Fibre optics Books

Book Synopsis Dennis Hagarty is an experienced technical specialist in the fields of information technology and telecommunications. He has led presales, consulting, and engineering efforts for major utilities, corporations, and service providers in Australasia and Europe. Having worked in numerous technical areas, Dennis has concentrated on the mobile space for almost 30 years and has specialized in timing and synchronization for the last 12 years. In his current role, Dennis is the Cisco communications interface between engineering, field sales teams, and the global Cisco customer community for all matters related to 5G timing and synchronization. This mandate sees him talking with many large service providers, including most of the world's tier 1 mobile operators. Shahid Ajmeri is a senior product manager at Cisco with responsibility for leading its 5G transport and mobile edge architecture strategy. He has more than 20 yearsTable of Contents Foreword xxi Introduction xxiii Part I Fundamentals of Synchronization and Timing Chapter 1 Introduction to Synchronization and Timing 1 Overview of Time Synchronization 1 What Is Synchronization and Why Is It Needed? 3 What Is Time? 10 How Can GPS Provide Timing and Synchronization? 13 Accuracy Versus Precision Versus Stability 15 Summary 16 References in This Chapter 16 Chapter 1 Acronyms Key 16 Further Reading 17 Chapter 2 Usage of Synchronization and Timing 19 Use of Synchronization in Telecommunications 20 Use of Time Synchronization in Finance, Business, and Enterprise 28 Industrial Uses of Time—Power Industry 33 Summary 34 References in This Chapter 34 Chapter 2 Acronyms Key 35 Chapter 3 Synchronization and Timing Concepts 39 Synchronous Networks Overview 40 Clocks 54 Sources of Frequency, Phase, and Time 66 Timing Distribution Network 82 Consumer of Time and Sync (the End Application) 88 Summary 89 References in This Chapter 89 Chapter 3 Acronyms Key 92 Further Reading 95 Part II SDOs, Clocks, and Timing Protocols Chapter 4 Standards Development Organizations 97 International Telecommunication Union 98 International Mobile Telecommunications 104 3rd Generation Partnership Project 106 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 109 European Telecommunications Standards Institute 116 Internet Engineering Task Force 118 Radio Access Network 120 MEF Forum 126 Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers and Audio Engineering Society 127 Summary 128 References in This Chapter 129 Chapter 4 Acronyms Key 132 Further Reading 137 Chapter 5 Clocks, Time Error, and Noise 139 Clocks 139 Time Error 154 Holdover Performance 169 Transient Response 172 Measuring Time Error 173 References in This Chapter 175 Chapter 5 Acronyms Key 175 Further Reading 177 Chapter 6 Physical Frequency Synchronization 179 Evolution of Frequency Synchronization 180 BITS and SSU 181 Clocking Hierarchy 185 Synchronous Ethernet 187 Enhanced Synchronous Ethernet 189 Clock Traceability 189 Synchronization Network Chain 197 Clock Selection Process 199 Timing Loops 201 Standardization 207 Summary 207 References in This Chapter 208 Chapter 6 Acronyms Key 209 Further Reading 211 Chapter 7 Precision Time Protocol 213 History and Overview of PTP 214 PTP Versus NTP 215 IEEE 1588-2008 (PTPv2) 216 PTP Clocks 242 Profiles 250 PTP Security 273 IEEE 1588-2019 (PTPv2.1) 275 Summary 280 References in This Chapter 280 Chapter 7 Acronyms Key 283 Part III Standards, Recommendations, and Deployment Considerations Chapter 8 ITU-T Timing Recommendations 289 Overview of the ITU 290 ITU-T Study Group 15 and Question 13 291 Reading the Recommendations 299 ITU-T Physical and TDM Timing Recommendations 299 ITU-T Recommendations for Frequency in Packet Networks 310 ITU-T Packet-Based Timing Recommendations 316 Possible Future Changes in Recommendations 340 Summary 341 References in This Chapter 341 Chapter 8 Acronyms Key 342 Further Reading 346 Chapter 9 PTP Deployment Considerations 347 Deployment and Usage 348 Factors Impacting Timing Performance 380 Parameters for Timing Performance 383 Clock Performance 401 Budgeting End-to-End Time Error 419 Network Holdover 422 Packet Network Topologies 424 Packet Transport 426 Non-Mobile Deployments 430 Summary 434 References in This Chapter 435 Chapter 9 Acronyms Key 437 Further Reading 442 Part IV Timing Requirements, Solutions, and Testing Chapter 10 Mobile Timing Requirements 443 Evolution of Cellular Networks 444 Timing Requirements for Mobility Networks 448 Timing Requirements for LTE and LTE-A 455 Evolution of the 5G Architecture 478 5G New Radio Synchronization Requirements 496 Summary 509 References in This Chapter 510 Chapter 10 Acronyms Key 512 Further Reading 517 Chapter 11 5G Timing Solutions 519 Deployment Considerations for Mobile Timing 520 Frequency-Only Deployments 535 Frequency, Phase, and Time Deployment Options 538 Midhaul and Fronthaul Timing 550 Timing Security and MACsec 556 Summary 564 References in This Chapter 565 Chapter 11 Acronyms Key 567 Further Reading 571 Chapter 12 Operating and Verifying Timing Solutions 573 Hardware and Software Solution Requirements 574 Writing a Request for Proposal 587 Testing Timing 590 Automation and Assurance 629 Troubleshooting and Field Testing 635 Summary 648 Conclusion 649 References in This Chapter 649 Chapter 12 Acronyms Key 653 Further Reading 658 9780136836254, TOC, 5/3/2021

