrey * Antipode *Table of ContentsIntroduction: Oil TalkHannah Appel, Arthur Mason, and Michael WattsPart I. Oil as a Way of Life1. Oil for Life: The Bureau of Mines and the Biopolitics of the Petroleum MarketMatt Huber2. Velocity and ViscosityPeter Hitchcock3. Deep Oil and Deep Culture in the Russian UralsDouglas Rogers4. Oil, Masculinity, and Violence: Egbesu Worship in the Niger Delta of NigeriaRebecca Golden TimsarPart II. The Oil Archive, Expertise, and Strategic Knowledges5. The Oil ArchivesAndrew Barry6. Securing the Natural Gas Boom: Oil Field Service Companies and Hydraulic Fracturing's Regulatory ExemptionsSara Wylie7. Crude Contamination: Law, Science, and Indeterminacy in Ecuador and BeyondSuzana Sawyer8. The Image World of Middle Eastern OilMona DamlujiSpecters of Oil: An Introduction to the Photographs of Ed KashiMichael J. WattsPhoto EssayEd KashiPart III. Oil Markets: Turbulence, Risk, and Security9. Near Futures and Perfect Hedges in the Gulf of MexicoLeigh Johnson10. Securing Oil: Frontiers, Risk, and Spaces of Accumulated InsecurityMichael J. Watts11. Oil Assemblages and the Production of Confusion: Price Fluctuations in Two West African Oil-Producing EconomiesJane I. GuyerPart IV. Hard and Soft Infrastructures12. Offshore Work: Infrastructure and Hydrocarbon Capitalism in Equatorial GuineaHannah Appel13. Black Oil Business: Rogue Pipelines, Hydrocarbon Dealers, and the "Economics" of Oil TheftElizabeth Gelber14. The Political Economy of Oil Privatization in Post-Soviet KazakhstanSaulesh YessenovaPart V. Oil Futures and Oil Transitions15. Carbon, Convertibility, and the Technopolitics of OilHannah Knox16. Events Collectives: The Social Life of a Promise-Disappointment CycleArthur Mason17. Reserves, Secrecy, and the Science of Oil Prognostication in Southern ArabiaMandana E. Limbert18. Vicious Transparency: Contesting Canada’s Hydrocarbon FutureAnna ZalikReferencesIndex
£28.49
MP-WBK World Bank Group Publ Energy from Biomass A Review of Combustion and
Book SynopsisReviews the state of the art of biomass combustion and gasification systems, their advantages and disadvantages. It also encourages investment in use of these technologies to enable developing countries to better exploit their biomass resources and help close the gap between their energy needs and their energy supply.
£20.85
University of Pittsburgh Press Energy Capitals
£38.95
Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd Caching the Carbon The Politics and Policy of
Book SynopsisStudents, scholars and researchers from a wide variety of fields who are interested in climate change, energy policy, and the politics and policy of the environment will find this book illuminating, as will officials and policy makers in international organizations and governments.Trade Review'. . . the volume is a timely and informative text for students and academics, as well as for practitioners within international organizations and governments.' -- Rudra Kapila, Climate LawTable of ContentsContents: 1. The Politics and Policy of Carbon Capture and Storage James Meadowcroft and Oluf Langhelle 2. Technology Leader, Policy Laggard: CCS Development for Climate Mitigation in the US Political Context Jennie C. Stephens 3. CCS in Australia: From Political Posturing to Policy Potential Darren Sinclair and Neil Gunningham 4. CCS in Canada Mark Jaccard and Jacqueline Sharp 5. Technology as Political Glue: CCS in Norway Andreas Tjernshaugen and Oluf Langhelle 6. Electricity Gap versus Climate Change: Electricity Politics and the Potential Role of CCS in Germany Barbara Praetorius and Christoph von Stechow 7. CCS in the UK: Squaring Coal Use with Climate Change? Ivan Scrase and Jim Watson 8. CCS in the Netherlands: Glass Half Empty or Half Full? Philip J. Vergragt 9. CCS and the European Union: Magic Bullet or Pure Magic? Dag Harald Claes and Paal Frisvold 10. CCS in Comparative Perspective Oluf Langhelle and James Meadowcroft 11. The Politics and Policy of CCS: The Uncertain Road Ahead James Meadowcroft and Oluf Langhelle Index
£38.90
John Wiley & Sons Inc Fluid Dynamics of Oil and Gas Reservoirs
Book SynopsisWhether as a textbook for the petroleum engineering student or a reference for the veteran engineer working in the field, this new volume is a valuable asset in the engineer's library for new, tested methods of more efficient oil and gas exploration and production and better estimating methods. In this book, the authors combine a rigorous, yet easy to understand, approach to petrophysics and how it is applied to petroleum and environmental engineering to solve multiple problems that the engineer or geologist faces every day. Useful in the prediction of everything from crude oil composition, pore size distribution in reservoir rocks, groundwater contamination, and other types of forecasting, this approach provides engineers and students alike with a convenient guide to many real-world applications. Fluid dynamics is an extremely important part of the extraction process, and petroleum geologists and engineers must have a working knowledge of fluid dynamics of oil and gas reservoirs inTable of ContentsFluid Dynamics in Petroliferous Areas of Mobile Belts ix1. Geology and Oil and Gas Occurrences in the Alpine Mobile Belt Basins 11.1 Intermontane Troughs 11.2 Foredeeps 162. Hydrogeochemical Field of the Alpine Mobile Belt Basins 312.1 Intermontane Depressions 322.2 Foredeeps 1293. Geobaric Field in Alpine Mobile Belt Basins 1813.1 Abnormally High Pore and Formation Pressures: Their Nature, Types, Identification and Diagnostics 1823.2 Patterns in Spatial Distribution of Abnormally High Pore and Formation Pressures 1954. Geotemperature Field in Alpine Mobil Belt Basins 2514.1 Geotemperature Regime of the Sediment Cover 2524.2 Geothermal Regime in the South Caspian Depression 2594.3 Geothermal Field of Local Structures 2675. Present-Day Geo-Fluid-Dynamics of Alpine Mobile Belt Basins 2735.1 Abnormally-High Fluid Pore Pressure as a Factor in the Formation of Faults, Structure Plans, Regional and Local Folded Structures 2735.2 Regional Dynamics of Ground Waters 2875.3 Geobaric Parameters of Natural Fluid Migration 3215.4 Geotemperature Parameters of Fluid Migration 3586. Hydrocarbon Generation, Migration and Accumulation in the South-Caspian Basin 3657. Geo-Fluid-Dynamic Mechanisms and Factors in the Formation, Location and Forecast of Oil and Gas Occurrences in Alpine Mobile Belt Basins 3977.1 Role of Abnormally High Pressure in the Formation, Placement and Forecast of Regional and Local Oil and Gas Occurrences 3987.2 Role of Ground Water Discharge Zones and Foci in the Formation and Placement of Regional and Local Oil and Gas Occurrences 4088. Qualitative Criteria and Quantitative Attributes of Commercial Oil and Gas Occurrences in Alpine Mobile Belt Basins 4318.1 Hydrochemical Associations Between Ground Water and Hydrocarbon Accumulations 4318.2 Quantitative Parameters in Correlation Between Tectonic Features of Local Structures, Ground Water Dynamics and Oil and Gas Occurrences 4468.3 Quantitative Correlation Between Hydrocarbon Saturation and Thermobaric Regime of Local Structures 4659. Geologo-Mathematical Models of Oil and Gas Accumulation in Alpine Mobile Belt Basins 4839.1 Techniques of Local Structures Hydrocarbon Reserves Forecast and Estimation 4839.2 Zonal and Regional Geologic Models of Oil and Gas Occurrence in Alpine Mobile Belt Basins 48410. Geo-Fluid-Dynamical Parameters of Oil and Gas Occurrence on Local Structures and in Zones of Dominant Oil and Gas Accumulation 49110.1 The South Caspian Depression 49110.2 The Other Alpine Regions 51111. Attempt on Regional Situation Analysis, Conceptual Resource Estimation and Procedure of Strategic Decision-Making in Planning and Conduct of Exploration and Appraisal Operations (Example of the South Caspian Basin) 515Conclusions 579References 585Index 609
£200.66
John Wiley & Sons Inc Carbonate Reservoir Rocks
Book SynopsisMost of the world's energy still comes from fossil fuels, and there are still many strides being made in the efficiency and cost effectiveness of extracting these important and increasingly more elusive natural resources. This is only possible if the nature of the emergence, evolution, and parameter estimation of high grade reservoir rocks at great depths is known and a theory of their forecast is developed. Over 60 percent of world oil production is currently associated with carbonate reservoir rocks. The exploration, appraisal and development of these fields are significantly complicated by a number of factors. These factors include the structural complexity of the carbonate complexes, variability of the reservoir rock types and properties within a particular deposit, many unknowns in the evaluation of fracturing and its spatial variability, and the preservation of the reservoir rock qualities with depth. The main objective of most studies is discovering patterns in the reservoir Table of ContentsIntroduction xiAcknowledgements xv1 Carbonate Reservoir Rock Properties and Previous Studies 11.1 Brief Review of the Previous Studies 11.2 Major Terminology 42 Major Sedimentational Environments of Carbonate Rocks in Sedimentary Basins 132.1 Types of Carbonate Buildups 132.2 Open Shelf Edges 152.3 Genetic Types of Limestones and Dolomites 202.4 Effect of Post-Depositional Processes on the Void Space Formation 253 Conditions of Void Space Formation in Carbonate Rocks of Various Compositions and Genesis 293.1 Carbonate Rock Solubility and the Effect of Certain Factors on the Calcite and Dolomite Solubility Relationships 293.2 Pore Space Formation in Carbonate Rocks of Various Genesis 333.3 Formation of Fracture Capacity Space and Fluid Filtering in Fractured Rocks 374 Reservoir Rock Study Techniques 434.1 Major Evaluation Parameters and Laboratory Techniques of Their Determination 434.2 Method By Bagrintseva: The New Technique of Fracturing and Vugularity Evaluating through the Capillary Saturation of the Carbonate Rocks with Luminophore 474.3 Determination of Fracture Openness 524.4 Method By Bagrintseva-Preobrazhenskaya: The Evaluation Technique of Rock Hydrophobization By Wetting Contact Angle 544.5 Method By Shershukov: New Methodological Approach to the Theoretical Permeability Calculation from Mercury Injection Porometry 605 Natural Oil and Gas Reservoirs in Carbonate Formations of the Pre-Caspian Province 715.1 Brief Review of Geology and Major Oil and Gas Accumulation Zones in the Pre-Caspian Province 715.2 Karachaganak Oil-Gas-Condensate Field 775.3 Zhanazhol Oil-Gas-Condensate Field 995.4 Tengiz Oil Field 1295.5 Korolevskoye Oil Field 1535.6 Astrakhan’ Gas-Condensate Field 1676 Natural Oil and Gas Reservoirs in the Timan-Pechora Province 1816.1 North Khosedayu Oilfield 1817 Types and Properties of the Riphaean Carbonate Reservoir Rocks 2097.1 Yurubchenskoe Gas and Oil Field 2098 Theoretical Fundamentals of the Reservoir Rock Evaluation and Forecast 2318.1 Void Space Structure of Various Genesis Carbonate Deposits 2318.2 Residual Fluid Saturation in the Carbonate Reservoir Rocks 2378.3 Evaluation-Genetic Classification of the Carbonate Reservoir Rocks By Bagrintseva 2498.4 Distribution Models of Different-Type Reservoir Rocks 2539 Major Factors Determining the Formation and Preservation of High-Capacity Carbonate Reservoir Rocks 2599.1 Conditions for the Formation of High-Capacity Reservoir Rocks 2599.2 Evaluation of the Fracturing Role in the Development of the Complex-Type Reservoir Rocks 2639.3 Correlations between Major Reservoir Rock Evaluation Parameters 2689.4 Criteria of the Reservoir Rock Forecast and Evaluation 276Conclusions 285Attachments 287References and Bibliography 319Index 329
£176.36
John Wiley & Sons Inc Biodesulfurization in Petroleum Refining
Book SynopsisFrom basic tenets to the latest advances, this is the most comprehensive and up-to-date coverage of the process of biodesulfurization in the petroleum refining industry. Petroleum refining and process engineering is constantly changing. No new refineries are being built, but companies all over the world are still expanding or re-purposing huge percentages of their refineries every year, year after year. Rather than building entirely new plants, companies are spending billions of dollars in the research and development of new processes that can save time and money by being more efficient and environmentally safer. Biodesulfurization is one of those processes, and nowhere else it is covered more thoroughly or with more up-to-date research of the new advances than in this new volume from Wiley-Scrivener. Besides the obvious benefits to biodesulfurization, there are new regulations in place within the industry with which companies will, over the next decade or longeTable of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Background 1 List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature 1 1.1 Petroleum 2 1.2 Petroleum Composition 7 1.2.1 Petroleum Hydrocarbons 8 1.2.2 Petroleum Non-Hydrocarbons 12 1.2.2.1 Problems Generated by Asphaltenes 14 1.3 Sulfur Compounds 15 1.4 Sulfur in Petroleum Major Refinery Products 20 1.4.1 Gasoline 20 1.4.2 Kerosene 23 1.4.3 Jet Fuel 23 1.4.4 Diesel Fuel 23 1.4.5 Heating/Fuel Oils 24 1.4.6 Bunker Oil 24 1.5 Sulfur Problem 25 1.6 Legislative Regulations of Sulfur Levels in Fuels 29 References 32 2 Desulfurization Technologies 39 List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature 39 2.1 Introduction 43 2.2 Hydrodesulfurization 47 2.3 Oxidative Desulfurization 71 2.4 Selective Adsorption 108 2.5 Biocatalytic Desulfurization 127 2.5.1 Anaerobic Process 127 2.5.2 Aerobic Process 128 References 130 3 Biodesulfurization of Natural Gas 159 List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature 159 3.1 Introduction 161 3.2 Natural Gas Processing 169 3.3 Desulfurization Processes 183 3.3.1 Scavengers 183 3.3.2 Adsorption 187 3.3.3 Liquid Redox Processes 193 3.3.4 Claus Plants 195 3.3.4.1 Classic Claus Plant 196 3.3.4.2 Split-Flow Claus Plant 198 3.3.4.3 Oxygen Enrichment Claus Plant 199 3.3.4.4 Claus Plant Tail Gas 199 3.3.5 Absorption/Desorption Process 201 3.3.6 Biodesulfurization 203 3.3.6.1 Photoautotrophic Bacteria 206 3.3.6.2 Heterotrophic Bacteria 211 3.3.6.3 Chemotrophic Bacteria 212 3.3.7 Other Approaches Concerning the Biodesulfurization of Natural Gas 231 References 242 4 Microbial Denitrogenation of Petroleum and its Fractions 263 List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature 263 4.1 Introduction 265 4.2 Denitrogenation of Petroleum and its Fractions 269 4.2.1 Hydrodenitrogenation 269 4.2.2 Adsorptive Denitrogenation 272 4.2.3 Extractive and Catalytic Oxidative Denitrogenation 278 4.3 Microbial Attack of Nitrogen Polyaromatic Heterocyclic Compounds (NPAHs) 279 4.4 Enhancing Biodegradation of NPAHs by Magnetic Nanoparticles 295 4.5 Challenges and Opportunities for BDN in Petroleum Industries 300 References 307 5 Bioadsorptive Desulfurization of Liquid Fuels 327 List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature 327 5.1 Introduction 329 5.2 ADS by Agroindustrial-Wastes Activated Carbon 332 5.3 ADS on Modified Activated Carbon 342 5.4 ADS on Carbon Aerogels 352 5.5 ADS on Activated Carbon Fibers 353 5.6 ADS on Natural Clay and Zeolites 355 5.7 ADS on New Adsorbents Prepared from Different Biowastes 360 References 365 6 Microbial Attack of Organosulfur Compounds 375 List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature 375 6.1 Introduction 377 6.2 Biodegradation of Sulfur Compounds in the Environment 380 6.3 Microbial Attack on Non–Heterocyclic Sulfur–Containing Hydrocarbons 383 6.3.1 Alkyl and Aryl Sulfides 383 6.3.2 Non – Aromatic Cyclic Sulfur – Containing Hydrocarbons 386 6.4 Microbial Attack of Heterocyclic Sulfur – Hydrocarbons 388 6.4.1 Thiophenes 389 6.4.2 Benzothiophenes and Alkyl-Substituted Benzothiophenes 390 6.4.3 Naphthothiophenes 402 6.4.4 Dibenzothiophene and Alkyl-Substituted Dibenzothiophenes 406 6.4.4.1 Aerobic Biodesulfurization of DBT 406 6.4.4.2 Aerobic Biodesulfurization of Alkylated DBT 419 6.4.4.3 Anaerobic Biodesulfurization of DBT 421 6.5 Recent Elucidated DBT-BDS Pathways 422 References 439 7 Enzymology and Genetics of Biodesulfurization Process 459 List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature 459 7.1 Introduction 461 7.2 Genetics of PASHs BDS Pathway 462 7.2.1 Anaerobic BDS Pathway 462 7.2.2 Aerobic BDS Pathway 463 7.2.2.1 Kodama Pathway 463 7.2.2.2 Complete Degradation Pathway 464 7.2.2.3 4S-Pathway 466 7.3 The Desulfurization dsz Genes 468 7.4 Enzymes Involved in Specific Desulfurization of Thiophenic Compounds 472 7.4.1 The Dsz Enzymes 472 7.4.1.1 DszC Enzyme (DBT-Monooxygenase) 474 7.4.1.2 DszA Enzyme (DBTO2-Monooxygenase) 476 7.4.1.3 DszB Enzyme (HBPS- Desulfinase) 477 7.4.1.4 DszD Enzyme (Flavin-Oxidoreductase Enzyme) 478 7.5 Repression of dsz Genes 480 7.6 Recombinant Biocatalysts for BDS 484 References 506 8 Factors Affecting the Biodesulfurization Process 521 List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature 521 8.1 Introduction 524 8.2 Effect of Incubation Period 525 8.3 Effect of Temperature and pH 527 8.4 Effect of Dissolved Oxygen Concentration 530 8.5 Effect of Agitation Speed 532 8.6 Effect of Initial Biomass Concentration 536 8.7 Effect of Biocatalyst Age 538 8.8 Effect of Mass Transfer 541 8.9 Effect of Surfactant 541 8.10 Effect of Initial Sulfur Concentration 544 8.11 Effect of Type of S-Compounds 546 8.12 Effect of Organic Solvent and Oil to Water Phase Ratio 553 8.13 Effect of Medium Composition 560 8.14 Effect of Growing and Resting Cells 579 8.15 Inhibitory Effect of Byproducts 580 8.16 Statistical Optimization 590 References 616 9 Kinetics of Batch Biodesulfurization Process 639 List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature 639 9.1 Introduction 642 9.2 General Background 643 9.2.1 Phases of Microbial Growth 643 9.2.1.1 The Lag Phase 644 9.2.1.2 The Log Phase 644 9.2.1.3 The Stationary Phase 645 9.2.1.4 The Decline Phase 645 9.2.2 Modeling of Population Growth as a Function of Incubation Time 645 9.3 Microbial Growth Kinetics 645 9.3.1 Exponential Growth Model 645 9.3.2 Logistic Growth Model 648 9.4 Some of the Classical Kinetic Models Applied in BDS-Studies 650 9.5 Factors Affecting the Rate of Microbial Growth 651 9.5.1 Effect of Temperature 651 9.5.2 Effect of pH 654 9.5.3 Effect of Oxygen 654 9.6 Enzyme Kinetics 654 9.6.1 Basic Enzyme Reactions 656 9.6.2 Factors Affecting the Enzyme Activity 657 9.6.2.1 Enzyme Concentration 657 9.6.2.2 Substrate Concentration 658 9.6.2.3 Effect of Inhibitors on Enzyme Activity 659 9.6.2.4 Effect of Temperature 660 9.6.2.5 Effect of pH 661 9.7 Michaelis-Menten Equation 662 9.7.1 Direct Integration Procedure 664 9.7.2 Lineweaver-Burk Plot Method 666 9.7.3 Eadie-Hofstee 666 9.8 Kinetics of a Multi-Substrates System 667 9.9 Traditional 4S-Pathway 668 9.9.1 Formulation of a Kinetic Model for DBT Desulfurization According to 4S-Pathway 669 9.10 Different Kinetic Studies on the Parameters Affecting the BDS Process 673 9.11 Evaluation of the Tested Biocatalysts 734 9.11.1 Kinetics of the Overall Biodesulfurization Reaction 735 9.11.2 Maximum Percentage of Desulfurization (XMAXBDS %) 735 9.11.3 Time for Maximum Biodesulfurization tBDSmax (min) 735 9.11.4 Initial DBT Removal Rate RODBT (μmol/L/min) 736 9.11.5 Maximum Productivity PMAXBDS (%/min) 736 9.11.6 Specific Conversion Rate (SE %L/g/min) 736 References 737 10 Enhancement of BDS Efficiency 753 List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature 753 10.1 Introduction 756 10.2 Isolation of Selective Biodesulfurizing Microorganisms with Broad Versatility on Different S-Compounds 757 10.2.1 Anaerobic Biodesulfurizing Microorganisms 758 10.2.2 Bacteria Capable of Aerobic Selective DBT-BDS 759 10.2.3 Microorganisms with Selective BDS of Benzothiophene and Dibenzothiophene 769 10.2.4 Microorganisms with Methoxylation Pathway 770 10.2.5 Microorganisms with High Tolerance for Oil/Water Phase Ratio 771 10.2.6 Thermotolerant Microorganisms with Selective BDS Capability 772 10.2.7 BDS Using Yeast and Fungi 776 10.3 Genetics and its Role in Improvement of BDS Process 778 10.4 Overcoming the Repression Effects of Byproducts 789 10.5 Enzymatic Oxidation of Organosulfur Compounds 793 10.6 Enhancement of Biodesulfurization via Immobilization 795 10.6.1 Types of Immobilization 800 10.6.1.1 Adsorption 800 10.6.1.2 Covalent Binding 809 10.6.1.3 Encapsulation 809 10.6.1.4 Entrapment 810 10.7 Application of Nano-Technology in BDS Process 826 10.8 Role of Analytical Techniques in BDS 849 10.8.1 Gas Chromatography 850 10.8.1.1 Determination of Sulfur Compounds by GC 850 10.8.1.2 Assessment of Biodegradation 851 10.8.2 Presumptive Screening for Desulfurization and Identification of BDS Pathway 852 10.8.2.1 Gibb’s Assay 853 10.8.2.2 Phenol Assay 853 10.8.3 More Advanced Screening for Desulfurization and Identification of BDS Pathway 854 10.8.3.1 High Performance Liquid Chromatography 854 10.8.3.2 X-ray Sulfur Meter and other Techniques for Determining Total Sulfur Content 855 References 857 11 Biodesulfurization of Real Oil Feed 895 List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature 895 11.1 Introduction 897 11.2 Biodesulfurization of Crude Oil 903 11.3 Biodesulfurization of Different Oil Distillates 909 11.4 BDS of Crude Oil and its Distillates by Thermophilic Microorganisms 921 11.5 Application of Yeast and Fungi in BDS of Real Oil Feed 923 11.6 Biocatalytic Oxidation 924 11.7 Anaerobic BDS of Real Oil Feed 926 11.8 Deep Desulfurization of Fuel Streams by Integrating Microbial with Non-Microbial Methods 928 11.8.1 BDS as a Complement to HDS 928 11.8.2 BDS as a Complementary to ADS 939 11.8.3 Coupling Non-Hydrodesulfurization with BDS 945 11.8.4 Three Step BDS-ODS-RADS 945 11.9 BDS of other Petroleum Products 946 References 952 12 Challenges and Opportunities 973 List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature 973 12.1 Introduction 975 12.2 New Strains with Broad Versatility 983 12.3 New Strains with Higher Hydrocarbon Tolerance 990 12.4 Overcoming the Feedback Inhibition of the End-Products 994 12.5 Biodesulfurization under Thermophilic Conditions 995 12.6 Anaerobic Biodesulfurization 997 12.7 Biocatalytic Oxidation 1000 12.8 Perspectives for Enhancing the Rate of BDS 1001 12.8.1 Application of Genetics in BDS 1002 12.8.2 Implementation of Resting Cells 1009 12.8.3 Microbial Consortium and BDS 1011 12.8.4 Surfactants and BDS 1014 12.8.5 Application of Nanotechnology in the BDS Process 1017 12.9 Production of Valuable Products 1028 12.10 Storage of Fuel and Sulfur 1031 12.11 Process Engineering Research 1033 12.12 BDS Process of Real Oil Feed 1053 12.13 BDS as a Complementary Technology 1061 12.14 Future Perspectives 1063 12.15 Techno-Economic Studies 1066 12.16 Economic Feasibility 1068 12.17 Fields of Developments 1077 12.18 BDS Now and Then 1080 12.19 Conclusion 1083 References 1084 Glossary 1119 Index 1155
£220.46
John Wiley & Sons Inc Formation Testing
Book SynopsisThis new volume, the third in Wiley-Scrivener''s series on formation testing, reviews pressure transient interpretation and contamination analysis methods, providing numerous practical discussions and examples with rigorous formulations solved through exact, closed form, analytical solutions. This new volume in the Formation Testing series further develops new methods and processes that are being developed in the oil and gas industry. In the 1990s through 2000s, the author co-developed Halliburton''s commercially successful GeoTapTM real-time LWD/MWD method for formation testing, and also a parallel method used by China Oilfield Services, which enabled the use of data taken at early times, in low mobility and large flowline volume environments, to support the important estimation of mobility, compressibility and pore pressure, which are necessary for flow economics and fluid contact boundaries analyses (This work was later extended through two Department of Energy Smal
£169.16
John Wiley & Sons Inc Hydrocarbons in Basement Formations
Book SynopsisPetroleum and natural gas still remain the single biggest resource for energy on earth. Even as alternative and renewable sources are developed, petroleum and natural gas continue to be, by far, the most used and, if engineered properly, the most cost-effective and efficient, source of energy on the planet. Contrary to some beliefs, the industry can, in fact, be sustainable, from an environmental, economic, and resource perspective. Petroleum and natural gas are, after all, natural sources of energy and do not have to be treated as pariahs. This groundbreaking new text describes hydrocarbons in basement formations, how they can be characterized and engineered, and how they can be engineered properly, to best achieve sustainability. Covering the basic theories and the underlying scientific concepts, the authors then go on to explain the best practices and new technologies and processes for utilizing basement formations for the petroleum and natural gas industries. Covering all of theTable of ContentsForeword xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Summary 1 1.2 Is Sustainable Petroleum Technology Possible? 2 1.3 Why is it Important to Know the Origin of Petroleum? 4 1.4 What is the Likelihood of an Organic Source? 5 1.5 What is the Implication of the Abiogenic Theory of Hydrocarbon? 6 1.6 How Important are the Fractures for Basement Reservoirs? 8 1.7 What are we Missing Out? 8 1.8 Predicting the Future? 10 1.9 What is the Actual Potential of Basement Hydrocarbons? 10 2 Organic Origin of Basement Hydrocarbons 11 2.0 Introduction 11 2.1 Sources of Hydrocarbon 13 2.2 Non-Conventional Sources of Petroleum Fluids 29 2.3 What is a Natural Energy Source? 34 2.4 The Science of Water and Petroleum 39 2.5 Comparison between Water and Petroleum 42 2.6 Combustion and Oxidation 57 2.6.1 Petroleum 59 2.6.2 Natural Gas 60 2.6.3 Natural Gas Hydrates 62 2.6.4 Tar Sand Bitumen 63 2.6.5 Coal 65 2.6.6 Oil Shale 65 2.6.7 Wax 66 2.6.8 Biomass 67 3 Non-organic Origin of Basement Hydrocarbons 69 3.0 Introduction 69 3.1 Theories of Non-organic Origin of Basement Petroleum 70 3.2 Formation of Magma 72 3.2.1 Magma Escape Routes 73 3.2.2 Magma Chamber 74 3.2.3 Types of Magma 78 3.2.3.1 Mafic Magma 80 3.2.3.2 Intermediate Magma 80 3.2.3.3 Felsic Magma 81 3.3 The Composition of Magma 82 3.4 The Dynamics of Magma 85 3.5 Water in the Mantle 103 3.6 The Carbon Cycle and Hydrocarbon 108 3.7 Role of Magma During the Formation of Hydrocarbon from Organic Sources 118 3.8 Abiogenic Petroleum Origin Theory 119 3.8.1 Diamond as Source of Hydrocarbons 128 3.8.2 Oil and Gas Deposits in the Precambrian Crystalline Basement 132 3.8.3 Supergiant Oil and Gas Accumulations 138 3.8.4 Gas Hydrates – the Greatest Source of Abiogenic Petroleum 142 4 Characterization of Basement Reservoirs 147 4.0 Summary 147 4.1 Introduction 147 4.2 Natural and Artificial Fractures 151 4.2.1 Overall in Situ Stress Orientations 161 4.3 Developing Reservoir Characterization Tools for Basement Reservoirs 162 4.4 Origin of Fractures 171 4.5 Seismic Fracture Characterization 178 4.5.1 Effects of Fractures on Normal Moveout (NMO) Velocities and P-wave Azimuthal AVO Response 181 4.5.2 Effects of Fracture Parameters on Properties of Anisotropic Parameters and P-wave NMO Velocities 182 4.6 Reservoir Characterization During Drilling 185 4.6.1 Overbalanced Drilling 191 4.6.2 Underbalanced Drilling (UBD) 193 4.7 Reservoir Characterization with Image Log and Core Analysis 202 4.7.1 Geophysical Logs 205 4.7.1.1 Circumferential Borehole Imaging Log (CBIL) 213 4.7.1.2 Petrophysical Data Analysis using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) 220 4.7.2 Core Analysis 228 4.8 Major Forces of Oil and Gas Reservoirs 237 4.9 Reservoir Heterogeneity 255 4.9.1 Filtering Permeability Data 263 4.9.2 Total Volume Estimate 267 4.9.3 Estimates of Fracture Properties 268 4.10 Special Considerations for Shale 268 5 Case Studies of Fractured Basement Reservoirs 273 5.0 Summary 273 5.1 Introduction 274 5.2 Geophysical Tools 282 5.2.1 Scale Considerations in Logging Fracture Rocks 283 5.2.2 Fracture Applications of Conventional Geophysical Logs 284 5.2.3 Borehole Techniques 290 5.2.3.1 Borehole Wall Imaging 291 5.2.4 Micro Log Analysis 294 5.2.4.1 High-definition Formation Microimager 295 5.2.4.2 Micro-Conductivity Imager Tool (MCI) 299 5.2.4.3 Multistage Geometric Analysis Method 300 5.2.5 Fracture Identifications using Neural Networks 303 5.3 Petro-physics in Fracture Modeling, Special Logs and their Importance 303 5.3.1 Measurement While Drilling (MWD) 303 5.3.1.1 Formation Properties 305 5.3.2 Mud Logging 306 5.3.2.1 Objectives of Mud Logging 306 5.3.2.2 Mud Losses into Natural Fractures 307 5.3.3 Conventional Logging 308 5.3.3.1 Resistivity Logging 308 5.3.3.2 Porosity Logging 308 5.3.3.3 Combination Tools 308 5.3.3.4 Cased-Hole Logging 309 5.3.