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Book SynopsisDescribes the major architectures, standards, and technologies of Passive Optical Networks (PONs)The ComSoc Guide to Passive Optical Networks provides readers with a concise explanation of the key features of Passive Optical Networks (PONs); the different types of PON architectures and standards; key issues of PON devices, management, and implementation; and the promising business opportunities in access networks.Written for a broad audience, ranging from developers to users, this indispensable book provides an understanding o the evolutionary path of PON access systems and their positioning with respect to the cable, copper, and wireless competitors for broadband access networks. In addition, The ComSoc Guide to Passive Optical Networks: Provides brief, high-level overviews of the architectures and applications of Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH) or Fiber-to-the-Curb (FTTC) access networks and the alternative HFC, subscriber line, and WiMAX accesTable of ContentsPreface xi 1 PON in the Access Picture 1 1.1 Why Passive Optical Network (PON) for the Last Mile Access?, 1 1.2 Services and Applications, 4 1.2.1 Displacement of Legacy High-Speed Access Services, 4 1.2.2 Internet Protocol (IP) over PON, 6 1.2.3 Triple Play and Quadruple Play, 6 1.2.4 Multimedia Conferencing and Shared Environments, 8 1.2.5 Backhaul Services, 8 1.2.6 Cloud-Based Services, 10 1.3 Legacy Access Technologies, 10 1.3.1 Hybrid Fiber-Coax (HFC) Cable Data System, 10 1.3.2 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), 13 1.3.3 Broadband over Powerline (BoPL), 15 1.3.4 Broadband Wireless Access (BWA), 16 1.4 Fiber-Optic Access Systems, 18 1.4.1 PON as a Preferred Optical Access Network, 20 1.5 PON Deployment and Evolution, 22 References, 24 2 PON Architecture and Components 27 2.1 Architectural Concepts and Alternatives, 27 2.1.1 Topologies, 27 2.1.2 Downstream and Upstream Requirements, 30 2.1.3 BPON, GPON, and EPON Systems, 30 2.1.4 Medium Access Techniques, 34 2.2 Passive and Active PON Components, 37 2.2.1 Passive Optical Coupler, 37 2.2.2 Splitter, 38 2.2.3 Arrayed Waveguide Grating (AWG), 40 2.2.4 Optical Line Termination (OLT), 41 2.2.5 ONU/ONT, 41 2.3 Management and Control Elements, 43 2.3.1 Bandwidth Allocation, 43 2.3.2 Quality of Service (QoS), 44 2.3.3 Deployment and Maintenance, 46 2.3.4 Problems and Troubleshooting, 47 References, 50 3 Techniques and Standards 53 3.1 BPON Overview, 55 3.1.1 Basic Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Concepts, 56 3.2 The Full Service Access Network (FSAN) (ITU-T G.983) BPON Standard, 58 3.2.1 Downstream Transmission, 62 3.2.2 Upstream Transmission, 64 3.2.3 Management Functions, 65 3.2.4 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM), 65 3.2.5 Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation (DBA), 67 3.2.6 Protection Switching, 67 3.3 GPON, 68 3.3.1 GPON Encapsulation Method (GEM), 69 3.3.2 Downstream Transmission, 70 3.3.3 Upstream Transmission, 72 3.3.4 Ranging, 73 3.3.5 Security, 74 3.4 EPON, 74 3.4.1 EPON Switched Ethernet, 77 3.4.2 1000BASE-PX10, 1000BASE-PX20, and 10G EPON PMD Types, 78 3.4.3 Medium Access Control (MAC), 79 3.4.4 Comparison of 1G EPON and GPON, 83 3.4.5 Service Interoperability in EPON (SIEPON), 85 References, 86 4 Recent Advances and Looking to the Future 87 4.1 Interoperability, 87 4.1.1 Implementing 1:1 and 1:N Interoperability Testing, 89 4.1.2 Management and Quality-of-Service (QoS) Challenges, 91 4.2 Wavelength Division Multiplexed PON (WDM-PON), 91 4.2.1 Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing (CWDM)-PON and Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM)-PON, 93 4.2.2 WDM Devices, 95 4.3 Subcarrier PON, 97 4.4 Long-Reach PON, 100 4.5 Optical–Wireless Integration, 100 4.5.1 Architecture, 101 4.5.2 Integration Modes, Benefits, and Challenges, 103 4.5.3 Support of Next-Generation Cellular Mobile, 106 4.5.4 The Future of Optical–Wireless Integration, 107 4.6 Scaling Up PON to Much Higher Transmission Rates, 108 4.7 Conclusion, 111 References, 111 Appendix: Excerpts from the IEEE 10 Gbps EPON Standard 802.3av-2009 115 Index 183