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Ultra Sonography 309 5.3.4.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 309 5.3.4.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 310 5.3.4.3 Ultra-Sonography 311 5.4 Case Study of Vietnam 312 5.5 Case Studies from USA 323 5.5.1 Tuning/Vertical Resolution Analysis 327 5.5.2 Conclusion on Case Study 329 5.5.3 Geological Techniques 329 5.5.3.1 Data and Methods 330 5.5.3.2 Distinguishing Natural Fractures from Induced Fractures and their Well-Logging Response Features 333 5.5.3.3 Analysis of well-Logging Responses to Fractures and Establishment of Interpretation Model 334 5.5.3.4 Distribution of Natural Fracture 335 6 Scientific Characterization of Basement Reservoirs 337 6.1 Summary 337 6.2 Introduction 338 6.3 Characteristic Time 342 6.4 Organic and Mechanical Frequencies 349 6.5 Redefining Force and Energy 351 6.5.1 Energy 351 6.6 Natural Energy vs. Artificial Energy 362 6.7 From Natural Energy to Natural Mass 368 6.8 Organic Origin of Petroleum 397 6.9 Scientific Ranking of Petroleum 403 6.10 Placement of Basement Reservoirs in the Energy Picture 414 6.10.1 Reserve Growth Potential of Basement Oil/Gas 424 6.10.2 Reservoir Categories in the United States 425 6.10.2.1 Eolian Reservoirs 427 6.10.2.2 Interconnected Fluvial, Deltaic, and Shallow Marine Reservoirs 434 6.10.2.3 Deeper Marine Shales 440 6.10.2.4 Marine Carbonate Reservoirs 443 6.10.2.5 Submarine Fan Reservoir 446 6.10.2.6 Fluvial Reservoir 446 6.10.3 Quantitative Measures of Well Production Variability 451 7 Overview of Reservoir Simulation of Basement Reservoirs 459 7.1 Summary 459 7.2 Introduction 460 7.2.1 Vugs and Fractures Together (Triple Porosity): 465 7.3 Meaningful Modeling 466 7.4 Essence of Reservoir Simulation 468 7.4.1 Assumptions behind Various Modeling Approaches 469 7.4.1.1 Material Balance Equation 471 7.4.1.2 Decline Curve 473 7.4.1.3 Statistical Method 482 7.4.1.4 Finite Difference Methods 487 7.5 Modeling Fractured Networks 493 7.5.1 Introduction 493 7.5.2 Double Porosity Models 493 7.5.2.1 The Baker Model 495 7.5.2.2 The Warren-Root Model 1963 496 7.5.2.3 The Kazemi Model 496 7.5.3 The De Swaan Model 497 7.5.4 Modeling of Double Porosity Reservoirs 497 7.5.5 Dimensionless Variables 498 7.5.6 Influence of Double-Porosity Parameters 501 7.5.6.1 Influence of ω: 502 7.5.6.2 Influence of λ: 502 7.6 Double Permeability Models 504 7.6.1 Basic Assumptions for Double Permeability Model 505 7.6.2 Dimensionless Variables 507 7.6.3 Double Permeability Behavior when the two Layers are Producing 508 7.6.4 Influence of Double Permeability Parameters 508 7.6.4.1 Influence of κ and ω: 508 7.6.4.2 Influence of λ: 511 7.6.5 Double Permeability Behavior when only One Layer is Producing 511 7.7 Reservoir Simulation Data Input 514 7.8 Geological and Geophysical Modeling 516 7.9 Reservoir Characterization 518 7.9.1 Representative Elementary Volume, REV 520 7.9.2 Fluid and Rock Properties 523 7.9.2.1 Fluid Properties 523 7.10 Risk Analysis and Reserve Estimations 524 7.10.1 Special Conditions of Unconventional Reservoirs 524 7.10.1.1 Fluid Saturation 525 7.10.1.2 Transition Zones 525 7.10.1.3 Permeability-Porosity Relationships 525 7.10.1.4 Compressibility of the Fractured Reservoirs 526 7.10.1.5 Capillary Pressure 526 7.10.2 Recovery Mechanisms in Fractured Reservoirs 528 7.10.2.1 Expansion 528 7.10.2.2 Sudation 530 7.10.2.3 Convection and Diffusion 532 7.10.2.4 Multiphase Flow in the Fracture Network 532 7.10.2.5 Interplay of the Recovery Processes 533 7.10.2.6 Cyclic Water Injection 533 7.10.2.7 Localized Deformation of Fluid Contacts 534 7.10.3 Specific Aspects of a Fractured Reservoir 535 7.10.3.1 Material Balance Relationships 535 7.10.4 Migration of Hydrocarbons in a Fractured Reservoir and Associated Risks 538 7.10.4.1 The Case of Fracturing Followed by Hydrocarbon Migration 538 7.11 Recent Advances in Reservoir Simulation 542 7.11.1 Speed and Accuracy 542 7.11.2 New Fluid Flow Equations 543 7.11.3 Coupled Fluid Flow and Geo-Mechanical Stress Model 545 7.11.4 Fluid Flow Modeling under Thermal Stress 547 7.11.5 Challenges of Modeling Unconventional Gas Reservoirs 547 7.12 Comprehensive Modeling 556 7.12.1 Governing Equations 556 7.12.2 Darcy’s Model 557 7.12.3 Forchheimer’s Model 558 7.12.4 Modified Brinkman’s Model 561 7.12.5 The Comprehensive Model 564 7.13 Towards Solving Non-Linear Equations 568 7.13.1 Adomian Domain Decomposition Method 569 7.13.2 Governing Equations 571 7.14 Adomian Decomposition of Buckley-Leverett Equation 573 7.14.1 Discussion 576 8 Conclusions and Recommendations 581 8.1 Concluding Remarks 581 8.2 Answers to the Research Questions 582 8.2.1 Is Sustainable Petroleum Technology Possible? 582 8.2.2 Why is it Important to Know the Origin of Petroleum? 582 8.2.3 What is the Likelihood of an Organic Source for Basement Fluids? 583 8.2.4 What is the Implication of the Abiogenic Theory of Hydrocarbon? 583 8.2.5 How Important are the Fractures for Basement Reservoirs? 583 8.2.6 What are we Missing Out? 584 8.2.7 Predicting the Future? 584 8.2.8 What is the Actual Potential of Basement Hydrocarbons? 584 9 References and Bibliography 587 Index 619
£195.26
John Wiley & Sons Inc Chemical Process Engineering Volume 1
Book SynopsisWritten by two of the most prolific and respected chemical engineers in the world, this groundbreaking two-volume set is the new standard in the industry, offering engineers and students alike the most up-do-date, comprehensive, and state-of-the-art coverage of processes and best practices in the field today. This first new volume in a two-volume set explores and describes integrating new tools for engineering education and practice for better utilization of the existing knowledge on process design. Useful not only for students, professors, scientists and practitioners, especially process, chemical, mechanical and metallurgical engineers, it is also a valuable reference for other engineers, consultants, technicians and scientists concerned about various aspects of industrial design. The text can be considered as a complementary text to process design for senior and graduate students as well as a hands-on reference work or refresher for engineers at entry level.Table of ContentsPreface xvii Acknowledgments xix About the Authors xxi 1 Computations with Excel Spreadsheet-UniSim Design Simulation 1 Section I - Numerical Analysis 1 Introduction 1 Excel Spreadsheet 1 Functions 2 Trendline Coefficients 2 Goal Seek 5 Solver 6 Linear Regression 7 Measuring Regression Quality 9 Multiple Regression 9 Polynomial Regression 11 Simultaneous Linear Equations 11 Nonlinear Equations 12 Interpolations 13 Integrations 14 The Trapezoidal Rule 14 Simpson’s 1/3 Rule 15 Simpson’s 3/8 Rule 15 Differential Equations 15 Nth Order Ordinary Differential Equations 15 Solution of First-Order Ordinary Differential Equations 15 Runge-Kutta Methods 16 Examples and Solutions 17 Section II – Process Simulation 28 Introduction 28 Thermodynamics for Process Simulators 29 UNISIM Design Software 30 Examples and Solutions 31 References 78 2 Physical Property of Pure Components and Mixtures 81 Pure Components 81 Density of Liquid 82 Viscosity of Liquid 83 Heat Capacity of Liquid 85 Thermal Conductivity of Liquid 87 Volumetric Expansion Rate 90 Vapor Pressure 91 Viscosity of Gas 93 Thermal Conductivity of Gas 94 Heat Capacity of Gases 95 Mixtures 97 Surface Tensions 98 Viscosity of Gas Mixture 99 Enthalpy of Formation 101 Enthalpy of Vaporization 103 Gibbs Energy of Reaction 105 Henry’s Law Constant for Gases in Water 107 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid 108 Diffusion Coefficients 109 Gas-Phase Diffusion Coefficients 109 Liquid-Phase Diffusion Coefficients 110 Compressibility Z-factor 111 Solubility and Adsorption 116 Solubility of Hydrocarbons in Water 116 Solubility of Gases in Water 117 Solubility of Sulfur and Nitrogen Compounds in Water 118 Adsorption on Activated Carbon 119 References 119 3 Fluid Flow 121 Introduction 121 Flow of Fluids in Pipes 121 Equivalent Length of Various Fittings and Valves 123 Excess Head Loss 123 Pipe Reduction and Enlargement 124 Pressure Drop Calculations for Single-phase Incompressible Fluids 124 Friction Factor 127 Overall Pressure Drop 128 Nomenclature 130 Compressible Fluid Flow in Pipes 130 Maximum Flow and Pressure Drop 131 Critical or Sonic Flow and the Mach Number 131 Mach Number 132 Mathematical Model of Compressible Isothermal Flow 134 Flow Rate Through Pipeline 136 Pipeline Pressure Drop 138 Nomenclature 139 Subscripts 139 Two-phase Flow in Process Piping 139 Flow Patterns 140 Flow Regimes 142 Pressure Drop 142 Erosion-Corrosion 145 Nomenclature 145 Vapor-liquid Two-phase Vertical Downflow 146 The Equations 147 The Algorithm 147 Nomenclature 147 Line Sizes for Flashing Steam Condensate 148 The Equations 148 Nomenclature 149 Flow Through Packed Beds 150 The Equations 151 Nomenclature 152 Examples and Solutions 152 References 162 4 Equipment Sizing 165 Introduction 165 Sizing of Vertical and Horizontal Separators 166 Vertical Separators 166 Calculation Method for a Vertical Drum 168 Calculation Method for a Horizontal Drum 170 Liquid Holdup and Vapor Space Disengagement 171 Wire Mesh Pad 171 Standards for Horizontal Separators 172 Piping Requirements 172 Nomenclature 172 Sizing of Partly Filled Vessels and Tanks 173 The Equations 173 Nomenclature 175 Preliminary Vessel Design 176 Nomenclature 177 Cyclone Design 178 Introduction 178 Cyclone Design Procedure 178 The Equations 179 Saltation Velocity 180 Pressure Drop 181 Troubleshooting Cyclone Maloperations 182 Cyclone Collection Efficiency 182 Cyclone Design Factor 182 Cyclone Design Procedure 183 Nomenclature 183 Gas Dryer Design 184 The Equations 186 Pressure Drop 187 Desiccant Reactivation 188 Nomenclature 188 Examples and Solutions 189 References 194 5 Instrument Sizing 195 Introduction 195 Variable-Head Meters 195 Macroscopic Mechanical Energy Balance 196 Variable-Head Meters 196 Orifice Sizing for Liquid and Gas Flows 200 Orifice Sizing for Liquid Flows 201 Orifice Sizing for Gas Flows 202 Orifice Sizing for Liquid Flow 204 Orifice Sizing for Gas Flow 204 Types of Restriction Orifice Plates 205 Case Study 1 205 Nomenclature 212 Control Valve Sizing 221 Introduction 221 Control Valve Characteristics 223 Pressure Drop for Sizing 224 Choked Flow 224 Flashing and Cavitation 224 Control Valve Sizing for Liquid, Gas, Steam and Two-Phase Flows 225 Liquid Sizing 226 Gas Sizing 227 Critical Condition 227 Steam Sizing 227 Two-Phase Flow 228 Installation 229 Noise 229 Control Valve Sizing Criteria 230 Valve Sizing Criteria 230 Self-Acting Regulators 231 Types of Self-Acting Regulators 231 Case Study 2 233 Rules of Thumb 246 Nomenclature 246 References 247 6 Pumps and Compressors Sizing 249 Pumps 249 Introduction 249 Pumping of Liquids 249 Pump Design Standardization 252 Basic Parts of a Centrifugal Pump 253 Impellers 253 Casing 253 Shaft 254 Centrifugal Pump Selection 255 Single-Stage (Single Impeller) Pumps 256 Hydraulic Characteristics for Centrifugal Pumps 260 Friction Losses Due to Flow 269 Velocity Head 269 Friction 271 Net Positive Suction Head (npsh) and Pump Suction 271 General Suction System 277 Reductions in NPSHR 279 Corrections to NPSHR for Hot Liquid Hydrocarbons and Water 279 Charting NPSHR Values of Pumps 280 Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) 280 Specific Speed 282 “Type Specific Speed” 285 Rotative Speed 286 Pumping Systems and Performance 286 System Head Using Two Different Pipe Sizes in Same Line 288 Power Requirements for Pumping Through Process Lines 291 Hydraulic Power 292 Relations Between Head, Horsepower, Capacity, Speed 293 Brake Horsepower (BHP) Input at Pump 293 Affinity Laws 296 Pump Parameters 298 Specific Speed, Flowrate and Power Required by a Pump 299 Pump Sizing of Gas-Oil 301 Debutanizer Unit 303 Centrifugal Pump Efficiency 306 Centrifugal Pump Specifications 311 Pump Specifications 311 Steps in Pump Sizing 312 Reciprocating Pumps 313 Significant Features in Reciprocating Pump Arrangements 314 Application 316 Performance 316 Discharge Flow Patterns 317 Horsepower 318 Pump Selection 318 Selection Rules-of-Thumb 318 A Case Study 321 Pump Simulation on a PFD 321 Variables Descriptions 322 Simulation Algorithm 322 Problem 323 Discussion 324 Pump Cavitation 332 Factors in Pump Selection 333 Compressors 334 Introduction 334 General Application Guide 334 Specification Guides 337 General Considerations for Any Type of Compressor Flow Conditions 337 Fluid Properties 338 Compressibility 338 Corrosive Nature 338 Moisture 339 Special Conditions 339 Specification Sheet 339 Performance Considerations 339 Cooling Water to Cylinder