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Book SynopsisFundamentals of Optical Fibers, Second Edition offers readers a timely and consistent introduction to the fundamental principles of light propagation in fibers. In it, the author reviews, in depth, fundamental wave guiding concepts, the influence of various fiber structures and materials on light transmission, nonlinear light propagation effects occurring in fibers, and various measurement techniques. Since the chief application of optical fibers is in communication systems, throughout the book the focus is on topics, which pertain to that domain.Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. Chapter 1. Selected Topics in Electromagnetic Wave Propagation. 1.1. Maxwell’s Equations and the Fundamental Fields. 1.2. Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Sourceless Media. 1.3. Power Transmission. 1.4. Group Velocity. 1.5. Reflection and Transmission of Waves at Plane Interfaces. 1.6. Material Resonances and Their Effects on Wave Propagation. Problems. References. Chapter 2. Symmetric Dielectric Slab Waveguides. 2.1. Ray Analysis of the Slab Waveguides. 2.2. Field Analysis of the Slab Waveguides. 2.3. Solutions of the Eigenvalue Equations. 2.4. Power Transmission and Confinement. 2.5. Leaky Waves. 2.6. Radiation Modes. 2.7. Wave Propagation in Curved Slab Waveguides. Problems. References. Chapter 3. Weakly-Guiding Fibers with Step Index Profiles. 3.1. Rays and Fields in the Step Index Fiber. 3.2. Field Analysis of the Weakly-Guiding Fiber. 3.3. Eigenvalue Equation for LP Modes. 3.4. LP Mode Characteristics. 3.5. Single Mode Fiber Parameters. 3.6. Derivation of the General Step Index Fiber Modes. Problems. References. Chapter 4. Loss Mechanisms in Silica Fiber. 4.1. Basic Loss Effects in Transmission. 4.2. Fabrication of Silica Fibers. 4.3. Intrinsic Loss. 4.4. Extrinsic Loss. 4.5. Bending Loss. 4.6. Source-to-Fiber Coupling. Problems. References. Chapter 5. Dispersion. 5.1. Pulse Propagation in Media Possessing Quadratic Dispersion. 5.2. Material Dispersion. 5.3. Dispersion in Optical Fiber. 5.4. Chromatic Dispersion Compensation. 5.5. Polarization Dispersion. 5.6. System Considerations and Dispersion Measurement. Problems. References. Chapter 6. Special Purpose Index Profiles. 6.1. Multimode Graded Index Fiber. 6.2. Special Index Profile Optimization. Problems. References. Chapter 7. Nonlinear Effects in Fibers I: Non-Resonant Processes. 7.1. Nonlinear Optics Fundamentals. 7.2. Nonlinear Phase Modulation on Pulses. 7.3. The Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation. 7.4. Additional Non-Resonant Processes. Problems. References. Chapter 8. Nonlinear Effects in Fibers II: Resonant Processes and Amplification. 8.1. Raman Scattering. 8.2. Stimulated Brillouin Scattering. 8.3. Rare-Earth-Doped Fiber Amplifiers. Problems. References. Appendix A: Properties of Bessel Functions. Appendix B: Notation. Index.