Jackets 339 Heat Rejected to Water 339 Drivers 340 Ideal Pressure – Volume Relationship 341 Actual Compressor Diagram 343 Deviations From Ideal Gas Laws: Compressibility 343 Adiabatic Calculations 346 Charles’ Law at Constant Pressure 346 Amonton’s Law at Constant Volume 346 Combined Boyle’s and Charles’ Laws 346 Entropy Balance Method 347 Isentropic Exponent Method 347 Compression Ratio 354 Horsepower 356 Single Stage 356 Theoretical Hp 356 Actual Brake Horsepower, Bhp 356 Actual Brake Horsepower, Bhp (Alternate Correction for Compressibility) 361 Temperature Rise – Adiabatic 363 Temperature Rise – Polytropic 365 A Case Study Using Unisim Design R460.1 Software for a Two–stage Compression 365 Case Study 2 365 Solution 365 1. Starting UniSim Design Software 366 2. Creating a New Simulation 366 Saving the Simulation 367 3. Adding Components to the Simulation 367 4. Selecting a Fluids Package 368 5. Select the Units for the Simulation 369 6. Enter Simulation Environment 369 Accidentally Closing the PFD 371 Object Palette 371 7. Adding Material Streams 371 8. Specifying Material Streams 372 9. Adding A Compressor 374 Specifications 381 Compression Process 385 Adiabatic 385 Isothermal 385 Polytropic 385 Efficiency 388 Head 390 Adiabatic Head Developed Per Single-stage Wheel 390 Polytropic Head 391 Polytropic 391 Brake Horsepower 393 Speed of Rotation 396 Temperature Rise During Compression 397 Sonic or Acoustic Velocity 399 Mach Number 402 Specific Speed 402 Compressor Equations in Si Units 403 Polytropic Compressor 405 Adiabatic Compressor 408 Efficiency 409 Mass Flow Rate, w 409 Mechanical Losses 410 Estimating Compressor Horsepower 411 Multistage Compressors 412 Multicomponent Gas Streams 414 Affinity Laws 422 Speed 423 Impeller Diameters (Similar) 423 Impeller Diameter (Changed) 424 Effect of Temperature 424 Affinity Law Performance 425 Troubleshooting of Centrifugal and Reciprocating Compressors 425 Nomenclature 429 Greek Symbols 431 Subscripts 432 Nomenclature 432 Subscripts 434 Greek Symbols 434 References 434 Pumps 434 Bibliography 435 References 435 Compressors 435 Bibliography 436 7 Mass Transfer 437 Introduction 437 Vapor Liquid Equilibrium 437 Bubble Point Calculation 441 Dew Point Calculation 442 Equilibrium Flash Composition 442 Fundamental 443 The Equations 444 The Algorithm 445 Nomenclature 446 Tower Sizing for Valve Trays 446 Introduction 446 The Equations 448 Nomenclature 452 Greek Letters 465 Packed Tower Design 466 Introduction 466 Pressure Drop 466 Flooding 466 Operating and Design Conditions 468 Design Equations 471 Packed Towers versus Trayed Towers 473 Economic Trade-Offs 473 Nomenclature 474 Greek Letters 474 Determination of Plates in Fractionating Columns By the Smoker Equations 474 Introduction 474 The Equations 474 Application to a Distillation Column 475 Rectifying Section: 475 Stripping Section: 476 Nomenclature 476 Multicomponent Distribution and Minimum Trays In Distillation Columns 477 Introduction 477 Key Components 477 Equations Surveyed 477 Fractionating Tray Stability Diagrams 479 Areas of Unacceptable Operation 479 Foaming 480 Flooding 480 Entrainment 480 Weeping/Dumping 480 Fractionation Problem Solving Considerations 481 Mathematical Modeling 481 The Fenske’s Method for Total Reflux 483 The Gilliland Method for Number of Equilibrium Stages 484 The Underwood Method 485 Equations for Describing Gilliland’s Graph 486 Kirkbride’s Feed Plate Location 487 Nomenclature 487 Greek Letters 488 Examples and Solutions 488 References 499 Index 501
£180.86
John Wiley & Sons Inc Physics of Fluid Flow and Transport in
Book SynopsisPhysics of Fluid Flow and Transport in Unconventional Reservoir Rocks Understanding and predicting fluid flow in hydrocarbon shale and other non-conventional reservoir rocks Oil and natural gas reservoirs found in shale and other tight and ultra-tight porous rocks have become increasingly important sources of energy in both North America and East Asia. As a result, extensive research in recent decades has focused on the mechanisms of fluid transfer within these reservoirs, which have complex pore networks at multiple scales. Continued research into these important energy sources requires detailed knowledge of the emerging theoretical and computational developments in this field. Following a multidisciplinary approach that combines engineering, geosciences and rock physics, Physics of Fluid Flow and Transport in Unconventional Reservoir Rocks provides both academic and industrial readers with a thorough grounding in this cutting-edge area of rock geology, combining an explanation of theTable of ContentsList of Contributors xvii Preface xxi Introduction 1 1 Unconventional Reservoirs: Advances and Challenges 3 Behzad Ghanbarian, Feng Liang, and Hui-Hai Liu 1.1 Background 3 1.2 Advances 4 1.2.1 Wettability 4 1.2.2 Permeability 5 1.3 Challenges 7 1.3.1 Multiscale Systems 7 1.3.2 Hydrocarbon Production 9 1.3.3 Recovery Factor 9 1.3.4 Unproductive Wells 9 1.4 Concluding Remarks 11 References 11 Part I Pore-Scale Characterizations 15 2 Pore-Scale Simulations and Digital Rock Physics 17 Junjian Wang, Feifei Qin, Jianlin Zhao, Li Chen, Hari Viswanathan, and Qinjun Kang 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Physics of Pore-Scale Fluid Flow in Unconventional Rocks 18 2.2.1 Physics of Gas Flow 18 2.2.1.1 Gas Slippage and Knudsen Layer Effect 18 2.2.1.2 Gas Adsorption/Desorption and Surface Diffusion 20 2.2.2 Physics of Water Flow 22 2.2.3 Physics of Condensation 23 2.3 Theory of Pore-Scale Simulation Methods 23 2.3.1 The Isothermal Single-Phase Lattice Boltzmann Method 23 2.3.1.1 Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook (BGK) Collision Operator 24 2.3.1.2 The Multi-Relaxation Time (MRT)-LB Scheme 24 2.3.1.3 The Regularization Procedure 26 2.3.2 Multi-phase Lattice Boltzmann Simulation Method 27 2.3.2.1 Color-Gradient Model 27 2.3.2.2 Shan-Chen Model 28 2.3.3 Capture Fluid Slippage at the Solid Boundary 29 2.3.4 Capture the Knudsen Layer/Effective Viscosity 30 2.3.5 Capture the Adsorption/Desorption and Surface Diffusion Effects 30 2.3.5.1 Modeling of Adsorption in LBM 30 2.3.5.2 Modeling of Surface Diffusion Via LBM 31 2.4 Applications 32 2.4.1 Simulation of Gas Flow in Unconventional Reservoir Rocks 32 2.4.1.1 Gas Slippage 32 2.4.1.2 Gas Adsorption 33 2.4.1.3 Surface Diffusion of Adsorbed Gas 35 2.4.2 Simulation of Water Flow in Unconventional Reservoir Rocks 35 2.4.3 Simulation of Immiscible Two-Phase Flow 39 2.4.4 Simulation of Vapor Condensation 43 2.4.4.1 Model Validations 44 2.4.4.2 Vapor Condensation in Two Adjacent Nano-Pores 44 2.5 Conclusion 48 References 49 3 Digital Rock Modeling: A Review 53 Yuqi Wu and Pejman Tahmasebi 3.1 Introduction 53 3.2 Single-Scale Modeling of Digital Rocks 54 3.2.1 Experimental Techniques 54 3.2.1.1 Imaging Technique of Serial Sectioning 54 3.2.1.2 Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy 54 3.2.1.3 X-Ray Computed Tomography Scanning 55 3.2.2 Computational Methods 55 3.2.2.1 Simulated Annealing 56 3.2.2.2 Markov Chain Monte Carlo 56 3.2.2.3 Sequential Indicator Simulation 56 3.2.2.4 Multiple-Point Statistics 57 3.2.2.5 Machine Learning 58 3.2.2.6 Process-Based Modeling 58 3.3 Multiscale Modeling of Digital Rocks 59 3.3.1 Multiscale Imaging Techniques 60 3.3.2 Computational Methods 60 3.3.2.1 Image Superposition 60 3.3.2.2 Pore-Network Integration 61 3.3.2.3 Image Resolution Enhancement 63 3.3.2.4 Object-Based Reconstruction 63 3.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 65 Acknowledgments 66 References 66 4 Scale Dependence of Permeability and Formation Factor: A Simple Scaling Law 77 Behzad Ghanbarian and Misagh Esmaeilpour 4.1 Introduction 77 4.2 Theory 78 4.2.1 Funnel Defect Approach 78 4.2.2 Application to Porous Media 79 4.3 Pore-network Simulations 80 4.4 Results and Discussion 81 4.5 Limitations 86 4.6 Conclusion 86 Acknowledgment 86 References 87 Part II Core-Scale Heterogeneity 89 5 Modeling Gas Permeability in Unconventional Reservoir Rocks 91 Behzad Ghanbarian, Feng Liang, and Hui-Hai Liu 5.1 Introduction 91 5.1.1 Theoretical Models 91 5.1.2 Pore-Network Models 92 5.1.3 Gas Transport Mechanisms 93 5.1.4 Objectives 93 5.2 Effective-Medium Theory 93 5.3 Single-Phase Gas Permeability 95 5.3.1 Gas Permeability in a Cylindrical Tube 95 5.3.2 Pore Pressure-Dependent Gas Permeability in Tight Rocks 96 5.3.3 Comparison with Experiments 96 5.3.4 Comparison with Pore-Network Simulations 98 5.3.5 Comparaison with Lattice-Boltzmann Simulations 99 5.4 Gas Relative Permeability 100 5.4.1 Hydraulic Flow in a Cylindrical Pore 100 5.4.2 Molecular Flow in a Cylindrical Pore 101 5.4.3 Total Gas Flow in a Cylindrical Pore 101 5.4.4 Gas Relative Permeability in Tight Rocks 101 5.4.5 Comparison with Experiments 102 5.4.6 Comparison with Pore-Network Simulations 107 5.5 Conclusions 108 Acknowledgment 109 References 109 6 NMR and Its Applications in Tight Unconventional Reservoir Rocks 113 Jin-Hong Chen, Mohammed Boudjatit, and Stacey M. Althaus 6.1 Introduction 113 6.2 Basic NMR Physics 113 6.2.1 Nuclear Spin 114 6.2.2 Nuclear Zeeman Splitting and NMR 114 6.2.3 Nuclear Magnetization 115 6.2.4 Bloch Equations and NMR Relaxation 116 6.2.5 Simple NMR Experiments: Free Induction Decay and CPMG Echoes 117 6.2.6 NMR Relaxation of a Pure Fluid in a Rock Pore 118 6.2.7 Measured NMR CPMG Echoes in a Formation Rock 119 6.2.8 Inversion 119 6.2.8.1 Regularized Linear Least Squares 120 6.2.8.2 Constrains of the Resulted NMR Spectrum in Inversion 120 6.2.9 Data from NMR Measurement 121 6.3 NMR Logging for Unconventional Source Rock Reservoirs 121 6.3.1 Brief Introduction of Unconventional Source Rocks 121 6.3.2 NMR Measurement of Source Rocks 122 6.3.2.1 NMR Log of a Source Rock Reservoir 122 6.3.3 Pore Size Distribution in a Shale Gas Reservoir 124 6.4 NMR Measurement of Long Whole Core 125 6.4.1 Issues of NMR Instrument for Long Sample 125 6.4.2 HSR-NMR of Long Core 126 6.4.3 Application Example 128 6.5 NMR Measurement on Drill Cuttings 130 6.5.1 Measurement Method 131 6.5.1.1 Preparation of Drill Cuttings 131 6.5.1.2 Measurements 131 6.5.2 Results 132 6.6 Conclusions 133 References 135 7 Tight Rock Permeability Measurement in Laboratory: Some Recent Progress 139 Hui-Hai Liu, Jilin Zhang, and Mohammed Boudjatit 7.1 Introduction 139 7.2 Commonly Used Laboratory Methods 140 7.2.1 Steady-State Flow Method 140 7.2.2 Pressure Pulse-Decay Method 141 7.2.3 Gas Research Institute Method 143 7.3 Simultaneous Measurement of Fracture and Matrix Permeabilities from Fractured Core Samples 144 7.3.1 Estimation of Fracture and Matrix Permeability from PPD Data for Two Flow Regimes 144 7.3.2 Mathematical Model 146 7.3.3 Method Validation and Discussion 148 7.4 Direct Measurement of Permeability-Pore Pressure Function 150 7.4.1 Knudsen Diffusion, Slippage Flow, and Effective Gas Permeability 150 7.4.2 Methodology for Directly Measuring Permeability-Pore Pressure Function 152 7.4.3 Experiments 155 7.5 Summary and Conclusions 159 References 159 8 Stress-Dependent Matrix Permeability in Unconventional Reservoir Rocks 163 Athma R. Bhandari, Peter B. Flemings, and Sebastian Ramiro-Ramirez 8.1 Introduction 163 8.2 Sample Descriptions 164 8.3 Permeability Test Program 165 8.4 Permeability Behavior with Confining Stress Cycling 166 8.5 Matrix Permeability Behavior 170 8.6 Concluding Remarks 172 Acknowledgments 174 References 174 9 Assessment of Shale Wettability from Spontaneous Imbibition Experiments 177 Zhiye Gao and Qinhong Hu 9.1 Introduction 177 9.2 Spontaneous Imbibition Theory 178 9.3 Samples and Analytical Methods 179 9.3.1 SI Experiments 179 9.3.2 Barnett Shale from United States 180 9.3.3 Silurian Longmaxi Formation and Triassic Yanchang Formation Shales from China 180 9.3.4 Jurassic Ziliujing Formation Shale from China 182 9.4 Results and Discussion 183 9.4.1 Complicated Wettability of Barnett Shale Inferred Qualitatively from SI Experiments 183 9.4.1.1 Wettability of Barnett Shale 184 9.4.1.2 Properties of Barnett Samples and Their Correlation to Wettability 186 9.4.1.3 Low Pore Connectivity to Water of Barnett Samples 187 9.4.2 More Oil-Wet Longmaxi Formation Shale and More Water-Wet Yanchang Formation Shale 188 9.4.2.1 TOC and Mineralogy 188 9.4.2.2 Pore Structure Difference Between Longmaxi and Yanchang Samples 188 9.4.2.3 Water and Oil Imbibition Experiments 191 9.4.2.4 Wettability of Longmaxi and Yanchang Shale Samples Deduced from SI Experiments 197 9.4.3 Complicated Wettability of Ziliujing Formation Shale 197 9.4.3.1 TOC and Mineralogy 197 9.4.3.2 Pore Structure 197 9.4.3.3 Water and Oil Imbibition Experiments 200 9.4.3.4 Wettability of Ziliujing Formation Shale Indicated from SI Experiments and its Correlation to Shale Pore Structure and Composition 201 9.4.4 Shale Wettability Evolution Model 201 9.5 Conclusions 204 Acknowledgments 204 References 204 10 Permeability Enhancement in Shale Induced by Desorption 209 Brandon Schwartz and Derek Elsworth 10.1 Introduction 209 10.1.1 Shale Mineralogical Characteristics 209 10.1.2 Flow Network 210 10.1.2.1 Bedding-Parallel Flow Network 211 10.1.2.2 Bedding-Perpendicular Flow Paths 212 10.2 Adsorption in Shales 214 10.2.1 Langmuir Theory 214 10.2.2 Competing Strains in Permeability Evolution 215 10.2.2.1 Poro-Sorptive Strain 215 10.2.2.2 Thermal-Sorptive Strain 218 10.3 Permeability Models for Sorptive Media 218 10.3.1 Strain Based Models 219 10.4 Competing Processes during Permeability Evolution 220 10.4.1 Resolving Competing Strains 220 10.4.2 Solving for Sorption-Induced Permeability Evolution 221 10.5 Desorption Processes Yielding Permeability Enhancement 223 10.5.1 Pressure Depletion 223 10.5.2 Lowering Partial Pressure 224 10.5.3 Sorptive Gas Injection 225 10.5.4 Desorption with Increased Temperature 225 10.6 Permeability Enhancement Due to Nitrogen Flooding 225 10.7 Discussion 226 10.8 Conclusion 228 References 