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Book SynopsisHow is light amplified in the doped fiber? How much spontaneous emission noise is generated at the output? Do detectors with optical preamplifiers outperform avalanche photodiodes? What are the current types and architectures of amplifier-based systems? Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers: Principles and Applications These are just a handful of the essential questions answered in Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiersthe first book to integrate the most influential current papers on this breakthrough in fiber-optics technology. Written by one of the pioneers in the field, this unique reference provides researchers, engineers, and system designers with detailed, interdisciplinary coverage of the theoretical underpinnings, main characteristics, and primary applications of EDFAs. Packed with information on important system experiments and the best experimental results to date as well as over 1,400 references to the expanding literature, Erbium-Doped Fiber AmplifiersTable of ContentsList of Acronyms and Symbols. A: FUNDAMENTALS OF OPTICAL AMPLIFICATION IN ERBIUM-DOPED SINGLE-MODE FIBERS. Modeling Light Amplification in Erbium-Doped Single-Mode Fibers. Fundamentals of Noise in Optical Fiber Amplifiers. Photodetection of Optically Amplified Signals. B: CHARACTERISTICS OF ERBIUM-DOPED FIBER AMPLIFIERS. Characteristics of Erbium-Doped Fibers. Gain, Saturation and Noise Characteristics of Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers. C: DEVICE AND SYSTEM APPLICATIONS OF ERBIUM-DOPED FIBER AMPLIFIERS. Device Applications of EDFAs. System Applications of EDFAs. Appendix A: Rate Equations for Stark Split Three-Level Laser Systems. Appendix B: Comparison of LP01 Bessel Solution and Gaussian Approximation for the Fundamental Fiber Mode Envelope. Appendix C: Example of Program Organization and Subroutines for Numerical Integration of General Rate Equations (1.68). Appendix D: Emission and Absorption Coefficients for Three-Level Laser Systems with Gaussian Mode Envelope Approximation. Appendix E: Analytical Solutions for Pump and Signal+Ase in the Unsaturated Gain Regime, for Unidirectional and Bidirectional Pumping. Appendix F: Density Matrix Description of Stark Split Three-Level Laser Systems. Appendix G: Resolution of the Amplifier PGF Differential Equation in the Linear Gain Regime. Appendix H: Calculation of the Output Noise and Variance of Lumped Amplifier Chains. Appendix I: Derivation of a General Formula for the Optical Noise Figure of Amplifier Chains. Appendix J: Derivation of the Nonlinear Photon Statistics Master Equation and Moment Equations for Two- or Three-Level Laser Systems. Appendix K: Semiclassical Determination of Noise Power Spectral Density in Amplified Light Photodetection. Appendix L: Derivation of the Absorption and Emission Cross Sections Through Einstein's A and B Coefficients. Appendix M: Calculation of Homogeneous Absorption and Emission Cross Sections by Deconvolution of Experimental Cross Sections. Appendix N: Rate Equations for Three-Level Systems with Pump Excited State Absorption. Appendix O: Determination of Explicit Analytical Solution for a Low Gain, Unidirectionally Pumped EDFA with Single-Signal Saturation. Appendix P: Determination of EDFA Excess Noise Factor in the Signal-Induced Saturation Regime. Appendix Q: Average Power Analysis for Self-Saturated EDFAs. Appendix R: A Computer Program for the Description of Amplifier Self-Saturation Through the Equivalent Input Noise Model. Appendix S: Finite Difference Resolution Method for Transient Gain Dynamics in EDFAs. Appendix T: Analytical Solutions for Transient Gain Dynamics in EDFAs. Appendix U: Derivation of the Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis updated edition concentrates on modern analysis and design. Includes new material in the key areas of digital communications, fiber optics, lightwave networks, atmospheric channels and space links--all of which are now critical topics in optical applications. Contains brief sections on optical hardware and device descriptions. Features new homework problems and references.Table of ContentsThe Optical Communication System. Optical Field Reception. Photodetection. Noncoherent (Direct) Detection. Coherent (Heterodyne) Detection. Optical Digital Communications. Fiberoptic Communications. Fiber Networks. The Atmospheric Optical Channel. Pointing, Acquisition, and Tracking in Space Optics. Index.