229 11 Multiscale Experimental Study on Interactions Between Imbibed Stimulation Fluids and Tight Carbonate Source Rocks 235 Feng Liang, Hui-Hai Liu, and Jilin Zhang 11.1 Introduction 235 11.2 Fluid Uptake Pathways 236 11.2.1 Experimental Methods 236 11.2.1.1 Materials 236 11.2.1.2 Experimental Procedure 237 11.2.2 Results and Discussion 237 11.2.2.1 Surface Characterization 237 11.2.2.2 Spontaneous Imbibition Tests 239 11.3 Mechanical Property Change After Fluid Exposure 240 11.3.1 Experimental Methods 242 11.3.1.1 Materials 242 11.3.1.2 Experimental Procedure 242 11.3.2 Results and Discussion 243 11.3.2.1 UCS and Brazilian Test on Cylindrical Core Plugs 243 11.3.2.2 Microindentation Test 243 11.4 Morphology and Minerology Changes After Fluid Exposure 245 11.4.1 Experimental Methods 247 11.4.1.1 Materials 247 11.4.1.2 Experimental Procedure 248 11.4.2 Results and Discussion 248 11.4.2.1 SEM and EDS Mapping of Thin-Section Surface before Fluid Treatment 248 11.4.2.2 SEM and EDS Mapping of Thin-Section Surface after Fluid Treatment 251 11.4.2.3 Quantification of Dissolved Ions in the Treatment Fluids 256 11.5 Flow Property Change After Fluid Exposure 257 11.5.1 Experimental Methods 258 11.5.1.1 Materials 258 11.5.1.2 Experimental Procedure 258 11.5.2 Results and Discussion 258 11.5.2.1 Changes in Flow Characteristics 258 11.6 Conclusions 259 References 261 Part III Large-Scale Petrophysics 265 12 Effective Permeability in Fractured Reservoirs: Percolation-Based Effective-Medium Theory 267 Behzad Ghanbarian 12.1 Introduction 267 12.1.1 Percolation Theory 267 12.1.2 Effective-Medium Theory 268 12.2 Objectives 269 12.3 Percolation-Based Effective-Medium Theory 269 12.4 Comparison with Simulations 270 12.4.1 Chen et al. (2019) 270 12.4.1.1 Two-Dimensional Simulations 271 12.4.1.2 Three-Dimensional Simulations 273 12.4.2 New Three-Dimensional Simulations 274 12.5 Conclusion 275 Acknowledgment 277 References 277 13 Modeling of Fluid Flow in Complex Fracture Networks for Shale Reservoirs 281 Hongbing Xie, Xiaona Cui, Wei Yu, Chuxi Liu, Jijun Miao, and Kamy Sepehrnoori 13.1 Shale Reservoirs with Complex Fracture Networks 281 13.2 Complex Fracture Reservoir Simulation 281 13.3 Embedded Discrete Fracture Model 283 13.4 EDFM Verification 286 13.5 Well Performance Study – Base Case 290 13.6 Effect of Natural Fracture Connectivity on Well Performance 294 13.6.1 Effect of Natural Fracture Azimuth 294 13.6.2 Effect of Number of Natural Fractures 295 13.6.3 Effect of Natural Fracture Length 298 13.6.4 Effect of Number of Sets of Natural Fractures 301 13.6.5 Effect of Natural Fracture Dip Angle 305 13.7 Effect of Natural Fracture Conductivity on Well Performance 306 13.8 Conclusions 311 References 312 14 A Closed-Form Relationship for Production Rate in Stress-Sensitive Unconventional Reservoirs 315 Hui-Hai Liu, Huangye Chen, and Yanhui Han 14.1 Introduction 315 14.2 Production Rate as a Function of Time in the Linear Flow Regime Under the Constant Pressure Drawdown Condition 317 14.3 An Approximate Relationship Between Parameter A and Stress-Dependent Permeability 318 14.4 Evaluation of the Relationship Between Parameter A and Stress-Dependent Permeability 321 14.5 Equivalent State Approximation for the Variable Pressure Drawdown Conditions 327 14.6 Discussions 328 14.7 Concluding Remarks 329 Nomenclature 329 Subscript 330 Appendix 14.A Derivation of Eq. (14.22) with Integration by Parts 330 References 331 15 Sweet Spot Identification in Unconventional Shale Reservoirs 333 Rabah Mesdour, Mustafa Basri, Cenk Temizel, and Nayif Jama 15.1 Introduction 333 15.2 Reservoir Characterization 334 15.3 Sweet Spot Identification 334 15.3.1 The Method Based on Organic, Rock and Mechanical Qualities 335 15.3.2 Methods Based on Geological and Engineering Sweet Spots 337 15.3.3 Methods Based on Other Quality Indicators 340 15.3.4 Methods Based on Data Mining and Machine Learning 343 15.4 Discussion 345 15.5 Conclusion 346 References 347 Index 351
£133.20
John Wiley & Sons Inc Petroleum Refining Design and Applications
Book SynopsisPETROLEUM REFINING The third volume of a multi-volume set of the most comprehensive and up-to-date coverage of the advances of petroleum refining designs and applications, written by one of the world's most well-known process engineers, this is a must-have for any chemical, process, or petroleum engineer. This volume continues the most up-to-date and comprehensive coverage of the most significant and recent changes to petroleum refining, presenting the state-of-the-art to the engineer, scientist, or student. This book provides the design of process equipment, such as vessels for the separation of two-phase and three-phase fluids, using Excel spreadsheets, and extensive process safety investigations of refinery incidents, distillation, distillation sequencing, and dividing wall columns. It also covers multicomponent distillation, packed towers, liquid-liquid extraction using UniSim design software, and process safety incidents involving these equipment items and pertinent industrial case studies. Useful as a textbook, this is also an excellent, handy go-to reference for the veteran engineer, a volume no chemical or process engineering library should be without. Written by one of the world's foremost authorities, this book sets the standard for the industry and is an integral part of the petroleum refining renaissance. It is truly a must-have for any practicing engineer or student in this area. This groundbreaking new volume: Assists engineers in rapidly analyzing problems and finding effective design methods and select mechanical specifications Provides improved design manuals to methods and proven fundamentals of process design with related data and charts Covers a complete range of basic daytoday petroleum refining operations topics with new materials on significant industry changes Includes extensive Excel spreadsheets for the design of process vessels for mechanical separation of two-phase and three-phase fluids Provides UniSim -based case studies for enabling simulation of key processes outlined in the book Helps achieve optimum operations and process conditions and shows how to translate design fundamentals into mechanical equipment specifications Has a related website that includes computer applications along with spreadsheets and concise applied process design flow charts and process data sheets Provides various case studies of process safety incidents in refineries and means of mitigating these from investigations by the US Chemical Safety Board Includes a vast Glossary of Petroleum and Technical TerminologyTable of ContentsPreface xxii Acknowledgments xxiv 18 Mechanical Separations 1 18.1 Particle Size 1 18.2 Preliminary Separator Selection 6 18.3 Gravity Settlers 16 18.4 Terminal Velocity 19 18.5 Alternate Terminal Velocity Calculation 24 18.6 American Petroleum Institute’s Oil Field Separators 28 18.7 Liquid/Liquid, Liquid/Solid Gravity Separations, Decanters, and Sedimentation Equipment 28 18.8 Horizontal Gravity Settlers or Decanters, Liquid/Liquid 29 18.9 Modified Method of Happel and Jordan 33 18.10 Decanter 36 18.11 Impingement Separators 42 18.12 Centrifugal Separators 68 References 246 19 Distillation 249 19.1 Distillation Process Performance 249 19.2 Equilibrium Basic Considerations 252 19.3 Vapor–Liquid Equilibria 253 19.4 Activity Coefficients 262 19.5 Excess Gibbs Energy—GE 263 19.6 K-Value 264 19.7 Ideal Systems 266 19.8 Henry’s Law 268 19.9 K-Factor Hydrocarbon Equilibrium Charts 269 19.10 Non-Ideal Systems 277 19.11 Thermodynamic Simulation Software Programs 280 19.12 Vapor Pressure 283 19.13 Azeotropic Mixtures 296 19.14 Bubble Point of Liquid Mixture 311 19.15 Equilibrium Flash Computations 316 19.16 Degrees of Freedom 325 19.17 UniSim (Honeywell) Software 326 19.18 Binary System Material Balance: Constant Molal Overflow Tray to Tray 333 19.19 Determination of Distillation Operating Pressures 343 19.20 Condenser Types From a Distillation Column 344 19.21 Effect of Thermal Condition of Feed 348 19.22 Effect of Total Reflux, Minimum Number of Plates in a Distillation Column 352 19.23 Relative Volatility α Separating Factor in a Vapor–Liquid System 355 19.24 Rapid Estimation of Relative Volatility 366 19.25 Estimation of Relative Volatilities Under 1.25 (α < 125) by Ryan 367 19.26 Estimation of Minimum Reflux Ratio: Infinite Plates 368 19.27 Calculation of Number of Theoretical Trays at Actual Reflux 370 19.28 Identification of “Pinch Conditions” on an x-y Diagram at High Pressure 373 19.29 Distillation Column Design 376 19.30 Simulation of a Fractionating Column 378 19.31 Determination of Number of Theoretical Plates in Fractionating Columns by the Smoker Equations at Constant Relative Volatility (α = constant) 396 19.32 The Jafarey, Douglas, and McAvoy Equation: Design and Control 401 19.33 Number of Theoretical Trays at Actual Reflux 411 19.34 Estimating Tray Efficiency in a Distillation Column 413 19.35 Steam Distillation 422 19.36 Distillation with Heat Balance of Component Mixture 432 19.37 Multicomponent Distillation 453 19.38 Scheibel–Montross Empirical: Adjacent Key Systems: Constant or Variable Volatility 494 19.39 Minimum Number of Trays: Total Reflux−Constant Volatility 497 19.40 Smith–Brinkley (SB) Method 512 19.41 Retrofit Design of Distillation Columns 514 19.42 Tray-by-Tray for Multicomponent Mixtures 517 19.43 Tray-by-Tray Calculation of a Multicomponent Mixture Using a Digital Computer 531 19.44 Thermal Condition of Feed 532 19.45 Minimum Reflux-Underwood Method, Determination of αAvg for Multicomponent Mixture 533 19.46 Heat Balance-Adjacent Key Systems with Sharp Separations, Constant Molal Overflow 539 19.47 Stripping Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOC) from Water with Air 542 19.48 Rigorous Plate-to-Plate Calculation (Sorel Method) 547 19.49 Multiple Feeds and Side Streams for a Binary Mixture 551 19.50 Chou and Yaws Method 558 19.51 Optimum Reflux Ratio and Optimum Number of Trays Calculations 561 19.52 Tower Sizing for Valve Trays 574 19.53 Troubleshooting, Predictive Maintenance, and Controls for Distillation Columns 589 19.54 Distillation Sequencing with Columns Having More than Two Products 622 19.55 Heat Integration of Distillation Columns 630 19.56 Capital Cost Considerations for Distillation Columns 634 19.57 The Pinch Design Approach to Inventing a Network 644 19.58 Appropriate Placement and Integration of Distillation Columns 644 19.59 Heat Integration of Distillation Columns: Summary 645 19.60 Common Installation Errors in Distillation Columns 645 References 693 Bibliography 699 20 Packed Towers and Liquid–Liquid Extraction 703 20.1 Shell 707 20.2 Random Packing 708 20.3 Packing Supports 709 20.4 Liquid Distribution 734 20.5 Packing Installation 739 20.6 Contacting Efficiency, Expressed as Kga, HTU, HETP 755 20.7 Packing Size 756 20.8 Pressure Drop 757 20.9 Materials of Construction 759 20.10 Particle versus Compact Preformed Structured Packings 759 20.11 Minimum Liquid Wetting Rates 760 20.12 Loading Point Loading Region 761 20.13 Flooding Point 772 20.14 Foaming Liquid Systems 773 20.15 Surface Tension Effects 773 20.16 Packing Factors 773 20.17 Recommended Design Capacity and Pressure Drop 776 20.18 Pressure Drop Design Criteria and Guide: Random Packings Only 778 20.19 Effects of Physical Properties 781 20.20 Performance Comparisons 784 20.21 Capacity Basis for Design 784 20.22 Proprietary Random Packing Design Guides 796 20.23 Liquid Hold-Up 822 20.24 Packing Wetted Area 824 20.25 Effective Interfacial Area 826 20.26 Entrainment from Packing Surface 827 20.27 Structured Packing 830 20.28 Structured Packing: Technical Performance Features 849 20.29 New Generalized Pressure Drop Correlation Charts 855 20.30 Mass and Heat Transfer in Packed Tower 855 20.31 Number of Transfer Units, NOG, NOL 856 20.32 Gas and Liquid-Phase Coefficients, kG and kL 868 20.33 Height of a Transfer Unit, HOG, HOL, HTU 869 20.34 Distillation in Packed Towers 874 20.35 Liquid–Liquid Extraction 893 20.36 Process Parameters 908 20.37 Solvents Selection for the Extraction Unit 911 20.38 Phenol Extraction Process of Lubes 913 20.39 Furfural Extraction Process 914 20.40 Dispersed-Phase Droplet Size 916 20.41 Theory 920 20.42 Nernst’s Distribution Law 921 20.43 Tie Lines 921 20.44 Phase Diagrams 929 20.45 Countercurrent Extractors 931 20.46 Extraction Equipment 935 References 956 Glossary 961 Appendix D 1087 Appendix F 1163 About the Author 1179 Index 1181
£221.36
John Wiley & Sons Inc Chemical Process Engineering Volume 2
Book SynopsisCHEMICAL PROCESS ENGINEERING Written by one of the most prolific and respected chemical engineers in the world and his co-author, also a well-known and respected engineer, this two-volume set is the new standard in the industry, offering engineers and students alike the most up-do-date, comprehensive, and state-of-the-art coverage of processes and best practices in the field today. This new two-volume set explores and describes integrating new tools for engineering education and practice for better utilization of the existing knowledge on process design. Useful not only for students, university professors, and practitioners, especially process, chemical, mechanical and metallurgical engineers, it is also a valuable reference for other engineers, consultants, technicians and scientists concerned about various aspects of industrial design. The text can be considered as complementary to process design for senior and graduate students as well as a hands-on reference work or refresher for engineers at entry level. The contents of the book can also be taught in intensive workshops in the oil, gas, petrochemical, biochemical and process industries. The book provides a detailed description and hands-on experience on process design in chemical engineering, and it is an integrated text that focuses on practical design with new tools, such as Microsoft Excel spreadsheets and UniSim simulation software. Written by two of the industry's most trustworthy and well-known authors, this book is the new standard in chemical, biochemical, pharmaceutical, petrochemical and petroleum refining. Covering design, analysis, simulation, integration, and, perhaps most importantly, the practical application of Microsoft Excel-UniSim software, this is the most comprehensive and up-to-date coverage of all of the latest developments in the industry. It is a must-have for any engineer or student's library.Table of ContentsPreface xxi Acknowledgments xxiii About the Authors xxv 8 Heat Transfer 505 9 Process Integration and Heat Exchanger Network 947 10 Process Safety and Pressure-Relieving Devices 1093 11 Chemical Kinetics and Reactor Design 1253 12 Engineering Economics 1335 13 Optimization in Chemical/Petroleum Engineering 1363 Epilogue 1405 Index 1415
£220.46
John Wiley & Sons Inc Timefrequency Analysis of Seismic Signals
Book SynopsisA practical and insightful discussion of time-frequency analysis methods and technologies Timefrequency analysis of seismic signals aims to reveal the local properties of nonstationary signals. The local properties, such as time-period, frequency, and spectral content, vary with time, and the time of a seismic signal is a proxy of geologic depth. Therefore, the timefrequency spectrum is composed of the frequency spectra that are generated by using the classic Fourier transform at different time positions. Different timefrequency analysis methods are distinguished in the construction of the local kernel prior to using the Fourier transform. Based on the difference in constructing the Fourier transform kernel, this book categorises timefrequency analysis methods into two groups: Gabor transform-type methods and energy density distribution methods. This book systematically presents timefrequency analysis methods, including technologies which have not been prTable of ContentsPreface viii 1 Nonstationary signals and spectral properties 1 1.1 Stationary signals 1 1.2 Nonstationary signals 5 1.3 The Fourier transform and the average properties 7 1.4 The analytic signal and the instantaneous properties 10 1.5 Computation of the instantaneous frequency 13 1.6 Two groups of time-frequency analysis methods 17 2 The Gabor transform 19 2.1 Short-time Fourier transform 19 2.2 The Gabor transform 23 2.3 The cosine function windows 26 2.4 Spectral leakage 31 2.5 The Gabor limit of time-frequency resolution 33 2.6 Implementation of the Gabor transform 36 2.7 The inverse Gabor transform 40 2.8 Application in inverse Q Filtering 42 3 The continuous wavelet transform 47 3.1 Basics of the continuous wavelet transform 47 3.2 The complex Morlet wavelet 51 3.3 The Morse wavelet 54 3.4 The generalised seismic wavelet 58 3.5 The frequency representation 62 3.6 The inverse wavelet transform 64 3.7 Implementation of the continuous wavelet transform 66 3.8 Hydrocarbon reservoir characterisation 68 4 The S transform 73 4.1 Basics of the S transform 74 4.2 The generalised S transform 77 Time-Frequency vi Analysis of Seismic Signals 4.3 The fractional Fourier transform 79 4.4 The fractional S transform 83 4.5 Implementation of the S transform 86 4.6 The inverse S transform 88 4.7 Application to clastic and carbonate reservoirs 93 5 The W transform 95 5.1 Basics of the W transform 95 5.2 The generalised W transform 99 5.3 Implementation of nonstationary convolution 106 5.4 The inverse W transform 108 5.5 Application to detect hydrocarbon reservoirs 109 5.6 Application to detect karst voids 112 6 The Wigner-Ville distribution 117 6.1 Basics of the Wigner-Ville distribution (WVD) 117 6.2 Defining the WVD with the analytic signal 120 6.3 Properties of the WVD 123 6.4 The smoothed WVD 126 6.5 The generalised class of time-frequency representations 132 6.6 The ambiguity function and the generalised WVD 134 6.7 Implementation of the standard and smoothed WVDs 140 6.8 Implementation of the ambiguity function and the generalised WVD 147 7 Matching pursuit 151 7.1 Basics of matching pursuit 151 7.2 Three-stage matching pursuit 153 7.3 Matching pursuit with the Morlet wavelet 157 7.4 The sigma filter 159 7.5 Multichannel matching pursuit 163 7.6 Structure-adaptive matching pursuit 168 7.7 Three applications 170 8 Local power spectra with multiple windows 175 8.1 Multiple orthogonal windows 176 8.2 Multiple windows defined by the prolate spheroidal wave functions 178 8.3 Multiple windows constructed by solving a discretised eigenvalue problem 180 8.4 Multiple windows constructed by Gaussian functions 184 8.5 The Gabor transform with multiple windows 187 8.6 The WVD with multiple windows 190 Contents vii Appendices 195 A The Gaussian integrals, the Gamma function, and the Gauss error functions 195 B The Fourier transform of the tapered boxcar window, the truncated Gaussian window, and the Blackman window 198 C The generalised seismic wavelet 201 D The fractional Fourier transform 203 E Marginal conditions and the analytic signal in the WVD definition 204 F Prolate spheroidal wave functions and the associated Legendre polynomials 209 References 215 Author index 223 Subject index 225
£108.00
Johns Hopkins University Press Coal and Empire
Book SynopsisThe fascinating history of how coal-based energy became entangled with American security.Since the early twentieth century, Americans have associated oil with national security. From World War I to American involvement in the Middle East, this connection has seemed a self-evident truth. But, as Peter A. Shulman argues, Americans had to learn to think about the geopolitics of energy in terms of security, and they did so beginning in the nineteenth century: the age of coal. Coal and Empire insightfully weaves together pivotal moments in the history of science and technology by linking coal and steam to the realms of foreign relations, navy logistics, and American politics. Long before oil, coal allowed Americans to rethink the place of the United States in the world.Shulman explores how the development of coal-fired oceangoing steam power in the 1840s created new questions, opportunities, and problems for U.S. foreign relations and naval strategy. The searcTrade ReviewExciting to read. It is the product of someone who is such a gifted writer. New Books in Science, Technology, and Society Peter Shulman's excellent new book mines the pre-history of the relationship between ideas about energy extraction and the building of the United States as an imperial nation. Explorations in Federal History ... Coal and Empire is a major contribution to foreign policy history and an essential read for any scholar interested in the development of policy and technology during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. H-Net Reviews Enlightening reading for anyone interested in the politics and economics of energy. Choice In his exhaustively researched book, Shulman convincingly argues for the centrality of coal to nineteenth-century American domestic and foreign policy, pointing out that 'when seen from the perspective of coal, the great process of industrialization and the emergence of the United States as a global power unfolded at the same time as intertwined processes'... His fast paced and wide-ranging work recounts a number of fascinating episodes central to nineteenth-century American history through the lens of energy needs. Diplomatic History ...[Shulman's] rich text provides a vital contribution to our understanding of how resource exploitation--and hence science and technological change--was woven into the history of economics, international affairs, and domestic politics. Journal of American History Peter A. Shulman's Coal and Empire: The Birth of Energy Security in Industrial America offers an intellectual feast for both historians and modern energy scholars. Meticulously researched and expertly written, it attempts to show how an energy fuel, in this instance coal, became an integral part of United States national security in the nineteenth century. Technology and Culture A forceful book--well-written, eye-opening, and analytically sharp...Coal and Empire is essential reading for anyone interested in the deep roots of the modern fossil economy. American Historical Review Regardless of where you stand on the nineteenth-century US imperial question, the resources, technology, and politics behind expanding US interests have long needed the careful treatment Coal and Empire provides. Historical Geography ... the book is an important one, and the histories of more quotidian commodities need more attention more generally. By using coal as a lens Shulman shows its integral place across US history and the development of its global role into the twentieth century. Mariner's MirrorTable of ContentsAcknowledgmentsIntroduction1. Empire and the Politics of Information2. Engineering Economy3. The Economy of Time and Space4. The Slavery Solution5. The Debate over Coaling Station6. Inventing LogisticsConclusionChronological Listing of Cited Congressional Publicationsfrom the United States Serial SetNotesBibliographic EssayIndex
£38.70
Johns Hopkins University Press Coal and Empire
Book SynopsisTrade ReviewEnlightening reading for anyone interested in the politics and economics of energy.—ChoiceExciting to read. It is the product of someone who is such a gifted writer.—New Books NetworkPeter Shulman’s excellent new book mines the pre-history of the relationship between ideas about energy extraction and the building of the United States as an imperial nation.—Explorations in Federal HistoryA major contribution to foreign policy history and an essential read for any scholar interested in the development of policy and technology during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.—H-Net ReviewsIn his exhaustively researched book, Shulman convincingly argues for the centrality of coal to nineteenth-century American domestic and foreign policy. His fast paced and wide-ranging work recounts a number of fascinating episodes central to nineteenth-century American history through the lens of energy needs.—Diplomatic History[Shulman's] rich text provides a vital contribution to our understanding of how resource exploitation—and hence science and technological change—was woven into the history of economics, international affairs, and domestic politics.—Journal of American HistoryCoal and Empire offers an intellectual feast for both historians and modern energy scholars. Meticulously researched and expertly written, it attempts to show how an energy fuel, in this instance coal, became an integral part of United States national security in the nineteenth century.—Technology and CultureA forceful book—well-written, eye-opening, and analytically sharp. Coal and Empire is essential reading for anyone interested in the deep roots of the modern fossil economy.—American Historical ReviewRegardless of where you stand on the nineteenth-century US imperial question, the resources, technology, and politics behind expanding US interests have long needed the careful treatment Coal and Empire provides.—Historical GeographyThe book is an important one, and the histories of more quotidian commodities need more attention more generally. By using coal as a lens Shulman shows its integral place across US history and the development of its global role into the twentieth century.—Mariner's MirrorInnovative and important analyses of the specific role of engineers and technology in provoking changes in energy policies, and thus international relations . . . by delivering a detailed and accurate historical reconstruction of energy in nineteenth-century America, the book provides an interesting comparative case to present narratives about oil and energy security in the contemporary United States.—AMBIXFactpacked book of vital information.—M.G. ParegianCoal and Empire apporte ainsi une réflexion de long terme conduisant jusqu'aux rivages du temps présent. Ce n'est pas l'un des moindres attraits de ce livre stimulant.—Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales [English edition]While the book is an excellent stand-alone study of the American adoption of coal for naval, mercantile, and imperial gains, it also is a fascinating addition to the growing field of energy history. Readers searching for an in-depth examination of naval and government policy will find what they seek, but so too will those interested in broader American, environmental, and energy histories.—Canadian Journal of HistoryTable of ContentsAcknowledgmentsIntroduction1. Empire and the Politics of Information2. Engineering Economy3. The Economy of Time and Space4. The Slavery Solution5. The Debate over Coaling Station6. Inventing LogisticsConclusionChronological Listing of Cited Congressional Publicationsfrom the United States Serial SetNotesBibliographic EssayIndex
£27.45
Duke University Press Bolivia in the Age of Gas