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Book SynopsisDistributed Fibre Optic Strain Sensing for Monitoring Civil Infrastructure offers comprehensive guidance in the current developments of distributed optical fibre sensing applied to the field of civil engineering. The book discusses the concepts and practice of fibre optic monitoring of infrastructure and construction within the underground and geotechnical industry through real-life case studies in tunnel and pile monitoring, diaphragm-walls and slopes and embankments. Smart monitoring for performance-based design is increasingly being recognised as an essential tool for improving construction processes, delivering efficiency and reducing over-specification.Distributed Fibre Optic Strain Sensing for Monitoring Civil Infrastructure provides in-depth knowledge of Brillouin sensing, including DFOSS and BOTDR/A includes highly illustrated real-world case studies explores an innovative, economic and effective solution to performance monTable of Contents1. Introduction 2. Practical considerations 3. Data processing, analysis and management 4. Case studies

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Book SynopsisAn optical fibre is a glass or plastic fibre designed to guide light along its length by confining as much light as possible in a propagating form. In fibre with large core diameter, the confinement is based on total internal reflection. In smaller diameter core fibres, (widely used for most communication links longer than 200 meters) the confinement relies on establishing a waveguide. Fibre optics is the overlap of applied science and engineering concerned with such optical fibres. Optical fibres are widely used in fibre-optic communication, which permits transmission over longer distances and at higher data rates than other forms of wired and wireless communications. They are also used to form sensors, and in a variety of other applications. The term optical fibre covers a range of different designs including graded-index optical fibres, step-index optical fibres, birefringent polarisation-maintaining fibres and more recently photonic crystal fibres, with the design and the wavelength of the light propagating in the fibre dictating whether or not it will be multi-mode optical fibre or single-mode optical fibre. Because of the mechanical properties of the more common glass optical fibres, special methods of splicing fibres and of connecting them to other equipment are needed. Manufacture of optical fibres is based on partially melting a chemically doped pre-form and pulling the flowing material on a draw tower. Fibres are built into different kinds of cables depending on how they will be used. This new book presents the latest research in the field.

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Book SynopsisThis book offers readers a comprehensive, detailed analysis and treatment of optical waveguides (fiber, slab), an essential component of ultra-high bandwidth long, medium and short-haul telecommunication. The author describes an analysis scheme for optical waveguides that combines both geometric ray optics and Maxwell’s equations-based classical electrodynamics. This unique approach enables readers to develop an intuitive understanding of this topic, starting with macro properties, e.g., V parameter of an optical fiber, and progressively refining the analysis to individual modes of propagation through an optical waveguide. An exhaustive set of diagrams highlight the key features of an optical waveguide property, such as acceptance angle, meridional and skew rays in an optical fiber, or signal attenuation and dispersion in an optical waveguide. The author also provides a set of ready-to-use, ANSI C executables (for both Linux and Windows) that enable the reader to e.g, determine the allowed propagation modes (even, odd TE TM) of a graded, step index optical fiber and a slab waveguide. Offers readers a single-source reference to the analysis and design of optical waveguides; Begins with macro-level analysis of the properties of optical waveguides and dives deeply into details in a step-by-step manner, enabling readers to develop an intuitive understanding; Includes C language executables, along with optical waveguide analysis and design examples to demonstrate their use in context. Table of Contents1-Introduction and Problem Statement.- 2-Dielectric Optical Waveguide Fundamentals.- 3-Analysis and Design Examples of Optical Fibers, Optical Slab Waveguides.

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Book SynopsisThe book is an introduction to the rapidly emerging field of fiber optic sensors that is having significant impact upon areas such as guidance and control, structural monitoring, process control, biotechnology, geographical information systems and medicine.Table of Contents01. Optical Fiber Sensors 02.Basic Fiber Optics 03.Optical Sources 04.Optical Detectors 05.Evanescent Field Absorption Sensors 06.Regent-Mediated Sensors 07. Wavelength Modulated Sensors 08. Interferometric Sensors 09. Polarimetric Sensors 10.Frequency Modulated Sensors 11. Fiber Bragg Grating Based Sensors 12.Surface Plasmon Based Sensors 13.Distributed Sensors 14.Miscellaneous Sensors

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