Book SynopsisBret Gustafson examines the centrality of natural gas and oil to the making of modern Bolivia and the contradictory convergence of fossil-fueled capitalism, Indigenous politics, and revolutionary nationalism.Trade Review“Fossil capitalism, and the calamitous consequences of our dependence on coal and petroleum, is central to any understanding of life in the Anthropocene. Bret Gustafson offers up an original and compelling take on the oft-told tale of oil wealth, petroviolence, and the so-called curse of oil dependency by reinterpreting the colonial and postcolonial history of Bolivia through the country's relation to natural gas, what he calls the gaseous state. Gustafson draws together the temporalities, spaces, and excesses of a world built through the exploitation of gas and in so doing takes the reader on an exhilarating ride through US imperialism, the Bolivian state, Indigenous territoriality, the hard-edged world of pipelines, wellheads, violent corporate capital, and of course the rise and fall of Evo Morales. A book for our time.” -- Michael Watts, Class of 63 Professor, University of California, Berkeley“Bolivia in the Age of Gas is without a doubt the definitive account of the Bolivian petrostate and its subjects. It makes important contributions to anthropology, to Latin American studies, and to the emergent interdisciplinary literature in energy humanities. It is also a true pleasure to read, the rare scholarly page-turner that conveys critical analytical insights in terms and ethnographic moments that will captivate readers of all backgrounds.” -- Dominic Boyer, author of * Energopolitics: Wind and Power in the Anthropocene *“Bret Gustafson’s Bolivia in the Age of Gas is an ambitious and exquisitely detailed historical ethnography of Bolivia and its complicated relation with gas (and oil).... Gustafson exudes an enviable clarity even as he insists on nuance, complexity and contradiction.” -- Maria Elena Garcia * ReVista *“Gustafson’s Bolivia in the Age of Gas examines the historical and contemporary cultural politics of Bolivia’s complex and often troubled relationship with natural gas.... Fundamental questions surface at the end of [Gustafson’s book] that chart new directions for political analyses of Latin American social movements....” -- Nicole Fabricant * NACLA Report on the Americas *"[Bolivia in the Age of Gas] provide[s] important insight into Bolivia and Ecuador, and into fossil-fuel capitalism writ large." -- Kim Fortun & James Adams * Public Books *"While [Bret Gustafson] assumes a degree of familiarity with Bolivian geography and political history, his writing is gripping, and the book will be fruitful for advanced undergraduate and graduate courses." -- C. Lurtz * Choice *"Gustafson’s book is historically expansive, beginning with the Chaco War of 1932–1935 and concluding with the 2020 ouster of Evo Morales, but it remains anchored and oriented by the ethnographer’s attention to the quotidian. The result is a compelling analysis of petropower in Bolivia shaped as much by the commanding heights of the global fossil empire and the military-industrial complex as by the gendered and colonial violence of everyday life on the gas frontier." -- Donald V. Kingsbury * Latin American Research Review *"Gustafson’s book is historically expansive, beginning with the Chaco War of 1932–1935 and concluding with the 2020 ouster of Evo Morales, but it remains anchored and oriented by the ethnographer’s attention to the quotidian. The result is a compelling analysis of petropower in Bolivia shaped as much by the commanding heights of the global fossil empire and the military-industrial complex as by the gendered and colonial violence of everyday life on the gas frontier." -- Donald V. Kingsbury * Latin American Research Review *“[Bolivia in the Age of Gas] is an important book, worthy of sustained and considered attention. From here forward, it will be required reading for all competent scholars wrestling with the various components of extractive capitalism in contemporary Bolivia from a variety of social science disciplines.” -- Jeffery R.Webber * American Anthropologist *Table of ContentsList of Abbreviations ix Note on Labels and Language xiii Preface and Acknowledgments xv Introduction. Gaseous State 1 Part One. Time 1. Heroes of Chaco 27 2. Imperial Maneuvers 50 3. Las nalgas of YPFB 69 Part Two. Space 4. Gas Lock-In 97 5. Bulls and Beauty Queens 125 6. Just a Few Lashes 152 Part Three. Excess 7. Requiem for the Dead 179 8. Gas Work 202 9. Quarrel over the Excess 223 Postscript. Bolivia 2020 247 Notes 255 References 271 Index 293
£98.60
Duke University Press Bolivia in the Age of Gas
Book SynopsisEvo Morales, Bolivia''s first Indigenous president, won reelection three times on a leftist platform championing Indigenous rights, anti-imperialism, and Bolivian control over the country''s natural gas reserves. In Bolivia in the Age of Gas, Bret Gustafson explores how the struggle over natural gas has reshaped Bolivia, along with the rise, and ultimate fall, of the country''s first Indigenous-led government. Rethinking current events against the backdrop of a longer history of oil and gas politics and military intervention, Gustafson shows how natural gas wealth brought a measure of economic independence and redistribution, yet also reproduced political and economic relationships that contradicted popular and Indigenous aspirations for radical change. Though grounded in the unique complexities of Bolivia, the volume argues that fossil-fuel political economies worldwide are central to the reproduction of militarism and racial capitalism and suggests that progressive change demaTrade Review“Fossil capitalism, and the calamitous consequences of our dependence on coal and petroleum, is central to any understanding of life in the Anthropocene. Bret Gustafson offers up an original and compelling take on the oft-told tale of oil wealth, petroviolence, and the so-called curse of oil dependency by reinterpreting the colonial and postcolonial history of Bolivia through the country's relation to natural gas, what he calls the gaseous state. Gustafson draws together the temporalities, spaces, and excesses of a world built through the exploitation of gas and in so doing takes the reader on an exhilarating ride through US imperialism, the Bolivian state, Indigenous territoriality, the hard-edged world of pipelines, wellheads, violent corporate capital, and of course the rise and fall of Evo Morales. A book for our time.” -- Michael Watts, Class of 63 Professor, University of California, Berkeley“Bolivia in the Age of Gas is without a doubt the definitive account of the Bolivian petrostate and its subjects. It makes important contributions to anthropology, to Latin American studies, and to the emergent interdisciplinary literature in energy humanities. It is also a true pleasure to read, the rare scholarly page-turner that conveys critical analytical insights in terms and ethnographic moments that will captivate readers of all backgrounds.” -- Dominic Boyer, author of * Energopolitics: Wind and Power in the Anthropocene *“Bret Gustafson’s Bolivia in the Age of Gas is an ambitious and exquisitely detailed historical ethnography of Bolivia and its complicated relation with gas (and oil).... Gustafson exudes an enviable clarity even as he insists on nuance, complexity and contradiction.” -- Maria Elena Garcia * ReVista *“Gustafson’s Bolivia in the Age of Gas examines the historical and contemporary cultural politics of Bolivia’s complex and often troubled relationship with natural gas.... Fundamental questions surface at the end of [Gustafson’s book] that chart new directions for political analyses of Latin American social movements....” -- Nicole Fabricant * NACLA Report on the Americas *"[Bolivia in the Age of Gas] provide[s] important insight into Bolivia and Ecuador, and into fossil-fuel capitalism writ large." -- Kim Fortun & James Adams * Public Books *"While [Bret Gustafson] assumes a degree of familiarity with Bolivian geography and political history, his writing is gripping, and the book will be fruitful for advanced undergraduate and graduate courses." -- C. Lurtz * Choice *"Gustafson’s book is historically expansive, beginning with the Chaco War of 1932–1935 and concluding with the 2020 ouster of Evo Morales, but it remains anchored and oriented by the ethnographer’s attention to the quotidian. The result is a compelling analysis of petropower in Bolivia shaped as much by the commanding heights of the global fossil empire and the military-industrial complex as by the gendered and colonial violence of everyday life on the gas frontier." -- Donald V. Kingsbury * Latin American Research Review *"Gustafson’s book is historically expansive, beginning with the Chaco War of 1932–1935 and concluding with the 2020 ouster of Evo Morales, but it remains anchored and oriented by the ethnographer’s attention to the quotidian. The result is a compelling analysis of petropower in Bolivia shaped as much by the commanding heights of the global fossil empire and the military-industrial complex as by the gendered and colonial violence of everyday life on the gas frontier." -- Donald V. Kingsbury * Latin American Research Review *“[Bolivia in the Age of Gas] is an important book, worthy of sustained and considered attention. From here forward, it will be required reading for all competent scholars wrestling with the various components of extractive capitalism in contemporary Bolivia from a variety of social science disciplines.” -- Jeffery R.Webber * American Anthropologist *Table of ContentsList of Abbreviations ix Note on Labels and Language xiii Preface and Acknowledgments xv Introduction. Gaseous State 1 Part One. Time 1. Heroes of Chaco 27 2. Imperial Maneuvers 50 3. Las nalgas of YPFB 69 Part Two. Space 4. Gas Lock-In 97 5. Bulls and Beauty Queens 125 6. Just a Few Lashes 152 Part Three. Excess 7. Requiem for the Dead 179 8. Gas Work 202 9. Quarrel over the Excess 223 Postscript. Bolivia 2020 247 Notes 255 References 271 Index 293
£25.19
PennWell Books Fundamentals of Oil & Gas Accounting
Book SynopsisProfessor Charlotte Wright updates her indispensable accounting book for the oil and gas industry in this upcoming sixth edition. The past several years have seen significant changes in the accounting and disclosure rules for the industry. While the book has thorough updates throughout, there are new industry issues specifically addressed from the accounting perspective. Some of the significant updates and new material include: Discussion of the significance of shale and unconventional production as it relates to accounting principles. New definitions of reserves from the Securities and Exchange Commission, and the impact on accounting processes. All citations and references align with the updated authoritative literature from the Financial Accounting Standards Board. A new chapter discussing specific issues previously unaddressed regarding property valuation in the industry. New, and updated, end-of-chapter problems. Table of Contents Upstream Oil and Gas Operations Introduction to Oil and Gas Accounting Oil and Gas Reserves Nondrilling Exploration Costs—Successful Efforts Acquisition Cost of Unproved Property—Successful Efforts Drilling and Development Costs—Successful Efforts Proved Property Cost Disposition—Successful Efforts Full Cost Accounting Production Activities and Project Analysis Asset Retirement and Environmental Obligations Impairment and Disposal of Long-Lived Assets Accounting for Revenue from Oil and Gas Sales Basic Oil and Gas Tax Accounting Joint Interest Accounting Conveyances Oil and Gas Disclosures Analysis of Oil and Gas Companies’ Financial Statements Accounting for International Petroleum Operations
£130.90
PennWell Books Oil & Gas Production in Nontechnical Language
Book SynopsisThis nontechnical treatment of oil and gas production is an excellent introduction for anyone from petroleum engineers and geologists new to their careers to financial, marketing, legal, and other professionals and their staffs interested in the industry. E&P service company personnel will find it particularly beneficial in understanding the roles played by their clients. Not only does it cover production fundamentals, but it backs up to give the necessary upstream background—geology, origins of oil and gas, and ownership and land rights—as well as surface operations and even production company strategy development.Key Features: A comprehensive view of the entire E&P function Geology and the origins of petroleum Reservoir characteristics and behavior Expanded coverage of drilling and hydraulic fracturing Conventional and not-so-conventional (oil sands plus shale oil and gas) producing operations Production problems and solutions The different types of companies and jobs in the oil patch and how they interact Trade ReviewI have always thought vital the need in organizations for mutual understanding among groups with different functions. The better the participants understand the professional contributions of their associates, the more likely the success of every endeavor. To that end, this book covers an overlook of the expertise needed in all phases of the upstream with a heavy emphasis on what makes producing operations tick". —Joe B. Foster, chairman, president, chief executive officer (retired) of Newfield Exploration Company, former chairman of Tenneco Oil CompanyTable of Contents How did we get here? The history of production The container: The reservoir What's in the container? The prize Yours, mine, or theirs? Ownership Getting there: Drilling What have we found? Logging and testing Getting it ready—Completions Behavior: Hydrocarbon activity in the reservoir Here it comes: Production Making it marketable: Field processing Fixing things: Remedial operations and workovers Who's involved: The players What should we do: Strategy
£999.99
PennWell Books Cogeneration Power Plants: Planning and
Book SynopsisMany on-site power plants either fail outright or perform far below expectations— all because of poor planning and evaluation of the power plants from the beginning.This book is intended to help those interested in cogeneration power plants by laying out a thorough and proven planning methodology for new facilities, as well as an evaluation methodology for existing facilities.There are many good reasons to want your own power plant including: improved power quality, increased reliability, and savings on energy expenses— buying power wholesale, rather than at retail prices. Although the economics are certainly important, there are a wide range of other advantages to consider, the relative value of which will vary depending on your unique circumstances.
£91.80
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc Electrohydraulic Fracturing of Rocks
Book SynopsisThis book presents a new fracturing technique that should be considered as a potential alternative, or a companion technique, to hydraulic fracturing of tight gas reservoirs and low permeability rock masses. As opposed to hydraulic fracturing which generates a few numbers of large cracks, electro-hydraulic fracturing induces diffuse micro-cracking and fragmentation of rocks. Laboratory tests demonstrate that increases of permeability by two orders of magnitude can be reached, without major cracking in tested specimens. This book discusses the principles of this new technique, reports experiments which have been developed is order to prove the concept and finally describes the numerical model from which the potentialities of this technique in representative reservoir conditions can be assessed.Table of ContentsPreface vii Introduction xi Chapter 1 Experiments in a Representative Environment 1 1.1 Mechanical set-up 1 1.2 Pulsed arc electric generator 4 1.3 Material properties 6 1.4 Measurements of radical permeability 7 1.5 X-ray tomography 9 1.6 Results on model materials 10 1.7 Summary of the results on sandstone 17 1.8 Discussion 18 Chapter 2 Computational Modeling of the Process: Principles 21 2.1 Pressure generated by the pulsed arc electrical discharge 22 2.2 Mechanical modeling of rocks under dynamic loads 29 2.3 Coupled effects between damage and permeability 41 2.4 Summary and conclusions 44 Chapter 3 Validation of the Computational Model 47 3.1 Simulation of the experiments in uniaxial compression 47 3.2 Confined tests on hollow cylinders 52 3.3 Isotropic versus anisotropic permeability 67 3.4 Conclusions 68 Chapter 4 Computations on Representative Reservoir Geometries 71 4.1 Effect of repeated shocks 72 4.2 Simulation on a typical reservoir geometry 75 4.3 Optimization of the process 79 Concluding Remarks and Future Outlook 91 Bibliography 97 Index 103
£125.06
Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd Caching the Carbon: The Politics and Policy of
Book SynopsisOver the past decade, carbon capture and storage (CCS) has come to the fore as a way to manage carbon dioxide emissions contributing to climate change. This book examines its introduction into the political scene, different interpretations of its significance as an emerging technology and the policy challenges facing government and international institutions with respect to its development, deployment and regulation. The focus of the book is on the construction of arguments about CCS in the public sphere, the coalitions of actors who have articulated distinctive perspectives on CCS and the varied strategies governments have adopted to integrate it into climate and energy policies. The authors analyse the issues decision-makers now confront in encouraging the uptake of the technology, managing uncertainties and regulating attendant risks. The book includes case studies of the reception of CCS in seven OECD countries: Australia, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, the United Kingdom and the United States. Developments in the EU form the subject of an eighth case study. The authors point to the political significance of CCS as a mitigation option offering a way forward for fossil fuels in a carbon constrained world, while also emphasizing the uncertainties that surround its future development and deployment. Students, scholars and researchers from a wide variety of fields who are interested in climate change, energy policy, and the politics and policy of the environment will find this book illuminating, as will officials and policy makers in international organizations and governments.Trade Review'. . . the volume is a timely and informative text for students and academics, as well as for practitioners within international organizations and governments.' -- Rudra Kapila, Climate LawTable of ContentsContents: 1. The Politics and Policy of Carbon Capture and Storage James Meadowcroft and Oluf Langhelle 2. Technology Leader, Policy Laggard: CCS Development for Climate Mitigation in the US Political Context Jennie C. Stephens 3. CCS in Australia: From Political Posturing to Policy Potential Darren Sinclair and Neil Gunningham 4. CCS in Canada Mark Jaccard and Jacqueline Sharp 5. Technology as Political Glue: CCS in Norway Andreas Tjernshaugen and Oluf Langhelle 6. Electricity Gap versus Climate Change: Electricity Politics and the Potential Role of CCS in Germany Barbara Praetorius and Christoph von Stechow 7. CCS in the UK: Squaring Coal Use with Climate Change? Ivan Scrase and Jim Watson 8. CCS in the Netherlands: Glass Half Empty or Half Full? Philip J. Vergragt 9. CCS and the European Union: Magic Bullet or Pure Magic? Dag Harald Claes and Paal Frisvold 10. CCS in Comparative Perspective Oluf Langhelle and James Meadowcroft 11. The Politics and Policy of CCS: The Uncertain Road Ahead James Meadowcroft and Oluf Langhelle Index
£111.00
Springer Nature Switzerland AG Fossil Fuel Hydrogen: Technical, Economic and
Book SynopsisAs the case for Climate Change mitigation becomes ever more pressing, hydrogen has the potential to play a major role in a low-carbon energy future. Hydrogen can drive the vehicles of tomorrow and also heat homes and supply energy to businesses. Much recent discussion in energy policy circles has considered ways in which greatly expanded electrification can meet the demand for low-carbon mobility and heating. Such narratives centre on the widespread use of renewable energy sources with occasionally surplus renewable electricity being used to produce hydrogen, for example by electrolysis. While such developments have a beneficial role to play, this book focuses on an alternative paradigm. This book considers a more evolutionary path involving the continued extraction and use of fossil fuels, most notably natural gas, but in ways that greatly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In this way much established industrial capacity and know how might be transitioned to help deliver the low carbon future that the world so desperately requires. Presenting up-to-date energy policy recommendations with a focus on hydrogen from fossil fuels, the book will be of considerable interest to policymakers and energy researchers in academia, industry and government labs, while also offering a valuable reference guide for business developers in low-carbon energy, and for oil and gas industry analysts.Table of ContentsIntroduction: The Hydrogen Economy Today.- Hydrogen and The Future: Energy and Mobility.- Stem Methane Reforming: A Technology with a Bright Future.- Partial Oxidation Technologies.- Carbon Monoxide: Molecular Building Block.- Three Case Studies I: USA Gulf of Mexico – A Centre of Hydrogen Infrastructure.- Three Case Studies II: UK: Proposed Natural Gas to Hydrogen Transition.- Three Case Studies III: Poland and the Future for Coal in Europe.- Conclusions.
£24.99
Springer Nature Switzerland AG Statistical Inversion of Electromagnetic Logging
Book SynopsisThis book presents a comprehensive introduction to well logging and the inverse problem. It explores challenges such as conventional data processing methods’ inability to handle local minima issues, and presents the explanations in an easy-to-follow way. The book describes statistical data interpretation by introducing the fundamentals behind the approach, as well as a range of sampling methods. In each chapter, a specific method is comprehensively introduced, together with representative examples. The book begins with basic information on well logging and logging while drilling, as well as a definition of the inverse problem. It then moves on to discuss the fundamentals of statistical inverse methods, Bayesian inference, and a new sampling method that can be used to supplement it, the hybrid Monte Carlo method. The book then addresses a specific problem in the inversion of downhole logging data, and the interpretation of earth model complexity, before concluding with a meta-technique called the tempering method, which serves as a supplement to statistical sampling methods. Given its scope, the book offers a valuable reference guide for drilling engineers, well logging tool physicists, and geoscientists, as well as students in the areas of petroleum engineering and electrical engineering. Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Foundation of Bayesian Inversion and Sampling Methods.- Beyond the Random Walk: a Hybrid Monte Carlo Sampling.- Interpret Model Complexity: Trans-Dimensional Markov Chain Monet Carlo Method.- Accelerated Bayesian Inversion Using Parallel Tempering
£42.74
Springer Nature Switzerland AG Pipeline Real-time Data Integration and Pipeline
Book SynopsisAs the second volume of the "Digital Oil & Gas Pipeline: Research and Practice" series of monographs, this book introduces the implementation strategies, examples and technical roadmaps of two important aspects of the Digital Oil & Gas Pipeline construction: pipeline real-time data integration and pipeline network virtual reality system. Two example of pipeline real-time data integration are elaborated: integration of pipeline WebGIS (Geographic Information System) and pipeline SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) via OPC (OLE for Process Control) technology, integration of pipeline network virtual reality system and pipeline SCADA via OPC, JNI (Java Native Interface) and SAI (Scene Access Interface). The pipeline network virtual reality system aims for the pipeline virtual expression, interaction, and 3D visual management. It can be used for pipeline route visual design and plan, immersive pipeline industry training, remote visual supervision and control, etc. The implementation details of the pipeline network virtual reality system, including 3D pipeline and terrain modeling with X3D (Extensible 3D) technology, improving large-scene display performance and speed in the network environment using LOD (Level of Detail) technology, interaction of virtual pipeline scenes, and pipeline 3D visual monitoring, are also introduced. The knowledge and experience delivered by this book will provide useful reference for the readers from the industries of oil & gas pipeline, GIS, Virtual Reality, industrial control, etc.Table of Contents
£42.74
Springer Nature Switzerland AG Stratigraphy: A Modern Synthesis
Book SynopsisThe updated textbook is intended to serve as an advanced and detailed treatment of the evolution of the subject of stratigraphy from its disparate beginnings as separate studies of sedimentology, lithostratigraphy, chronostratigraphy, etc., into a modern integrated discipline in which all components are necessary. There is a historical introduction, which now includes information about the timeline of the evolution of the components of modern stratigraphy. The elements of the various components (facies analysis, sequence stratigraphy, mapping methods, chronostratigraphic methods, etc.) are outlined, and a chapter discussing the modern synthesis is included near the end of the book, which closes with a discussion of future research trends in the study of time as preserved in the stratigraphic record.Table of Contents
£85.35
Springer Nature Switzerland AG Methane Activation and Utilization in the
Book SynopsisThis book discusses effective and alternative uses for natural gas (NG) and highlights the utilization of NG in the field of methane activation and chemical production. It details the techniques used during the reforming process of petrochemical and bio-derived fuels and it presents cutting-edge research that describes the utilization of NG that enables it to be more cost-effective and eliminate the expensive greenhouse gas emitting process of hydrogen production. The book addresses three major topics: NG use in upstream heavy oil and bitumen upgrading, NG and its use in downstream oil refining through co-aromatization of various feeds in the petrochemical industry, and NG use in the upgrading of bio-derived fuels and discusses alternative uses of NG. In-depth chapters demonstrate uses for NG beyond heating homes, through catalysis and in-situ hydrogen donation, and its potential applications for the petrochemical and biofuel industries.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Methane Sources and Current Uses.- Chapter 2. Introducing Methane Activation.- Chapter 3. Direct Systems: Methane Dehydroaromatization (MDA) and the Oxidative Coupling of Methane (OCM).- Chapter 4. The Cross-Coupling of Methane with Non-oxidative Hydrocarbons.- Chapter 5. Catalytic Upgrading of Heavy Oil Resources under Methane.- Chapter 6. Non-thermal plasma (NTP) assisted catalytic conversion of methane and other hydrocarbons.- Chapter 7. Biomass valorization under methane environment.- Chapter 8. Mechanism studies on biofuel conversion under methane environment.
£107.99
